Split (1)

test · 1.39k rows

Article stringclasses 29 values	Section stringlengths 4 226	Revision Id int64 149k 1.29B	Timestamp stringlengths 20 25	Author stringlengths 2 39	Previous Section Text stringlengths 3 27.1k ⌀	Edited Section Text stringlengths 3 24.2k ⌀	Gold Labels stringclasses 209 values
Circadian rhythm	The biological clock	181,203,386	2007-12-31T16:01:59Z	Hordaland	The primary circadian "clock" in [[mammal]]s is located in the [[suprachiasmatic nucleus]] (or nuclei) (SCN), a pair of distinct groups of [[cell (biology)\|cell]]s located in the [[hypothalamus]]. Destruction of the SCN results in the complete absence of a regular sleep/wake rhythm. The SCN receives information about i...	The primary circadian "clock" in [[mammal]]s is located in the [[suprachiasmatic nucleus]] (or nuclei) (SCN), a pair of distinct groups of [[cell (biology)\|cell]]s located in the [[hypothalamus]]. Destruction of the SCN results in the complete absence of a regular sleep/wake rhythm. The SCN receives information about i...	[1, 10, 7]
Circadian rhythm	History	181,620,927	2008-01-02T16:01:37Z	196.218.251.50	The first endogenous circadian oscillation was observed in the 1700s by the French scientist [[Jean-Jacques d'Ortous de Mairan]] who noticed that 24-hour patterns in the movement of the leaves of the plant ''[[Mimosa pudica]]'' continued even when the plants were isolated from external stimuli. The earliest known acco...	The first endogenous circadian oscillation was observed in the 1700s by the French scientist [[Jean-Jacques d'Ortous de Mairan]] who noticed that 24-hour patterns in the movement of the leaves of the plant ''[[Mimosa pudica]]'' continued even when the plants were isolated from external stimuli. The earliest known acco...	[11]
Circadian rhythm	History	181,627,409	2008-01-02T16:39:19Z	63.67.170.150	The first endogenous circadian oscillation was observed in the 1700s by the French scientist [[Jean-Jacques d'Ortous de Mairan]] who noticed that 24-hour patterns in the movement of the leaves of the plant ''[[Mimosa pudica]]'' continued even when the plants were isolated from external stimuli. The earliest known acco...	The first endogenous circadian oscillation was observed in the 1700s by the French scientist [[Jean-Jacques d'Ortous de Mairan]] who noticed that 24-hour patterns in the movement of the leaves of the plant ''[[Mimosa pudica]]'' continued even when the plants were isolated from external stimuli. The earliest known acco...	[2, 9]
Circadian rhythm	Determining one's circadian rhythm	181,631,257	2008-01-02T16:55:46Z	Tannerhelland	The classic phase markers for measuring the timing of a mammal's circadian rhythm are '''melatonin secretion''' by the pineal gland and '''body temperature'''. For temperature studies, people must remain awake but calm and semi-reclined in near darkness while their rectal temperatures are taken continuously. The ave...	The classic phase markers for measuring the timing of a mammal's circadian rhythm are '''melatonin secretion''' by the pineal gland and '''body temperature'''. For temperature studies, people must remain awake but calm and semi-reclined in near darkness while their rectal temperatures are taken continuously. The ave...	[11]
Dream	(Top)	181,886,417	2008-01-03T16:58:37Z	24.210.180.75	{{otheruses}} '''Dreams''' are the images, thoughts and feelings experienced while [[Sleep\|asleep]], particularly strongly associated with [[Rapid eye movement sleep]]. The contents and purpose are poorly understood, though have been a topic of speculation and interest throughout recorded history. Dreams are of signi...	{{otheruses}} '''Dreams''' are the images, thoughts and feelings experienced while [[Sleep\|asleep]], particularly strongly associated with [[Rapid eye movement sleep]]. The contents and purpose of dreams are poorly understood, though they have been a topic of speculation and interest throughout recorded history. Drea...	[11]
Asperger syndrome	Classification	182,445,417	2008-01-06T02:44:13Z	71.195.169.14	Ass buger syndrome is one of the [[autism spectrum disorder]]s (ASD) or [[pervasive developmental disorder]]s (PDD), which are a [[spectrum disorder\|spectrum of psychological conditions]] that are characterized by abnormalities of [[social interaction]] and communication that pervade the individual's functioning, and b...	Ass buger syndrome is when you are mentally retarded and should be killed for being a disgrace to society	[11]
DNA sequencing	Early methods	183,365,924	2008-01-10T09:28:19Z	Pvosta	For thirty years, a large proportion of DNA sequencing has been carried out with the chain-termination method [http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=431765], developed by [[Frederick Sanger]] and coworkers in 1975. Prior to the development of rapid DNA sequencing methods in the early 1970s by Sanger in ...	For thirty years, a large proportion of DNA sequencing has been carried out with the chain-termination method developed by [[Frederick Sanger]] and coworkers in 1975<ref>F. Sanger, S. Nicklen, and A. R. Coulson, DNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1977 December; 74(12): 5463–5467...	[5, 7, 9]
Down syndrome	Reserach Bibliography	183,406,135	2008-01-10T15:05:42Z	VoABot II	* {{cite book \| last =Beck \| first =M.N. \| year =1999 \| title =Expecting Adam \| publisher =Berkley Books \| location =New York }} * {{cite book \| last =Buckley \| first =S. \| year =2000 \| title =Living with Down Syndrome \| publisher =The Down Syndrome Educational Trust \| location =Portsmouth, UK \| url =http:...	Arron, Joseph R., et al. (2006). NFAT dysregulation by increased dosage of DSCR1 and DYRK1A on chromosome 21. ''Nature, 441'': 595-599. Epstein, Charles J. (2006). Critical Genes in Critical Region. ''Nature, 441'': 582-583. * {{cite book \| last =Ganong \| first =W.J. \| year =2005 \| title =Review of Medical Physio...	[7]
K-d tree	Nearest neighbor in a ''k''d-tree	183,620,842	2008-01-11T13:26:33Z	User A1	The nearest neighbor (NN) algorithm, to find the NN to a given target point not in the tree, relies on the ability to discard large portions of the tree by performing a simple test. To perform the NN calculation, the tree is searched in a depth-first fashion, refining the nearest distance. First the root node is examin...	The nearest neighbor (NN) algorithm, to find the NN to a given target point not in the tree, relies on the ability to discard large portions of the tree by performing a simple test. To perform the NN calculation, the tree is searched in a [[Depth-first search\|depth-first fashion]] and at each stage it makes an approxim...	[1, 3, 4, 9]
Circadian rhythm	History	183,935,739	2008-01-12T23:52:50Z	Hordaland	The first endogenous circadian oscillation was observed in the 1700s by the French scientist [[Jean-Jacques d'Ortous de Mairan]] who noticed that 24-hour patterns in the movement of the leaves of the plant ''[[Mimosa pudica]]'' continued even when the plants were isolated from external stimuli. The earliest known acco...	The first endogenous circadian oscillation was observed in the 1700s by the French scientist [[Jean-Jacques d'Ortous de Mairan]] who noticed that 24-hour patterns in the movement of the leaves of the plant ''[[Mimosa pudica]]'' continued even when the plants were isolated from external stimuli. In 1918 J. S. Szymansk...	[1, 5, 10]
Circadian rhythm	The biological clock	183,946,257	2008-01-13T00:52:00Z	131.172.99.15	The primary circadian "clock" in [[mammal]]s is located in the [[suprachiasmatic nucleus]] (or nuclei) (SCN), a pair of distinct groups of [[cell (biology)\|cell]]s located in the [[hypothalamus]]. Destruction of the SCN results in the complete absence of a regular sleep/wake rhythm. The SCN receives information about i...	The primary circadian "clock" in [[mammal]]s is located in the [[suprachiasmatic nucleus]] (or nuclei) (SCN), a pair of distinct groups of [[cell (biology)\|cell]]s located in the [[hypothalamus]]. Destruction of the SCN results in the complete absence of a regular sleep/wake rhythm. The SCN receives information about i...	[1, 6]
Circadian rhythm	The biological clock	184,042,316	2008-01-13T14:22:31Z	Hordaland	The primary circadian "clock" in [[mammal]]s is located in the [[suprachiasmatic nucleus]] (or nuclei) (SCN), a pair of distinct groups of [[cell (biology)\|cell]]s located in the [[hypothalamus]]. Destruction of the SCN results in the complete absence of a regular sleep/wake rhythm. The SCN receives information about i...	The primary circadian "clock" in [[mammal]]s is located in the [[suprachiasmatic nucleus]] (or nuclei) (SCN), a pair of distinct groups of [[cell (biology)\|cell]]s located in the [[hypothalamus]]. Destruction of the SCN results in the complete absence of a regular sleep/wake rhythm. The SCN receives information about i...	[1, 3, 6, 10]
