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0.03792... | the organization, for instance, then acts resulting from such loyalty might not meet the conditions of
deontology. Either the supervisor or the company would be treated as a means rather than an end. Although
the qualitative or humanizing element of Kantian ethics has broad appeal, it runs into limitations in an actu... | {"source": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "file_hash": "3a73f4b5941a07b86a468268f1eaa39476455580d8134b779b9aec0361af6401", "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "title": "Business Ethics", "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\legal_busi... |
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there were any technical problems. Then, when it became obvious the exploding phones posed a safety
and health threat (they were banned from airplanes), Samsung accused its suppliers of creating the
problem. In re... | {"file_type": ".pdf", "creationdate": "2018-09-21T10:38:43-05:00", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "file_hash": "3a73f4b5941a07b86a468268f1eaa39476455580d8134b779b9aec0361af6401", "title": "Business Ethics", "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:47:19-05:00", "total_pages": 377, "upload... |
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much more quickly, perhaps it still acted in accordance with the categorical imperative. What do you
think?
Critical Thinking
• How might the categorical imperative become a part of organizational culture? Could it e... | {"creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "creationdate": "2018-09-21T10:38:43-05:00", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:47:19-05:00", "file_hash": "3a73f4b5941a07b86a468268f1eaa39476455580d8134b779b9aec0361af640... |
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1970s in the West about how to maximize wealth for everyone. He sought not to maximize wealth, which was a
utilitarian goal, but to establish justice as the criterion by which goods and services were distributed am... | {"source": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "file_name": "BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "batch_upload": true, "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "file_hash": "3a73f4b5941a07b86a468268f1eaa39476455580d8134b779b9aec0361af6401", "uploaded_via":... |
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This OpenStax book is available for free at http://cnx.org/content/col25722/1.3
Chapter 2 Ethics from Antiquity to the Present
55
Justice Theory
Rawls developed a theory of justice based on the Enlightenment ideas of thinkers like John Locke (1632–1704)
and Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712... | {"batch_upload": true, "source": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "file_hash": "3a73f4b5941a07b86a468268f1eaa39476455580d8134b779b9aec0361af6401", "file_type": ".pdf", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\legal_... |
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their very lives and property will be secured. Rousseau rejected that view, as did Rawls, who expanded social
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are to be distributed in accordance with the principles of justice as fairness. This agreement was intended to
reflect not present reality but a desired state of affairs among people in the community. The veil ... | {"file_type": ".pdf", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "file_size_mb": 44.59, "total_pages": 377, "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:47:19-05:00", "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "batch_upload": true, "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "upload_timestamp": "2026... |
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male, female, rich, poor, tall, short, intelligent, a minority, Roman Catholic, disabled, a veteran, and so on.
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includes basic freedoms such as assembly and speech. Students at a disadvantage (e.g., those burdened with
loans, jobs, or other financial constraints) are accommodated as well as possible. The contract ... | {"total_pages": 377, "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T14:15:02.747000", "creationdate": "2018-09-21T10:38:43-05:00", "file_hash": "3a73f4b5941a07b86a468268f1eaa39476455580d8134b779b9aec0361af6401", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "file_type":... |
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What is important is an independent standard to determine what is just and a procedure for implementing
it.64
56
Chapter 2 Ethics from Antiquity to the Present
The Problem of Redistribution
Part of Rawl... | {"moddate": "2020-08-05T15:47:19-05:00", "title": "Business Ethics", "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "file_hash": "3a73f4b5941a07b86a468268f1eaa39476455580d8134b779b9aec0361af6401", "file_size_mb": 44.59, "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "batch_upload": true, "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", ... |
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the starving person without taking into account whether the baker had greater debts, a sick spouse requiring
medical treatment, or a child with educational loans; in other words, the context of the sit... | {"total_pages": 377, "batch_upload": true, "file_name": "BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "creationdate": "2018-09-21T10:38:43-05:00", "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "source": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "file_size_mb": 44.59, "moddate... |
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would be agreed upon by people in the community to avoid any fairness issues. But questions remain. For
one, Rawls’s justice, like the iconic depiction, is blind and cannot see the circumstances in which goods an... | {"file_type": ".pdf", "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "creationdate": "2018-09-21T10:38:43-05:00", "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "file_name": "BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "batch_upload": true, "title": "Business Ethics", "file_hash": "3a73f4b5941a07b86a468268f1eaa39476455580d8134b779b9aec0361af... |
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critic of Rawls in this regard was his colleague at Harvard University, Robert Nozick (1938–2002), who wrote A
Theory of Entitlement (1974) as a direct rebuttal of Rawlsian justice theory.66 Nozick argued that... | {"producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "file_name": "BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "title": "Business Ethics", "file_hash": "3a73f4b5941a07b86a468268f1eaa39476455580d8134b779b9aec0361af6401", "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:47:19-05:00", "creationdate": "2018-09-21T10:38:43-05:00", "total_pages": 377, "source": "downloads\\... |
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applied in a variety of ways and in multiple disciplines, because it can be adapted to just about any value-laden
content. Of course, this raises the question of content versus method in ethics, especially b... | {"title": "Business Ethics", "file_size_mb": 44.59, "total_pages": 377, "source_file": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "file_hash": "3a73f4b5941a07b86a468268f1eaa39476455580d8134b779b9aec0361af6401", "file_name": "BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T14:15:02.747000", "m... |
