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SENIOR CONTRIBUTING AUTHORS
STEPHEN M. BYARS, USC MARSHALL SCHOOL OF BUSINESS
KURT STANBERRY, UNIVERSITY OF HOUSTON-DOWNTOWN
OpenStax
Rice University
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Houston, Texas 77005
To learn more about OpenStax, visit https://openstax.org.
Individual print copies and bulk orders ... | {"moddate": "2020-08-05T15:47:19-05:00", "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "batch_upload": true, "total_pages": 377, "title": "Business Ethics", "file_name": "BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "file_type": ".pdf", "upload_timestamp": "2026... |
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Trademarks
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978-1-947172-56-2
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OPENSTAX
OpenStax provides free, peer-reviewed, openly licensed textbooks for introductory college and Advanced
Placement® courses an... | {"source": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:47:19-05:00", "creationdate": "2018-09-21T10:38:43-05:00", "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "file_name": "BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "file_size_mb": 44.59, "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T14:15:02.747000", "uplo... |
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openstax.org
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface 1
1 Why Ethics Matter 7
1.1 Being a Professional of Integrity
1.2 Ethics and Profitability
1.3 Multiple versus Single Ethical Standards
13
8
20
2
Ethics from Antiquity to the Present 27
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83
68
78
4
Three Special Stakeholders: Society, the Environment, and
Government
93
4.1 Corporate Law and Corporate Responsibility
4.2 Sustainability: Business and the Environment
4.3 Government and the Private Sector
117
94
103
5
The Impact of Culture and Time on Business Ethics 131
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8 Recognizing and Respecting the Rights of All 231
8.1 Diversity and Inclusion in the Workforce
232
8.2 Accommodating Different Abilities and Faiths
8.3 Sexual Identification and Orientation
8.4 Income Inequalities
8.5 Animal Rights and the Implications for Business
244
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11.2 Committing to an Ethical View 329
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A The Lives of Ethical Philosophers 341
This OpenStax book is available for free at http://cnx.org/content/col25722/1.3
B Profiles... | {"source_file": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "file_hash": "3a73f4b5941a07b86a468268f1eaa39476455580d8134b779b9aec0361af6401", "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:47:19-05:00", "file_size_mb": 44.59, "batch_upload": true, "source": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "cre... |
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concepts to their professional lives.
Coverage and scope
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mind, the content of this textbook has been developed and arranged to emphasize the necessity—and
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This OpenStax book is available for free at http://cnx.org/content/col25722/1.3
Preface
3
purpose is to highlight the complexities of ethical decision-making.
Module materials that reinforce key concepts
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• Key Terms. Key terms are bold and are followed by a definition in context. Definitions of key terms are
also listed in the glossary, which appears at the end of the chapter.
• Assessments. Multiple-choice and short-answer review questions provide opportunities ... | {"total_pages": 377, "title": "Business Ethics", "batch_upload": true, "source": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "creationdate": "2018-09-21T10:38:43-05:00", "file_size_mb": 44.59, "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T14:15:02.747000", "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "file_hash": "... |
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Community Hubs
OpenStax partners with the Institute for the Study of Knowledge Management in Education (ISKME) to offer
Community Hubs on OER Commons—a platform for instructors to share community-created resources that
support OpenStax books, free of charge. Through our C... | {"creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "batch_upload": true, "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "total_pages": 377, "file_hash": "3a73f4b5941a07b86a468268f1eaa39476455580d8134b779b9aec0361af6401", "file_name": "BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:47:19-05:00", "uploaded_via": "batch_uplo... |
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As allies in making high-quality learning materials accessible, our technology partners offer optional low-cost
tools that are integrated with OpenStax books. To access the technology options for your text, visit your book
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About the authors
Senior contributing authors
Ste... | {"producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "file_size_mb": 44.59, "file_hash": "3a73f4b5941a07b86a468268f1eaa39476455580d8134b779b9aec0361af6401", "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:47:19-05:00", "file_name": "BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "source": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "total_pages": 377, ... |
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Center within the Writing Program, and as director of the USC Marshall Consulting Program. His scholarly
interests include business and professional ethics, the constructive mediation of disputes in the workplace,
and those best practices that permit leaders to direct business in ways that engender community... | {"source": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "title": "Business Ethics", "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T14:15:02.747000", "file_type": ".pdf", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "creationdate": "2018-09-2... |
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... | negotiations, ethics, and other related topics. He also conducts continuing education seminars in topics such
as negotiations, leadership, diversity, and ethics for CPAs, CFPs, attorneys, and business executives, through
organizations such as the AICPA, FEI, and TSCPA at the state and national levels. He has publishe... | {"total_pages": 377, "file_name": "BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:47:19-05:00", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "file_size_mb": 44.59, "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "source": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "tit... |
