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Circadian rhythm | External links | 132,167,221 | 2007-05-20T06:29:59Z | IvanI | *[http://www.circadian.org www.circadian.org]
*[http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/museum/exhibit00/02_1.html Biological Clocks] A description of circadian rhythms in plants by de Mairan, Linnaeus, and Darwin
*[[2006-01-18]] The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston ''[http://www.uthouston.edu/Media/news... | *[http://www.circadian.org www.circadian.org]
*[http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/museum/exhibit00/02_1.html Biological Clocks] A description of circadian rhythms in plants by de Mairan, Linnaeus, and Darwin
*[[2006-01-18]] The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston ''[http://www.uthouston.edu/Media/news... | [1] |
Methamphetamine | World War II | 132,752,477 | 2007-05-22T19:32:23Z | Drc79 | One of the earliest uses of amphetamine occurred during World War II when the German military dispensed it under the trade name '''Pervitin''' <ref name=Pervitin>[http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/summary/summary.cgi?sid=271075 SID 271075 PubChem Substance Page on Methamphetamine]</ref> It was widely distributed across ... | One of the earliest uses of amphetamine occurred during World War II when the German military dispensed it under the trade name '''Pervitin''' <ref name=Pervitin>[http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/summary/summary.cgi?sid=271075 SID 271075 PubChem Substance Page on Methamphetamine]</ref> It was widely distributed across ... | [11] |
DNA sequencing | Early methods | 134,355,222 | 2007-05-29T17:16:49Z | 65.220.64.105 | For thirty years, a large proportion of DNA sequencing has been carried out with the chain-termination method [http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=431765], developed by [[Frederick Sanger]] and coworkers in 1975. Prior to the development of rapid DNA sequencing methods in the early 1970s by Sanger in ... | For thirty years, a large proportion of DNA sequencing has been carried out with the chain-termination method [http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=431765], developed by [[Frederick Sanger]] and coworkers in 1975. Prior to the development of rapid DNA sequencing methods in the early 1970s by Sanger in ... | [1, 4, 5] |
Gene therapy | Background | 134,674,806 | 2007-05-30T22:31:07Z | 68.150.112.202 | In the 1980s, advances in [[molecular biology]] had already enabled human genes to be [[sequencing|sequenced]] and [[cloning|cloned]]. Scientists looking for methods of easily producing [[protein]]s — such as [[insulin]], the protein deficient in [[diabetes mellitus type 1]] — investigated introducing human genes to [[... | In the 1980s, advances in [[molecular biology]] had already enabled human genes to be [[sequencing|sequenced]] and [[cloning|cloned]]. Scientists looking for methods of easily producing [[protein]]s — such as [[insulin]], the protein deficient in [[diabetes mellitus type 1]] — investigated introducing human genes to [[... | [5] |
Circadian rhythm | Animal circadian rhythms | 134,699,788 | 2007-05-31T00:37:46Z | 72.79.113.88 | Circadian rhythms are important in determining the [[sleep]]ing and feeding patterns of all animals, including human beings. There are clear patterns of [[brain wave]] activity, [[hormone]] production, cell regeneration and other biological activities linked to this daily cycle.
Circadian rhythms also play a part in ... | Circadian rhythms are important in determining the [[sleep]]ing and feeding patterns of all animals, including human beings. There are clear patterns of [[brain wave]] activity, [[hormone]] production, cell regeneration and other biological activities linked to this daily cycle.
Circadian rhythms also play with thems... | [11] |
Circadian rhythm | Animal circadian rhythms | 134,699,802 | 2007-05-31T00:37:51Z | MartinBot | Circadian rhythms are important in determining the [[sleep]]ing and feeding patterns of all animals, including human beings. There are clear patterns of [[brain wave]] activity, [[hormone]] production, cell regeneration and other biological activities linked to this daily cycle.
Circadian rhythms also play with thems... | Circadian rhythms are important in determining the [[sleep]]ing and feeding patterns of all animals, including human beings. There are clear patterns of [[brain wave]] activity, [[hormone]] production, cell regeneration and other biological activities linked to this daily cycle.
Circadian rhythms also play a part in ... | [1, 4, 9] |
Medical cannabis | Proponents | 137,591,919 | 2007-06-12T02:12:33Z | 71.98.65.223 | [[Image:Willie Nelson.jpg|thumb|right|Willie Nelson performing at the Chumash Casino Resort in Santa Ynez, California.<br><font color=gray>Photograph by Dwight McCann.</font>]]
* [[Willie Nelson]] - Singer and songwriter.
* [[Sunny Naik]] - Active Marijuana Smoker
* [[Steve Kubby]] - Key Organizer of California's [[Pro... | [[Image:Willie Nelson.jpg|thumb|right|Willie Nelson performing at the Chumash Casino Resort in Santa Ynez, California.<br><font color=gray>Photograph by Dwight McCann.</font>]]
* [[Willie Nelson]] - Singer and songwriter.
* [[Sunny Naik]] - Active Marijuana Smoker
* [[Steve Kubby]] - Key Organizer of California's [[Pro... | [11] |
Dream | Discovery of REM | 137,903,395 | 2007-06-13T14:27:57Z | 63.109.43.188 | In 1953 [[Eugene Aserinsky]] discovered [[Rapid eye movement|REM sleep]] while working in the lab of his Ph.D advisor [[Nathaniel Kleitman]]. While observing sleepers for Kleitman's sleep lab Aserinsky noticed the eyes beneath the subjects eyelids seemed to be fluttering. He proposed studying these eye movements to Kle... | In 1953 [[Eugene Aserinsky]] discovered [[Rapid eye movement|REM sleep]] while working in the lab of his Ph.D advisor [[Nathaniel Kleitman]]. While observing sleepers for Kleitman's sleep lab Aserinsky noticed the eyes beneath the subjects eyelids seemed to be fluttering. He proposed studying these eye movements to Kle... | [11] |
Circadian rhythm | History | 138,351,503 | 2007-06-15T13:58:22Z | 131.111.8.97 | The first endogenous circadian oscillation was observed in the 1700s by the French scientist [[Jean-Jacques d'Ortous de Mairan]] who noticed that 24-hour patterns in the movement of plant leaves continued even when the plants were isolated from external stimuli.
The earliest known account of a circadian rhythm dates f... | The first endogenous circadian oscillation was observed in the 1700s by the French scientist [[Jean-Jacques d'Ortous de Mairan]] who noticed that 24-hour patterns in the movement of the leaves of the plant ''[[Mimosa pudica]]'' continued even when the plants were isolated from external stimuli.
The earliest known acco... | [3, 9] |
Instruction cycle | Fetch the Instruction from Main Memory | 138,550,489 | 2007-06-16T13:16:22Z | 81.151.25.199 | The CPU presents the value of the [[program counter]] (PC) on the [[address bus]]. The CPU then fetches the instruction from main memory via the [[computer bus|data bus]] into the Memory Data Register and then into the Current [[Instruction register|Instruction Register]] (CIR), a circuit that holds the instruction so ... | The CPU presents the value of the [[program counter]] (PC) on the [[address bus]]. The CPU then fetches the instruction from main memory via the [[computer bus|data bus]] into the Memory Data Register (MDR). The value from the MDR is then placed into the Current [[Instruction register|Instruction Register]] (CIR), a c... | [3] |
Circadian rhythm | Animal circadian rhythms | 138,808,243 | 2007-06-17T18:19:49Z | 76.16.157.11 | Circadian rhythms are important in determining the [[sleep]]ing and feeding patterns of all animals, including human beings. There are clear patterns of [[brain wave]] activity, [[hormone]] production, cell regeneration and other biological activities linked to this daily cycle.
Circadian rhythms also play a part in ... | Circadian rhythms also play a part in the [[reticular activating system]] in the [[reticular formation]]. | [2] |
Circadian rhythm | Animal circadian rhythms | 138,808,318 | 2007-06-17T18:20:13Z | Bobo192 | Circadian rhythms also play a part in the [[reticular activating system]] in the [[reticular formation]]. | Circadian rhythms are important in determining the [[sleep]]ing and feeding patterns of all animals, including human beings. There are clear patterns of [[brain wave]] activity, [[hormone]] production, cell regeneration and other biological activities linked to this daily cycle.
Circadian rhythms also play a part in ... | [1, 9] |
Gene therapy | 2002 and Earlier | 138,820,214 | 2007-06-17T19:22:45Z | 86.157.62.200 | null | New gene therapy approach repairs errors in messenger RNA derived from defective genes. Technique has potential to treat the blood disorder [[thalassaemia]], [[cystic fibrosis]], and some cancers. See ''Subtle gene therapy tackles blood disorder'' at NewScientist.com (October 11, 2002).
