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18,765 | The province is home to several historical sites, including the Shalimar Gardens, the Lahore Fort, the Badshahi Mosque, the Rohtas Fort and the ruins of the ancient city of Harrapa. The Anarkali Market and Jahangir's Tomb are prominent in the city of Lahore as is the Lahore Museum, while the ancient city of Taxila in t... | [
"What famous tomb is in Lahore?",
"Where was Nanak born?",
"Who was the first Sikh Guru?",
"What famous hill stations are in Punjab?",
"What famous mosque is in Punjab?"
] |
18,766 | Among the Punjabi poets, the names of Sultan Bahu, Bulleh Shah, Mian Muhammad Baksh, and Waris Shah and folk singers like Inayat Hussain Bhatti and Tufail Niazi, Alam Lohar, Sain Marna, Mansoor Malangi, Allah Ditta Lona wala, Talib Hussain Dard, Attaullah Khan Essa Khailwi, Gamoo Tahliwala, Mamzoo Gha-lla, Akbar Jat, A... | [
"Who are some well-known Punjab poets?",
"What is Allah Ditta Lona Wala's career?",
"Who is the 'Queen of Music'?",
"When was Alam Lohar an important Punjabi folk singer?"
] |
18,767 | For the popular taste however, light music, particularly Ghazals and folk songs, which have an appeal of their own, the names of Mehdi Hassan, Ghulam Ali, Nur Jehan, Malika Pukhraj, Farida Khanum, Roshen Ara Begum, and Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan are well-known. Folk songs and dances of the Punjab reflect a wide range of moo... | [
"What kind of music does Malika Pukhraj perform?",
"What do Punjab folk songs often reflect?",
"Who sings about the joy of living?",
"What does Heer Ranjha sing about?",
"What kind of music does Roshen Ara Begum perform?"
] |
18,768 | Among the vast varieties of microorganisms, relatively few cause disease in otherwise healthy individuals. Infectious disease results from the interplay between those few pathogens and the defenses of the hosts they infect. The appearance and severity of disease resulting from any pathogen, depends upon the ability of ... | [
"Of the huge amount of microorganisms, how many cause disease in otherwise healthy individuals?",
"Interplay between pathogens and defenses of hosts results in what?",
"What does the severity of a disease resulting from a pathogen depend on?",
"What can a host's immune system do to a host?",
"What do clinic... |
18,769 | One way of proving that a given disease is "infectious", is to satisfy Koch's postulates (first proposed by Robert Koch), which demands that the infectious agent be identified only in patients and not in healthy controls, and that patients who contract the agent also develop the disease. These postulates were first use... | [
"What is one way of proving that a given disease is infectious?",
"What must an infectious agent only be identified in to satisfy the first of Koch's postulates?",
"What is Koch's second postulate?",
"Why can't Koch's postulates be applied ethically for many human diseases?",
"What is the causative spiroche... |
18,770 | Infectious diseases are sometimes called contagious disease when they are easily transmitted by contact with an ill person or their secretions (e.g., influenza). Thus, a contagious disease is a subset of infectious disease that is especially infective or easily transmitted. Other types of infectious/transmissible/commu... | [
"When are infectious diseases called contagious diseases?",
"What is a contagious disease a subset of?",
"What sets a contagious disease after from a standard infectious disease?",
"Diseases with vector transmission or sexual transmission don't often require what type of isolation?",
"What is not always res... |
18,771 | Infection begins when an organism successfully enters the body, grows and multiplies. This is referred to as colonization. Most humans are not easily infected. Those who are weak, sick, malnourished, have cancer or are diabetic have increased susceptibility to chronic or persistent infections. Individuals who have a su... | [
"When does infection begin?",
"What group is not easily infected?",
"What group of humans have increased susceptibility to chronic or persistent infections?",
"What individuals are particularly susceptible to opportunistic infections?",
"What is it called when a pathogen grows within the host cells?"
] |
18,772 | Wound colonization refers to nonreplicating microorganisms within the wound, while in infected wounds, replicating organisms exist and tissue is injured. All multicellular organisms are colonized to some degree by extrinsic organisms, and the vast majority of these exist in either a mutualistic or commensal relationshi... | [
"What does wound colonization refer to?",
"What type of organisms exist and injure tissue in infected wounds?",
"What are all multcellular organisms colonized to some degree by?",
"What's the difference between an infection and a colonization?",
"What species colonizes the mammalian colon?"
] |
18,773 | Because it is normal to have bacterial colonization, it is difficult to know which chronic wounds are infected. Despite the huge number of wounds seen in clinical practice, there are limited quality data for evaluated symptoms and signs. A review of chronic wounds in the Journal of the American Medical Association's "R... | [
"Why is it difficult to now which chronic wounds are infected?",
"What is there limited quality data for evaluating despite the huge number of wounds seen in a clinical practice?",
"What is increased pain an indicator of?",
"What does not rule out infection?"
] |
18,774 | Disease can arise if the host's protective immune mechanisms are compromised and the organism inflicts damage on the host. Microorganisms can cause tissue damage by releasing a variety of toxins or destructive enzymes. For example, Clostridium tetani releases a toxin that paralyzes muscles, and staphylococcus releases ... | [
"Disease can arise when an organism inflicts what on the host?",
"What can a microorganism cause tissue damage by releasing a variety of?",
"What does the of toxin Clostridium tetani releases do?",
"What releases toxins which product shock and sepsis?",
"What percentage of people infected with polio develop... |
18,775 | Persistent infections occur because the body is unable to clear the organism after the initial infection. Persistent infections are characterized by the continual presence of the infectious organism, often as latent infection with occasional recurrent relapses of active infection. There are some viruses that can mainta... | [
"Why do persistent infections occur?",
"What are persistent infections characterized by the continual presence of?",
"How can some viruses main a persistent infection?",
"What never leave the body when acquired?",
"Where does the herpes virus hide?"
