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Prion | Dissent | 72,184,291 | 2006-08-27T13:23:39Z | 203.214.90.205 | Mark Purdy and Doctor David R. Brown have suggested that metal ion interactions with prion protein might be relevant to progression of prion-mediated disease.<ref>[http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s638.pdf 2000-09-22, Normal Function of Prions, Statement to the BSE Inquiry]</ref> Purdy cites epidemiological studie... | Mark Purdy and Doctor David R. Brown have suggested that metal ion interactions with prion protein might be relevant to progression of prion-mediated disease.<ref>[http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s638.pdf 2000-09-22, Normal Function of Prions, Statement to the BSE Inquiry]</ref> Purdy cites epidemiological studie... | [1, 4] |
Down syndrome | History | 72,341,132 | 2006-08-28T06:46:55Z | Fastifex | {{main|History of Down syndrome}}
English physician [[John Langdon Down]] first characterized Down syndrome as a distinct form of mental retardation in 1862, and in a more widely published report in 1866 entitled "Observations on an ethnic classification of idiots".<ref>{{cite journal| author=Down, J.L.H.| year=1866| t... | {{main|History of Down syndrome}}
English physician [[John Langdon Down]] first characterized Down syndrome as a distinct form of mental retardation in 1862, and in a more widely published report in 1866 entitled "Observations on an ethnic classification of idiots".<ref>{{cite journal| author=Down, J.L.H.| year=1866| t... | [11] |
Prion | External links | 74,066,268 | 2006-09-06T03:20:10Z | Drdaveng | *[http://www.mad-cow-facts.com Mad Cow Disease] Information from the Center for Global Food Issues.
*[http://www.madcowering.com Madcowering] A BSE-TSE blog.
*[http://thepathologicalprotein.com/ The Pathological Protein - Mad Cow, Chronic Wasting, and Other Deadly Prion Diseases] (2003, updated online 2005). Philip Yam... | *[http://www.mad-cow-facts.com Mad Cow Disease] Information from the Center for Global Food Issues.
*[http://www.madcowering.com Madcowering] A BSE-TSE blog.
*[http://thepathologicalprotein.com/ The Pathological Protein - Mad Cow, Chronic Wasting, and Other Deadly Prion Diseases] (2003, updated online 2005). Philip Yam... | [11] |
Dream | The expectation fulfillment theory of dreams | 74,489,473 | 2006-09-08T08:16:04Z | Conserrnd | {{ExpertVerify|July 2006}}
Psychologist [[Joe Griffin]], one of the founders of [[human givens]] psychology, has put forward an explanation for why humans dream: The expectation fulfillment theory of dreaming. He reviewed all the available scientific evidence and conducted a 12 year program of research that showed tha... | {{ExpertVerify|July 2006}}
Psychologist [[Joe Griffin]], one of the founders of [[human givens]] psychology, has put forward an explanation for why humans dream: The expectation fulfillment theory of dreaming. He reviewed all the available scientific evidence and conducted a 12 year program of research that showed tha... | [11] |
Circadian rhythm | Notes | 74,529,190 | 2006-09-08T14:27:18Z | 193.50.67.62 | <references/>
[[Category:Sleep]][[Category:Circadian rhythms]]
[[de:Circadiane Rhythmik]]
[[es:Reloj circadiano]]
[[fr:Nycthémère]]
[[he:שעון ביולוגי]]
[[nl:Biologische klok]]
[[ru:Циркадный ритм]]
[[sr:Биолошки часовник]] | <references/>
[[Category:Sleep]][[Category:Circadian rhythms]]
[[de:Circadiane Rhythmik]]
[[es:Reloj circadiano]]
[[fr:Rythme circadien]]
[[he:שעון ביולוגי]]
[[nl:Biologische klok]]
[[ru:Циркадный ритм]]
[[sr:Биолошки часовник]] | [11] |
Parkinson's disease | Motor symptoms | 74,748,390 | 2006-09-09T17:49:26Z | 209.56.60.2 | The [[cardinal symptom]]s are:
*''[[tremor]]'': normally 4-7[[Hertz|Hz]] tremor, maximal when the limb is at rest, and decreased with voluntary movement. It is typically unilateral at onset. This is the most apparent and well-known symptom. However, an estimated 30% of patients have little perceptible tremor; these ... | The [[cardinal symptom]]s are:
*''[[tremor]]'': normally 4-7[[Hertz|Hz]] tremor, maximal when the limb is at rest, and decreased with voluntary movement. It is typically unilateral at onset. This is the most apparent and well-known symptom. However, an estimated 30% of patients have little perceptible tremor; these ... | [1, 3, 4] |
Circadian rhythm | Origin | 75,343,020 | 2006-09-12T19:03:52Z | 132.236.75.64 | Circadian rhythms are believed to have originated in the earliest cells to provide protection for replicating DNA, from high [[ultraviolet]] radiation during day-time. As a result, replication was relegated to the dark. The fungus ''Neurospora'', which exists today, retains this clock-regulated mechanism.
The simplest... | Circadian rhythms are believed to have originated in the earliest cells to provide protection for replicating DNA, from high [[ultraviolet]] radiation during day-time. As a result, replication was relegated to the dark. The fungus ''Neurospora'', which exists today, retains this clock-regulated mechanism.
The simplest... | [11] |
Circadian rhythm | Literature | 79,582,332 | 2006-10-05T03:23:14Z | 24.137.200.118 | *Aschoff J (ed.) (1965) <i>Circadian Clocks</i>. North Holland Press, Amsterdam
*Avivi A, Albrecht U, Oster H, Joel A, Beiles A, Nevo E. 2001. Biological clock in total darkness: the Clock/MOP3 circadian system of the blind subterranean mole rat. <i>Proc Natl Acad Sci USA</i> 98:13751- 13756.
*Avivi A, Oster H, Joel A,... | *Aschoff J (ed.) (1965) <i>Circadian Clocks</i>. North Holland Press, Amsterdam
*Avivi A, Albrecht U, Oster H, Joel A, Beiles A, Nevo E. 2001. Biological clock in total darkness: the Clock/MOP3 circadian system of the blind subterranean mole rat. <i>Proc Natl Acad Sci USA</i> 98:13751- 13756.
*Avivi A, Oster H, Joel A,... | [1, 7] |
Circadian rhythm | Plant circadian rhythms | 79,873,330 | 2006-10-06T16:57:15Z | Jclerman | Plants are [[sessile]] organisms, and thus they are intimately associated with their environment. This ability to synchronize with daily changes in temperature and light is of great advantage to plants. For example, the circadian clock makes an essential contribution to [[photosynthesis]], with the outcome that the clo... | Plants are [[sessile]] organisms, and thus they are intimately associated with their environment. This ability to synchronize with daily changes in temperature and light is of great advantage to plants. For example, the circadian clock makes an essential contribution to [[photosynthesis]], with the outcome that the clo... | [2] |
Parkinson's disease | Toxins | 81,876,277 | 2006-10-16T22:34:01Z | Jfdwolff | One theory holds that the disease may result in many or even most cases from the combination of a genetically determined vulnerability to environmental [[toxin]]s along with exposure to those toxins.<ref>{{cite journal
|author=DA Di Monte, M Lavasani, AB Manning-Bog
|title=Environmental factors in Parkinson's disea... | One theory holds that the disease may result in many or even most cases from the combination of a genetically determined vulnerability to environmental [[toxin]]s along with exposure to those toxins.<ref>{{cite journal
|author=DA Di Monte, M Lavasani, AB Manning-Bog
|title=Environmental factors in Parkinson's disea... | [1, 3] |
Parkinson's disease | Physical exercise | 82,239,183 | 2006-10-18T16:54:05Z | VoABot II | Regular physical exercise and/or therapy, including in forms such as yoga, tai chi, Qijong <ref>{{cite journal | author = Schmitz-Hubsch T | title = Qigong exercise for the symptoms of Parkinson's disease: a randomized, controlled pilot study. | journal = Mov Disord | volume = 21 | issue = 4 | pages = 543-548 | year =... | Regular physical exercise and/or therapy, including in forms such as yoga, tai chi, and dance can be beneficial to the patient for maintaining and improving mobility, flexibility, balance and a range of motion. | [8] |
Circadian rhythm | Animal circadian rhythms | 83,081,881 | 2006-10-22T21:56:16Z | 208.106.23.60 | Circadian rhythms are important in determining the [[sleep]]ing and feeding patterns of all animals, including human beings. There are clear patterns of [[brain wave]] activity, [[hormone]] production, cell regeneration and other biological activities linked to this daily cycle.