Researchers at [[Case Western R... | [1, 4, 5, 9, 10] |
Context-free grammar | See also | 139,031,290 | 2007-06-18T18:37:54Z | Saccade | * [[Formal grammar]]
* [[Lojban]]
* [[Parsing]]
* [[Parsing expression grammar]]
* [[Stochastic context-free grammar]] | * [[Formal grammar]]
* [[Parsing]]
* [[Parsing expression grammar]]
* [[Stochastic context-free grammar]] | [11] |
Bubble sort | (Top) | 139,081,046 | 2007-06-18T22:47:52Z | 62.172.143.195 | ''Bubble sort''' is a simple [[sorting algorithm]]. It works by repeatedly stepping through the list to be sorted, comparing two items at a time and [[swap]]ping them if they are in the wrong order. The pass through the list is repeated until no swaps are needed, which means the list is sorted. The algorithm gets its ... | ''Bubble sort''' is a simple [[sorting monkey]]. It works by repeatedly stepping through the list to be sorted, comparing two items at a time and [[swap]]ping them if they are in the wrong order. The pass through the list is repeated until no swaps are needed, which means the list is sorted. The algorithm gets its nam... | [11] |
Context-free grammar | Linguistic applications | 139,082,667 | 2007-06-18T22:57:19Z | Jonsafari | Context-free grammars were used by [[Noam Chomsky]] to describe the grammars of natural languages. However, Chomsky argued that context-free grammars alone were not powerful enough and had to be supplemented by [[Transformational grammar|transformations]]. This argument was challenged by [[Gerald Gazdar]] in the late [... | Context-free grammars were used by [[Noam Chomsky]] to describe the grammars of natural languages. However, Chomsky argued that context-free grammars alone were not powerful enough and had to be supplemented by [[Transformational grammar|transformations]].
His general position regarding the non-context-freeness of nat... | [1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9] |
Circadian rhythm | Outside the SCN "master clock" | 139,265,828 | 2007-06-19T19:22:24Z | 192.83.232.85 | Recently, evidence has emerged that circadian rhythms are found in many cells in the body outside the SCN "master clock." Furthermore, [[liver]] cells, for example, appear to respond to feeding rather than to [[light]]. Cells from many parts of the body appear to have "free-running" rhythms. | Recently, evidence has emerged that circadian rhythms are found in many cells in the body outside the SCN "master clock." Furthermore, [[liver]] cells, for example, appear to respond to feeding rather than to [[light]]. Cells from many parts of the body appear to have "free-running" rhythms.
Cells in the body that ha... | [1, 4] |
Hypnosis | Views on theoretical debate | 140,894,488 | 2007-06-27T05:44:20Z | McHanara | Heap and Dryden (1991:17) considers the theoretical debates on hypnotherapy to have been productive and that hypnosis has benefited from the attentions of those involved in the controversies - people of calibre and intellectual integrity. Heap and Dryden also state that, in contrast, hypnotherapy from the 18th century ... | Though various myths have been spread by unfounded conjecture about hypnosis, the field has received significant support from the science oriented psychology community due to the rigorous research of hypnotic phenomena conducted by some practitioners and theorists (Sala 1999). Heap and Dryden (1991:17) considers the th... | [1, 4, 5] |
Circadian rhythm | See also | 142,381,045 | 2007-07-04T03:18:38Z | Jclerman | *[[Chronobiology]]
*[[Human factors]]
*[[Human | *[[Chronobiology]]
*[[Human factors]]
*[[Human reliability]]
*[[Actigraphy]]
*[[Circadian rhythm sleep disorders]]
*[[Advanced sleep phase syndrome|Advanced sleep phase syndrome (ASPS) and Family Advanced sleep phase syndrome (FASPS)]] | [4, 9] |
Alzheimer's disease | Risk reducers | 143,006,552 | 2007-07-07T00:32:13Z | Igoruha | *Intellectual stimulation (e.g., playing [[chess]] or doing [[crosswords]])<ref> {{cite journal | author = Verghese J, Lipton R, Katz M, Hall C, Derby C, Kuslansky G, Ambrose A, Sliwinski M, Buschke H | title = Leisure activities and the risk of dementia in the elderly. | journal = N Engl J Med | volume = 348 | issue ... | *Intellectual stimulation (e.g., playing [[chess]] or doing [[crosswords]])<ref> {{cite journal | author = Verghese J, Lipton R, Katz M, Hall C, Derby C, Kuslansky G, Ambrose A, Sliwinski M, Buschke H | title = Leisure activities and the risk of dementia in the elderly. | journal = N Engl J Med | volume = 348 | issue ... | [1, 10] |
Trie | Advantages and drawbacks, relative to binary search tree | 143,856,764 | 2007-07-11T00:14:10Z | Micahcowan | The following are the main advantages of '''trie'''s over [[binary search tree]]s (BSTs):
* Looking up keys is faster. Looking up a key of length ''m'' takes worst case [[Big-O notation|O]](''m'') time. A BST takes O([[Logarithm|log]] ''n'') time, where ''n'' is the number of elements in the tree, because lookups dep... | The following are the main advantages of '''trie'''s over [[binary search tree]]s (BSTs):
* Looking up keys is faster. Looking up a key of length ''m'' takes worst case [[Big-O notation|O]](''m'') time. A BST takes O([[Logarithm|log]] ''n'') time, where ''n'' is the number of elements in the tree, because lookups dep... | [3] |
Context-free grammar | Formal Definition | 145,821,154 | 2007-07-20T02:46:45Z | CBKAtTopsails | Just as any [[formal grammar]], a context-free grammar ''G'' can be defined as a 4-[[tuple]]:
<math>G = (V_t, V_n, P, S)</math>
where
*<math>V_t</math> is a finite set of terminals
*<math>V_n</math> is a finite set of non-terminals
*<math>P</math> is a finite set of production rules
*<math>S</math> is an element of <... | A context-free grammar ''G'' is a 4-[[tuple]]:
<math>G = (V\,, \Sigma\,, R\,, S\,)</math>
where
1. <math>V\,</math> is a finite set of variables (non-terminals)
2. <math>\Sigma\,</math> is a finite set of terminals where <math>\Sigma\cap V=\Phi</math>
3. <math>S\,</math> is the start variable
4. <math>R\,</math> i... | [1, 3, 4] |
Context-free grammar | Linguistic applications | 146,764,952 | 2007-07-24T14:22:29Z | Rp | Context-free grammars were used by [[Noam Chomsky]] to describe the grammars of natural languages. However, Chomsky argued that context-free grammars alone were not powerful enough and had to be supplemented by [[Transformational grammar|transformations]].<ref name="chomsky1956"/>
His general position regarding the n... | [[Noam Chomsky|Chomsky]] himself initially hoped to overcome the limitations of context-free grammars by adding [[transformational grammar|transformation rules]].<ref name="chomsky1956"/>
Such rules are another standard device in traditional linguistics; e.g. [[grammatical voice|passivization]] in English. However, a... | [1, 2, 3, 4, 9] |
Asperger syndrome | (Top) | 146,817,089 | 2007-07-24T18:50:06Z | WLU | {{Infobox_Disease |
Name = Asperger's syndrome |
Image = |
Caption = |
DiseasesDB = 31268 |
ICD10 = {{ICD10|F|84|5|f|80}} |
ICD9 = {{ICD9|299.8}} |
ICDO = |
OMIM = 608638 |
MedlinePlus = 001549 |
eMedicineSubj = ped |
eMedicineTo... | {{Infobox_Disease |
Name = Asperger's syndrome |
Image = |
Caption = |
DiseasesDB = 31268 |
ICD10 = {{ICD10|F|84|5|f|80}} |
ICD9 = {{ICD9|299.8}} |
ICDO = |
OMIM = 608638 |
MedlinePlus = 001549 |
eMedicineSubj = ped |
eMedicineTo... | [11] |
Dream | Ascension Dreams | 147,705,069 | 2007-07-28T18:49:14Z | 64.57.160.1 | null | Ascension Dreams, still under study, are a series of dreams before awakening in which the individual dreams that they have already awaken several times but are otherwise constricted and unable to move, much like a begetable state, vividly, in their own beds. The experience can be very traumatizing to the individual bec... | [1, 5, 4] |
Circadian rhythm | History | 150,893,372 | 2007-08-13T04:13:53Z | Yamaguchi先生 | The first endogenous circadian oscillation was observed in the 1700s by the French scientist [[Jean-Jacques d'Ortous de Mairan]] who noticed that 24-hour patterns in the movement of the leaves of the plant ''[[Mimosa pudica]]'' continued even when the plants were isolated from external stimuli.