Prion	Viral hypothesis	184,045,731	2008-01-13T14:48:27Z	82.32.74.63	The protein-only hypothesis was initially met with skepticism and still has critics. For more than a decade, [[Yale University]] neuropathologist [[Laura Manuelidis]] has been proposing that prion diseases are caused instead by an unidentifiable "slow virus". In January 2007 she and her colleagues published an article ...	The protein-only hypothesis was initially met with skepticism and still has critics. For more than a decade, [[Yale University]] neuropathologist [[Laura Manuelidis]] has been proposing that prion diseases are caused instead by an unidentifiable "slow virus". In January 2007 she and her colleagues published an article ...	[1, 4, 7]
Meditation	Forms of meditation	185,594,641	2008-01-20T06:15:41Z	69.140.119.87	[[Image:BodhidharmaYoshitoshi1887.jpg\|[[Bodhidharma]] practicing [[zazen]].\|thumb\|200px]] Meditation has been defined as: "self regulation of attention, in the service of self-inquiry, in the here and now."<ref>{{cite journal \| last = Maison \| first = A. \| coauthors = Herbert, J.R.; Werheimer, M.d.; & Kabat-Zin...	[[Image:BodhidharmaYoshitoshi1887.jpg\|[[Bodhidharma]] practicing [[zazen]].\|thumb\|200px]] Meditation has been defined as: "self regulation of attention, in the service of self-inquiry, in the here and now."<ref>{{cite journal \| last = Maison \| first = A. \| coauthors = Herbert, J.R.; Werheimer, M.d.; & Kabat-Zin...	[1, 4, 5]
Alzheimer's disease	Early and middle stages	185,623,494	2008-01-20T11:20:19Z	Garrondo	In most people with the disease the increasing impairments in learning and memory will lead to diagnosis, while in a small proportion of them language, executive or visuoconstructional dificulties will be more salient.<ref name="pmid10653284"> {{ cite journal \|author=Förstl H, Kurz A \|title=Clinical features of Alzheim...	In most people with the disease the increasing impairments in learning and memory will lead to diagnosis, while in a small proportion of them language, executive or visuoconstructional dificulties will be more salient.<ref name="pmid10653284"> {{ cite journal \|author=Förstl H, Kurz A \|title=Clinical features of Alzheim...	[1, 7, 9, 4]
Circadian rhythm	See also	186,779,416	2008-01-25T09:08:30Z	Hordaland	* [[Actigraphy]] * [[Advanced sleep phase syndrome]] * [[ARNTL]] * [[ARNTL2]] * [[Chronobiology]] * [[Chronotype]] * [[Circadian rhythm sleep disorders]] * [[CRY1]] and [[CRY2]], the cryptochrome family genes * [[Jet lag]] * [[PER1]], [[PER2]], and [[PER3]], the period family genes * [[Actimetry]]	* [[Actigraphy]] (also known as Actimetry) * [[Advanced sleep phase syndrome]] * [[ARNTL]] * [[ARNTL2]] * [[Chronobiology]] * [[Chronotype]] * [[Circadian rhythm sleep disorders]] * [[CRY1]] and [[CRY2]], the cryptochrome family genes * [[Jet lag]] * [[PER1]], [[PER2]], and [[PER3]], the period family genes	[11]
Genetic engineering	See also	187,507,967	2008-01-28T18:02:28Z	Dureo	[[Gene flow]] [[Genetic Pollution]] [[Gene pool]] [[Genetically modified food]] [[Genetically modified organisms]] \|genetic engineering is a godsend and everyone who doesn't like it is a self-loving, human hating liberal [[Transgene]] [[Human genetic engineering]] [[Ice-minus bacteria]] [[Monsanto]] [[Recombi...	{\| width="100%" \| [[Bioethics]] [[Biotechnology]] [[Biological engineering]] [[Canola]] [[Cloning]] [[Ethics of technology]] [[Eugenics]] [[Genetic Erosion]] [[Gene flow]] [[Genetic Pollution]] [[Gene pool]] [[Genetically modified food]] [[Genetically modified organisms]] \| [[Transgene]] *[[Human genetic ...	[9]
Circadian rhythm	See also	188,063,289	2008-01-31T02:28:20Z	Beland	* [[Actigraphy]] (also known as Actimetry) * [[Advanced sleep phase syndrome]] * [[ARNTL]] * [[ARNTL2]] * [[Chronobiology]] * [[Chronotype]] * [[Circadian rhythm sleep disorders]] * [[CRY1]] and [[CRY2]], the cryptochrome family genes * [[Jet lag]] * [[PER1]], [[PER2]], and [[PER3]], the period family genes	* [[Actigraphy]] (also known as Actimetry) * [[Advanced sleep phase syndrome]] * [[ARNTL]] * [[ARNTL2]] * [[Chronobiology]] * [[Chronotype]] * [[Circadian rhythm sleep disorders]] * [[Cryptochrome]] * [[CRY1]] and [[CRY2]], the cryptochrome family genes * [[Jet lag]] * [[PER1]], [[PER2]], and [[PER3]], the period fami...	[1, 4, 9]
Bubble sort	In practice	188,303,236	2008-02-01T03:00:54Z	VoABot II	Although bubble sort is one of the simplest sorting algorithms to understand and implement, its ''O(n<sup>2</sup>)'' complexity means it is far too inefficient for use on lists having more than a few elements. Even among simple ''O(n<sup>2</sup>)'' sorting algorithms, algorithms like [[insertion sort]] are usually cons...	Although bubble sort is one of the simplest sorting algorithms to understand and implement, its ''O(n<sup>2</sup>)'' complexity means it is far too inefficient for use on lists having more than a few elements. Even among simple ''O(n<sup>2</sup>)'' sorting algorithms, algorithms like [[insertion sort]] are usually cons...	[1, 4, 5, 9, 10]
Code injection	Include File Injection	188,329,766	2008-02-01T06:22:23Z	24.121.216.47	Consider this PHP program (which includes a file specified by request): <source lang="php"> <?php $color = 'blue'; if ( isset( $_GET['COLOR'] ) ) $color = $_GET['COLOR']; require( $color . '.php' ); ?> </source> <source lang="xml"> <form method="get"> <select name="COLOR"> <option value="red">re...	Consider this PHP program (which includes a file specified by request): <source lang="php"> <?php $color = 'blue'; if ( isset( $_GET['COLOR'] ) ) $color = $_GET['COLOR']; require( $color . '.php' ); ?> </source> <source lang="xml"> <form method="get"> <select name="COLOR"> <option value="red">re...	[1, 3]
Dream	Dreams of absent-minded transgression	189,826,781	2008-02-07T22:32:52Z	24.224.235.46	Dreams of absent-minded transgression (DAMT) are dreams wherein the dreamer absentmindedly performs an action that he or she has been trying to stop (one classic example is of a quitting smoker having dreams of lighting a cigarette). Subjects who have had DAMT have reported waking with intense feelings of [[guilt]]. On...	Dreams of absent-minded transgression (DAMT) are dreams where in the dreamer absentmindedly performs an action that he or she has been trying to stop (one classic example is of a quitting smoker having dreams of lighting a cigarette). Subjects who have had DAMT have reported waking with intense feelings of [[guilt]]. O...	[11]
Alzheimer's disease	Advanced	193,134,893	2008-02-21T22:27:17Z	LeadSongDog	In the last stage of Alzheimer's disease all [[human behavior]] is likely to become entirely automatic. Language is reduced to simple phrases or even single words before being lost altogether.<ref name="pmid7967534">{{ cite journal \|author=Frank EM \|title=Effect of Alzheimer's disease on communication function \|jour...	In the last stage of Alzheimer's disease all [[human behavior]] is likely to become entirely automatic. Language is reduced to simple phrases or even single words before being lost altogether.<ref name="pmid7967534">{{ cite journal \|author=Frank EM \|title=Effect of Alzheimer's disease on communication function \|jour...	[11]
Down syndrome	Characteristics	194,016,300	2008-02-25T21:22:33Z	JNW	[[Image:Brushfield.jpg\|thumb\|right\|Example of white spots on the [[iris (anatomy)\|iris]] known as ''[[Brushfield spots]]'']] Individuals with Down syndrome may have some or all of the following physical characteristics: oblique eye fissures with [[epicanthic skin fold]]s on the inner corner of the eyes, [[muscle hypo...	[[Image:Brushfield.jpg\|thumb\|right\|Example of white spots on the [[iris (anatomy)\|iris]] known as ''[[Brushfield spots]]'']] Individuals with Down syndrome may have some or all of the following physical characteristics: oblique eye fissures with [[epicanthic skin fold]]s on the inner corner of the eyes, [[muscle hypo...	[11]
Circadian rhythm	Origin	194,234,319	2008-02-26T19:48:12Z	212.71.37.74	{{Unreferencedsection\|date=October 2007}} Photosensitive proteins and circadian rhythms are believed to have originated in the earliest cells, with the purpose of protecting replicating DNA from high [[ultraviolet]] radiation during the daytime. As a result, replication was relegated to the dark. The fungus ''[[Neurosp...	{{Unreferencedsection\|date=October 2007}} Photosensitive proteins and circadian rhythms are believed to have originated in the earliest cells, with the purpose of protecting replicating DNA from high [[ultraviolet]] radiation during the daytime. As a result, replication was relegated to the dark. The fungus ''[[Neurosp...	[1]