The rhythm is linked to the light-dark... | Circadian rhythms are important in determining the [[sleep]]ing and feeding patterns of all animals, including human beings. There are clear patterns of [[brain wave]] activity, [[hormone]] production, cell regeneration and other biological activities linked to this daily cycle.
The rhythm is linked to the light-dark... | [11] |
Stem cell | Adipose derived adult stem cells | 84,084,158 | 2006-10-27T17:43:49Z | Lulurascal | null | Adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) have also been isolated from human [[Adipose tissue|fat]], usually by method of [[liposuction]]. This cell population seems to be similar in many ways to [[Mesenchymal cell|mesenchymal stem cells]] (MSCs) derived from bone marrow. However, it is possible to isolate many more cells fro... | [1, 4, 7, 9] |
Prion | Dissent | 84,313,259 | 2006-10-28T22:22:52Z | UberScienceNerd | Mark Purdy and Doctor David R. Brown have suggested that metal ion interactions with prion protein might be relevant to progression of prion-mediated disease.<ref>[http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s638.pdf 2000-09-22, Normal Function of Prions, Statement to the BSE Inquiry]</ref> Purdy cites epidemiological studie... | Mark Purdy and Doctor David R. Brown have suggested that metal ion interactions with prion protein might be relevant to progression of prion-mediated disease.<ref>[http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s638.pdf 2000-09-22, Normal Function of Prions, Statement to the BSE Inquiry]</ref> Purdy cites epidemiological studie... | [2] |
Stem cell | Key events in stem cell research | 84,498,349 | 2006-10-29T22:20:59Z | 24.34.175.72 | * '''1960s''' - [[Joseph Altman]] and Gopal Das present evidence of adult [[neurogenesis]], ongoing stem cell activity in the brain; their reports contradict [[Santiago Ramón y Cajal|Cajal]]'s "no new neurons" dogma are largely ignored
* '''1963''' - [[Ernest McCulloch|McCulloch]] and [[James Till|Till]] illustrate the... | * '''1960s''' - [[Joseph Altman]] and Gopal Das present evidence of adult [[neurogenesis]], ongoing stem cell activity in the brain; their reports contradict [[Santiago Ramón y Cajal|Cajal]]'s "no new neurons" dogma are largely ignored
* '''1963''' - [[Ernest McCulloch|McCulloch]] and [[James Till|Till]] illustrate the... | [1, 3, 9, 10] |
Context-free grammar | Properties of context-free languages | 84,740,792 | 2006-10-31T01:02:01Z | 65.34.242.227 | * An alternative and equivalent definition of context-free languages employs non-deterministic [[push-down automaton|push-down automata]]: a language is context-free if and only if it can be accepted by such an automaton.
* A language can also be modeled as a set of all sequences of terminals which are accepted by the ... | * An alternative and equivalent definition of context-free languages employs non-deterministic [[push-down automaton|push-down automata]]: a language is context-free if and only if it can be accepted by such an automaton.
* A language can also be modeled as a set of all sequences of terminals which are accepted by the ... | [2] |
Circadian rhythm | Origin | 86,107,867 | 2006-11-06T19:45:44Z | 71.231.50.63 | Circadian rhythms are believed to have originated in the earliest cells to provide protection for replicating DNA, from high [[ultraviolet]] radiation during day-time. As a result, replication was relegated to the dark. The fungus ''Neurospora'', which exists today, retains this clock-regulated mechanism.
The simplest... | Circadian rhythms are believed to have originated in the earliest cells to provide protection for replicating DNA, from high [[ultraviolet]] radiation during day-time. As a result, replication was relegated to the dark. The fungus ''Neurospora'', which exists today, retains this clock-regulated mechanism.
The simplest... | [11] |
Circadian rhythm | External links | 86,108,053 | 2006-11-06T19:46:30Z | 71.231.50.63 | *[http://www.circadian.org www.circadian.org]
*[http://www.msi.umn.edu/~halberg Halberg Chronobiology Center] [[Franz Halberg]] coined the word ''circadian''.
*[http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/museum/exhibit00/02_1.html Biological Clocks] A description of circadian rhythms in plants by de Mairan, Linnaeus, and Darwi... | *[http://www.circadian.org www.circadian.org]
*[http://www.msi.umn.edu/~halberg Halberg Chronobiology Center] [[Franz Halberg]] coined the word ''circadian''.
*[http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/museum/exhibit00/02_1.html Biological Clocks] A description of circadian rhythms in plants by de Mairan, Linnaeus, and Darwi... | [11] |
DNA sequencing | (Top) | 86,112,272 | 2006-11-06T20:06:01Z | 130.88.85.140 | ''DNA sequencing''' is the process of determining the [[nucleotide]] order of a given [[DNA]] fragment, called the [[DNA sequence]]. For thirty years a huge fraction of DNA sequencing has been achieved using the chain termination method [http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=431765], developed by [[Fred... | ''DNA sequencing''' is the process of determining the [[nucleotide]] order of a given [[DNA]] fragment, called the [[DNA sequence]]. For thirty years a huge fraction of DNA sequencing has been achieved using the chain termination method [http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=431765], developed by [[Fred... | [1] |
Methadone | Pharmacology | 86,784,205 | 2006-11-09T20:15:38Z | Soloniuk | Methadone has a slow metabolism and very high lipid solubility, making it longer lasting than [[morphine]]-based drugs. Methadone has a typical half-life of 24-36 hours, permitting the administration only once a day in [[heroin]] detoxification and maintenance programs. The most common mode of delivery at a methadone c... | Methadone has a slow metabolism and very high lipid solubility, making it longer lasting than [[morphine]]-based drugs. Methadone has a typical half-life of 24-36 hours, permitting the administration only once a day in [[heroin]] detoxification and maintenance programs. The analgesic activity is shorter than the pharma... | [1, 3] |
Genetically modified food | Controversies over risks | 86,913,042 | 2006-11-10T10:10:27Z | 85.156.226.25 | Although no major health hazards have come to light since GM food was introduced 12 years ago, and close to 150 studies are published to attest their safety<ref>[http://www.nap.edu/books/0309092094/html/ NAS Report - Safety of Genetically Engineered Foods: Approaches to Assessing Unintended Health Effects (2004) by Fo... | Although no major health hazards have come to light since GM food was introduced 12 years ago, and close to 150 studies are published to attest their safety<ref>[http://www.nap.edu/books/0309092094/html/ NAS Report - Safety of Genetically Engineered Foods: Approaches to Assessing Unintended Health Effects (2004) by Fo... | [1, 4, 9] |
Asperger syndrome | External links | 87,379,644 | 2006-11-12T19:13:46Z | Andy M. Wang | {{wiktionary| Asperger’s syndrome}}
* '''Link directories'''
:* [http://www.futurehorizons-autism.com/links_resources.htm#Autism/Aspergers_Resources Asperger and Autism organizations and services]
:* [http://dmoz.org/Health/Mental_Health/Disorders/Neurodevelopmental/Autism_Spectrum/Asperger%27s_Syndrome/ DMOZ ca... | {{wiktionary| Asperger’s syndrome}}
* '''Link directories'''
:* [http://www.futurehorizons-autism.com/links_resources.htm#Autism/Aspergers_Resources Asperger and Autism organizations and services]
:* [http://dmoz.org/Health/Mental_Health/Disorders/Neurodevelopmental/Autism_Spectrum/Asperger%27s_Syndrome/ DMOZ ca... | [11] |
Parkinson's disease | References | 88,266,205 | 2006-11-16T20:00:45Z | Valtasarus | <!--See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Footnotes for an explanation of how to generate footnotes or references using the <ref(erences/)> tags-->
<div class="references-small">
* This article contains text released into the public domain from:<br>{{cite web | author=[[National Institute of Neurological Disorders... | <!--See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Footnotes for an explanation of how to generate footnotes or references using the <ref(erences/)> tags-->
<div class="references-small">
* This article contains text released into the public domain from:<br>{{cite web | author=[[National Institute of Neurological Disorders... | [11] |
Stem cell | Defining properties | 89,542,426 | 2006-11-22T23:06:17Z | 220.157.92.11 | The rigorous definition of a [[stem cell]] requires that it possesses two properties:
* '''''Self-renewal''''' - the ability to go through numerous [[cell cycle|cycles]] of [[cell division]] while maintaining the undifferentiated state.
