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889	One of the central problems in the anthropology of art concerns the universality of 'art' as a cultural phenomenon. Several anthropologists have noted that the Western categories of 'painting', 'sculpture', or 'literature', conceived as independent artistic activities, do not exist, or exist in a significantly differen...	[ "What is a cultural phenomenon?", "What have several anthropologists noted about Western artistic endeavors and their place in non-Western contexts?", "What formal features in objects do anthropologists of art focus on?", "When was Art as Cultural System penned?", "What is the trend to transform the anthrop...
890	Sporadic use of the term for some of the subject matter occurred subsequently, such as the use by Étienne Serres in 1838 to describe the natural history, or paleontology, of man, based on comparative anatomy, and the creation of a chair in anthropology and ethnography in 1850 at the National Museum of Natural History (...	[ "Who used the term anthropology to describe the natural history of man?", "When was anthropology used as a term for comparative anatomy?", "When was a chair created for anthropology at the National Museum of Natural History?", "Where is the National Museum of Natural History located?", "What organization wa...
891	Anthropology and many other current fields are the intellectual results of the comparative methods developed in the earlier 19th century. Theorists in such diverse fields as anatomy, linguistics, and Ethnology, making feature-by-feature comparisons of their subject matters, were beginning to suspect that similarities b...	[ "What is anthropology the intellectual results of?", "What were theorists in diverse fields beginning to notice between animals and languages?", "What did the theorists suspect these patterns were the result of?", "What was Darwin's On The Origin of Species for theorists?", "How did Darwin arrive at his con...
892	Darwin and Wallace unveiled evolution in the late 1850s. There was an immediate rush to bring it into the social sciences. Paul Broca in Paris was in the process of breaking away from the Société de biologie to form the first of the explicitly anthropological societies, the Société d'Anthropologie de Paris, meeting for...	[ "When did Wallace and Darwin unveil the theory of evolution?", "What was there a rush to do with the theory of evolution?", "Where did Paul Broca reside?", "What organization was Broca in the process of disentangling himself from?", "What did the French call evolutionism?" ]
893	Broca, being what today would be called a neurosurgeon, had taken an interest in the pathology of speech. He wanted to localize the difference between man and the other animals, which appeared to reside in speech. He discovered the speech center of the human brain, today called Broca's area after him. His interest was ...	[ "If Broca were alive today, what would his profession be?", "What particularly interested Broca?", "What did Broca discover in the human brain?", "What did the German philosopher Waitz specialize in?", "How many volumes was Waitz work?" ]
894	Waitz defined anthropology as "the science of the nature of man". By nature he meant matter animated by "the Divine breath"; i.e., he was an animist. Following Broca's lead, Waitz points out that anthropology is a new field, which would gather material from other fields, but would differ from them in the use of compara...	[ "How did Waitz define anthropology?", "What philosophical perspective did Waitz hold?", "What would anthropology use to differentiate man from the animals nearest him?", "What did Waitz stress that the data of comparison must be?", "What history was to be brought into the comparison?" ]
895	Waitz was influential among the British ethnologists. In 1863 the explorer Richard Francis Burton and the speech therapist James Hunt broke away from the Ethnological Society of London to form the Anthropological Society of London, which henceforward would follow the path of the new anthropology rather than just ethnol...	[ "Who was Waitz influential among?", "In what year did Richard Francis Burton break away from the Ethnological Society of London?", "What path of exploration did the Anthropological Society of London follow?", "Representatives from where were present in the Anthropological Society of London?", "Whose work di...
896	This meagre statistic expanded in the 20th century to comprise anthropology departments in the majority of the world's higher educational institutions, many thousands in number. Anthropology has diversified from a few major subdivisions to dozens more. Practical anthropology, the use of anthropological knowledge and te...	[ "What did the 20th century see the expansion of anthropology departments into?", "What was anthropology diversified into dozens of?", "What type of anthropology is used to solve specific problems?", "What does a forensic archaeologist become stimulated to do in the presence of buried victims?", "From how ma...
897	Media anthropology (also known as anthropology of media or mass media) emphasizes ethnographic studies as a means of understanding producers, audiences, and other cultural and social aspects of mass media. The types of ethnographic contexts explored range from contexts of media production (e.g., ethnographies of newsro...	[ "What type of anthropology tries to understand the social aspects of mass media?", "Media production and media reception are examples of what type of context?", "Media such as a radio and television have started to make their presences felt since what years?", "Following audiences in their everyday responses ...
898	Visual anthropology is concerned, in part, with the study and production of ethnographic photography, film and, since the mid-1990s, new media. While the term is sometimes used interchangeably with ethnographic film, visual anthropology also encompasses the anthropological study of visual representation, including area...	[ "What type of anthropology concerns itself with the study of photography and film?", "What are performances, art, and the production of mass media grouped under?", "What cultures' visual representations are included in visual anthropology?", "What term is visual anthropology sometimes used interchangeably wit...
899	Economic anthropology attempts to explain human economic behavior in its widest historic, geographic and cultural scope. It has a complex relationship with the discipline of economics, of which it is highly critical. Its origins as a sub-field of anthropology begin with the Polish-British founder of Anthropology, Broni...	[ "Which branch of anthropology attempts to explain human economic behavior?", "Economic anthropology covers what scope of human economic behavior?", "What is economic anthropology highly critical of?", "Who was the Polish-British founder of Anthropology?", "What is Economic Anthropology mostly focused upon?"...
900	Political economy in anthropology is the application of the theories and methods of Historical Materialism to the traditional concerns of anthropology, including, but not limited to, non-capitalist societies. Political Economy introduced questions of history and colonialism to ahistorical anthropological theories of so...	[ "What does political economy in anthropology apply Historical Materialism to?", "What did Political Economy introduce questions of to theories of social structure and culture?", "Who were the original affluent society?", "What do peasants make up the vast majority of in the world?", "What have Political Eco...
901	Applied Anthropology refers to the application of the method and theory of anthropology to the analysis and solution of practical problems. It is a, "complex of related, research-based, instrumental methods which produce change or stability in specific cultural systems through the provision of data, initiation of direc...	[ "What type of anthropology is used to analyse and find solutions to real world problems?", "What do the instrumental methods of applied anthropology produce?", "What type of action does applied anthropology initiate?", "What side of anthropology is applied anthropology?", "Included in applied anthropology i...