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L I N K T O L E A R N I N G
The “veil of ignorance” is a central concept in Rawls’s justice theory. What is it? What does it attempt to
accomplish? Watch this video on how “ignorance can improve decision-m... | {"title": "Business Ethics", "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:47:19-05:00", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T14:15:02.747000", "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "file_size_mb": 44.59, "batch_upload": true, "source_file": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf",... |
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is considered fair depends on a variety of factors, including underlying values and individual characteristics
like personality. For instance, not everyone agrees on whether or how diversity ought to be achie... | {"producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T14:15:02.747000", "creationdate": "2018-09-21T10:38:43-05:00", "batch_upload": true, "source": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "total_pages": 377, "file_hash": "3a73f4b5941a07b86a468268f1eaa39476455580d8134b779b9... |
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Kant’s categorical imperative makes it an effective way of dealing with stakeholders and organizational
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Justice theory may also provide a seamless way of engaging in corporate social responsibility outward... | {"title": "Business Ethics", "file_size_mb": 44.59, "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "total_pages": 377, "file_type": ".pdf", "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "file_name": "BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "file_hash": "3a73f4b5941a07b86a468268f1eaa39476455580d8134b779b9aec0361af6401", "upload_timestamp": "2026-02... |
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so that senior citizens are provided for? Remember that you most likely will join them and experience the
effects of what you decide now. You are living behind not a spatial veil of ignorance but a temporal one.
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whereby you can, at the same time, will that it should become a universal law”; to act on the basis of good
will rather than purely self-interested motives and never treat others as means toward an end without
consideration of them as ends i... | {"creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T14:15:02.747000", "source": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "file_size_mb": 44.59, "creationdate": "2018-09-21T10:38:43-05:00", "tot... |
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the idea that the only purpose for which the power of the state can rightly be used is to
prevent harm to others
junzi
a person who is gracious, magnanimous, and cultured; a flourishing human being
justice as fairness
Rawls’s summary of the essence of his theory of justice
justice theory
the idea... | {"file_hash": "3a73f4b5941a07b86a468268f1eaa39476455580d8134b779b9aec0361af6401", "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "total_pages": 377, "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "source": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "creationdate": "2018-09-21T10:38:43-05:00", "file_size_mb": 44.59,... |
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justice as fairness
phrónēsis
prudence or practical wisdom; the intellectual virtue Aristotle considered most important
quan
expediency; a practical consideration of the relative rightness of options when consideri... | {"total_pages": 377, "title": "Business Ethics", "source": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:47:19-05:00", "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "creationdate": "2018-09-21T10:38:43-05:00", "file_name": "BusinessE... |
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in Rawls’s theory, a condition in which people arrive at the original position imagining they
have no identity regarding age, sex, ethnicity, education, income, physical attractiveness, or other
characteristics; in this way, they reduce their bias and self-interest
virtue ethics
an ethical system... | {"file_hash": "3a73f4b5941a07b86a468268f1eaa39476455580d8134b779b9aec0361af6401", "file_name": "BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "creationdate": "2018-09-21T10:38:43-05:00", "source": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "title": "Business Ethics", "file_size_mb": 44.59... |
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-0.02... | Aristotle identified two types of virtues: intellectual and moral. Intellectual virtues were acquired through
learning and served as guides to behavior by helping the individual discover truth. Moral virtues were acquired
through habit and built character by helping someone pursue what is beneficial and avoid what is... | {"moddate": "2020-08-05T15:47:19-05:00", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T14:15:02.747000", "file_type": ".pdf", "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "batch_upload": true, "source": "downloads\\busines... |
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-0.... | 2.2 Ethical Advice for Nobles and Civil Servants in Ancient China
Confucius (551–479 BCE) attempted to revise ancient Chinese traditions and mores to counter the social chaos
of his times. His system of virtue ethics emphasized relationships and, when followed faithfully, led to the dao
of humanity, that is, true ha... | {"producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "title": "Business Ethics", "source": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "file_type": ".pdf", "total_pages": 377, "file_hash": "3a73f4b5941a07b86a468268f1eaa3947645558... |
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-0.01... | in this way, justice allows for wealth creation, investment, and strategic planning as long as everyone fulfills his
or her role and acts in accordance with the basic pattern of relationships Confucius identified.
2.3 Comparing the Virtue Ethics of East and West
Aristotle and Confucius each constructed an ethical sy... | {"source_file": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "batch_upload": true, "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "file_type": ".pdf", "total_pages": 377, "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T14:15:02.747000", "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "cre... |
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professional life. Reason prevailed throughout, as in the cultivation of a more just and humane person.
In a business context, reason and control bear directly on management, leadership, and corporate culture.
... | {"creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "file_name": "BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "file_size_mb": 44.59, "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T14:15:02.747000", "title": "Business Ethics", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "moddate": "2020-08-05T... |
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0.0178163... | detrimental. He called this method utilitarianism, because its basic unit, the “util,” acted like a monetary unit.