Alzheimer's disease	(Top)	195,454,697	2008-03-03T01:30:10Z	Matt Lewis	{{DiseaseDisorder infobox \| Name = Alzheimer's disease \| Image = Alzheimer dementia (3) presenile onset.jpg \| Caption = [[Histopathology\|Histopathologic]] image of senile plaques seen in the cerebral cortex in a patient with Alzheimer disease of presenile onset. Silver impregnation. \| Disea...	{{DiseaseDisorder infobox \| Name = Alzheimer's disease \| Image = Alzheimer dementia (3) presenile onset.jpg \| Caption = [[Histopathology\|Histopathologic]] image of senile plaques seen in the cerebral cortex in a patient with Alzheimer disease of presenile onset. Silver impregnation. \| Disea...	[11]
Genetic engineering	Applications	195,544,529	2008-03-03T13:19:22Z	Vivio Testarossa	genetic engineering sucks. it is horrible in many ways. it ruins all surprises to the gift of birth. and bio is crazy.	The first genetically engineered medicine was synthetic human [[insulin]], approved by the [[United States]] [[Food and Drug Administration]] in [[1982]]. Another early application of genetic engineering was to create human growth hormone as replacement for a drug that was previously extracted from human [[cadaver]]s....	[1, 4, 9]
Circadian rhythm	History	196,105,041	2008-03-05T19:48:01Z	PAStheLoD	The first endogenous circadian oscillation was observed in the 1700s by the French scientist [[Jean-Jacques d'Ortous de Mairan]] who noticed that 24-hour patterns in the movement of the leaves of the plant ''[[Mimosa pudica]]'' continued even when the plants were isolated from external stimuli. In 1918 J. S. Szymansk...	The first endogenous circadian oscillation was observed in the 1700s by the French scientist [[Jean-Jacques d'Ortous de Mairan]] who noticed that 24-hour patterns in the movement of the leaves of the plant ''[[Mimosa pudica]]'' continued even when the plants were isolated from external stimuli. In 1918 J. S. Szymansk...	[9]
Gene therapy	Viruses	196,284,310	2008-03-06T14:18:13Z	Mindmatrix	Doctors and molecular biologists realized that viruses like this could be used as vehicles to carry 'good' genes into a human cell. First, a scientist would remove the genes in the virus that cause disease. Then they would replace those genes with genes encoding the desired effect (for instance, insulin production in t...	{{main\|Viral vector}} All [[virus]]es attack their hosts and introduce their genetic material into the host cell as part of their replication cycle. This genetic material contains basic 'instructions' of how to produce more copies of these viruses, hijacking the body's normal production machinery to serve the needs of ...	[1, 4, 9]
Genetic engineering	General	199,356,672	2008-03-19T15:22:41Z	Private Sweety	1Institute of Animal Nutrition, Federal Agricultural Research Centre (FAL), Braunschweig, Germany, 2College of Medical and Life Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK, and 3Institute of Organic Farming, Federal Agricultural Research Centre (FAL), Trenthorst, Germany] <r...	[http://www.drze.de/themen/blickpunkt/GHLhttp://www.drze.de/themen/blickpunkt/GHL-en?la=en- In Focus "Genetically modified foods:Technical and scientific aspects, ethical aspects and legal aspects" (German Reference Centre for Ethics in the Life Sciences)] [http://www.bbsrc.ac.uk/life/ingeneious/3_1/3_1_1.html BBSRC ...	[1, 2]
Circadian rhythm	Human health	199,584,787	2008-03-20T13:09:39Z	152.7.13.88	There are many health problems associated with a disturbance in the human circadian rhythm, such as [[Seasonal Affective Disorder]] (SAD), and [[delayed sleep phase syndrome]] (DSPS).<ref name=brynmawr>{{cite web \| Sabah Quraishi \| title =Circadian Rhythms and Sleep \| publisher=Serendip \| work = Circadian Rhythms and...	There are many health problems associated with a disturbance in the human circadian rhythm, such as [[Seasonal Affective Disorder]] (SAD), and [[delayed sleep phase syndrome]] (DSPS).<ref name=brynmawr>{{cite web \| Sabah Quraishi \| title =Circadian Rhythms and Sleep \| publisher=Serendip \| work = Circadian Rhythms and...	[11]
Circadian rhythm	Light and the biological clock	200,433,762	2008-03-24T01:46:31Z	163.1.143.112	Light resets the biological clock in accordance with the [[phase response curve]] (PRC). Depending on the timing, light can advance or delay the circadian rhythm. Both the PRC and the required [[illuminance]] vary from species to species; much lower light levels are required to reset the clocks in nocturnal rodents tha...	Light resets the biological clock in accordance with the [[phase response curve]] (PRC). Depending on the timing, light can advance or delay the circadian rhythm. Both the PRC and the required [[illuminance]] vary from species to species; much lower light levels are required to reset the clocks in nocturnal rodents tha...	[3, 10]
Circadian rhythm	Light and the biological clock	200,452,046	2008-03-24T03:20:16Z	Hordaland	Light resets the biological clock in accordance with the [[phase response curve]] (PRC). Depending on the timing, light can advance or delay the circadian rhythm. Both the PRC and the required [[illuminance]] vary from species to species; much lower light levels are required to reset the clocks in nocturnal rodents tha...	Light resets the biological clock in accordance with the [[phase response curve]] (PRC). Depending on the timing, light can advance or delay the circadian rhythm. Both the PRC and the required [[illuminance]] vary from species to species; much lower light levels are required to reset the clocks in nocturnal rodents tha...	[2]
Circadian rhythm	The human circadian period	200,452,046	2008-03-24T03:20:16Z	Hordaland	null	Modern research under very controlled conditions has shown the human period for adults to be just slightly longer than 24 hours on average. Czeisler ''et al'' at Harvard found the range for normal, healthy adults of all ages to be quite narrow: 24 hours and 11 minutes ± 16 minutes. The "clock" resets itself daily to...	[1, 5, 10]
Methadone	Physialogical Effects	200,798,326	2008-03-25T14:05:43Z	DavidElivioSerrano	null	* Increased [[lacrimation]] * [[rhinorrhea]] * sneezing * [[nausea]] * vomiting * [[diarrhea]] * [[fever]] * chills * [[tremor]] * [[tachycardia]] * aches and pains, often in the joints * elevated pain sensitivity	[1, 4, 9]
Methadone	Effect	200,802,998	2008-03-25T14:31:30Z	DavidElivioSerrano	Methadone maintenance treatment significantly decreases the rate of [[HIV]] infection for those patients participating in MMT programs (Firshein, 1998). At proper dosing, methadone usually reduces the appetite for and need to take heroin. Furthermore, higher doses, generally above 120mg, provide cross-tolerance and blo...	Methadone maintenance treatment significantly decreases the rate of [[HIV]] infection for those patients participating in MMT programs (Firshein, 1998). At proper dosing, methadone usually reduces the appetite for and need to take heroin. Furthermore doses ranging from 40mg - 120mm provide cross-tolerance and block the...	[10]
Prion	Prions in yeast and other fungi	200,890,739	2008-03-25T21:04:25Z	Samrat Mukhopadhyay	Prion-like proteins that behave in a similar way to PrP are found naturally in some fungi and non-mammalian animals. A group at the [[Whitehead Institute]] has argued that some of the fungal prions are not associated with any disease state and may have a useful role; however, researchers at the NIH have also provided s...	Prion-like proteins that behave in a similar way to PrP are found naturally in some fungi and non-mammalian animals. Susan Lindquist's group at the [[Whitehead Institute]] has argued that some of the fungal prions are not associated with any disease state and may have a useful role; however, researchers at the NIH have...	[5]
Dream	Dream Incubation	201,765,455	2008-03-29T06:57:36Z	208.54.15.107	As far back as recorded history and probably further, dreams have been intentionally induced for guidance, healing and problem solving, a process now loosely referred to "dream incubation". The Askleplian dream temples of ancient Greece (ca. 1300 B.C. - 600 A.D.) are a classic example of a very sacred intentional dream...	As far back as recorded history and probably further, dreams have been intentionally induced for guidance, healing and problem solving, a process now loosely referred to "dream incubation". The Askleplian dream temples of ancient Greece (ca. 1300 B.C. - 600 A.D.) are a classic example of a very sacred intentional dream...	[9]