The earliest known acco... | The first endogenous circadian oscillation was observed in the 1700s by the French scientist [[Jean-Jacques d'Ortous de Mairan]] who noticed that 24-hour patterns in the movement of the leaves of the plant ''[[Mimosa pudica]]'' continued even when the plants were isolated from external stimuli.
The earliest known acco... | [11] |
Dream | Recurring dreams | 151,126,711 | 2007-08-14T07:42:07Z | Hkescape31 | According to Craig Hamilton-Parker, <ref>http://www.psychics.co.uk</ref> author of ''Fantasy Dreaming'', many humans find certain dreams extremely difficult to recall. According to David Koulack in "To Catch A Dream," researchers refer to these types of dreams as "no content dream reports." It is thought that such drea... | While the content of most dreams is dreamt only once, many people experience recurring dreams—that is, the same dream narrative is experienced over different occasions of sleep. Up to 70% of females and 65% of males report recurrent dreams.<ref>Van de Castle, p. 340.</ref> | [1, 10, 2] |
Circadian rhythm | Criteria | 151,437,220 | 2007-08-15T18:31:06Z | 63.196.132.64 | Circadian rhythms may be defined by three criteria:
# The rhythm persists in constant conditions (for example constant dark) with a period of about 24 hours
# The rhythm period can be reset by exposure to a light or dark pulse
# The rhythm is temperature compensated, meaning that it proceeds at the same rate within ... | Circadian rhythms may be defined by three criteria:
# The rhythm persists in constant conditions (for example constant dark) with a period of about 24 hours
# The rhythm can be reset by exposure to a light or dark pulse | [2] |
Asperger syndrome | References | 151,664,228 | 2007-08-16T19:31:32Z | SandyGeorgia | {{reflist|2}} | *Attwood, Tony (1997). ''Asperger's Syndrome: A Guide for Parents and Professionals''. Jessica Kingsley Pub., London. ISBN 1-85302-577-1
{{reflist|2}} | [11] |
Parkinson's disease | Surgical interventions | 152,584,169 | 2007-08-21T00:15:25Z | Jfdwolff | [[Image:Parkinson surgery.jpg|thumb|200px|Illustration showing an electrode placed deep seated in the brain]]
Treating Parkinson's disease with surgery was once a common practice. But after the discovery of levodopa, surgery was restricted to only a few cases. Studies in the past few decades have led to great improveme... | [[Image:Parkinson surgery.jpg|thumb|200px|Illustration showing an electrode placed deep seated in the brain]]
Treating Parkinson's disease with surgery was once a common practice. But after the discovery of levodopa, surgery was restricted to only a few cases. Studies in the past few decades have led to great improveme... | [3, 4, 7, 8, 9] |
Asperger syndrome | Cultural aspects | 152,808,463 | 2007-08-22T00:23:48Z | SandyGeorgia | {{seealso|Autistic culture}}
People with AS may refer to themselves in casual conversation as "aspies", coined by [[Liane Holliday Willey]] in 1999,<ref>Willey, LH. ''Pretending to be Normal: Living with Asperger's Syndrome''. Jessica Kingsley, London, 1999. ISBN 1-85302-749-9</ref> or as an "Aspergian".<ref name=asper... | {{seealso|Autistic culture}}
Autism researcher [[Simon Baron-Cohen]] challenges the received view that autism is a 'psychiatric condition', a 'disorder', a 'disability' or a 'handicap' and suggests a subtle but important shift of emphasis to characterization of autism as a different cognitive style. He says this shif... | [1, 5, 9] |
Circadian rhythm | Criteria | 153,663,191 | 2007-08-26T02:15:31Z | Bangalos | General criteria of circadian rhythms
# The rhythm persists in constant conditions (for example constant dark) with a period of about 24 hours
# The rhythm can be reset by exposure to an external stimulus | General criteria of circadian rhythms
# The rhythm persists in constant conditions (for example constant dark) with a period of about 24 hours: The rationale for this criterion is to distinguish circadian rhythms from those "apparent rhythms" that merely respond to external periodic cues. For instance, you would not... | [1, 3, 4, 10] |
Circadian rhythm | Origin | 153,666,985 | 2007-08-26T02:43:16Z | Bangalos | Circadian rhythms are believed to have originated in the earliest cells, with the purpose of protecting replicating DNA from high [[ultraviolet]] radiation during the daytime. As a result, replication was relegated to the dark. The fungus ''[[Neurospora]]'', which exists today, retains this clock-regulated mechanism.
... | Circadian rhythms are believed to have originated in the earliest cells, with the purpose of protecting replicating DNA from high [[ultraviolet]] radiation during the daytime. As a result, replication was relegated to the dark. The fungus ''[[Neurospora]]'', which exists today, retains this clock-regulated mechanism.
... | [1, 4, 5] |
Down syndrome | History | 153,859,433 | 2007-08-27T01:52:19Z | Fvasconcellos | {{main|History of Down syndrome}}
English physician [[John Langdon Down]] first characterized Down syndrome as a distinct form of mental retardation in 1862, and in a more widely published report in 1866 entitled "Observations on an ethnic classification of idiots".<ref>{{cite journal| author=Down, J.L.H.| year=1866| t... | {{main|History of Down syndrome}}
English physician [[John Langdon Down]] first characterized Down syndrome as a distinct form of mental retardation in 1862, and in a more widely published report in 1866 entitled "Observations on an ethnic classification of idiots".<ref>{{cite journal| author=Down, J.L.H.| year=1866| t... | [3] |
Circadian rhythm | Criteria | 153,896,060 | 2007-08-27T06:04:20Z | 75.162.87.179 | General criteria of circadian rhythms
1 The rhythm persists in constant conditions (for example constant dark) with a period of about 24 hours: The rationale for this criterion is to distinguish circadian rhythms from those "apparent rhythms" that merely respond to external periodic cues. For instance, you would not... | General criteria of circadian rhythms
1 The rhythm persists in constant conditions (for example constant dark) with a period of about 24 hours: The rationale for this criterion is to distinguish circadian rhythms from those "apparent rhythms" that merely respond to external periodic cues. For instance, you would not... | [9] |
Asperger syndrome | See also | 156,793,417 | 2007-09-09T22:07:33Z | Eubulides | {{portal|Pervasive Developmental Disorders}}
* [[Asperger syndrome and interpersonal relationships]]
* [[List of further reading on Asperger syndrome]]
* [[Autistic community]]
* [[Autistic Pride Day]]
* [[Picture thinking]]
* [[Critique of the DSM etiology for Asperger Syndrome]] | {{portal|Pervasive Developmental Disorders}}
* [[Asperger syndrome and interpersonal relationships]]
* [[List of further reading on Asperger syndrome]]
* [[Autistic community]]
* [[Autistic Pride Day]]
* [[Picture thinking]] | [2] |
Hypnosis | Other uses | 157,009,862 | 2007-09-10T21:17:57Z | Wowest | Michael R. Nash writes, in a 2001 article for ''Scientific American'' titled "The Truth and the Hype of Hypnosis", "using hypnosis, scientists have temporarily created hallucinations, compulsions, certain types of memory loss, false memories, and delusions in the laboratory so that these phenomena can be studied in a c... | Michael R. Nash writes, in a 2001 article for ''Scientific American'' titled "The Truth and the Hype of Hypnosis", "using hypnosis, scientists have temporarily created hallucinations, compulsions, certain types of memory loss, false memories, and delusions in the laboratory so that these phenomena can be studied in a c... | [1, 5, 9] |
Instruction cycle | Execute the instruction | 157,349,554 | 2007-09-12T10:36:15Z | MER-C | <sub><sub> | From the instruction register, the data forming the instruction is decoded by the [[control unit]]. It then passes the decoded information as a sequence of control signals to the relevant function units of the CPU to perform the actions required by the instruction such as reading values from registers, passing them to ... | [1, 4, 9] |
Medical cannabis | Indications | 158,249,622 | 2007-09-16T10:29:36Z | Dala11a | According to a survey on the recommendation of cannabis in California<ref>Dale Gieringer, "Medical Use of Cannabis in California," in Franjo Grotenhermen, M.D. & Ethan Russo, M.D., ed., Cannabis and Cannabinoids: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Potential, Haworth Press, 2002
[http://www.canorml.org/prop/MM... | According to a survey on the recommendation of cannabis in California<ref>Dale Gieringer, "Medical Use of Cannabis in California," in Franjo Grotenhermen, M.D. & Ethan Russo, M.D., ed., Cannabis and Cannabinoids: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Potential, Haworth Press, 2002
[http://www.canorml.org/prop/MM... | [1, 3, 4, 9] |
Circadian rhythm | Animal circadian rhythms | 159,067,458 | 2007-09-20T00:23:14Z | Dr.AB | Circadian rhythms are important in determining the [[sleep]]ing and feeding patterns of all animals, including human beings. There are clear patterns of [[brain wave]] activity, [[hormone]] production, cell regeneration and other biological activities linked to this daily cycle.