Bentham’s protégé, John Stuart Mill, refined this system to include human rights. His “harm principle” is an
outstanding element in his version of utilitarianism.
Utilitarianism in business can lead to ... | {"file_hash": "3a73f4b5941a07b86a468268f1eaa39476455580d8134b779b9aec0361af6401", "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T14:15:02.747000", "source": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "batch_upload": true, "file_size_mb": 44.59, "creator": "DocBook XSL St... |
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2.5 Deontology: Ethics as Duty
Rejecting dogmatic thinking of all kinds, Kant believed people were not the sum total of reactions to stimuli
but complex beings with innate structures of understanding and inborn moral sensitivity. In his view, everyone
had a duty to obey a categorical imperative to do the just an... | {"uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "title": "Business Ethics", "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "file_name": "BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "file_size_mb": 44.59, "file_type": ".pdf", "total_... |
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evolving commercial organizations take.
2.6 A Theory of Justice
Rawls developed a theory of justice based on social contract theory, holding that the natural state of human
beings is freedom, not subjugation to... | {"producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "file_size_mb": 44.59, "file_name": "BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "file_type": ".pdf", "batch_upload": true, "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T14:15:02.747000", "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "source": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "f... |
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1. Which of the following is not an intellectual virtue according to Aristotle?
A.
B.
the basic order of life
knowledge
C. wisdom
D. prudence
2. Deliberative prudence does all the following except ________.
A. align ends and means
B. encourage prodigality
C. avoid conflict
D. prevent ra... | {"file_type": ".pdf", "title": "Business Ethics", "source": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "total_pages": 377, "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "batch_upload": true, "file_size_mb": 44.59, "file_name": "BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "file_hash": "3a73f4b5941a07b86a468268f1eaa3947645... |
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A. are similar to Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics
B.
C.
D.
represent an oral tradition
reflect Buddhist ideals
codify a system of virtue ethics
8. True or false? Confucian virtue ethics is similar to the Aristotelian version in that both are very practical.
9. True or fals... | {"file_type": ".pdf", "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "total_pages": 377, "batch_upload": true, "file_hash": "3a73f4b5941a07b86a468268f1eaa39476455580d8134b779b9aec0361af6401", "creationdate": "2018-09-21T10:38:43-05:00", "source": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "moddate": "... |
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14. True or false? Individualism was the greatest value in Confucian ethics.
15. Utilitarianism is a system that ________.
A.
considers historical conditions
B. approaches Aristotelian deliberation
C. builds on natural law theory
D. attempts to quantify the good
16. In On Liberty, John Stuart Mill... | {"file_type": ".pdf", "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "file_hash": "3a73f4b5941a07b86a468268f1eaa39476455580d8134b779b9aec0361af6401", "source": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T14:15:02.747000", "sou... |
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Chapter 2 Ethics from Antiquity to the Present
63
20. Immanuel Kant objected to dogmatism in ________.
A.
B.
religion
science
C. both A and B
D. neither A nor B
21. True or false? Immanuel Kant contended that people often interpre... | {"source": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T14:15:02.747000", "batch_upload": true, "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "file_hash": "3a73f4b5941a07b86a468268f1eaa39476455580d8134b779b9aec0361af6401", "creationdate": "2018-09-21T10:38:43-05:00", "source_file": ... |
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C.
D.
social contract theory
survival of the fittest
26. The “veil of ignorance” ensures which of the following?
A. mass delusion
B. objectivity
C.
self-reliance
D. Enlightenment reason
27. True or false? John Rawls’s theory of justice is mainly non-Utilitarian.
28. A distinguishing characteri... | {"file_hash": "3a73f4b5941a07b86a468268f1eaa39476455580d8134b779b9aec0361af6401", "source": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "file_type": ".pdf", "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "title": "Business Ethics", "batch_upload": true, "file_name": "Bu... |
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Endnotes
1. Alfred North Whitehead, Process and Reality. An Essay in Cosmology. Gifford Lectures Delivered in the University of Edinburgh During the Session
2.
1927–1928. (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1929).
Robert C. Solomon, “Business and the Humanities: An Aristotelian Approach... | {"source_file": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "file_hash": "3a73f4b5941a07b86a468268f1eaa39476455580d8134b779b9aec0361af6401", "source": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "file_name": "BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "total... |
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0.007441653870046139,
0.04246177896857262,
-0.07620538026094437,
0.022... | 3. Aristotle, The Nicomachean Ethics, translated by J.A.K. Thomson. (New York: Penguin Books, 2004), 1097b.
4. Aristotle, The Nicomachean Ethics, translated by J.A.K. Thomson. (New York: Penguin Books, 2004), 1169b.
5. Aristotle, The Nicomachean Ethics, translated by J.A.K. Thomson. (New York: Penguin Books, 2004), 112... | {"source_file": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "file_type": ".pdf", "file_size_mb": 44.59, "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "creationdate": "2018-09-21T10:38:43-05:00", "batch_upload": true, "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:47:19-05:00", "file_hash": "3a73f4b5941a07b86a468268f1eaa39... |
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0.1... | October 18, 2013. http://www.scmp.com/news/world/article/1333894/29-million-trapped-modern-day-slavery-china-30-million-worldwide.
