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Philosophy, in particular, flourished during the Golden Age, with various schools of thought attempting to
make sense of the natural and human worlds. The human world was thought to be grounded in the natural
world but to transcend it in striking ways, the most obvious being humans u... | {"creationdate": "2018-09-21T10:38:43-05:00", "total_pages": 377, "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "batch_upload": true, "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:47:19-05:00", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T14:15:02.747000", "file_size_mb": 44.59, "file_hash": "3a73f4b5941a07b86a468268f1... |
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ancient concept of virtue. The person most closely associated with virtue in the West, and the development of
what is now known as virtue ethics—that is, an ethical system based upon the exercise of certain v... | {"producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "file_name": "BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "creationdate": "2018-09-21T10:38:43-05:00", "source": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pd... |
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edition (b) was printed in both Greek and Latin. (credit a: modification of “Aristotle Altemps Inv8575” by
“Jastrow”/Wikimedia Commons, Public Domain; credit b: modification of “Aristotelis De Moribus ad
Nic... | {"moddate": "2020-08-05T15:47:19-05:00", "creationdate": "2018-09-21T10:38:43-05:00", "file_type": ".pdf", "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "source": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T14:15:02.747000", "batch_upload": true, "producer": "Prince 11 ... |
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0.004... | believed it to be eudaimonia, or happiness. By this, he did not mean happiness in a superficial sense, such as
having fun or being content. Rather, he equated happiness with human flourishing, which he believed could
be attained through the exercise of the function that distinguishes humans from the natural world: rea... | {"uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "total_pages": 377, "title": "Business Ethics", "file_name": "BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:47:19-05:00", "file_type": ".pdf", "source": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthic... |
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which are suffering and death. Birds and fish have little difficulty achieving their ends, and we can assume that
much of this is due to their genetic coding. Because happiness might not be genetically encoded ... | {"total_pages": 377, "file_size_mb": 44.59, "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T14:15:02.747000", "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "title": "Business Ethics", "source": "downloads\\business... |
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-0.0... | (epistḗmē), wisdom (sophíā), and, most importantly for Aristotle, prudence (phrónēsis), or practical
wisdom—served as guides to behavior; that is, a person acted prudently based on the wisdom gained over
30
Chapter 2 Ethics from Antiquity to the Present
time through the ongoing acquisition and testing of knowledge.... | {"creationdate": "2018-09-21T10:38:43-05:00", "file_hash": "3a73f4b5941a07b86a468268f1eaa39476455580d8134b779b9aec0361af6401", "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:47:19-05:00", "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "file_type": ".pdf", "file_name": "BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "title": "Busi... |
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because it helped individuals avoid excess and deficiency and arrive at the golden mean between the two.
Prudence has been translated as “common sense” and “practical wisdom” and helps individuals make the
righ... | {"batch_upload": true, "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "file_hash": "3a73f4b5941a07b86a468268f1eaa39476455580d8134b779b9aec0361af6401", "creationdate": "2018-09-21T10:38:43-05:00", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "file_type": ".pdf", "file_name": "BusinessEthic... |
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meanings in ancient Greece than they do today. “Liberal,” for instance, referred not to a political or economic
stance but rather to an aspect of personality. Someone would be considered liberal who was open a... | {"file_hash": "3a73f4b5941a07b86a468268f1eaa39476455580d8134b779b9aec0361af6401", "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T14:15:02.747000", "title": "Business Ethics", "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "file_name": "BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "creationdate": "2018-09-21T10:... |
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of the virtues, because it enhances them and is never found apart from them. This makes it hard to be truly
magnanimous, because it is impossible without all-round excellence,” according to Aristotle.6
The relati... | {"moddate": "2020-08-05T15:47:19-05:00", "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T14:15:02.747000", "file_type": ".pdf", "title": "Business Ethics", "total_pages": 377, "source_file": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "file_size_mb": 44.59, "file_hash": "3... |
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the habit of leading the virtuous life. Anyone could do this; however, it was a discipline that had to be learned
and practiced with dedication. We can see that this habit of virtue is especially relevant fo... | {"source_file": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:47:19-05:00", "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T14:15:02.747000", "source": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "total_pages": 377, "uploaded_via"... |
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it was important for business to be conducted competently and ethically. Even though Aristotle was suspicious
of business, he acknowledged its importance in preserving and nurturing Athenian democracy. He ... | {"batch_upload": true, "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "creationdate": "2018-09-21T10:38:43-05:00", "file_type": ".pdf", "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:47:19-05:00", "source": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "total_pages": 377, "source_file": "dow... |
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0.0172... | This OpenStax book is available for free at http://cnx.org/content/col25722/1.3
Chapter 2 Ethics from Antiquity to the Present
31
belief in the public nature of virtue was crucial for the flourishing of the city-state and also has implications for
contemporary business, which must consider the individual, organizat... | {"uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "source": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "creationdate": "2018-09-21T10:38:43-05:00", "total_pages": 377, "title": "Business Ethics... |
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republic with elected representatives, like the United States. Resident aliens, or metics—those who
change their home—were not eligible for citizenship and could not vote. They had limited rights and
their status was seco... | {"file_hash": "3a73f4b5941a07b86a468268f1eaa39476455580d8134b779b9aec0361af6401", "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "total_pages": 377, "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:47:19-05:00", "title": "Business Ethics", "file_name": "BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "source": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.... |
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the home. “The Athenian woman must be the perfect Penelope—a partner to the husband, a guard of
the house, and one who practices the virtues defined by her husband. Physical beauty was not to be a
goal, nor was it eve... | {"title": "Business Ethics", "creationdate": "2018-09-21T10:38:43-05:00", "file_hash": "3a73f4b5941a07b86a468268f1eaa39476455580d8134b779b9aec0361af6401", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:47:19-05:00", "total_pages": 377, "file_size_mb": 44.59, "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T14:15:02.747000"... |
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James Steakley/Wikimedia Commons, Public Domain)
Finally, not all transactions were as straightforward as selling Egyptian linen, dried fruit, or spices. Slave
traders, too, brought their “wares” to market. Slavery was... | {"file_size_mb": 44.59, "file_hash": "3a73f4b5941a07b86a468268f1eaa39476455580d8134b779b9aec0361af6401", "batch_upload": true, "source_file": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "title": "Business Ethics", "creationdate": "2018-09-21T10:38:43-05:00", "source": "downloads\\business\\legal_busin... |
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Slavery persists even today. For instance, it is believed that nearly thirty million people worldwide are
living and working as slaves, including three million in China and fourteen million in India.10 Servitude
also... | {"moddate": "2020-08-05T15:47:19-05:00", "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "file_hash": "3a73f4b5941a07b86a468268f1eaa39476455580d8134b779b9aec0361af6401", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "creationdate": "2018-09-21T10:38:43-05:00", "title": "Business Ethics", "fi... |
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existed more than two and a half millennia ago?
