Split (2)

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question stringlengths 34 314	answer stringlengths 1 183	cat_num stringclasses 11 values	cat stringclasses 11 values	pmid stringlengths 4 8	paper_title stringlengths 9 523	golden_answers listlengths 1 73	question_original stringlengths 32 314	is_paraphrased bool 2 classes
What term describes excess fluid found around the cecum that may hinder appendix visualization on abdominal CT scans?	Pericecal fluid	9	Anatomy & cellular localisation	19135927	Why can we not see a normal appendix on CT? An evaluation of the factors influencing nonvisualization of a normal appendix by 64-slice MDCT.	[ "Pericecal fluid", "pericaecal fluid", "pericecal fluids", "pericaecal fluids", "pericecal collection", "pericaecal collection", "pericecal collections", "pericaecal collections" ]	What term describes excess fluid found around the cecum that may hinder appendix visualization on abdominal CT scans?	false
Which aquatic insect is frequently selected as a representative species in environmental toxicology research?	Chironomus riparius	0	Other	18419180	Ecotoxicological evaluation of octachlorostyrene in fourth instar larvae of Chironomus riparius (Diptera, Chironomidae).	[ "Chironomus riparius", "non-biting midge", "nonbiting midge", "harlequin fly", "harlequin midge", "bloodworm", "Chironomus ripariuses", "non-biting midges", "nonbiting midges", "harlequin flies", "harlequin midges", "bloodworms" ]	Which insect species is commonly used as a model organism in ecotoxicological studies of aquatic environments?	true
In Chironomus riparius, elevated levels of which gene are recognized as an initial molecular indicator of exposure to chemical stressors?	Heat shock protein gene	6	Biomarkers & diagnostics	18419180	Ecotoxicological evaluation of octachlorostyrene in fourth instar larvae of Chironomus riparius (Diptera, Chironomidae).	[ "Heat shock protein gene", "HSP gene", "heat-shock protein gene", "heat shock proteins gene", "heat-shock proteins gene", "HSP genes", "heat shock protein genes", "heat-shock protein genes", "heat shock protein", "HSP", "heat-shock protein", "heat shock proteins", "HSPs", "heat-shock prote...	Which gene's increased expression in Chironomus riparius is considered an early warning biomarker of chemical stress?	true
Which persistent organic pollutant exhibits chronic toxicity affecting development and reproduction in Chironomus riparius?	Octachlorostyrene	2	Therapeutics & clinical evidence	18419180	Ecotoxicological evaluation of octachlorostyrene in fourth instar larvae of Chironomus riparius (Diptera, Chironomidae).	[ "Octachlorostyrene", "OCS", "octachlorostyrenes", "1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8-octachlorostyrene", "1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8-octachlorostyrenes" ]	Which persistent organic pollutant exhibits chronic toxicity affecting development and reproduction in Chironomus riparius?	false
What receptor is expressed by human intermediate trophoblasts and is also known to bind both chorionic gonadotropin and luteinizing hormone?	Chorionic gonadotropin/luteinizing hormone receptor	3	Protein function & signalling	8547486	Human intermediate trophoblasts express chorionic gonadotropin/luteinizing hormone receptor gene.	[ "Chorionic gonadotropin/luteinizing hormone receptor", "luteinizing hormone/choriogonadotropin receptor", "LHCGR", "LH receptor", "luteinizing hormone receptor", "choriogonadotropin receptor", "lutropin receptor", "luteotropin receptor", "LHCG receptor", "LHR", "luteinizing hormone/choriogonadot...	What receptor is expressed by human intermediate trophoblasts and is also known to bind both chorionic gonadotropin and luteinizing hormone?	false
What endocrine marker is used to identify intermediate trophoblasts in human placental tissue?	Human placental lactogen	6	Biomarkers & diagnostics	8547486	Human intermediate trophoblasts express chorionic gonadotropin/luteinizing hormone receptor gene.	[ "Human placental lactogen", "hPL", "chorionic somatomammotropin", "placental lactogen", "chorionic somatomammotropin hormone", "human chorionic somatomammotropin", "human chorionic somatomammotropin hormone", "human placental lactogens", "hPLs", "placental lactogens", "chorionic somatomammotropi...	What endocrine marker is used to identify intermediate trophoblasts in human placental tissue?	false
Among the various trophoblastic cell types in the human placenta, which one exhibits the greatest density of receptors for chorionic gonadotropin and luteinizing hormone?	Villus syncytiotrophoblasts	9	Anatomy & cellular localisation	8547486	Human intermediate trophoblasts express chorionic gonadotropin/luteinizing hormone receptor gene.	[ "Villus syncytiotrophoblasts", "villous syncytiotrophoblasts", "syncytiotrophoblasts of the villi", "villous syncytiotrophoblast", "villus syncytiotrophoblast", "syncytiotrophoblast of the villus", "villous trophoblasts", "villous trophoblast", "syncytiotrophoblasts", "syncytiotrophoblast", "syn...	Which trophoblast subtype in the human placenta contains the highest level of chorionic gonadotropin/luteinizing hormone receptors?	true
Which specific glycosaminoglycan influences the outgrowth of neurites in midbrain neurons, with its effect varying according to its concentration?	Chondroitin 4-sulfate	3	Protein function & signalling	12711362	Concentration-dependent actions of glial chondroitin sulfate on the neuritic growth of midbrain neurons.	[ "Chondroitin 4-sulfate", "CSA", "chondroitin sulfate A", "chondroitin sulfate A sodium salt", "chondroitin sulfate A sodium", "chondroitin sulfate A salt", "chondroitin-4-sulfate", "chondroitin sulfate 4", "chondroitin-4-sulphate", "chondroitin sulphate A", "chondroitin 4 sulphate", "chondroit...	What type of glycosaminoglycan is implicated in modulating neurite growth of midbrain neurons in a concentration-dependent manner?	true