11. Patrick Winn, “Slavery on Thai Fishing Boats Is Straight from the 18th Century,” June 23, 2013. http://www.businessinsider.com/thailand-
slavery-fishing-boats-2013-6; Amar Toor, “Socc... | {"file_size_mb": 44.59, "file_name": "BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T14:15:02.747000", "source": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "batch_upload... |
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Paper no. 01/17 (Pamplona: Universidad de Navarra, Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales, 2017), 6. https://papers.ssrn.com/
sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2936288. | {"file_name": "BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "file_type": ".pdf", "file_hash": "3a73f4b5941a07b86a468268f1eaa39476455580d8134b779b9aec0361af6401", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "creationdate": "2018-09-21T10:38:43-05:00", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "creator": "DocBook XSL... |
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35. Aristotle, The ... | {"moddate": "2020-08-05T15:47:19-05:00", "file_size_mb": 44.59, "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "file_hash": "3a73f4b5941a07b86a468268f1eaa39476455580d8134b779b9aec0361af6401", "source": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T14:15:02.747000", "produc... |
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38. David Armitage, The Declarati... | {"file_hash": "3a73f4b5941a07b86a468268f1eaa39476455580d8134b779b9aec0361af6401", "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T14:15:02.747000", "file_name": "BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "source": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "file_size_mb": 44.59, "moddate":... |
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48. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, s.v. “John Stuart Mill. 1. Life,” (by Christopher Macleod). https://plato.stanford.edu/en... | {"total_pages": 377, "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T14:15:02.747000", "batch_upload": true, "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:47:19-05:00", "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "file_type": ".pdf", "creator":... |
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Immanuel Kant,... | {"moddate": "2020-08-05T15:47:19-05:00", "source": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "batch_upload": true, "creationdate": "2018-09-21T10:38:43-05:00", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "uploaded_via": "... |
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ethics-deontological/ (accessed November 19, 2017).
Immanuel Kant, Critique of Practical Reason, Preface. http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/5683/pg5683-images.html (ac... | {"file_size_mb": 44.59, "file_name": "BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "file_type": ".pdf", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T14:15:02.747000", "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:47:19-05:00", "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "total_pages": 377, "s... |
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navy/2018/03/07/o-6-and-o-5-sentenced-in-fat-leonard-case/ (accessed March 8, 2018); Sarah Ashley O’Brien, “Theranos Founder
Elizabeth Holmes Charged With Massive Fraud,” CNN, March 14, 2... | {"creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "creationdate": "2018-09-21T10:38:43-05:00", "total_pages": 377, "source": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "file_hash": "3a73f4b5941a07b86a468268f1eaa39476455580d81... |
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61.
This OpenStax book is available for free at http://cnx.org/content/col25722/1.3
Chapter 2 Ethics from Antiquity to the Present
65
John Rawls, A Theory of Justice. (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2009), 121, 464.
John Rawls, A Theory of Justice. (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2009), 85.... | {"source": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "file_hash": "3a73f4b5941a07b86a468268f1eaa39476455580d8134b779b9aec0361af6401", "file_type": ".pdf", "creationdate": "2018-09-21T10:38:43-05:00", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "upload_timestamp": "20... |
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This OpenStax book is available for free at http://cnx.org/content/col25722/1.3
3
Defining and Prioritizing Stakeholders
Figure 3.1 Starbucks, based in Seattle, Washington, is a company with more than 250,000 employees and
locations across the globe. It directly affec... | {"moddate": "2020-08-05T15:47:19-05:00", "creationdate": "2018-09-21T10:38:43-05:00", "batch_upload": true, "file_hash": "3a73f4b5941a07b86a468268f1eaa39476455580d8134b779b9aec0361af6401", "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T14:15:02.747000", "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "file_type": ".pdf", "source_file":... |
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Introduction
In May 2018, in the wake of a global uproar after two black men in a Philadelphia Starbucks were arrested
while awaiting a friend, Starbucks closed its approximately eight thousand U.S. stores to conduct racial bias
training (Figure 3.1).1 The company also offic... | {"source": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T14:15:02.747000", "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "total_pages": 377, "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "creation... |
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and national governments; more than 300,000 employees and 1,600 institutional investors; and millions of
customers.2 The company’s decision to close its U.S. stores for half a day was financially costly, and t... | {"file_type": ".pdf", "creationdate": "2018-09-21T10:38:43-05:00", "batch_upload": true, "file_hash": "3a73f4b5941a07b86a468268f1eaa39476455580d8134b779b9aec0361af6401", "title": "Business Ethics", "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:47:19-05:00", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "sour... |
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Identify key types of business-stakeholder relationships
• Explain why laws do not dictate every ethical responsibility a company may owe key stakeholders
• Discuss why stakeholders’ welfare must be at the heart of ethical business decisions
Have you ever had a stake in a decision someone else was making? Dependi... | {"creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "title": "Business Ethics", "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:47:19-05:00", "file_size_mb": 44.59, "batch_upload": true, "creationdate": "2018-09-21T10:38:43-05:00", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "file_type": ".pdf", "file_hash": "3a73f4b5941a07b86a468268f1eaa39476455580d8134b... |
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0.0456... | services to market to turn a profit. These stakeholders include customers, clients, employees, shareholders,
communities, the environment, the government, and the media (traditional and social), among others. All