] |
18,776 | Diagnosis of infectious disease sometimes involves identifying an infectious agent either directly or indirectly. In practice most minor infectious diseases such as warts, cutaneous abscesses, respiratory system infections and diarrheal diseases are diagnosed by their clinical presentation and treated without knowledge... | [
"What does diagnosis of an infectious sometimes involve identifying?",
"Many minor infectious diseases are diagnosed by what type of presentation?",
"How are minor infectious diseases treated?",
"What can be identified given sufficient effort?",
"Why is it often not worth bothering to identify an infectious... |
18,777 | Diagnosis of infectious disease is nearly always initiated by medical history and physical examination. More detailed identification techniques involve the culture of infectious agents isolated from a patient. Culture allows identification of infectious organisms by examining their microscopic features, by detecting th... | [
"How is diagnosis of infectious disease almost always initiated?",
"What does taking a culture of an infectious agent isolated from a patient allow?",
"What features of an infectious organism does a culture allow examining?",
"What can organisms be directly identified by?",
"What technique can be used to pr... |
18,778 | Microbiological culture is a principal tool used to diagnose infectious disease. In a microbial culture, a growth medium is provided for a specific agent. A sample taken from potentially diseased tissue or fluid is then tested for the presence of an infectious agent able to grow within that medium. Most pathogenic bact... | [
"What type of culture is a principal tool used to diagnose infectious disease?",
"What type of medium is provided for a specific agent in a microbial culture?",
"What are most pathogenic bacteria easily grown on?",
"What is it called when a visible mound forms on the surface of a plate?",
"What is a region ... |
18,779 | In the absence of suitable plate culture techniques, some microbes require culture within live animals. Bacteria such as Mycobacterium leprae and Treponema pallidum can be grown in animals, although serological and microscopic techniques make the use of live animals unnecessary. Viruses are also usually identified usin... | [
"What are live animals required by?",
"What can Mycobacterium leprae and Treponema pallidum be grown in?",
"What type of eggs may some viruses be grown in?",
"What is Xenodiagnosis?",
"What is it difficult to demonstrate the presence of in Chagas disease?"
] |
18,780 | Another principal tool in the diagnosis of infectious disease is microscopy. Virtually all of the culture techniques discussed above rely, at some point, on microscopic examination for definitive identification of the infectious agent. Microscopy may be carried out with simple instruments, such as the compound light mi... | [
"What is microscopy used for?",
"What do virtually all culture techniques rely on at some point?",
"What can samples obtained from patients viewed directly under?",
"When is microscopy exquisitely specific?",
"What can antibodies with artificial fluorescence be directed to do?"
] |
18,781 | Other microscopic procedures may also aid in identifying infectious agents. Almost all cells readily stain with a number of basic dyes due to the electrostatic attraction between negatively charged cellular molecules and the positive charge on the dye. A cell is normally transparent under a microscope, and using a stai... | [
"What do almost all cells readily stain with?",
"Why do cells easily stain with dyes?",
"What electronic charge do cellular molecules have?",
"What is Geimsa stain?",
"How many methods comprise standard approaches used to classify bacteria and diagnose disease?"
] |
18,782 | The isolation of enzymes from infected tissue can also provide the basis of a biochemical diagnosis of an infectious disease. For example, humans can make neither RNA replicases nor reverse transcriptase, and the presence of these enzymes are characteristic of specific types of viral infections. The ability of the vira... | [
"What needs to be isolated from infected tissue to provide a biochemical diagnosis of an infectious disease?",
"What enzyme's presence is characteristic of specific types of viral infections?",
"What does the protein hemagglutinin bind together?",
"Why are the presence of certain enymzes a tell tale sign of a... |
18,783 | Serological methods are highly sensitive, specific and often extremely rapid tests used to identify microorganisms. These tests are based upon the ability of an antibody to bind specifically to an antigen. The antigen, usually a protein or carbohydrate made by an infectious agent, is bound by the antibody. This binding... | [
"What methods are highly sensitive, specifc and rapid tests used to identify microorganisms?",
"What are serological tests based upon the ability of an antibody to do?",
"What is the antigen bound to by the antibody usually?",
"What does the binding set off that will result in something visibly obvious in var... |
18,784 | Complex serological techniques have been developed into what are known as Immunoassays. Immunoassays can use the basic antibody – antigen binding as the basis to produce an electro - magnetic or particle radiation signal, which can be detected by some form of instrumentation. Signal of unknowns can be compared to that ... | [
"What are immunoassays?",
"What type of signal do immunoassays produce?",
"What allows quantitation of the target antigen?",
"Immunoassays are able to detect what type of proteins?"
] |
18,785 | Technologies based upon the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method will become nearly ubiquitous gold standards of diagnostics of the near future, for several reasons. First, the catalog of infectious agents has grown to the point that virtually all of the significant infectious agents of the human population have been... | [
"What does the acronym PCR expand to?",
"What will be the ubiquitous gold standards of diagnostics in the near future?",
"What has the catalog of infectious agents grown to the point of?",
"What must an infectious agent do to cause disease?",
"What are primers derived from the genomes of?"
] |
18,786 | Thus, the technological ability to detect any infectious agent rapidly and specifically are currently available. The only remaining blockades to the use of PCR as a standard tool of diagnosis are in its cost and application, neither of which is insurmountable. The diagnosis of a few diseases will not benefit from the d... | [
"What technological ability with regards to detection is currently available?",
"What are the remaining blockades to the use or PCR as a standard tool of diagnosis?",
"What are some diseases which won't benefit from PCR methods?",
"PCR can't detect the presence of any bacteria when what doesn't occur?"
