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Circadian rhythm | External links | 35,270,623 | 2006-01-15T14:06:24Z | La goutte de pluie | * The [[University of Virginia]] offers an excellent [http://template.bio.warwick.ac.uk/staff/amillar/andrewM/CBT%20tutorial/TUTORIALMAIN.html online tutorial] on this subject. | [http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/museum/exhibit00/02_1.html Biological Clocks] A description of circadian rhythms in plants by de Mairan, Linnaeus, and Darwin
[[Category:Sleep]]
[[de:Circadiane Rhythmik]]
[[es:Reloj circadiano]]
[[nl:Biologische klok]]
[[ru:Циркадный ритм]] | [1, 2, 5] |
Hypnosis | (Top) | 35,881,940 | 2006-01-20T00:09:34Z | 87.80.16.44 | '''Hypnosis''' is popularly understood to be a psychological condition in which an individual may be induced to exhibit apparent changes in behaviour, thought or affect. Although some individuals experience an increase in suggestibility and subjective feelings of relaxation, this is not true for everyone. In fact, hyp... | '''Hypnosis''' is popularly understood to be a psychological condition in which an individual may be induced to exhibit apparent changes in behaviour, thought or affect. Although some individuals experience an increase in suggestibility and subjective feelings of an '[[altered state of consciousness]]', this is not tru... | [1, 2, 6, 3, 5, 9] |
Circadian rhythm | Animal circadian rhythms | 36,151,046 | 2006-01-22T00:29:54Z | 24.147.98.162 | Circadian rhythms are important in determining the [[sleep|sleeping]] and feeding patterns of all animals, including humans. There are clear patterns of [[brain wave]] activity, [[hormone]] production, cell regeneration and other biological activities linked to this 24 hour cycle.
The circadian rhythm is linked to th... | Circadian rhythms are important in determining the [[sleep|sleeping]] and feeding patterns of all animals, including humans. There are clear patterns of [[brain wave]] activity, [[hormone]] production, cell regeneration and other biological activities linked to this 24 hour cycle.
The circadian rhythm is linked to th... | [1] |
Circadian rhythm | Animal circadian rhythms | 36,151,315 | 2006-01-22T00:32:51Z | Kuru | Circadian rhythms are important in determining the [[sleep|sleeping]] and feeding patterns of all animals, including humans. There are clear patterns of [[brain wave]] activity, [[hormone]] production, cell regeneration and other biological activities linked to this 24 hour cycle.
The circadian rhythm is linked to th... | Circadian rhythms are important in determining the [[sleep|sleeping]] and feeding patterns of all animals, including humans. There are clear patterns of [[brain wave]] activity, [[hormone]] production, cell regeneration and other biological activities linked to this 24 hour cycle.
The circadian rhythm is linked to th... | [2] |
Circadian rhythm | See also | 36,540,223 | 2006-01-24T20:20:22Z | Severecci | *[[Human factors]]
*[[Human reliability]] | *[[Human factors]]
*[[Human reliability]]
*[[Actigraphy]] | [9] |
Gene therapy | Vectors in gene therapy | 36,838,729 | 2006-01-26T20:42:02Z | 144.92.47.79 | Some viruses attack their hosts to insert their genetic material into the genetic material of the host. This genetic material contains instructions to produce these viruses. The host cell will carry out these instructions and produce the viruses. This is how viruses spread, in general.
In addition to the instructions ... | All viruses attack their hosts and introduce their genetic material into the host cell as part of their replication cycle. This genetic material contains basic 'instructions' of how to produce more copies of these viruses, hijacking the body's normal production machinery to serve the needs of the virus. The host cell w... | [1, 2, 3, 4, 6] |
Prion | Classification | 37,222,200 | 2006-01-29T15:53:04Z | Pinktulip | <table border="1" style="border-collapse:collapse;">
<tr bgcolor="lightblue">
<th colspan="4">[[Mammal]]ian prions, agents of spongiform encephalopathies</th>
</tr><tr>
<th>Disease name</th>
<th>Natural host</th>
<th>Prion name</th>
<th>PrP isoform</th>
</tr><tr>
<td>[[Scrapie]]</td><td>[[Sheep]] and [[goat]]s</td><td... | <table border="1" style="border-collapse:collapse;">
<tr bgcolor="lightblue">
<th colspan="4">[[Mammal]]ian prions, agents of spongiform encephalopathies</th>
</tr><tr>
<th>Disease name</th>
<th>Natural host</th>
<th>Prion name</th>
<th>PrP isoform</th>
</tr><tr>
<td>[[Scrapie]]</td><td>[[Sheep]] and [[goat]]s</td><td... | [11] |
Circadian rhythm | Origin | 37,383,751 | 2006-01-30T17:53:03Z | 142.150.139.230 | Circadian rhythms are believed to have originated in the earliest cells to provide protection for replicating DNA, from high [[ultraviolet]] radiation during day-time. As a result, replication was relegated to the dark. The fungus ''Neurospora'', which exists today, retains this clock-regulated mechanism.
Circadian rh... | Circadian rhythms are believed to have originated in the earliest cells to provide protection for replicating DNA, from high [[ultraviolet]] radiation during day-time. As a result, replication was relegated to the dark. The fungus ''Neurospora'', which exists today, retains this clock-regulated mechanism. | [2] |
Dream | Psychodynamic interpretation of dreams | 38,042,101 | 2006-02-03T20:07:17Z | 67.129.121.254 | :''Main article: [[Dream interpretation]]''
Both [[Sigmund Freud]] and [[Carl Jung]] identify dreams as an interaction between the [[unconscious]] and the [[conscious]]. They also assert together that unconscious is the dominant force of the dream, and in dreams it conveys its own mental activity to the perceptive fac... | :''More detail: [[Dream interpretation]]''
Both [[Sigmund Freud]] and [[Carl Jung]] identify dreams as an interaction between the [[unconscious]] and the [[conscious]]. They also assert together that unconscious is the dominant force of the dream, and in dreams it conveys its own mental activity to the perceptive facu... | [1, 3, 4] |
Methadone | (Top) | 38,809,292 | 2006-02-08T20:17:46Z | Euanpw | {| border="1" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" width="250px" align="right" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin: 0 0 0 0.5em"
|-
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="center" colspan="2" |
[[Image:Methadone.png|Methadone chemical structure]]<br />
''Methadone''
|-
| align="center" colspan="2" | ''6-(dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenyl... | {| border="1" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" width="250px" align="right" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin: 0 0 0 0.5em"
|-
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="center" colspan="2" |
[[Image:Methadone.png|Methadone chemical structure]]<br />
''Methadone''
|-
| align="center" colspan="2" | ''6-(dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenyl... | [11] |
Gene therapy | (Top) | 38,880,902 | 2006-02-09T05:47:55Z | Richardevan | In the 650s, advances in [[tubular biology]] had already enabled human genes to be [[sequencing|sequenced]] and [[cloning|cloned]]. Scientists looking for a method of easily producing [[protein]]s, such as the protein deficient in diabetics — insulin, investigated introducing human genes to [[bacteria|bacterial]]... | In the 1980s, advances in [[molecular biology]] had already enabled human genes to be [[sequencing|sequenced]] and [[cloning|cloned]]. Scientists looking for a method of easily producing [[protein]]s, such as the protein deficient in diabetics — insulin, investigated introducing human genes to [[bacteria|bacteria... | [12] |
Circadian rhythm | (Top) | 38,887,810 | 2006-02-09T07:11:56Z | Pgan002 | '''Circadian rhythm''' is the name given to the ''roughly 24-hour cycles'' shown by physiological processes in [[plant]]s, [[animal]]s, [[fungi]] and [[cyanobacteria]]. (The term circadian comes from the [[Latin]] ''circa'', "around", and ''dies'', "day", meaning literally "around a day.") It was initially discovered i... | '''Circadian rhythm''' are ''roughly-24-hour cycles'' in the physiological processes of [[plant]]s, [[animal]]s, [[fungi]] and [[cyanobacteria]]. (The term "circadian" comes from the [[Latin]] ''circa'', "around", and ''dies'', "day", meaning literally "around a day.") It was initially discovered in the movement of pla... | [11] |
Circadian rhythm | Light and the Biological Clock | 40,409,016 | 2006-02-20T09:26:49Z | Jclerman | null | [[Illuminance]] must be greater than 1000 [[lux]] to reset the circadian clock. | [1, 4, 9, 10] |
Circadian rhythm | Literature | 41,394,303 | 2006-02-27T01:12:11Z | Antedon~enwiki | Takahashi JS, Zatz M (1982) Regulation of circadian rhythmicity. Science 217:1104–1111 | Takahashi JS, Zatz M (1982) Regulation of circadian rhythmicity. Science 217:1104–1111
Aschoff J (eds.) (1965) Circadian Clocks. North Holland Press, Amsterdam | [7] |
Circadian rhythm | Literature | 42,412,754 | 2006-03-06T02:02:35Z | 65.25.107.195 | Takahashi JS, Zatz M (1982) Regulation of circadian rhythmicity. Science 217:1104–1111
Aschoff J (eds.) (1965) Circadian Clocks. North Holland Press, Amsterdam | Takahashi JS, Zatz M (1982) Regulation of circadian rhythmicity. Science 217:1104–1111