stakeholders should be considered essential to a business, but not all have equal priority. Different gro... | {"creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "file_size_mb": 44.59, "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "batch_upload": true, "source": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "title": "Business Ethics", "file_name": "BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "total_pages": 377, "uploaded_via": "batch_up... |
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of the business, the products or services offered, the markets in which the business will operate, and salary
and benefits for the senior officers of the organization. The board also sets goals for income a... | {"batch_upload": true, "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T14:15:02.747000", "file_size_mb": 44.59, "file_type": ".pdf", "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "total_pages": 377, "creationdate": "2018-09-21T10:38:43-05:00", "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:47:19-05:00", "source... |
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In turn, the CEO hires executives to lead initiatives and carry out procedures in the various functional areas of
the business, such as finance, sales and marketing, public relations, manufacturing, quality control, human
resources (sometimes called human capital), accounting, and legal compliance. ... | {"total_pages": 377, "batch_upload": true, "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "title": "Business Ethics", "source": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T14:15:02.747000", "file_size_mb": 44.59, "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "uploaded_via... |
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This OpenStax book is available for free at http://cnx.org/content/col25722/1.3
Chapter 3 Defining and Prioritizing Stakeholders
69
business is not treating employees fairly, for instance, may reconsider ... | {"file_type": ".pdf", "file_hash": "3a73f4b5941a07b86a468268f1eaa39476455580d8134b779b9aec0361af6401", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "total_pages": 377, "source": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "title": "Business Ethics", "batch_upload": tr... |
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... | power through regulatory bodies, from federal agencies such as the Environmental Protection Agency to the
local planning and zoning boards of the communities in which businesses exist. These latter groups often
exercise influence over the physical spaces where businesses work and try to grow (Figure 3.2).
Figure 3.2... | {"file_size_mb": 44.59, "total_pages": 377, "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T14:15:02.747000", "file_type": ".pdf", "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "file_hash": "3a73f4b5941a07b86a468268f1eaa39476455580d8134b779b9aec0361af6401", "batch_upload": true, "file_name": "BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "creationdate": "20... |
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Businesses are responsible to their stakeholders. Every purchase of a product or a service carries with it a sort
of promise. Buyers promise that their money or credit is good, and businesses promise a level of quality that
will deliver what is advertised. The relationship can quickly get more complex, th... | {"file_size_mb": 44.59, "source_file": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "file_name": "BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "creationdate": "2018-09-21T10:38:43-05:00", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:47:19-05:00", "total_pages": 377, "file_type": ".pdf", "title": "Business Et... |
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0.0... | to stakeholders is primarily about delivering good products and services, but it is also about communicating
and preparing for potential problems, whether from within the company or from external circumstances like a
natural disaster.
Ethical Responsibilities Often Extend Beyond Legal Requirements
We have seen that... | {"creationdate": "2018-09-21T10:38:43-05:00", "total_pages": 377, "file_type": ".pdf", "batch_upload": true, "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:47:19-05:00", "file_size_mb": 44.59, "title": "Business Ethics", "file_hash": "3a73f4b5941a07b86a468268f1eaa39476455580d8134b779b9aec0361af... |
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collected future marketing data about you and your purchases through its customer loyalty program or your
use of a credit card.
Samsung, based in South Korea, is a large, multinational corporation that makes a var... | {"upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T14:15:02.747000", "file_name": "BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:47:19-05:00", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "file_type": ".pdf", "batch_upload": true, "file_size_mb": 44.59, "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "producer": "P... |
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billions to rectify the problem, Samsung limited its legal exposure to potential lawsuits, settlement of which
would likely have far exceeded the refunds it paid. This example demonstrates the weight of the imp... | {"creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "file_size_mb": 44.59, "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T14:15:02.747000", "file_name": "BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "total_pages": 377, "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "source": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "creationdate": "2018-09-21T10:38:43... |
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0.005... | situation. An ethical minimum, or the least a company might do that complies with the law, would have been
to offer the warning and nothing more. This may have been a defensible position in court, but the warning
might not have reached all purchasers of the defective machine and many children could have been hurt.
E... | {"producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "creationdate": "2018-09-21T10:38:43-05:00", "title": "Business Ethics", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "file_type": ".pdf", "total_pages": 377, "batch_upload": true, "file_size_mb": 44.59, "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1... |
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C A S E S F R O M T H E R E A L W O R L D
Amazon Sets a Demanding Pace on the Job
In a visit to an Amazon distribution center, a group of business students and their professors met with
the general manager.3 After taking them on an extensive tour of the five-acre facility, the gen... | {"creationdate": "2018-09-21T10:38:43-05:00", "file_size_mb": 44.59, "file_name": "BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "batch_upload": true, "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "title": "Business Ethics", "total_pages": 377, "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:47:19-05:00", "source": "downloads\\bu... |
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-0.02... | filling an order. Those who cannot keep up the pace are usually let go, just as would be those who steal.