902	Anthropology of development tends to view development from a critical perspective. The kind of issues addressed and implications for the approach simply involve pondering why, if a key development goal is to alleviate poverty, is poverty increasing? Why is there such a gap between plans and outcomes? Why are those work...	[ "What perspective does development anthropology view development from?", "What does development anthropology involves doing a lot of?", "Development anthropologists would like to know why if a goal is to alleviate poverty, that poverty is doing what?", "When it comes to plans and outcomes, what do development...
903	Kinship can refer both to the study of the patterns of social relationships in one or more human cultures, or it can refer to the patterns of social relationships themselves. Over its history, anthropology has developed a number of related concepts and terms, such as "descent", "descent groups", "lineages", "affines", ...	[ "What can refer to the study of patterns in human cultures?", "What has developed a number of related concepts and terms?", "When has anthropology developed related terms?", "What does it mean if people are related by descent?", "Kinship patterns can included people who are relatives by what cultural ritual...
904	Feminist anthropology is a four field approach to anthropology (archeological, biological, cultural, linguistic) that seeks to reduce male bias in research findings, anthropological hiring practices, and the scholarly production of knowledge. Anthropology engages often with feminists from non-Western traditions, whose ...	[ "What type of anthropology focuses on a political agenda rather than on contributing to science?", "What does feminist anthropology self-reports as seeking to reduce in research findings?", "What do feminist anthropologists claim their research helps to correct?", "What are feminist anthropologists centrally ...
905	Nutritional anthropology is a synthetic concept that deals with the interplay between economic systems, nutritional status and food security, and how changes in the former affect the latter. If economic and environmental changes in a community affect access to food, food security, and dietary health, then this interpla...	[ "What division of anthropology concerns itself with food security?", "Nutritional anthropologists investigate the interplay between economic systems and what?", "If environmental changes in a community affect access to food, then there is an eventual connection to what?", "What affects overall health status?"...
906	Psychological anthropology is an interdisciplinary subfield of anthropology that studies the interaction of cultural and mental processes. This subfield tends to focus on ways in which humans' development and enculturation within a particular cultural group—with its own history, language, practices, and conceptual cate...	[ "What subfield of anthropology studies mental processes?", "What does psychological anthropology particularly focus on in a particular culture group?", "What aspects define a cultural group?", "What shapes processes of human cognition?", "Psychological anthropology examines how our models of social processe...
907	Cognitive anthropology seeks to explain patterns of shared knowledge, cultural innovation, and transmission over time and space using the methods and theories of the cognitive sciences (especially experimental psychology and evolutionary biology) often through close collaboration with historians, ethnographers, archaeo...	[ "What type of anthology deals with patterns of shared knowledge?", "What methods and theories do cognitive anthropologists use to explain cultural innovation?", "What are two examples of methods and theories of cognitive science?", "Cognitive anthropologists want to know how the way people perceive and relate...
908	Political anthropology concerns the structure of political systems, looked at from the basis of the structure of societies. Political anthropology developed as a discipline concerned primarily with politics in stateless societies, a new development started from the 1960s, and is still unfolding: anthropologists started...	[ "What type of anthropology is interested in the structure of political systems?", "From what basis do political anthropologists examine the structure of political systems?", "When did the new development of a stateless society come about?", "The presence of states, bureaucracies and markets makes for what typ...
909	Cyborg anthropology originated as a sub-focus group within the American Anthropological Association's annual meeting in 1993. The sub-group was very closely related to STS and the Society for the Social Studies of Science. Donna Haraway's 1985 Cyborg Manifesto could be considered the founding document of cyborg anthrop...	[ "What type of anthropology originated as a sub-focus group?", "When did the division of cyborg anthropology originate?", "What the sub-group of cyborg anthropology very closely related to, in addition to STS?", "Who published a Cyborg Manifesto?", "What does cyborg anthropology study about humankind and tec...
910	Environmental anthropology is a sub-specialty within the field of anthropology that takes an active role in examining the relationships between humans and their environment across space and time. The contemporary perspective of environmental anthropology, and arguably at least the backdrop, if not the focus of most of ...	[ "Which sub-specialty of anthropology takes an active role in looking at how humans interact with their environment?", "What is the focus of most of the field work in environmental anthropology today?", "What do many characterize the new perspective as being more informed with?", "The data interpretation of en...
911	Ethnohistory is the study of ethnographic cultures and indigenous customs by examining historical records. It is also the study of the history of various ethnic groups that may or may not exist today. Ethnohistory uses both historical and ethnographic data as its foundation. Its historical methods and materials go beyo...	[ "How does an someone interested in ethnohistory learn more about cultures and customs?", "Ethnohistory can study the history of what types of groups which may or may not exist today?", "What does ethnohistory use both historical and ethnographic data as?", "What do the methods of ethnohistory go beyond the st...
912	Urban anthropology is concerned with issues of urbanization, poverty, and neoliberalism. Ulf Hannerz quotes a 1960s remark that traditional anthropologists were "a notoriously agoraphobic lot, anti-urban by definition". Various social processes in the Western World as well as in the "Third World" (the latter being the ...	[ "What division of anthropology is concerned with poverty?", "Who is fond of quoting a remark from the 1960s?", "What is a stereotype of traditional anthropologists?", "How many principles approaches are there in urban anthropology?", "One would be studying how the dynamic of a city is affected if one were l...
913	Anthrozoology (also known as "human–animal studies") is the study of interaction between living things. It is a burgeoning interdisciplinary field that overlaps with a number of other disciplines, including anthropology, ethology, medicine, psychology, veterinary medicine and zoology. A major focus of anthrozoologic re...	[ "What is Anthrozoology also known as?", "What is the study of interaction between living things?", "What does the field of anthrozoology overlap with?", "What type of effects are a major focus of the anthrozoologic research?", "What are some of the diverse range of fields scholars come to Anthrozoology from...
914	Evolutionary anthropology is the interdisciplinary study of the evolution of human physiology and human behaviour and the relation between hominins and non-hominin primates. Evolutionary anthropology is based in natural science and social science, combining the human development with socioeconomic factors. Evolutionary...	[ "What branch of anthropology studies human behavior and the relation between primates?", "What is evolutionary anthropology based in?", "Which humans does evolutionary anthropology concern itself with the biological and cultural evolution of?", "What type of approach is evolutionary anthropology based on?", ...