* '''''Unlimited potency''''' - the capacity to differentiate into any mature cell ... | Stem cells are ugly and not good | [11] |
Genetic engineering | Applications | 89,631,457 | 2006-11-23T10:44:35Z | 67.49.183.18 | The first Genetically Engineered drug was human insulin approved by the USA's FDA
in 1982 [http://www.mspca.org/site/pp.asp?c=gtIUK4OSG&b=134379]. Another early application of genetic engineering was to create human growth hormone as replacement for a drug that was previously extracted from human cadavers. In 1986 the... | The first Genetically Engineered drug was human insulin approved by the USA's FDA
in 1982 [http://www.mspca.org/site/pp.asp?c=gtIUK4OSG&b=134379]. Another early application of genetic engineering was to create human growth hormone as replacement for a drug that was previously extracted from human cadavers. In 1986 the... | [11] |
Hypnosis | Entertainment | 92,026,955 | 2006-12-04T17:13:00Z | Dave Runger | null | The popular perception of the hypnotic experience is that of the entertainment version. The stage hypnotist uses a variety of methods to relax and focus the subjects, eventually making it appear to the audience that the subject is [[sleep|asleep]] or, popularly termed, in a [[altered state of consciousness|trance]]. Du... | [1, 9] |
Down syndrome | History | 92,120,264 | 2006-12-05T01:05:30Z | Antandrus | title=Observations on an ethnic classification of idiots| journal=Clinical Lecture Reports, London Hospital| volume=3| pages=259-262| url=http://www.neonatology.org/classics/down.html| accessdate=2006-07-14}} For a history of the disorder, see {{cite book | title= John Langdon Down, 1828-1896 | author=OC Ward |publishe... | {{main|History of Down syndrome}}
English physician [[John Langdon Down]] first characterized Down syndrome as a distinct form of mental retardation in 1862, and in a more widely published report in 1866 entitled "Observations on an ethnic classification of idiots".<ref>{{cite journal| author=Down, J.L.H.| year=1866| t... | [1, 5, 9] |
Hypnosis | Social constructionism | 92,143,708 | 2006-12-05T03:13:53Z | 74.38.250.5 | <!-- (Kroger, 1977, p. 29) -->
This theory suggests that individuals are playing a role and allowing the hypnotist to create a reality for them. This relationship depends on how much rapport has been established between the hypnotist and the subject (see [[Hawthorne effect]], [[Pygmalion effect]], and the [[Placebo eff... | <!-- (Kroger, 1977, p. 29) -->
Some psychologists such as [[Robert Baker]] claim that what we call hypnosis are actually a form of learned social behavior, a complex hybrid of social compliance, relaxation, and suggestibility that can account for many esoteric behavioral manifestations.
Some hypnotized subjects seem '... | [1, 5, 4] |
Down syndrome | (Top) | 92,284,219 | 2006-12-05T19:40:53Z | 157.246.2.6 | {{DiseaseDisorder infobox |
Name = Down syndrome |
ICD10 = {{ICD10|Q|90||q|90}} |
ICD9 = {{ICD9|758.0}} |
ICDO = |
Image = Drill.jpg <!--- Do not change this picture without discussing it in the Down syndrome discussion page. Because of continued vandalism, pict... | null | [2, 8] |
Down syndrome | Prenatal screening | 93,000,413 | 2006-12-08T20:37:49Z | SandyGeorgia | Pregnant women can be screened for various complications in their pregnancy. Many standard prenatal screens can discover Down syndrome. [[Genetic counseling]] along with [[genetic testing]], such as [[amniocentesis]], [[chorionic villus sampling]] (CVS), or percutaneous umbilical blood sampling (PUBS) are usually offer... | Pregnant women can be screened for various complications in their pregnancy, or due to risk factors such as advanced maternal age. There are several common non-invasive screens that can indicate a fetus with Down syndrome, and are normally performed in the late first trimester or early second trimester. Due to the natu... | [2, 3] |
Methamphetamine | Meth Mouth | 96,325,434 | 2006-12-24T21:24:18Z | Miserlou | null | Methamphetamine addicts may lose their teeth abnormally quickly, a condition known as "[[meth mouth]]". This effect is not caused by the commonly-repeated myth that meth itself has "corrosive" effects on teeth. According to the [[American Dental Association]], meth mouth "is probably caused by a combination of drug-ind... | [1, 4, 9, 7] |
Hypnosis | Entertainment | 97,635,274 | 2007-01-01T00:27:48Z | Bejnar | Professor G.F. Wagstaff, of the [[University of Liverpool]], carried out research (see Hypnosis, Compliance and Belief - ISBN-13: 978-0710800176) around the phonemenon of stage hypnotism or hypnotism for entertainment. He surmised that rather than the subject being in an 'altered state' rather they were affected signif... | Professor G.F. Wagstaff, of the [[University of Liverpool]], carried out research (see Hypnosis, Compliance and Belief - ISBN-13: 978-0710800176) around the phonemenon of stage hypnotism or hypnotism for entertainment. He surmised that rather than the subject being in an 'altered state' rather they were affected signif... | [11] |
Hypnosis | Hypnotherapy | 97,642,994 | 2007-01-01T01:22:31Z | Bejnar | {{main|Hypnotherapy}}
[[Hypnotherapy]] is a term to describe the use of hypnosis in a therapeutic context. Many hypnotherapists refer to their practice as "clinical work". Hypnotherapy can either be used as an addition to the work of licensed physicians or psychologists, or it can be used in a stand-alone environment w... | {{main|Hypnotherapy}}
[[Hypnotherapy]] is a term to describe the use of hypnosis in a therapeutic context. Many hypnotherapists refer to their practice as "clinical work". Hypnotherapy can either be used as an addition to the work of licensed physicians or psychologists, or it can be used in a stand-alone environment w... | [1, 2, 7, 6] |
Gene therapy | (Top) | 99,333,190 | 2007-01-08T15:24:31Z | Ju66l3r | Gene therapy typically aims to supplement a defective [[mutant]] [[allele]] with a functional one. Although the technology is still in ,its infancy, it has been used with some success. [[Antisense therapy]] is not strictly a form of gene therapy, but is often lumped together with them.
[[Image:Gene therapy.jpg|right|... | ''Gene therapy''' is the insertion of [[gene]]s into an individual's [[cell (biology)|cells]] and [[Biological tissue|tissue]]s to treat a [[disease]], and [[hereditary disease]]s in particular.
Gene therapy typically aims to supplement a defective [[mutant]] [[allele]] with a functional one. Although the technology i... | [1, 4, 9] |
Bubble sort | Best-case performance | 99,549,785 | 2007-01-09T13:03:17Z | 129.132.3.216 | Bubble sort has worst-case complexity ''[[Big-O notation|O]](n<sup>2</sup>)'' on lists of size ''n''. To see why, note that each element is moved no more than one step each time. No element can be more than a distance of ''n - 1'' away from its final sorted position, so we use at most ''n - 1 = O(n)'' operations to mov... | When a list is already sorted, bubblesort will pass through the list once, and find that it does not need to swap any elements. This means the list is already sorted. Thus bubblesort will take ''O(n)'' time when the list is completely sorted. It will also use considerably less time if the elements in the list are not t... | [1, 2, 10] |
Stem cell | Controversy surrounding stem cell research | 99,615,090 | 2007-01-09T20:47:35Z | Freshyill | {{main|Stem cell controversy}}
There exists a widespread controversy over stem cell research that emanates from the techniques used in the creation and usage of stem cells. [[Embryonic stem cell]] research is particularly controversial because, with the present state of technology, starting a [[stem cell line]] require... | {{main|Stem cell controversy}}
There exists a widespread controversy over stem cell research that emanates from the techniques used in the creation and usage of stem cells. [[Embryonic stem cell]] research is particularly controversial because, with the present state of technology, starting a [[stem cell line]] require... | [3, 9] |
Methamphetamine | Production | 101,505,063 | 2007-01-18T05:45:39Z | Brant.irons | [[Image:Méthamphétamine pure.jpg|left|thumb|200px|Methamphetamine Crystals]]
Methamphetamine is most structurally similar to [[methcathinone]] and [[amphetamine]]. In illicit production, it is commonly made by the [[Redox|reduction]] of [[ephedrine]] or [[pseudoephedrine]]. Most of the necessary chemicals are readily ... | [[Image:Méthamphétamine pure.jpg|left|thumb|200px|Methamphetamine Crystals]]
Methamphetamine is most structurally similar to [[methcathinone]] and [[amphetamine]]. In illicit production, it is commonly made by the [[Redox|reduction]] of [[ephedrine]] or [[pseudoephedrine]]. Most of the necessary chemicals are readily ... | [1, 2, 10] |
K-d tree | Complexity | 101,537,807 | 2007-01-18T11:28:03Z | 83.83.50.37 | * Building a static ''k''d-tree from ''n'' points takes [[Big O notation|O]](''n'' log ''n'') time.