Ditty JL, Williams SB, Golden SS (2003) A cyanobacterial circadian timing mechanism. Annu Rev Genet 37:513-543
Dvornyk V, Vinogradova ON, Nevo E (2003) Origin and evolution of circadian clock genes in prokaryotes. Proc Natl Acad Sc... | [1, 4, 5, 7] |
Circadian rhythm | Origin | 42,412,938 | 2006-03-06T02:04:03Z | 65.25.107.195 | Circadian rhythms are believed to have originated in the earliest cells to provide protection for replicating DNA, from high [[ultraviolet]] radiation during day-time. As a result, replication was relegated to the dark. The fungus ''Neurospora'', which exists today, retains this clock-regulated mechanism. Remarkably, a... | Circadian rhythms are believed to have originated in the earliest cells to provide protection for replicating DNA, from high [[ultraviolet]] radiation during day-time. As a result, replication was relegated to the dark. The fungus ''Neurospora'', which exists today, retains this clock-regulated mechanism. Remarkably, a... | [1, 3] |
Stem cell | Embryonic stem cells | 43,444,686 | 2006-03-12T15:53:36Z | Nectarflowed | Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are stem cells derived from the undifferentiated inner mass cells of a [[blastocyst]], an early stage [[Mammalian embryogenesis|embryo]] (approximately 1 week old in humans) consisting of 50-150 cells. Moreover, they are pluripotent, meaning they are able to grow (i.e. differentiate) into a... | [[Embryonic stem cells]] are cultured cells obtained from the undifferentiated inner mass cells of an early stage [[embryo|human embryo]] (sometimes called a [[blastocyst]], which is an embryo that is between 50 to 150 cells). Embryonic stem cell research is "thought to have much greater developmental potential than ad... | [1, 2, 4, 9] |
Alzheimer's disease | Clinical features | 44,653,103 | 2006-03-20T12:33:18Z | Matthausia | The usual first symptom noticed is memory loss which progresses from seemingly simple and often fluctuating [[forgetfulness]] (with which the disease should not be confused) to a more pervasive loss of [[recent memory]], then of familiar and well-known skills or objects or persons. [[Aphasia]], [[disorientation]] and [... | The usual first symptom noticed is memory loss which progresses from seemingly simple and often fluctuating [[forgetfulness]] (with which the disease should not be confused) to a more pervasive loss of [[recent memory]], then of familiar and well-known skills or objects or persons. [[Aphasia]], [[disorientation]] and [... | [10] |
Context-free grammar | Example 1 | 44,790,749 | 2006-03-21T09:00:41Z | 130.226.31.30 | Here is a context-free grammar for syntactically correct infix algebraic expressions in the variables x, y and z:
:S → x | y | z | S + S | S - S | S * S | S/S | (S)
This grammar can, for example, generate the string "( x + y ) * x - z * y / ( x + x )". | A simple context-free grammar is
:S → aSb | ε
where | is used to separate multiple options for the same non-terminal, and ε stands for an empty string. This grammar generates the language
<math> \{ a^n b^n : n \ge 0 \} </math>
which is not [[regular language|regular]]. | [1, 2, 4, 9, 10] |
Context-free grammar | Example 2 | 44,999,229 | 2006-03-22T21:19:17Z | 137.122.200.192 | A simple context-free grammar is
:S → aSb | ε
where | is used to separate multiple options for the same non-terminal, and ε stands for an empty string. This grammar generates the language
<math> \{ a^n b^n : n \ge 0 \} </math>
which is not [[regular language|regular]]. | Here is a context-free grammar for syntactically correct infix algebraic expressions in the variables x, y and z:
:S → x | y | z | S + S | S - S | S * S | S/S | (S)
This grammar can, for example, generate the string "( x + y ) * x - z * y / ( x + x )".
---- | [1, 2, 4] |
Down syndrome | World Down dyndrome day | 45,067,665 | 2006-03-23T06:19:30Z | Gregorydavid | null | The first World Down syndrome day was held on 21 March 2006. The day and month were chosen to correspond with [[Chromosome 21|21]] and [[Trisomy|trisomy]] respectively. | [1, 9, 4] |
Human cloning | Understanding cloning | 45,239,382 | 2006-03-24T08:54:37Z | 86.130.63.201 | Although genes are recognized as influencing [[behavior]] and [[cognition]], "genetically identical" does ''not'' mean altogether identical; almost no one would deny that identical [[twin]]s, despite being natural human clones with identical [[DNA]], are separate people, with separate experiences and not altogether ove... | Although genes are recognized as influencing [[behavior]] and [[cognition]], "genetically identical" does ''not'' mean altogether identical; almost no one would deny that identical [[twin]]s, despite being natural human clones with identical [[DNA]], are separate people, with separate experiences and not altogether ove... | [1] |
Circadian rhythm | Light and the biological clock | 45,317,827 | 2006-03-24T21:24:55Z | 198.202.68.44 | [[Illuminance]] must be greater than 1000 [[lux]] to reset the circadian clock in humans. | [[Illuminance]] must be greater than 1000 [[lux]] to reset the circadian clock in humans.
In addition to light intensity, wavelength (or color) of light is an important factor in the degree to which the clock is reset. [[Melanopsin]] is most efficiently excited by blue light (420-440 nm).<ref>Newman LA, Walker MT, Br... | [1, 4, 9, 10] |
Code injection | External links | 45,869,871 | 2006-03-28T16:17:30Z | 195.176.20.45 | *Article "[http://www.codeproject.com/threads/winspy.asp Three Ways to Inject Your Code into Another Process]" by [[Robert Kuster]]
*Article "[http://codebreakers-journal.com/viewarticle.php?id=36 Unpacking by Code Injection]" by [[Eduardo Labir]]
*Article "[http://www.codeproject.com/system/inject2exe.asp Inject your ... | *Article "[http://www.codeproject.com/threads/winspy.asp Three Ways to Inject Your Code into Another Process]" by [[Robert Kuster]]
*Article "[http://codebreakers-journal.com/viewarticle.php?id=36 Unpacking by Code Injection]" by [[Eduardo Labir]]
*Article "[http://www.codeproject.com/system/inject2exe.asp Inject your ... | [1, 4, 5, 9] |
K-d tree | Constructing a ''k''d-tree | 46,910,709 | 2006-04-04T11:40:36Z | Borax~enwiki | Since there are many possible ways to choose axis-aligned splitting planes, there are many different ways to construct ''k''d-trees. The canonical method of ''k''d-tree construction has the following constraints:
* As one moves down the tree, one cycles through the axes used to select the splitting planes. (For examp... | Since there are many possible ways to choose axis-aligned splitting planes, there are many different ways to construct ''k''d-trees. The canonical method of ''k''d-tree construction has the following constraints:
* As one moves down the tree, one cycles through the axes used to select the splitting planes. (For examp... | [3] |
Asperger syndrome | Definitions and diagnostic criteria | 47,255,389 | 2006-04-06T14:38:08Z | 49TL | Asperger syndrome is defined in section 299.80 of the [[Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders]] (DSM-IV) (See the [[DSM cautionary statement]].) as:
#Qualitative impairment in social interaction, as manifested by at least two of the following:
##Marked impairments in the use of multiple nonverbal behavi... | Asperger syndrome is defined in section 299.80 of the [[Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders]] (DSM-IV) (See the [[DSM cautionary statement]].) as:
#Qualitative impairment in social interaction, as manifested by at least two of the following:
##Marked impairments in the use of multiple nonverbal behavi... | [1, 5, 9, 4] |
Bubble sort | Performance | 49,159,551 | 2006-04-19T18:08:19Z | Olaolaola~enwiki | Bubble sort needs [[big O notation|O]](n<sup>2</sup>) comparisons to sort <math>n</math> items and can sort [[in-place algorithm|in-place]]. Although the algorithm is one of the simplest sorting algorithms to understand and implement, it is too inefficient for use on lists having more than a few elements. Even among s... | Bubble sort needs [[big O notation|O]](n<sup>2</sup>) comparisons to sort <math>n</math> items and can sort [[in-place algorithm|in-place]]. Although the algorithm is one of the simplest sorting algorithms to understand and implement, it is too inefficient for use on lists having more than a few elements. Even among s... | [11] |
Circadian rhythm | Origin | 50,737,043 | 2006-04-29T13:55:37Z | Jclerman | Circadian rhythms are believed to have originated in the earliest cells to provide protection for replicating DNA, from high [[ultraviolet]] radiation during day-time. As a result, replication was relegated to the dark. The fungus ''Neurospora'', which exists today, retains this clock-regulated mechanism. Remarkably, a... | Circadian rhythms are believed to have originated in the earliest cells to provide protection for replicating DNA, from high [[ultraviolet]] radiation during day-time. As a result, replication was relegated to the dark. The fungus ''Neurospora'', which exists today, retains this clock-regulated mechanism. Remarkably, a... | [11] |
Circadian rhythm | Light and the biological clock | 50,886,135 | 2006-04-30T13:25:57Z | 130.88.217.29 | [[Illuminance]] must be greater than 1000 [[lux]] to reset the circadian clock in humans.