915	Ethical commitments in anthropology include noticing and documenting genocide, infanticide, racism, mutilation (including circumcision and subincision), and torture. Topics like racism, slavery, and human sacrifice attract anthropological attention and theories ranging from nutritional deficiencies to genes to accultur...	[ "What type of anthropology commitment is noticing and documenting genocide?", "What is the proper term for circumcision?", "What are good topics to attract the attention of an anthropologist?", "Nutritional deficiencies and colonialism are just two theories of the root cause of Man's inhumanity towards whom?"...
916	But by the 1940s, many of Boas' anthropologist contemporaries were active in the allied war effort against the "Axis" (Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, and Imperial Japan). Many served in the armed forces, while others worked in intelligence (for example, Office of Strategic Services and the Office of War Information). At ...	[ "What were Boas' peers doing in the 1940s?", "What groups formed the Axis forces?", "What did many anthropologists serve in?", "The Office of Strategic Services is an example of what type of posting during the War?", "Why are several anthropologists dismissed from their jobs, according to David H. Price?" ]
917	Professional anthropological bodies often object to the use of anthropology for the benefit of the state. Their codes of ethics or statements may proscribe anthropologists from giving secret briefings. The Association of Social Anthropologists of the UK and Commonwealth (ASA) has called certain scholarship ethically da...	[ "What do groups of anthropologists object to the use of anthropology for benefit of?", "What type of briefings are forbidden for members of certain anthropologist bodies to give?", "What has the ASA identified as being ethically dangerous?", "Who penned a \"Statement of Professional Responsibility\"?", "Sec...
918	Anthropologists, along with other social scientists, are working with the US military as part of the US Army's strategy in Afghanistan. The Christian Science Monitor reports that "Counterinsurgency efforts focus on better grasping and meeting local needs" in Afghanistan, under the Human Terrain System (HTS) program; in...	[ "Who are anthropologists working with along with other social scientists?", "What are the anthropologists part of?", "What efforts focus on better understanding and meeting of local needs in Afghanistan?", "Where are HTS teams working with the military in addition to Afghanistan?", "What does the AAA feel i...
919	Biological anthropologists are interested in both human variation and in the possibility of human universals (behaviors, ideas or concepts shared by virtually all human cultures). They use many different methods of study, but modern population genetics, participant observation and other techniques often take anthropolo...	[ "What type of anthropologist is interested in human variation?", "What would an idea shared by virtually all human cultures be considered?", "Where can participant observation take an anthropologist?", "To be able to do fieldwork, an anthropologist must first travel to what?", "Articles can published once w...
920	Along with dividing up their project by theoretical emphasis, anthropologists typically divide the world up into relevant time periods and geographic regions. Human time on Earth is divided up into relevant cultural traditions based on material, such as the Paleolithic and the Neolithic, of particular use in archaeolog...	[ "How do anthropologists typically like to divide up the world?", "How has human time on Earth been divided up?", "Olduwan, Mousterian, and Levalloisian are all types of what?", "Mapping cultures is central to both the sciences of anthropologists and who else?", "What is a central part of the science of anth...
921	Some authors argue that anthropology originated and developed as the study of "other cultures", both in terms of time (past societies) and space (non-European/non-Western societies). For example, the classic of urban anthropology, Ulf Hannerz in the introduction to his seminal Exploring the City: Inquiries Toward an Ur...	[ "What do some authors state anthropology developed as the study of?", "A past society would be an other culture separated by what temporal aspect?", "What other cultures are said to be separated by space, what is actually meant?", "Who published a book with unnecessarily long title, \"Exploring the City: Inqu...
922	Since the 1980s it has become common for social and cultural anthropologists to set ethnographic research in the North Atlantic region, frequently examining the connections between locations rather than limiting research to a single locale. There has also been a related shift toward broadening the focus beyond the dail...	[ "What has become common for social anthropologists to do since the 1980s?", "Setting research in the North Atlantic region allows looking at connections between locations rather than being limited to what?", "What has there been a shift toward broadening the focus beyond?", "What setting have anthropologists ...
923	Following the earthquake, Joseph I gave his Prime Minister even more power, and Sebastião de Melo became a powerful, progressive dictator. As his power grew, his enemies increased in number, and bitter disputes with the high nobility became frequent. In 1758 Joseph I was wounded in an attempted assassination. The Távor...	[ "What happened to Joseph I in 1758?", "Who was implicated in the attempted assassination of Joseph I?", "Who was expelled from the country after the assassination attempt on Joseph I?", "In what year did Joseph I make his minister the Count of Oeiras?", "What act finally broke the power of the aristocracy?"...
924	Following the Távora affair, the new Count of Oeiras knew no opposition. Made "Marquis of Pombal" in 1770, he effectively ruled Portugal until Joseph I's death in 1779. However, historians also argue that Pombal’s "enlightenment," while far-reaching, was primarily a mechanism for enhancing autocracy at the expense of i...	[ "In which year was the Count of Oeiras made the Marquis of Pambal?", "How long did the Marquis of Pombal rule Portugal?", "What did Pombal's enlightenment promote at the expense of individual liberty?", "Was the new Count of Oeiras opposed by anyone after the Tavora affair?", "What was Pombal's \"enlightenm...
925	With the occupation by Napoleon, Portugal began a slow but inexorable decline that lasted until the 20th century. This decline was hastened by the independence in 1822 of the country's largest colonial possession, Brazil. In 1807, as Napoleon's army closed in on Lisbon, the Prince Regent João VI of Portugal transferred...	[ "Under whose occupation did Portugal begin a slow decline?", "In what year did Brazil become independent from Portugal?", "To where did Prince Regent Joao VI of Portugal transfer his court?", "What was the name of the pluricontinental state formed by Portugal and Brazil in 1815?", "How long did Portugal's d...
926	As a result of the change in its status and the arrival of the Portuguese royal family, Brazilian administrative, civic, economical, military, educational, and scientific apparatus were expanded and highly modernized. Portuguese and their allied British troops fought against the French Invasion of Portugal and by 1815 ...	[ "Portugese and British troops fought against the invasion of which country?", "Until when did the King of Portugal remain in Brazil?", "Where did the Liberal Revolution of 1820 begin?", "By what year had the situation in Europe cool down enough so that Joao VI would have been able to safely return to Lisbon?"...