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Laura Dendinger, Wayne State College
Bill Nantz, Houston Community College
Mark Poepsel, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville
David Shapiro, Pennsylvania State University
Reviewers
Justin Bateh, Florida State College at Jacksonville
Ronald Berenbeim, New... | {"creationdate": "2018-09-21T10:38:43-05:00", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "file_name": "BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "file_type": ".pdf", "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "batch_upload": true, "file_size_mb": 44.59, "moddate": "20... |
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Mehran Ferdowsian, Wilkes University
Betty Fitte, Tidewater Community College
Robert Freeborough, Berkeley College
Martha Helland, University of Sioux Falls
Amy Jordan, Loyola University Chicago
Stephanie Jue, University of Texas
Cheryl Keymer, North Arkansas College
Nai Lamb, University of Tennessee at Chatt... | {"total_pages": 377, "batch_upload": true, "source_file": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "file_hash": "3a73f4b5941a07b86a468268f1eaa39476455580d8134b779b9aec0361af6401", "source": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "file_name": "BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "title": ... |
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Chris Suprenant, University of New Orleans
Glen Taylor, Paradise Valley Community College
Sonia Toson, Kennesaw State University
Joel Webb, Loyola University New Orleans
Andy Wible, Muskegon Community College
Jeffrey Yoder, Fairfield University
Preface
This OpenStax book is availab... | {"uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "total_pages": 377, "source": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "file_name": "BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "creationdate": "2018-09-21T10:3... |
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... | 1.3 Multiple versus Single Ethical Standards
Introduction
Ethics consists of the standards of behavior to which we hold ourselves in our personal and professional lives.
It establishes the levels of honesty, empathy, and trustworthiness and other virtues by which we hope to
identify our personal behavior and our pu... | {"source_file": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "file_size_mb": 44.59, "creationdate": "2018-09-21T10:38:43-05:00", "total_pages": 377, "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:47:19-05:00", "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T14:15:02.747000", "file_hash": "3a73... |
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Whatever hopes you have for your future, you almost certainly want to be successful in whatever career you
choose. But what does success mean to you, and how will you know you have achieved it? Will you measure it
in terms of wealth, status, power, or recognition? Before blindly embarking on a quest to achie... | {"file_hash": "3a73f4b5941a07b86a468268f1eaa39476455580d8134b779b9aec0361af6401", "creationdate": "2018-09-21T10:38:43-05:00", "total_pages": 377, "title": "Business Ethics", "file_name": "BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T14:15:02.747000", "file_size_mb": 44.59, "file_type": ".pdf", "source": "do... |
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• Explain what it means to be a professional of integrity
• Distinguish between ethical and legal responsibilities
• Describe three approaches for examining the ethical nature of a decision
Whenever you think about the behavior you expect of yourself in your p... | {"file_type": ".pdf", "file_name": "BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "title": "Business Ethics", "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:47:19-05:00", "creationdate": "2018-09-21T10:38:43-05:00", "batch_upload": true, "source_file": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "total_pages":... |
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Instead, there might be some to go around to those who are important because they are affected one way or
another by your business. These are your stakeholders.
Acting with Integrity
Clients, customers, supplie... | {"creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:47:19-05:00", "batch_upload": true, "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "creationdate": "2018-09-21T10:38:43-05:00", "total_pages": 377, "file_size_mb": 44.59, "source_file": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "... |
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a market leader in outdoor gear.
This OpenStax book is available for free at http://cnx.org/content/col25722/1.3
Chapter 1 Why Ethics Matter
9
Figure 1.2
Stakeholders are the individuals and entities affe... | {"upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T14:15:02.747000", "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "source": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "title": "Business Ethics", "total_pages": 377, "file_size_mb": 44.59, "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:47:19-05:00", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "source... |
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because we demand it of ourselves. It may lie in knowing the profit we make does not come from
shortchanging others. Thus, business ethics guides the conduct by which companies and their agents abide
by the law ... | {"batch_upload": true, "source_file": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:47:19-05:00", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "file_type": ".pdf", "source": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "file_ha... |
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0.0063... | honesty. These foundational beliefs, in turn, prepare us for the codes of ethical behavior that serve as ideal
guides for business and the professions. Still, we need not subscribe to any religious faith to hold that ethical
behavior in business is still necessary. Just by virtue of being human, we all share obligati... | {"moddate": "2020-08-05T15:47:19-05:00", "file_size_mb": 44.59, "total_pages": 377, "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "file_hash": "3a73f4b5941a07b86a468268f1eaa39476455580d8134b779b9aec0361af6401", "title": "Business Ethics", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "f... |
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behave, but it also burnishes our own professional reputation as business leaders of integrity.