] |
18,787 | There is usually an indication for a specific identification of an infectious agent only when such identification can aid in the treatment or prevention of the disease, or to advance knowledge of the course of an illness prior to the development of effective therapeutic or preventative measures. For example, in the ear... | [
"What is used in the treatment of AIDS?",
"How was the course of AIDS followed?",
"What could be done by understanding how the disease was transmitted?",
"What did the genotypic identification of HIV later enable?",
"What is now commonly used to identify HIV in healthy people before the onset of the illnes?... |
18,788 | Techniques like hand washing, wearing gowns, and wearing face masks can help prevent infections from being passed from one person to another. Frequent hand washing remains the most important defense against the spread of unwanted organisms. There are other forms of prevention such as avoiding the use of illicit drugs, ... | [
"What can wearing gowns and face masks help prevent?",
"What is the most important defense against the spread of unwanted organisms?",
"Avoiding drugs and using condoms are other forms of what?",
"Why is it important to cook foods well?",
"What should one do with foods that have been left outside for a long... |
18,789 | One of the ways to prevent or slow down the transmission of infectious diseases is to recognize the different characteristics of various diseases. Some critical disease characteristics that should be evaluated include virulence, distance traveled by victims, and level of contagiousness. The human strains of Ebola virus... | [
"Recognizing the different characteristics of various diseases is one way to do what?",
"What are some critical disease characteristics that should be evaluated?",
"What virus' strains incapacitate their victims extremely quickly before killing them?",
"Why is the initial stage of Ebola not very contagious?",... |
18,790 | Another effective way to decrease the transmission rate of infectious diseases is to recognize the effects of small-world networks. In epidemics, there are often extensive interactions within hubs or groups of infected individuals and other interactions within discrete hubs of susceptible individuals. Despite the low i... | [
"Recognizing the effects of small-world networks allows one to decrease what?",
"What type of interactions happen within groups of infected individuals in epidemics?",
"What is a way of drastically reducing infection rates?",
"What is an example of a success implementation of preventing transmission jumps?",
... |
18,791 | Resistance to infection (immunity) may be acquired following a disease, by asymptomatic carriage of the pathogen, by harboring an organism with a similar structure (crossreacting), or by vaccination. Knowledge of the protective antigens and specific acquired host immune factors is more complete for primary pathogens th... | [
"What is resistance to infection known technically as?",
"When may immunity be acquired?",
"What is knowledge of protective antigens more complete for?",
"What does herd immunity offer to vulnerable people when a large enough proportion of the population has acquired immunity?",
"Vaccination is a way in whi... |
18,792 | The clearance of the pathogens, either treatment-induced or spontaneous, it can be influenced by the genetic variants carried by the individual patients. For instance, for genotype 1 hepatitis C treated with Pegylated interferon-alpha-2a or Pegylated interferon-alpha-2b (brand names Pegasys or PEG-Intron) combined with... | [
"What can the clearance of pathogens be influenced by in an individual?",
"What is the brand name Pegasys for?",
"What are patients carrying certain genetic variant alleles near the IL28B gene more likely to achieve?"
] |
18,793 | When infection attacks the body, anti-infective drugs can suppress the infection. Several broad types of anti-infective drugs exist, depending on the type of organism targeted; they include antibacterial (antibiotic; including antitubercular), antiviral, antifungal and antiparasitic (including antiprotozoal and antihel... | [
"What type of drugs can suppress an infection when it attacks the body?",
"How many broad types of anti-infective drugs exist?",
"What depends on the method an antibiotic is given?",
"How are severe infections of the brain usually treated?",
"How do antibiotics work?"
] |
18,794 | The top three single agent/disease killers are HIV/AIDS, TB and malaria. While the number of deaths due to nearly every disease have decreased, deaths due to HIV/AIDS have increased fourfold. Childhood diseases include pertussis, poliomyelitis, diphtheria, measles and tetanus. Children also make up a large percentage o... | [
"What are the top three killer diseases?",
"How much have deaths due to HIV/AIDS increased?",
"What are some popular childhood diseases?",
"Who makes up a large percentage of diarrheal deaths?",
"What is the number 4 leading cause of death in the world?"
] |
18,795 | The medical treatment of infectious diseases falls into the medical field of Infectious Disease and in some cases the study of propagation pertains to the field of Epidemiology. Generally, infections are initially diagnosed by primary care physicians or internal medicine specialists. For example, an "uncomplicated" pne... | [
"What medical field does the treatment of infectious diseases fall into?",
"Disease propagation can fall under the purview of what field of study?",
"Who tends to initially diagnose an infection?",
"What is the non-medical mumbo jumbo term for pulmonologist?",
"Who works with both patients and general pract... |
18,796 | A number of studies have reported associations between pathogen load in an area and human behavior. Higher pathogen load is associated with decreased size of ethnic and religious groups in an area. This may be due high pathogen load favoring avoidance of other groups, which may reduce pathogen transmission, or a high p... | [
"What have a number of studies found a correlation between?",
"What is higher pathogen load associated with?",
"What does avoidance of other groups reduce?",
"What does more restricted sexual behavior result in?",
"What may poor socioeconomic factors ultimately in part be due to?"
] |
18,797 | Evidence of infection in fossil remains is a subject of interest for paleopathologists, scientists who study occurrences of injuries and illness in extinct life forms. Signs of infection have been discovered in the bones of carnivorous dinosaurs. When present, however, these infections seem to tend to be confined to on... | [
"What profession finds evidence of infection in fossil remains to be interesting?",
"What do paleopathologists study?",
"What has been discovered in the bones of carnivorous dinosaurs?",
"What dinosaur's skull had pit-like wounds surrounded by swollen and porous bone?",
"How did tyrannosaurs become infected... |
18,834 | Kathmandu(/ˌkɑːtmɑːnˈduː/; Nepali pronunciation: [kɑʈʰmɑɳɖu]) is the capital and largest municipality of Nepal. It also hosts the headquarters of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC). It is the only city of Nepal with the administrative status of Mahanagar (Metropolitan City), as compared to Upa... | [
"What country is Kathmandu the capital of?",
"What does Upa-Mahanagar mean in English?",
"Along with \"KTM,\" what is another nickname of Kathmandu?",
"How many people lived in Kathmandu in 2011?",
"How many square kilometers in size is Kathmandu?"
] |
18,835 | The city has a rich history, spanning nearly 2000 years, as inferred from inscriptions found in the valley. Religious and cultural festivities form a major part of the lives of people residing in Kathmandu. Most of Kathmandu's people follow Hinduism and many others follow Buddhism. There are people of other religious b... | [
"About how long has Kathmandu existed?",
"What suggests that Kathmandu is as old as it is?",
"What is Kathmandu's majority religion?",
"What do most Kathmandu residents speak?",
"What secondary language do educated people in Kathmandu speak?"
] |
18,836 | The city of Kathmandu is named after Kasthamandap temple, that stood in Durbar Square. In Sanskrit, Kastha (काष्ठ) means "wood" and Mandap (/मण्डप) means "covered shelter". This temple, also known as Maru Satal in the Newar language, was built in 1596 by King Laxmi Narsingh Malla. The two-storey structure was made enti... | [
"What does काष्ठ mean in English?",
"What is the English translation of Mandap?",
"What do Newar speakers call Kasthamandap temple?",
"Who was responsible for the construction of Kasthamandap temple?",
"On what date was Maru Satal destroyed?"