Circadian rhythms also play a part in ... | Circadian rhythms are important in determining the [[sleep]]ing and feeding patterns of all animals, including human beings. There are clear patterns of [[brain wave]] activity, [[hormone]] production, cell regeneration and other biological activities linked to this daily cycle.
There are many health problems associa... | [1, 4, 9] |
Circadian rhythm | Suprachiasmatic nucleus | 159,067,458 | 2007-09-20T00:23:14Z | Dr.AB | The circadian "clock" in [[mammal]]s is located in the [[suprachiasmatic nucleus]] (SCN), a distinct group of [[cell (biology)|cell]]s located in the [[hypothalamus]]. Destruction of the SCN results in the complete absence of a regular sleep/wake rhythm. The SCN receives information about illumination through the eyes.... | The circadian system can be divided into three major components: the central oscillator or pacemaker; the afferent pathways which carry entraining environmental information to the oscillator; and the efferent pathways that communicate the rhythmicity of the oscillator to the physiology and behavior of the organism.<ref... | [1, 4] |
Circadian rhythm | Light and the biological clock | 159,822,722 | 2007-09-23T16:29:54Z | Lababidi | The ability of light to reset the biological clock depends on the [[phase response curve]] (to light). Depending on the phase of sleep, the light can advance or delay the circadian rhythm. The required [[illuminance]] varies from species to species, much lower light levels being required to reset the clocks in nocturna... | The ability of light to reset the biological clock depends on the [[phase response curve]] (to light). Depending on the phase of sleep, the light can advance or delay the circadian rhythm. The required [[illuminance]] varies from species to species, much lower light levels being required to reset the clocks in nocturna... | [1, 7, 10] |
Circadian rhythm | (Top) | 160,075,127 | 2007-09-24T18:45:59Z | Jclerman | A '''circadian rhythm''' is a roughly-24-hour cycle in the physiological processes of living beings, including [[plant]]s, [[animal]]s, [[fungi]] and [[cyanobacteria]]. The term "circadian", coined by [[Franz Halberg]],<ref>http://www.msi.umn.edu/~halberg Halberg Chronobiology Center</ref> comes from the [[Latin]] ''ci... | A '''circadian rhythm''' is a roughly-24-hour cycle in the physiological processes of living beings, including [[plant]]s, [[animal]]s, [[fungi]] and [[cyanobacteria]]. The term "circadian", coined by [[Franz Halberg]],<ref>http://www.msi.umn.edu/~halberg Halberg Chronobiology Center</ref> comes from the [[Latin]] ''ci... | [11] |
K-d tree | Instead of points | 161,689,480 | 2007-10-02T00:43:51Z | Yumf | null | Instead of points, a ''k''d-tree can also contain [[rectangle]]s or hyperrectangles. A 2D rectangle is considered a 4d object (xlow, xhigh, ylow, yhigh). The tree is constructed the usual way with all the rectangles at the leaves. In an [[orthogonal range search]], the ''opposite'' coordinate is used when comparing aga... | [1, 4, 9] |
Dream | Dreaming as a skeptical argument | 162,827,424 | 2007-10-07T08:25:11Z | Larklight | {{main|dream argument}}
While one dreams a non-lucid dream, one will not realize one is dreaming (one classic example is a child dreaming that they are using the toilet and end up wetting the bed because they don't realize that they are in a dream). This has led philosophers to the idea that one could be dreaming right... | {{main|dream argument}}
While one dreams a non-lucid dream, one will not realize one is dreaming (one classic example is a child dreaming that they are using the toilet and end up wetting the bed because they don't realize that they are in a dream). This has led philosophers to the idea that one could be dreaming right... | [1, 9, 5] |
Circadian rhythm | Light and the biological clock | 163,024,895 | 2007-10-08T05:18:30Z | Hordaland | The ability of light to reset the biological clock depends on the [[phase response curve]] (to light). Depending on the phase of sleep, the light can advance or delay the circadian rhythm. The required [[illuminance]] varies from species to species, much lower light levels being required to reset the clocks in nocturna... | Light resets the biological clock in accordance with the [[phase response curve]], the PRC, (to light). Depending on the timing, light can advance or delay the circadian rhythm. Both the PRC and the required [[illuminance]] vary from species to species; much lower light levels are required to reset the clocks in noctur... | [1, 3, 4, 10] |
Circadian rhythm | Light and the biological clock | 164,575,501 | 2007-10-14T21:23:18Z | 75.36.191.224 | Light resets the biological clock in accordance with the [[phase response curve]], the PRC, (to light). Depending on the timing, light can advance or delay the circadian rhythm. Both the PRC and the required [[illuminance]] vary from species to species; much lower light levels are required to reset the clocks in noctur... | forms a functional short-wavelength photopigment", ''Biochemistry.'' 2003 Nov 11;42(44):12734-8.</ref>
By depriving people of daylight and other external time cues, scientists have learned that most people's biological clocks work on a 25-hour cycle when subjects are allowed to use electric light at will. But because ... | [2, 8] |
Circadian rhythm | Light and the biological clock | 164,575,609 | 2007-10-14T21:23:47Z | Domthedude001 | forms a functional short-wavelength photopigment", ''Biochemistry.'' 2003 Nov 11;42(44):12734-8.</ref>
By depriving people of daylight and other external time cues, scientists have learned that most people's biological clocks work on a 25-hour cycle when subjects are allowed to use electric light at will. But because ... | Light resets the biological clock in accordance with the [[phase response curve]], the PRC, (to light). Depending on the timing, light can advance or delay the circadian rhythm. Both the PRC and the required [[illuminance]] vary from species to species; much lower light levels are required to reset the clocks in noctur... | [1, 4, 9, 10] |
Asperger syndrome | Epidemiology | 165,050,554 | 2007-10-16T22:04:21Z | Eubulides | {{see|Conditions comorbid to autism spectrum disorders}}
[[Prevalence]] estimates vary enormously. A 2003 review of [[Epidemiological study|epidemiological]] studies found [[prevalence]] rates ranging from 0.03 to 4.84 per 1,000, with the ratio of autism to Asperger syndrome averaging 5:1;<ref>{{cite journal |journal=... | {{see|Conditions comorbid to autism spectrum disorders}}
[[Prevalence]] estimates vary enormously. A 2003 review of [[Epidemiological study|epidemiological]] studies found [[prevalence]] rates ranging from 0.03 to 4.84 per 1,000, with the ratio of autism to Asperger syndrome averaging 5:1;<ref>{{cite journal |journal=... | [2, 9] |
Down syndrome | Prenatal screening | 165,075,165 | 2007-10-17T00:07:52Z | Vector Potential | Pregnant women can be screened for various complications during pregnancy. Many standard prenatal screens can discover Down syndrome. [[Genetic counseling]] along with [[genetic testing]], such as [[amniocentesis]], [[chorionic villus sampling]] (CVS), or percutaneous umbilical blood sampling (PUBS) are usually offered... | Pregnant women can be screened for various complications during pregnancy. Many standard prenatal screens can discover Down syndrome. [[Genetic counseling]] along with [[genetic testing]], such as [[amniocentesis]], [[chorionic villus sampling]] (CVS), or percutaneous umbilical blood sampling (PUBS) are usually offered... | [11] |
Circadian rhythm | External links | 165,228,594 | 2007-10-17T18:11:15Z | 72.40.101.219 | *[http://www.circadian.org www.circadian.org]
*[http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/museum/exhibit00/02_1.html Biological Clocks] A description of circadian rhythms in plants by de Mairan, Linnaeus, and Darwin
*[[2006-01-18]] The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston ''[http://www.uthouston.edu/Media/news... | *[http://www.circadian.org www.circadian.org]
*[http://www.circadianmedicine.net www.circadianmedicine.net]
*[http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/museum/exhibit00/02_1.html Biological Clocks] A description of circadian rhythms in plants by de Mairan, Linnaeus, and Darwin