* Inserting a new point into a balanced ''k''d-tree takes O(log ''n'') time.
* Removing a point from a balanced ''k''d-tree takes O(log ''n'') time.
* Querying an axis-parallel range in a balanced ''k''d-tree takes O(''s... | * Building a static ''k''d-tree from ''n'' points takes [[Big O notation|O]](''n'' log ''n'') time.
* Inserting a new point into a balanced ''k''d-tree takes O(log ''n'') time.
* Removing a point from a balanced ''k''d-tree takes O(log ''n'') time.
* Querying an axis-parallel range in a balanced ''k''d-tree takes O(''n... | [3, 10] |
K-d tree | (Top) | 101,734,676 | 2007-01-19T05:44:36Z | User A1 | {{lowercase|title=''k''d-tree}}
[[Image:3dtree.png|thumb|A 3-dimensional ''k''d-tree. The first split (red) cuts the root cell (white) into two subcells, each of which is then split (green) into two subcells. Finally, each of those four is split (blue) into two subcells. Since there is no more splitting, the final eig... | {{lowercase|title=''k''d-tree}}
[[Image:3dtree.png|thumb|A 3-dimensional ''k''d-tree. The first split (red) cuts the root cell (white) into two subcells, each of which is then split (green) into two subcells. Finally, each of those four is split (blue) into two subcells. Since there is no more splitting, the final eig... | [1, 4, 9] |
Human brain | Comparison of the brain and a computer | 101,808,467 | 2007-01-19T16:34:16Z | 207.99.64.28 | Much interest has been focused on comparing the brain with [[computer]]s. A variety of obvious analogies exist: for example, individual neurons can be compared to [[transistor]]s on a [[microchip]], and the specialised parts of the brain can be compared with [[graphics card]]s and other system [[Electronic component|co... | Much interest has been focused on comparing the brain with [[computer]]s. A variety of obvious analogies exist: for example, individual neurons can be compared to [[transistor]]s on a [[microchip]], and the specialised parts of the brain can be compared with [[graphics card]]s and other system [[Electronic component|co... | [1] |
Down syndrome | Characteristics | 102,114,716 | 2007-01-21T00:59:36Z | Jayaprakash parameswaran | [[Image:Brushfield.jpg|thumb|right|Example of white spots on the [[iris (anatomy)|iris]] known as ''[[Brushfield spots]]''.]]
Individuals with Down syndrome may have some or all of the following physical characteristics:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://healthlibrary.epnet.com/GetContent.aspx?token=94e729bf-2a24-406f-8083-f... | [[Image:Brushfield.jpg|thumb|right|Example of white spots on the [[iris (anatomy)|iris]] known as ''[[Brushfield spots]]''.]]
Individuals with Down syndrome may have some or all of the following physical characteristics:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://healthlibrary.epnet.com/GetContent.aspx?token=94e729bf-2a24-406f-8083-f... | [1, 4, 10] |
Hypnosis | Hyper–suggestibility theory | 102,250,896 | 2007-01-21T18:17:02Z | Doc pato | <!-- (Kroger, 1977, p. 31) -->
Currently a more popular theory, it states the subject's attention is narrowed by certain techniques used by the hypnotist. As attention is narrowed, the hypnotist's words eventually take over the inner voice of the subject. From this theory comes the implication that only gullible or wea... | <!-- (Kroger, 1977, p. 31) -->
Currently a more popular theory, it states the subject focuses attention by responding to the suggestion of the hypnotist. As attention is focused and magnified, the hypnotist's words are gradually accepted without the subject carrying any conscious censorship of what is being said. This ... | [1, 2, 3, 4, 6] |
Hypnosis | Research on hypnosis | 102,250,896 | 2007-01-21T18:17:02Z | Doc pato | There is a long tradition (over a century) of hypnosis research which has allowed scientists to test key ideas in the debate. Much research has been conducted into the nature and effects of hypnosis and suggestion, and hypnosis continues to be a popular (if somewhat peripheral) tool in contemporary psychological resear... | There is a long tradition (over a century) of hypnosis research which has allowed scientists to test key ideas in the debate. Much research has been conducted into the nature and effects of hypnosis and suggestion, and hypnosis continues to be a popular (if somewhat peripheral) tool in contemporary psychological resear... | [1, 5, 9] |
Methamphetamine | (Top) | 102,417,705 | 2007-01-22T12:15:01Z | Benjiwolf | {{Drugbox|
|IUPAC_name = ''(S)-N-methyl-1-phenyl-propan-2-amine''
| image=Methamphetamine-2D-skeletal.png
| width=200
| CAS_number=537-46-2
| ATC_prefix=N06
| ATC_suffix=BA03
| ATC_supplemental=
| PubChem=1206
| DrugBank=
| C=10 | H=15 | N=1
| molecular_weight = 149.2 g/mol
| bioavailability= Depends on route of admin... | {{Drugbox|
|IUPAC_name = ''(S)-N-methyl-1-phenyl-propan-2-amine''
| image=Methamphetamine-2D-skeletal.png
| width=200
| CAS_number=537-46-2
| ATC_prefix=N06
| ATC_suffix=BA03
| ATC_supplemental=
| PubChem=1206
| DrugBank=
| C=10 | H=15 | N=1
| molecular_weight = 149.2 g/mol
| bioavailability= Depends on route of admin... | [11] |
Human cloning | Purposes | 102,786,694 | 2007-01-23T23:56:06Z | 70.232.54.27 | The possible purposes of human cloning can best be explained by referring to two kinds of cloning that would both normally use the [[somatic cell]] [[nuclear transfer]] technique. These are commonly referred to, respectively, as "reproductive cloning" and "therapeutic cloning"<ref>{{cite journal | author=Byrne JA et al... | The possible purposes of human cloning can best be explained by referring to two kinds of cloning that would both normally use the [[somatic cell]] [[nuclear transfer]] technique. These are commonly referred to, respectively, as "reproductive cloning" and "therapeutic cloning"<ref>{{cite journal | author=Byrne JA et al... | [11] |
Circadian rhythm | Animal circadian rhythms | 102,915,245 | 2007-01-24T15:33:26Z | Lestar | Circadian rhythms are important in determining the [[sleep]]ing and feeding patterns of all animals, including human beings. There are clear patterns of [[brain wave]] activity, [[hormone]] production, cell regeneration and other biological activities linked to this daily cycle.
The rhythm is linked to the light-dark... | Circadian rhythms are important in determining the [[sleep]]ing and feeding patterns of all animals, including human beings. There are clear patterns of [[brain wave]] activity, [[hormone]] production, cell regeneration and other biological activities linked to this daily cycle.
The rhythm is linked to the light-dark... | [9] |
Circadian rhythm | Origin | 104,009,240 | 2007-01-29T04:25:13Z | 128.187.0.178 | Circadian rhythms are believed to have originated in the earliest cells, with the purpose of protecting replicating DNA from high [[ultraviolet]] radiation during the daytime. As a result, replication was relegated to the dark. The fungus ''Neurospora'', which exists today, retains this clock-regulated mechanism.
The ... | Circadian rhythms adddddddddddddavaewagawergbinmawebhinoware believed to have originated in the earliest cells, with the purpose of protecting replicating DNA from high [[ultraviolet]] radiation during tv asegvaesd
bgah\ehr'nerhe daytime. As a result, replication was relegated to the dark. The fungus ''Neurospora'', wh... | [11] |
Circadian rhythm | Animal circadian rhythms | 104,013,047 | 2007-01-29T04:49:27Z | Mcamargo | Circadiaan rhythms are important in determining the [[sleep]]ing and feeding patterns of all animals, including human beings. There are clear patternssdev of [[brain wave]] activity, [[hormone]] production, cell regeneration and other biological activities linked to this daily cycle.
erba
Thee rhythm is linked to the ... | Circadian rhythms are important in determining the [[sleep]]ing and feeding patterns of all animals, including human beings. There are clear patterns of [[brain wave]] activity, [[hormone]] production, cell regeneration and other biological activities linked to this daily cycle.