] |
18,837 | The colophons of ancient manuscripts, dated as late as the 20th century, refer to Kathmandu as Kasthamandap Mahanagar in Nepal Mandala. Mahanagar means "great city". The city is called "Kasthamandap" in a vow that Buddhist priests still recite to this day. Thus, Kathmandu is also known as Kasthamandap. During medieval ... | [
"What is the ancient name of Kathmandu?",
"How does कान्तिपुर transliterate into English?",
"Who is also called Kanti?",
"How do you say place in Sanskrit?",
"What is the English translation of Mahanagar?"
] |
18,838 | The ancient history of Kathmandu is described in its traditional myths and legends. According to Swayambhu Purana, present-day Kathmandu was once a huge and deep lake names "Nagdaha" as it was full of snakes. The lake was cut drained by Bodhisatwa Manjusri with his sword and the water was evacuated out from there and h... | [
"According to legend, what body of water once existed on the site of Kathmandu?",
"What animals notably resided in Nagdaha?",
"Who was the founder of Manjupattan?",
"What type of creature was Banasur?",
"Who was Banasur's murderer?"
] |
18,839 | Very few historical records exist of the period before the medieval Licchavis rulers. According to Gopalraj Vansawali, a genealogy of Nepali monarchs, the rulers of Kathmandu Valley before the Licchavis were Gopalas, Mahispalas, Aabhirs, Kirants, and Somavanshi. The Kirata dynasty was established by Yalamber. During th... | [
"Who was the founder of the Kirata dynasty?",
"What geographical part of Kathmandu did Yambu once occupy?",
"Speakers of what languages sometimes call Kathmandu Yambu?",
"Where in Kathmandu was Yengal located?",
"What religion did the Sankhu monastery belong to?"
] |
18,840 | The Licchavis from the Indo-Gangetic plain migrated north and defeated the Kiratas, establishing the Licchavi dynasty. During this era, following the genocide of Shakyas in Lumbini by Virudhaka, the survivors migrated north and entered the forest monastery in Sankhu masquerading as Koliyas. From Sankhu, they migrated t... | [
"Who won the war between the Licchavis and the Kiratas?",
"Who did the migrating Shakyas pretend to be?",
"What sect of Buddhism is the only remaining one based in Sanskrit?",
"Who killed the Shakyas?",
"Under the Licchavi dynasty, what name was typically used to refer to Yengal?"
] |
18,841 | Eventually, the Licchavi ruler Gunakamadeva merged Koligram and Dakshin Koligram, founding the city of Kathmandu. The city was designed in the shape of Chandrahrasa, the sword of Manjushri. The city was surrounded by eight barracks guarded by Ajimas. One of these barracks is still in use at Bhadrakali (in front of Sing... | [
"Kathmandu resulted from the merger of what two settlements?",
"Who is Kathmandu's historical founder?",
"Who did Chandrahrasa belong to?",
"How many barracks guarded ancient Kathmandu?",
"Trade between what two countries typically went through ancient Kathmandu?"
] |
18,842 | The Licchavi era was followed by the Malla era. Rulers from Tirhut, upon being attacked by Muslims, fled north to the Kathmandu valley. They intermarried with Nepali royalty, and this led to the Malla era. The early years of the Malla era were turbulent, with raids and attacks from Khas and Turk Muslims. There was also... | [
"Who ruled Nepal after the Licchavi?",
"Along with Khas, who attacked Nepal in the early Malla period?",
"What fraction of Kathmandu's population died in an ancient earthquake?",
"Along with the Mangriha, what Licchavi-era building was destroyed in an ancient earthquake?",
"What notable Nepali figure died i... |
18,843 | During the later part of the Malla era, Kathmandu Valley comprised four fortified cities: Kantipur, Lalitpur, Bhaktapur, and Kirtipur. These served as the capitals of the Malla confederation of Nepal. These states competed with each other in the arts, architecture, aesthetics, and trade, resulting in tremendous develop... | [
"How many cities were present in the Kathmandu Valley in the late Malla period?",
"In the waning years of the Malla dynasty, what fortified cities existed in the Kathmandu Valley?",
"What cultures influenced Nepal in the later Malla era?",
"What is an example of a book of medicine from the Malla period?",
"... |
18,844 | The Gorkha Kingdom ended the Malla confederation after the Battle of Kathmandu in 1768. This marked the beginning of the modern era in Kathmandu. The Battle of Kirtipur was the start of the Gorkha conquest of the Kathmandu Valley. Kathmandu was adopted as the capital of the Gorkha empire, and the empire itself was dubb... | [
"Who won the Battle of Kathmandu?",
"What battle inaugurated the conquering of the Kathmandu Valley by the Gorkha?",
"How many stories high was the Basantapur tower?",
"What European country did Bhimsen Thapa oppose?",
"How many stories made up the Dharahara tower?"
] |
18,845 | Kathmandu is located in the northwestern part of the Kathmandu Valley to the north of the Bagmati River and covers an area of 50.67 km2 (19.56 sq mi). The average elevation is 1,400 metres (4,600 ft) above sea level. The city is directly bounded by several other municipalities of the Kathmandu valley: south of the Bagm... | [
"What river is south of Kathmandu?",
"What geographic portion of the Kathmandu Valley houses Kathmandu?",
"About how many feet above sea level is Kathmandu?",
"How large is Kathmandu in terms of square miles?",
"Where does the Lalitpur Sub-Metropolitan City stand in relation to the Bagmati River?"
] |
18,846 | Kathmandu is dissected by eight rivers, the main river of the valley, the Bagmati and its tributaries, of which the Bishnumati, Dhobi Khola, Manohara Khola, Hanumant Khola, and Tukucha Khola are predominant. The mountains from where these rivers originate are in the elevation range of 1,500–3,000 metres (4,900–9,800 ft... | [
"How many rivers travel through Kathmandu?",
"Where did the canal that once terminated in Kathmandu originate?",
"How many feet high are the mountains from which the Bagmati flows?"