In addition to light intensity, wavelength (or color) of light is an important factor in the degree to which the clock is reset. [[Melanopsin]] is most efficiently excited by blue light (420-440 nm).<ref>Newman LA, Walker MT, Br... | [[Illuminance]] must be greater than 1000 [[lux]] to reset the circadian clock in humans, though much lower light levels have been shown to effectively reset the clocks of nocturnal rodents.
In addition to light intensity, wavelength (or color) of light is an important factor in the degree to which the clock is reset.... | [1, 3] |
Port (computer networking) | (Top) | 51,080,692 | 2006-05-01T18:41:18Z | Helvetica | null | {{Expand}}
In [[computer networking]], '''TCP and UDP ports''' are special numbers, ranging from 0-65535, recognized by the [[TCP]] and [[UDP]] protocols. These protocols use the ports to map incoming data to a particular process running on a computer.
One might describe the idea using the following analogy. Imagin... | [1, 4, 9, 10] |
Asperger syndrome | Prevalence | 51,128,691 | 2006-05-02T00:04:42Z | Natche24 | A 1993 total population study carried out in [[Sweden]] found that, at a minimum, 3.6 per 1000 school-aged children definitely meet the criteria for Asperger syndrome. If merely suspected cases are included, the prevalence becomes approximately 7.1 per 1000 (Ehlers & [[Christopher Gillberg|Gillberg]]). Gillberg estimat... | A 1993 total population study carried out in [[Sweden]] found that, at a minimum, 3.6 per 1000 school-aged children definitely meet the criteria for Asperger syndrome. If merely suspected cases are included, the prevalence becomes approximately 7.1 per 1000 (Ehlers & [[Christopher Gillberg|Gillberg]]). Gillberg estimat... | [11] |
Asperger syndrome | See also | 51,216,425 | 2006-05-02T15:38:59Z | Ryan Norton | * '''General'''
:* [[Autistic community]]
:* [[Autistic Pride Day]]
:* [[Conditions comorbid to autism spectrum disorders]]
:* [[Picture thinking]]
* '''Groups'''
:* [[Aspies For Freedom]]
:* [[National Alliance for Autism Research]]
* '''Lists'''
:* [[List of autistic people#People with Asperger syndrome|List of peo... | * '''General'''
:* [[Autistic community]]
:* [[Autistic Pride Day]]
:* [[Conditions comorbid to autism spectrum disorders]]
:* [[Picture thinking]]
* '''Groups'''
:* [[Aspies For Freedom]]
:* [[National Alliance for Autism Research]]
* '''Lists'''
:* [[List of autistic people#People with Asperger syndrome|List of peo... | [11] |
Gene therapy | Background | 51,373,624 | 2006-05-03T15:20:09Z | Etacar11 | In the 1910s, advances in [[molecular biology]] had already enabled human genes to be [[sequencing|sequenced]] and [[cloning|cloned]]. Scientists looking for a method of easily producing [[protein]]s, such as the protein deficient in diabetics — insulin, investigated introducing human genes to [[bacteria|bacteria... | In the 1980s, advances in [[molecular biology]] had already enabled human genes to be [[sequencing|sequenced]] and [[cloning|cloned]]. Scientists looking for a method of easily producing [[protein]]s, such as the protein deficient in diabetics — insulin, investigated introducing human genes to [[bacteria|bacteria... | [3] |
Code injection | Dynamic Evaluation Vulnerabilities | 51,387,835 | 2006-05-03T17:09:23Z | Blaufish | null | Steven M. Christey of [http://www.mitre.org mitre.org] suggests this name for a class of code injection vulnerabilities. | [1, 5] |
Code injection | Dynamic Evaluation Vulnerabilities - Eval Injection | 51,387,835 | 2006-05-03T17:09:23Z | Blaufish | null | As defined in [http://seclists.org/lists/fulldisclosure/2006/May/0035.html "Dynamic Evaluation Vulnerabilities in PHP applications"]:
* An eval injection vulnerability occurs when an attacker can control
all or part of an input string that is fed into an eval() function
call. Eval will execute the argument as code. T... | [1, 4] |
Code injection | ASP Injection | 51,403,755 | 2006-05-03T19:13:24Z | Blaufish | "PHP Injection", "ASP Injection" etc is a term coined which referes to various types of code injection attacks which allows an attacker supply code to the server side scritping engine. In the case of "PHP Injection", the server side scripting engine is [http://www.php.net/ PHP].
In practice, PHP Injection is either th... | "ASP Injection", "PHP Injection" etc is a term coined which referes to various types of code injection attacks which allows an attacker supply code to the server side scritping engine. In the case of "ASP Injection", the server side scripting engine is Microsoft [[Active Server Pages]], an add-on to Microsoft IIS.
In ... | [1, 4, 9] |
Code injection | HTML | 51,403,755 | 2006-05-03T19:13:24Z | Blaufish | HTML/Script Injection is generally known as [[Cross site scripting| Cross Site Scripting (XSS)]]. | HTML/Script Injection is a popular subject, commonly termed "Cross Site Scripting". XSS referes to e.g. server applications which generates HTML including user-input.
For more information, refere to the [[XSS|Cross Site Scripting (XSS)]] article. | [1, 4] |
Parkinson's disease | Levodopa | 51,969,719 | 2006-05-07T11:57:48Z | General Tojo | The most widely used form of treatment is L-dopa in various forms, although due to feedback inhibition, L-dopa causes a reduction in the endogenous formation of L-dopa. Levodopa was discovered as a Parkinson's treatment by [[Arvid Carlsson]]. L-DOPA is a dopamine precursor that is transfomed into dopamine by dopa-decar... | The most widely used form of treatment is L-dopa in various forms. Levodopa was discovered as a Parkinson's treatment by [[Arvid Carlsson]]. L-DOPA is a dopamine precursor that is transfomed into dopamine in the dopaminergic neurons by L-aromatic amino acid decarboxylase (often known by its former name dopa-decarboxyl... | [1, 2, 3, 4] |
Prion | Molecular properties of prions | 52,281,922 | 2006-05-09T08:45:16Z | Mr Stephen | A great deal of our knowledge of how prions work at a molecular level comes from detailed biochemical analysis of [[fungal prions|yeast prion]] proteins. A typical yeast prion protein contains a region ([[protein domain]]) with many repeats of the [[amino acid]]s [[glutamine]] (Q) and [[asparagine]] (N); these Q/N-rich... | A great deal of our knowledge of how prions work at a molecular level comes from detailed biochemical analysis of [[fungal prions|yeast prion]] proteins. A typical yeast prion protein contains a region ([[protein domain]]) with many repeats of the [[amino acid]]s [[glutamine]] (Q) and [[asparagine]] (N); these Q/N-rich... | [11] |
Circadian rhythm | External links | 54,079,613 | 2006-05-19T19:46:33Z | Abdull | *[http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/museum/exhibit00/02_1.html Biological Clocks] A description of circadian rhythms in plants by de Mairan, Linnaeus, and Darwin
*[http://www.biologynews.net/archives/2006/01/18/darkness_unveils_vital_metabolic_fuel_switch_between_sugar_and_fat.html Texas study on darkness' influence o... | *[http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/museum/exhibit00/02_1.html Biological Clocks] A description of circadian rhythms in plants by de Mairan, Linnaeus, and Darwin
*[http://www.biologynews.net/archives/2006/01/18/darkness_unveils_vital_metabolic_fuel_switch_between_sugar_and_fat.html Texas study on darkness' influence o... | [11] |
Circadian rhythm | Origin | 54,655,353 | 2006-05-23T04:57:14Z | Benzene | Circadian rhythms are believed to have originated in the earliest cells to provide protection for replicating DNA, from high [[ultraviolet]] radiation during day-time. As a result, replication was relegated to the dark. The fungus ''Neurospora'', which exists today, retains this clock-regulated mechanism. Remarkably, a... | Circadian rhythms are believed to have originated in the earliest cells to provide protection for replicating DNA, from high [[ultraviolet]] radiation during day-time. As a result, replication was relegated to the dark. The fungus ''Neurospora'', which exists today, retains this clock-regulated mechanism.