The rhythm is linked to the light-dark... | [11] |
Methadone | (Top) | 104,957,850 | 2007-02-01T23:28:53Z | 24.252.204.15 | {{drugbox
| IUPAC_name = 6-dimethylamino-4,4-diphenyl-heptan-3-one
| image = Methadone.png
| width = 119
| CAS_number = 76-99-3
| ATC_prefix = N02
| ATC_suffix = AC52
| ATC_supplemental = {{ATC|N07|BC02}}, {{ATC|R05|DA06}}
| PubChem = 4095
| DrugBank = APRD00485
| C=21 | H=27 | N=1 | O=1
| molecular_weight = 309.445 g/... | {{drugbox
| IUPAC_name = 6-dimethylamino-4,4-diphenyl-heptan-3-one
| image = Methadone.png
| width = 119
| CAS_number = 76-99-3
| ATC_prefix = N02
| ATC_suffix = AC52
| ATC_supplemental = {{ATC|N07|BC02}}, {{ATC|R05|DA06}}
| PubChem = 4095
| DrugBank = APRD00485
| C=21 | H=27 | N=1 | O=1
| molecular_weight = 309.445 g/... | [1, 4, 5, 9] |
Hypnosis | External links | 105,402,384 | 2007-02-03T20:32:02Z | 68.81.139.171 | * [http://www.hypnosis-research.org/hypnosis/index.html/American Society of Clinical Hypnosis, Resources for Research and Teaching: Hypnosis and Related States Research Database]
* [http://www.asch.net/ajch.htm American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis]
* [http://skepdic.com/hypnosis.html Hypnosis, from the Skeptic's dicti... | * [http://www.hypnosis-research.org/hypnosis/index.html/American Society of Clinical Hypnosis, Resources for Research and Teaching: Hypnosis and Related States Research Database]
* [http://www.asch.net/ajch.htm American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis]
* [http://skepdic.com/hypnosis.html Hypnosis, from the Skeptic's dicti... | [11] |
DNA sequencing | Large-scale sequencing strategies | 106,392,708 | 2007-02-07T20:23:31Z | Loris | Current methods can directly sequence only short lengths of DNA at a time. For example, modern sequencing machines using the Sanger method can achieve a maximum of around 1000 base pairs [http://www.appliedbiosystems.com/catalog/myab/StoreCatalog/products/CategoryDetails.jsp?hierarchyID=102&category1st=a50&category2nd=... | Current methods can directly sequence only short lengths of DNA at a time. For example, modern sequencing machines using the Sanger method can achieve a maximum of around 1000 base pairs [http://www.appliedbiosystems.com/catalog/myab/StoreCatalog/products/CategoryDetails.jsp?hierarchyID=102&category1st=a50&category2nd=... | [1, 3, 4, 6, 9, 10] |
Asperger syndrome | Social differences | 106,529,374 | 2007-02-08T08:54:51Z | 203.51.185.90 | Although there is no single feature that all people with AS share, difficulties with [[social behavior]] are nearly universal and are one of the most important defining criteria. People with AS lack the natural ability to see the subtexts of social interaction, and may lack the ability to communicate their own emotiona... | Although there is no single feature that all people with AS share, difficulties with [[social behavior]] are nearly universal and are one of the most important defining criteria. People with AS lack the natural ability to see the subtexts of social interaction, and may lack the ability to communicate their own emotiona... | [11] |
Down syndrome | Health | 107,135,754 | 2007-02-10T19:28:09Z | Gwernol | {{main|Health aspects of Down syndrome}}
The medical consequences of the extra genetic material in Down
to [[
These factors can contribute to a significantly shorter lifespan for people with Down syndrome. One study, carried out in the [[United States]] in 2002, showed an average lifespan of 49 years, with considera... | {{main|Health aspects of Down syndrome}}
The medical consequences of the extra genetic material in Down syndrome are highly variable and may affect the function of any organ system or bodily process. The health aspects of Down syndrome encompass anticipating and preventing effects of the condition, recognizing complica... | [1, 7, 9, 4] |
Methadone | Opioid addiction | 110,873,330 | 2007-02-25T18:36:54Z | Sniggity | Methadone has traditionally been provided to the addiction population in a highly regulated methadone clinic, generally associated with an [[outpatient]] department of a hospital. Clinics such as these stem from programs set up during the [[Richard Nixon|Nixon]] administration to combat heroin use, first in [[Washingto... | Methadone has traditionally been provided to the addiction population in a highly regulated methadone clinic, generally associated with an [[outpatient]] department of a hospital. Numerous clinics start addicts at 30mg and raise the dosage 10mg a day until the addict feels they are at a comfortable level of dosage. Cl... | [1, 10] |
Circadian rhythm | Animal circadian rhythms | 111,418,698 | 2007-02-27T21:27:26Z | Arcadian | Circadian rhythms are important in determining the [[sleep]]ing and feeding patterns of all animals, including human beings. There are clear patterns of [[brain wave]] activity, [[hormone]] production, cell regeneration and other biological activities linked to this daily cycle.
The rhythm is linked to the light-dark... | Circadian rhythms are important in determining the [[sleep]]ing and feeding patterns of all animals, including human beings. There are clear patterns of [[brain wave]] activity, [[hormone]] production, cell regeneration and other biological activities linked to this daily cycle.
Circadian rhythms also play a part in ... | [2] |
Circadian rhythm | Disruption | 111,418,698 | 2007-02-27T21:27:26Z | Arcadian | null | Disruption to rhythms usually has a negative effect in the short term. Many travelers have experienced the condition known as [[jet lag]], with its associated symptoms of [[fatigue (physical)|fatigue]], disorientation and [[insomnia]]. A number of other disorders, for example [[bipolar disorder]] and some [[sleep disor... | [1, 4, 9] |
Circadian rhythm | Impact of light-dark cycle | 111,418,698 | 2007-02-27T21:27:26Z | Arcadian | null | The rhythm is linked to the light-dark cycle. Animals kept in total darkness for extended periods eventually function with a "[[Free-running sleep|free-running]]" rhythm. Each "day," their sleep cycle is pushed back or forward (depending on whether the endogenous period is longer or shorter than 24 hours). The environm... | [1, 4, 9, 10] |
Circadian rhythm | Outside the SCN "master clock" | 111,418,698 | 2007-02-27T21:27:26Z | Arcadian | null | Recently, evidence has emerged that circadian rhythms are found in many cells in the body outside the SCN "master clock." Furthermore, [[liver]] cells, for example, appear to respond to feeding rather than to [[light]]. Cells from many parts of the body appear to have "free-running" rhythms. | [1, 4, 9] |
Circadian rhythm | Suprachiasmatic nucleus | 111,418,698 | 2007-02-27T21:27:26Z | Arcadian | null | The circadian "clock" in [[mammal]]s is located in the [[suprachiasmatic nucleus]] (SCN), a distinct group of [[cell (biology)|cell]]s located in the [[hypothalamus]]. Destruction of the SCN results in the complete absence of a regular sleep/wake rhythm. The SCN receives information about illumination through the eyes.... | [1, 4, 9] |
Circadian rhythm | (Top) | 111,419,869 | 2007-02-27T21:32:34Z | Arcadian | :''For the [[Ted Kirkpatrick]] DVD, refer to [[Circadian Rhythms - The Drumming World of Ted Kirkpatrick]]''
A '''circadian rhythm''' is a roughly-24-hour cycle in the physiological processes of living beings, including [[plant]]s, [[animal]]s, [[fungi]] and [[cyanobacteria]]. The term "circadian", coined by [[Franz H... | :''For the [[Ted Kirkpatrick]] DVD, refer to [[Circadian Rhythms - The Drumming World of Ted Kirkpatrick]]''
A '''circadian rhythm''' is a roughly-24-hour cycle in the physiological processes of living beings, including [[plant]]s, [[animal]]s, [[fungi]] and [[cyanobacteria]]. The term "circadian", coined by [[Franz H... | [2, 7] |
Circadian rhythm | Criteria | 111,419,869 | 2007-02-27T21:32:34Z | Arcadian | null | Circadian rhythms may be defined by three criteria:
# The rhythm persists in constant conditions (for example constant dark) with a period of about 24 hours
# The rhythm period can be reset by exposure to a light or dark pulse
# The rhythm is temperature compensated, meaning that it proceeds at the same rate within ... | [1, 4, 10] |
Circadian rhythm | External links | 111,419,869 | 2007-02-27T21:32:34Z | Arcadian | *[http://www.circadian.org www.circadian.org]
*[http://www.msi.umn.edu/~halberg Halberg Chronobiology Center] [[Franz Halberg]] coined the word ''circadian''.
