Sentence Similarity
sentence-transformers
Safetensors
Nepali (macrolanguage)
bert
feature-extraction
Generated from Trainer
dataset_size:1046
loss:MatryoshkaLoss
loss:MultipleNegativesRankingLoss
Eval Results (legacy)
text-embeddings-inference
Instructions to use ritesh-07/fine_tuned_model_02 with libraries, inference providers, notebooks, and local apps. Follow these links to get started.
- Libraries
- sentence-transformers
How to use ritesh-07/fine_tuned_model_02 with sentence-transformers:
from sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformer model = SentenceTransformer("ritesh-07/fine_tuned_model_02") sentences = [ "राहदानीको लागि कागजात सत्यापनमा कस्तो मनोनयनपत्र चाहिन्छ?", "सिम्यान्स अभिलेख किताबको लागि निवेदन फाराम अनुसूची-२क बमोजिमको ढाँचामा आधारित हुन्छ।", "कुटनीतिक वा विशेष राहदानीको लागि कागजात सत्यापनमा सम्बन्धित पदमा नियुक्तिको मनोनयनपत्रको प्रमाणित प्रतिलिपि चाहिन्छ।", "राहदानी रद्द गर्न महानिर्देशकले स्वीकृति दिन्छ।" ] embeddings = model.encode(sentences) similarities = model.similarity(embeddings, embeddings) print(similarities.shape) # [4, 4] - Notebooks
- Google Colab
- Kaggle
metadata
language:
- nep
license: apache-2.0
tags:
- sentence-transformers
- sentence-similarity
- feature-extraction
- generated_from_trainer
- dataset_size:1046
- loss:MatryoshkaLoss
- loss:MultipleNegativesRankingLoss
base_model: jangedoo/all-MiniLM-L6-v2-nepali
widget:
- source_sentence: राहदानीको लागि कागजात सत्यापनमा कस्तो मनोनयनपत्र चाहिन्छ?
sentences:
- >-
सिम्यान्स अभिलेख किताबको लागि निवेदन फाराम अनुसूची-२क बमोजिमको ढाँचामा
आधारित हुन्छ।
- >-
कुटनीतिक वा विशेष राहदानीको लागि कागजात सत्यापनमा सम्बन्धित पदमा
नियुक्तिको मनोनयनपत्रको प्रमाणित प्रतिलिपि चाहिन्छ।
- राहदानी रद्द गर्न महानिर्देशकले स्वीकृति दिन्छ।
- source_sentence: राहदानी वितरणमा त्रुटि सच्याउन कति समय लाग्छ?
sentences:
- >-
राहदानी नियमावली, २०७७ मा अभिलेखको गोपनीयताको उल्लङ्घनको जाँचको नतिजाको
अपीलको नतिजाको कार्यान्वयनको अभिलेख बाह्र वर्षसम्म राखिन्छ।
- >-
राहदानी वितरणमा त्रुटि सच्याउन सामान्यतः सात कार्यदिन लाग्छ, तर
प्रक्रिया जटिल भएमा बढी समय लाग्न सक्छ।
- >-
राहदानीको लागि निवेदनमा जाँच गर्ने अधिकारीको नाम, सही, पद, र मिति उल्लेख
गर्नुपर्छ।
- source_sentence: राहदानीको लागि निवेदनमा कस्तो आवेदन स्रोत उल्लेख गर्नुपर्छ?
sentences:
- >-
राहदानीको लागि निवेदनमा आवेदन स्रोत (विभाग, जिल्ला, वा नियोग) उल्लेख
गर्नुपर्छ।
- >-
राहदानी बुझाउने प्रक्रियामा त्रुटि सच्याउन सामान्यतः सात कार्यदिन लाग्छ,
तर प्रक्रिया जटिल भएमा बढी समय लाग्न सक्छ।
- >-
राहदानीको लिए अनलाइन निवेदनमा निकटतम व्यक्तिसँगको सम्बन्ध (Relationship)
उल्लेख गर्नुपर्छ।
- source_sentence: विशेष राहदानी कसलाई जारी गरिन्छ?