927	With the Conference of Berlin of 1884, Portuguese Africa territories had their borders formally established on request of Portugal in order to protect the centuries-long Portuguese interests in the continent from rivalries enticed by the Scramble for Africa. Portuguese Africa's cities and towns like Nova Lisboa, Sá da ...	[ "When were railroad tracks being installed Portugese Africa?", "When was the Conference of Berlin held?", "During what period were the Portugese Africa's cities founded or redeveloped?", "Why were the Portugese Africa territories' borders formally established?", "What new Portugese Africa's coastal towns we...
928	On 1 February 1908, the king Dom Carlos I of Portugal and his heir apparent, Prince Royal Dom Luís Filipe, Duke of Braganza, were murdered in Lisbon. Under his rule, Portugal had twice been declared bankrupt – on 14 June 1892, and again on 10 May 1902 – causing social turmoil, economic disturbances, protests, revolts a...	[ "On what day were King Dom Carlos I and and his heir, Prince Royal Dom Luis Filipe, Duke of Braganza, murdered?", "Under the rule of King Dom Carlos I, on what two days was Portugal declared bankrupt?", "Who succeeded King Dom Carlos I as king?", "On what day was King Manuel II overthrown?", "During the Por...
929	This in turn led to the establishment of the right-wing dictatorship of the Estado Novo under António de Oliveira Salazar in 1933. Portugal was one of only five European countries to remain neutral in World War II. From the 1940s to the 1960s, Portugal was a founding member of NATO, OECD and the European Free Trade Ass...	[ "Who led the Estado Novo?", "In what year was the Estado Novo established?", "How many European countries remained neutral throughout World War II?", "What action affirmed Portugal's status as a transcontinental nation?" ]
930	Portugal maintains a unitary semi-presidential republican form of government and is a developed country with an advanced economy, and a high living standard, having the 18th highest Social Progress in the world, putting it ahead of other Western European countries like France, Spain and Italy. It is a member of numerou...	[ "What are three international organizations that Portugal belongs to?", "What form of government does Portugal maintain?", "What is Portugal's Social Progress ranking?", "Which three Western European countries have a lower Social Progress ranking than Portugal?", "In 2001, Portugal was the first country in ...
931	Pelayos' plan was to use the Cantabrian mountains as a place of refuge and protection from the invading Moors. He then aimed to regroup the Iberian Peninsula's Christian armies and use the Cantabrian mountains as a springboard from which to regain their lands from the Moors. In the process, after defeating the Moors in...	[ "What was Pelayos' plan?", "Against which group of people was Pelayos fighting?", "In which battle did Pelayos defeat the Moors?", "In which year was Pelayos proclaimed king?", "What was the war of Christian reconquest, started by Pelayos, known as in Portugese?" ]
932	After annexing the County of Portugal into one of the several counties that made up the Kingdom of Asturias, King Alfonso III of Asturias knighted Vimara Peres, in 868 AD, as the First Count of Portus Cale (Portugal). The region became known as Portucale, Portugale, and simultaneously Portugália — the County of Portuga...	[ "Why was the Kingdom of Asturias divided?", "Who annexed the County of Portugal into the Kingdom of Asturias?", "In which year was Vimara Peres knighted?", "What was Vimara knighted as?", "What three names did Portugal become known as after Vimara Peres was knighted?" ]
933	During the century of internecine struggles for dominance among the Northern Christians kingdoms, the County of Portugal, formed the southern portion of the Kingdom of Galicia. At times the Kingdom of Galicia existed independently for short periods, but usually formed an important part of the Kingdom of Leon. Throughou...	[ "During the internecine struggles, what did the the people of Country of Portugal struggle with?", "The County of Portugal separated from the Kingdom of Galicia to establish what?", "Portugese diverged from which language?", "What is the Castilian Lanugage known as?", "By which language was the Astur-Leones...
934	In 1738, Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, 1st Marquis of Pombal, began a diplomatic career as the Portuguese Ambassador in London and later in Vienna. The Queen consort of Portugal, Archduchess Maria Anne Josefa of Austria, was fond of Melo; and after his first wife died, she arranged the widowed de Melo's second mar...	[ "Who was de Melo's second marriage to?", "Who was the 1st Marquis of Pombal?", "What title did Archduchess Maria Anne Josefa hold?", "Who arranged the widow de Melo's second marriage?", "Who was not pleased by de Melo's second marriage?" ]
935	Despite the calamity and huge death toll, Lisbon suffered no epidemics and within less than one year was already being rebuilt. The new city centre of Lisbon was designed to resist subsequent earthquakes. Architectural models were built for tests, and the effects of an earthquake were simulated by marching troops aroun...	[ "What type of natural disaster was the city center of Lisbon designed to resist?", "How were earthquakes simulated on the architectural models?", "Did Lisbon suffer any epidemics from the calamity?", "What are some of Lisbon's tourist attractions?", "How did de Melo contribute to the study of seismology?" ]
937	The land within the borders of current Portugal has been continuously settled and fought over since prehistoric times. The Celts and the Romans were followed by the Visigothic and the Suebi Germanic peoples, who were themselves later invaded by the Moors. These Muslim peoples were eventually expelled during the Christi...	[ "Who were the first inhabitants of Portugal?", "Which two groups followed the first inhabitants?", "By what year had Portugal established itself as an independent kingdom?", "What age did Portugal pioneer?", "In which centuries did Portugal establish the first global empire?" ]
938	Portugal lost much of its wealth and status with the destruction of Lisbon in a 1755 earthquake, occupation during the Napoleonic Wars, and the independence of Brazil, its wealthiest colony, in 1822. After the 1910 revolution deposed the monarchy, the democratic but unstable Portuguese First Republic was established, l...	[ "In Portugal, which city was destroyed in the 1755 earthquake?", "In which year did Brazel become independent?", "In which year was the Portugal monarchy deposed?", "Which Portugese colony was lost to China in 1999?", "How many Portugese speakers are there today?" ]
939	The early history of Portugal is shared with the rest of the Iberian Peninsula located in South Western Europe. The name of Portugal derives from the joined Romano-Celtic name Portus Cale. The region was settled by Pre-Celts and Celts, giving origin to peoples like the Gallaeci, Lusitanians, Celtici and Cynetes, visite...	[ "From what name is Portugal derived?", "By what group was the Portugal region settled?", "To what four peoples did the settlement of Portugal give rise?", "During what years was the Portugal region incorporated in the Roman Republic?", "From what old Germanic word is Alenquer originate?" ]
940	In 27 BC, Lusitania gained the status of Roman province. Later, a northern province of Lusitania was formed, known as Gallaecia, with capital in Bracara Augusta, today's Braga. There are still many ruins of castros (hill forts) all over modern Portugal and remains of Castro culture. Numerous Roman sites are scattered a...	[ "In what year did Lusitania become a Roman province?", "What was the Northern province of Lusitania known as?", "What are two large Roman sites that still exist today in Portugal?", "What are castros?", "How far apart are Conimbriga and Coimbra?" ]
941	After defeating the Visigoths in only a few months, the Umayyad Caliphate started expanding rapidly in the peninsula. Beginning in 711, the land that is now Portugal became part of the vast Umayyad Caliphate's empire of Damascus, which stretched from the Indus river in the Indian sub-continent (now Pakistan) up to the ...	[ "How long did it take the Umayyad Caliphate to defeat the Visigoths?", "In what year did Portugal become a part of Umayyad Caliphate's empire?", "In which year did Umayyad Caliphate's empire collapse?", "Under whom did the Western part of Umayyad Caliphate's empire gain its independence?", "How long did it ...
