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765 | Many writers compare their perceptions of To Kill a Mockingbird as adults with when they first read it as children. Mary McDonagh Murphy interviewed celebrities including Oprah Winfrey, Rosanne Cash, Tom Brokaw, and Harper's sister Alice Lee, who read the novel and compiled their impressions of it as children and adult... | [
"Public figure's impressions of the novel were formed into a book called what?",
"Who was Harper Lee's sister?",
"What book compiled Adults' impressions and their impressions as children about the novel?"
] |
766 | One of the most significant impacts To Kill a Mockingbird has had is Atticus Finch's model of integrity for the legal profession. As scholar Alice Petry explains, "Atticus has become something of a folk hero in legal circles and is treated almost as if he were an actual person." Morris Dees of the Southern Poverty Law ... | [
"Atticus Finch's integrity has become a model for which job?",
"Atticus Finch is a model of what for legal professionals?"
] |
767 | In 1992, an Alabama editorial called for the death of Atticus, saying that as liberal as Atticus was, he still worked within a system of institutionalized racism and sexism and should not be revered. The editorial sparked a flurry of responses from attorneys who entered the profession because of him and esteemed him as... | [
"What year was a statue of Atticus build in Alabama?",
"Harper Lee was given a membership to what in 2008?",
"What did the Alabama State Bar bestow on Lee in 2008?"
] |
768 | To Kill a Mockingbird has been a source of significant controversy since its being the subject of classroom study as early as 1963. The book's racial slurs, profanity, and frank discussion of rape have led people to challenge its appropriateness in libraries and classrooms across the United States. The American Library... | [
"To Kill a Mockingbird was first studied in American schools in what year?",
"The American Library Associated ranked To Kill a Mockingbird where on its most frequently challenged books of 2000-2009?",
"In what year did the book become a subject of classroom study?",
"According to The American Library Associat... |
769 | One of the first incidents of the book being challenged was in Hanover, Virginia, in 1966: a parent protested that the use of rape as a plot device was immoral. Johnson cites examples of letters to local newspapers, which ranged from amusement to fury; those letters expressing the most outrage, however, complained abou... | [
"When was the first major controversy that surfaced from the book?",
"What event in the novel was heavily criticized for being a plot device?",
"In letters to local newspapers, what subplot in the book received the most complaints?",
"According to the National Education Association, what was the only book to ... |
770 | The novel is cited as a factor in the success of the civil rights movement in the 1960s, however, in that it "arrived at the right moment to help the South and the nation grapple with the racial tensions (of) the accelerating civil rights movement". Its publication is so closely associated with the Civil Rights Movemen... | [
"What movement in the '60s did the novel help spark?",
"Which book was credited with sparking the US Civil War?",
"What other book did Mark Childress compare it to?"
] |
771 | Lee's childhood friend, author Truman Capote, wrote on the dust jacket of the first edition, "Someone rare has written this very fine first novel: a writer with the liveliest sense of life, and the warmest, most authentic sense of humor. A touching book; and so funny, so likeable." This comment has been construed to su... | [
"Who was Truman Capote's father?",
"Who was speculated to have wrote the book instead of Harper Lee?",
"What was the name of Harper Lee's sister?",
"Who was rumored to have written the book instead of Lee?",
"Lee's notes to whom help disclaim this rumor?"
] |
773 | In 2001, Lee was inducted into the Alabama Academy of Honor. In the same year, Chicago mayor Richard M. Daley initiated a reading program throughout the city's libraries, and chose his favorite book, To Kill a Mockingbird, as the first title of the One City, One Book program. Lee declared that "there is no greater hono... | [
"Which year was Lee awarded an induction into the Alabama Academy of Honor?",
"In 2004, the novel as been picked by how many communities for citywide reading programs more than any other book?",
"In 2001, what city's mayor picked To Kill a Mockingbird as their favorite book?",
"Which city's mayor initiated a ... |
774 | In 2006, Lee was awarded an honorary doctorate from the University of Notre Dame. During the ceremony, the students and audience gave Lee a standing ovation, and the entire graduating class held up copies of To Kill a Mockingbird to honor her.[note 5] Lee was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom on November 5, 200... | [
"Which school granted Lee an honory doctorate in 2006?",
"Which president of the US awarded Lee the Presidential Medal of Freedom?",
"When did Lee receive a Presidential Medal of Freedom?",
"What university awarded Lee an honorary doctorate in 2006?",
"In 2007, which president awarded Lee the Presidential ... |
775 | The book was made into the well-received 1962 film with the same title, starring Gregory Peck as Atticus Finch. The film's producer, Alan J. Pakula, remembered Universal Pictures executives questioning him about a potential script: "They said, 'What story do you plan to tell for the film?' I said, 'Have you read the bo... | [
"A movie adaptation of the book was released in what year?",
"Who played Atticus Finch in the 1962 movie of the same title?",
"Which actor received An Oscar for his role of Atticus Finch in the 1962 movie of the book?"
] |
776 | Harper Lee was pleased with the movie, saying: "In that film the man and the part met... I've had many, many offers to turn it into musicals, into TV or stage plays, but I've always refused. That film was a work of art." Peck met Lee's father, the model for Atticus, before the filming. Lee's father died before the film... | [
"What item did Lee give the actor Gregory Peck after portraying Atticus Finch?",
"Which one of Gregory Peck's relatives was named after Harper Lee?",
"What personal effect did Lee give to Peck?",
"Which one of Peck's relatives was named Harper in honor of Lee?"
] |
777 | In May 2005, Lee made an uncharacteristic appearance at the Los Angeles Public Library at the request of Peck's widow Veronique, who said of Lee: "She's like a national treasure. She's someone who has made a difference...with this book. The book is still as strong as it ever was, and so is the film. All the kids in the... | [
"When did Lee randomly show up at the Los Angeles Public Library?",
"What did Peck's widow call Lee?"