*[[2006-01-18]] The University of Texas Health Sc... | [11] |
Methadone | (Top) | 166,096,504 | 2007-10-21T18:24:02Z | 66.177.167.120 | {{drugbox
| IUPAC_name = 6-(Dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenylheptan-3-one
| image = Methadone.svg
| width = 119
| CAS_number = 76-99-3
| ATC_prefix = N02
| ATC_suffix = AC52
| ATC_supplemental = {{ATC|N07|BC02}}, {{ATC|R05|DA06}}
| PubChem = 4095
| DrugBank = APRD00485
| C=21 | H=27 | N=1 | O=1
| molecular_weight = 309.445 g... | {{drugbox
| IUPAC_name = 6-(Dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenylheptan-3-one
| image = Methadone.svg
| width = 119
| CAS_number = 76-99-3
| ATC_prefix = N02
| ATC_suffix = AC52
| ATC_supplemental = {{ATC|N07|BC02}}, {{ATC|R05|DA06}}
| PubChem = 4095
| DrugBank = APRD00485
| C=21 | H=27 | N=1 | O=1
| molecular_weight = 309.445 g... | [1, 2, 4, 9, 10] |
Gene therapy | Background | 166,287,561 | 2007-10-22T14:43:32Z | Arnon Chaffin | Scientists took the logical step of trying to introduce genes straight into human cells, | On [[September 14]], [[1990]] at the [[United States|U.S.]] [[National Institutes of Health]] [[W. French Anderson]], M.D., and his colleagues R. Michael Blaese, M.D., C. Bouzaid, M.D., and Kenneth Culver, M.D., performed the first approved gene therapy procedure on four-year old Ashanthi DeSilva. Born with a rare ge... | [1, 4, 5, 9, 10] |
Genetic engineering | Methodology | 166,508,712 | 2007-10-23T13:51:26Z | ClueBot | u SUCK
There are a number of ways through which genetic engineering is accomplished. Essentially, the process has four main steps. <br />
1)Isolation<br />
2)Insertion into a [[vector (biology)|vector]]<br />
3)[[transformation (genetics)|transformation]]<br />
4)Tests to isolate genetically modified organism (GMO)<br ... | There are a number of ways through which genetic engineering is accomplished. Essentially, the process has four main steps. <br />
1)Isolation<br />
2)Insertion into a [[vector (biology)|vector]]<br />
3)[[transformation (genetics)|transformation]]<br />
4)Tests to isolate genetically modified organism (GMO)<br />
Iso... | [11] |
Asperger syndrome | Prognosis | 166,671,573 | 2007-10-24T03:12:18Z | SandyGeorgia | As of 2006, no studies with AS where done with children, adolescents, and the long term outcome of individuals with AS. The latest studies show however, that many children in the present day are living up to full potential, many even marrying. However, because of the lack of socail interaction that goes along with AS, ... | As of 2006, no studies addressing the long-term outcome of individuals with Asperger syndrome are available and there are no systematic long-term follow-up studies of children with AS.<ref name="Klin"/> Individuals with AS appear to have normal [[life expectancy]] but have an increased [[prevalence]] of [[comorbid]] [[... | [1, 2, 4, 7, 9] |
Methadone | (Top) | 166,916,977 | 2007-10-25T04:50:09Z | Tiptoety | {{drugbox
| IUPAC_name = 6-(Dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenylheptan-3-one
| image = Methadone.svg
| width = 119
| CAS_number = 76-99-3
| ATC_prefix = N02
| ATC_suffix = AC52
| ATC_supplemental = {{ATC|N07|BC02}}, {{ATC|R05|DA06}}
| PubChem = 4095
| DrugBank = APRD00485
| C=21 | H=27 | N=1 | O=1
| molecular_weight = 309.445 g... | {{drugbox
| IUPAC_name = 6-(Dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenylheptan-3-one
| image = Methadone.svg
| width = 119
| CAS_number = 76-99-3
| ATC_prefix = N02
| ATC_suffix = AC52
| ATC_supplemental = {{ATC|N07|BC02}}, {{ATC|R05|DA06}}
| PubChem = 4095
| DrugBank = APRD00485
| C=21 | H=27 | N=1 | O=1
| molecular_weight = 309.445 g... | [1, 2, 9] |
Circadian rhythm | Animal circadian rhythms | 167,391,337 | 2007-10-27T08:16:19Z | Hordaland | Circadian rhythms are important in determining the [[sleep]]ing and feeding patterns of all animals, including human beings. There are clear patterns of [[brain wave]] activity, [[hormone]] production, cell regeneration and other biological activities linked to this daily cycle.
There are many health problems associa... | Circadian rhythms are important in determining the [[sleep]]ing and feeding patterns of all animals, including human beings. There are clear patterns of core body temperature, [[brain wave]] activity, [[hormone]] production, cell regeneration and other biological activities linked to this daily cycle.
There are many ... | [1, 3, 4, 9] |
Circadian rhythm | Suprachiasmatic nucleus | 167,391,337 | 2007-10-27T08:16:19Z | Hordaland | The circadian system can be divided into three major components: the central oscillator or pacemaker; the afferent pathways which carry entraining environmental information to the oscillator; and the efferent pathways that communicate the rhythmicity of the oscillator to the physiology and behavior of the organism.<ref... | The circadian system can be divided into three major components: the central oscillator or pacemaker; the afferent pathways which carry entraining environmental information to the oscillator; and the efferent pathways that communicate the rhythmicity of the oscillator to the physiology and behavior of the organism.<ref... | [3] |
Circadian rhythm | See also | 167,427,647 | 2007-10-27T13:50:10Z | Andrew Su | *[[Chronobiology]]
*[[Human factors]]
*[[Human reliability]]
*[[Actigraphy]]
*[[Circadian rhythm sleep disorders]]
*[[Advanced sleep phase syndrome|Advanced sleep phase syndrome (ASPS) and Family Advanced sleep phase syndrome (FASPS)]]
*[[Jet lag]] | *[[Chronobiology]]
*[[Human factors]]
*[[Human reliability]]
*[[Actigraphy]]
*[[Circadian rhythm sleep disorders]]
*[[Advanced sleep phase syndrome|Advanced sleep phase syndrome (ASPS) and Family Advanced sleep phase syndrome (FASPS)]]
*[[Jet lag]]
* The Per family genes ([[PER1]], [[PER2]], and [[PER3]])
* The crytoch... | [1, 4, 9] |
Circadian rhythm | Animal circadian rhythms | 167,504,495 | 2007-10-27T21:36:47Z | Jclerman | Circadian rhythms are important in determining the [[sleep]]ing and feeding patterns of all animals, including human beings. There are clear patterns of core body temperature, [[brain wave]] activity, [[hormone]] production, cell regeneration and other biological activities linked to this daily cycle.
There are many ... | Circadian rhythms are important in determining the [[sleep]]ing and feeding patterns of all animals, including human beings. There are clear patterns of core body temperature, [[brain wave]] activity, [[hormone]] production, cell regeneration and other biological activities linked to this daily cycle.
There are many ... | [2] |
Human cloning | U.N. | 169,657,963 | 2007-11-06T19:20:24Z | Id711 | On [[December 12]], [[2001]] the [[United Nations General Assembly]] began pottytraining an international convention against the reproductive cloning of small Egyptian spider monkeys.Jon Stamos, college professor of pooping and mole curing lasers at the University of California at San Diego, claims that the United Stat... | On [[December 12]], [[2001]] the [[United Nations General Assembly]] began pottytraining an international convention against the reproductive cloning of small Egyptian spider monkeys. [[Lawrence S. B. Goldstein]], college professor of cellular and molecular medicine at the University of California at San Diego, claims ... | [3, 5, 9] |
Circadian rhythm | Criteria | 170,396,124 | 2007-11-09T20:04:15Z | Hordaland | General criteria of circadian rhythms
#The rhythm persists in constant conditions (for example constant dark) with a period of about 24 hours: The rationale for this criterion is to distinguish circadian rhythms from those "apparent rhythms" that merely respond to external periodic cues. For example, the behavior of... | General criteria of circadian rhythms
#The rhythm persists in constant conditions (for example constant dark) with a period of about 24 hours: The rationale for this criterion is to distinguish circadian rhythms from those "apparent rhythms" that merely respond to external periodic cues. For example, the behavior of... | [11] |
Methadone | Viits to clinics | 170,504,461 | 2007-11-10T07:27:11Z | Mikael Häggström | null | Methadone has traditionally been provided to the addict population in a highly regulated methadone clinic, generally associated with an [[outpatient]] department of a hospital.