sentences:
- राहदानी रद्द गर्न बाहक वा सम्बन्धित निकायको लिखित निवेदन चाहिन्छ।
- >-
राहदानी नियमावली, २०७७ मा अभिलेखको गोपनीयताको उल्लङ्घनको जाँचको नतिजाको
अपीलको लागि जाँच गर्ने अधिकारीको नाम, सही, पद, र मिति उल्लेख गर्नुपर्छ।
- >-
विशेष राहदानी नगरपालिकाका प्रमुख, सहसचिव, जिल्ला न्यायाधीश, प्रदेश
लोकसेवा आयोगका सदस्य, लगायतका पदाधिकारीलाई जारी गरिन्छ।
- source_sentence: कुटनीतिक राहदानीको लागि निवेदनमा कस्तो ठेगाना विवरण चाहिन्छ?
sentences:
- >-
कुटनीतिक राहदानीको लागि निवेदनमा जिल्ला, गाउँ/नगरपालिका, वडा नम्बर,
गाउँ/सडक, र घर नम्बरको ठेगाना विवरण चाहिन्छ।
- >-
राहदानीको लागि कागजात धुल्याउने प्रक्रिया महानिर्देशकको स्वीकृतिमा
हुन्छ।
- राहदानीको विद्युतीय अभिलेख अनुसूची-७ बमोजिमको ढाँचामा आधारित हुन्छ।
pipeline_tag: sentence-similarity
library_name: sentence-transformers
metrics:
- cosine_accuracy@1
- cosine_accuracy@3
- cosine_accuracy@5
- cosine_accuracy@10
- cosine_precision@1
- cosine_precision@3
- cosine_precision@5
- cosine_precision@10
- cosine_recall@1
- cosine_recall@3
- cosine_recall@5
- cosine_recall@10
- cosine_ndcg@10
- cosine_mrr@10
- cosine_map@100
model-index:
- name: sentenceTransformer_nepali_embedding
results:
- task:
type: information-retrieval
name: Information Retrieval
dataset:
name: dim 384
type: dim_384
metrics:
- type: cosine_accuracy@1
value: 0.41025641025641024
name: Cosine Accuracy@1
- type: cosine_accuracy@3
value: 0.6581196581196581
name: Cosine Accuracy@3
- type: cosine_accuracy@5
value: 0.7350427350427351
name: Cosine Accuracy@5
- type: cosine_accuracy@10
value: 0.8461538461538461
name: Cosine Accuracy@10
- type: cosine_precision@1
value: 0.41025641025641024
name: Cosine Precision@1
- type: cosine_precision@3
value: 0.21937321937321935
name: Cosine Precision@3
- type: cosine_precision@5
value: 0.14700854700854699
name: Cosine Precision@5
- type: cosine_precision@10
value: 0.0846153846153846
name: Cosine Precision@10
- type: cosine_recall@1
value: 0.41025641025641024
name: Cosine Recall@1
- type: cosine_recall@3
value: 0.6581196581196581
name: Cosine Recall@3
- type: cosine_recall@5
value: 0.7350427350427351
name: Cosine Recall@5
- type: cosine_recall@10
value: 0.8461538461538461
name: Cosine Recall@10
- type: cosine_ndcg@10
value: 0.6218282635615644
name: Cosine Ndcg@10
- type: cosine_mrr@10
value: 0.5504409171075837
name: Cosine Mrr@10
- type: cosine_map@100
value: 0.5571750406212126
name: Cosine Map@100
- task:
type: information-retrieval
name: Information Retrieval
dataset:
name: dim 256
type: dim_256
metrics:
- type: cosine_accuracy@1
value: 0.42735042735042733
name: Cosine Accuracy@1
- type: cosine_accuracy@3
value: 0.6410256410256411
name: Cosine Accuracy@3
- type: cosine_accuracy@5
value: 0.717948717948718
name: Cosine Accuracy@5
- type: cosine_accuracy@10
value: 0.8290598290598291
name: Cosine Accuracy@10
- type: cosine_precision@1
value: 0.42735042735042733
name: Cosine Precision@1
- type: cosine_precision@3
value: 0.21367521367521364
name: Cosine Precision@3
- type: cosine_precision@5
value: 0.14358974358974358
name: Cosine Precision@5
- type: cosine_precision@10
value: 0.08290598290598289
name: Cosine Precision@10
- type: cosine_recall@1
value: 0.42735042735042733
name: Cosine Recall@1
- type: cosine_recall@3
value: 0.6410256410256411
name: Cosine Recall@3
- type: cosine_recall@5
value: 0.717948717948718
name: Cosine Recall@5
- type: cosine_recall@10
value: 0.8290598290598291
name: Cosine Recall@10
- type: cosine_ndcg@10
value: 0.6159996592171239
name: Cosine Ndcg@10
- type: cosine_mrr@10
value: 0.5487959571292905
name: Cosine Mrr@10
- type: cosine_map@100
value: 0.5563599760664051
name: Cosine Map@100
- task:
type: information-retrieval
name: Information Retrieval
dataset:
name: dim 128
type: dim_128
metrics:
- type: cosine_accuracy@1
value: 0.39316239316239315
name: Cosine Accuracy@1