] |
778 | The book has also been adapted as a play by Christopher Sergel. It debuted in 1990 in Monroeville, a town that labels itself "The Literary Capital of Alabama". The play runs every May on the county courthouse grounds and townspeople make up the cast. White male audience members are chosen at the intermission to make up... | [
"Who turned the novel into a play?",
"When was the play for To Kill a Mockingbird first performed?",
"What town labeled itself \"The Literary Capital of Alabama\"?",
"Who makes up the cast of the annual play based on the book performed in Monroeville?",
"During the courtroom scene, what happens to the audie... |
779 | Sergel's play toured in the UK starting at West Yorkshire Playhouse in Leeds in 2006, and again in 2011 starting at the York Theatre Royal, both productions featuring Duncan Preston as Atticus Finch. The play also opened the 2013 season at Regent's Park Open Air Theatre in London where it played to full houses and star... | [
"What country did Sergel's play tour around in and perform in 2006?",
"The play was the opening act for the starting of the 2013 season at which location?",
"Who played Atticus Finch in the UK theater productions of the film in 2006 and 2011?"
] |
781 | The novel is renowned for its warmth and humor, despite dealing with the serious issues of rape and racial inequality. The narrator's father, Atticus Finch, has served as a moral hero for many readers and as a model of integrity for lawyers. One critic explains the novel's impact by writing, "In the twentieth century, ... | [
"What two serious moral issues are dealt with in the novel?",
"Who is the protagonist of the novel?"
] |
782 | The strongest element of style noted by critics and reviewers is Lee's talent for narration, which in an early review in Time was called "tactile brilliance". Writing a decade later, another scholar noted, "Harper Lee has a remarkable gift of story-telling. Her art is visual, and with cinematographic fluidity and subtl... | [
"What is Lee's strongest style of writing?",
"What narrative technique does Lee use to combine the adult's perspective with the child's observations??"
] |
783 | Harper Lee has remained famously detached from interpreting the novel since the mid-1960s. However, she gave some insight into her themes when, in a rare letter to the editor, she wrote in response to the passionate reaction her book caused: "Surely it is plain to the simplest intelligence that To Kill a Mockingbird sp... | [
"According to Lee, her book simply expressed a Christian code of honor and conduct inherit to whom?"
] |
784 | When the book was released, reviewers noted that it was divided into two parts, and opinion was mixed about Lee's ability to connect them. The first part of the novel concerns the children's fascination with Boo Radley and their feelings of safety and comfort in the neighborhood. Reviewers were generally charmed by Sco... | [
"Besides the children's fascination with Boo, the first part of the book was concerned about their feelings for what?",
"Lee's detailed explanations of the characters' behaviors caused one writer to catagorize the book as what?",
"Scout defined people doing the best they could with what they had as who?",
"Wh... |
785 | Tom Robinson is the chief example among several innocents destroyed carelessly or deliberately throughout the novel. However, scholar Christopher Metress connects the mockingbird to Boo Radley: "Instead of wanting to exploit Boo for her own fun (as she does in the beginning of the novel by putting on gothic plays about... | [
"Who is the main example of an innocent destroyed in the novel?",
"What does Scout see symbollically as a mockingbird?",
"According to Atticus, most people are how when you truly view them?"
] |
786 | The novel exposes the loss of innocence so frequently that reviewer R. A. Dave claims that because every character has to face, or even suffer defeat, the book takes on elements of a classical tragedy. In exploring how each character deals with his or her own personal defeat, Lee builds a framework to judge whether the... | [
"Reviewer R. A. Dave classified the novel how?"
] |
787 | Initial reactions to the novel were varied. The New Yorker declared it "skilled, unpretentious, and totally ingenious", and The Atlantic Monthly's reviewer rated it as "pleasant, undemanding reading", but found the narrative voice—"a six-year-old girl with the prose style of a well-educated adult"—to be implausible. Ti... | [
"What newspaper wrote that the novel has strong contemporary national significance?"
] |
788 | Not all reviewers were enthusiastic. Some lamented the use of poor white Southerners, and one-dimensional black victims, and Granville Hicks labeled the book "melodramatic and contrived". When the book was first released, Southern writer Flannery O'Connor commented, "I think for a child's book it does all right. It's i... | [
"Which reviewer called the book melodramatic and contrived?",
"Which Southern writer deemed it a child's book?"
] |
789 | The 50th anniversary of the novel's release was met with celebrations and reflections on its impact. Eric Zorn of the Chicago Tribune praises Lee's "rich use of language" but writes that the central lesson is that "courage isn't always flashy, isn't always enough, but is always in style". Jane Sullivan in the Sydney Mo... | [
"Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie vompared Lee to whom?",
"Rosemary Goring connected Lee to whom?"
] |
790 | Native Alabamian Allen Barra sharply criticized Lee and the novel in The Wall Street Journal calling Atticus a "repository of cracker-barrel epigrams" and the novel represents a "sugar-coated myth" of Alabama history. Barra writes, "It's time to stop pretending that To Kill a Mockingbird is some kind of timeless classi... | [
"Who criticized Lee in The Wall Street Journal?",
"Who wrote that the book forces readers to question issues without resolving them?"
] |
791 | Furthermore, despite the novel's thematic focus on racial injustice, its black characters are not fully examined. In its use of racial epithets, stereotyped depictions of superstitious blacks, and Calpurnia, who to some critics is an updated version of the "contented slave" motif and to others simply unexplored, the bo... | [
"Which character has some critics deemed a variation of a contented slave?",
"According to one consultant, which group found the book demoralizing?",
"Michael Lund criticized the novel for demonizing whom?"