942	The governors of the taifas each proclaimed themselves Emir of their provinces and established diplomatic relations with the Christian kingdoms of the north. Most of Portugal fell into the hands of the Taifa of Badajoz of the Aftasid Dynasty, and after a short spell of an ephemeral Taifa of Lisbon in 1022, fell under t...	[ "What were the governors of the taifas called?", "Which which kingdoms did the taifas establish diplomatic relations?", "To which taifa did most of Portugal fall into?", "In which year did the taifa period end?", "Which battle took place in 1147?" ]
943	The Muslim population of the region consisted mainly of native Iberian converts to Islam (the so-called Muwallad or Muladi) and to a lesser extent Berbers and Arabs. The Arabs were principally noblemen from Oman; and though few in numbers, they constituted the elite of the population. The Berbers were originally from t...	[ "What are converts to Islam called?", "Who did the Arabs principally consist of?", "Where were the Berbers originally from?", "In which region of Portugal did the Muslim population stay?", "How many modern Portugese words have Arabic origins?" ]
944	A year before Alfonso III "the Great" of Asturias death, three of Alfonso's sons rose in rebellion and forced him to abdicate, partitioning the kingdom among them. The eldest son, García, became king of León. The second son, Ordoño, reigned in Galicia, while the third, Fruela, received Asturias with Oviedo as his capit...	[ "Who was the eldest son of Alfonso III and what did he become king of?", "Who was the second son of Alfonso III and what did he become king of?", "Who was Alfonso III's third son and what area did he receive?", "In which year did Alfonso III likely die?", "In which year was the Kingdom of Castile formed?" ]
945	In 1348 and 1349 Portugal, like the rest of Europe, was devastated by the Black Death. In 1373, Portugal made an alliance with England, which is the longest-standing alliance in the world. This alliance served both nations' interests throughout history and is regarded by many as the predecessor to NATO. Over time this ...	[ "Which years were plagued by the Black Death?", "In 1373, Portugal made an alliance with which country?", "What is the longest standing alliance in the world?", "The Portugal-English alliance served as the predecessor to what?", "In which Portugese region is there still visible English influence?" ]
946	Portugal spearheaded European exploration of the world and the Age of Discovery. Prince Henry the Navigator, son of King João I, became the main sponsor and patron of this endeavour. During this period, Portugal explored the Atlantic Ocean, discovering several Atlantic archipelagos like the Azores, Madeira, and Cape Ve...	[ "What European age did Portugal spearhead?", "Who was the Father of Prince Henry the Navigator?", "Which three Atlantic archipelagos did Portugal discover?", "By which path did Portugal discover a route to India?", "What South American country did Portugal discover?" ]
947	As the King's confidence in de Melo increased, the King entrusted him with more control of the state. By 1755, Sebastião de Melo was made Prime Minister. Impressed by British economic success that he had witnessed from the Ambassador, he successfully implemented similar economic policies in Portugal. He abolished slave...	[ "Did the King's confidence in de Melo increase or decrease?", "What title was given to de Melo in 1755?", "With whose economic success was de Melo impressed with?", "Who abolished slavery in Portugal?", "Who ended discrimination against difference Christian sects in Portugal?" ]
948	But Sebastião de Melo's greatest reforms were economic and financial, with the creation of several companies and guilds to regulate every commercial activity. He demarcated the region for production of Port to ensure the wine's quality, and this was the first attempt to control wine quality and production in Europe. He...	[ "What were de Melo's greatest reforms?", "Why did e Melo demarcate the region for production of Port?", "Among which class did de Melo's reforms gain him the most enemies?", "Who was the first person to try to ensure the wine's quality in Portugal?", "Did de Melo impose strict laws only on one class of peop...
949	The Portuguese government and army successfully resisted the decolonization of its overseas territories until April 1974, when a bloodless left-wing military coup in Lisbon, known as the Carnation Revolution, led the way for the independence of the overseas territories in Africa and Asia, as well as for the restoration...	[ "Until when did the Portuguese government resist decolonization of their overseas territories?", "What was the Carnation Revolution?", "By what was the PREC characterized by?" ]
950	The country continued to be governed by a Junta de Salvação Nacional until the Portuguese legislative election of 1976. It was won by the Portuguese Socialist Party (PS) and Mário Soares, its leader, became Prime Minister of the 1st Constitutional Government on 23 July. Mário Soares would be Prime Minister from 1976 to...	[ "What entity governed Portugal until 1976?", "Which party won the Portuguese election in 1976?", "Who became the Prime Minister of Portugal in 1976?", "Through what years was Mario Soares the Portuguese Prime Minister?" ]
951	The country bounced between socialism and adherence to the neoliberal model. Land reform and nationalizations were enforced; the Portuguese Constitution (approved in 1976) was rewritten in order to accommodate socialist and communist principles. Until the constitutional revisions of 1982 and 1989, the constitution was ...	[ "Between which two political ideals did Portugal bounce between?", "In what year was the Portuguese Constitution approved?", "For what reasons were the Portuguese Constitution rewritten?" ]
952	Portugal is defined as a Mediterranean climate (Csa in the South, interior, and Douro region; Csb in the North, Central Portugal and coastal Alentejo; mixed oceanic climate along the northern half of the coastline and also Semi-arid climate or Steppe climate (BSk in certain parts of Beja district far South) according t...	[ "What type of climate does Portugal have?", "In the mountainous interior north of Portugal, between what degrees is the average temperature?", "In the south of Portugal and on the Guadiana river basin, between what degrees does the average temperature fluctuate?", "How high do the mountains between Algarve an...