• Are there absolute truths and values that transcend time and space? If yes, where might these come
from? If not, why not?
This OpenStax book is available for free at ht... | {"file_type": ".pdf", "batch_upload": true, "creationdate": "2018-09-21T10:38:43-05:00", "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "total_pages": 377, "file_size_mb": 44.59, "source_file": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:47:19-05:00", "uploaded_via": "batch_up... |
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earthly creature.) Business, as a human invention based on self-interest, also had no appreciable ideal or end.
After all, what was the purpose of making money if not having more money? Any end beyond that was no... | {"title": "Business Ethics", "file_type": ".pdf", "batch_upload": true, "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T14:15:02.747000", "source": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "creator": "Doc... |
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fair exchange of goods, which brought not only items of merchandise into association with each other but also
buyers, sellers, and public officials. The way to ensure ethically sound association was through... | {"total_pages": 377, "source_file": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T14:15:02.747000", "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:47:19-05:00", "title": "Business Ethics", "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "file_size_mb": 44.59, "file_hash": "3a73f4b5941a07b86a468... |
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individual belonged, and the person derived self-esteem from membership in that group. Civic virtue
consisted of honorable living in community. Business scandals today often arise not from conflicts of inter... | {"batch_upload": true, "source_file": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "creationdate": "2018-09-21T10:38:43-05:00", "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:47:19-05:00", "source": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T14:15:02.747000", "file_hash": ... |
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-0.016... | group effort. That effort is directed, intentional, and ongoing.
According to Aristotle, and later thinkers who expanded upon his work, such as thirteenth-century philosopher
and theologian Thomas Aquinas, to act dishonorably casts disrepute on all concerned. Ends and means had to
be aligned, particularly in busines... | {"creationdate": "2018-09-21T10:38:43-05:00", "total_pages": 377, "batch_upload": true, "file_name": "BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "title": "Business Ethics", "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "file_typ... |
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-0.0... | Chapter 2 Ethics from Antiquity to the Present
possible; for we hold that it is the function of the prudent man to deliberate well; and nobody deliberates
about things that cannot be otherwise, or that are not means toward an end, and that end is a practical good.
And the man who is good at deliberation generally is... | {"uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "file_type": ".pdf", "file_hash": "3a73f4b5941a07b86a468268f1eaa39476455580d8134b779b9aec0361af6401", "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:47:19-05:00", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "title": "Business E... |
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-0.003082... | conduct business with fair prices and fees. This exercise of prudence was part of the cosmic order that
ensured the right management of the home, the marketplace, and civilization itself. Similarly, committing
fraud or deception to achieve an end, even if that end were good or just, was not considered an honorable ac... | {"batch_upload": true, "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:47:19-05:00", "source": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "file_type": ".pdf", "creationdate": "2018-09-21T10:38:43-05:00", "title": "Business Ethics", "file_size_mb": 44.59, "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T14... |
e3a1297e-bdfb-4a5a-b861-46cd3aed449c | [
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0.0... | conflicts over business transactions, contracts, inheritance, and property. Justice existed in three forms,
as it does today: legal, commutative, and distributive. In legal justice, the city-state was responsible for
establishing fair laws for the welfare of its citizens. Commutative justice characterized relationshi... | {"creationdate": "2018-09-21T10:38:43-05:00", "batch_upload": true, "source_file": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:47:19-05:00", "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T14:15:02.747000", "file_hash": "3a73f4b5941a07b86a468268f1eaa39476455... |
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subsidized housing, social security eligibility, college tuition aid (e.g., Pell grants), and similar programs
designed to create a “safety net” for those least fortunate. Some safety net programs have been
criticized... | {"source": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:47:19-05:00", "creationdate": "2018-09-21T10:38:43-05:00", "title": "Business Ethics", "file_name": "BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "file_type": ".pdf", "file_size_mb": 44.59, "uploa... |
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-0.0504314... | have a role to play here; if so, how?