This OpenStax book is available for free at http://cnx.org/content/col25722/1.3
Chapter 3 Defining and Prioritizing Stakeholders
71
Critical Thinking
• Does the requirement to walk an average of eight or nine ... | {"source": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "file_type": ".pdf", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "creationdate": "2018-09-21T10:38:43-05:00", "file_hash": "3a73f4b5941a07b86a468268f1eaa39476455580d8134b779b9aec03... |
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upon his visitors how quickly and nimbly pickers fill customer orders for the company. If not,
however, is such a pace sustainable without the risk of physiological and psychological stress?
The law only partly captures the et... | {"file_size_mb": 44.59, "title": "Business Ethics", "source": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "batch_upload": true, "file_type": ".pdf", "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:47:19-05:00", "creationdate": "2018-... |
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loyalty within and outside the firm is essential in sustaining any business venture, no matter how small or
large.
W H A T W O U L D Y O U D O ?
The Social Responsibility of Business
There are two oppo... | {"source_file": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "file_size_mb": 44.59, "total_pages": 377, "title": "Business Ethics", "batch_upload": true, "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:47:19-05:00", "source": "downloads\\business... |
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business view is that being responsible to customers, employees, and a host of other stakeholders
should be not only a corporate concern but central to a business’s mission. In essence, this view places a
premium on ... | {"file_size_mb": 44.59, "file_type": ".pdf", "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:47:19-05:00", "total_pages": 377, "creationdate": "2018-09-21T10:38:43-05:00", "batch_upload": true, "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T14:15:02.747000", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "source": "download... |
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Whole Foods (https://openstax.org/l/53WholeFoods) to learn more.
One challenge for any organization’s managers is that not all stakeholders agree on where the company
should strive to land when it chooses between ethica... | {"creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "batch_upload": true, "file_size_mb": 44.59, "file_hash": "3a73f4b5941a07b86a468268f1eaa39476455580d8134b779b9aec0361af6401", "file_type": ".pdf", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "upl... |
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-0.02033... | which earns profit for them in the form of dividends. Lynn Stout, late Professor of Law at Cornell Law School,
described the role of shareholder in this way:
“Shareholders as a class want companies to be able to treat their stakeholders well, because this
encourages employee and customer loyalty . . . Yet individual ... | {"file_size_mb": 44.59, "source_file": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "batch_upload": true, "title": "Business Ethics", "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "total_pages": 377, "source": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf... |
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and seek a long-term perspective on profit maximization, demanding better treatment of stakeholders to
maximize future potential value and to do more good than harm.
In the long run, stakeholder welfare must be ke... | {"file_hash": "3a73f4b5941a07b86a468268f1eaa39476455580d8134b779b9aec0361af6401", "file_name": "BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "creationdate": "2018-09-21T10:38:43-05:00", "file_size_mb": 44.59, "title": "Business Ethics", "file_type": ".pdf", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T14:15:02.747000",... |
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Learning Objectives
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
• Explain why stakeholders’ claims vary in importance
• Categorize stakeholders to better understand their claims
As we saw earlier in this chapter and in Why Ethics Matter, the law only partially captures the ethi... | {"title": "Business Ethics", "file_type": ".pdf", "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "total_pages": 377, "file_name": "BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T14:15:02.747000", "file_size_mb": 44.59, "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\legal_busin... |
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0.... | and quality goods at competitive prices. Conflicts like this illustrate how complicated prioritizing stakeholder
claims can be, particularly when there are ethical pros and cons on both sides. A big box store may offer a
This OpenStax book is available for free at http://cnx.org/content/col25722/1.3
Chapter 3 Defini... | {"file_hash": "3a73f4b5941a07b86a468268f1eaa39476455580d8134b779b9aec0361af6401", "source": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "file_size_mb": 44.59, "batch_upload": true, "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T14:15:02.747000", "creationdate": "2018-09-21T10:38:43-05:00", "title": "Business Ethics"... |
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at ethical ways in which business managers can begin to make those decisions.
The Ethical Basis of Stakeholders’ Claims
Stakeholder claims vary in their significance for a firm. According to Donaldson and ... | {"total_pages": 377, "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T14:15:02.747000", "file_name": "BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "creationdate": "2018-09-21T10:38:43-05:00", "file_type": ".pdf", "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "title": "Business Eth... |
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important and useful because it contributes to a positive bottom line.