*[http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/museum/exhibit00/02_1.html Biological Clocks] A description of circadian rhythms in plants by de Mairan, Linnaeus, and Darwi... | *[http://www.circadian.org www.circadian.org]
*[http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/museum/exhibit00/02_1.html Biological Clocks] A description of circadian rhythms in plants by de Mairan, Linnaeus, and Darwin
*[[2006-01-18]] The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston ''[http://www.uthouston.edu/Media/news... | [2] |
Circadian rhythm | History | 111,419,869 | 2007-02-27T21:32:34Z | Arcadian | null | The first endogenous circadian oscillation was observed in the 1700s by the French scientist [[Jean-Jacques d'Ortous de Mairan]] who noticed that 24-hour patterns in the movement of plant leaves continued even when the plants were isolated from external stimuli. | [1, 4, 5, 9, 10] |
Context-free grammar | Example 1 | 111,809,323 | 2007-03-01T12:05:51Z | Smmurphy | Another example of a context-free language is <math> \{ b^n a^m b^{2n} : n \ge 0, m \ge 0 \} </math>. This is not a regular language, but it is context free as it can be generated by the following context-free grammar:
:S → bSbb | A
:A → aA | ε | A simple context-free grammar is given as:
:S → aSb | ε
where | is used to separate multiple options for the same non-terminal, and ε stands for the empty string. This grammar generates the language
<math> \{ a^n b^n : n \ge 0 \} </math>
which is not [[regular language|regular]]. | [1, 2, 9] |
Down syndrome | (Top) | 112,285,989 | 2007-03-03T08:47:54Z | 71.13.157.8 | {{DiseaseDisorder infobox |
Name = Down syndrome |
ICD10 = {{ICD10|Q|90||q|90}} |
ICD9 = {{ICD9|758.0}} |
ICDO = |
Image = Drill.jpg <!--- Do not change this picture without discussing it in the Down syndrome discussion page. Because of continued vandalism, pict... | {{DiseaseDisorder infobox |
Name = Down syndrome |
ICD10 = {{ICD10|Q|90||q|90}} |
ICD9 = {{ICD9|758.0}} |
ICDO = |
Image = Drill.jpg <!--- Do not change this picture without discussing it in the Down syndrome discussion page. Because of continued vandalism, pict... | [5, 9] |
Circadian rhythm | External links | 112,301,391 | 2007-03-03T11:22:11Z | 219.90.149.128 | *[http://www.circadian.org www.circadian.org]
*[http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/museum/exhibit00/02_1.html Biological Clocks] A description of circadian rhythms in plants by de Mairan, Linnaeus, and Darwin
*[[2006-01-18]] The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston ''[http://www.uthouston.edu/Media/news... | *[http://www.circadian.org www.circadian.org]
*[http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/museum/exhibit00/02_1.html Biological Clocks] A description of circadian rhythms in plants by de Mairan, Linnaeus, and Darwin
*[[2006-01-18]] The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston ''[http://www.uthouston.edu/Media/news... | [11] |
Code injection | Dynamic Evaluation Vulnerabilities - Dynamic Variable Evaluation | 113,605,664 | 2007-03-08T16:55:50Z | Gtg204y | The following PHP-examples will execute a function specified by request.
<pre><nowiki>
$myfunc = $_GET['myfunc'];
$myfunc();
</nowiki></pre>
and:
<pre><nowiki>
$myfunc = $_GET['myfunc'];
${"myfunc"}();
</nowiki></pre> | As defined in [http://seclists.org/lists/fulldisclosure/2006/May/0035.html "Dynamic Evaluation Vulnerabilities in PHP applications"]:
PHP supports "variable variables," which are variables or expressions
that evaluate to the names of other variables [3]. They can be used
to dynamically change which variable is access... | [1, 2, 4] |
Methamphetamine | See also | 113,960,588 | 2007-03-10T00:50:21Z | 69.19.14.35 | * [[Methamphetamine in popular culture]]
* [[Combat Methamphetamine Epidemic Act of 2005]]
* [[Montana Meth Project]]
* [[Meth song]]
* [[Party and Play]]
* [[Phenethylamine]]s
* [[Clandestine chemistry]]
* [[Dextroamphetamine]]
* [[Illegal drug trade]] | * [[Methamphetamine in popular culture]]
* [[Combat Methamphetamine Epidemic Act of 2005]]
* [[Montana Meth Project]]
* [[Meth song]]
* [[Party and Play]]
* [[Phenethylamine]]s
* [[Clandestine chemistry]]
* [[Amphetamine]]
* [[Illegal drug trade]] | [2, 9] |
Medical cannabis | History | 114,151,729 | 2007-03-10T22:04:30Z | Argos'Dad | [[Image:Marijuana.jpg|thumb|right|[[Cannabis]] plant]]Cannabis has been used for medicinal purposes for over 4,800 years.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} Surviving texts from [[Ancient India]] confirm that its psychoactive properties were recognized, and doctors used it for a variety of illnesses and ailments. These include... | [[Image:Marijuana.jpg|thumb|right|[[Cannabis]] plant]]Cannabis has been used for medicinal purposes for over 4,800 years.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} Surviving texts from [[Ancient India]] confirm that its psychoactive properties were recognized, and doctors used it for a variety of illnesses and ailments. These include... | [11] |
Human brain | Study of the brain | 114,340,509 | 2007-03-11T17:58:13Z | MartinBot | {{Weasel}}
[[image:brain.png|thumb|right|Picture of a human brain generated from [[MRI]] data]]
998hhgvbhhhhhj | {{Weasel}}
[[image:brain.png|thumb|right|Picture of a human brain generated from [[MRI]] data]]
Although [[folklore]] would have it that about 90% of the human brain is dormant, this has proven [[science|scientifically]] unfounded. The fact that ~10% of neurons in the brain fire at any one time is a possible source o... | [1, 5, 9, 4, 7, 10] |
Circadian rhythm | History | 115,315,007 | 2007-03-15T14:01:47Z | 69.157.173.71 | The first endogenous circadian oscillation was observed in the 1700s by the French scientist [[Jean-Jacques d'Ortous de Mairan]] who noticed that 24-hour patterns in the movement of plant leaves continued even when the plants were isolated from external stimuli. | The first endogenous circadian oscillation was observed in the 1700s by the French scientist [[Jean-Jacques d'Ortous de Mairan]] who noticed that 24-hour patterns in the movement of plant leaves continued even when the plants were isolated from external stimulium poopoo | [11] |
Circadian rhythm | History | 115,315,936 | 2007-03-15T14:07:13Z | Gtg204y | The first endogenous circadian oscillation was observed in the 1700s by the French scientist [[Jean-Jacques d'Ortous de Mairan]] who noticed that 24-hour patterns in the movement of plant leaves continued even when the plants were isolated from external stimulium poopoo | The first endogenous circadian oscillation was observed in the 1700s by the French scientist [[Jean-Jacques d'Ortous de Mairan]] who noticed that 24-hour patterns in the movement of plant leaves continued even when the plants were isolated from external stimuli. | [11] |
Circadian rhythm | Criteria | 115,316,000 | 2007-03-15T14:07:39Z | Lradrama | Circadian rhythms may be defined by three criteria:
# The rhythm persists in constant conditions (for example constant dark) with a period of about 24 hours
# The rhythm period can be reset by exposure to a light or dark pulse
# The rhythm is temperature compensated,like getting a cum shot in the eye
meaning that i... | Circadian rhythms may be defined by three criteria:
# The rhythm persists in constant conditions (for example constant dark) with a period of about 24 hours
# The rhythm period can be reset by exposure to a light or dark pulse
# The rhythm is temperature compensated, meaning that it proceeds at the same rate within ... | [11] |
Circadian rhythm | External links | 115,608,938 | 2007-03-16T18:23:57Z | Ruud Koot | *[http://www.circadian.org www.circadian.org]
*[http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/museum/exhibit00/02_1.html Biological Clocks] A description of circadian rhythms in plants by de Mairan, Linnaeus, and Darwin
*[[2006-01-18]] The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston ''[http://www.uthouston.edu/Media/news... | *[http://www.circadian.org www.circadian.org]
*[http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/museum/exhibit00/02_1.html Biological Clocks] A description of circadian rhythms in plants by de Mairan, Linnaeus, and Darwin
*[[2006-01-18]] The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston ''[http://www.uthouston.edu/Media/news... | [11] |
Down syndrome | Characteristics | 116,797,201 | 2007-03-21T15:46:10Z | Woodsstock | small penis because of extreme retardation, absolutely innecesary to the world | [[Image:Brushfield.jpg|thumb|right|Example of white spots on the [[iris (anatomy)|iris]] known as ''[[Brushfield spots]]'']]
Individuals with Down syndrome may have some or all of the following physical characteristics: oblique eye fissures with [[epicanthic fold|epicanthic skin folds]] on the inner corner of the eye... | [1, 9, 4, 10] |
DNA sequencing | See also | 116,861,065 | 2007-03-21T20:20:16Z | Jvbishop | * [http://www.embarkscientific.com Embark Scientific (company)]-Provides quick turnaround or in-depth sequencing projects.