This OpenStax book is available for free at http://cnx.org/content/col25722/1.3
Chapter 2 Ethics from Antiquity to the Present
35
L I N K T O L E A R N I N G
For a further discussion of justice, read this article on justice and fairness (https://openstax.org/l/
53justice)... | {"upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T14:15:02.747000", "total_pages": 377, "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:47:19-05:00", "batch_upload": true, "creationdate": "2018-09-21T10:38:43-05:00", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "title": "Business Ethics", "fi... |
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The teachings and writings of Confucius (551–479 BCE; also called Kung Fu Tzu or Master Kung) not only have
endured more than two and a half millennia but have influenced Chinese culture to such a degree that they
remain part of the nation... | {"source": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T14:15:02.747000", "title": "Business Ethics", "file_type": ".pdf", "total_pages": 377, "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "file_hash": "3a73f4b5941a07b86a468268f1eaa39476... |
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-0.01251... | in China. Yet, by most accounts, he considered himself a failure, never having achieved the position and
security he sought during his lifetime. However, his story is a testament to the reward of a life lived with
integrity and simplicity.
Social Upheaval in Ancient China
More than a century and a half before Arist... | {"creationdate": "2018-09-21T10:38:43-05:00", "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "title": "Business Ethics", "file_hash": "3a73f4b5941a07b86a468268f1eaa39476455580d8134b779b9aec0361af6401", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)... |
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-0... | past, or “the wisdom of the ancients.” He called for a “return to li,” which was the proper order of the universe
in which everyone had a role to play and there was harmony in the world.17
We might see this harmony in a contemporary business setting as a team of people bringing different talents
to bear on a specific... | {"source_file": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "file_size_mb": 44.59, "source": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "file_type": ".pdf", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "title": "Business Ethics", "file_name": "BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "upload_timestamp": "2026-... |
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-0.... | Chapter 2 Ethics from Antiquity to the Present
and identity within the group. Identifying them helps improve employee awareness, productivity, and,
perhaps, happiness. One example of this would be new-employee orientation, which is intended to acclimate
newcomers to the corporate culture, the company ethos, and the ... | {"producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "batch_upload": true, "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T14:15:02.747000", "creationdate": "2018-09-21T10:38:43-05:00", "title": "Business Ethics", "file_hash": "3a73f4b5941a07b86a468268f1eaa39476455580d8134b779b9aec0361af6401", "creator": "Do... |
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-0.0247... | time, offering a fractured country an alternative to two extremes, neither of which was working. These were a
realism that was tyrannical and relied on brute force to restrain the rivaling factions, and an idealistic
approach called Mohism that was based on universal love and mutual aid. Confucius rejected the first ... | {"total_pages": 377, "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:47:19-05:00", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "file_size_mb": 44.59, "file_type": ".pdf", "batch_upload": true, "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "creationdate": "2018-09-21T10:38:43... |
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-0.052... | human being. A junzi exhibited refinement, self-control, and balance in all things, acting neither rashly nor
timidly. Such a person was the opposite of a “small” individual, who spent his or her time embroiled in petty
rivalries and for whom power was the ultimate measure of success.
The concept of junzi and the Ar... | {"moddate": "2020-08-05T15:47:19-05:00", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "file_type": ".pdf", "total_pages": 377, "file_name": "BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "batch_upload": true, "file_size_mb": 44.59, "title": "Business Ethics", "file_hash": "3a73f4b5941a07b86a468268f1eaa39476455580d8134b779b9aec0361af6401", "source": "d... |
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that living the virtues he taught would achieve both these ends.
This OpenStax book is available for free at http://cnx.org/content/col25722/1.3
Chapter 2 Ethics from Antiquity to the Present
37
Figure 2.4... | {"producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "file_hash": "3a73f4b5941a07b86a468268f1eaa39476455580d8134b779b9aec0361af6401", "total_pages": 377, "file_size_mb": 44.59, "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "source": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "batch_upload": true, "uploaded_... |
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to do this, which we explore next: “whole-hearted sincerity and truthfulness,” the “constant mean,” and
“expediency” (quan).22 Specific virtues like moral character, righteousness, wisdom, courage, respect, filial
... | {"file_name": "BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "creationdate": "2018-09-21T10:38:43-05:00", "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T14:15:02.747000", "total_pages": 377, "title": "Business Ethics", "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:47:19-05:00", "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\... |
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even though the ruler might not like the advice, which actually happened to Confucius, causing him to resign
his post as minister of justice in Lu.23 What a subject owed the ruler was not cloying deference bu... | {"creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "file_size_mb": 44.59, "file_hash": "3a73f4b5941a07b86a468268f1eaa39476455580d8134b779b9aec0361af6401", "title": "Business Ethics", "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "source": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "moddate": "2020-08-05T1... |
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claim to lead a balanced life; we must show it by performing acts that maintain personal and collective order.
The Book of Li catalogues many of these acts, which form a guide for proper living, indicating the cor... | {"file_name": "BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "title": "Business Ethics", "batch_upload": true, "source": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "total_pages": 377, "file_hash": "3a73f4b5941a07b86a468268f1eaa39476455580d8134b77... |
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conscience. Thus, the return to li takes on greater significance than a simple longing for an idyllic past. As
Huston Smith noted, “that three of the Five Relationships pertain within the family is indicative... | {"file_size_mb": 44.59, "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "file_hash": "3a73f4b5941a07b86a468268f1eaa39476455580d8134b779b9aec0361af6401", "batch_upload": true, "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T14:15:02.747000", "file_type": ".pdf", "total_pages": 377, "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "creationda... |
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-0.03844... | classes and sexes. As in ancient Greece, women in ancient China were in charge of domestic duties and
care of the family. They were neither expected nor believed able to assume duties outside the home and
certainly not in the competitive world of business. Yet consider the fictional case of Yijing.