Circadian rhythm	Outside the "master clock"	202,028,544	2008-03-30T11:30:44Z	Hordaland	More-or-less independent circadian rhythms are found in many organs and cells in the body outside the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) "master clock." These clocks, called peripheral oscillators, are found in esophagus, lung, liver, pancreas, spleen and thymus. There is some evidence the olfactory bulb and prostate may al...	More-or-less independent circadian rhythms are found in many organs and cells in the body outside the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN), the "master clock." These clocks, called peripheral oscillators, are found in the esophagus, lung, liver, pancreas, spleen and thymus. There is some evidence that also the olfactory bulb ...	[11]
Circadian rhythm	The biological clock	203,816,756	2008-04-06T19:42:41Z	Hordaland	The primary circadian "clock" in [[mammal]]s is located in the [[suprachiasmatic nucleus]] (or nuclei) (SCN), a pair of distinct groups of [[cell (biology)\|cell]]s located in the [[hypothalamus]]. Destruction of the SCN results in the complete absence of a regular sleep/wake rhythm. The SCN receives information about i...	The primary circadian "clock" in [[mammal]]s is located in the [[suprachiasmatic nucleus]] (or nuclei) (SCN), a pair of distinct groups of [[cell (biology)\|cell]]s located in the [[hypothalamus]]. Destruction of the SCN results in the complete absence of a regular sleep/wake rhythm. The SCN receives information about i...	[11]
DNA sequencing	External links	204,789,620	2008-04-10T21:56:53Z	Malljaja	* [http://www.millegen.com Millegen DNA Sequencing platform] * [http://www.jgi.doe.gov/education/how/how30minflash.html DNA Sequencing: Dye Terminator Animation] * [http://www.genomics.xprize.org Archon Genomics X PRIZE] - $10 million competition for fast and inexpensive sequencing technology * [http://www.dnareplicati...	* [http://www.millegen.com Millegen DNA Sequencing platform] * [http://www.jgi.doe.gov/education/how/how30minflash.html DNA Sequencing: Dye Terminator Animation] * [http://www.genomics.xprize.org Archon Genomics X PRIZE] - $10 million competition for fast and inexpensive sequencing technology [[Category:Molecular bio...	[11]
Methadone	External links	204,801,602	2008-04-10T23:02:50Z	12.73.146.24	* [http://www.whitehousedrugpolicy.gov/publications/factsht/methadone/index.html ONDCP Fact Sheet] * [http://dpt2.samhsa.gov/treatment/ Clinic Locator, United States] * [http://www.cdc.gov/IDU/facts/MethadoneFin.pdf DHS, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)] * [http://www.health.gov.au/internet/wcms/publish...	* [http://www.whitehousedrugpolicy.gov/publications/factsht/methadone/index.html ONDCP Fact Sheet] * [http://dpt2.samhsa.gov/treatment/ Clinic Locator, United States] * [http://www.cdc.gov/IDU/facts/MethadoneFin.pdf DHS, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)] * [http://www.health.gov.au/internet/wcms/publish...	[11]
Dream	Activation synthesis	206,702,924	2008-04-19T15:22:12Z	66.31.40.137	null	In 1976, J. Allan Hobson and [[Robert McCarley]] proposed a new theory that changed dream research, challenging the previously held [[Freudian]] view of dreams as subconscious wishes to be interpreted. The [[activation synthesis theory]] asserts that the sensory experiences are fabricated by the cortex as a means of in...	[1, 4, 5, 7, 9]
Circadian rhythm	Origin	206,801,349	2008-04-20T01:21:44Z	Hordaland	{{Unreferencedsection\|date=October 2007}} Photosensitive proteins and circadian rhythms are believed to have originated in the earliest cells, with the purpose of protecting the replicating of DNA from high [[ultraviolet]] radiation during the daytime. As a result, replication was relegated to the dark. The fungus ''[[...	{{Unreferencedsection\|date=October 2007}} Photosensitive proteins and circadian rhythms are believed to have originated in the earliest cells, with the purpose of protecting the replicating of DNA from high [[ultraviolet]] radiation during the daytime. As a result, replication was relegated to the dark. The fungus ''[[...	[11]
Circadian rhythm	Outside the "master clock"	207,371,156	2008-04-22T15:03:08Z	134.99.204.29	More-or-less independent circadian rhythms are found in many organs and cells in the body outside the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN), the "master clock." These clocks, called peripheral oscillators, are found in the esophagus, lung, liver, pancreas, spleen and thymus and the skin. Though oscillators in the skin respond ...	More-or-less independent circadian rhythms are found in many organs and cells in the body outside the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN), the "master clock." These clocks, called peripheral oscillators, are found in the esophagus, lung, liver, pancreas, spleen and thymus and the skin <ref>Zanello, S. et al., J. Inv. Dermato...	[7]
Circadian rhythm	Outside the "master clock"	207,438,860	2008-04-22T20:14:28Z	Hordaland	More-or-less independent circadian rhythms are found in many organs and cells in the body outside the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN), the "master clock." These clocks, called peripheral oscillators, are found in the esophagus, lung, liver, pancreas, spleen and thymus and the skin <ref>Zanello, S. et al., J. Inv. Dermato...	More-or-less independent circadian rhythms are found in many organs and cells in the body outside the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN), the "master clock." These clocks, called peripheral oscillators, are found in the esophagus, lung, liver, pancreas, spleen and thymus and the skin.<ref>Zanello, S. et al., J. Inv. Dermato...	[1, 2, 5, 7]
Circadian rhythm	Outside the "master clock"	207,580,123	2008-04-23T11:27:38Z	134.99.204.29	More-or-less independent circadian rhythms are found in many organs and cells in the body outside the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN), the "master clock." These clocks, called peripheral oscillators, are found in the esophagus, lung, liver, pancreas, spleen and thymus and the skin.<ref>Zanello, S. et al., J. Inv. Dermato...	More-or-less independent circadian rhythms are found in many organs and cells in the body outside the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN), the "master clock." These clocks, called peripheral oscillators, are found in the esophagus, lung, liver, pancreas, spleen and thymus and the skin <ref>Zanello, S. et al., J. Inv. Dermato...	[1, 3, 2, 7, 8, 6]
Circadian rhythm	Outside the "master clock"	207,583,976	2008-04-23T11:55:08Z	134.99.204.29	More-or-less independent circadian rhythms are found in many organs and cells in the body outside the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN), the "master clock." These clocks, called peripheral oscillators, are found in the esophagus, lung, liver, pancreas, spleen and thymus and the skin <ref>Zanello, S. et al., J. Inv. Dermato...	More-or-less independent circadian rhythms are found in many organs and cells in the body outside the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN), the "master clock." These clocks, called peripheral oscillators, are found in the esophagus, lung, liver, pancreas, spleen and thymus and the skin <ref>Zanello, S. et al., J. Inv. Dermato...	[7]
Trie	Dictionary representation	207,624,774	2008-04-23T15:26:19Z	194.80.32.8	A common application of a trie is storing a dictionary, such as one found on a [[mobile telephone]]. Such applications take advantage of a trie's ability to quickly search for, insert, and delete entries; however, if storing dictionary words is all that is required (i.e. storage of information auxiliary to each word is...	A common application of a trie is storing a dictionary, such as one found on a [[mobile telephone]]. Such applications take advantage of a trie's ability to quickly search for, insert, and delete entries; however, if storing dictionary words is all that is required (i.e. storage of information auxiliary to each word is...	[1, 5]
Bubble sort	(Top)	208,587,152	2008-04-27T19:34:35Z	ClueBot	{{Infobox Algorithm \|class=[[Sorting algorithm]] \|image=[[Image:Bubble sort animation.gif\|none\|Example of bubble sort sorting a list of random numbers.]] \|data=[[Array]] \|time=''О(n²)'' \|space=''О(n)'' total, ''O(1)'' auxiliary \|optimal=No }} '''Bubble sort''' is a fucked up [[sorting algorithm]]. It works by failing ...	{{Infobox Algorithm \|class=[[Sorting algorithm]] \|image=[[Image:Bubble sort animation.gif\|none\|Example of bubble sort sorting a list of random numbers.]] \|data=[[Array]] \|time=''О(n²)'' \|space=''О(n)'' total, ''O(1)'' auxiliary \|optimal=No }} '''Bubble sort''' is a simple [[sorting algorithm]]. It works by repeatedly ...	[11]