The simplest... | [1, 4, 9, 10] |
Circadian rhythm | Literature | 54,655,596 | 2006-05-23T04:59:36Z | Benzene | Takahashi JS, Zatz M (1982) Regulation of circadian rhythmicity. Science 217:1104–1111
Ditty JL, Williams SB, Golden SS (2003) A cyanobacterial circadian timing mechanism. Annu Rev Genet 37:513-543
Dvornyk V, Vinogradova ON, Nevo E (2003) Origin and evolution of circadian clock genes in prokaryotes. Proc Natl Acad Sc... | Takahashi JS, Zatz M (1982) Regulation of circadian rhythmicity. Science 217:1104–1111
Ditty JL, Williams SB, Golden SS (2003) A cyanobacterial circadian timing mechanism. Annu Rev Genet 37:513-543
Dvornyk V, Vinogradova ON, Nevo E (2003) Origin and evolution of circadian clock genes in prokaryotes. Proc Natl Acad Sc... | [1, 4, 5, 7] |
Circadian rhythm | External links | 54,655,767 | 2006-05-23T05:01:10Z | Benzene | *[http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/museum/exhibit00/02_1.html Biological Clocks] A description of circadian rhythms in plants by de Mairan, Linnaeus, and Darwin
*[http://www.biologynews.net/archives/2006/01/18/darkness_unveils_vital_metabolic_fuel_switch_between_sugar_and_fat.html Texas study on darkness' influence o... | *[http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/museum/exhibit00/02_1.html Biological Clocks] A description of circadian rhythms in plants by de Mairan, Linnaeus, and Darwin
*[http://www.biologynews.net/archives/2006/01/18/darkness_unveils_vital_metabolic_fuel_switch_between_sugar_and_fat.html Texas study on darkness' influence o... | [11] |
Von Neumann architecture | Von Neumann bottleneck | 55,199,814 | 2006-05-26T04:44:47Z | Lowercase | The separation between the CPU and memory leads to what is known as the ''von Neumann bottleneck''. The [[throughput]] (data transfer rate) between the CPU and memory is very small in comparison with the amount of memory. In modern machines, throughput is very small in comparison with the rate at which the CPU itsel... | The separation between the CPU and memory leads to what is known as the ''von Neumann bottleneck''. The [[throughput]] (data transfer rate) between the CPU and memory is very small in comparison with the amount of memory. In modern machines, throughput is very small in comparison with the rate at which the CPU itsel... | [1, 5, 9] |
Stem cell | (Top) | 55,426,346 | 2006-05-27T15:29:57Z | 69.119.121.151 | [[Image:Mouse embryonic stem cells.jpg|right|thumb|300px|[[Mus musculus|Mouse]] [[Mammalian embryogenesis|embryo]]nic stem cells. [http://www.news.wisc.edu/packages/stemcells/labphotos.html '''More lab photos'''] ]]
'''Stem cells''' in animals and humans are primal undifferentiated [[Cell_(biology)|cells]] that retai... | [[Image:Mouse embryonic stem cells.jpg|right|thumb|300px|[[Mus musculus|Mouse]] [[Mammalian embryogenesis|embryo]]nic stem cells. [http://www.news.wisc.edu/packages/stemcells/labphotos.html '''More lab photos'''] ]]
'''Stem cells''' in animals are primal undifferentiated [[Cell_(biology)|cells]] that retain the abili... | [11] |
Code injection | ASP Injection | 55,618,256 | 2006-05-28T20:07:06Z | JoeBot | "PHP Injection," "ASP Injection," et cetera are terms coined which refer to various types of code injection attacks which allow an attacker to supply code to the server side scripting engine. In the case of "PHP Injection," the server side scripting engine is [http://www.php.net/ PHP].
In practice, PHP Injection is ei... | "ASP Injection", "PHP Injection" etc are terms coined which refer to various types of code injection attacks which allow an attacker to supply code to the server side scripting engine. In the case of "ASP Injection", the server side scripting engine is Microsoft [[Active Server Pages]], an add-on to Microsoft IIS.
In ... | [1, 3, 4, 9] |
Asperger syndrome | Prevalence | 56,708,444 | 2006-06-03T20:02:51Z | 70.142.153.51 | A 1993 total population study carried out in [[Sweden]] found that, at a minimum, 36 per 10,000 school-aged children definitely meet the criteria for Asperger syndrome. If merely suspected cases are included, the prevalence becomes approximately 71 per 10,000 <ref>(Ehlers & [[Christopher Gillberg|Gillberg]])</ref>. Gil... | A 1993 total population study carried out in [[Sweden]] found that, at a minimum, 36 per 10,000 school-aged children definitely meet the criteria for Asperger syndrome. If merely suspected cases are included, the prevalence becomes approximately 71 per 10,000 <ref>(Ehlers & [[Christopher Gillberg|Gillberg]])</ref>. Gil... | [1] |
Asperger syndrome | Further reading | 56,947,444 | 2006-06-05T04:32:42Z | Pokey2006 | <div class="references-small">
* {{cite book | author=Attwood, Tony; foreword by Lorna Wing| title=Asperger's Syndrome: A Guide for Parents and Professionals | location=London| publisher=Jessica Kingsley Publishers| year=1998 | id=ISBN 1-85302-577-1}}
* {{cite book | author=Bashe, Patricia Romanowski; and Kirby, Barba... | <div class="references-small">
* {{cite book | author=Attwood, Tony; foreword by Lorna Wing| title=Asperger's Syndrome: A Guide for Parents and Professionals | location=London| publisher=Jessica Kingsley Publishers| year=1998 | id=ISBN 1-85302-577-1}}
* {{cite book | author=Bashe, Patricia Romanowski; and Kirby, Barba... | [11] |
Port (computer networking) | (Top) | 57,023,258 | 2006-06-05T17:02:52Z | Arbitrary username | {{mergeto|Computer port (software)}} {{Expand}}
In [[computer networking]], '''TCP and UDP ports''' are special numbers, ranging from 0-65535, recognized by the [[Transmission_Control_Protocol|TCP]] and [[User_Datagram_Protocol|UDP]] protocols. These protocols use the ports to map incoming data to a particular process... | {{mergeto|Computer port (software)}} {{Expand}}
In the [[Transmission_Control_Protocol|TCP]] and [[User_Datagram_Protocol|UDP]] protocols used in [[computer networking]], a '''port''' is a special number present in the header of a data packet. Ports are typically used to map data to a particular process running on a c... | [1, 2, 3, 4, 9] |
Circadian rhythm | External links | 57,366,237 | 2006-06-07T15:32:31Z | Smithbrenon | *[http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/museum/exhibit00/02_1.html Biological Clocks] A description of circadian rhythms in plants by de Mairan, Linnaeus, and Darwin
*[http://www.biologynews.net/archives/2006/01/18/darkness_unveils_vital_metabolic_fuel_switch_between_sugar_and_fat.html Texas study on darkness' influence o... | *[http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/museum/exhibit00/02_1.html Biological Clocks] A description of circadian rhythms in plants by de Mairan, Linnaeus, and Darwin
*[http://www.biologynews.net/archives/2006/01/18/darkness_unveils_vital_metabolic_fuel_switch_between_sugar_and_fat.html Texas study on darkness' influence o... | [11] |
Methamphetamine | United Kingdom | 58,603,000 | 2006-06-14T16:46:34Z | Jll | In the [[United Kingdom|UK]], methamphetamine is classified as a [[Class B drug|Class B]] drug under the [[Misuse of Drugs Act 1971]]. The maximum penalty for possession is five years imprisonment, and the maximum penalty for supplying is 14 years. If methamphetamine is prepared for injection, it is re-classified as a ... | In the [[United Kingdom|UK]], methamphetamine is classified as a [[Class B drug|Class B]] drug under the [[Misuse of Drugs Act 1971]]. The maximum penalty for possession is five years imprisonment, and the maximum penalty for supplying is 14 years. If methamphetamine (or any other Class B drug) is prepared for injectio... | [9, 3] |
Parkinson's disease | Symptoms | 59,631,667 | 2006-06-20T14:39:56Z | PaulWicks | The symptoms of Parkinson's disease are broadly divided into two categories; those that affect movement (motor symptoms), and those that do not (non-motor symptoms). The latter includes disorders of mood, behavior, thinking, and sensation. Although there is some degree of heterogeneity in symptom distribution and progr... | The symptoms of Parkinson's disease are broadly divided into two categories; those that affect movement ([[Motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease|motor symptoms]]), and those that do not (non-motor symptoms). The former include stiffness, rigidity, slowness of movement, and [[gait]] abnormalities. The latter includes di... | [1, 4, 9] |
Parkinson's disease | Symptoms | 59,642,047 | 2006-06-20T15:52:55Z | PaulWicks | Parkinson disease affects movement (motor symptoms). Typical other symptoms include disorders of mood, behavior, thinking, and sensation (non-motor symptoms). Individual patients' symptoms may be quite dissimilar; progression is also distinctly individual. There are four major dopamine pathways in the brain; the nigr... | The symptoms of Parkinson's disease are broadly divided into two categories; those that affect movement ([[Motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease|motor symptoms]]), and those that do not ([[Non-motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease|non-motor symptoms]]). The former include stiffness, rigidity, slowness of movement, and ... | [1, 2, 3, 9, 4] |
Circadian rhythm | Origin | 59,712,081 | 2006-06-20T23:21:42Z | Marudubshinki | Circadian rhythms are believed to have originated in the earliest cells to provide protection for replicating DNA, from high [[ultraviolet]] radiation during day-time. As a result, replication was relegated to the dark. The fungus ''Neurospora'', which exists today, retains this clock-regulated mechanism.