The normative approach considers stakeholders as ends in themselves rather than simply as means to
achieve better financial results. According to... | {"creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "title": "Business Ethics", "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T14:15:02.747000", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "source": "downloads\\business\\legal_b... |
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We can also view these three approaches to stakeholders as occupying levels of increasing
comprehensiveness. At the lowest level is the descriptive approach, which merely sets the stage for
consideration of stakeholder claims and concerns. The instrumental aspect combines a cons... | {"file_name": "BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T14:15:02.747000", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "file_size_mb": 44.59, "file_hash": "3a73f4b5941a07b86a468268f1eaa39476455580d8134b779b9aec0361af6401", "s... |
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company will vary. But unfortunately, the decision to disconnect from stakeholders is both real and expensive
for a corporation. A 2005 survey of customers of 362 companies is demonstrative: “Only 8% of customer... | {"creationdate": "2018-09-21T10:38:43-05:00", "total_pages": 377, "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T14:15:02.747000", "file_hash": "3a73f4b5941a07b86a468268f1eaa39476455580d8134b779b9aec0361af6401", "file_size_mb": 44.59, "file_nam... |
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74
Chapter 3 Defining and Prioritizing Stakeholders
L I N K T O L E A R N I N G
This article discusses a recent video showing United Airlines removing ticketed, seated passengers from
a plane to make room for four of its employees who ne... | {"creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "file_name": "BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "file_hash": "3a73f4b5941a07b86a468268f1eaa39476455580d8134b779b9aec0361af6401", "file_type": ".pdf", "total_pages": 377, "creationdate": "2018-09-21T10:38:43... |
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Airlines overbook to ensure that despite any no-shows or cancellations, any given flight will have as
many occupied seats as possible, because an unoccupied seat represents lost revenue. In terms of
valuing stakeholders, does this strategy make sense to you? Why or why not?
A classic example of negat... | {"file_size_mb": 44.59, "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T14:15:02.747000", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "creationdate": "2018-09-21T10:38:43-05:00", "batch_upload": true, "file_name": "BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:47:19-05:00", "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "title": "Business Et... |
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0.0355580... | their livelihoods. Of course, the corporation survived that failure, perhaps because it learned the lessons of
stakeholder management the hard way.
Figure 3.3
This Edsel Pacer was manufactured in 1958, the first year of production of the ill-fated Ford
model, which ceased production in November 1959. (credit: modif... | {"batch_upload": true, "file_type": ".pdf", "file_size_mb": 44.59, "title": "Business Ethics", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "file_name": "BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "total_pages": 377, "file_hash": "3a73f4b5941a07b86a468268f1eaa39476455580d8134b779b9aec0361af6401", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\... |
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0.03034... | provoked a controversy among transgender rights groups, and within a few days, Johansson announced she
This OpenStax book is available for free at http://cnx.org/content/col25722/1.3
Chapter 3 Defining and Prioritizing Stakeholders
75
had withdrawn from the role.10 “In light of recent ethical questions raised surro... | {"uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "file_size_mb": 44.59, "total_pages": 377, "source_file": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "source": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T14:15:02.747000", "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1... |
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0.... | Defining Stakeholder Categories
To better understand stakeholder theory and, ultimately, manage stakeholder claims and expectations, it may
be helpful to take a closer look at categories of stakeholders. One way to categorize stakeholders is by
defining their impact. For example, regulatory stakeholders including st... | {"source": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "file_hash": "3a73f4b5941a07b86a468268f1eaa39476455580d8134b779b9aec0361af6401", "creationdate": "2018-09-21T10:38:43-05:00", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:47:19-05:00", "upl... |
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organization to prioritize stakeholders’ claims. (attribution: Copyright Rice University, OpenStax, under CC BY
4.0 license)
As the Figure 3.4 shows, enabling and functional stakeholders are those active in design, ... | {"source": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "file_name": "BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "batch_upload": true, "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T14:15:02.747000", "creationdate": "2018-09-21T10:38:43-05:00", "... |
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0.... | Stakeholders, in turn, can exert some control and authority by serving on the board of directors, by exercising
their power as purchasers, by being elected to public office, or by joining employees’ unions.
In many cases, if one stakeholder effects a change in the firm, other stakeholders will be affected. For
examp... | {"file_size_mb": 44.59, "file_name": "BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T14:15:02.747000", "source": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:47:19-05:00", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "creationdate": "20... |
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0.0179... | from the company. Although this model of stakeholder relationships is complex, it is useful in understanding
the impact of each individual group on the organization as a whole.
James E. Grunig, now professor emeritus at University of Maryland, and Todd Hunt, who together developed
the organizational linkage model in... | {"batch_upload": true, "file_size_mb": 44.59, "file_name": "BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "file_hash": "3a73f4b5941a07b86a468268f1eaa39476455580d8134b779b9aec0361af6401", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "title": "Business Ethics", "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:47:19-05:00", "total_pag... |
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-0.01... | it. These categories help the organization design its message about a problem and decide how to
communicate. Herein lies the ethical significance. If an organization is aware of a problem and the public is
not, the organization has an opportunity to communicate and guide the public in recognizing and dealing with
it... | {"file_name": "BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "file_type": ".pdf", "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "source": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "title": "Business Ethics", "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T14:15:02.747000", "file_hash": "3a73f4b5941a07b86a468268f1eaa39476455580d8134b779b... |
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-0.000351... | poison in no way connected with the production of the pill. Johnson & Johnson voluntarily removed all
Tylenol products from the U.S. marketplace and offered to pay full retail price for any pills returned to the
company. This represented about thirty million bottles of capsules worth more than $100 million.
(Signifi... | {"file_size_mb": 44.59, "source_file": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T14:15:02.747000", "file_name": "BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "file_hash": "3a73f4b5941a07b86a468268f1eaa39476455580d8134b779b9aec0361af6401", "mod... |
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0.013... | apprehended, the entire drug industry responded, following Johnson & Johnson’s lead, by introducing
tamper-proof containers that warned consumers not to use the product if the packaging appeared in any
way compromised.