- type: cosine_accuracy@3
value: 0.5811965811965812
name: Cosine Accuracy@3
- type: cosine_accuracy@5
value: 0.6752136752136753
name: Cosine Accuracy@5
- type: cosine_accuracy@10
value: 0.8034188034188035
name: Cosine Accuracy@10
- type: cosine_precision@1
value: 0.39316239316239315
name: Cosine Precision@1
- type: cosine_precision@3
value: 0.19373219373219372
name: Cosine Precision@3
- type: cosine_precision@5
value: 0.135042735042735
name: Cosine Precision@5
- type: cosine_precision@10
value: 0.08034188034188033
name: Cosine Precision@10
- type: cosine_recall@1
value: 0.39316239316239315
name: Cosine Recall@1
- type: cosine_recall@3
value: 0.5811965811965812
name: Cosine Recall@3
- type: cosine_recall@5
value: 0.6752136752136753
name: Cosine Recall@5
- type: cosine_recall@10
value: 0.8034188034188035
name: Cosine Recall@10
- type: cosine_ndcg@10
value: 0.5799237272193319
name: Cosine Ndcg@10
- type: cosine_mrr@10
value: 0.5100054266720935
name: Cosine Mrr@10
- type: cosine_map@100
value: 0.5176470843483384
name: Cosine Map@100
- task:
type: information-retrieval
name: Information Retrieval
dataset:
name: dim 64
type: dim_64
metrics:
- type: cosine_accuracy@1
value: 0.38461538461538464
name: Cosine Accuracy@1
- type: cosine_accuracy@3
value: 0.5811965811965812
name: Cosine Accuracy@3
- type: cosine_accuracy@5
value: 0.6410256410256411
name: Cosine Accuracy@5
- type: cosine_accuracy@10
value: 0.7606837606837606
name: Cosine Accuracy@10
- type: cosine_precision@1
value: 0.38461538461538464
name: Cosine Precision@1
- type: cosine_precision@3
value: 0.1937321937321937
name: Cosine Precision@3
- type: cosine_precision@5
value: 0.12820512820512817
name: Cosine Precision@5
- type: cosine_precision@10
value: 0.07606837606837605
name: Cosine Precision@10
- type: cosine_recall@1
value: 0.38461538461538464
name: Cosine Recall@1
- type: cosine_recall@3
value: 0.5811965811965812
name: Cosine Recall@3
- type: cosine_recall@5
value: 0.6410256410256411
name: Cosine Recall@5
- type: cosine_recall@10
value: 0.7606837606837606
name: Cosine Recall@10
- type: cosine_ndcg@10
value: 0.565217766093051
name: Cosine Ndcg@10
- type: cosine_mrr@10
value: 0.5036663953330621
name: Cosine Mrr@10
- type: cosine_map@100
value: 0.5140223584530523
name: Cosine Map@100
sentenceTransformer_nepali_embedding
This is a sentence-transformers model finetuned from jangedoo/all-MiniLM-L6-v2-nepali on the json dataset. It maps sentences & paragraphs to a 384-dimensional dense vector space and can be used for semantic textual similarity, semantic search, paraphrase mining, text classification, clustering, and more.
Model Details
Model Description
- Model Type: Sentence Transformer
- Base model: jangedoo/all-MiniLM-L6-v2-nepali
- Maximum Sequence Length: 256 tokens
- Output Dimensionality: 384 dimensions
- Similarity Function: Cosine Similarity
- Training Dataset:
- json
- Language: nep
- License: apache-2.0
Model Sources
- Documentation: Sentence Transformers Documentation
- Repository: Sentence Transformers on GitHub
- Hugging Face: Sentence Transformers on Hugging Face
Full Model Architecture
SentenceTransformer(
(0): Transformer({'max_seq_length': 256, 'do_lower_case': False}) with Transformer model: BertModel
(1): Pooling({'word_embedding_dimension': 384, 'pooling_mode_cls_token': False, 'pooling_mode_mean_tokens': True, 'pooling_mode_max_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_mean_sqrt_len_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_weightedmean_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_lasttoken': False, 'include_prompt': True})
(2): Normalize()
)
Usage
Direct Usage (Sentence Transformers)
First install the Sentence Transformers library:
pip install -U sentence-transformers
Then you can load this model and run inference.
from sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformer
# Download from the 🤗 Hub
model = SentenceTransformer("ritesh-07/fine_tuned_model_02")
# Run inference
sentences = [
'कुटनीतिक राहदानीको लागि निवेदनमा कस्तो ठेगाना विवरण चाहिन्छ?',
'कुटनीतिक राहदानीको लागि निवेदनमा जिल्ला, गाउँ/नगरपालिका, वडा नम्बर, गाउँ/सडक, र घर नम्बरको ठेगाना विवरण चाहिन्छ।',
'राहदानीको लागि कागजात धुल्याउने प्रक्रिया महानिर्देशकको स्वीकृतिमा हुन्छ।',
]
embeddings = model.encode(sentences)
print(embeddings.shape)
# [3, 384]
# Get the similarity scores for the embeddings
similarities = model.similarity(embeddings, embeddings)
print(similarities.shape)
# [3, 3]
Evaluation
Metrics
Information Retrieval
- Dataset:
dim_384 - Evaluated with
InformationRetrievalEvaluatorwith these parameters:{ "truncate_dim": 384 }
| Metric | Value |
|---|---|
| cosine_accuracy@1 | 0.4103 |
| cosine_accuracy@3 | 0.6581 |
| cosine_accuracy@5 | 0.735 |
| cosine_accuracy@10 | 0.8462 |
| cosine_precision@1 | 0.4103 |
| cosine_precision@3 | 0.2194 |
| cosine_precision@5 | 0.147 |
| cosine_precision@10 | 0.0846 |
| cosine_recall@1 | 0.4103 |
| cosine_recall@3 | 0.6581 |
| cosine_recall@5 | 0.735 |
| cosine_recall@10 | 0.8462 |
| cosine_ndcg@10 | 0.6218 |
| cosine_mrr@10 | 0.5504 |
| cosine_map@100 | 0.5572 |
Information Retrieval
- Dataset:
dim_256 - Evaluated with
InformationRetrievalEvaluatorwith these parameters:{ "truncate_dim": 256 }
| Metric | Value |
|---|---|
| cosine_accuracy@1 | 0.4274 |
| cosine_accuracy@3 | 0.641 |
| cosine_accuracy@5 | 0.7179 |
| cosine_accuracy@10 | 0.8291 |
| cosine_precision@1 | 0.4274 |
| cosine_precision@3 | 0.2137 |
| cosine_precision@5 | 0.1436 |
| cosine_precision@10 | 0.0829 |
| cosine_recall@1 | 0.4274 |
| cosine_recall@3 | 0.641 |
| cosine_recall@5 | 0.7179 |
| cosine_recall@10 | 0.8291 |
| cosine_ndcg@10 | 0.616 |
| cosine_mrr@10 | 0.5488 |
| cosine_map@100 | 0.5564 |
Information Retrieval
- Dataset:
dim_128 - Evaluated with
InformationRetrievalEvaluatorwith these parameters:{ "truncate_dim": 128 }
| Metric | Value |
|---|---|
| cosine_accuracy@1 | 0.3932 |
| cosine_accuracy@3 | 0.5812 |
| cosine_accuracy@5 | 0.6752 |
| cosine_accuracy@10 | 0.8034 |
| cosine_precision@1 | 0.3932 |
| cosine_precision@3 | 0.1937 |
| cosine_precision@5 | 0.135 |
| cosine_precision@10 | 0.0803 |
| cosine_recall@1 | 0.3932 |
| cosine_recall@3 | 0.5812 |
| cosine_recall@5 | 0.6752 |
| cosine_recall@10 | 0.8034 |
| cosine_ndcg@10 | 0.5799 |
| cosine_mrr@10 | 0.51 |
| cosine_map@100 | 0.5176 |
Information Retrieval
- Dataset:
dim_64 - Evaluated with
InformationRetrievalEvaluatorwith these parameters:{ "truncate_dim": 64 }
| Metric | Value |
|---|---|
| cosine_accuracy@1 | 0.3846 |
| cosine_accuracy@3 | 0.5812 |
| cosine_accuracy@5 | 0.641 |
| cosine_accuracy@10 | 0.7607 |
| cosine_precision@1 | 0.3846 |
| cosine_precision@3 | 0.1937 |
| cosine_precision@5 | 0.1282 |
| cosine_precision@10 | 0.0761 |
| cosine_recall@1 | 0.3846 |
| cosine_recall@3 | 0.5812 |
| cosine_recall@5 | 0.641 |
| cosine_recall@10 | 0.7607 |
| cosine_ndcg@10 | 0.5652 |