] |
18,847 | The agglomeration of Kathmandu has not yet been officially defined. The urban area of the Kathmandu valley is split among three different districts (collections of local government units within a zone) which extend very little beyond the valley fringe, except towards the southern ranges, which have comparatively small ... | [
"How many districts make up the Kathmandu Valley urban area?",
"What are Madhyapur Thimi, Kirtipur and Bhaktapur?",
"How many sub-metropolitan cities are present in the districts that make up the Kathmandu valley?",
"About how many people live in a square kilometer in Gonggabu VDC?",
"What is another term f... |
18,848 | Five major climatic regions are found in Nepal. Of these, Kathmandu Valley is in the Warm Temperate Zone (elevation ranging from 1,200–2,300 metres (3,900–7,500 ft)), where the climate is fairly temperate, atypical for the region. This zone is followed by the Cool Temperate Zone with elevation varying between 2,100–3,3... | [
"What is the Kathmandu Valley's average temperature in winter, in degrees Fahrenheit?",
"Along with a subtropical highland climate, what climate classification covers Kathmandu?",
"What is the Köppen abbreviation for a humid subtropical climate?",
"How many meters up is the Cool Temperate Zone?",
"How many ... |
18,849 | The city generally has a climate with warm days followed by cool nights and mornings. Unpredictable weather is expected, given that temperatures can drop to 1 °C (34 °F) or less during the winter. During a 2013 cold front, the winter temperatures of Kathmandu dropped to −4 °C (25 °F), and the lowest temperature was rec... | [
"What sort of temperature is typical on a Kathmandu morning?",
"About what percentage of Kathmandu's annual rainfall falls during the monsoon months?",
"On what date in 2013 was it 15.4 degrees Fahrenheit in Kathmandu?",
"In what months does the monsoon occur in Nepal?",
"In what year did the most rain in r... |
18,850 | The location and terrain of Kathmandu have played a significant role in the development of a stable economy which spans millennia. The city is located in an ancient lake basin, with fertile soil and flat terrain. This geography helped form a society based on agriculture. This, combined with its location between India a... | [
"What religion proliferated throughout Central Asia in part due to the efforts of Lhasa Newar merchants?",
"Existing between what two countries contributed to Kathmandu becoming a center of trade?",
"Other than trade, what was the traditional basis of Kathmandu's economy?"
] |
18,851 | The economic output of the metropolitan area alone is worth more than one third of national GDP around $6.5billion in terms of nominal GDP NR.s 550 billion approximately per year $2200 per capital income approx three times national average. Kathmandu exports handicrafts, artworks, garments, carpets, pashmina, paper; tr... | [
"Approximately what portion of Nepal's GDP is produced by the Kathmandu metropolitan area?",
"What do Kathmandu residents earn per capita each year?",
"What is the GDP of Kathmandu?",
"What percentage of Kathmandu's economy is trade?",
"What portion of Kathmandu's economy consists of agriculture?"
] |
18,852 | Tourism is considered another important industry in Nepal. This industry started around 1950, as the country's political makeup changed and ended the country's isolation from the rest of the world. In 1956, air transportation was established and the Tribhuvan Highway, between Kathmandu and Raxaul (at India's border), w... | [
"Approximately when did the Nepalese tourism industry begin?",
"What city was connected to Kathmandu via the Tribhuvan Highway?",
"When did construction on the Tribhuvan Highway begin?"
] |
18,853 | Since then, tourism in Nepal has thrived; it is the country's most important industry.[citation needed] Tourism is a major source of income for most of the people in the city, with several hundred thousand visitors annually. Hindu and Buddhist pilgrims from all over the world visit Kathmandu's religious sites such as P... | [
"What is the most significant industry in Nepal?",
"Along with Buddhists, what religion's devotees visit Kathmandu?",
"How many tourists visited Kathmandu in the period 1961-62?",
"What event led to an increase in tourism in 2009?",
"What Nepalese mountains are claimed to attract tourists?"
] |
18,854 | The neighbourhood of Thamel is Kathmandu's primary "traveller's ghetto", packed with guest houses, restaurants, shops, and bookstores, catering to tourists. Another neighbourhood of growing popularity is Jhamel, a name for Jhamsikhel coined to rhyme with Thamel. Jhochhen Tol, also known as Freak Street, is Kathmandu's ... | [
"What Kathmandu neighborhood is noted for its abundance of tourists?",
"What neighborhood is also known as Jhamel?",
"What is the traditional name for Freak Street?",
"What tourists first brought attention to Jhocchen Tol?"
] |
18,855 | With the opening of the tourist industry after the change in the political scenario of Nepal in 1950, the hotel industry drastically improved. Now Kathmandu boasts several luxury such as the Hyatt Regency, Dwarika's, theYak & Yeti, The Everest Hotel, Hotel Radisson, Hotel De L'Annapurna, The Malla Hotel, Shangri-La Hot... | [
"How many stars is Kathmandu's Grand Hotel?",
"What type of hotel is Aloha Inn?",
"De L'Annapurna is an example of what sort of hotel?",
"What attractions are present at Hotel Yak & Yeti and the Hyatt Regency?"
] |
18,856 | Metropolitan Kathmandu is divided into five sectors: the Central Sector, the East Sector, the North Sector, the City Core and the West Sector. For civic administration, the city is further divided into 35 administrative wards. The Council administers the Metropolitan area of Kathmandu city through its 177 elected repre... | [
"How many sectors make up the Kathmandu metropolitan area?",
"What sector of Kathmandu doesn't have the word 'sector' in its name?",
"What is the purpose of Kathmandu being divided into 35 wards?",
"How many members of the Council received their positions via nomination rather than election?",
"How many hec... |
18,857 | The fire service, known as the Barun Yantra Karyalaya, opened its first station in Kathmandu in 1937 with a single vehicle. An iron tower was erected to monitor the city and watch for fire. As a precautionary measure, firemen were sent to the areas which were designated as accident-prone areas. In 1944, the fire servic... | [
"What is Kathmandu's fire department called?",
"What year saw the founding of Kathmandu's fire department?",
"When did Bhaktapur receive coverage from the fire department?",
"How many fire trucks did West Germany donate to Kathmandu?",
"What is the mission of FAN?"
] |
18,858 | Over the years the city has been home to people of various ethnicities, resulting in a range of different traditions and cultural practices. In one decade, the population increased from 427,045 in 1991 to 671,805 in 2001. The population was projected to reach 915,071 in 2011 and 1,319,597 by 2021. To keep up this popul... | [
"What was the population of Kathmandu in 1991?",
"About how many people are likely to live in Kathmandu in 2021?",
"How dense was the population of Kathmandu in 1991?",
"How many acres of land did the KMC control in 2001?"