Code injection	Analogy	208,923,669	2008-04-29T03:47:44Z	Firealwaysworks	null	Code injection is an error in interpratation. Similar interpratation errors exist out side of the world of computer science such as the comedy routine [[Who's on First?]] .	[1, 9]
Human brain	(Top)	209,287,502	2008-04-30T19:01:36Z	75.170.40.199	[[Image:Humanbraaiin.jpg\|thumb\|right\|300px\|A human brain.]] {{Neuropsychology}} The '''human brain''' controls the [[central nervous system]] (CNS), by way of the [[cranial nerves]] and [[spinal cord]], the [[peripheral nervous system]] (PNS) and regulates virtually all human activity.<ref name="msnencarta">{{Cite web\|...	[[Image:Humanbraaiin.jpg\|thumb\|right\|300px\|A human brain.]] {{Neuropsychology}} The '''human brain''' controls the [[central nervous system]] (CNS), by way of the [[cranial nerves]] and [[spinal cord]], the [[peripheral nervous system]] (PNS) and regulates virtually all human activity.<ref name="msnencarta">{{Cite web\|...	[11]
Circadian rhythm	Effects on cocaine sensitization in mice	209,926,313	2008-05-03T16:25:48Z	Hordaland	Circadian rhythms and clock genes expressed in brain regions outside the SCN may significantly influence the effects produced by drugs such as [[cocaine]].<ref>{{cite journal \|author=Uz T, Akhisaroglu M, Ahmed R, Manev H \|title=The pineal gland is critical for circadian Period1 expression in the striatum and for circad...	Circadian rhythms and clock genes expressed in brain regions outside the SCN may significantly influence the effects produced by drugs such as [[cocaine]].<ref>{{cite journal \|author=Uz T, Akhisaroglu M, Ahmed R, Manev H \|title=The pineal gland is critical for circadian Period1 expression in the striatum and for circad...	[8]
Circadian rhythm	Impact of light-dark cycle	209,928,880	2008-05-03T16:41:01Z	Hordaland	The rhythm is linked to the light-dark cycle. Animals kept in total darkness for extended periods eventually function with a freerunning rhythm. Each "day," their sleep cycle is pushed back or forward, depending on whether the endogenous period is shorter or longer than 24 hours. The environmental cues that each day re...	The rhythm is linked to the light-dark cycle. Animals, including humans, kept in total darkness for extended periods eventually function with a [[Free-running sleep\|freerunning]] rhythm. Each "day," their sleep cycle is pushed back or forward, depending on whether their endogenous period is shorter or longer than 24 ho...	[3, 4, 6, 9]
Circadian rhythm	Criteria	210,578,800	2008-05-06T14:58:30Z	Hordaland	General criteria of circadian rhythms #The rhythm persists in constant conditions (for example, constant dark) with a period of about 24 hours. The rationale for this criterion is to distinguish circadian rhythms from those "apparent" rhythms that merely respond to external periodic cues. For example, the behavior o...	Three general criteria of circadian rhythms are necessary to differentiate genuinely endogenous rhythms from coincidental or apparent ones. * The rhythm persists in constant conditions (for example, constant dark) with a period of about 24 hours. The rationale for this criterion is to distinguish circadian rhythms fro...	[1, 3, 4]
Circadian rhythm	(Top)	210,581,010	2008-05-06T15:09:59Z	Hordaland	A '''circadian rhythm''' is an approximate daily periodicity, a roughly-24-hour cycle in the biochemical, physiological or behavioral processes of living beings, including [[plant]]s, [[animal]]s, [[fungi]] and [[cyanobacteria]]. The term "circadian", coined by [[Franz Halberg]],<ref>http://www.msi.umn.edu/~halberg Hal...	A '''circadian rhythm''' is an approximate daily periodicity, a roughly-24-hour cycle in the biochemical, physiological or behavioral processes of living beings, including [[plant]]s, [[animal]]s, [[fungi]] and [[cyanobacteria]]. The term "circadian", coined by [[Franz Halberg]],<ref>http://www.msi.umn.edu/~halberg Hal...	[1]
Circadian rhythm	Criteria	210,584,315	2008-05-06T15:26:30Z	Hordaland	Three general criteria of circadian rhythms are necessary to differentiate genuinely endogenous rhythms from coincidental or apparent ones. * The rhythm persists in constant conditions (for example, constant dark) with a period of about 24 hours. The rationale for this criterion is to distinguish circadian rhythms fro...	Three general criteria of circadian rhythms are necessary to differentiate genuinely endogenous rhythms from coincidental or apparent ones. * The rhythm persists in constant conditions (for example, constant dark) with a period of about 24 hours. The rationale for this criterion is to distinguish circadian rhythms fro...	[3, 9]
Circadian rhythm	Criteria	210,594,463	2008-05-06T16:15:44Z	Hordaland	Three general criteria of circadian rhythms are necessary to differentiate genuinely endogenous rhythms from coincidental or apparent ones. * The rhythm persists in constant conditions (for example, constant dark) with a period of about 24 hours. The rationale for this criterion is to distinguish circadian rhythms fro...	Three general criteria of circadian rhythms are necessary to differentiate genuinely endogenous rhythms from coincidental or apparent ones. The rhythms persist in the absence of cues, they can be brought to match the local time, and will do so in a precise manner over a range of temperatures. * The rhythm persists in...	[3]
Circadian rhythm	Origin	210,598,815	2008-05-06T16:37:14Z	Hordaland	{{Unreferencedsection\|date=October 2007}} Photosensitive proteins and circadian rhythms are believed to have originated in the earliest cells, with the purpose of protecting the replicating of DNA from high [[ultraviolet]] radiation during the daytime. As a result, replication was relegated to the dark. The fungus ''[[...	{{Unreferencedsection\|date=October 2007}} Photosensitive proteins and circadian rhythms are believed to have originated in the earliest cells, with the purpose of protecting the replicating of DNA from high [[ultraviolet]] radiation during the daytime. As a result, replication was relegated to the dark. The fungus ''[[...	[1, 4, 5]
Circadian rhythm	Arctic animals	210,612,628	2008-05-06T17:42:59Z	Hordaland	Norwegian researchers at the [[University of Tromsø]] have shown that some arctic animals ([[ptarmigan]], [[reindeer]]) show circadian rhythms only in the parts of the year that have daily sunrises and sunsets. In one study of reindeer, animals at 70 degrees North showed circadian rhythms in the autumn, winter, and sp...	Norwegian researchers at the [[University of Tromsø]] have shown that some arctic animals ([[ptarmigan]], [[reindeer]]) show circadian rhythms only in the parts of the year that have daily sunrises and sunsets. In one study of reindeer, animals at 70 degrees North showed circadian rhythms in the autumn, winter, and sp...	[9]
Circadian rhythm	Notes	213,117,627	2008-05-17T21:26:26Z	Brian phosphorus	<!--<nowiki> See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Footnotes for an explanation of how to generate footnotes using the <ref> and </ref> tags, and the template below. </nowiki>--> {{FootnotesSmall\|resize={{{1\|100%}}}}}	Circadian rhythms is a rapper from Peabody, Ma. He has yet to release an album, but he performs many live shows from his house/car. Born in 1985, CR has an older sister and a younger brother, and two parents.	[11]
Circadian rhythm	Notes	213,117,997	2008-05-17T21:28:45Z	Brian phosphorus	Circadian rhythms is a rapper from Peabody, Ma. He has yet to release an album, but he performs many live shows from his house/car. Born in 1985, CR has an older sister and a younger brother, and two parents.	Circadian rhythms is also a rapper from Peabody, Ma (US). He has yet to release an album, but he has trademarked the name, so you can't use it.	[11]
Circadian rhythm	Notes	213,119,115	2008-05-17T21:35:46Z	Hordaland	Circadian rhythms is also a rapper from Peabody, Ma (US). He has yet to release an album, but he has trademarked the name, so you can't use it.	<!--<nowiki> See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Footnotes for an explanation of how to generate footnotes using the <ref> and </ref> tags, and the template below. </nowiki>--> {{FootnotesSmall\|resize={{{1\|100%}}}}}	[11]
Circadian rhythm	Determining the human circadian rhythm	213,792,869	2008-05-20T21:09:02Z	Jclerman	[[Image:Biological clock human.PNG\|thumb\|300px\|Overview of human circadian biological clock with some physiological parameters.]] The classic phase markers for measuring the timing of a mammal's circadian rhythm are '''melatonin secretion''' by the pineal gland and '''core body temperature'''. For temperature studies,...	[[Image:Biological clock human.PNG\|thumb\|300px\|Overview of human circadian biological clock with some physiological parameters.]] The classic phase markers for measuring the timing of a mammal's circadian rhythm are '''melatonin secretion''' by the pineal gland and '''core body temperature'''. For temperature studies,...	[3]