Yijing was the da... | {"source_file": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "creationdate": "2018-09-21T10:38:43-05:00", "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "title": "Business Ethics", "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:47:19-05:00", "file_type": ".pdf", "total_pages": 377, "source": "downloads\\business\\legal_busin... |
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take advantage of her. Although surprised by her father’s request, Yijing agreed and eventually took over
the business, making it extremely prosperous.
Critical Thinking
If you were Yijing, what would you have done... | {"moddate": "2020-08-05T15:47:19-05:00", "total_pages": 377, "title": "Business Ethics", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "file_hash": "3a73f4b5941a07b86a468268f1eaa39476455580d8134b779b9aec0361af6401", "creationdate": "2018-09-21T10:38:43-05:00", "batch_upload": true, "uploa... |
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options in a moral dilemma and acts as a counterbalance to achieve fairness, enabling parties in a transaction
to arrive at an equitable agreement. Ultimately, quan allows people and institutions to prioriti... | {"source_file": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "file_type": ".pdf", "batch_upload": true, "source": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "file_size_mb": 44.59, "total_pages"... |
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executive officer, was awarded the Champions of the Earth prize by the United Nations in 2011 for his work in
This OpenStax book is available for free at http://cnx.org/content/col25722/1.3
Chapter 2 Ethics from Ant... | {"file_size_mb": 44.59, "creationdate": "2018-09-21T10:38:43-05:00", "file_hash": "3a73f4b5941a07b86a468268f1eaa39476455580d8134b779b9aec0361af6401", "file_type": ".pdf", "file_name": "BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:47:19-05:00", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.... |
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risk upsetting the proper order of things. Justice in this sense allows for wealth creation, investment, and
strategic planning as long as all fulfill their roles and act in the manner of a junzi. An o... | {"batch_upload": true, "file_size_mb": 44.59, "source": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "total_pages": 377, "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "file_name": "BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "creationdate": "20... |
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by itself. Instead, its ethical counterpart is truth. Both qualities exist within business practices. In this ethical
framework, loyalty to truth is not just a stock phrase but a commitment to value in all aspect... | {"file_type": ".pdf", "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "file_hash": "3a73f4b5941a07b86a468268f1eaa39476455580d8134b779b9aec0361af6401", "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:47:19-05:00", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "upload_timestamp": ... |
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-0.... | on strips of bamboo. (credit: “Rongo Analects 02” by “Fukutaro”/Wikimedia Commons, Public Domain)
Some have criticized Confucianism for impeding progress in China in areas like education, the natural
sciences, and business, because it has failed to adapt to the modern context. High-frequency trading,
blockchain tech... | {"file_type": ".pdf", "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "total_pages": 377, "creationdate": "2018-09-21T10:38:43-05:00", "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "batch_upload": true, "file_name": "BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "file... |
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-... | character has been proven repeatedly through business scandals like Enron, LIBOR, and the 2008 financial
crisis, as well as the recent problems of Uber and Volkswagen, in which personal irresponsibility resulted in
disaster. Indeed, business schools now offer seminars for executives integrating virtue ethics—both
Ar... | {"title": "Business Ethics", "batch_upload": true, "source_file": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "file_type": ".pdf", "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T14:15:02.747000", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "source": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "total_pages": ... |
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ecommerce site Alibaba, has called this “clean communism,” which might be another way of characterizing
the form of state-sponsored capitalism that exists in China.27 Of course, the former Communist regime did not
emb... | {"upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T14:15:02.747000", "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:47:19-05:00", "creationdate": "2018-09-21T10:38:43-05:00", "title": "Business Ethics", "file_type": ".pdf", "batch_upload": true, "total_pages": 377, "source_file": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "creator": "DocB... |
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Zong is correct, would it be safe to say that China needs another return to ancient wisdom? Why or why
not? Do you agree with her assessment of the current generation and individualism?
2.3 Comparing the Virtue Ethi... | {"creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "file_size_mb": 44.59, "file_type": ".pdf", "batch_upload": true, "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T14:15:02.747000", "source": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "creationdate": "2018-09-21T10:38:43-05:00", "modda... |
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This OpenStax book is available for free at http://cnx.org/content/col25722/1.3
Chapter 2 Ethics from Antiquity to the Present
41
misfortune or weak character. Confucius looked to settle the soul of the Chin... | {"source_file": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "batch_upload": true, "creationdate": "2018-09-21T10:38:43-05:00", "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "file_size_mb": 44.59, "source": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "file_name": "BusinessEthics-OP.pdf... |
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practical wisdom was related to self-restraint, or temperance. In Confucian virtue ethics, control was a function
of self-regulation; primitive instincts were held at bay and the person gained the capacity and... | {"uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "total_pages": 377, "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T14:15:02.747000", "file_type": ".pdf", "file_size_mb": 44.59, "batch_upload": true, "source": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "creationdate": "2018-09-21T10:3... |
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employees, and the organization that balances individual and collective responsibility, and in which
management also includes planning, organizing, and leading to achieve organizational goals.28 A self-
controlled,... | {"total_pages": 377, "file_type": ".pdf", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "file_name": "BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "title": "Business Ethics", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "file_size_mb": 44.59, "file_hash": "3a73f4b5941a07b86a4... |
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have a very definite opinion about the optimization of shareholder wealth.