Integrity—that is, unity between what we say and what we do—is a highly valued trait. But it is more than just
con... | {"creationdate": "2018-09-21T10:38:43-05:00", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "total_pages": 377, "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:47:19-05:00", "file_hash": "3a73f4b5941a07b86a468268f1eaa39476455580d8134b779b9aec0361af6401", "file_type": ".pdf", "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T14:... |
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engage in business with honesty and fair play. To treat customers, clients, employees, and all those affected by
a firm with dignity and respect is ethical. In addition, laudable business practices serve the long... | {"file_hash": "3a73f4b5941a07b86a468268f1eaa39476455580d8134b779b9aec0361af6401", "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "file_type": ".pdf", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "total_pages": 377, "title": "Business Ethics", "file_size_mb... |
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0... | ambition were motivating factors (https://openstax.org/l/53MarkFaris) in his actions. He also discusses
the human ability to rationalize our behavior to justify it to ourselves. Note his proposed solutions:
practicing ethical leadership and developing awareness at an individual level via corporate training.
Many peo... | {"producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "file_name": "BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "batch_upload": true, "file_type": ".pdf", "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T14:15:02.747000", "title": "Business Ethics", "file_hash": "3a73f4b5941a07b86a468268f1eaa39476455580d8134b779b9aec0361af6401", "source_file": "downloads\\busines... |
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... | which a company conducts its business operations in accordance with applicable regulations, statutes, and
laws. Yet this represents only a baseline minimum. Ethical observance builds on this baseline and reveals the
principles of an individual business leader or a specific organization. Ethical acts are generally con... | {"batch_upload": true, "title": "Business Ethics", "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T14:15:02.747000", "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "file_size_mb": 44.59, "source": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "source_file": "downloads\\busine... |
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have adopted over the past century. These have many points in common, and their shared content may
eventually produce a code universally claimed by business practitioners. What central point might constitute
This O... | {"creationdate": "2018-09-21T10:38:43-05:00", "total_pages": 377, "file_name": "BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "file_size_mb": 44.59, "file_type": ".pdf", "title": "Business Ethics", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "batch_upload": true, "source": "... |
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Behaving ethically requires that we meet the mandatory standards of the law, but that is not enough. For
example, an action may be legal that we personally consider unacceptable. Companies today need to be
focused not only on... | {"source_file": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "total_pages": 377, "file_size_mb": 44.59, "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T14:15:02.747000", "file_name": "BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "file_hash": "3a73f4b5941a07b86a468268f1eaa39476455580d8134b779b9aec0361af6401", "source": "downloads\\business... |
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Ends, Means, and Character in Business
How, then, should we behave? Philosophy and science help us answer this question. From philosophy, three
different perspectives help us assess whether our decisions are ethical on the basis of reason. These
perspectives ... | {"source": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "file_name": "BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T14:15:02.747000", "file_size_mb": 44.59, "creationdate": "2018-09-... |
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0.0... | whether those ends are ethical. Variations on this approach include utilitarianism, teleology, and
consequentialism. For example, utilitarianism suggests that an ethical action is one whose consequence
achieves the greatest good for the greatest number of people. So if we want to make an ethical decision, we
should ... | {"producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "file_hash": "3a73f4b5941a07b86a468268f1eaa39476455580d8134b779b9aec0361af6401", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "title": "Business Ethics", "file_size_mb": 44.59, "batch_upload": true, "file_nam... |
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obligation) and that certain universal rules apply to every situation and bind us to these duties. In this view,
whether our actions are ethical depends only on whether we adhere to these rules. Thus, the means we use ... | {"file_type": ".pdf", "source": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "file_name": "BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "creationdate": "2018-09-21T10:38:43-05:00", "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:47:19-05:00", "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "title": "Business Ethics", "batch_upload": true, "file_si... |
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The third normative approach, typically called virtue theory, focuses on the character of the decision-
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decision is intimately connected with the person we choose to be. It is through the develo... | {"creationdate": "2018-09-21T10:38:43-05:00", "title": "Business Ethics", "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T14:15:02.747000", "batch_upload": true, "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "file_hash": "3a73f4b5941a07b86a468268f1eaa39476455580d8134b779b9aec0361af6401", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "moddate": "2... |
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Virtue theory has its roots in the Greek philosophical tradition, whose followers sought to learn how to live a
flourishing life through study, teaching, and practice. The cardinal virtues to be practiced were courage, self-
control, justice, and wisdom. Socrates was often cited as a sag... | {"producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "total_pages": 377, "source": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "file_size_mb": 44.59, "file_type": ".pdf", "upload_timestamp": "2026-0... |
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at Harvard Business School, discuss the gap between the theory and practice of ethics and which
characteristics make a wise leader.1 The authors conclude that “the use of explicit and tacit knowledge
isn’t enough; ch... | {"upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T14:15:02.747000", "title": "Business Ethics", "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "creationdate": "2018-09-21T10:38:43-05:00", "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:47:19-05:00", "total_pages": 377, "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "file_hash"... |
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judgments. According to the authors, phronetic leaders:
• practice moral discernment in every situation, making judgments for the common good that are
guided by their individual values and ethics;
• quickly assess... | {"creationdate": "2018-09-21T10:38:43-05:00", "total_pages": 377, "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T14:15:02.747000", "title": "Business Ethics", "batch_upload": true, "file_type": ".pdf", "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "file_name": "BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\legal_busine... |
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moral purpose requires focusing on the common good, which precedes the accumulation of profit and
results in economic and social benefits. If companies seek the common good, profits generally will
follow.