953	Both the archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira have a subtropical climate, although variations between islands exist, making weather predictions very difficult (owing to rough topography). The Madeira and Azorean archipelagos have a narrower temperature range, with annual average temperatures exceeding 20 °C (68 °F) a...	[ "What type of climate do the archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira have?", "What makes weather predictions difficult in the archipelago region?", "What type of climate does the island of the Azores have?" ]
954	Despite the fact that humans have occupied the territory of Portugal for thousands of years, something still remains of the original vegetation. In Gerês both deciduous and coniferous forests can be found, an extremely rare worldwide mature mediterranean forest remain in some parts of the Arrábida mountain and a subtro...	[ "What two types of forests can be found in Geres?", "To what period does the laurissilva forest date back to?", "What type of oak tree is colonizing many abandoned areas in Portugal?", "What wild animal was recently found roaming urban areas in Portugal?", "How many national parks does Portugal have?" ]
955	Laurisilva is a unique type of subtropical rainforest found in few areas of Europe and the world: in the Azores, and in particular on the island of Madeira, there are large forests of endemic Laurisilva forests (the latter protected as a natural heritage preserve). There are several species of diverse mammalian fauna, ...	[ "What is Laurisilva?", "What are some examples of mammalian fauna found in Laurisilva forests?", "What type of animal crosses between Europe and Africa during the Autumn?" ]
956	There are more than 100 freshwater fish species, varying from the giant European catfish (in the Tagus International Natural Park) to some small and endemic species that live only in small lakes (along the western portion of country, for example). Some of these rare and specific species are highly endangered because of...	[ "How many freshwater fish species can be found in Portugal?", "In Portugal, where can you find the giant European catfish?", "Why are some species becoming endangered in Portugal?", "What type of glowing species can be found on some beaches in Portugal?" ]
957	The President, who is elected to a five-year term, has an executive role: the current President is Aníbal Cavaco Silva. The Assembly of the Republic is a single chamber parliament composed of 230 deputies elected for a four-year term. The Government is headed by the Prime Minister (currently António Costa) and includes...	[ "For how many years is the Portugal president elected?", "Who is the current president of Portugal?", "How many deputies make up the Assembly of the Republic?", "For how long of a term are deputies elected?", "How many members sit on the Constitutional Court?" ]
958	Portugal operates a multi-party system of competitive legislatures/local administrative governments at the national-, regional- and local-levels. The Assembly of the Republic, Regional Assemblies and local municipalities and parishes, are dominated by two political parties, the Socialist Party and the Social Democratic...	[ "What two political parties dominate Portugal's government?", "At what three levels does the Portugal government operate?", "What other political groups exist other than the two dominant ones?", "What percentage of the vote do the non-dominant parties get?" ]
959	The Head of State of Portugal is the President of the Republic, elected to a five-year term by direct, universal suffrage. He or she has also supervision and reserve powers. These powers are often compared[by whom?] with the "moderator power" that was held by the King in the Portuguese Constitutional Monarchy.[citation...	[ "Who is the Head of State of Portugal?", "For how many years does each term of the President of the Republic last?", "By what means is the President of the Republic elected?", "Who has the power to appoint and dismiss the Prime Minister?" ]
960	The Council of Ministers – under the presidency of the Prime Minister (or the President of Portugal at the latter's request) and the Ministers (may also include one or more Deputy Prime Ministers) – acts as the cabinet. Each government is required to define the broad outline of its policies in a programme, and present ...	[ "What group acts as the presidential cabinet?", "What process is required of each government's policies?", "What is needed to reject a cabinet's policy?" ]
961	Portuguese law applied in the former colonies and territories and continues to be the major influence for those countries. Portugal's main police organizations are the Guarda Nacional Republicana – GNR (National Republican Guard), a gendarmerie; the Polícia de Segurança Pública – PSP (Public Security Police), a civilia...	[ "Portuguese law continues to be a major influence for what?", "What is the Policia de Seguranca Publica - PSP (Public Security Police)?", "What is the Policia Judiciaria - PJ (Judicial Police)?", "Which entity oversees the Judicial Police?" ]
962	Portugal has arguably the most liberal laws concerning possession of illicit drugs in the Western world. In 2001, Portugal decriminalized possession of effectively all drugs that are still illegal in other developed nations including, but not limited to, cannabis, cocaine, heroin, and LSD. While possession is legal, tr...	[ "In which year did Portugal decriminalize drug possession?", "How much of a drug is legal to possess?", "What option is allowed to those caught with small amounts of drugs?", "By 2009, by how much had the rate of HIV infection decreased?" ]
963	Administratively, Portugal is divided into 308 municipalities (Portuguese: municípios or concelhos), which after a reform in 2013 are subdivided into 3,092 civil parishes (Portuguese: freguesia). Operationally, the municipality and civil parish, along with the national government, are the only legally identifiable loca...	[ "How many municipalities is Portugal divided into?", "How many civil parishes are the Portuguese municipalities divided into?", "How many districts is the continental Portugal divided into?" ]
964	The armed forces have three branches: Navy, Army and Air Force. They serve primarily as a self-defense force whose mission is to protect the territorial integrity of the country and provide humanitarian assistance and security at home and abroad. As of 2008, the three branches numbered 39,200 active personnel including...	[ "How many branches make up the Portuguese armed forces?", "What are the branches of the Portuguese armed forces?", "What is the primary purpose of the Portuguese armed forces?", "How many women were in the Portuguese armed forces in 2008?", "How much money was spent on the Portuguese armed forced in 2009?" ...