Despite these similarities between the two traditions, there are differences—the most notable being the locus
42
Chapter 2 Ethics fro... | {"title": "Business Ethics", "file_name": "BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "file_size_mb": 44.59, "batch_upload": true, "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "total_pages": 377, "creationdate": "2018-09-21T10:... |
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system was different. Aristotle acknowledged that “a solitary man has a hard life, because it is not easy to keep
up a continuous activity by oneself; but in company with others and in relation to others it ... | {"file_name": "BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "file_size_mb": 44.59, "creationdate": "2018-09-21T10:38:43-05:00", "source": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "title": "Business Ethics", "file_hash": "3a73f4b5941a07b86a468268f1eaa39476455580d8134b779b9aec... |
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West, because it provided a forum within which virtues were tested in very real ways. Confucius urged each
follower to be a great or humane person, or ru, not a small one.30 This was so important that the school
... | {"title": "Business Ethics", "total_pages": 377, "source": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "file_type": ".pdf", "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:47:19-05:00", "creationdate": "2018-09-21T10:38:43-05:00", "batch_upload": true, "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "file_size_mb": 44.59, "f... |
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working the sales staff to the point of burnout to achieve monthly goals has not successfully integrated the
personal and the professional, for instance, and even poses obstacles to individual happiness and lif... | {"source": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "creationdate": "2018-09-21T10:38:43-05:00", "title": "Business Ethics", "file_type": ".pdf", "batch_upload": true, "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "file_na... |
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-0.00669... | relationships that are the foundation of business? To answer this question, consider the essence of the
virtuous person that each ethical system strove to create. For Aristotle, the virtuous person saw the truth in
every kind of situation. Once acknowledged and recognized, the truth could not be denied without
compr... | {"file_type": ".pdf", "title": "Business Ethics", "batch_upload": true, "total_pages": 377, "file_size_mb": 44.59, "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:47:19-05:00", "source": "downloads\\business\\legal_busi... |
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important than the end itself. It is not merely that the means must match the end, but that they come to
define the virtuous person.
The integration of personal and professional lives has two effects: motive and awa... | {"source_file": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "creationdate": "2018-09-21T10:38:43-05:00", "file_type": ".pdf", "batch_upload": true, "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "file_name": "BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "file_hash": "3a73f4b5941a07b86a46826... |
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more people understood the value of human capital and the need to see the larger picture; to put it
differently: responsibility over profitability. Or, as Confucius would say, it is the person who can broaden the
Way, not the Way that broadens the person.34
Is There a Universal Ethics?
A fundamental question in ... | {"uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "batch_upload": true, "file_type": ".pdf", "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "file_size_mb": 44.59, "file_hash": "3a73f4b5941a07b86a468268f1eaa39476455580d8134b779b9aec0361af6401", "source": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "file_name": "Busines... |
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0.0681... | reasonable, responsible ways. Methods of decision-making then could be adapted to any context or dilemma.
But what constitutes a reasonable, responsible method, and who gets to choose it?
It is possible that standards of ethical conduct could be created to guide business affairs fairly and justly. Such
standards alr... | {"file_size_mb": 44.59, "file_hash": "3a73f4b5941a07b86a468268f1eaa39476455580d8134b779b9aec0361af6401", "title": "Business Ethics", "total_pages": 377, "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)",... |
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0.008116... | when it comes to international jurisdiction, privacy, and human rights. For example, the International Financial
Reporting Standards serve as a kind of international GAAP to help companies report financial results in a
common accounting language across national boundaries.
Despite our best efforts, someone who wishe... | {"creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "creationdate": "2018-09-21T10:38:43-05:00", "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T14:15:02.747000", "title": "Business Ethics", "file_hash": "3a73f4b5941a07b86a468268f1eaa39476455580d8134b779b9aec0361af6401", "batch_upload": true, "file_name": "BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "moddate"... |
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... | internalize in us more altruistic business practices. They also permit greater integration between our personal
and professional understandings of the way we should treat friends, family, customers, and clients. No matter
the context, we are then encouraged to treat others with honesty and respect, so that even someo... | {"moddate": "2020-08-05T15:47:19-05:00", "file_size_mb": 44.59, "source": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T14:15:02.747000", "file_hash": "3a73f4b5941a07b86a468268f1eaa39476455580d8134b779b9aec0361af6401", "total_pages": 377, "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princ... |
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Colombia between 1997 and 2004 to ensure there would be no violence against its employees, banana
plantations, and facilities. The payment violated the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (1977), which
44
Chapter 2... | {"file_type": ".pdf", "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T14:15:02.747000", "source": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "title": "Business Ethics", "file_name": "BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "total_pages": 377, "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "file_hash": "3a73f4b5941a07b86a468268f1eaa3... |
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• What do you suppose Confucius and Aristotle, teachers of virtue ethics, would say about the
Colombians’ case, and how would they go about assessing responsibility? What would they identify
as the crime committed? Would they think the executives at Chiquita had acted prudently, cravenly,
or decei... | {"upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T14:15:02.747000", "file_name": "BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "source": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "batch_upload": true, "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\Busi... |
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Identify the principle elements of Jeremy Bentham’s utilitarianism
• Distinguish John Stuart Mill’s modification of utilitarianism from Bentham’s original formulation of it
• Evaluate the role of utilitarianism in contemporary business
Although the ultimate aim of Aristotelian virtue ethics was eudaimonia, later ... | {"file_name": "BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "file_type": ".pdf", "title": "Business Ethics", "file_size_mb": 44.59, "batch_upload": true, "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "source": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics... |
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be explained by reference to this basic instinct, which Bentham saw as the key to unlocking the workings of