* [[Genome project]] - how entire genomes are assembled from these short sequences.
* [[Applied Biosystems]] - provided most of the chemistry and equipment for the genome projects. Next-generation ... | * [[Genome project]] - how entire genomes are assembled from these short sequences.
* [[Applied Biosystems]] - provided most of the chemistry and equipment for the genome projects. Next-generation technology for very high data generation rates.
* [[454 Life Sciences]] - company specializing in high-throughput DNA seque... | [11] |
Methadone | Efficacy | 117,478,997 | 2007-03-24T07:59:50Z | 219.88.116.207 | The efficacy of methadone, whether for heroin addiction or chronic pain, has long been debated. Methadone is a strong opioid that induces analgesia which is indistinguishable from morphine's and other opiate [[agonist]]s. Regarding addiction, a Cochrane review (neutral organization that examines medical treatments) fro... | The efficacy of methadone, whether for heroin addiction or chronic pain, has long been debated. Methadone is a strong opioid that induces analgesia which is indistinguishable from morphine's and other opiate [[agonist]]s. Regarding addiction, a Cochrane review (neutral organization that examines medical treatments) fro... | [1, 3] |
DNA sequencing | (Top) | 117,614,410 | 2007-03-24T22:21:29Z | Malljaja | ''DNA sequencing''' is the process of determining the [[nucleotide]] order of a given [[DNA]] fragment, called the [[DNA sequence]]. The sequence of DNA encodes the necessary information for living things to survive and reproduce. Determining the sequence is therefore useful in 'pure' research into why and how organism... | ''DNA sequencing''' is the process of determining the order of the [[nucleotide]] bases, [[adenine]], [[guanine]], [[cytosine]], and [[thymine]], in a [[DNA]] [[oligonucleotide]]. The sequence of DNA constitutes the heritable genetic information in [[nuclei]], [[plasmids]], [[mitochondria]], and [[chloroplasts]] that f... | [1, 2, 3, 4, 9] |
Circadian rhythm | See also | 117,944,826 | 2007-03-26T07:40:33Z | 24.22.96.82 | *[[Chronobiology]]
*[[Human factors]]
*[[Human reliability]]
*[[Actigraphy]]
*[[Circadian rhythm sleep disorders]]
*[[CiRCADiAN (5th PROJEKT Album)|CiRCADiAN]], a concept album by [[5th PROJEKT]]. | *[[Chronobiology]]
*[[Human factors]]
*[[Human reliability]]
*[[Actigraphy]]
*[[Circadian rhythm sleep disorders]] | [11] |
DNA sequencing | Automation and sample preparation | 119,304,055 | 2007-03-31T17:48:53Z | Malljaja | Modern automated DNA sequencing instruments (called [[DNA sequencers]]) are able to sequence as many as 384 fluoresecently labelled samples in a batch (run) and perform as many as 24 runs a day. These perform only the size separation and peak reading; the actual sequencing reaction(s), cleanup and resuspension in a sui... | Modern automated DNA sequencing instruments ([[DNA sequencers]]) can sequence up to 384 fluorescently labelled samples in a single batch (run) and perform as many as 24 runs a day. However, automated DNA sequencers carry out only DNA size separation by [[capillary chromatography]], detection and recording of dye fluore... | [1, 2, 3, 4, 9] |
Parkinson's disease | Treatment | 122,812,361 | 2007-04-14T19:28:42Z | 74.141.149.159 | Parkinson's disease is a chronic disorder that requires broad-based management including patient and family education, support group services, general wellness maintenance, exercise, and nutrition. At present, there is no cure for PD, but medications or surgery can provide relief from the symptoms. | Parkinson's disease is a chronic disorder that requires broad-based management including patient and family education, support group services, general wellness maintenance, exercise, and nutrition. At present, there is no cure for PD, but medications or surgery can provide relief from the symptoms. Recently, [[Botox]] ... | [1, 9] |
Trie | As replacement of other data structures | 123,163,005 | 2007-04-16T04:06:30Z | 24.12.11.31 | As mentioned, a trie has a number of advantages over binary search trees. A trie can also be used to replace a [[hash table]], over which it has the following advantages:
* Looking up data in a trie is faster in the worst case, O(1) time, compared to an imperfect hash table. An imperfect hash table can have key colli... | As mentioned, a trie has a number of advantages over binary search trees. A trie can also be used to replace a [[hash table]], over which it has the following advantages:
* Looking up data in a trie is faster in the worst case, O(1) time, compared to an imperfect hash table. An imperfect hash table can have key colli... | [3, 4] |
Prion | neutralizing | 123,881,344 | 2007-04-18T19:07:09Z | Tim@ | Prion activity is stopped after 1340C steam at 3 bar for 20 minutes<sup>[http://vein.library.usyd.edu.au/links/bse.html]</sup>.
renaturation of a completely denatured prion has not yet been achieved<sup>[http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/99/suppl_4/16378]</sup>. | Prions are denatured after 134 degrees Celsius for 18 minutes in a porous load autoclave
<sup>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=14723996]</sup>
<sup>[http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/99/suppl_4/16378]</sup>.
Prion activity destroyed after 1340C steam at 3... | [1, 3, 4, 7, 10] |
Circadian rhythm | History | 123,966,849 | 2007-04-19T01:09:22Z | 24.207.73.95 | The first endogenous circadian oscillation was observed in the 1700s by the French scientist [[Jean-Jacques d'Ortous de Mairan]] who noticed that 24-hour patterns in the movement of plant leaves continued even when the plants were isolated from external stimuli.
The earliest known account of a circadian rhythm dates f... | The first endogenous circadian oscillation was observed in the 1900s by American George W. Bush who noticed that 24-hour patterns in the movement of plant leaves continued even when the plants were isolated from external stimuli.
The earliest known account of a circadian rhythm dates from the fourth century BC, when A... | [11] |
Circadian rhythm | History | 124,009,888 | 2007-04-19T05:02:53Z | Jclerman | The first endogenous circadian oscillation was observed in the 1900s by American George W. Bush who noticed that 24-hour patterns in the movement of plant leaves continued even when the plants were isolated from external stimuli.
The earliest known account of a circadian rhythm dates from the fourth century BC, when A... | The first endogenous circadian oscillation was observed in the 1700s by the French scientist [[Jean-Jacques d'Ortous de Mairan]] who noticed that 24-hour patterns in the movement of plant leaves continued even when the plants were isolated from external stimuli.
The earliest known account of a circadian rhythm dates f... | [3, 5, 9] |
Dream | Discovery of REM | 124,979,735 | 2007-04-22T22:28:54Z | 70.226.1.136 | In 1953 [[Eugene Aserinsky]] discovered [[Rapid eye movement|REM sleep]] while working in the lab of his Ph.D advisor [[Nathaniel Kleitman]]. While observing sleepers for Kleitman's sleep lab Aserinsky noticed the eyes beneath the subjects eyelids seemed to be fluttering. He proposed studying these eye movements to Kle... | In 1953 [[Eugene Aserinsky]] discovered [[Rapid eye movement|REM sleep]] while working in the lab of his Ph.D advisor [[Nathaniel Kleitman]]. While observing sleepers for Kleitman's sleep lab Aserinsky noticed the eyes beneath the subjects eyelids seemed to be fluttering. He proposed studying these eye movements to Kle... | [3] |
K-d tree | (Top) | 126,526,551 | 2007-04-28T01:15:15Z | 198.182.56.5 | {{lowercase|title=kd-tree}}
[[Image:3dtree.png|thumb|A 3-dimensional ''k''d-tree. The first split (red) cuts the root cell (white) into two subcells, each of which is then split (green) into two subcells. Finally, each of those four is split (blue) into two subcells. Since there is no more splitting, the final eight a... | {{lowercase|title=kd-tree}}
[[Image:3dtree.png|thumb|A 3-dimensional ''k''d-tree. The first split (red) cuts the root cell (white) into two subcells, each of which is then split (green) into two subcells. Finally, each of those four is split (blue) into two subcells. Since there is no more splitting, the final eight a... | [7] |
K-d tree | References | 126,526,904 | 2007-04-28T01:17:02Z | 198.182.56.5 | {{FootnotesSmall|resize=100%}}
* Bentley, J. L. 1975. [http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=361007 Multidimensional binary search trees used for associative searching]. Commun. ACM 18, 9 (Sep. 1975), 509–517.