] |
18,859 | The largest ethnic groups are Newar (29.6%), Matwali (25.1% Sunuwar, Gurung, Magars, Tamang etc.), Khas Brahmins (20.51%) and Chettris (18.5%) . Tamangs originating from surrounding hill districts can be seen in Kathmandu. More recently, other hill ethnic groups and Caste groups from Terai have come to represent a subs... | [
"What percentage of Kathmandu residents are Chettris?",
"What is the third largest ethnic group in Kathmandu?",
"What are Kathmandu's primary religions?",
"What Kathmandu industry is particularly known for its English speakers?",
"Along with Nepali, what is Kathmandu's main language?"
] |
18,860 | The ancient trade route between India and Tibet that passed through Kathmandu enabled a fusion of artistic and architectural traditions from other cultures to be amalgamated with local art and architecture. The monuments of Kathmandu City have been influenced over the centuries by Hindu and Buddhist religious practices... | [
"What religion does Changunarayan belong to?",
"What Buddhist monuments are present at Boudhanath?",
"How many acres are the Kathmandu valley monument zones?",
"In hectares, how large is the Kathmandu valley monument buffer zone?",
"When did the Kathmandu valley monuments receive WHS status?"
] |
18,861 | The literal meaning of Durbar Square is a "place of palaces". There are three preserved Durbar Squares in Kathmandu valley and one unpreserved in Kirtipur. The Durbar Square of Kathmandu is located in the old city and has heritage buildings representing four kingdoms (Kantipur, Lalitpur, Bhaktapur, Kirtipur); the earli... | [
"Where is a Durban Square located that is not preserved?",
"What is the oldest dynasty to be represented with buildings in Kathmandu's Durbar Square?",
"How many temples are present in Kathmandu's Durbar Square?",
"When did a notable earthquake occur that damaged Kathmandu's Durbar Square?",
"How many kingd... |
18,862 | Kumari Ghar is a palace in the center of the Kathmandu city, next to the Durbar square where a Royal Kumari selected from several Kumaris resides. Kumari, or Kumari Devi, is the tradition of worshipping young pre-pubescent girls as manifestations of the divine female energy or devi in South Asian countries. In Nepal th... | [
"What is Durga called in Nepali?",
"How long is Kumari believed to incarnate Taleju?",
"Who was the Royal Kumari as of late 2008?",
"What type of government did Nepal have after the monarchy?"
] |
18,863 | The Pashupatinath Temple is a famous 5th century Hindu temple dedicated to Lord Shiva (Pashupati). Located on the banks of the Bagmati River in the eastern part of Kathmandu, Pashupatinath Temple is the oldest Hindu temple in Kathmandu. It served as the seat of national deity, Lord Pashupatinath, until Nepal was secula... | [
"When was the Pashupatinath Temple built?",
"What faith does the Pashupatinath Temple serve?",
"What is another name for Pashupati?",
"Prior to the secularization of Nepal, who was the country's national god?",
"Who damaged the Pashupatinath Temple in the 14th century?"
] |
18,864 | Believers in Pashupatinath (mainly Hindus) are allowed to enter the temple premises, but non-Hindu visitors are allowed to view the temple only from the across the Bagmati River. The priests who perform the services at this temple have been Brahmins from Karnataka, South India since the time of Malla king Yaksha Malla.... | [
"What people make up the majority of Pashupatinath followers?",
"In what part of India do the Pashupatinath priests originate?",
"What dynasty did Yaksha Malla belong to?",
"Who supposedly encouraged the usage of Karnataka Brahmin priests at Pashupatinath Temple?",
"What is another term for Bharatam?"
] |
18,865 | The Boudhanath, (also written Bouddhanath, Bodhnath, Baudhanath or the Khāsa Chaitya), is one of the holiest Buddhist sites in Nepal, along with Swayambhu. It is a very popular tourist site. Boudhanath is known as Khāsti by Newars and as Bauddha or Bodhnāth by speakers of Nepali. Located about 11 km (7 mi) from the cen... | [
"To what religion is Boudhanath holy?",
"What do the Newars call Boudhanath?",
"What is Boudhanath called in Nepali?",
"How far is Boudhanath from Kathmandu in miles?",
"When did UNESCO make Boudhanath a World Heritage Site?"
] |
18,866 | The base of the stupa has 108 small depictions of the Dhyani Buddha Amitabha. It is surrounded with a brick wall with 147 niches, each with four or five prayer wheels engraved with the mantra, om mani padme hum. At the northern entrance where visitors must pass is a shrine dedicated to Ajima, the goddess of smallpox. E... | [
"Who is pictured on the stupa's base?",
"What is Ajima the deity of?",
"What are gompas?",
"Visitors from what faith routinely visit the stupa?",
"What mantra is engraved on the stupa's prayer wheels?"
] |
18,867 | Swayambhu is a Buddhist stupa atop a hillock at the northwestern part of the city. This is among the oldest religious sites in Nepal. Although the site is considered Buddhist, it is revered by both Buddhists and Hindus. The stupa consists of a dome at the base; above the dome, there is a cubic structure with the eyes o... | [
"In what part of Kathmandu is Swayambhu located?",
"What faith does Swayambhu belong to?",
"Other than Buddhists, who worships at Swayambhu?",
"In how many directions does the Buddha of Swayambhu look?",
"In Swayambhu, what is present in the small area above the tiers?"
] |
18,868 | Kathmandu valley is described as "an enormous treasure house of art and sculptures", which are made of wood, stone, metal, and terracotta, and found in profusion in temples, shrines, stupas, gompas, chaityasm and palaces. The art objects are also seen in street corners, lanes, private courtyards and in open ground. Mos... | [
"Kathmandu valley contains art made of metal, terracotta, wood and what other substance?",
"What is the most typical type of art in the Kathmandu valley?",
"In what year could Nepal be said to have been discovered by the outside world?"
] |
18,869 | The religious art of Nepal and Kathmandu in particular consists of an iconic symbolism of the Mother Goddesses such as: Bhavani, Durga, Gaja-Lakshmi, Hariti-Sitala, Mahsishamardini, Saptamatrika (seven mother goddesses), and Sri-Lakshmi(wealth-goddess). From the 3rd century BC, apart from the Hindu gods and goddesses, ... | [
"What types of deities are Bhavani and Durga?",
"What is Sri-Lakshmi a deity of?",
"By tradition, what notable figure came to Nepal 250 years before the birth of Christ?",
"When did the Licchavi period end?",
"What is another name for the Licchavi period?"