The simplest... | Circadian rhythms are believed to have originated in the earliest cells to provide protection for replicating DNA, from high [[ultraviolet]] radiation during day-time. As a result, replication was relegated to the dark. The fungus ''Neurospora'', which exists today, retains this clock-regulated mechanism.
The simplest... | [11] |
Gene therapy | What are some recent developments in gene therapy research? | 59,976,255 | 2006-06-22T10:37:26Z | Smmalarkodi | University of California, Los Angeles, research team gets genes into the brain using liposomes coated in a polymer call polyethylene glycol (PEG). The transfer of genes into the brain is a significant achievement because viral vectors are too big to get across the "blood-brain barrier." This method has potential for tr... | University of California, Los Angeles, research team gets genes into the brain using liposomes coated in a polymer call polyethylene glycol (PEG). The transfer of genes into the brain is a significant achievement because viral vectors are too big to get across the "blood-brain barrier." This method has potential for tr... | [1, 4, 5, 10] |
Circadian rhythm | External links | 60,455,944 | 2006-06-25T06:38:15Z | 67.9.140.5 | *[http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/museum/exhibit00/02_1.html Biological Clocks] A description of circadian rhythms in plants by de Mairan, Linnaeus, and Darwin
*[http://www.biologynews.net/archives/2006/01/18/darkness_unveils_vital_metabolic_fuel_switch_between_sugar_and_fat.html Texas study on darkness' influence o... | *[http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/museum/exhibit00/02_1.html Biological Clocks] A description of circadian rhythms in plants by de Mairan, Linnaeus, and Darwin
*[http://www.biologynews.net/archives/2006/01/18/darkness_unveils_vital_metabolic_fuel_switch_between_sugar_and_fat.html Texas study on darkness' influence o... | [11] |
Parkinson's disease | Epidemiology | 60,842,157 | 2006-06-27T14:31:55Z | Profsnow | The worldwide [[prevalence]] of Parkinson's disease is 4 to 6 million people. There are over 1.5 million in [[China]] alone. It is likely that there are millions of people with Parkinson's disease that remain undiagnosed. Prevalence estimates range from a low of 7 per 100,000 in [[Ethiopia]] to a high of 329.3 per 100,... | The worldwide [[prevalence]] of Parkinson's disease is 4 to 6 million people. There are over 1.5 million in [[China]] alone. The disease usually has a long, subtle onset, so diagnosis occurs most often after many years of subclinical disease {{fact}}. Prevalence estimates range from a low of 7 per 100,000 in [[Ethiopia... | [1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 10] |
Stem cell | External links | 61,072,643 | 2006-06-28T20:00:09Z | 168.122.194.111 | *''[http://www.celltherapysociety.org International Society for Cellular Therapy]''
*''[http://www.isscr.org International Society for Stem Cell Research]''
*''[http://www.progenitorcelltherapy.com Progenitor Cell Therapy]''
*''[http://www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?topic_id=116811&fuseaction=topics.event_summary&eve... | *''[http://www.celltherapysociety.org International Society for Cellular Therapy]''
*''[http://www.isscr.org International Society for Stem Cell Research]''
*''[http://www.progenitorcelltherapy.com Progenitor Cell Therapy]''
*''[http://www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?topic_id=116811&fuseaction=topics.event_summary&eve... | [1] |
Alzheimer's disease | Disease mechanism | 61,425,541 | 2006-06-30T19:44:46Z | Andrew73 | Alzheimer's begins as a deficiency in the production of [[acetylcholine]], a vital neurotransmitter. Much early therapeutic research was based on this hypothesis, including restoration of the function of the cholinergic neurons. | Three major competing hypotheses exist to explain the cause of the disease.
The oldest hypothesis is the "cholinergic hypothesis". It states that Alzheimer's begins as a deficiency in the production of [[acetylcholine]], a vital neurotransmitter. Much early therapeutic research was based on this hypothesis, including ... | [1, 3, 4, 9, 6] |
Asperger syndrome | Notable cases | 61,875,486 | 2006-07-03T17:21:08Z | SandyGeorgia | {{see|List of autistic people}}
[[Image:Albert Einstein 1947.jpg|thumb|right|180px|[[Albert Einstein]] may have had Asperger syndrome.]]
Asperger syndrome is sometimes viewed as a syndrome with both advantages and disadvantages.<ref>Grandin, Temple (2003). [http://www.onlineparadigm.com/archives/230-SP03_MH.pdf Genius... | {{see|List of autistic people}}
[[Image:Albert Einstein 1947.jpg|thumb|right|180px|[[Albert Einstein]] may have had Asperger syndrome.]]
Asperger syndrome is sometimes viewed as a syndrome with both advantages and disadvantages.<ref>Grandin, Temple (2003). [http://www.onlineparadigm.com/archives/230-SP03_MH.pdf Genius... | [11] |
Parkinson's disease | Toxins | 62,087,736 | 2006-07-04T22:04:08Z | Bio Doc | '''Paraquat''' is a quaternary ammonium herbicide. Other members of this class include diquat, cyperquat, diethamquat, difenzoquat and morfamquat. Pesticides are known to be associated with an increased rate of Parkinson's Disease. Paraquat structurally resembles MPTP and its metabolite MPP+. MPTP and MPP+ are neurotox... | A number of toxins are known to cause Parkinson's Disease, either alone, in conjunction with other factors, or as an initiating rather than a perpetuating cause. These account for a small minority of cases of Parkinson's Disease.
'''Paraquat''' is a quaternary ammonium herbicide, and the second most widely used herbic... | [1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9] |
Parkinson's disease | Non-Motor Symptoms | 62,094,617 | 2006-07-04T22:55:01Z | Fuji San | null | Mood disturbances:
*[[clinical depression|depression]]: occurs in about 40-80% of cases; 20% of depression cases are major depressive disorder; severity and persistence of depression is positively associated with executive dysfunction and dementia;
*[[anxiety]] or [[panic attacks]]<br>Note: 70% of individuals with Park... | [1, 4, 9, 10, 7] |
Parkinson's disease | Toxins | 62,199,466 | 2006-07-05T15:47:49Z | Netsnipe | A number of toxins are known to cause Parkinson's Disease, either alone, in conjunction with other factors, or as an initiating rather than a perpetuating cause. These account for a small minority of cases of Parkinson's Disease.