] |
792 | Diane McWhorter, Pulitzer Prize-winning historian of the Birmingham civil rights campaign, asserts that To Kill a Mockingbird condemns racism instead of racists, and states that every child in the South has moments of racial cognitive dissonance when they are faced with the harsh reality of inequality. This feeling cau... | [
"According to Diane McWhorter, every child in the South had to face what?",
"McWhorter wrote that the existance of the book was what?"
] |
793 | According to a National Geographic article, the novel is so revered in Monroeville that people quote lines from it like Scripture; yet Harper Lee herself refused to attend any performances, because "she abhors anything that trades on the book's fame". To underscore this sentiment, Lee demanded that a book of recipes na... | [
"How do the citizens of Monroeville quote lines of the book?",
"What do the Monroeville townspeople call tourists to their town?"
] |
794 | Solar energy is radiant light and heat from the Sun harnessed using a range of ever-evolving technologies such as solar heating, photovoltaics, solar thermal energy, solar architecture and artificial photosynthesis. | [
"Where does solar energy come from?",
"What kind of energy consists of the light and heat provided by the Sun?",
"What technologies are used to harness solar energy from the sun?",
"What is solar energy?"
] |
798 | Solar technologies are broadly characterized as either passive or active depending on the way they capture, convert and distribute sunlight and enable solar energy to be harnessed at different levels around the world, mostly depending on distance from the equator. Although solar energy refers primarily to the use of so... | [
"Where do the majority of renewable energies derive their energy from?",
"How are solar technologies defined?",
"What is one way that characterizes solar technologies as passive or active?",
"Which renewable energies do not acquire their energy from the sun?",
"How do renewable energies acquire energy from ... |
802 | Solar hot water systems use sunlight to heat water. In low geographical latitudes (below 40 degrees) from 60 to 70% of the domestic hot water use with temperatures up to 60 °C can be provided by solar heating systems. The most common types of solar water heaters are evacuated tube collectors (44%) and glazed flat plate... | [
"According to Shuman, up to what percentage of domestic hot water can be provided by solar heating systems?",
"What do Solar hot water systems use to heat water?",
"How much hot water can be produced by solar heating systems in low geographical latitudes?",
"What is a common type of solar water heater?",
"... |
804 | In the United States, heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems account for 30% (4.65 EJ/yr) of the energy used in commercial buildings and nearly 50% (10.1 EJ/yr) of the energy used in residential buildings. Solar heating, cooling and ventilation technologies can be used to offset a portion of this ener... | [
"What percentage of energy in commercial buildings comes from HVAC systems?",
"How much energy does an HVAC system use in commercial locations?",
"How much energy does an HVAC system use in residential locations?",
"What can be used to balance out a portion of the energy used by HVAC systems?"
] |
806 | A solar chimney (or thermal chimney, in this context) is a passive solar ventilation system composed of a vertical shaft connecting the interior and exterior of a building. As the chimney warms, the air inside is heated causing an updraft that pulls air through the building. Performance can be improved by using glazing... | [
"What kind of system is a solar chimney?",
"What is a solar chimney?",
"What is a solar chimney made of?",
"How can the performance of a solar chimney be improved?"
] |
807 | Deciduous trees and plants have been promoted as a means of controlling solar heating and cooling. When planted on the southern side of a building in the northern hemisphere or the northern side in the southern hemisphere, their leaves provide shade during the summer, while the bare limbs allow light to pass during the... | [
"The placement of deciduous trees on the Equator facing side of a building can have a negative effect on solar availability in which season?",
"What is something that is used to control solar heating and cooling?",
"How much solar radiation is blocked by leafless trees?",
"Why should trees not be planted on t... |
811 | Solar water disinfection (SODIS) involves exposing water-filled plastic polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles to sunlight for several hours. Exposure times vary depending on weather and climate from a minimum of six hours to two days during fully overcast conditions. It is recommended by the World Health Organizatio... | [
"Solar water disinfection is recommended by which organization?",
"How long should the plastic bottles filled with water be exposed to sunlight during Solar water disinfection?",
"What does the World Health Organization say about Solar water disinfection?",
"How many people use Solar water disinfection to dis... |
812 | Solar energy may be used in a water stabilisation pond to treat waste water without chemicals or electricity. A further environmental advantage is that algae grow in such ponds and consume carbon dioxide in photosynthesis, although algae may produce toxic chemicals that make the water unusable. | [
"What is a possible negative effect of algae in water stabilization ponds?",
"For what reason would solar energy be used in a water stabilisation pond?",
"What is a reason why the water from a water stabilisation pond may be unusable?"
] |
813 | Solar power is anticipated to become the world's largest source of electricity by 2050, with solar photovoltaics and concentrated solar power contributing 16 and 11 percent to the global overall consumption, respectively. | [
"By what year is solar power expected to become the world's greatest source of electricity?",
"When is solar power is foreseen to become the largest source of electricity?"