the human mind. He created an ethical system based on it, called utilitarianism. Bentham’s protégé,... | {"source": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "file_name": "BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "title": "Business Ethics", "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T14:15:02.747000", "creationdate": "2018-09-21T10:38:43-05:00", "file_size_mb": 44.59, "producer": "Prin... |
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on liberty, equality, and self-determination. Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels published The Communist Manifesto
in 1848. Revolutionary movements broke out that year in France, Italy, Austria, Poland, and elsewh... | {"moddate": "2020-08-05T15:47:19-05:00", "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "file_name": "BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "source": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "batch_upload": true, "title": "Business Ethics... |
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conditions of the scientific method. Ethics had to be empirical, quantifiable, verifiable, and reproducible across
time and space. Just as science was beginning to understand the workings of cause and effect in the b... | {"batch_upload": true, "total_pages": 377, "file_hash": "3a73f4b5941a07b86a468268f1eaa39476455580d8134b779b9aec0361af6401", "file_type": ".pdf", "creationdate": "2018-09-21T10:38:43-05:00", "title": "Business Ethics", "file_name": "BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T14:15:02.747000", "source": "dow... |
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character of the actor, the actor’s motivation, or the particular circumstances surrounding the act. It has these
characteristics: (1) universality, because it applies to all acts of human behavior, even those that ap... | {"upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T14:15:02.747000", "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:47:19-05:00", "batch_upload": true, "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "file_type": ".pdf", "title": "Business Ethics", "total_pages": 377, "source": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "creationdate": "2018... |
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University College London.) Bentham also stipulated that his body be preserved for medical instruction
(Figure 2.7) and later placed on display in what he called an “auto-icon,” or self-image. The university
agre... | {"creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "file_hash": "3a73f4b5941a07b86a468268f1eaa39476455580d8134b779b9aec0361af6401", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "total_pages": 377, "creationdate": "2018-09-21T10:38:43-05:00", "source": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "file_size_mb": 44.59... |
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from the rest of the body.) (credit: “Mortal Remains of Jeremy Bentham, 1832” by Weld Taylor and H. H.
Pickersgill/Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 4.0)
Critical Thinking
• What do you think of Bentham’s final request... | {"total_pages": 377, "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "batch_upload": true, "creationdate": "2018-09-21T10:38:43-05:00", "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T14:15:02.747000", "file_size_mb": 44.59, "file_hash": "3a73f4b5941a07b86a468268f1eaa39476455580d8134b779b9aec0361af6401", "file_type": ".pdf", "producer": "Prince 11 ... |
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increasing happiness or decreasing pain. Bentham thus created a “hedonic calculus” to measure the utility of
proposed actions according to the conditions of intensity, duration, certainty, and the probabil... | {"source": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "file_size_mb": 44.59, "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "file_type": ".pdf", "title": "Business Ethics", "batch_... |
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This OpenStax book is available for free at http://cnx.org/content/col25722/1.3
Chapter 2 Ethics from Antiquity to the Present
47
character might obscure decision-making. Rather than making moral judgments... | {"producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T14:15:02.747000", "file_size_mb": 44.59, "source": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "file_type": ".pdf", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf... |
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misses. Matt, who intends only to scare the man but kills him by accident, will suffer a more severe penalty
than his brother in most countries (including the United States). Applying utilitarian reasoning, ca... | {"file_hash": "3a73f4b5941a07b86a468268f1eaa39476455580d8134b779b9aec0361af6401", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "file_name": "BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "creationdate": "2018-09-21T10:38:43-05:00",... |
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save?
Synthesizing Rights and Utility
As you might expect, utilitarianism was not without its critics. Thomas Hodgskin (1787–1869) pointed out what
he said was the “absurdity” of insisting that “the rights of man are d... | {"file_name": "BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "title": "Business Ethics", "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "file_size_mb": 44.59, "creationdate": "2018-09-21T10:38:43-05:00", "total_pages": 377, "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "batch_upload": true, "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "moddate": "2020-0... |
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mentor but then offered a synthesis of his own that brought natural rights together with utility, creating a new
kind of utilitarianism, one that would eventually serve to underpin neoclassical economic principle... | {"uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "file_name": "BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "title": "Business Ethics", "total_pages": 377, "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:47:19-05:00", "file_size_mb": 44.59, "file_type": ".pdf", "source": "downloads\\bu... |
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breakdown at the age of twenty years. The experience left him dissatisfied with Bentham’s philosophy of utility
and social reform. As an alternative, Mill turned to Romanticism and poets like Coleridge and Joha... | {"title": "Business Ethics", "creationdate": "2018-09-21T10:38:43-05:00", "total_pages": 377, "source": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:47:19-05:00", "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "file_name": "BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploade... |
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do exactly the work prescribed for it, but a tree, which requires to grow and develop itself on all sides,
according to the tendency of the inward forces which make it a living thing,” he wrote.49 Mill was int... | {"uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:47:19-05:00", "file_hash": "3a73f4b5941a07b86a468268f1eaa39476455580d8134b779b9aec0361af6401", "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T14:15:02.747000", "file_name": "BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "total_pages": 377, "file_size... |
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there has never been a satisfactory definition of “harm,” and what one person finds harmful another may find
beneficial. For Mill, harm was defined as the set back of one’s interests. Thus, harm was d... | {"moddate": "2020-08-05T15:47:19-05:00", "file_name": "BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "file_size_mb": 44.59, "creationdate": "2018-09-21T10:38:43-05:00", "title": "Business Ethics", "file_type": ".pdf", "total_pages": 377, "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T14:15:02.747000", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "producer": "Prince ... |
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political spectrum.