New patients are required to visit the clinic daily so that they may be observed taking their dose by the dispensing nurse, but may be allowe... | [1, 4, 9, 10] |
Methadone | Metabolism | 170,507,437 | 2007-11-10T07:55:47Z | Mikael Häggström | null | Methadone has a slow metabolism and very high fat solubility, making it longer lasting than morphine-based drugs. Methadone has a typical elimination [[half-life]] of 15 to 60 hours with a mean of around 22. However, metabolism rates vary greatly between individuals, up to a factor of 100<ref name="Kell">{{cite journal... | [1, 4, 7, 9, 10] |
Methadone | Withrawal symptoms | 170,507,437 | 2007-11-10T07:55:47Z | Mikael Häggström | null | Withdrawal symptoms are generally slightly less severe than those of morphine or heroin at equivalent doses but are significantly more prolonged; methadone withdrawal symptoms can last for several weeks or more. Anecdotal reports, such as those by author and lifelong opiate addict [[William S. Burroughs]] in the postsc... | [1, 4, 9, 10] |
Human cloning | U.K. | 171,294,867 | 2007-11-13T21:55:54Z | SJP | The [[British government]] introduced legislation in order to allow licensed therapeutic cloning in a debate in January [[2001]] after an amendment to the [[Human Fertilisation & Embryology Act 1990]]. However on [[November 15]], [[2001]] a prolife group won a High Court legal challenge that effectively left cloning un... | The [[British government]] introduced legislation in order to allow licensed therapeutic cloning in a debate in January [[2001]] after an amendment to the [[Human Fertilisation & Embryology Act 1990]]. However on [[November 15]], [[2001]] a prolife group won a High Court legal challenge that effectively left cloning un... | [11] |
Bubble sort | In practice | 172,414,064 | 2007-11-19T03:09:58Z | Psym | Although bubble sort is one of the simplest sorting algorithms to understand and implement, its ''O(n<sup>2</sup>)'' complexity means it is far too inefficient for use on lists having more than a few elements. Even among simple ''O(n<sup>2</sup>)'' sorting algorithms, algorithms like [[insertion sort]] are usually cons... | Although bubble sort is one of the simplest sorting algorithms to understand and implement, its ''O(n<sup>2</sup>)'' complexity means it is far too inefficient for use on lists having more than a few elements. Even among simple ''O(n<sup>2</sup>)'' sorting algorithms, algorithms like [[insertion sort]] are usually cons... | [1, 4, 9, 10] |
Circadian rhythm | See also | 172,959,912 | 2007-11-21T19:21:26Z | Hordaland | * [[Actigraphy]]
* [[Advanced sleep phase syndrome|Advanced sleep phase syndrome (ASPS) and Family Advanced sleep phase syndrome (FASPS)]]
* [[ARNTL]]
* [[ARNTL2]]
* [[Chronobiology]]
* [[Chronotype]]
* [[Circadian rhythm sleep disorders]]
* [[CRY1]] and [[CRY2]], the crytochrome family genes
* [[Human factors]]
* [[H... | * [[Actigraphy]]
* [[Advanced sleep phase syndrome|Advanced sleep phase syndrome (ASPS) and Family Advanced sleep phase syndrome (FASPS)]]
* [[ARNTL]]
* [[ARNTL2]]
* [[Chronobiology]]
* [[Chronotype]]
* [[Circadian rhythm sleep disorders]]
* [[CRY1]] and [[CRY2]], the crytochrome family genes
* [[Jet lag]]
* [[PER1]],... | [2] |
Circadian rhythm | Impact of light-dark cycle | 173,429,306 | 2007-11-24T06:59:20Z | Hordaland | The rhythm is linked to the light-dark cycle. Animals kept in total darkness for extended periods eventually function with a "[[Free-running sleep|free-running]]" rhythm. Each "day," their sleep cycle is pushed back or forward (depending on whether the endogenous period is longer or shorter than 24 hours). The environm... | The rhythm is linked to the light-dark cycle. Animals kept in total darkness for extended periods eventually function with a "[[Free-running sleep|free-running]]" rhythm. Each "day," their sleep cycle is pushed back or forward (depending on whether the endogenous period is longer or shorter than 24 hours). The environm... | [1, 10] |
Circadian rhythm | Impact of light-dark cycle | 173,746,986 | 2007-11-25T21:06:12Z | Hordaland | The rhythm is linked to the light-dark cycle. Animals kept in total darkness for extended periods eventually function with a "[[Free-running sleep|free-running]]" rhythm. Each "day," their sleep cycle is pushed back or forward (depending on whether the endogenous period is longer or shorter than 24 hours). The environm... | The rhythm is linked to the light-dark cycle. Animals kept in total darkness for extended periods eventually function with a "[[Free-running sleep|free-running]]" rhythm. Each "day," their sleep cycle is pushed back or forward (depending on whether the endogenous period is longer or shorter than 24 hours). The environm... | [1, 10] |
Circadian rhythm | Arctic animals | 173,921,209 | 2007-11-26T17:19:47Z | Hordaland | null | Norwegian researchers at the University in Tromsø have shown that some arctic animals (ptarmigan, reindeer) show circadian rhythms only in the parts of the year which have daily sunrises and sunsets. In one study of reindeer, animals at 70 degrees North showed circadian rhythms in the autumn, winter and spring but not... | [1, 4, 10] |
Circadian rhythm | Impact of light-dark cycle | 173,921,209 | 2007-11-26T17:19:47Z | Hordaland | The rhythm is linked to the light-dark cycle. Animals kept in total darkness for extended periods eventually function with a "[[Free-running sleep|free-running]]" rhythm. Each "day," their sleep cycle is pushed back or forward (depending on whether the endogenous period is longer or shorter than 24 hours). The environm... | The rhythm is linked to the light-dark cycle. Animals kept in total darkness for extended periods eventually function with a "[[Free-running sleep|free-running]]" rhythm. Each "day," their sleep cycle is pushed back or forward (depending on whether the endogenous period is longer or shorter than 24 hours). The environm... | [2] |
Circadian rhythm | Arctic animals | 173,921,554 | 2007-11-26T17:21:35Z | Hordaland | Norwegian researchers at the University in Tromsø have shown that some arctic animals (ptarmigan, reindeer) show circadian rhythms only in the parts of the year which have daily sunrises and sunsets. In one study of reindeer, animals at 70 degrees North showed circadian rhythms in the autumn, winter and spring but not... | Norwegian researchers at the University in Tromsø have shown that some arctic animals (ptarmigan, reindeer) show circadian rhythms only in the parts of the year which have daily sunrises and sunsets. In one study of reindeer, animals at 70 degrees North showed circadian rhythms in the autumn, winter and spring but not... | [11] |
Parkinson's disease | Classification | 174,673,387 | 2007-11-29T20:29:59Z | Jfdwolff | There are other disorders that are called ''[[Parkinson plus syndrome|Parkinson-plus diseases]]''. These include:
* [[Multiple system atrophy]] (MSA)
* Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP)
* Corticobasal degeneration (CBD)
Some people include dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) as one of the 'Parkinson-plus' syndromes. A... | "Parkinson's disease" is the synonym of "primary parkinsonism", i.e. parkinsonism without an underlying cause. It is possible for a patient to be initially diagnosed with Parkinson's disease but then to develop additional features, requiring revision of the diagnosis.<ref name=nice35/>
There are other disorders that a... | [1, 3, 4, 9] |
Context-free grammar | Derivations and syntax trees | 175,455,301 | 2007-12-03T10:34:11Z | JoanneB | There are two common ways to describe how a given string can be derived from the start symbol of a given grammar. The simplest way is to list
:S→S+S (1)
: →S+S+S (1)
: →1+S+S (2)
: →1+1+S (2)
: →1+1+a (3)
the structure of the string would be:
: {... | There are two common ways to describe how a given string can be derived from the start symbol of a given grammar. The simplest way is to list the consecutive strings of symbols, beginning with the start symbol and ending with the string, and the rules that have been applied. If we introduce a strategy such as "always r... | [1, 3, 4, 9] |
Human cloning | Techniques | 175,802,462 | 2007-12-04T22:43:18Z | 205.144.218.173 | The most successful common cloning technique in non-human mammals is the process which produced [[Dolly the sheep]]. It is also the technique used by [[Advanced Cell Technology]] (ACT), the first company to successfully<ref>Jose B. Cibelli, Robert P. Lanza, and Michael D. West. [http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=0008... | The most successful common cloning technique in non-human mammals is the process which produced [[Dolly the sheep]]. It is also the technique used by [[Advanced Cell Technology]] (ACT), the first company to successfully<ref>Jose B. Cibelli, Robert P. Lanza, and Michael D. West. [http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=0008... | [3, 4, 9] |
Circadian rhythm | See also | 176,065,969 | 2007-12-06T02:04:58Z | BSquared04 | * [[Actigraphy]]
* [[Advanced sleep phase syndrome|Advanced sleep phase syndrome (ASPS) and Family Advanced sleep phase syndrome (FASPS)]]
* [[ARNTL]]
* [[ARNTL2]]
* [[Chronobiology]]
* [[Chronotype]]
* [[Circadian rhythm sleep disorders]]
* [[CRY1]] and [[CRY2]], the crytochrome family genes
* [[Jet lag]]
* [[PER1]],... | * [[Actigraphy]]
* [[Advanced sleep phase syndrome|Advanced sleep phase syndrome (ASPS) and Family Advanced sleep phase syndrome (FASPS)]]
* [[ARNTL]]
* [[ARNTL2]]
* [[Chronobiology]]
* [[Chronotype]]
* [[Circadian rhythm sleep disorders]]
* [[CRY1]] and [[CRY2]], the cryptochrome family genes
* [[Jet lag]]
* [[PER1]]... | [11] |
Circadian rhythm | (Top) | 176,796,448 | 2007-12-09T16:44:42Z | Hordaland | A '''circadian rhythm''' is a roughly-24-hour cycle in the physiological processes of living beings, including [[plant]]s, [[animal]]s, [[fungi]] and [[cyanobacteria]]. The term "circadian", coined by [[Franz Halberg]],<ref>http://www.msi.umn.edu/~halberg Halberg Chronobiology Center</ref> comes from the [[Latin]] ''ci... | A '''circadian rhythm''' is a roughly-24-hour cycle in the physiological processes of living beings, including [[plant]]s, [[animal]]s, [[fungi]] and [[cyanobacteria]]. The term "circadian", coined by [[Franz Halberg]],<ref>http://www.msi.umn.edu/~halberg Halberg Chronobiology Center</ref> comes from the [[Latin]] ''ci... | [9] |
Circadian rhythm | Criteria | 176,799,387 | 2007-12-09T16:59:43Z | Hordaland | General criteria of circadian rhythms
#The rhythm persists in constant conditions (for example, constant dark) with a period of about 24 hours. The rationale for this criterion is to distinguish circadian rhythms from those "apparent" rhythms that merely respond to external periodic cues. For example, the behavior o... | General criteria of circadian rhythms
#The rhythm persists in constant conditions (for example, constant dark) with a period of about 24 hours. The rationale for this criterion is to distinguish circadian rhythms from those "apparent" rhythms that merely respond to external periodic cues. For example, the behavior o... | [3, 9] |
Circadian rhythm | Animal circadian rhythms | 176,809,297 | 2007-12-09T17:51:48Z | Hordaland | Circadian rhythms are important in determining the [[sleep]]ing and feeding patterns of all animals, including human beings. There are clear patterns of core body temperature, [[brain wave]] activity, [[hormone]] production, cell regeneration and other biological activities linked to this daily cycle.