Critica... | {"moddate": "2020-08-05T15:47:19-05:00", "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "source": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "creationdate": "2018-09-21T10:38:43-05:00", "file_name": "BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "... |
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• Discuss the relationship among ethical behavior, goodwill, and profit
• Explain the concept of corporate social responsibility
Few directives in business can override the core mission of maximizing shareholder wealth, and today that
particularly means increasing... | {"file_name": "BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "creationdate": "2018-09-21T10:38:43-05:00", "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:47:19-05:00", "file_hash": "3a73f4b5941a07b86a468268f1eaa39476455580d8134b779b9aec0361af6401", "file_type": ".pdf", "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "batch_upload": true, "total_pages": 377, "title"... |
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requirements all take time and money. However, the extra cost and effort will result in profits in the long run.
If we measure success from this longer perspective, we are more likely to understand the positive effect
... | {"title": "Business Ethics", "total_pages": 377, "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T14:15:02.747000", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "source": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "file_hash": "3a73f4b5941a07b86a468268... |
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leaders do right when they give thought to what is best for all who have a stake in their companies. Not only
that, firms actually reap greater material success when they take such an approach, especially ov... | {"file_hash": "3a73f4b5941a07b86a468268f1eaa39476455580d8134b779b9aec0361af6401", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:47:19-05:00", "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com... |
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Thus, a company enters a social contract with society as whole, an implicit agreement among all members to
cooperate for social benefits. Even as a company pursues the maximizing of stockholder profit, it must also
... | {"creationdate": "2018-09-21T10:38:43-05:00", "file_type": ".pdf", "source": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "total_pages": 377, "batch_upload": true, "title": "Business Ethics", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:47:19... |
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What happens when a bank decides to break the social contract? This press conference held by the
National Whistleblowers Center (https://openstax.org/l/53Birken) describes the events surrounding the
$104 million whistleblower reward given to former UBS employee Bradley Birkenfeld by t... | {"file_hash": "3a73f4b5941a07b86a468268f1eaa39476455580d8134b779b9aec0361af6401", "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T14:15:02.747000", "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:47:19-05:00", "file_size_mb": 44.59, "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "source": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "file_type": ".pdf"... |
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obtaining them. Wall Street’s focus on periodic (i.e., quarterly and annual) earnings has led many managers to
adopt a short-term perspective, which fails to take into account effects that require a longer time ... | {"creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "file_size_mb": 44.59, "creationdate": "2018-09-21T10:38:43-05:00", "file_type": ".pdf", "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:47:19-05:00", "title": "Business Ethics", "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T14:15:02.747000", "source": "downloads\... |
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Chapter 1 Why Ethics Matter
15
United States in 1957. For many years, Toyota was content to sell its cars at a slight loss because it was
accomplishing two business purposes: It was establishing a long-term relationship of trust with th... | {"file_size_mb": 44.59, "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:47:19-05:00", "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "title": "Business Ethics", "creationdate": "2018-09-21T10:38:43-05:00", "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T14:15:02.747000", "source": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "file_hash": "3a... |
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act in this way may emerge from any industry or country. Examples include Fluor, the large U.S. engineering
and design firm; illycaffè, the Italian food and beverage purveyor; Marriott, the giant U.S. hotelier... | {"file_name": "BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "batch_upload": true, "creationdate": "2018-09-21T10:38:43-05:00", "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "file_type": ".pdf", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:47:19-05:0... |
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that meet consumer demand. One more and very important reason is that they maintain a company
philosophy and mission to do good for others.