] |
814 | Commercial CSP plants were first developed in the 1980s. Since 1985 the eventually 354 MW SEGS CSP installation, in the Mojave Desert of California, is the largest solar power plant in the world. Other large CSP plants include the 150 MW Solnova Solar Power Station and the 100 MW Andasol solar power station, both in Sp... | [
"The largest solar power plant in the world is located in what desert?",
"Less than 1% of the world's total grid electricity was generated by solar energy in what year?",
"What is the largest solar power plant in the world?",
"Where is the largest solar power plant in the world located?",
"What are the larg... |
816 | Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) systems use lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam. The concentrated heat is then used as a heat source for a conventional power plant. A wide range of concentrating technologies exists; the most developed are the parabolic trough, the ... | [
"In all the different CSP systems, concentrated sunlight is used to heat what?",
"What do Concentrating Solar Power systems use?",
"What is the heat generated from a Concentrating Solar Power system used for?",
"What is one of the most developed Concentrating Solar Power technologies?",
"What do Concentrati... |
817 | The common features of passive solar architecture are orientation relative to the Sun, compact proportion (a low surface area to volume ratio), selective shading (overhangs) and thermal mass. When these features are tailored to the local climate and environment they can produce well-lit spaces that stay in a comfortabl... | [
"Socrate's what is a classic example of passive solar design?",
"What is a common feature of passive solar architecture?",
"What is produced when the features of passive solar architecture are customized to the environment?",
"What is an example of passive solar design?",
"What kind of equipment can improve... |
818 | Urban heat islands (UHI) are metropolitan areas with higher temperatures than that of the surrounding environment. The higher temperatures are a result of increased absorption of the Solar light by urban materials such as asphalt and concrete, which have lower albedos and higher heat capacities than those in the natura... | [
"UHI is an abbreviation of what?",
"A program in Los Angeles believes that with $1 billion, city temperatures could be reduced by approximately how many degrees in Celsius?",
"What are the metropolitan areas with higher temperatures than the surrounding areas called?",
"What materials absorb sunlight and crea... |
822 | In 1975, the first practical solar boat was constructed in England. By 1995, passenger boats incorporating PV panels began appearing and are now used extensively. In 1996, Kenichi Horie made the first solar powered crossing of the Pacific Ocean, and the sun21 catamaran made the first solar powered crossing of the Atlan... | [
"The first practical solar boat was constructed in what year?",
"When was the first solar powered boat made?",
"Who first crossed the Pacific ocean using a solar powered boat?",
"What was the name of the first solar powered boat that crossed the Atlantic ocean?"
] |
824 | Solar chemical processes use solar energy to drive chemical reactions. These processes offset energy that would otherwise come from a fossil fuel source and can also convert solar energy into storable and transportable fuels. Solar induced chemical reactions can be divided into thermochemical or photochemical. A variet... | [
"What is a possible alternative to making carbon-based fuels from reduction of carbon dioxide?",
"What process converts solar energy into storable and transportable fuels?",
"What solar process can be used to produce different fuels?"
] |
825 | Hydrogen production technologies been a significant area of solar chemical research since the 1970s. Aside from electrolysis driven by photovoltaic or photochemical cells, several thermochemical processes have also been explored. One such route uses concentrators to split water into oxygen and hydrogen at high temperat... | [
"What is the name of the process under development at the Weizmann Institute?",
"The Solznic process produces what?",
"What has been a main area of solar chemical research since the 1970s?",
"What is one of the thermochemical processes that has been explored besides electrolysis?",
"What is the name of the ... |
826 | Thermal mass systems can store solar energy in the form of heat at domestically useful temperatures for daily or interseasonal durations. Thermal storage systems generally use readily available materials with high specific heat capacities such as water, earth and stone. Well-designed systems can lower peak demand, shif... | [
"In what form do thermal mass systems store solar energy?",
"What is the system called that can store solar energy in the form of heat?",
"What are some of the materials used in thermal storage systems?",
"What is something that can be accomplished by a thermal mass system?"
] |
828 | Off-grid PV systems have traditionally used rechargeable batteries to store excess electricity. With grid-tied systems, excess electricity can be sent to the transmission grid, while standard grid electricity can be used to meet shortfalls. Net metering programs give household systems a credit for any electricity they ... | [
"Where do off-grid PV systems store excess electricity?",
"What do off-grid PV systems use to store excess electricity?",
"What are the programs that gives credit to households for delivering electricity to the grid called?",
"How is the credit to households accomplished?",
"Why is a second meter usually un... |
829 | Pumped-storage hydroelectricity stores energy in the form of water pumped when energy is available from a lower elevation reservoir to a higher elevation one. The energy is recovered when demand is high by releasing the water, with the pump becoming a hydroelectric power generator. | [
"When water is released due to high demand, the pump become swhat?",
"Pumped-storage hydroelectricity stores energy in what form?",
"How is the energy stored by pumped-storage hydroelectricity recovered?"
] |
832 | The International Energy Agency has said that solar energy can make considerable contributions to solving some of the most urgent problems the world now faces: | [
"Which organization believes that solar energy can solve some of our most pressing issues?",
"Who said that solar energy can help solve some of the most urgent problems in the world?"
] |
833 | The International Organization for Standardization has established a number of standards relating to solar energy equipment. For example, ISO 9050 relates to glass in building while ISO 10217 relates to the materials used in solar water heaters. | [
"ISO 9050 relates to standards for what?",
"ISO 10217 relates to standards for what?",
"What is the name of the standard related to glass in building?",
"What is the name of the standard related to the materials used in solar water heaters?"
] |
834 | It is an important source of renewable energy and its technologies are broadly characterized as either passive solar or active solar depending on the way they capture and distribute solar energy or convert it into solar power. Active solar techniques include the use of photovoltaic systems, concentrated solar power and... | [
"What are the technologies used to capture solar energy characterized as?",
"What are some active solar techniques used to harness solar energy?",
"What is an example of a passive solar technique?"
] |
835 | The large magnitude of solar energy available makes it a highly appealing source of electricity. The United Nations Development Programme in its 2000 World Energy Assessment found that the annual potential of solar energy was 1,575–49,837 exajoules (EJ). This is several times larger than the total world energy consumpt... | [
"What was the total worldwide energy consumption in 2012?",
"What is solar energy's yearly potential?",
"What makes solar energy an appealing source of electricity>",
"Who estimated the annual potential of solar energy in 2000?"
] |
836 | In 2011, the International Energy Agency said that "the development of affordable, inexhaustible and clean solar energy technologies will have huge longer-term benefits. It will increase countries’ energy security through reliance on an indigenous, inexhaustible and mostly import-independent resource, enhance sustainab... | [
"How will solar energy increase energy security?",
"What costs will solar energy lower?",
"What should the cost of incentives for producing solar energy be considered?",
"What effect will solar energy have on the price of fossil fuels?"