] |
18,870 | Kathmandu is home to a number of museums and art galleries, including the National Museum of Nepal and the Natural History Museum of Nepal. Nepal's art and architecture is an amalgamation of two ancient religions, Hinduism and Buddhhism. These are amply reflected in the many temples, shrines, stupas, monasteries, and p... | [
"Along with the National Museum of Nepal, what notable Nepalese museum is present in Kathmandu?",
"From what time period are the oldest artifacts in Kathmandu museums?",
"Along with Buddhism, what religion has had a significant influence on Nepal?",
"What Kathmandu valley area was named a World Heritage Site ... |
18,871 | The National Museum is located in the western part of Kathmandu, near the Swayambhunath stupa in an historical building. This building was constructed in the early 19th century by General Bhimsen Thapa. It is the most important museum in the country, housing an extensive collection of weapons, art and antiquities of hi... | [
"In what area of Kathmandu is the National Museum?",
"What stupa is close to the National Museum?",
"Who built the building that contains the National Museum?",
"When was the National Museum founded?",
"What does Chhauni Silkhana mean?"
] |
18,872 | The Tribhuvan Museum contains artifacts related to the King Tribhuvan (1906–1955). It has a variety of pieces including his personal belongings, letters and papers, memorabilia related to events he was involved in and a rare collection of photos and paintings of Royal family members. The Mahendra Museum is dedicated to... | [
"When did Tribhuvan die?",
"What was the birth year of King Mahendra?",
"How many museums are in the Hanumandhoka Palace?",
"Who was the penultimate king of Nepal?",
"During what era was the Hanumandhoka Palace constructed?"
] |
18,873 | The enclosed compound of the Narayanhity Palace Museum is in the north-central part of Kathmandu. "Narayanhity" comes from Narayana, a form of the Hindu god Lord Vishnu, and Hiti, meaning "water spout" (Vishnu's temple is located opposite the palace, and the water spout is located east of the main entrance to the preci... | [
"Where in Kathmandu is Narayanhity Palace Museum located?",
"In what year was Narayanhity constructed?",
"Whose marriage led to the construction of Narayanhity?",
"How many acres is the Narayanhity Palace?",
"What god is Narayana?"
] |
18,874 | The Taragaon Museum presents the modern history of the Kathmandu Valley. It seeks to document 50 years of research and cultural heritage conservation of the Kathmandu Valley, documenting what artists photographers architects anthropologists from abroad had contributed in the second half of the 20th century. The actual ... | [
"What is the Taragaon Museum dedicated to?",
"Who is the designer of the Taragaon Museum?",
"In what year was the Taragaon Museum built?",
"What stupa is located close to the Taragaon Museum?",
"What was the Taragaon Museum prior to being a museum?"
] |
18,875 | Kathmandu is a center for art in Nepal, displaying the work of contemporary artists in the country and also collections of historical artists. Patan in particular is an ancient city noted for its fine arts and crafts. Art in Kathmandu is vibrant, demonstrating a fusion of traditionalism and modern art, derived from a g... | [
"Contemporary Kathmandu art combines traditional influences with what type of art?",
"How many types are Nepali works of art typically divided into?",
"What do the Tibetans call traditional idealistic paintings?",
"What UK charity works on behalf of Kathmandu art?",
"What do the Nepalese call Thangkas?"
] |
18,876 | The Srijana Contemporary Art Gallery, located inside the Bhrikutimandap Exhibition grounds, hosts the work of contemporary painters and sculptors, and regularly organizes exhibitions. It also runs morning and evening classes in the schools of art. Also of note is the Moti Azima Gallery, located in a three storied build... | [
"Where can one find the Srijana Contemporary Art Gallery?",
"The Moti Azima Gallery contains objects that might be found in a Nepalese house of what time period?",
"What art gallery is located close to the Durbarmarg Royal Palace?",
"Where can the Nepal Art Council Gallery be found?",
"In which of Nepal's a... |
18,877 | The National Library of Nepal is located in Patan. It is the largest library in the country with more than 70,000 books. English, Nepali, Sanskrit, Hindi, and Nepal Bhasa books are found here. The library is in possession of rare scholarly books in Sanskrit and English dating from the 17th century AD. Kathmandu also co... | [
"How many volumes are contained in Nepal's National Library?",
"Along with Hindi, Sanskrit, Nepali and English, the National Library contains books in what language?",
"What government department is located in the same building as the Kaiser Library?",
"How many volumes does the Kaiser Library contain?",
"W... |
18,878 | Kathmandu is home to Nepali cinema and theaters. The city contains several theaters, including the National Dance Theatre in Kanti Path, the Ganga Theatre, the Himalayan Theatre and the Aarohan Theater Group founded in 1982. The M. Art Theater is based in the city. The Gurukul School of Theatre organizes the Kathmandu ... | [
"Where can the National Dance Theatre be found in Kathmandu?",
"What year saw the beginning of the Aarohan Theater Group?",
"What gathering is the work of the Gurukul School of Theatre?",
"Who constructed the theater in Hanumandhoka Durbar Square?"
] |
18,879 | Most of the cuisines found in Kathmandu are non-vegetarian. However, the practice of vegetarianism is not uncommon, and vegetarian cuisines can be found throughout the city. Consumption of beef is very uncommon and considered taboo in many places. Buff (meat of water buffalo) is very common. There is a strong tradition... | [
"What meat is very rarely eaten in Kathmandu?",
"What animal does buff come from?",
"What people are particularly known for eating buff?",
"What cuisine notably makes use of pork?",
"What do Kathmandu residents typically eat for breakfast?"
] |
18,880 | Kathmandu had only one western-style restaurant in 1955. A large number of restaurants in Kathmandu have since opened, catering Nepali cuisine, Tibetan cuisine, Chinese cuisine and Indian cuisine in particular. Many other restaurants have opened to accommodate locals, expatriates, and tourists. The growth of tourism in... | [
"How many restaurants in the western style were present in Kathmandu circa 1955?",
"What chain restaurants are present in Kathmandu?",
"How is the egg in American chop suey prepared?",
"Along with locals and tourists, who eats at Kathmandu's restaurants?",
"Along with Nepali, Indian and Chinese cuisines, wh... |
18,881 | Kathmandu has a larger proportion of tea drinkers than coffee drinkers. Tea is widely served but is extremely weak by western standards. It is richer and contains tea leaves boiled with milk, sugar and spices. Alcohol is widely drunk, and there are numerous local variants of alcoholic beverages. Drinking and driving is... | [
"What beverage is consumed by more people in Kathmandu, coffee or tea?",
"How might a western traveler find the tea served in Kathmandu?",
"What is used to make thwon?",
"What are bhattis?",
"What goes through a fermentation process to create tongba?"