Year after year, the nation’s most admired companies are also among those th... | {"moddate": "2020-08-05T15:47:19-05:00", "file_hash": "3a73f4b5941a07b86a468268f1eaa39476455580d8134b779b9aec0361af6401", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "source": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "... |
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C A S E S F R O M T H E R E A L W O R L D
Competition and the Markers of Business Success
Perhaps you are still thinking about how you would define success in your career. For our purposes here,
let us say that success consists simply of achieving our goals. We each have the ability to ... | {"file_name": "BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:47:19-05:00", "file_size_mb": 44.59, "creationdate": "2018-09-21T10:38:43-05:00", "file_type": ".pdf", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "batch_upload": true, "tota... |
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potential they haven’t used yet. . . . You’ll have a much more rewarding life not only in terms of how
much money you make, but how much fun you have out of life; you’ll make more friends the more
interesting person you ar... | {"creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "file_type": ".pdf", "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T14:15:02.747000", "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:47:19-05:00", "file_name": "BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "file_hash": "3a73f4b5941a07b86a468268f1eaa39... |
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-0.0424... | Barack Obama and Warren Buffett in the Oval Office” by Pete Souza/Wikimedia Commons, Public
Domain)
The primary principle under which Buffett instructs managers to operate is: “Do nothing you would not
be happy to have an unfriendly but intelligent reporter write about on the front page of a newspaper.”6
This is a v... | {"file_type": ".pdf", "creationdate": "2018-09-21T10:38:43-05:00", "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:47:19-05:00", "source": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "total_pages": 377, "file_name": "BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "file_hash": "3a73f4b5941a07b86a468268f1eaa39476455580d8134b779b9aec0361af6401", "b... |
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interview (https://openstax.org/l/53Buffet) that appeared on the PBS NewsHour on June 6, 2017.
Stockholders, Stakeholders, and Goodwill
Earlier in this chapter, we explained that stakeholders are all the individuals and... | {"moddate": "2020-08-05T15:47:19-05:00", "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T14:15:02.747000", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "file_name": "BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "file_hash": "3a73f4b5941a07b86a468268f1eaa39476455580d8134b779b9aec0361af6401", "title": "Business Ethics", "prod... |
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-0.042265... | This OpenStax book is available for free at http://cnx.org/content/col25722/1.3
Chapter 1 Why Ethics Matter
17
stakeholders must be considered and rationally assessed.
Managers do sometimes focus predominantly on stockholders, especially those holding the largest number of
shares, because these powerful individual... | {"producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "file_type": ".pdf", "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:47:19-05:00", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "total_pages": 377, "title": "Business Ethics", "file_hash": "3a73f4b5941a07b86a468268f1eaa39476455580d8134b779b9aec0361af6401", "upload... |
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for a course of action.
Here is a simple strategy for considering all your stakeholders in practice. Divide your screen or page into
three columns; in the first column, list all stakeholders in order of percei... | {"total_pages": 377, "batch_upload": true, "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "file_hash": "3a73f4b5941a07b86a468268f1eaa39476455580d8134b779b9aec0361af6401", "file_type": ".pdf", "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T14:15:02.747000", "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "source": "downloads\\business\\le... |
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dimension to your analysis, try assigning some of your colleagues to the role of stakeholders and reexamine
your analysis.