] |
837 | The potential solar energy that could be used by humans differs from the amount of solar energy present near the surface of the planet because factors such as geography, time variation, cloud cover, and the land available to humans limits the amount of solar energy that we can acquire. | [
"Why does the amount of usable solar energy differ from the amount near the planets surface?"
] |
838 | Geography effects solar energy potential because areas that are closer to the equator have a greater amount of solar radiation. However, the use of photovoltaics that can follow the position of the sun can significantly increase the solar energy potential in areas that are farther from the equator. Time variation effec... | [
"Why does geography have an effect of the amount of solar energy available?",
"What is the process called that can increase solar energy in areas further away from the earth's equator?",
"Why does time have an effect of the amount of available solar energy?",
"What effect does cloud coverage have on the amoun... |
839 | In addition, land availability has a large effect on the available solar energy because solar panels can only be set up on land that is unowned and suitable for solar panels. Roofs have been found to be a suitable place for solar cells, as many people have discovered that they can collect energy directly from their hom... | [
"Why does land availability have an effect on solar energy?",
"Why are roofs a good place for solar panels?"
] |
840 | In 2000, the United Nations Development Programme, UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs, and World Energy Council published an estimate of the potential solar energy that could be used by humans each year that took into account factors such as insolation, cloud cover, and the land that is usable by humans. The ... | [
"What factors were taken into account in the estimate published in 2000 on solar energy?",
"What was the total potential of solar energy found in the estimate?"
] |
841 | Solar power is the conversion of sunlight into electricity, either directly using photovoltaics (PV), or indirectly using concentrated solar power (CSP). CSP systems use lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam. PV converts light into electric current using the photoele... | [
"What is solar power?",
"How is sunlight converted into electricity?",
"What does a concentrated solar power system use?",
"What is the purpose of a concentrated solar power system?",
"What method does the photovoltaics system use to turn light into electricity?"
] |
842 | Sunlight has influenced building design since the beginning of architectural history. Advanced solar architecture and urban planning methods were first employed by the Greeks and Chinese, who oriented their buildings toward the south to provide light and warmth. | [
"What has influenced the design since the beginning of architectural history?",
"Who first utilized solar architecture?",
"In which direction were the buildings built by the Greeks and Chinese facing?"
] |
843 | A solar balloon is a black balloon that is filled with ordinary air. As sunlight shines on the balloon, the air inside is heated and expands causing an upward buoyancy force, much like an artificially heated hot air balloon. Some solar balloons are large enough for human flight, but usage is generally limited to the to... | [
"What is a solar balloon?",
"What happens when sunlight shines on a solar balloon?",
"What is the use of solar balloons typically limited to?",
"Why is the use of solar balloons typically limited to the toy market?"
] |
844 | Beginning with the surge in coal use which accompanied the Industrial Revolution, energy consumption has steadily transitioned from wood and biomass to fossil fuels. The early development of solar technologies starting in the 1860s was driven by an expectation that coal would soon become scarce. However, development of... | [
"Why was solar technology developed in the 1860s?",
"What slowed the development of solar technologies in the early 20th century?"
] |
845 | In 2011, a report by the International Energy Agency found that solar energy technologies such as photovoltaics, solar hot water and concentrated solar power could provide a third of the world’s energy by 2060 if politicians commit to limiting climate change. The energy from the sun could play a key role in de-carboniz... | [
"According to a report in 2011, by what year could solar energy provide a third of the world's energy?",
"What could the sun's energy do to help limit climate change?"
] |
847 | Tajiks began to be conscripted into the Soviet Army in 1939 and during World War II around 260,000 Tajik citizens fought against Germany, Finland and Japan. Between 60,000(4%) and 120,000(8%) of Tajikistan's 1,530,000 citizens were killed during World War II. Following the war and Stalin's reign attempts were made to f... | [
"When did Tajiks start being part of the Soviet Army?",
"How many Tajik troops fought against Germany, Finland and Japan during WWII?",
"What percent of Tajiks were killed during the war?",
"What was not developing as fast as other Soviet Republics?"
] |
848 | The nation almost immediately fell into civil war that involved various factions fighting one another; these factions were often distinguished by clan loyalties. More than 500,000 residents fled during this time because of persecution, increased poverty and better economic opportunities in the West or in other former S... | [
"How were the different factions distinguished from eachother?",
"What did the ceasefire guaranteed?",
"Who came into power in 1992?",
"Why did more than half a million people flee?"
] |
849 | Russian border troops were stationed along the Tajik–Afghan border until summer 2005. Since the September 11, 2001 attacks, French troops have been stationed at the Dushanbe Airport in support of air operations of NATO's International Security Assistance Force in Afghanistan. United States Army and Marine Corps personn... | [
"Who was stationed along the boarder?",
"Where have French Troops been stationed since September 11, 2001?",
"Where is the main base for the Tajikistan air force?",
"Why do US troops visit Tajikistan every so often?"
] |
850 | In 2010, there were concerns among Tajik officials that Islamic militarism in the east of the country was on the rise following the escape of 25 militants from a Tajik prison in August, an ambush that killed 28 Tajik soldiers in the Rasht Valley in September, and another ambush in the valley in October that killed 30 s... | [
"How many solider were killed in September when Islamic militants escaped?",
"When did Russia say they will be sending more troops to Tajikistan?",
"When did the military operation end in Rasht Valley?",
"Why was there concerns in 2010?"