| cosine_mrr@10 | 0.5037 |
| cosine_map@100 | 0.514 |
Training Details
Training Dataset
json
- Dataset: json
- Size: 1,046 training samples
- Columns:
anchorandpositive - Approximate statistics based on the first 1000 samples:
anchor positive type string string details - min: 18 tokens
- mean: 40.9 tokens
- max: 103 tokens
- min: 23 tokens
- mean: 65.74 tokens
- max: 235 tokens
- Samples:
anchor positive राहदानी नियमावली, २०७७ मा अभिलेखको गोपनीयताको उल्लङ्घनको जाँचको नतिजाको अपील कसले जाँच गर्छ?राहदानी नियमावली, २०७७ मा अभिलेखको गोपनीयताको उल्लङ्घनको जाँचको नतिजाको अपील मन्त्रालयले तोकेको समितिले जाँच गर्छ।राहदानी नियमावली, २०७७ मा सत्यापनको लागि कस्तो सही चाहिन्छ?राहदानी नियमावली, २०७७ मा सत्यापनको लागि निवेदकको सही, र नाबालकको हकमा बाबु, आमा, वा संरक्षकको सही चाहिन्छ।राहदानी नियमावली, २०७७ मा कस्तो निकायले राहदानी जारी गर्छ?राहदानी नियमावली, २०७७ मा विभाग, नियोग, वा जिल्ला प्रशासन कार्यालयले राहदानी जारी गर्छ। - Loss:
MatryoshkaLosswith these parameters:{ "loss": "MultipleNegativesRankingLoss", "matryoshka_dims": [ 384, 256, 128, 64 ], "matryoshka_weights": [ 1, 1, 1, 1 ], "n_dims_per_step": -1 }
Training Hyperparameters
Non-Default Hyperparameters
eval_strategy: epochper_device_train_batch_size: 32per_device_eval_batch_size: 16gradient_accumulation_steps: 16learning_rate: 2e-05num_train_epochs: 4lr_scheduler_type: cosinewarmup_ratio: 0.1bf16: Truetf32: Falseload_best_model_at_end: Trueoptim: adamw_torch_fusedbatch_sampler: no_duplicates
All Hyperparameters
Click to expand
overwrite_output_dir: Falsedo_predict: Falseeval_strategy: epochprediction_loss_only: Trueper_device_train_batch_size: 32per_device_eval_batch_size: 16per_gpu_train_batch_size: Noneper_gpu_eval_batch_size: Nonegradient_accumulation_steps: 16eval_accumulation_steps: Nonetorch_empty_cache_steps: Nonelearning_rate: 2e-05weight_decay: 0.0adam_beta1: 0.9adam_beta2: 0.999adam_epsilon: 1e-08max_grad_norm: 1.0num_train_epochs: 4max_steps: -1lr_scheduler_type: cosinelr_scheduler_kwargs: {}warmup_ratio: 0.1warmup_steps: 0log_level: passivelog_level_replica: warninglog_on_each_node: Truelogging_nan_inf_filter: Truesave_safetensors: Truesave_on_each_node: Falsesave_only_model: Falserestore_callback_states_from_checkpoint: Falseno_cuda: Falseuse_cpu: Falseuse_mps_device: Falseseed: 42data_seed: Nonejit_mode_eval: Falseuse_ipex: Falsebf16: Truefp16: Falsefp16_opt_level: O1half_precision_backend: autobf16_full_eval: Falsefp16_full_eval: Falsetf32: Falselocal_rank: 0ddp_backend: Nonetpu_num_cores: Nonetpu_metrics_debug: Falsedebug: []dataloader_drop_last: Falsedataloader_num_workers: 0dataloader_prefetch_factor: Nonepast_index: -1disable_tqdm: Falseremove_unused_columns: Truelabel_names: Noneload_best_model_at_end: Trueignore_data_skip: Falsefsdp: []fsdp_min_num_params: 0fsdp_config: {'min_num_params': 0, 'xla': False, 'xla_fsdp_v2': False, 'xla_fsdp_grad_ckpt': False}fsdp_transformer_layer_cls_to_wrap: Noneaccelerator_config: {'split_batches': False, 'dispatch_batches': None, 'even_batches': True, 'use_seedable_sampler': True, 'non_blocking': False, 'gradient_accumulation_kwargs': None}deepspeed: Nonelabel_smoothing_factor: 0.0optim: adamw_torch_fusedoptim_args: Noneadafactor: Falsegroup_by_length: Falselength_column_name: lengthddp_find_unused_parameters: Noneddp_bucket_cap_mb: Noneddp_broadcast_buffers: Falsedataloader_pin_memory: Truedataloader_persistent_workers: Falseskip_memory_metrics: Trueuse_legacy_prediction_loop: Falsepush_to_hub: Falseresume_from_checkpoint: Nonehub_model_id: Nonehub_strategy: every_savehub_private_repo: Nonehub_always_push: Falsehub_revision: Nonegradient_checkpointing: Falsegradient_checkpointing_kwargs: Noneinclude_inputs_for_metrics: Falseinclude_for_metrics: []eval_do_concat_batches: Truefp16_backend: autopush_to_hub_model_id: Nonepush_to_hub_organization: Nonemp_parameters:auto_find_batch_size: Falsefull_determinism: Falsetorchdynamo: Noneray_scope: lastddp_timeout: 1800torch_compile: Falsetorch_compile_backend: Nonetorch_compile_mode: Noneinclude_tokens_per_second: Falseinclude_num_input_tokens_seen: Falseneftune_noise_alpha: Noneoptim_target_modules: Nonebatch_eval_metrics: Falseeval_on_start: Falseuse_liger_kernel: Falseliger_kernel_config: Noneeval_use_gather_object: Falseaverage_tokens_across_devices: Falseprompts: Nonebatch_sampler: no_duplicatesmulti_dataset_batch_sampler: proportional
Training Logs
| Epoch | Step | Training Loss | dim_384_cosine_ndcg@10 | dim_256_cosine_ndcg@10 | dim_128_cosine_ndcg@10 | dim_64_cosine_ndcg@10 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.0 | 3 | - | 0.5232 | 0.5074 | 0.4679 | 0.4451 |
| 2.0 | 6 | - | 0.5891 | 0.5703 | 0.5555 | 0.5275 |
| 3.0 | 9 | - | 0.6108 | 0.6052 | 0.5815 | 0.5594 |
| 3.4848 | 10 | 2.5112 | - | - | - | - |
| 4.0 | 12 | - | 0.6218 | 0.6160 | 0.5799 | 0.5652 |
- The bold row denotes the saved checkpoint.
Framework Versions
- Python: 3.11.13
- Sentence Transformers: 4.1.0
- Transformers: 4.53.2
- PyTorch: 2.6.0+cu124
- Accelerate: 1.9.0
- Datasets: 4.0.0
- Tokenizers: 0.21.2
Citation
BibTeX
Sentence Transformers
@inproceedings{reimers-2019-sentence-bert,
title = "Sentence-BERT: Sentence Embeddings using Siamese BERT-Networks",
author = "Reimers, Nils and Gurevych, Iryna",
booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
month = "11",
year = "2019",
publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
url = "https://arxiv.org/abs/1908.10084",
}
MatryoshkaLoss
@misc{kusupati2024matryoshka,
title={Matryoshka Representation Learning},
author={Aditya Kusupati and Gantavya Bhatt and Aniket Rege and Matthew Wallingford and Aditya Sinha and Vivek Ramanujan and William Howard-Snyder and Kaifeng Chen and Sham Kakade and Prateek Jain and Ali Farhadi},
year={2024},
eprint={2205.13147},
archivePrefix={arXiv},
primaryClass={cs.LG}
}
MultipleNegativesRankingLoss
@misc{henderson2017efficient,
title={Efficient Natural Language Response Suggestion for Smart Reply},
author={Matthew Henderson and Rami Al-Rfou and Brian Strope and Yun-hsuan Sung and Laszlo Lukacs and Ruiqi Guo and Sanjiv Kumar and Balint Miklos and Ray Kurzweil},
year={2017},
eprint={1705.00652},
archivePrefix={arXiv},
primaryClass={cs.CL}
}