Figure 1.5
Imagine you are the CEO of a mid-sized firm—about five hundred employees—and you... | {"title": "Business Ethics", "source": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "file_hash": "3a73f4b5941a07b86a468268f1eaa39476455580d8134b779b9aec0361af6401", "total_pages": 377, "batch_upload": true, "uploaded_via": "ba... |
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value of its brand name, the intellectual capital and attitude of its workforce, and the loyalty of its established
customer base. Even being socially responsible generates goodwill. The ethical behavior o... | {"upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T14:15:02.747000", "file_type": ".pdf", "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "total_pages": 377, "creationdate": "2018-09-21T10:38:43-05:00", "file_size_mb": 44.59, "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-O... |
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open debate. These values affect the environment outside and inside the company. The corporate culture, for
instance, consists of shared beliefs, values, and behaviors that create the internal or organizationa... | {"creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "file_name": "BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "file_size_mb": 44.59, "creationdate": "2018-09-21T10:38:43-05:00", "title": "Business Ethics", "file_type": ".pdf", "total_pages": 377, "source_file": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "file_hash": "3a73f4b... |
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hours and working intensely are highly valued. At the end of each year, the company donates to
numerous social and environmental causes. The second job opportunity is with a nonprofit recognized
for a very differen... | {"moddate": "2020-08-05T15:47:19-05:00", "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "creationdate": "2018-09-21T10:38:43-05:00", "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T14:15:02.747000", "file_size_mb": 44.59, "batch_upload": true, "file_hash": "3a73f4b5941a07b86a468268f1eaa39476... |
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Positive goodwill generated by ethical business practices, in turn, generates long-term business success. As
recent studies have shown, the most ethical and enlightened companies in the United States consistently
outperform their competitors.8 Thus, viewed from the pro... | {"batch_upload": true, "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:47:19-05:00", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "total_pages": 377, "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T14:15:02.747000", "creationdate": "2018-09-21T10:38:43-05:00", "file_name": "BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "source": "downloads\\bus... |
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discover is well earned, for telling clients the truth and recommending investments that seemed centered on
the clients’ benefit and not on potential profit for the firm. Wouldn’t this be the one you would tr... | {"producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "title": "Business Ethics", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:47:19-05:00", "file_size_mb": 44.59, "source": "downloads\\busi... |
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it appears to be committed to building up the local community might be enough to persuade you to give it
your business. This is exactly how a long-term investment in community goodwill can produce a long pipeline
of potential clients and customers.
C A S E S F R O M T H E R E A L W O R L D
The Equifax D... | {"source_file": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "file_type": ".pdf", "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:47:19-05:00", "file_name": "BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "file_size_mb": 44.59, "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T14:15:02.747000", "creationdate": "2018-09-... |
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penalties for profiting from their actions. To make amends to customers and clients in the aftermath of
the hack, the company offered free credit monitoring and identity-theft protection. On September 15,
2017, t... | {"file_name": "BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "file_type": ".pdf", "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T14:15:02.747000", "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:47:19-05:00", "source": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "creationdate": "2018... |
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• How do you think this breach will affect Equifax’s position relative to those of its competitors? How
might it affect the future success of the company?
• Was it sufficient for Equifax to offer online privacy protection to those whose personal information
was hacked? What else might it have d... | {"upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T14:15:02.747000", "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "batch_upload": true, "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:47:19-05:00", "file_size_mb": 44.59, "source_file": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "uploaded_via": ... |
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ensures that a company is engaging in sound ethical practices and policies in accordance with the company’s
culture and mission, above and beyond any mandatory legal standards. A business that practices CSR c... | {"creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "file_type": ".pdf", "title": "Business Ethics", "source": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "total_pages": 377, "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T14:15:02.747000", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\legal_busin... |
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20
Chapter 1 Why Ethics Matter
time that they do well. This is a simplistic summation, but it speaks to how CSR plays out within any corporate
setting. The idea is that a corporation is entitled to make mone... | {"source": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "file_size_mb": 44.59, "batch_upload": true, "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T14:15:02.747000", "file_type": ".pdf", "creationdate": "2018-09-21T10:38:43-05:... |
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U.S. entrepreneur Blake Mycoskie has created a unique business model (https://openstax.org/l/53TOMS)
combining both for-profit and nonprofit philosophies in an innovative demonstration of corporate social
responsibility. The company he founded, TOMS Shoes, donates one pair of shoes to... | {"creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "source": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:47:19-05:00", "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T14:15:02.747000", "creationdate": "2018-09-21T10:38:... |
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working in a culture different from the one in which they were raised or with coworkers from other traditions.
If we look outside ourselves for ethical guidance, relying on the context in which we find ourselves,... | {"source_file": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "total_pages": 377, "title": "Business Ethics", "file_name": "BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "file_hash": "3a73f4b5941a07b86a468268f1eaa39476455580d8134b779b9aec0361af6401", "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:47:... |
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Some people who adopt multiple ethical standards may choose to exhibit the highest standards with their
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within the context in which we live. Culture and family also influence each other because the family exists in
This OpenStax book is available for free at http://cnx.org/content/col25722/1.3
Chapter 1 Why Ethics... | {"creationdate": "2018-09-21T10:38:43-05:00", "file_name": "BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "total_pages": 377, "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "file_type": ".pdf", "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T14:15:02.747000", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthic... |
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should result in the greatest good for the greatest number. A virtue ethicist would state that you cannot be
virtuous if you lack integrity in your behavior toward all.
Adopting a consistent ethical standard... | {"title": "Business Ethics", "creationdate": "2018-09-21T10:38:43-05:00", "total_pages": 377, "source": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:47:19-05:00", "file_type": ".pdf", "file_name": "Bu... |
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behavior that emphasizes respect and good service appeals to all.