There are many ... | Circadian rhythms are important in determining the [[sleep]]ing and feeding patterns of all animals, including human beings. There are clear patterns of core body temperature, [[brain wave]] activity, [[hormone]] production, cell regeneration and other biological activities linked to this daily cycle. In addition, [[ph... | [1, 2, 4, 9] |
Circadian rhythm | Disruption | 176,809,297 | 2007-12-09T17:51:48Z | Hordaland | Disruption to rhythms usually has a negative effect in the short term. Many travelers have experienced the condition known as [[jet lag]], with its associated symptoms of [[fatigue (physical)|fatigue]], disorientation and [[insomnia]]. A number of other disorders, for example [[bipolar disorder]] and some [[sleep disor... | There are many health problems associated with a disturbance in the human circadian rhythm, such as [[Seasonal Affective Disorder]] (SAD), and [[delayed sleep phase syndrome]] (DSPS).<ref name=brynmawr>{{cite web | Sabah Quraishi | title =Circadian Rhythms and Sleep | publisher=Serendip | work = Circadian Rhythms and... | [1, 9, 4] |
Circadian rhythm | Criteria | 176,813,513 | 2007-12-09T18:13:13Z | Hordaland | General criteria of circadian rhythms
#The rhythm persists in constant conditions (for example, constant dark) with a period of about 24 hours. The rationale for this criterion is to distinguish circadian rhythms from those "apparent" rhythms that merely respond to external periodic cues. For example, the behavior o... | General criteria of circadian rhythms
#The rhythm persists in constant conditions (for example, constant dark) with a period of about 24 hours. The rationale for this criterion is to distinguish circadian rhythms from those "apparent" rhythms that merely respond to external periodic cues. For example, the behavior o... | [3] |
Circadian rhythm | Disruption | 176,824,186 | 2007-12-09T19:03:49Z | Hordaland | There are many health problems associated with a disturbance in the human circadian rhythm, such as [[Seasonal Affective Disorder]] (SAD), and [[delayed sleep phase syndrome]] (DSPS).<ref name=brynmawr>{{cite web | Sabah Quraishi | title =Circadian Rhythms and Sleep | publisher=Serendip | work = Circadian Rhythms and... | There are many health problems associated with a disturbance in the human circadian rhythm, such as [[Seasonal Affective Disorder]] (SAD), and [[delayed sleep phase syndrome]] (DSPS).<ref name=brynmawr>{{cite web | Sabah Quraishi | title =Circadian Rhythms and Sleep | publisher=Serendip | work = Circadian Rhythms and... | [3] |
Circadian rhythm | Arctic animals | 176,831,005 | 2007-12-09T19:34:03Z | Hordaland | Norwegian researchers at the University in Tromsø have shown that some arctic animals (ptarmigan, reindeer) show circadian rhythms only in the parts of the year that have daily sunrises and sunsets. In one study of reindeer, animals at 70 degrees North showed circadian rhythms in the autumn, winter, and spring, but no... | Norwegian researchers at the University in Tromsø have shown that some arctic animals (ptarmigan, reindeer) show circadian rhythms only in the parts of the year that have daily sunrises and sunsets. In one study of reindeer, animals at 70 degrees North showed circadian rhythms in the autumn, winter, and spring, but no... | [11] |
Circadian rhythm | Outside the "master clock" | 176,834,937 | 2007-12-09T19:52:07Z | Hordaland | Recently, evidence has emerged that circadian rhythms are found in many cells in the body outside the SCN "master clock." Furthermore, [[liver]] cells, for example, appear to respond to feeding rather than to [[light]]. Cells from many parts of the body appear to have freerunning rhythms.
Cells in the body that have ... | More-or-less independent circadian rhythms are found in many organs and cells in the body outside the SCN "master clock." These clocks, called peripheral oscillators, are found in esophagus, lung, liver, pancreas, spleen and thymus. There is some evidence the olfactory bulb and prostate may also experience oscillation... | [3] |
Circadian rhythm | Impact of light-dark cycle | 176,837,729 | 2007-12-09T20:05:17Z | Hordaland | The rhythm is linked to the light-dark cycle. Animals kept in total darkness for extended periods eventually function with a freerunning rhythm. Each "day," their sleep cycle is pushed back or forward (depending on whether the endogenous period is longer or shorter than 24 hours). The environmental cues that each day r... | The rhythm is linked to the light-dark cycle. Animals kept in total darkness for extended periods eventually function with a freerunning rhythm. Each "day," their sleep cycle is pushed back or forward (depending on whether the endogenous period is longer or shorter than 24 hours). The environmental cues that each day r... | [11] |
Circadian rhythm | Disruption | 176,844,574 | 2007-12-09T20:38:35Z | Hordaland | There are many health problems associated with a disturbance in the human circadian rhythm, such as [[Seasonal Affective Disorder]] (SAD), and [[delayed sleep phase syndrome]] (DSPS).<ref name=brynmawr>{{cite web | Sabah Quraishi | title =Circadian Rhythms and Sleep | publisher=Serendip | work = Circadian Rhythms and... | Disruption to rhythms usually has a negative effect. Many travelers have experienced the condition known as [[jet lag]], with its associated symptoms of [[fatigue (physical)|fatigue]], disorientation and [[insomnia]].
A number of other disorders, for example [[bipolar disorder]] and some [[sleep disorder]]s are assoc... | [1, 2, 9] |
Circadian rhythm | Origin | 177,346,756 | 2007-12-12T02:03:50Z | 74.138.147.38 | {{Unreferencedsection|date=October 2007}}
Circadian rhythms are believed to have originated in the earliest cells, with the purpose of protecting replicating DNA from high [[ultraviolet]] radiation during the daytime. As a result, replication was relegated to the dark. The fungus ''[[Neurospora]]'', which exists today,... | {{Unreferencedsection|date=October 2007}}
Circadian rhythms are believed to have originated in the earliest cells, with the purpose of protecting replicating DNA from high [[ultraviolet]] radiation during the daytime. As a result, replication was relegated to the dark. The fungus ''[[Neurospora]]'', which exists today,... | [11] |
Circadian rhythm | Further reading | 177,377,487 | 2007-12-12T05:30:23Z | 12.206.240.101 | *Aschoff J (ed.) (1965) ''Circadian Clocks''. North Holland Press, Amsterdam
*Avivi A, Albrecht U, Oster H, Joel A, Beiles A, Nevo E. 2001. Biological clock in total darkness: the Clock/MOP3 circadian system of the blind subterranean mole rat. ''Proc Natl Acad Sci USA'' 98:13751- 13756.