] |
851 | Tajikistan is officially a republic, and holds elections for the presidency and parliament, operating under a presidential system. It is, however, a dominant-party system, where the People's Democratic Party of Tajikistan routinely has a vast majority in Parliament. Emomalii Rahmon has held the office of President of T... | [
"What type of government does Tajikistan have?",
"Who is the prime minister of Tajikistan?",
"Who are the Deputy Prime Ministers?",
"When was Emomalii Rahmon elected president?",
"What kind of system is a dominant-party system?"
] |
852 | Freedom of the press is ostensibly officially guaranteed by the government, but independent press outlets remain restricted, as does a substantial amount of web content. According to the Institute for War & Peace Reporting, access is blocked to local and foreign websites including avesta.tj, Tjknews.com, ferghana.ru, c... | [
"Even though Tajikistan has freedom of the press, what is the problem with it?",
"What is not tolerated by the government in respect to media?",
"What is not covered by local media?",
"What access is blocked?"
] |
853 | Tajikistan is landlocked, and is the smallest nation in Central Asia by area. It lies mostly between latitudes 36° and 41° N (a small area is north of 41°), and longitudes 67° and 75° E (a small area is east of 75°). It is covered by mountains of the Pamir range, and more than fifty percent of the country is over 3,000... | [
"What is the smalled nation in the Central Asia area?",
"What mountian range runs through Tajikistan?",
"Where is Dushanbe located?",
"Where exactly is Tajikistan?",
"What area is under sea level?"
] |
854 | Tajikistan means the "Land of the Tajiks". The suffix "-stan" (Persian: ـستان -stān) is Persian for "place of" or "country" and Tajik is, most likely, the name of a pre-Islamic (before the seventh century A.D.) tribe. According to the Library of Congress's 1997 Country Study of Tajikistan, it is difficult to definiti... | [
"Where did the word Tajik come from?",
"What does Tajikistan mean?",
"What does the suffix -stan mean?",
"Why is it hard to find the origin of the word Tajik?"
] |
856 | Russian Imperialism led to the Russian Empire's conquest of Central Asia during the late 19th century's Imperial Era. Between 1864 and 1885 Russia gradually took control of the entire territory of Russian Turkestan, the Tajikistan portion of which had been controlled by the Emirate of Bukhara and Khanate of Kokand. Rus... | [
"When did the Russian Empire take over Central Asia?",
"Who controled the Tajikistan portion of Russian Trukestan?",
"What was Russian interested in Tajikistan area for?",
"What did Russia do between 1864-1885?",
"In 1885, who was ruling the Tajikistan area?"
] |
857 | During the late 19th Century the Jadidists established themselves as an Islamic social movement throughout the region. Although the Jadidists were pro-modernization and not necessarily anti-Russian the Russians viewed the movement as a threat.[citation needed] Russian troops were required to restore order during uprisi... | [
"What did the Jadidists establish themselves as in the late 19th century?",
"Who were viewed as a threat by the Jadidists?",
"When was the uprising against the Khanate of Kokand?",
"Why did demonstrators attack Russian soldiers in Khujand?"
] |
858 | After the Russian Revolution of 1917 guerrillas throughout Central Asia, known as basmachi, waged a war against Bolshevik armies in a futile attempt to maintain independence. The Bolsheviks prevailed after a four-year war, in which mosques and villages were burned down and the population heavily suppressed. Soviet auth... | [
"Who went to war against Bolshevick armies?",
"What did they go to war against Bolshevick?",
"Who won the war?",
"What religions were discourages so their places of worship were closed?"
] |
859 | In 1924, the Tajik Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was created as a part of Uzbekistan, but in 1929 the Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic (Tajik SSR) was made a separate constituent republic, however the predominantly ethnic Tajik cities of Samarkand and Bukhara remained in the Uzbek SSR. Between 1927 and 1934, coll... | [
"In 1924, what was created as part of Uzbekistan?",
"Where was the expansion of cotton and agriculture mainly?",
"What happeded between 1927-1934?",
"What forced resettlement throughout Tajikistan?"
] |
860 | Two rounds of Soviet purges directed by Moscow (1927–1934 and 1937–1938) resulted in the expulsion of nearly 10,000 people, from all levels of the Communist Party of Tajikistan. Ethnic Russians were sent in to replace those expelled and subsequently Russians dominated party positions at all levels, including the top po... | [
"Who directed the purges of Soviets?",
"How many people were expelled??",
"Who were sent to replace the expelled positions?",
"What did the population of Russians do between 1926-1959?",
"What did this cause when the expelled parties were replaced?"
] |
861 | The parliamentary elections of 2005 aroused many accusations from opposition parties and international observers that President Emomalii Rahmon corruptly manipulates the election process and unemployment. The most recent elections, in February 2010, saw the ruling PDPT lose four seats in Parliament, yet still maintain ... | [
"What happened in the Feb 2010 election?",
"Why were parties upset in the 2005 election?",
"What did the OSCE say that Tajikistan did?",
"What was the Tajikistan governments response?"
] |
863 | The earliest recorded history of the region dates back to about 500 BCE when much, if not all, of modern Tajikistan was part of the Achaemenid Empire. Some authors have also suggested that in the 7th and 6th century BCE parts of modern Tajikistan, including territories in the Zeravshan valley, formed part of Kambojas b... | [
"What was the first recorded history of this region?",
"What was modern Tajikistan part of around 500 BE?",
"Who took over the territory and made it part of their empire?"
] |
864 | The Kushan Empire, a collection of Yuezhi tribes, took control of the region in the first century CE and ruled until the 4th century CE during which time Buddhism, Nestorian Christianity, Zoroastrianism, and Manichaeism were all practiced in the region. Later the Hephthalite Empire, a collection of nomadic tribes, move... | [
"What tribes took control of the region in first centry CE?",
"When was Islam brought to the region?",
"What empire brought Islam practices with them?",
"What religions were practiced in the region from first centry CE to 4th centry CE?"