] |
18,882 | Most of the fairs and festivals in Kathmandu originated in the Malla period or earlier. Traditionally, these festivals were celebrated by Newars. In recent years, these festivals have found wider participation from other Kathmanduites as well. As the capital of the Republic of Nepal, various national festivals are cele... | [
"To what era do a majority of Kathmandu's festivals date back to?",
"Before the modern era, who mostly celebrated Kathmandu festivals?",
"In what direction out of Kathmandu did the Khas originate from?",
"What does Ghode mean?",
"In relation to Kathmandu, where do the Tibetans hale?"
] |
18,883 | The Bagmati River which flows through Kathmandu is considered a holy river both by Hindus and Buddhists, and many Hindu temples are located on the banks of this river. The importance of the Bagmati also lies in the fact that Hindus are cremated on its banks, and Kirants are buried in the hills by its side. According to... | [
"In addition to Hindus, who regards the Bagmati River as sacred?",
"What is done with Hindus after they die?",
"What are done with the bodies of Kirants after death?",
"In a Hindu funeral, who is typically the main mourner?",
"Before Hindus are cremated, how many times are their bodies placed in the Bagmati... |
18,884 | Legendary Princess Bhrikuti (7th-century) and artist Araniko (1245 - 1306 AD) from that tradition of Kathmandu valley played a significant role in spreading Buddhism in Tibet and China. There are over 108 traditional monasteries (Bahals and Bahis) in Kathmandu based on Newar Buddhism. Since the 1960s, the permanent Tib... | [
"In what century was Bhrikuti said to live?",
"When did Araniko die?",
"What religion did Araniko help to evangelize?",
"How many Newar Buddhist monasteries are present in Kathmandu?",
"Approximately how many monasteries in the Kathmandu area are run by Tibetan Buddhists?"
] |
18,885 | Kirant Mundhum is one of the indigenous animistic practices of Nepal. It is practiced by Kirat people. Some animistic aspects of Kirant beliefs, such as ancestor worship (worship of Ajima) are also found in Newars of Kirant origin. Ancient religious sites believed to be worshipped by ancient Kirats, such as Pashupatina... | [
"What type of religion is Kirant Mundhum?",
"Who follows the Kirant Mudhum faith?",
"Who worshipped at Wanga Akash Bhairabh in ancient times?",
"What is another name for ancestor worship?"
] |
18,886 | Sikhism is practiced primarily in Gurudwara at Kupundole. An earlier temple of Sikhism is also present in Kathmandu which is now defunct. Jainism is practiced by a small community. A Jain temple is present in Gyaneshwar, where Jains practice their faith. According to the records of the Spiritual Assembly of the Baha'is... | [
"Where can a temple of the Jain faith be found?",
"Kathmandu valley is home to about how many Baha'i?",
"Where is the Baha'i national office located in Nepal?",
"About what percentage of the Nepali population follows Islam?",
"About how many Christian houses of worship exist in Kathmandu?"
] |
18,887 | Institute of Medicine, the central college of Tribhuwan University is the first medical college of Nepal and is located in Maharajgunj, Kathmandu. It was established in 1972 and started to impart medical education from 1978. A number of medical colleges including Kathmandu Medical College, Nepal Medical College, KIST M... | [
"Of what university is the Institute of Medicine a constituent college?",
"In what part of Kathmandu is the Institute of Medicine found?",
"When did the Institute of Medicine begin to offer education in medicine?",
"What does KUSMS stand for?",
"What institution of tertiary education is known as NAMS?"
] |
18,888 | Football and Cricket are the most popular sports among the younger generation in Nepal and there are several stadiums in the city. The sport is governed by the All Nepal Football Association (ANFA) from its headquarters in Kathmandu. The only international football stadium in the city is the Dasarath Rangasala Stadium,... | [
"Along with cricket, what sport is highly popular among Nepali youth?",
"What body oversees soccer in Nepal?",
"How many people can fit in Dasarath Rangasala Stadium?",
"In what part of Kathmandu is Dasarath Rangasala Stadium located?",
"Who assisted Nepal in renovating Dasarath Rangasala Stadium?"
] |
18,889 | The total length of roads in Nepal is recorded to be (17,182 km (10,676 mi)), as of 2003–04. This fairly large network has helped the economic development of the country, particularly in the fields of agriculture, horticulture, vegetable farming, industry and also tourism. In view of the hilly terrain, transportation t... | [
"As of 2004, how many kilometers of road existed in Nepal?",
"Why is travel in Kathmandu mainly via automobile or aircraft?",
"What highway connecting Kathmandu to elsewhere in Nepal is currently being built?",
"In what direction out of Kathmandu does the Prithvi Highway travel?",
"If one wished to travel n... |
18,890 | The main international airport serving Kathmandu and thus Nepal is the Tribhuvan International Airport, located about six kilometers (6 km (3.7 mi)) from the city centre. Operated by the Civil Aviation Authority of Nepal it has two terminals, one domestic and one international. At present, about 22 international airlin... | [
"What is Nepal's primary airport for international travel?",
"Starting in the center of Kathmandu, how many kilometers must one travel to reach Tribhuvan International Airport?",
"How many airlines use Tribhuvan International for international flights?",
"From what city does Arkefly offer nonstop flights to K... |
18,891 | Kathmandu Metropolitan City (KMC), in order to promote international relations has established an International Relations Secretariat (IRC). KMC's first international relationship was established in 1975 with the city of Eugene, Oregon, United States. This activity has been further enhanced by establishing formal relat... | [
"In what US state did Kathmandu first establish an international relationship?",
"What was Yangon previously known as?",
"With what Belorussian city does Kathmandu have a relationship?",
"In what year did Kathmandu create its initial international relationship?",
"What is KMC an initialism of?"
] |
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