The strong ethical stance taken by Johnson & Johnson executives resulted in immediate action that
... | {"producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "file_name": "BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "title": "Business Ethics", "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T14:15:02.747000", "batch_upload": true, "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "creationdate": "2018-09-21T10:38:43-05:00", "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:47:19-05:00", "creator": "DocBo... |
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•
In its corporate credo, Johnson & Johnson identifies multiple stakeholders: users of its products
(output), employees (input), employees’ families (diffused linkage), and the government (enabling
linkage). Applying Grunig and Hunt’s theory, do you believe Johnson & Johnson acted as an
enlighten... | {"creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "file_hash": "3a73f4b5941a07b86a468268f1eaa39476455580d8134b779b9aec0361af6401", "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T14:15:02.747000", "title": "Business Ethics", "file_name": "BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "creationdate": "2018-09-21T10:38:43-05:00", "total_pages": 377, "file_type"... |
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0.004... | something like a mission statement. Read the Johnson & Johnson credo (https://openstax.org/l/
53J&JCredo) to learn more.
On the other hand, a company might try to manage a problem by covering it up or denying it. For example,
Volkswagen had data that showed its diesel engine’s emissions exceeded U.S. pollution stand... | {"moddate": "2020-08-05T15:47:19-05:00", "source": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "creationdate": "2018-09-21T10:38:43-05:00", "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "file_type": ".pdf", "batch_upload": true, "title": "Business Ethics", "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", ... |
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... | stakeholder relationships was poor and extremely expensive. Once-loyal stakeholders became part of an
aware and active public—a group of people united by a common problem and organized for satisfaction,
sometimes demanding compensation.14
A challenge for business leaders is to assign appropriate weights to stakeholde... | {"uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:47:19-05:00", "file_type": ".pdf", "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T14:15:02.747000", "batch_upload": true, "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "file_name": "BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "total_pages": 377, "ti... |
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0.0... | clear and direct, such as in the case of a union negotiating for better pay and benefits, or a community trying
to lure a corporation to open operations there. Think of the enormous effort communities around the world
make to try to get the Olympics or World Cup organizers to bring the competition to their locale. In... | {"creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "title": "Business Ethics", "creationdate": "2018-09-21T10:38:43-05:00", "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T14:15:02.747000", "file_name": "BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "batch_upload": true, "source_file": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\Bus... |
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0.0... | can immediately understand this stakeholder relationship, because it is so difficult to find someone with
enough authority to make a decision on behalf of the company. Some companies count on individuals’
growing frustrated and giving up on the claim. An indirect stakeholder claim might also be one that affects
futu... | {"upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T14:15:02.747000", "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:47:19-05:00", "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "file_size_mb": 44.59, "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "title": "Business Ethics", "total_pages": 377, "batch_upload": true, "source": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessE... |
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0.0587274... | L I N K T O L E A R N I N G
Try playing a game of stakeholder identification, mapping, and analysis, such as this one from the
“Gamestorming” website (https://openstax.org/l/53Gamestorming) to learn more.
3.3 Ethical Decision-Making and Prioritizing Stakeholders
Learning Objectives
By the end of this section, ... | {"source": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T14:15:02.747000", "file_size_mb": 44.59, "file_hash": "3a73f4b5941a07b86a468268f1eaa39476455580d8134b779b9aec0361af6401", "title": "Business Ethics", "total_pages": 377, "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1",... |
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... | can manage them effectively, is therefore to define and prioritize stakeholders significant to the firm. Then, it
must consider their claims.
Given that there are numerous types of stakeholders, how do managers balance these claims? Ethically, no
group should be treated better than another, and managers should respo... | {"source_file": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "title": "Business Ethics", "batch_upload": true, "total_pages": 377, "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "file_hash": "3a73f4b5941a07b86a468268f1eaa3947... |
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0.03036... | generally wish to see a high return on their purchase of company shares. If, on the other hand, they are
employees, they typically hope for interesting tasks, a safe work environment, job security, and rewarding pay
and benefits. If, yet again, the stakeholders are members of the community surrounding a business, the... | {"source": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "title": "Business Ethics", "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "file_size_mb": 44.59, "file_name": "BusinessEthics... |
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-... | helps to actively gather information about all key stakeholders and their claims. First, managers must establish
that an individual with a concern is a member of a stakeholder group. For example, a brand may attract
hundreds or thousands of mentions on Twitter each day. Which ones should be taken seriously as
repres... | {"file_type": ".pdf", "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:47:19-05:00", "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T14:15:02.747000", "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "batch_upload": true, "title": "Business Ethics", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "f... |
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0.... | company needs from the stakeholder. This simply helps clarify the relationship. If nothing is needed
immediately or for the foreseeable future, this does not mean the stakeholder group does not matter, but it
can be a good indication that the stakeholder need not be prioritized at the moment.
Note that managers are ... | {"creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "batch_upload": true, "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "file_name": "BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "total_pages": 377, "source": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:47:19-05:00", "file_type": ".pdf", "creationdate":... |
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