Circadian rhythm	History	213,801,715	2008-05-20T21:46:53Z	Mentisock	The first endogenous circadian oscillation was observed in the 1700s by the French scientist [[Jean-Jacques d'Ortous de Mairan]] who noticed that 24-hour patterns in the movement of the leaves of the plant ''[[Mimosa pudica]]'' continued even when the plants were isolated from external stimuli. In 1918 J. S. Szymansk...	The first endogenous circadian oscillation was observed in the 1700s by the French scientist [[Jean-Jacques d'Ortous de Mairan]] who noticed that 24-hour patterns in the movement of the leaves of the plant ''[[Mimosa pudica]]'' continued even when the plants were isolated from external stimuli. In 1918 J. S. Szymansk...	[11]
Circadian rhythm	The biological clock	213,807,891	2008-05-20T22:14:49Z	Hordaland	The primary circadian "clock" in [[mammal]]s is located in the [[suprachiasmatic nucleus]] (or nuclei) (SCN), a pair of distinct groups of [[cell (biology)\|cell]]s located in the [[hypothalamus]]. Destruction of the SCN results in the complete absence of a regular sleep/wake rhythm. The SCN receives information about i...	The primary circadian "clock" in [[mammal]]s is located in the [[suprachiasmatic nucleus]] (or nuclei) (SCN), a pair of distinct groups of [[cell (biology)\|cell]]s located in the [[hypothalamus]]. Destruction of the SCN results in the complete absence of a regular sleep/wake rhythm. The SCN receives information about i...	[11]
Dream	Continual-activation	216,402,229	2008-06-01T14:03:18Z	Aleenf1	Combining Hobson's activation synthesis hypothesis with Solms's findings, the continual-activation theory of dreaming presented by Jie Zhang proposes that dreaming is a result of brain activation and synthesis; at the same time, dreaming and REM sleep are controlled by different brain mechanisms. Zhang hypothesizes tha...	Combining Hobson's activation synthesis hypothesis with Solms's findings, the continual-activation theory of dreaming presented by Jie Zhang proposes that dreaming is a result of brain activation and synthesis; at the same time, dreaming and REM sleep are controlled by different brain mechanisms. Zhang hypothesizes tha...	[11]
Circadian rhythm	Determining the human circadian rhythm	217,009,082	2008-06-04T05:48:19Z	ClueBot	[[Image:Biological clock human.PNG\|thumb\|300px\|Overview of human circadian biological clock with some physiological parameters.]] The classic phase markers for measuring the timing of a mammal's circadian rhythm are '''melatonin [[he:שעון ביולוגי]] [[nl:Circadiaan ritme]] [[ja:概日リズム]] [[nn:Døgnrytme]] [[pl:Rytm okołod...	[[Image:Biological clock human.PNG\|thumb\|300px\|Overview of human circadian biological clock with some physiological parameters.]] The classic phase markers for measuring the timing of a mammal's circadian rhythm are '''melatonin secretion''' by the pineal gland and '''core body temperature'''. For temperature studies,...	[1, 5, 7, 9, 4, 10]
Instruction cycle	Decode the instruction	217,138,273	2008-06-04T19:41:47Z	128.97.84.103	The instruction decoder interprets and implements the instruction. The instruction register (IR) holds the current instruction, while the program counter (PC) holds the address in memory of the next instruction to be executed.	The instruction decoder interprets and implements the instruction. The [[instruction register]] (IR) holds the current instruction, while the [[program counter]] (PC) holds the address in memory of the next instruction to be executed.	[9]
Medical cannabis	History	217,546,274	2008-06-06T15:03:51Z	WriterHound	[[Image:Cannabissativadior.jpg\|thumb\|right\|''[[Cannabis sativa]]'' from ''[[Vienna Dioscurides]]'', 512 A.D.]] [[Image:Da-ma.png\|thumb\|right\|The use of cannabis, at least as fiber, goes back 10,000 years in Taiwan. Dà má ([[Pinyin]] pronunciation) is the Chinese expression for medicinal cannabis, the first character ...	[[Image:Cannabissativadior.jpg\|thumb\|right\|''[[Cannabis sativa]]'' from ''[[Vienna Dioscurides]]'', 512 A.D.]] [[Image:Da-ma.png\|thumb\|right\|The use of cannabis, at least as fiber, has been shown to go back at least 10,000 years in Taiwan. Dà má ([[Pinyin]] pronunciation) is the Chinese expression for medicinal canna...	[11]
Context-free grammar	Linguistic applications	219,137,610	2008-06-13T19:15:21Z	DOI bot	[[Noam Chomsky\|Chomsky]] initially hoped to overcome the limitations of context-free grammars by adding [[transformational grammar\|transformation rules]].<ref name="chomsky1956"/> Such rules are another standard device in traditional linguistics; e.g. [[grammatical voice\|passivization]] in English. However, arbitrary...	[[Noam Chomsky\|Chomsky]] initially hoped to overcome the limitations of context-free grammars by adding [[transformational grammar\|transformation rules]].<ref name="chomsky1956"/> Such rules are another standard device in traditional linguistics; e.g. [[grammatical voice\|passivization]] in English. However, arbitrary...	[11]
Circadian rhythm	(Top)	219,814,817	2008-06-17T00:11:26Z	Jclerman	A '''circadian rhythm''' is an approximate daily periodicity, a roughly-24-hour cycle in the biochemical, physiological or behavioral processes of living beings, including [[plant]]s, [[animal]]s, [[fungi]] and [[cyanobacteria]]. The term "circadian", coined by [[Franz Halberg]],<ref>http://www.msi.umn.edu/~halberg Hal...	A '''circadian rhythm''' is an approximate daily periodicity, a roughly-24-hour cycle in the biochemical, physiological or behavioral processes of living beings, including [[plant]]s, [[animal]]s, [[fungi]] and [[cyanobacteria]]. The term "circadian", coined by [[Franz Halberg]],<ref>http://www.msi.umn.edu/~halberg Hal...	[1, 3, 4, 9]
Circadian rhythm	(Top)	219,818,928	2008-06-17T00:36:34Z	Hordaland	A '''circadian rhythm''' is an approximate daily periodicity, a roughly-24-hour cycle in the biochemical, physiological or behavioral processes of living beings, including [[plant]]s, [[animal]]s, [[fungi]] and [[cyanobacteria]]. The term "circadian", coined by [[Franz Halberg]],<ref>http://www.msi.umn.edu/~halberg Hal...	A '''circadian rhythm''' is an approximate daily periodicity, a roughly-24-hour cycle in the biochemical, physiological or behavioral processes of living beings, including [[plant]]s, [[animal]]s, [[fungi]] and [[cyanobacteria]]. The term "circadian", coined by [[Franz Halberg]],<ref>http://www.msi.umn.edu/~halberg Hal...	[11]
Circadian rhythm	Impact of light-dark cycle	219,820,931	2008-06-17T00:47:25Z	Hordaland	The rhythm is linked to the light-dark cycle. Animals, including humans, kept in total darkness for extended periods eventually function with a [[Free-running sleep\|freerunning]] rhythm. Each "day," their sleep cycle is pushed back or forward, depending on whether their endogenous period is shorter or longer than 24 ho...	The rhythm is linked to the light-dark cycle. Animals, including humans, kept in total darkness for extended periods eventually function with a [[Free-running sleep\|freerunning]] rhythm. Each "day," their sleep cycle is pushed back or forward, depending on whether their endogenous period is shorter or longer than 24 ho...	[11]
Circadian rhythm	See also	219,822,719	2008-06-17T00:57:39Z	Hordaland	* [[Actigraphy]] (also known as Actimetry) * [[Advanced sleep phase syndrome]] * [[ARNTL]] * [[ARNTL2]] * [[Chronobiology]] * [[Chronotype]] * [[Circadian rhythm sleep disorders]] * [[Cryptochrome]] * [[CRY1]] and [[CRY2]], the cryptochrome family genes * [[Jet lag]] * [[PER1]], [[PER2]], and [[PER3]], the period fami...	* [[Actigraphy]] (also known as Actimetry) * [[Advanced sleep phase syndrome]] * [[ARNTL]] * [[ARNTL2]] * [[Chronobiology]] * [[Chronotype]] * [[Circadian rhythm sleep disorders]] * [[Cryptochrome]] * [[CRY1]] and [[CRY2]], the cryptochrome family genes * [[Jet lag]] * [[Light effects on circadian rhythm]] * [[PER1]],...	[1, 9]
Circadian rhythm	Determining the human circadian rhythm	219,935,691	2008-06-17T15:04:25Z	DOI bot	[[Image:Biological clock human.PNG\|thumb\|300px\|Overview of human circadian biological clock with some physiological parameters.]] The classic phase markers for measuring the timing of a mammal's circadian rhythm are '''melatonin secretion''' by the pineal gland and '''core body temperature'''. For temperature studies,...	[[Image:Biological clock human.PNG\|thumb\|300px\|Overview of human circadian biological clock with some physiological parameters.]] The classic phase markers for measuring the timing of a mammal's circadian rhythm are '''melatonin secretion''' by the pineal gland and '''core body temperature'''. For temperature studies,...	[11]