Considering the social implications of an individual action highlights another limitation of utilitarianism, and
one that perhaps makes more sense to us than it would to Bentham and Mill, na... | {"batch_upload": true, "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T14:15:02.747000", "file_name": "BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:47:19-05:00", "file_hash": "3a73f4b5941a07b86a468268f1eaa39476455580d8134b779b9aec0361af6401", "title": "Business Ethics", "file_size_mb": 44.59, "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V... |
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0.042830958... | conclusion. Instead, we might hold that the driver’s survivors and friends, along with society as a whole, have
suffered a loss. Arguably, all of us are diminished by the recklessness of his act.
L I N K T O L E A R N I N G
Watch this video for a summary of utilitarian principles (https://openstax.org/l/53utilit... | {"producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "file_hash": "3a73f4b5941a07b86a468268f1eaa39476455580d8134b779b9aec0361af6401", "file_type": ".pdf", "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "batch_upload": true, "file_name": "BusinessEthic... |
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... | analysis), they make a utilitarian determination. At the same time, one might argue that a simple cost-benefits
analysis is not a utilitarian calculus unless it includes consideration of all stakeholders and a full accounting of
externalities, worker preferences, potentially coercive actions related to customers, or ... | {"moddate": "2020-08-05T15:47:19-05:00", "batch_upload": true, "creationdate": "2018-09-21T10:38:43-05:00", "file_size_mb": 44.59, "total_pages": 377, "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "file_type": ".pdf", "file_hash": "3a73f4b5941a07b86a46826... |
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-... | function can provide managers with a tool for measuring the viability of prospective projects. It may even give
them an opportunity to explore objections about the mechanistic and impractical nature of utilitarianism,
especially from a customer perspective.
Utilitarianism could motivate individuals within the organi... | {"file_hash": "3a73f4b5941a07b86a468268f1eaa39476455580d8134b779b9aec0361af6401", "source": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "creationdate": "2018-09-21T10:38:43-05:00", "producer"... |
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-0.... | utility for society and business. For Mill, the path to utility led through truth, and the main way of arriving at
truth was through a deliberative process that encouraged individual expression and the clash of ideas.
Figure 2.8
In On Liberty (1859) (a), John Stuart Mill (b) combined utility with human rights. He em... | {"creationdate": "2018-09-21T10:38:43-05:00", "total_pages": 377, "file_size_mb": 44.59, "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T14:15:02.747000", "file_name": "BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "title": "Business Ethics", "file_hash": "3a73f4b5941a07b86a468268f1eaa39476455580d8134b779b9aec0361af6401", "source_file": "downloads\\busines... |
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-0.0... | action harm others? If the answer is yes, we must make a utilitarian calculation to decide whether there is still
a greater good for the greatest number. Then we must ask, who are the others we must consider? All
stakeholders? Only shareholders? What does harm entail, and who decides whether a proposed action might
... | {"source": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "file_size_mb": 44.59, "title": "Business Ethics", "total_pages": 377, "source_file": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "file_name": "BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "producer": "Prince 11 (www... |
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-0.0... | contemporary business, especially with the rise of big data, is that we need both numbers and reasoned
principles. If we apply the Aristotelian and Confucian rule of the mean, we see that balance of responsibility
50
Chapter 2 Ethics from Antiquity to the Present
and profitability makes the difference between sound... | {"creationdate": "2018-09-21T10:38:43-05:00", "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "file_hash": "3a73f4b5941a07b86a468268f1eaa39476455580d8134b779b9aec0361af6401", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T14:15:02.747000", "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:47:19-05:00", "source_file": "download... |
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-0.... | individuals to act for the good of others, even though that action might result in personal loss. Doing
something for the right reason was much more important to Kant than any particular outcome.
Aroused From “Dogmatic Slumber”
In 1781, at the age of fifty-six years, Kant published Critique of Pure Reason (Kritik de... | {"moddate": "2020-08-05T15:47:19-05:00", "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "creationdate": "2018-09-21T10:38:43-05:00", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "title": "Business Ethics", "file_size_mb": 44.59, "file_name": "B... |
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-0.006... | dogmatism. Whether Christian or revolutionary, dogmatic thinking was to be avoided because it obscured the
truths of science and religion through flawed logic.
Figure 2.9
First published in 1781, Immanuel Kant’s Critique of Pure Reason provided a new system for
understanding experience and reality. It defended reli... | {"title": "Business Ethics", "total_pages": 377, "batch_upload": true, "file_size_mb": 44.59, "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "file_type": ".pdf", "source": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "creationdate": "2018-09-21T10:38:43-05:00... |
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Kant credited the skepticism of empirical philosopher David Hume (1711–1776) with awakening him from
“dogmatic slumber,” although he disagreed with Hume, who claimed that the mind did not exist at all but was
the result of mental associations derived from sensory experience.52 For Kant, reality could be discerned ... | {"creationdate": "2018-09-21T10:38:43-05:00", "file_hash": "3a73f4b5941a07b86a468268f1eaa39476455580d8134b779b9aec0361af6401", "batch_upload": true, "file_type": ".pdf", "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:47:19-05:00", "total_pages": 377, "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T14:15:02.747000", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "creat... |
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0.01... | unconditional duty to act ethically, which Kant called the “categorical imperative,” first outlined in Groundwork
of the Metaphysic of Morals (1785).53
In its initial form, Kant’s described his concept of the categorical imperative as follows: “Act only according to
that maxim whereby you can, at the same time, will t... | {"upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T14:15:02.747000", "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:47:19-05:00", "file_size_mb": 44.59, "title": "Business Ethics", "file_type": ".pdf", "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "file_name": "BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "batch_upload": true, "creationdate": "2... |
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... | that observing the categorical imperative as we consider what actions to take would directly lead to ethical
actions on our part.