965	The Army (21,000 personnel) comprises three brigades and other small units. An infantry brigade (mainly equipped with Pandur II APC), a mechanized brigade (mainly equipped with Leopard 2 A6 tanks and M113 APC) and a Rapid Reaction Brigade (consisting of paratroopers, commandos and rangers). The Navy (10,700 personnel, ...	[ "What is the number of personnel in the army?", "With what is the infantry brigade mainly equipped with?", "What is the mechanized brigade mainly equipped with?", "What does the Rapid Reaction Brigade consist of?", "How many personnel does the Navy have?" ]
966	In the 20th century, Portugal engaged in two major conflicts: World War I and the Portuguese Colonial War (1961–1974). After the end of the Portuguese Empire in 1975, the Portuguese Armed Forces have participated in peacekeeping missions in East Timor, Bosnia, Kosovo, Afghanistan, Somalia, Iraq (Nasiriyah) and Lebanon....	[ "In what two major conflicts did Portugal engage in during the 20th century?", "During which years was the Portuguese Colonial War fought?", "In what countries have the Portuguese Armed Forces participated in peacekeeping missions?", "What are two examples of independent Portuguese unilateral military operati...
967	After the bailout was announced, the Portuguese government headed by Pedro Passos Coelho managed to implement measures with the intention of improve the State's financial situation, including tax hikes, a freeze of civil service-related lower-wages and cuts of higher-wages by 14.3%, on top of the government's spending ...	[ "Who headed the government after the bailout was announced?", "What was the purpose of the Portuguese bailout?", "How was the Portuguese bailout implemented?", "Between 2010 and 2012, by what percentage were the wages of public servants cut?" ]
968	A report released in January 2011 by the Diário de Notícias and published in Portugal by Gradiva, had demonstrated that in the period between the Carnation Revolution in 1974 and 2010, the democratic Portuguese Republic governments encouraged over-expenditure and investment bubbles through unclear Public–private partne...	[ "In which year did the Carnation Revolution take place?", "Between 1974 and 2010, how did the Portuguese government encourage over-expenditure and investment bubbles?", "By whom was a report published in 2011 that demonstrated the Portuguese government encouraged over-expenditure and investment bubbles?" ]
969	After the financial crisis of 2007–08, it was known in 2008–2009 that two Portuguese banks (Banco Português de Negócios (BPN) and Banco Privado Português (BPP)) had been accumulating losses for years due to bad investments, embezzlement and accounting fraud. The case of BPN was particularly serious because of its size,...	[ "In what two years was there a financial crisis?", "Which two Portuguese banks had been accumulating losses for years?", "What caused BPN and BPP to accumulate losses?", "Why was the case of BPN more serious?", "On what charge was BPN's CEO arrested?" ]
970	The Portuguese currency is the euro (€), which replaced the Portuguese Escudo, and the country was one of the original member states of the eurozone. Portugal's central bank is the Banco de Portugal, an integral part of the European System of Central Banks. Most industries, businesses and financial institutions are con...	[ "What currency does Portugal use?", "What currency did the euro replace in Portugal?", "What is the name of Portugal's central bank?", "In what two areas are most Portuguese industries, businesses, and financial institutions concentrated?", "According to World Travel Awards, for what activity is Portugal kn...
971	Since the Carnation Revolution of 1974, which culminated in the end of one of Portugal's most notable phases of economic expansion (that started in the 1960s), a significant change has occurred in the nation's annual economic growth.[citation needed] After the turmoil of the 1974 revolution and the PREC period, Portuga...	[ "In which year did the Carnation Revolution take place?", "What period followed the Carnation Revolution?", "Since the 90's, how has Portugal's economic development model been changing?", "What are the more traditional industries that have existed in Portugal?", "What is Portugal the world's leading produce...
972	In the second decade of the 21st century the Portuguese economy suffered its most severe recession since the 1970s resulting in the country having to be bailed out by the European Commission, European Central Bank and International Monetary Fund. The bailout, agreed to in 2011, required Portugal to enter into a range o...	[ "By what entities was the Portuguese economy bailed out?", "In what year was the economic bailout agreed to?", "How much money was agreed to in the financial bailout?", "When did Portugal exit the bailout?", "By the time Portugal exited the bailout, to what percentage had the unemployment rate fallen?" ]
973	Agriculture in Portugal is based on small to medium-sized family-owned dispersed units. However, the sector also includes larger scale intensive farming export-oriented agrobusinesses backed by companies (like Grupo RAR's Vitacress, Sovena, Lactogal, Vale da Rosa, Companhia das Lezírias and Valouro). The country produc...	[ "Upon what is Portuguese agriculture based?", "What types of companies back more large scale, export-oriented agrobusinesses in Portugal?", "What types of crops does Portugal produce?", "What types of livestock products does Portugal produce?" ]
974	Traditionally a sea-power, Portugal has had a strong tradition in the Portuguese fishing sector and is one of the countries with the highest fish consumption per capita. The main landing sites in Portugal (including Azores and Madeira), according to total landings in weight by year, are the harbours of Matosinhos, Peni...	[ "Which company is the world's oldest canned fish producer?", "What are the names of various companies that produce and export fish products?", "What food does Portugal have one of the highest rates of consumption of?" ]
975	Portugal is a significant European minerals producer and is ranked among Europe's leading copper producers. The nation is also a notable producer of tin, tungsten and uranium. However, the country lacks the potential to conduct hydrocarbon exploration and aluminium, a limitation that has hindered the development of Por...	[ "What mineral is Portugal ranked as a leading European producer of?", "What are three types of minerals Portugal is a notable producer of?", "What type of exploration does Portugal lack the potential for?", "In which region does Portugal have vast reserves of iron and coal?", "What event triggered a decreas...
976	Industry is diversified, ranging from automotive (Volkswagen Autoeuropa and Peugeot Citroen), aerospace (Embraer and OGMA), electronics and textiles, to food, chemicals, cement and wood pulp. Volkswagen Group's AutoEuropa motor vehicle assembly plant in Palmela is among the largest foreign direct investment projects in...	[ "What automotive brands exist in Portugal?", "What aerospace companies exist in Portugal?", "Where is Volkswagen Group's AutoEuropa assembly plant located?", "What are the main centers for the Portuguese aerospace industries?", "Where are the main centers of the biotech and IT industries located?" ]
977	Travel and tourism continue to be extremely important for Portugal, with visitor numbers forecast to increase significantly in the future.[citation needed] However, the increasing competition from Eastern European destinations continues to develop, with the presence of similar attractions that are often cheaper in coun...	[ "Portuguese tourist numbers are expected to do what in the future?", "With what area does Portugal compete with for tourists?", "How does Portugal compete with other areas for tourists?", "What attractions does Portugal have to offer tourists?" ]
978	The poor performance of the Portuguese economy was explored in April 2007 by The Economist, which described Portugal as "a new sick man of Europe". From 2002 to 2007, the number of unemployed increased by 65% (270,500 unemployed citizens in 2002, 448,600 unemployed citizens in 2007). By early December 2009, the unemplo...	[ "What magazine described Portugal as \"a new sick man of Europe?\"", "Between 2002 and 2007, by what percentage did the rate of unemployment change?", "What percentage did the unemployment rate reach in December, 2009?", "In 2009, what rating did Standard & Poor's assign to Portugal's long-term credit assessm...