'''Paraquat''' is a quaternary ammonium herbicide, and the second most widely used herbic... | '''Paraquat''' is a quaternary ammonium herbicide. Other members of this class include diquat, cyperquat, diethamquat, difenzoquat and morfamquat. Pesticides are known to be associated with an increased rate of Parkinson's Disease. Paraquat structurally resembles MPTP and its metabolite MPP+. MPTP and MPP+ are neurotox... | [2, 1, 3, 9, 6] |
Asperger syndrome | Emotional peculiarities | 62,286,468 | 2006-07-06T01:00:54Z | Natche24 | A person with Asperger syndrome may have trouble understanding the [[emotions]] of other people, and the subtle messages that are sent by facial expression, eye contact and body language are often missed. They also might have trouble showing [[empathy]] with other people. Because of this, a person with Asperger syndrom... | A person with Asperger syndrome may have trouble understanding the [[emotions]] of other people, and the subtle messages that are sent by facial expression, eye contact and body language are often missed. They also might have trouble showing [[empathy]] with other people. Because of this, a person with Asperger syndrom... | [11] |
Parkinson's disease | Related diseases | 62,348,275 | 2006-07-06T10:43:47Z | Chris 73 | null | There are other disorders that are called '''[[Parkinson plus syndrome|Parkinson-Plus diseases]]'''. These include:
* [[Multiple System Atrophy]] (MSA)
** [[Shy-Drager Syndrome]] (SDS)
** Striatonigral degeneration (SND)
** Olivopontocerebellar atrophy (OPCA)
* Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP)
* Corticobasal degen... | [1, 4, 9] |
Parkinson's disease | Prognosis | 62,549,889 | 2006-07-07T13:15:46Z | Andrew73 | Most older studies have noted increased mortality in patients with Parkinson disease (PD). However, the 2005 Rotterdam Study, which [[Prospective study|prospectively]] followed a large [[cohort]] of participants, noted only a modest decrease in survival in patients without dementia.<ref>{{cite journal
|author=Lonnek... | PD is not by itself a fatal disease, but it does get worse with time. The average life expectancy of a PD patient is generally the same as for people who do not have the disease{{fact}}. However, in the late stages of the disease, PD may cause complications such as choking, pneumonia, and falls that can lead to death. ... | [1, 2, 4, 5, 8, 9, 10] |
Parkinson's disease | Prognosis | 62,550,807 | 2006-07-07T13:22:49Z | Andrew73 | Most older studies have noted increased mortality in patients with Parkinson disease (PD). However, the 2005 Rotterdam Study, which [[Prospective study|prospectively]] followed a large [[cohort]] of participants, noted only a modest decrease in survival in patients without dementia.<ref>{{cite journal
|author=Lonnek... | PD is not by itself a fatal disease, but it does get worse with time. The average life expectancy of a PD patient is generally the same as for people who do not have the disease{{fact}}. However, in the late stages of the disease, PD may cause complications such as choking, pneumonia, and falls that can lead to death. ... | [1, 2, 8, 9, 10, 4] |
Parkinson's disease | Non-Motor Symptoms | 62,550,981 | 2006-07-07T13:24:12Z | Floriana | null | Mood disturbances:
*[[clinical depression|depression]]: occurs in about 40-80% of cases; 20% of depression cases are major depressive disorder; severity and persistence of depression is positively associated with executive dysfunction and dementia;
*[[anxiety]] or [[panic attacks]]<br>Note: 70% of individuals with Park... | [1, 4, 7, 9, 10] |
Parkinson's disease | Prognosis | 62,551,227 | 2006-07-07T13:26:19Z | Floriana | PD is not by itself a fatal disease, but it does get worse with time. The average life expectancy of a PD patient is generally the same as for people who do not have the disease{{fact}}. However, in the late stages of the disease, PD may cause complications such as choking, pneumonia, and falls that can lead to death. ... | Most older studies have noted increased mortality in patients with Parkinson disease (PD). However, the 2005 Rotterdam Study, which [[Prospective study|prospectively]] followed a large [[cohort]] of participants, noted only a modest decrease in survival in patients without dementia.<ref>{{cite journal
|author=Lonnek... | [1, 2, 4, 7, 9, 10] |
Circadian rhythm | Notes | 62,586,683 | 2006-07-07T17:27:30Z | Dmitri Lytov | <references/>
[[Category:Sleep]]
[[de:Circadiane Rhythmik]]
[[es:Reloj circadiano]]
[[fr:Nycthémère]]
[[he:שעון ביולוגי]]
[[nl:Biologische klok]]
[[ru:Циркадный ритм]] | <references/>
[[Category:Sleep]]
[[de:Circadiane Rhythmik]]
[[es:Reloj circadiano]]
[[fr:Nycthémère]]
[[he:שעון ביולוגי]]
[[nl:Biologische klok]]
[[ru:Циркадный ритм]]
[[sr:Биолошки часовник]] | [11] |
Circadian rhythm | Literature | 63,682,218 | 2006-07-13T22:39:14Z | Wikirefine | Takahashi JS, Zatz M (1982) Regulation of circadian rhythmicity. Science 217:1104–1111
Ditty JL, Williams SB, Golden SS (2003) A cyanobacterial circadian timing mechanism. Annu Rev Genet 37:513-543
Dvornyk V, Vinogradova ON, Nevo E (2003) Origin and evolution of circadian clock genes in prokaryotes. Proc Natl Acad Sc... | Aschoff J (ed.) (1965) <i>Circadian Clocks</i>. North Holland Press, Amsterdam
Ditty JL, Williams SB, Golden SS (2003) A cyanobacterial circadian timing mechanism. <i>Annu Rev Genet</i> 37:513-543
Dunlap JC, Loros J, DeCoursey PJ (2004) <i>Chronobiology: Biological Timekeeping</i>. Sinauer, Sunderland
Dvornyk V, Vin... | [1, 7] |
Circadian rhythm | (Top) | 63,688,767 | 2006-07-13T23:24:53Z | Wikirefine | {{citations missing}}
A '''circadian rhythm''' is a roughly-24-hour cycle in the physiological processes of [[plant]]s, [[animal]]s, [[fungi]] and [[cyanobacteria]]. (The term "circadian" comes from the [[Latin]] ''circa'', "around", and ''diem'', "day", meaning literally "about a day.") It was initially discovered in... | A '''circadian rhythm''' is a roughly-24-hour cycle in the physiological processes of living beings, including [[plant]]s, [[animal]]s, [[fungi]] and [[cyanobacteria]]. It was noticed in the movement of plant leaves in the 1700s by the French scientist [[Jean-Jacques d'Ortous de Mairan]]. The term "circadian" comes fro... | [2, 3, 4] |
Asperger syndrome | Definitions and diagnostic criteria | 63,736,356 | 2006-07-14T05:35:40Z | 58.186.80.121 | Asperger syndrome is defined in section 299.80 of the ''[[Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders]]'' (DSM-IV) by six main criteria. These criteria generally define Asperger syndrome as a condition not accounted for by another specific [[pervasive developmental disorder]] or [[schizophrenia]] in which the... | Asperger syndrome is defined in section 299.80 of the [[Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders]] (DSM-IV) (See the [[DSM cautionary statement]].) as:
#Qualitative impairment in social interaction, as manifested by at least two of the following:
##Marked impairments in the use of multiple nonverbal behavi... | [1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 9] |
Asperger syndrome | External links | 63,842,750 | 2006-07-14T20:23:31Z | Dubhagan | :* [http://www.autismasperger.net Stephen Shore's website offering his insight into life with Asperger syndrome]
:* [http://www.mental-health-matters.com/articles/article.php?artID=868 Asperger's Syndrome in Adults] - From ''Mental Health Matters''
:* [http://www.WrongPlanet.net WrongPlanet -Asperger's Syndrome Suppor... | :* [http://www.autismasperger.net Stephen Shore's website offering his insight into life with Asperger syndrome]
:* [http://www.mental-health-matters.com/articles/article.php?artID=868 Asperger's Syndrome in Adults] - From ''Mental Health Matters''
:* [http://isnt.autistics.org/ Institute for the Study of the Neurolog... | [11] |
Prion | Dissent | 63,853,254 | 2006-07-14T21:32:32Z | 216.234.170.85 | A fragment of society, figuratively referred to as Flat Earthers, exists to oppose any impingement on the establishment. Dissent here comes from autoclaving the remains of diseased animals, leaving ash and no protein nor nucleic acid, which is then fed back to the animals which might exhibit the disease. This leaves no... | Flat Earthers on this topic support the original view that protein does not reproduce on its own, nor does it warp other instances of itself. Evidence here comes from autoclaving the remains of diseased animals, leaving ash and no protein nor nucleic acid, which is then fed back to the animals which exhibit the disease... | [1, 3, 6] |