* Bentley, J. L. 1990. [http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/98524.98564 K-d Trees for Semidynamic Point Sets]. SCG '90:... | {{FootnotesSmall|resize=100%}}
* Bentley, J. L. 1975. [http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=361007 Multidimensional binary search trees used for associative searching]. Commun. ACM 18, 9 (Sep. 1975), 509–517.
* Bentley, J. L. 1990. [http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/98524.98564 K-d Trees for Semidynamic Point Sets]. SCG '90:... | [11] |
Hypnosis | Comments on theoretical debate | 127,471,917 | 2007-05-01T17:55:57Z | Maypole | null | Heap and Dryden (1991:17) considers the theoretical debates on hypnotherapy to have been productive and that hypnosis has benefited from the attentions of those involved in the controversies - people of calibre and intellectual integrity. Heap and Dryden also state that, in contrast, hypnotherapy from the 18th century ... | [1, 5, 4] |
Asperger syndrome | Partner and child support | 127,538,850 | 2007-05-01T22:36:37Z | Soulgany101 | In recent years focus has increased on the common problems faced by partners and children of autistic/AS people. <ref> Cassandra workshops in UK http://www.maxineaston.co.uk/workshop/HoC_next.shtml</ref> | In recent years focus has increased on the common problems faced by partners and children of autistic/AS people. <ref> Cassandra workshops in UK http://www.maxineaston.co.uk/workshop/HoC_next.shtml</ref> Anecdotal evidence shows that partners and children of those with AS experience high levels of stress due to their w... | [1] |
Bubble sort | Worst-case performance | 128,596,770 | 2007-05-06T07:22:46Z | 124.217.56.219 | Bubble sort has best-case complexity ''[[Big-O notation|'''Ω''']](n)''. When a list is already sorted, bubblesort will pass through the list once, and find that it does not need to swap any elements. Thus bubblesort will take only ''О(n)'' time when the list is completely sorted. It will also use considerably less time... | Bubble sort has worst-case complexity ''[[Big-O notation|'''Ο''']](n<sup>2</sup>)'' on lists of size ''n''. To see why, consider a list where the largest element is at the bottom. Each pass through the list will only move it up by one step, so we will take ''n - 1'' passes to move it to its final sorted position. As ea... | [1, 2, 10] |
Alzheimer's disease | Disease mechanism | 128,716,740 | 2007-05-06T19:21:03Z | Cacycle | Rare cases of Alzheimer's are caused by dominant genes that run in families. These cases often have an early age of onset. Mutations in presenilin-1 or presenilin-2 genes have been documented in some families. Mutations of presenilin 1 (PS1) lead to the most aggressive form of [[familial Alzheimer's disease]] (FAD).<re... | Three major competing hypotheses exist to explain the cause of the disease. The oldest, on which most currently available drug therapies are based, is known as the "[[cholinergic]] hypothesis" and suggests that AD is due to reduced biosynthesis of the [[neurotransmitter]] [[acetylcholine]]. The medications that treat a... | [1, 2, 4, 7, 8, 9, 10] |
Dream | Dreaming as a skeptical argument | 129,213,270 | 2007-05-08T11:41:50Z | Aherunar | {{main|dream argument}}
While one dreams a non-lucid dream, one will not realize one is dreaming. This has led philosophers to the idea that one could be dreaming right now (or at least one cannot be certain that they are not dreaming). First formally introduced by Hindu beliefs,{{Fact|date=February 2007}} the dream ar... | {{main|dream argument}}
While one dreams a non-lucid dream, one will not realize one is dreaming. This has led philosophers to the idea that one could be dreaming right now (or at least one cannot be certain that they are not dreaming). First formally introduced by [[Zhuangzi]] and popularized by Hindu beliefs, the dre... | [1, 3, 9] |
Hypnosis | Waking hypnosis | 129,927,245 | 2007-05-10T20:57:42Z | Bobo192 | This phenomenon, is not real, involves altering the behaviour of a subject by suggestion without inducing a trance. Related to the [[placebo effect]], a subject becomes subconsciously convinced that what they are being told is inevitable reality, for example that the air in the room will cause them to swallow. They can... | This phenomenon, as expounded by [[Melvin Powers]] in [[1955]], involves altering the behaviour of a subject by suggestion without inducing a trance. Related to the [[placebo effect]], a subject becomes subconsciously convinced that what they are being told is inevitable reality, for example that the air in the room wi... | [5, 9, 3] |
Circadian rhythm | Animal circadian rhythms | 129,959,620 | 2007-05-10T23:00:21Z | Mad75 | Circadian rhythms are important in determining the [[sleep]]ing and feeding patterns of all animals, including human beings. There are clear patterns of [[brain wave]] activity, [[hormone]] production, cell regeneration and other biological activities linked to this daily cycle.
Circadian rhythms also play a part in ... | Circadian rhythms are important in determining the [[sleep]]ing and feeding patterns of all animals, including human beings. There are clear patterns of [[brain wave]] activity, [[hormone]] production, cell regeneration and other biological activities linked to this daily cycle.
Circadian rhythms also play a part in ... | [11] |
Circadian rhythm | Criteria | 129,960,007 | 2007-05-10T23:01:54Z | Mad75 | Circadian rhythms may be defined by three criteria:
# The rhythm persists in constant conditions (for example constant dark) with a period of about 24 hours
# The rhythm period can be reset by exposure to a light or dark pulse
# The rhythm is temperature compensated, meaning that it proceeds at the same rate within ... | Circadian rhythms may be defined by three criteria:
# The rhythm persists in constant conditions (for example constant dark) with a period of about 24 hours
# The rhythm period can be reset by exposure to a light or dark pulse
# The rhythm is temperature compensated, meaning that it proceeds at the same rate within ... | [11] |
Circadian rhythm | Criteria | 129,960,505 | 2007-05-10T23:03:41Z | Mad75 | Circadian rhythms may be defined by three criteria:
# The rhythm persists in constant conditions (for example constant dark) with a period of about 24 hours
# The rhythm period can be reset by exposure to a light or dark pulse
# The rhythm is temperature compensated, meaning that it proceeds at the same rate within ... | Circadian rhythms may be defined by three criteria:
# The rhythm persists in constant conditions (for example constant dark) with a period of about 24 hours
# The rhythm period can be reset by exposure to a light or dark pulse
# The rhythm is temperature compensated, meaning that it proceeds at the same rate within ... | [11] |
Circadian rhythm | History | 129,969,240 | 2007-05-10T23:45:02Z | Jclerman | Mark DiNunzio is a human time clock
The first endogenous circadian oscillation was observed in the 1700s by the French scientist [[Jean-Jacques d'Ortous de Mairan]] who noticed that 24-hour patterns in the movement of plant leaves continued even when the plants were isolated from external stimuli.
The earliest known ... | The first endogenous circadian oscillation was observed in the 1700s by the French scientist [[Jean-Jacques d'Ortous de Mairan]] who noticed that 24-hour patterns in the movement of plant leaves continued even when the plants were isolated from external stimuli.
The earliest known account of a circadian rhythm dates f... | [11] |
Prion | Prion diseases | 130,094,556 | 2007-05-11T14:28:36Z | Serephine | [[Image:Histology_bse.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Microscopic "holes" are characteristic in prion-affected tissue sections, causing the tissue to develop a "spongy" architecture]]
{{Main|Transmissible spongiform encephalopathy}}
Prions cause neurodegenerative disease by aggregating extracellularly within the [[central nervou... | [[Image:Histology_bse.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Microscopic "holes" are characteristic in prion-affected tissue sections, causing the tissue to develop a "spongy" architecture]]
{{Main|Transmissible spongiform encephalopathy}}
Prions cause neurodegenerative disease by aggregating extracellularly within the [[central nervou... | [1, 3, 4, 7, 9] |
Prion | Prion diseases | 130,450,038 | 2007-05-13T02:10:42Z | Serephine | [[Image:Histology bse.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Microscopic "holes" are characteristic in prion-affected tissue sections, causing the tissue to develop a "spongy" architecture]]
{{Main|Transmissible spongiform encephalopathy}}
Prions cause neurodegenerative disease by aggregating extracellularly within the [[central nervou... | [[Image:Histology bse.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Microscopic "holes" are characteristic in prion-affected tissue sections, causing the tissue to develop a "spongy" architecture]]
{{Main|Transmissible spongiform encephalopathy}}
Prions cause neurodegenerative disease by aggregating extracellularly within the [[central nervou... | [1, 3, 4, 9] |
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