979	On 6 April 2011, after his proposed "Plan for Stability and Growth IV" (PEC IV) was rejected by the Parliament, Prime Minister José Sócrates announced on national television that the country would request financial assistance from the IMF and the European Financial Stability Facility, as Greece and the Republic of Irel...	[ "What did Prime Minister Jose Socrates announce on April 6, 2011?", "How many times has Portugal requested external financial support?", "What provoked the first request from Portugal for financial support?", "For what reason did Moody's Investor Services downgrade nine Portuguese banks in 2011?" ]
980	In 2005, the number of public employees per thousand inhabitants in the Portuguese government (70.8) was above the European Union average (62.4 per thousand inhabitants). By EU and USA standards, Portugal's justice system was internationally known as being slow and inefficient, and by 2011 it was the second slowest in ...	[ "In 2005, how many public employees did Portugal have for every thousand inhabitants?", "What was the average number of public employees per every thousand inhabitants for the European Union in 2005?", "In comparison to EU and USA standards, how was Portugal's justice system regarded?", "Which country had the...
981	In the first week of May 2013, Prime Minister Passos Coelho announced a significant government plan for the public sector, whereby 30,000 jobs will be cut and the number of weekly working hours will be increased from 35 to 40 hours. Coelho reaffirmed the announcement by explaining that austerity measures are necessary ...	[ "Who was the Portugal Prime Minister in 2013?", "What did the Prime Minister announce during the first week of May in 2013?", "For what reason did Prime Minister Passos Coelho justify cutting 30000 jobs?", "From which entities did Portugal seek a monetary bailout from?" ]
982	Passos Coelho also announced that the retirement age will be increased from 65 to 66, announced cuts in the pensions, unemployment benefits, health, education and science expenses, abolished the English obligatory classes in Basic Education, but kept the pensions of the judges, diplomats untouched and didn't raise the ...	[ "To what age did Passos Coelho increase the retirement age?", "To what did Passos Coelho announce cuts to?", "Which obligatory class was abolished from Basic Education?", "What did the instituting of these policies lead to?" ]
983	After years of high increase, the unemployment in Portugal has been in a continuous falling trend since the third quarter of 2014, decreasing from a peak of 17.7% achieved in the early 2013 to a rate of 11.9% in the second quarter of 2015. However, it is high still high compared with what was the normal average Portugu...	[ "Since when has the Portugal unemployment rate been in a falling trend?", "To what percentage did the unemployment rate peak at?", "In the second quarter of 2008, what was the Portuguese unemployment rate?", "By when did the Portuguese unemployment rate pass the 10% mark?" ]
984	Tourist hotspots in Portugal are Lisbon, Algarve, Madeira, Porto and the city of Coimbra, also, between 4-5 million religious pilgrims visit Fátima each year, where apparitions of the Blessed Virgin Mary to three shepherd children reportedly took place in 1917. The Sanctuary of Fátima is one of the largest Roman Cathol...	[ "What are the tourist hotspots in Portugal?", "Where do 4-5 million religious pilgrims visit in Portugal every year?", "What apparitions reportedly took place in 1917?", "What tourist destinations are the Portuguese government continuing to promote and develop?", "What is the 16th European city to attract t...
985	By the early 1970s Portugal's fast economic growth with increasing consumption and purchase of new automobiles set the priority for improvements in transportation. Again in the 1990s, after joining the European Economic Community, the country built many new motorways. Today, the country has a 68,732 km (42,708 mi) road...	[ "What prompted transportation improvements in Portugal in the 1970's?", "After joining the European Economic Community in the 90's, what did Portugal begin building?", "How long is Portugal's total road network?", "In which year was the first motorway opened in Portugal?" ]
986	Continental Portugal's 89,015 km2 (34,369 sq mi) territory is serviced by four international airports located near the principal cities of Lisbon, Porto, Faro and Beja. Lisbon's geographical position makes it a stopover for many foreign airlines at several airports within the country. The primary flag-carrier is TAP Po...	[ "How much land does the Continental Portugal cover?", "How many national airports does Portugal have?", "Near what cities are the Portuguese airports located?", "Why is Lisbon a popular stopover for many foreign airlines?", "What is the primary flag-carrier in Portugal?" ]
987	A national railway system that extends throughout the country and into Spain, is supported and administered by Comboios de Portugal. Rail transport of passengers and goods is derived using the 2,791 km (1,734 mi) of railway lines currently in service, of which 1,430 km (889 mi) are electrified and about 900 km (559 mi)...	[ "Into what country does Portugal's railway system expand?", "What entity supports and administrates Portugal's railway system?", "How long is the total railway system in Portugal?", "How long is the amount of railway lines that are electrified?", "How long is the amount of railway lines that permit speeds g...
988	The two largest metropolitan areas have subway systems: Lisbon Metro and Metro Sul do Tejo in the Lisbon Metropolitan Area and Porto Metro in the Porto Metropolitan Area, each with more than 35 km (22 mi) of lines. In Portugal, Lisbon tram services have been supplied by the Companhia de Carris de Ferro de Lisboa (Carri...	[ "What are the two subway systems in Portugal?", "How long are each of the subway systems?", "By what company have the Lisbon tram services been supplies by?", "For how long has the Libon tram service existed?" ]
989	Scientific and technological research activities in Portugal are mainly conducted within a network of R&D units belonging to public universities and state-managed autonomous research institutions like the INETI – Instituto Nacional de Engenharia, Tecnologia e Inovação and the INRB – Instituto Nacional dos Recursos Biol...	[ "In what type of network are most scientific research studies conducted in Portugal?", "What is one example of a state-managed autonomous research institution?", "By which ministry is authority granted for funding and managing Portugal's research system?" ]

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