Circadian rhythm | (Top) | 63,988,471 | 2006-07-15T18:27:41Z | Mottzo | A '''circadian rhythm''' is a roughly-24-hour cycle in the physiological processes of living beings, including [[plant]]s, [[animal]]s, [[fungi]] and [[cyanobacteria]]. It was noticed in the movement of plant leaves in the 1700s by the French scientist [[Jean-Jacques d'Ortous de Mairan]]. The term "circadian" comes fro... | A '''circadian rhythm''' is a roughly-24-hour cycle in the physiological processes of living beings, including [[plant]]s, [[animal]]s, [[fungi]] and [[cyanobacteria]]. The term "circadian" comes from the [[Latin]] ''circa'', "around", and ''dies'', "day", meaning literally "about a day." The formal study of biological... | [1, 3, 4] |
Circadian rhythm | (Top) | 63,989,420 | 2006-07-15T18:33:46Z | Jclerman | A '''circadian rhythm''' is a roughly-24-hour cycle in the physiological processes of living beings, including [[plant]]s, [[animal]]s, [[fungi]] and [[cyanobacteria]]. The term "circadian" comes from the [[Latin]] ''circa'', "around", and ''dies'', "day", meaning literally "about a day." The formal study of biological... | A '''circadian rhythm''' is a roughly-24-hour cycle in the physiological processes of living beings, including [[plant]]s, [[animal]]s, [[fungi]] and [[cyanobacteria]]. The term "circadian" comes from the [[Latin]] ''circa'', "around", and ''dies'', "day", meaning literally "about a day." The formal study of biological... | [11] |
Asperger syndrome | Research into causes | 64,584,151 | 2006-07-19T02:12:48Z | Keyne | {{see|Causes of autism}}
<!-- Causes have not been adequately discussed in this article. No mention of information that is known based on twin studies, etc., and all possible causes are given equal weight, even though some of these may only be environmental contributing factors. No mention of genetic/environmental inte... | {{see|Causes of autism}}
<!-- Causes have not been adequately discussed in this article. No mention of information that is known based on twin studies, etc., and all possible causes are given equal weight, even though some of these may only be environmental contributing factors. No mention of genetic/environmental inte... | [2] |
Circadian rhythm | (Top) | 64,933,287 | 2006-07-20T22:30:09Z | 132.199.237.130 | A '''circadian rhythm''' is a roughly-24-hour cycle in the physiological processes of living beings, including [[plant]]s, [[animal]]s, [[fungi]] and [[cyanobacteria]]. The term "circadian" comes from the [[Latin]] ''circa'', "around", and ''dies'', "day", meaning literally "about a day." The formal study of biological... | A '''circadian rhythm''' is a roughly-24-hour cycle in the physiological processes of living beings, including [[plant]]s, [[animal]]s, [[fungi]] and [[cyanobacteria]]. The term "circadian" comes from the [[Latin]] ''circa'', "around", and ''dies'', "day", meaning literally "about a day." The formal study of biological... | [3] |
Methadone | External Links | 65,526,580 | 2006-07-24T10:12:51Z | 24.27.117.18 | * [http://www.whitehousedrugpolicy.gov/publications/factsht/methadone/index.html ONDCP Fact Sheet]
* [http://www.aatod.org/qa_regarding.html#seven American Association for the Treatment of Opioid Dependence - Q&A ]
* [http://www.atforum.com Addiction Treatment Forum]
* [http://dpt.samhsa.gov/choosestate.asp Clinic Loca... | * [http://www.whitehousedrugpolicy.gov/publications/factsht/methadone/index.html ONDCP Fact Sheet]
* [http://www.aatod.org/qa_regarding.html#seven American Association for the Treatment of Opioid Dependence - Q&A ]
* [http://www.atforum.com Addiction Treatment Forum]
* [http://dpt.samhsa.gov/choosestate.asp Clinic Loca... | [11] |
Methadone | External links | 65,762,540 | 2006-07-25T14:31:00Z | 24.27.117.18 | * [http://www.whitehousedrugpolicy.gov/publications/factsht/methadone/index.html ONDCP Fact Sheet]
* [http://www.atforum.com Addiction Treatment Forum]
* [http://www.methadone.org National Alliance of Methadone Advocates (NAMA)]
* [http://www.MethadoneAnonymous.info Methadone Anonymous - Support & Awareness Group]
{{An... | * [http://www.whitehousedrugpolicy.gov/publications/factsht/methadone/index.html ONDCP Fact Sheet]
* [http://www.atforum.com Addiction Treatment Forum]
* [http://www.methadone.org National Alliance of Methadone Advocates (NAMA)]
* [http://www.MethadoneAnonymous.info Methadone Anonymous - Support & Awareness Group]
* [h... | [11] |
Methadone | External links | 65,762,666 | 2006-07-25T14:31:48Z | 24.27.117.18 | * [http://www.whitehousedrugpolicy.gov/publications/factsht/methadone/index.html ONDCP Fact Sheet]
* [http://www.atforum.com Addiction Treatment Forum]
* [http://www.methadone.org National Alliance of Methadone Advocates (NAMA)]
* [http://www.MethadoneAnonymous.info Methadone Anonymous - Support & Awareness Group]
* [h... | * [http://www.whitehousedrugpolicy.gov/publications/factsht/methadone/index.html ONDCP Fact Sheet]
* [http://www.atforum.com Addiction Treatment Forum]
* [http://www.methadone.org National Alliance of Methadone Advocates (NAMA)]
* [http://www.MethadoneAnonymous.info Methadone Anonymous - Support & Awareness Group]
* [h... | [11] |
Circadian rhythm | External links | 65,918,181 | 2006-07-26T07:27:36Z | Tmopkisn | *[http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/museum/exhibit00/02_1.html Biological Clocks] A description of circadian rhythms in plants by de Mairan, Linnaeus, and Darwin
*[http://www.biologynews.net/archives/2006/01/18/darkness_unveils_vital_metabolic_fuel_switch_between_sugar_and_fat.html Texas study on darkness' influence o... | *[http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/museum/exhibit00/02_1.html Biological Clocks] A description of circadian rhythms in plants by de Mairan, Linnaeus, and Darwin
*[http://www.biologynews.net/archives/2006/01/18/darkness_unveils_vital_metabolic_fuel_switch_between_sugar_and_fat.html Texas study on darkness' influence o... | [11] |
Circadian rhythm | Light and the biological clock | 65,925,341 | 2006-07-26T08:44:09Z | 84.202.86.139 | The ability of light to reset the biological clock depends on the [[phase response curve]] (to light). Depending on the phase of sleep, the light can advance or delay the circadian rhythm. The required [[illuminance]] varies from species to species, much lower light levels being required to reset the clocks in nocturna... | The ability of light to reset the biological clock depends on the [[phase response curve]] (to light). Depending on the phase of sleep, the light can advance or delay the circadian rhythm. The required [[illuminance]] varies from species to species, much lower light levels being required to reset the clocks in nocturna... | [1, 3, 10] |
Asperger syndrome | Comorbidities | 67,334,259 | 2006-08-02T23:03:59Z | 68.112.148.184 | {{main|Conditions comorbid to autism spectrum disorders}}
Most patients presenting in clinical settings with AS have other comorbid psychiatric disorders.<ref name=Ghaz>Ghaziuddin M, Weidmer-Mikhail E, Ghaziuddin N. "Comorbidity of Asperger syndrome: a preliminary report." ''J Intellect Disabil Res'' 42 ( Pt 4):279-83... | {{main|Conditions comorbid to autism spectrum disorders}}
Most patients presenting in clinical settings with AS have other comorbid psychiatric disorders.<ref name=Ghaz>Ghaziuddin M, Weidmer-Mikhail E, Ghaziuddin N. "Comorbidity of Asperger syndrome: a preliminary report." ''J Intellect Disabil Res'' 42 ( Pt 4):279-83... | [1, 4, 10] |
Parkinson's disease | Toxins | 67,629,132 | 2006-08-04T13:07:34Z | Musical Linguist | There are a number of toxins that may cause Parkinson's disease or cause symptoms mimicking Parkinson's disease. These include : Paraquat (herbicide), Rotenone (pesticide), Maneb (fungicide), Manganese, MPTP (drug by product), Toluene (solvent), N-hexane (solvent), Carbon disulfide (usually in solvents or pesticides), ... | The following is a list of toxins that may cause Parkinson's disease or cause symptoms mimicking Parkinson's disease:
'''Paraquat''' is a quaternary ammonium herbicide. Other members of this class include diquat, cyperquat, diethamquat, difenzoquat and morfamquat. Pesticides are known to be associated with an increase... | [1, 4, 7, 9] |
Parkinson's disease | Toxins | 68,155,850 | 2006-08-07T08:21:28Z | Rok Bura | The toxins most strongly suspected at present are certain [[pesticide]]s and industrial metals [http://viartis.net/parkinsons.disease/toxic.causes.htm]. [[MPTP]] is used as a model for Parkinson's as it can rapidly induce parkinsonian symptoms in human beings and other animals, of any age. MPTP was notorious for a st... | There are a number of toxins that may cause Parkinson's disease or cause symptoms mimicking Parkinson's disease. These include : Paraquat (herbicide), Rotenone (pesticide), Maneb (fungicide), Manganese, MPTP (drug by product), Toluene (solvent), N-hexane (solvent), Carbon disulfide (usually in solvents or pesticides), ... | [1, 2, 8] |