Normative ethics is about discovering right and delineating it from wrong; it is a way to develop the rules and
norms we use to guide meaningful deci... | {"creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "batch_upload": true, "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "title": "Business Ethics", "file_type": ".pdf", "total_pages": 377, "source": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "file_name": "BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\l... |
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Yet another reason to adopt a universal ethical standard is the transparent character it nurtures in us. If a
company’s leadership insists that it stands for honest business transactions at every turn, it cannot prosecute
those who defraud the company and l... | {"file_size_mb": 44.59, "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "batch_upload": true, "source_file": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "file_name": "BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "file_hash": "3a73f4b5941a07b86a468268f1eaa39476455580d8134b779b9aec0361af6401",... |
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Moving from theory to daily life, we can also look at the way our reputation is established by the implicit and
explicit messages we send to others. If we adopt ethical relativism, friends, family, and coworkers will notice
that we use different standards for... | {"producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "file_name": "BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:47:19-05:00", "source": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "file_size_mb": 44.59, "batch_upload": true, "file_type": ".pdf", "total_pages": 377, "creationdate": "2018-09-21T10:38:43-0... |
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Critical Thinking
• How would you handle this situation and why?
• Would it matter if the relative were someone closer to you, perhaps a brother or sister?
•
If so, why?
This OpenStax book is available for free at http://cnx.org/content/col25722/1.3
Chapter 1 W... | {"file_type": ".pdf", "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T14:15:02.747000", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "title": "Business Ethics", "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:47:19-05:00", "file_name":... |
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corporate social responsibility (CSR)
the practice in which a business views itself within a broader context,
as a member of society with certain implicit social obligations and responsibility for its own effects on
environmental and social well-being
deontology
a normative e... | {"uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "file_size_mb": 44.59, "batch_upload": true, "creationdate": "2018-09-21T10:38:43-05:00", "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "total_pages": 377, "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "source": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "file_type":... |
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the value of a business beyond its tangible assets, usually including its reputation, the value of its
brand, the attitude of its workforce, and customer relations
integrity
the adherence to a code of moral values implying trustworthiness and incorruptibility because
there is unity between what we say and... | {"source": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "total_pages": 377, "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "creationdate": "2018-09-21T10:38:43-05:00", "upload_timestamp": "2026... |
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social contract
an implicit agreement among societal members to cooperate for social benefit; when
applied specifically to a business, it suggests a company that responsibly gives back to the society that
permits it to incorporate, bene... | {"producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T14:15:02.747000", "total_pages": 377, "batch_upload": true, "file_size_mb": 44.59, "source_file": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:47:19-05:00", "file_type": ".pdf", "source": "downloads\... |
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virtue theory
a normative theory that focuses on proper conduct guided by the training we received
growing up
Summary
1.1 Being a Professional of Integrity
Ethics sets the standards that govern our personal and professional behavior. To conduct business e... | {"source": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "file_hash": "3a73f4b5941a07b86a468268f1eaa39476455580d8134b779b9aec0361af6401", "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T14:15:02.747000", "batch_upload": true, "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:47:19-05:00", "total_pages": 377, ... |
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business decisions as we examine the result (utilitarianism), the means of achieving it (deontology), and
whether our choice will help us develop a virtuous character (virtue ethics).
1.2 Ethics and Profit... | {"upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T14:15:02.747000", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "total_pages": 377, "file_name": "BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "batch_upload": true, "creationdate": "2018-09-21T10:38:43-05:00", "source": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-O... |
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1.3 Multiple versus Single Ethical Standards
The adoption of a single ethical code is the mark of a professional of integrity and is supported by the
reasoned approach of each of the normative theories of business ethics. When we consistently maintain the
same values ... | {"source_file": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "file_name": "BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T14:15:02.747000", "batch_upload": true, "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "title": "Business Ethics", "source": "downloads\\bu... |
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A.
B.
C.
D.
the media
corporate culture
the environment
customers
6. True or false? According to Milton Friedman, a company’s social responsibility consists solely of bettering
the welfare of society.
7. What is corporate social responsibility (CSR)?
8. Descri... | {"file_hash": "3a73f4b5941a07b86a468268f1eaa39476455580d8134b779b9aec0361af6401", "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:47:19-05:00", "creationdate": "2018-09-21T10:38:43-05:00", "file_size_mb": 44.59, "total_pages": 377, "batch_upload": true, "file_name": "BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "title": "Business Ethics", "producer": "Prince 11... |
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B. utilitarianism
C.
virtue ethics
D. none of the above
12. Describe the benefits of having a single ethical standard.
Endnotes
1.