*Avivi A, Oster H, Joel A, Beile... | *Aschoff J (ed.) (1965) ''Circadian Clocks''. North Holland Press, Amsterdam
*Avivi A, Albrecht U, Oster H, Joel A, Beiles A, Nevo E. 2001. Biological clock in total darkness: the Clock/MOP3 circadian system of the blind subterranean mole rat. ''Proc Natl Acad Sci USA'' 98:13751- 13756.
*Avivi A, Oster H, Joel A, Beile... | [1, 7] |
Circadian rhythm | External links | 177,605,468 | 2007-12-13T06:20:44Z | 206.188.67.117 | * {{dmoz|Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/Sleep_Disorders/Biological_Rhythms}}
*[http://www.circadian.org www.circadian.org]
*[http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/museum/exhibit00/02_1.html Biological Clocks] A description of circadian rhythms in plants by de Mairan, Linnaeus, and Darwin
*{{cite web | date= 2006-01-18 | ... | * {{dmoz|Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/Sleep_Disorders/Biological_Rhythms}}
*[http://www.circadian.org www.circadian.org]
*[http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/museum/exhibit00/02_1.html Biological Clocks] A description of circadian rhythms in plants by de Mairan, Linnaeus, and Darwin
*{{cite web | date= 2006-01-18 | ... | [11] |
Circadian rhythm | External links | 177,895,149 | 2007-12-14T15:57:42Z | Johntriggs | * {{dmoz|Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/Sleep_Disorders/Biological_Rhythms}}
*[http://www.circadian.org www.circadian.org]
*[http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/museum/exhibit00/02_1.html Biological Clocks] A description of circadian rhythms in plants by de Mairan, Linnaeus, and Darwin
*{{cite web | date= 2006-01-18 | ... | * [http://www.express.co.uk/posts/view/27268/Can-you-reset-your-body-clock- Can you reset your body clock?] by John Triggs in the Daily Express December 4 2007
* {{dmoz|Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/Sleep_Disorders/Biological_Rhythms}}
*[http://www.circadian.org www.circadian.org]
*[http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/... | [11] |
Circadian rhythm | Disruption | 178,200,782 | 2007-12-16T01:10:11Z | Vatic7 | Disruption to rhythms usually has a negative effect. Many travelers have experienced the condition known as [[jet lag]], with its associated symptoms of [[fatigue (physical)|fatigue]], disorientation and [[insomnia]].
A number of other disorders, for example [[bipolar disorder]] and some [[sleep disorder]]s are assoc... | Disruption to rhythms usually has a negative effect. Many travelers have experienced the condition known as [[jet lag]], with its associated symptoms of [[fatigue (physical)|fatigue]], disorientation and [[insomnia]].
A number of other disorders, for example [[bipolar disorder]] and some [[sleep disorder]]s are assoc... | [3] |
Circadian rhythm | Determining one's circadian rhythm | 178,745,563 | 2007-12-18T16:36:04Z | Hordaland | null | The classic phase markers for measuring the timing of a mammal's circadian rhythm are '''melatonin secretion''' by the pineal gland and '''body temperature'''.
For temperature studies, people must remain awake but calm and semi-reclined in near darkness while their rectal temperatures are taken continuously. The ave... | [1, 4, 5, 7, 9, 10] |
Dream | Sexual content | 179,321,328 | 2007-12-21T03:11:35Z | Wakedream | The Hall data analysis shows that sexual dreams show up no more than 10 percent of the time and are more prevalent in young to mid teens<ref name="hallcontent"/>. Another study showed that 8% of men's and women's dreams have sexual content<ref>Zadra, A., [http://www.journalsleep.org/PDF/AbstractBook2007.pdf "1093: SEX ... | The Hall data analysis shows that sexual dreams show up no more than 10 percent of the time and are more prevalent in young to mid teens<ref name="hallcontent"/>. Another study showed that 8% of men's and women's dreams have sexual content<ref>Zadra, A., [http://www.journalsleep.org/PDF/AbstractBook2007.pdf "1093: SEX ... | [1, 9] |
Alzheimer's disease | Treatment | 179,409,577 | 2007-12-21T16:14:03Z | EdJohnston | Contrary to popular belief, with current medical and scientific knowledge, the onset and progression of Alzheimer's Disease can be delayed by an average of six years {{Citation needed}} . Although in some cases the benefits of the avaiable madicaton (Aricept, Nemenda) could be minimal and thus outweighed by the side ef... | There is currently no cure for Alzheimer's disease. Currently available medications offer relatively small symptomatic benefit for some patients but do not slow disease progression. The American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry published a consensus statement on Alzheimer's treatment in 2006.<ref name="2006AAGP"/> | [2, 3, 6, 1] |
Circadian rhythm | Origin | 179,773,875 | 2007-12-23T12:40:00Z | Hordaland | {{Unreferencedsection|date=October 2007}}
Circadian rhythms are believed to have originated in the earliest cells, with the purpose of protecting replicating DNA from high [[ultraviolet]] radiation during the daytime. As a result, replication was relegated to the dark. The fungus ''[[Neurospora]]'', which exists today,... | {{Unreferencedsection|date=October 2007}}
Circadian rhythms are believed to have originated in the earliest cells, with the purpose of protecting replicating DNA from high [[ultraviolet]] radiation during the daytime. As a result, replication was relegated to the dark. The fungus ''[[Neurospora]]'', which exists today,... | [11] |
Circadian rhythm | Origin | 179,789,402 | 2007-12-23T15:17:01Z | SmackBot | {{Unreferencedsection|date=October 2007}}
Photosensitive proteins and circadian rhythms are believed to have originated in the earliest cells, with the purpose of protecting replicating DNA from high [[ultraviolet]] radiation during the daytime. As a result, replication was relegated to the dark. The fungus ''[[Neurosp... | {{Unreferencedsection|date=October 2007}}
Photosensitive proteins and circadian rhythms are believed to have originated in the earliest cells, with the purpose of protecting replicating DNA from high [[ultraviolet]] radiation during the daytime. As a result, replication was relegated to the dark. The fungus ''[[Neurosp... | [11] |
Circadian rhythm | Impact of light-dark cycle | 180,386,338 | 2007-12-27T07:23:51Z | Hordaland | The rhythm is linked to the light-dark cycle. Animals kept in total darkness for extended periods eventually function with a freerunning rhythm. Each "day," their sleep cycle is pushed back or forward (depending on whether the endogenous period is longer or shorter than 24 hours). The environmental cues that each day r... | The rhythm is linked to the light-dark cycle. Animals kept in total darkness for extended periods eventually function with a freerunning rhythm. Each "day," their sleep cycle is pushed back or forward, depending on whether the endogenous period is shorter or longer than 24 hours. The environmental cues that each day re... | [3, 6] |
Code injection | ASP Injection | 180,554,579 | 2007-12-28T04:41:50Z | Akulkis | "PHP Injection," "ASP Injection," ''et cetera'' are terms coined which refer to various types of code injection attacks which allow an attacker to supply code to the server side scripting engine. In the case of "PHP Injection," the server side scripting engine is [[PHP]].
In practice, PHP Injection is either the explo... | "ASP Injection", "PHP Injection" ''etc.'' are terms coined which refer to various types of code injection attacks which allow an attacker to supply code to the server side scripting engine. In the case of "ASP Injection", the server side scripting engine is Microsoft [[Active Server Pages]], an add-on to Microsoft IIS.... | [1, 3, 4, 9] |
Gene therapy | Background | 180,914,940 | 2007-12-30T03:31:53Z | ClueBot | On [[September 14]], [[1990]] at the [[United States|U.S.]] [[National Institutes of Health]] [[W. French Anderson]], and his colleagues performed the first approved gene therapy procedure on four-year old Ashanthi DeSilva. Born with a rare genetic disease called [[severe combined immunodeficiency|severe combined immu... | On [[September 14]], [[1990]] at the [[United States|U.S.]] [[National Institutes of Health]] [[W. French Anderson]], M.D., and his colleagues R. Michael Blaese, M.D., C. Bouzaid, M.D., and Kenneth Culver, M.D., performed the first approved gene therapy procedure on four-year old Ashanthi DeSilva. Born with a rare ge... | [1, 3, 5] |
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