Parkinson's disease | Toxins | 68,456,256 | 2006-08-08T19:21:04Z | 7001 | One theory holds that the disease may result in many or even most cases from the combination of a genetically determined vulnerability to environmental [[toxin]]s along with exposure to those toxins.<ref>{{cite journal
|author=DA Di Monte, M Lavasani, AB Manning-Bog
|title=Environmental factors in Parkinson's disea... | There are a number of toxins that may cause Parkinson's disease or cause symptoms mimicking Parkinson's disease. These include : Paraquat (herbicide), Rotenone (pesticide), Maneb (fungicide), Manganese, MPTP (drug by product), Toluene (solvent), N-hexane (solvent), Carbon disulfide (usually in solvents or pesticides), ... | [1, 2, 4, 8] |
Parkinson's disease | Toxins | 68,575,409 | 2006-08-09T09:21:10Z | 7013 | One theory holds that the disease may result in many or even most cases from the combination of a genetically determined vulnerability to environmental [[toxin]]s along with exposure to those toxins.<ref>{{cite journal
|author=DA Di Monte, M Lavasani, AB Manning-Bog
|title=Environmental factors in Parkinson's disea... | There are a number of toxins that may cause Parkinson's disease or cause symptoms mimicking Parkinson's disease. These include : Paraquat (herbicide), Rotenone (pesticide), Maneb (fungicide), Manganese, MPTP (drug by product), Toluene (solvent), N-hexane (solvent), Carbon disulfide (usually in solvents or pesticides), ... | [1, 2, 4, 8] |
Hypnosis | Richard Bandler | 68,670,005 | 2006-08-09T19:22:42Z | 86.111.161.228 | null | Co-founder of Neuro-Linguistic-Programming, Richard Bandler is the worlds best and renowned hypnotist after training with Milton Erikkson (of which their was notable dislike between them). Richard Bandler is most famed for his work at removing phobias within 2 minutes and the handshake interupt, a trance induction whic... | [1, 5, 10] |
Parkinson's disease | Toxins | 68,798,581 | 2006-08-10T11:29:21Z | Blah Blah Blah | One theory holds that the disease may result in many or even most cases from the combination of a genetically determined vulnerability to environmental [[toxin]]s along with exposure to those toxins.<ref>{{cite journal
|author=DA Di Monte, M Lavasani, AB Manning-Bog
|title=Environmental factors in Parkinson's disea... | There are a number of toxins that may cause Parkinson's disease or cause symptoms mimicking Parkinson's disease. These include : Paraquat (herbicide), Rotenone (pesticide), Maneb (fungicide), Manganese, MPTP (drug by product), Toluene (solvent), N-hexane (solvent), Carbon disulfide (usually in solvents or pesticides), ... | [1, 2, 4, 8] |
Parkinson's disease | Prognosis | 68,873,010 | 2006-08-10T19:29:59Z | Fred Bauder | in the late stages of the disease, PD may cause complications such as choking, pneumonia, and falls that can lead to death.
The progression of symptoms in PD may take 20 years or more. In some people, however, the disease progresses more quickly. There is no way to predict what course the disease will take for an ... | PD is not by itself a fatal disease, but it does get worse with time. The average life expectancy of a PD patient is generally the same as for people who do not have the disease{{fact}}. However, in the late stages of the disease, PD may cause complications such as choking, pneumonia, and falls that can lead to death. ... | [1] |
Circadian rhythm | See also | 68,970,194 | 2006-08-11T06:12:10Z | Clayoquot | *[[Human factors]]
*[[Human reliability]]
*[[Actigraphy]]
*[[Circadian rhythm sleep disorders]] | *[[Chronobiology]]
*[[Human factors]]
*[[Human reliability]]
*[[Actigraphy]]
*[[Circadian rhythm sleep disorders]] | [9] |
Stem cell | Key events in stem cell research | 69,075,106 | 2006-08-11T19:45:46Z | ThomWatson | * '''1960s''' - [[Joseph Altman]] and Gopal Das present evidence of adult [[neurogenesis]], ongoing stem cell activity in the brain; their reports contradict [[Santiago Ramón y Cajal|Cajal]]'s "no new neurons" dogma and are largely ignored
* '''1963''' - [[Ernest McCulloch|McCulloch]] and [[James Till|Till]] illustrate... | * '''1960s''' - [[Joseph Altman]] and Gopal Das present evidence of adult [[neurogenesis]], ongoing stem cell activity in the brain; their reports contradict [[Santiago Ramón y Cajal|Cajal]]'s "no new neurons" dogma and are largely ignored
* '''1963''' - [[Ernest McCulloch|McCulloch]] and [[James Till|Till]] illustrate... | [1, 4, 5, 9, 10] |
DNA sequencing | Chemical sequencing | 69,338,247 | 2006-08-13T05:16:37Z | George Church | null | In 1976-7, Allan Maxam and [[Walter Gilbert]] developed a method of DNA sequencing based on chemical modification of DNA followed by its subsequent cleavage [http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=265521].
This method supplemented earlier RNA sequencing approaches and was initially pop... | [1, 4, 5, 9] |
Alzheimer's disease | Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors | 70,551,496 | 2006-08-19T07:15:40Z | Ipeltan | [[Acetylcholinesterase]] (AChE) inhibition was thought to be important because there is a reduction in activity of the [[cholinergic]] neurons. AChE-inhibitors reduce the rate at which acetylcholine (ACh) is broken down and hence increase the concentration of ACh in the brain (combatting the loss of ACh caused by the d... | [[Acetylcholinesterase]] (AChE) inhibition was thought to be important because there is a reduction in activity of the [[cholinergic]] neurons. AChE-inhibitors reduce the rate at which acetylcholine (ACh) is broken down and hence increase the concentration of ACh in the brain (combatting the loss of ACh caused by the d... | [1, 9] |
Circadian rhythm | External links | 71,014,452 | 2006-08-21T19:08:26Z | 160.94.59.2 | *[http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/museum/exhibit00/02_1.html Biological Clocks] A description of circadian rhythms in plants by de Mairan, Linnaeus, and Darwin
*[http://www.biologynews.net/archives/2006/01/18/darkness_unveils_vital_metabolic_fuel_switch_between_sugar_and_fat.html Texas study on darkness' influence o... | *[http://www.msi.umn.edu/~halberg Halberg Chronobiology Laboratory] [[Franz Halberg]] coined the word ''circadian''.
*[http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/museum/exhibit00/02_1.html Biological Clocks] A description of circadian rhythms in plants by de Mairan, Linnaeus, and Darwin
*[http://www.biologynews.net/archives/20... | [1, 5, 9] |
Circadian rhythm | (Top) | 71,014,675 | 2006-08-21T19:09:35Z | 160.94.59.2 | A '''circadian rhythm''' is a roughly-24-hour cycle in the physiological processes of living beings, including [[plant]]s, [[animal]]s, [[fungi]] and [[cyanobacteria]]. The term "circadian" comes from the [[Latin]] ''circa'', "around", and ''dies'', "day", meaning literally "about a day." The formal study of biological... | A '''circadian rhythm''' is a roughly-24-hour cycle in the physiological processes of living beings, including [[plant]]s, [[animal]]s, [[fungi]] and [[cyanobacteria]]. The term "circadian", coined by [[Franz Halberg]], comes from the [[Latin]] ''circa'', "around", and ''dies'', "day", meaning literally "about a day." ... | [1, 5, 9] |
Circadian rhythm | External links | 71,014,939 | 2006-08-21T19:11:00Z | 160.94.59.2 | *[http://www.msi.umn.edu/~halberg Halberg Chronobiology Center] [[Franz Halberg]] coined the word ''circadian''.
*[http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/museum/exhibit00/02_1.html Biological Clocks] A description of circadian rhythms in plants by de Mairan, Linnaeus, and Darwin
*[http://www.biologynews.net/archives/2006/0... | *[http://www.msi.umn.edu/~halberg Halberg Chronobiology Center] [[Franz Halberg]] coined the word ''circadian''.
*[http://www.circadian.org www.circadian.org]
*[http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/museum/exhibit00/02_1.html Biological Clocks] A description of circadian rhythms in plants by de Mairan, Linnaeus, and Darwi... | [11] |
Genetically modified food | Safety assurance and benefits | 71,331,502 | 2006-08-23T06:35:09Z | 128.250.240.48 | By 2006, well over 100 scientific publications had reported on the nutritional value of animals feeds (and food) derived from genetically modified crops as compared to their conventional counterparts. These studies also followed the fates of DNA and novel proteins after ingestion by animals, and more recently, provided... | By 2006, well over 100 scientific publications had reported on the nutritional value of animals feeds (and food) derived from genetically modified crops as compared to their conventional counterparts. These studies also followed the fates of DNA and novel proteins after ingestion by animals, and more recently, provided... | [2, 3] |
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