L I N K T O L E A R N I N G
Watch this video about the categorical imperative (https://openstax.org/l/53categorical) to learn more.
How do you see the imperative working in your own ... | {"creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "title": "Business Ethics", "total_pages": 377, "source_file": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "file_size_mb": 44.59, "file_hash": "3a73f4b5941a07b86a468268f1eaa39476455580d8134b779b9aec0361af6401", "creationdate": "2018-09-21T10:38:43-05:00",... |
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0.02845... | and reason. This was a radical concept for the times.
In the end, Kant’s systematic analysis of knowing and understanding provided a much-needed counterweight
to the logic of Enlightenment rationalism. The existence of the mental structures he proposed has even been
confirmed today. For instance, the scientific cons... | {"batch_upload": true, "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:47:19-05:00", "creationdate": "2018-09-21T10:38:43-05:00", "total_pages": 377, "title": "Business Ethics", "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T14:15:02.747000", "file_type": ".pdf", "file_hash": "3a73f4b5941a07b86a468268f1eaa39476... |
0d0397f8-ed62-4b65-89f4-e724d6406db3 | [
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0.0... | L I N K T O L E A R N I N G
Read a good survey of Kant’s critique of Enlightenment rationalism and of empiricism
52
Chapter 2 Ethics from Antiquity to the Present
(https://openstax.org/l/53KantCritique) in this article.
Utilitarianism and Deontology
From a Kantian perspective, it is clear that adherence to du... | {"creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "total_pages": 377, "source": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "batch_upload": true, "file_type": ".pdf", "file_name": "BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "title": "Business Ethi... |
768f5009-3024-46d5-b225-9dc84c7a4e69 | [
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0.009... | implementation of the categorical imperative to act ethically, in accordance with our conscience. However,
even though that imperative ought to be followed without exception, not everyone does so. In Kant’s moral
teachings, individuals still had free will to accept or reject it.
There is a definite contrast between ... | {"batch_upload": true, "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:47:19-05:00", "total_pages": 377, "creationdate": "2018-09-21T10:38:43-05:00", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "file_size_mb": 44.59, "file_name": "BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "file_type": ".pdf", "creator": "DocBook XSL Styleshee... |
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-0.0... | with utility or outcome—his was not a system directed toward results. The question for him was not how to
attain happiness but how to become worthy of it.
Rather like Aristotle and Confucius, Kant taught that the transcendent aspects of human nature, if followed,
would lead us inevitably to treat people as ends rath... | {"file_size_mb": 44.59, "batch_upload": true, "file_name": "BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "total_pages": 377, "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "creationdate": "2018-09-21T10:38:43-05:00", "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "title": "Business Ethics", "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:47:19-05:00", "source": "d... |
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-0.037973076105... | W H A T W O U L D Y O U D O ?
Les Misérables
You may have seen the very popular Broadway show or movie Les Misérables, based on Victor Hugo’s
epic nineteenth-century French novel of the same name. The main character, Jean Valjean, steals a loaf of
bread to feed his sister’s starving family and is arrested and... | {"source_file": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "source": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "file_size_mb": 44.59, "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:47:19-05:00", "total_pages": 377, "title"... |
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-0.021... | wrong and possibly saving human lives. According to Kantian ethics, Valjean may have been ethical in
stealing bread for his family, particularly because the action was grounded in good will and provided
benefit to others more than to himself.
This OpenStax book is available for free at http://cnx.org/content/col2572... | {"creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "source_file": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "file_size_mb": 44.59, "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:47:19-05:00", "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T14:15:02.747000", "file_type": ".pdf", "batch_upload": true, "sourc... |
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0.... | Kantian ethics is not so easily applied. On one hand, it offers a unique opportunity for the development of
individual morality through the categorical imperative to act ethically, which emphasizes humanity and
autonomy.57 This imperative addresses one major side of business ethics: the personal. Character and moral
... | {"title": "Business Ethics", "batch_upload": true, "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "creationdate": "2018-09-21T10:38:43-05:00", "file_name": "BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "upload_timestamp": "2026-02-07T14:15:02.747000", "file_hash": "3a73f4b5941a07b86a468268f1eaa39476455580d8134b779b9aec0361af6401", "source": ... |
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0.0... | consisted of graft and corruption in the U.S. Navy’s Pacific fleet and has been a continual source of
embarrassment for an institution that prides itself on the honorable conduct of its officers. One person can
make a difference, either positively or negatively.
On the other hand, Kant’s categorical imperative is ju... | {"creationdate": "2018-09-21T10:38:43-05:00", "source": "downloads\\business\\legal_business\\BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "moddate": "2020-08-05T15:47:19-05:00", "file_name": "BusinessEthics-OP.pdf", "batch_upload": true, "file_hash": "3a73f4b5941a07b86a468268f1eaa39476455580d8134b779b9aec0361af6401", "upload_timestamp": "... |
7d803a2e-4038-4678-8326-a39315a40c89 | [
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0.055... | namely, was Kant correct in believing that morality and mental categories are independent of experience? Or
can they be culturally conditioned, and, if so, does that make them relative rather than absolute, as Kant
believed them to be?
This question whether ethics is universal is distinctly Kantian, because Kant bel... | {"moddate": "2020-08-05T15:47:19-05:00", "file_type": ".pdf", "creator": "DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1", "producer": "Prince 11 (www.princexml.com)", "file_hash": "3a73f4b5941a07b86a468268f1eaa39476455580d8134b779b9aec0361af6401", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "title": "Business Ethics", "file_name": "BusinessEt... |
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