] |
865 | Tajikistan's economy grew substantially after the war. The GDP of Tajikistan expanded at an average rate of 9.6% over the period of 2000–2007 according to the World Bank data. This improved Tajikistan's position among other Central Asian countries (namely Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan), which seem to have degraded econom... | [
"What was the rate that the GDP expanded?",
"What is the primary source of income in Tajikistan?",
"What accounts for 60% of the agricultural output?",
"What is the name of the state owned company that produces aluminium?"
] |
866 | Tajikistan's rivers, such as the Vakhsh and the Panj, have great hydropower potential, and the government has focused on attracting investment for projects for internal use and electricity exports. Tajikistan is home to the Nurek Dam, the highest dam in the world. Lately, Russia's RAO UES energy giant has been working ... | [
"Who is trying to attract investments for hydropower in Tajikistan?",
"What is something that the rivers in Tajikistan are good for?",
"What is the highest dam in the world?",
"What will the project named CASA 1000 do?"
] |
867 | According to some estimates about 20% of the population lives on less than US$1.25 per day. Migration from Tajikistan and the consequent remittances have been unprecedented in their magnitude and economic impact. In 2010, remittances from Tajik labour migrants totaled an estimated $2.1 billion US dollars, an increase f... | [
"What is the average amount lived on per day?",
"What was the total for the remittances from Tajik migrans?",
"How did Tajikistan change their economy?",
"What has been one of the drivers of Tajikistan's robust economic growth?"
] |
868 | Drug trafficking is the major illegal source of income in Tajikistan as it is an important transit country for Afghan narcotics bound for Russian and, to a lesser extent, Western European markets; some opium poppy is also raised locally for the domestic market. However, with the increasing assistance from international... | [
"What is raised locally for the domestic market?",
"What all has helped with the fight against drugs?",
"Tajikistan is thrid in the world for what type of confiscations?",
"What is UNODC helping Tajikistan with to help the war on drugs?"
] |
869 | As a landlocked country Tajikistan has no ports and the majority of transportation is via roads, air, and rail. In recent years Tajikistan has pursued agreements with Iran and Pakistan to gain port access in those countries via Afghanistan. In 2009, an agreement was made between Tajikistan, Pakistan, and Afghanistan to... | [
"What are the majority of transportation options?",
"What countries had Tajikistan been working with to use ports?",
"What countries did Tajikistan agree with to build a highway and a rail way?",
"What year was the agreement signed?"
] |
870 | In 2009 Tajikistan had 26 airports, 18 of which had paved runways, of which two had runways longer than 3,000 meters. The country's main airport is Dushanbe International Airport which as of April 2015, had regularly scheduled flights to major cities in Russia, Central Asia, as well as Delhi, Dubai, Frankfurt, Istanbul... | [
"How many airports does Tajikistan have?",
"What is the country's main airport?",
"Where are the international flights maining going to?",
"What is the name of the airport in the eastern half of the country?"
] |
871 | Tajikistan has a population of 7,349,145 (July 2009 est.) of which 70% are under the age of 30 and 35% are between the ages of 14 and 30. Tajiks who speak Tajik (a dialect of Persian) are the main ethnic group, although there are sizable minorities of Uzbeks and Russians, whose numbers are declining due to emigration. ... | [
"What is Tajikistans population as of July 2009?",
"What percent of the population is under 30 years old?",
"What percent of the population are between 14 to 30 years old?",
"What lanuage do the people of Tajikistan speak?",
"What are the citizens of Tajikistan called?"
] |
872 | The Pamiri people of Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province in the southeast, bordering Afghanistan and China, though considered part of the Tajik ethnicity, nevertheless are distinct linguistically and culturally from most Tajiks. In contrast to the mostly Sunni Muslim residents of the rest of Tajikistan, the Pamiris ov... | [
"What people live in the southeast area of the country?",
"How are they different than most Tajiks?",
"What mountians do the Pamiri people call home?"
] |
873 | Sunni Islam of the Hanafi school has been officially recognized by the government since 2009. Tajikistan considers itself a secular state with a Constitution providing for freedom of religion. The Government has declared two Islamic holidays, Id Al-Fitr and Idi Qurbon, as state holidays. According to a U.S. State Depar... | [
"What school has been recognized by the government?",
"What kind of state does Tajikistan see itself as?",
"What are the two national Islamic holidays?",
"What percent of the population is muslim?"
] |
874 | Relationships between religious groups are generally amicable, although there is some concern among mainstream Muslim leaders[who?] that minority religious groups undermine national unity. There is a concern for religious institutions becoming active in the political sphere. The Islamic Renaissance Party (IRP), a major... | [
"What type of religions concerns are there?",
"What concerns for the religions institutions are there?",
"What is the name of the militant Islamic party in Tajikistan?",
"What does the Hizb ut-Tahrir aim for?"
] |
875 | By law, religious communities must register by the State Committee on Religious Affairs (SCRA) and with local authorities. Registration with the SCRA requires a charter, a list of 10 or more members, and evidence of local government approval prayer site location. Religious groups who do not have a physical structure ar... | [
"What do religions communities have to register with?",
"What does the SCRA require?",
"What do you have to have to gather for public prayer?",
"What can happen if you do not register?"
] |
876 | Despite repeated efforts by the Tajik government to improve and expand health care, the system remains extremely underdeveloped and poor, with severe shortages of medical supplies. The state's Ministry of Labor and Social Welfare reported that 104,272 disabled people are registered in Tajikistan (2000). This group of p... | [
"What is wrong with the health care system in Tajikistan?",
"How many disabled people are registered in Tajikistan?",
"What percent of the GDP was spent on health?",
"What was the name of the paper that the World Bank and Tajikistan came up with?"