Parkinson's disease	Levodopa	221,148,967	2008-06-23T07:05:36Z	Closedmouth	null	[[Image:Stalevo.jpg\|thumb\|250px\|Stalevo for treatment of Parkinson's disease]] The most widely used form of treatment is [[L-dopa]] in various forms. L-dopa is transformed into dopamine in the dopaminergic neurons by L-aromatic amino acid decarboxylase (often known by its former name dopa-decarboxylase). However, only...	[1, 4, 7, 9, 10]
Parkinson's disease	Qigong	221,148,967	2008-06-23T07:05:36Z	Closedmouth	null	There have been two studies looking at [[qigong]] in Parkinson's disease. In a trial in Bonn, an open-label randomised pilot study in 56 patients found an improvement in motor and non-motor symptoms amongst patients who had undergone one hour of structured qigong exercise per week in two 8-week blocks. The authors spec...	[1, 7, 9, 4, 10]
Parkinson's disease	Levodopa	221,235,063	2008-06-23T17:20:40Z	Aitias	null	[[Image:Stalevo.jpg\|thumb\|250px\|Stalevo for treatment of Parkinson's disease]] The most widely used form of treatment is [[L-dopa]] in various forms. L-dopa is transformed into dopamine in the dopaminergic neurons by L-aromatic amino acid decarboxylase (often known by its former name dopa-decarboxylase). However, only...	[1, 4, 7, 9, 10]
Dream	Dream incorporation	221,956,580	2008-06-26T21:25:31Z	Startstop123	CORN In one use of the term, "dream incorporation" is a phenomenon whereby an external stimulus, usually an auditory one, becomes a part of a dream, eventually then awakening the dreamer. There is a famous painting by [[Salvador Dalí]] that depicts this concept, titled "[[Dream Caused by the Flight of a Bee around a Po...	In one use of the term, "dream incorporation" is a phenomenon whereby an external stimulus, usually an auditory one, becomes a part of a dream, eventually then awakening the dreamer. There is a famous painting by [[Salvador Dalí]] that depicts this concept, titled "[[Dream Caused by the Flight of a Bee around a Pomegra...	[11]
Prion	Heavy metal poisoning hypothesis	223,613,576	2008-07-04T21:58:03Z	Brewhaha@edmc.net	Mark Purdey and Dr. David R. Brown have suggested that common prion is a beneficial molecule when bound to copper ions and that loss of this activity could cause disease. They have hypothesised that abnormal amounts of copper and manganese in the environment or animal feed could precipitate this. <ref>{{cite web url=h...	Mark Purdey and Dr. David R. Brown have suggested that common prion is a beneficial molecule when bound to copper ions and that loss of this activity could cause disease. They have hypothesised that abnormal amounts of copper and manganese in the environment or animal feed could precipitate this. <ref>{{cite web url=h...	[1, 2, 4, 7, 10]
Parkinson's disease	Notable sufferers	224,096,897	2008-07-07T08:18:43Z	211.30.61.60	{{further\|[[:Category:People with Parkinson's disease\|People with Parkinson's disease]]}} One famous sufferer of young-onset Parkinson's is [[Michael J. Fox]], whose book, ''Lucky Man'' ([[2000]]), focused on his experiences with the disease and his career and family travails in the midst of it. Fox established ''[[The...	{{further\|[[:Category:People with Parkinson's disease\|People with Parkinson's disease]]}} One famous sufferer of young-onset Parkinson's is [[Michael J. Fox]], whose book, ''Lucky Man'' ([[2000]]), focused on his experiences with the disease and his career and family travails in the midst of it. Fox established ''[[The...	[11]
Circadian rhythm	(Top)	224,300,124	2008-07-08T06:24:12Z	Dov Henis	A '''circadian rhythm''' is an approximate daily periodicity, a roughly-24-hour cycle in the biochemical, physiological or behavioral processes of living beings, including [[plant]]s, [[animal]]s, [[fungi]] and [[cyanobacteria]]. The term "circadian", coined by [[Franz Halberg]],<ref>http://www.msi.umn.edu/~halberg Hal...	''Circadian Rhythm, Origin And Nature''' '''Circadian Rhythm: Genes Are Organisms, Not Molecular Contraptions''' A. "Molecular Basis And Regulation Of Circadian Rhythms In Plants" http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2008-07/asop-pit062408.php B. A mechanisms of energy absorption, by which archae genes became ...	[11]
Hypnosis	Brain imaging	226,771,057	2008-07-20T07:58:40Z	AlexiusHoratius	One controlled scientific experiment postulates that hypnosis may alter our perception of conscious experience in a way not possible when people are not "hypnotized", at least in "highly hypnotizable" people. In this experiment, color perception was changed by hypnosis in "highly hypnotizable" people as determined by (...	One controlled scientific experiment postulates that hypnosis may alter our perception of conscious experience in a way not possible when people are not "hypnotized", at least in "highly hypnotizable" people. In this experiment, color perception was changed by hypnosis in "highly hypnotizable" people as determined by (...	[11]
Trie	(Top)	227,155,670	2008-07-22T06:40:51Z	69.181.134.103	[[Image:trie example.svg\|thumb\|right\|250px\|A trie for keys "t", "to", "te", "tea", "ten", "i", "in", and "inn".]] In [[computer science]], a '''trie''', or '''prefix tree''', is an [[ordered tree data structure\|ordered tree]] [[data structure]] that is used to store an [[associative array]] where the keys are usually ...	[[Image:trie example.svg\|thumb\|right\|250px\|A trie for keys "t", "to", "te", "tea", "ten", "i", "in", and "inn".]] In [[computer science]], a '''trie''', or '''prefix tree''', is an [[ordered tree data structure\|ordered tree]] [[data structure]] that is used to store an [[associative array]] where the keys are usually ...	[3, 8]
Circadian rhythm	(Top)	227,955,174	2008-07-26T04:30:01Z	Andrew Su	A '''circadian rhythm''' is an approximate daily periodicity, a roughly-24-hour cycle in the biochemical, physiological or behavioral processes of living beings, including [[plant]]s, [[animal]]s, [[fungi]] and [[cyanobacteria]]. The term "circadian", coined by [[Franz Halberg]],<ref>http://www.msi.umn.edu/~halberg Hal...	A '''circadian rhythm''' is an approximate daily periodicity, a roughly-24-hour cycle in the biochemical, physiological or behavioral processes of living beings, including [[plant]]s, [[animal]]s, [[fungi]] and [[cyanobacteria]]. The term "circadian", coined by [[Franz Halberg]],<ref>http://www.msi.umn.edu/~halberg Hal...	[2]
Port (computer networking)	(Top)	229,031,619	2008-07-31T15:25:47Z	Kbrose	In the [[Transmission Control Protocol\|TCP]] and [[User Datagram Protocol\|UDP]] protocols used in [[computer networking]], a '''Port''' is a special number present in the header of a data packet. Ports are typically used to map data to a particular process running on a computer.	{{Copyedit\|date=July 2008}} {{Refimprove\|date=July 2008}} In [[computer networking]], a '''port''' or port number is an ''application-specific'' or ''process-specific'' communications endpoint used by [[Transport layer\|Transport Layer]] protocols, such as [[Transmission Control Protocol]] (TCP) and [[User Datagram Prot...	[1, 2, 3, 4, 9]
Circadian rhythm	Human health	229,625,288	2008-08-03T18:47:58Z	70.139.72.193	There are many health problems associated with a disturbance in the human circadian rhythm, such as [[Seasonal Affective Disorder]] (SAD), [[delayed sleep phase syndrome]] (DSPS) and other [[circadian rhythm disorder]]s.<ref name=brynmawr>{{cite web \| Sabah Quraishi \| title =Circadian Rhythms and Sleep \| publisher=Se...	There are many health problems associated with a disturbance in the human circadian rhythm, such as [[Seasonal Affective Disorder]] (SAD), [[delayed sleep phase syndrome]] (DSPS) and other [[circadian rhythm disorder]]s.<ref name=brynmawr>{{cite web \| Sabah Quraishi \| title =Circadian Rhythms and Sleep \| publisher=Se...	[1, 4]
Circadian rhythm	Human health	229,636,275	2008-08-03T20:01:52Z	Hordaland	There are many health problems associated with a disturbance in the human circadian rhythm, such as [[Seasonal Affective Disorder]] (SAD), [[delayed sleep phase syndrome]] (DSPS) and other [[circadian rhythm disorder]]s.<ref name=brynmawr>{{cite web \| Sabah Quraishi \| title =Circadian Rhythms and Sleep \| publisher=Se...	There are many health problems associated with a disturbance in the human circadian rhythm, such as [[Seasonal Affective Disorder]] (SAD), [[delayed sleep phase syndrome]] (DSPS) and other [[circadian rhythm disorder]]s.<ref name=brynmawr>{{cite web \| Sabah Quraishi \| title =Circadian Rhythms and Sleep \| publisher=Se...	[3, 6]