2.
Ikujiro Nonaka and Hirotaka Takeuchi, “The Big Idea: The Wise Leader,” Harvard Business Review, May 2011. https://hbr.org/2011/05/the-
big-idea-the-wise-leader.
Ji... | {"file_type": ".pdf", "title": "Business Ethics", "total_pages": 377, "source_file": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "source": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "file_hash": "3a73f4b5941a07b86a468268f1eaa39476455580d8... |
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0.13248562812805176,
0.025395890697836876,
0.0076962537... | 12/business/whistle-blower-awarded-104-million-by-irs.html.
Jeffrey Liker, The Toyota Way: Fourteen Management Principles from the World’s Greatest Manufacturer (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2005).
Zameena Mejia and Margaret Ward, “Warren Buffett Says This One Investment ‘Supersedes All Others,’” CNBC Make It, October 4, 201... | {"title": "Business Ethics", "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "creationdate": "2018-09-21T10:38:43-05:00", "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T14:15:02.747000", "source": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "file_name": "BusinessEthics-OP.p... |
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-0.0... | Peter Georgescu, “Doing the Right Thing Is Just Profitable,” Forbes, July 26, 2017. https://www.forbes.com/sites/petergeorgescu/2017/07/
26/doing-the-right-thing-is-just-profitable/#360853967488.
Tyler Durden, “Massive Data Breach At Equifax: As Many As 143 Million Social Security Numbers Hacked,” Zero Hedge, September... | {"uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "total_pages": 377, "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "file_size_mb": 44.59, "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "source": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "title": "Business Ethics", "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T14:15:02.747000", "... |
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-0.0... | 10. Arezou Naeini, Auditee Dutt, James Angus, Sarkis Mardirossian, and Sebastian Bonfanti, “A Shoe for a Shoe, and a Smile,” Business Today,
June 7, 2015. http://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/lbs-case-study/toms-shoes-shoes-for-free-cause-marketing-strategy-case-study/
story/219444.html; TOMS.com, Giving shoes, https:... | {"title": "Business Ethics", "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "total_pages": 377, "batch_upload": true, "file_size_mb": 44.59, "file_hash": "3a73f4b5941a07b86a468268f1eaa39476455580d8134b779b9aec0361af6401", "file_type": ".pdf", "source": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "modda... |
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0.011641229502856731,
0.005633... | ethics. (credit: modification of “Golden Lady Justice” by Emmanuel Huybrechts/Flickr, CC BY 2.0)
Chapter Outline
2.1 The Concept of Ethical Business in Ancient Athens
2.2 Ethical Advice for Nobles and Civil Servants in Ancient China
2.3 Comparing the Virtue Ethics of East and West
2.4 Utilitarianism: The Greatest ... | {"total_pages": 377, "file_size_mb": 44.59, "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "file_type": ".pdf", "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "file_hash": "3a73f4b5941a07b86a468268f1eaa39476455580d8134b779b9aec0361af6401", "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:47:19-05:00", "file_nam... |
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lives. Laws and regulations set the minimal standards by which society lives out those ethical norms. Because
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Learning Objectives
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
•
Identify the role of ethics in ancient Athens
• Explain how Aristotelian virtue ethics affected business practices
It would be hard to overstate the influence of ancient Athens on Western c... | {"producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T14:15:02.747000", "file_hash": "3a73f4b5941a07b86a468268f1eaa39476455580d8134b779b9aec0361af6401", "title": "Business Ethics", "file_type": ".pdf", "batch_upload": true, "file_size_mb": 44.59, "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "so... |
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that ethics was not merely what someone did but who someone was. Ethics was a function of being and, as
the guiding principle for dealings with others, it naturally applied as well to the sensitive areas ... | {"creationdate": "2018-09-21T10:38:43-05:00", "batch_upload": true, "file_type": ".pdf", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "total_pages": 377, "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "file_hash": "3a73f4b5941a07b86a468268f1eaa39476455580d... |
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dramatists like Sophocles and Euripides; historians Herodotus and Thucydides; Hippocrates, the father of
medicine; and, of course, the renowned but enigmatic philosopher Socrates. More than being the equivalen... | {"file_size_mb": 44.59, "total_pages": 377, "file_hash": "3a73f4b5941a07b86a468268f1eaa39476455580d8134b779b9aec0361af6401", "creationdate": "2018-09-21T10:38:43-05:00", "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:47:19-05:00", "source_file": "dow... |
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