] |
877 | Public education in Tajikistan consists of 11 years of primary and secondary education but the government has plans to implement a 12-year system in 2016. There is a relatively large number of tertiary education institutions including Khujand State University which has 76 departments in 15 faculties, Tajikistan State U... | [
"How many years of school are there in the Tajikistan school system?",
"What do they want to impliment in 2016?",
"What is the name of one of the tertiary education institutions?",
"What is the percent of tertiary education enrollment?"
] |
878 | Anthropology is the study of humans and their societies in the past and present. Its main subdivisions are social anthropology and cultural anthropology, which describes the workings of societies around the world, linguistic anthropology, which investigates the influence of language in social life, and biological or ph... | [
"What is anthropology a study of?",
"What type of anthropology describes the workings of societies around the world?",
"What investigates the influence of language in social life?",
"What subdivision of anthropology concerns itself with the long-term development of the human organism?",
"Where is Archaeolog... |
879 | Similar organizations in other countries followed: The American Anthropological Association in 1902, the Anthropological Society of Madrid (1865), the Anthropological Society of Vienna (1870), the Italian Society of Anthropology and Ethnology (1871), and many others subsequently. The majority of these were evolutionist... | [
"Vienna created it's society in what year?",
"When was the Berlin Society of Anthropology founded by Rudolph Virchow?",
"When was the American Anthropological Association founded?",
"When did Madrid get it's own anthropological society?",
"What did Virchow feel Darwin's conclusions lacked?"
] |
880 | During the last three decades of the 19th century a proliferation of anthropological societies and associations occurred, most independent, most publishing their own journals, and all international in membership and association. The major theorists belonged to these organizations. They supported the gradual osmosis of ... | [
"What proliferated in the last three decades of the 19th century?",
"What did all the anthropological societies allow their membership to be?",
"Who belonged to these proliferating organizations?",
"How many educational institutions had some curriculum in anthropology by 1898?",
"How many countries were the... |
881 | Since the work of Franz Boas and Bronisław Malinowski in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, social anthropology in Great Britain and cultural anthropology in the US have been distinguished from other social sciences by its emphasis on cross-cultural comparisons, long-term in-depth examination of context, and the i... | [
"When did Bronislaw Malinoswki and Franz Boas do their relevant work?",
"What did Margaret Mead advocate for?",
"What has cultural anthropology distinguished itself from other social sciences by emphasizing?",
"What did Boas' argue against?",
"What has cultural anthropology specifically emphasized?"
] |
882 | Anthropology is a global discipline where humanities, social, and natural sciences are forced to confront one another. Anthropology builds upon knowledge from natural sciences, including the discoveries about the origin and evolution of Homo sapiens, human physical traits, human behavior, the variations among different... | [
"What fields are forced to confront one another in anthropology?",
"What builds upon natural and social sciences?",
"What type of discipline is anthropology?",
"Where did early anthropology originate?",
"What interdisciplinary fields has anthropology been central in the development of?"
] |
883 | Sociocultural anthropology has been heavily influenced by structuralist and postmodern theories, as well as a shift toward the analysis of modern societies. During the 1970s and 1990s, there was an epistemological shift away from the positivist traditions that had largely informed the discipline.[page needed] During th... | [
"What has sociocultural anthropology been heavily influenced by?",
"When was there an epistemological shift away from positivist traditions in anthropology?",
"What questions came to occupy a central place in cultural and social anthropology?",
"What two fields remained largely positivist?",
"What have the ... |
884 | Sociocultural anthropology draws together the principle axes of cultural anthropology and social anthropology. Cultural anthropology is the comparative study of the manifold ways in which people make sense of the world around them, while social anthropology is the study of the relationships among persons and groups. Cu... | [
"What draws together the axes of cultural and social anthropology?",
"Which type of anthropology studies relationships among persons and groups?",
"What does social anthropology help develop an understanding of?",
"What kind of distinction is lacking between social and cultural anthropology?",
"What studies... |
885 | Inquiry in sociocultural anthropology is guided in part by cultural relativism, the attempt to understand other societies in terms of their own cultural symbols and values. Accepting other cultures in their own terms moderates reductionism in cross-cultural comparison. This project is often accommodated in the field of... | [
"What is the attempt to understand other societies on their own terms?",
"What can refer to both a methodology and the product of ethnographic research?",
"What is one of the foundational methods of social anthropology?",
"What is a needlessly complicated word which means \"conceptual\"?",
"What does accept... |
886 | The study of kinship and social organization is a central focus of sociocultural anthropology, as kinship is a human universal. Sociocultural anthropology also covers economic and political organization, law and conflict resolution, patterns of consumption and exchange, material culture, technology, infrastructure, gen... | [
"Why type of anthropology is the study of social organization a central focus of?",
"What patterns does sociocultural anthropology get up in the morning to learn about?",
"What is a human universal?",
"What is the object of study for linguistic anthropology?",
"Why type of conflict is sociocultural anthropo... |
887 | Archaeology is the study of the human past through its material remains. Artifacts, faunal remains, and human altered landscapes are evidence of the cultural and material lives of past societies. Archaeologists examine these material remains in order to deduce patterns of past human behavior and cultural practices. Eth... | [
"What field studies human's past through material remains?",
"What can archaeologists deduce from material remains?",
"What do Ethnoarchaeologists gain a better understanding of by studying living human groups?",
"How are long dead human groups presumed to have lived and behaved as compared to still living po... |
888 | Linguistic anthropology (also called anthropological linguistics) seeks to understand the processes of human communications, verbal and non-verbal, variation in language across time and space, the social uses of language, and the relationship between language and culture. It is the branch of anthropology that brings li... | [
"What problems does linguistic anthropology bring linguistic methods to bear on?",
"What is the analysis of linguistic forms and processes linked to?",
"What subdivision of anthropology seeks to understand the process of human communications?",
"What related fields do linguistic anthropologists draw on?"
] |
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