Circadian rhythm	Human health	229,637,148	2008-08-03T20:07:29Z	Hordaland	There are many health problems associated with a disturbance in the human circadian rhythm, such as [[Seasonal Affective Disorder]] (SAD), [[delayed sleep phase syndrome]] (DSPS) and other [[circadian rhythm disorder]]s.<ref name=brynmawr>{{cite web \| Sabah Quraishi \| title =Circadian Rhythms and Sleep \| publisher=Se...	There are many health problems associated with a disturbance in the human circadian rhythm, such as [[Seasonal Affective Disorder]] (SAD), [[delayed sleep phase syndrome]] (DSPS) and other [[circadian rhythm disorder]]s.<ref name=brynmawr>{{cite web \| Sabah Quraishi \| title =Circadian Rhythms and Sleep \| publisher=Se...	[9]
Circadian rhythm	Origin	231,077,005	2008-08-10T19:42:57Z	Nina	{{Unreferencedsection\|date=October 2007}} Photosensitive proteins and circadian rhythms are believed to have originated in the earliest cells, with the purpose of protecting the replicating of DNA from high [[ultraviolet]] radiation during the daytime. As a result, replication was relegated to the dark. The fungus ''[[...	{{Unreferencedsection\|date=October 2007}} Photosensitive proteins and circadian rhythms are believed to have originated in the earliest cells, with the purpose of protecting the replicating of DNA from high [[ultraviolet]] radiation during the daytime. As a result, replication was relegated to the dark. The fungus ''[[...	[5, 9]
Hypnosis	(Top)	234,514,270	2008-08-27T06:27:22Z	Katsam	{{Redirect\|Hypnotized\|the [[Shanadoo]] song\|Hypnotized (song)}} [[Image:Pr Charcot DSC09405.jpg\|thumb\|175px\|Professor [[Jean-Martin Charcot\|Charcot]] ''(left)'' of [[Paris]]' ''[[Salpêtrière]]'' demonstrates hypnosis on a "[[hysteria\|hysterical]]" patient, "Blanche" (Marie) Wittman, who is supported by Dr. [[Joseph Bab...	{{Redirect\|Hypnotized\|the [[Shanadoo]] song\|Hypnotized (song)}} [[Image:Pr Charcot DSC09405.jpg\|thumb\|175px\|Professor [[Jean-Martin Charcot\|Charcot]] ''(left)'' of [[Paris]]' ''[[Salpêtrière]]'' demonstrates hypnosis on a "[[hysteria\|hysterical]]" patient, "Blanche" (Marie) Wittman, who is supported by Dr. [[Joseph Bab...	[1]
Hypnosis	Clinical Hypnosis and Hypnotherapy	234,523,496	2008-08-27T08:00:55Z	Katsam	null	{{main\|Hypnodermatology}} [[Hypnodermatology]] is the practice of treating skin diseases with hypnosis. A study done at the Mt. Sinai School of Medicine looked at two groups of patients facing surgery for breast cancer. The group that received hypnosis prior to surgery reported less pain, nausea, and anxiety after sur...	[1, 7, 9, 10, 4, 5]
Circadian rhythm	Determining the human circadian rhythm	234,925,630	2008-08-29T04:24:22Z	124.169.75.37	[[Image:Biological clock human.PNG\|thumb\|300px\|Overview of human circadian biological clock with some physiological parameters.]] The classic phase markers for measuring the timing of a mammal's circadian rhythm are '''melatonin secretion''' by the pineal gland and '''core body temperature'''. For temperature studies,...	[[Image:Biological clock human.PNG\|thumb\|300px\|Overview of human circadian biological clock with some physiological parameters.]] The classic phase markers for measuring the timing of a mammal's circadian rhythm are '''prolactin secretion''' by the pituitary gland and '''core body temperature during sleep'''. For temp...	[3, 4, 10]
Circadian rhythm	Determining the human circadian rhythm	234,925,683	2008-08-29T04:24:51Z	Vary	[[Image:Biological clock human.PNG\|thumb\|300px\|Overview of human circadian biological clock with some physiological parameters.]] The classic phase markers for measuring the timing of a mammal's circadian rhythm are '''prolactin secretion''' by the pituitary gland and '''core body temperature during sleep'''. For temp...	[[Image:Biological clock human.PNG\|thumb\|300px\|Overview of human circadian biological clock with some physiological parameters.]] The classic phase markers for measuring the timing of a mammal's circadian rhythm are '''melatonin secretion''' by the pineal gland and '''core body temperature'''. For temperature studies,...	[3, 4, 10]
Parkinson's disease	Classification	235,694,156	2008-09-01T23:10:21Z	John254	"Parkinson's disease" is the most awesome disease you could ever have.When people find out they have this diease, they begin jumping up and down and singing the Lion King soundtrack. The chicks really dig men with PD. Parkinsons disease is the cadillac of the big car dealership that we call LIFE. If you have it, DEAL W...	"Parkinson's disease" is the synonym of "primary parkinsonism", i.e. isolated parkinsonism due to a neurodegenerative process without any secondary systemic cause. In some cases, it would be inaccurate to say that the cause is "unknown", because a small proportion is caused by genetic mutations. It is possible for a pa...	[1]
Circadian rhythm	Determining the human circadian rhythm	235,778,311	2008-09-02T09:20:45Z	203.206.55.47	[[Image:Biological clock human.PNG\|thumb\|300px\|Overview of human circadian biological clock with some physiological parameters.]] The classic phase markers for measuring the timing of a mammal's circadian rhythm are '''melatonin secretion''' by the pineal gland and '''core body temperature'''. For temperature studies,...	[[Image:Biological clock human.PNG\|thumb\|300px\|Overview of human circadian biological clock with some physiological parameters.]] The classic phase markers for measuring the timing of a mammal's circadian rhythm are '''melatonin secretion''' by the pineal gland and '''core body temperature'''. For temperature studies,...	[10]
Circadian rhythm	Determining the human circadian rhythm	235,784,118	2008-09-02T10:03:27Z	Hordaland	[[Image:Biological clock human.PNG\|thumb\|300px\|Overview of human circadian biological clock with some physiological parameters.]] The classic phase markers for measuring the timing of a mammal's circadian rhythm are '''melatonin secretion''' by the pineal gland and '''core body temperature'''. For temperature studies,...	[[Image:Biological clock human.PNG\|thumb\|300px\|Overview of human circadian biological clock with some physiological parameters.]] The classic phase markers for measuring the timing of a mammal's circadian rhythm are '''melatonin secretion''' by the pineal gland and '''core body temperature'''. For temperature studies,...	[10]
Circadian rhythm	Disruption	237,062,321	2008-09-08T13:43:43Z	Greenbreen	Disruption to rhythms usually has a negative effect. Many travelers have experienced the condition known as [[jet lag]], with its associated symptoms of [[fatigue (physical)\|fatigue]], disorientation and [[insomnia]]. A number of other disorders, for example [[bipolar disorder]] and some [[sleep disorder]]s, are asso...	Disruption to rhythms usually has a negative effect. Many travelers have experienced the condition known as [[jet lag]], with its associated symptoms of [[fatigue (physical)\|fatigue]], disorientation and [[insomnia]]. A number of other disorders, for example [[bipolar disorder]] and some [[sleep disorder]]s, are asso...	[1, 2, 7, 8, 10]
Circadian rhythm	Disruption	237,122,763	2008-09-08T19:33:00Z	Hordaland	Disruption to rhythms usually has a negative effect. Many travelers have experienced the condition known as [[jet lag]], with its associated symptoms of [[fatigue (physical)\|fatigue]], disorientation and [[insomnia]]. A number of other disorders, for example [[bipolar disorder]] and some [[sleep disorder]]s, are asso...	Disruption to rhythms usually has a negative effect. Many travelers have experienced the condition known as [[jet lag]], with its associated symptoms of [[fatigue (physical)\|fatigue]], disorientation and [[insomnia]]. A number of other disorders, for example [[bipolar disorder]] and some [[sleep disorder]]s, are asso...	[11]
Human cloning	Techniques	237,737,003	2008-09-11T16:16:32Z	TimVickers	There are no documented cases of a living human being produced through human cloning. However, the most successful common cloning technique in non-human mammals is the process by which [[Dolly the sheep]] was produced. John Rick Shelton was one of 277 attempts. It is also the technique used by [[Advanced Cell Technolo...	There are no documented cases of a living human being produced through human cloning. However, the most successful common cloning technique in non-human mammals is the process by which [[Dolly the sheep]] was produced. John Rick Shelton was one of 277 attempts. It is also the technique used by [[Advanced Cell Technolo...	[1, 5, 9, 10]

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