Which compound acts as an enzyme to trigger astrocytes to excessively produce and release chondroitin sulfate chains that lack protein cores?	Beta-D-xyloside	4	Methods & resources	12711362	Concentration-dependent actions of glial chondroitin sulfate on the neuritic growth of midbrain neurons.	[ "Beta-D-xyloside", "beta-D-xylosides", "beta-D-xylosides", "β-D-xyloside", "β-D-xylosides", "beta-D-xylopyranoside", "β-D-xylopyranoside", "beta-xyloside", "beta-xylosides", "β-xyloside", "β-xylosides", "D-xyloside", "D-xylosides" ]	Which enzyme is used to induce the oversynthesis and secretion of protein-free chondroitin sulfate chains by astrocytes?	true
Which category of glial cells within the midbrain shows location-dependent variations in their ability to promote neurite extension?	Astrocytes	9	Anatomy & cellular localisation	12711362	Concentration-dependent actions of glial chondroitin sulfate on the neuritic growth of midbrain neurons.	[ "astrocytes", "astrocyte", "astroglia", "astroglial cell", "astroglial cells", "astrocytic cell", "astrocytic cells", "astrocytoma cell", "astrocytoma cells", "fibrillary astrocyte", "fibrillary astrocytes", "protoplasmic astrocyte", "protoplasmic astrocytes", "spongioblast", "spongiobla...	Which subtype of glial cell in the midbrain exhibits region-specific differences in supporting neuritic growth?	true
DNA intercalating agents used in cancer treatment often inhibit which class of enzymes to disrupt DNA replication?	Topoisomerase	3	Protein function & signalling	20810221	Considerations concerning design and mechanism of action of a new class of anticancer dual DNA intercalators.	[ "Topoisomerase", "Topoisomerases", "DNA topoisomerase", "DNA topoisomerases", "Topoisomerase I", "Topoisomerase 1", "Topoisomerase II", "Topoisomerase 2", "Topo I", "Topo 1", "Topo II", "Topo 2", "DNA topoisomerase I", "DNA topoisomerase 1", "DNA topoisomerase II", "DNA topoisomerase 2...	What type of enzyme is commonly targeted by DNA intercalators to interfere with DNA replication in cancer therapy?	true
What commonly utilized human cell line serves as a standard model in laboratory tests for assessing the anticancer properties of novel substances?	HeLa	4	Methods & resources	20810221	Considerations concerning design and mechanism of action of a new class of anticancer dual DNA intercalators.	[ "HeLa", "HeLa cells", "HeLa cell", "Hela", "Hela cells", "Hela cell", "HeLa S3", "HeLa-S3", "HeLa Kyoto", "HeLa S3 cells", "HeLa S3 cell", "HeLa Kyoto cells", "HeLa Kyoto cell" ]	Which human cell line is frequently used in in vitro assays to evaluate anticancer activity of new compounds?	true
What is the chemical structure commonly used as a linker in dual DNA intercalator compounds with anticancer potential?	Acetophenone skeleton	0	Other	20810221	Considerations concerning design and mechanism of action of a new class of anticancer dual DNA intercalators.	[ "Acetophenone skeleton", "acetophenone", "1-phenylethanone", "methyl phenyl ketone", "acetophenones", "1-phenylethanones", "methyl phenyl ketones" ]	What is the chemical structure commonly used as a linker in dual DNA intercalator compounds with anticancer potential?	false
What mycotoxin isolated from Metarhizium anisopliae exhibits insecticidal activity by affecting the innate immune system of insects?	Destruxin A	2	Therapeutics & clinical evidence	29048160	Destruxin A Induces and Binds HSPs in Bombyx mori Bm12 Cells.	[ "Destruxin A", "DtxA", "destruxin-A", "destruxin A", "destruxins A", "destruxin As" ]	What mycotoxin isolated from Metarhizium anisopliae exhibits insecticidal activity by affecting the innate immune system of insects?	false
Destruxin A has been shown to interact with which specific heat shock protein in Bm12 cells derived from Bombyx mori, demonstrating a quantifiable binding affinity?	BmHSCP	3	Protein function & signalling	29048160	Destruxin A Induces and Binds HSPs in Bombyx mori Bm12 Cells.	[ "BmHSCP", "Bombyx mori heat shock cognate protein", "BmHSC70", "BmHSP70 cognate protein", "BmHSCPs", "Bombyx mori heat shock cognate proteins" ]	Which heat shock protein in Bombyx mori Bm12 cells does destruxin A directly bind with measurable affinity?	true
Which technique allows determination of binding strength between proteins and small molecules, such as the interaction between destruxin A and heat shock proteins, by monitoring their association and dissociation?	Bio-layer interferometry	4	Methods & resources	29048160	Destruxin A Induces and Binds HSPs in Bombyx mori Bm12 Cells.	[ "Bio-layer interferometry", "BLI", "biolayer interferometry", "bio layer interferometry", "BioLayer Interferometry", "Bio-layer interferometries", "BLIs", "biolayer interferometries" ]	What analytical method can be used to assess protein–small molecule interactions by measuring binding affinity, as applied to destruxin A and heat shock proteins?	true
Which enzyme located on the membrane of respiratory tract epithelial cells is responsible for breaking down short bioactive peptides within the lungs?	Neutral endopeptidase	3	Protein function & signalling	10051271	Low neutral endopeptidase levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of lung cancer patients.	[ "Neutral endopeptidase", "NEP", "CD10", "enkephalinase", "membrane metallo-endopeptidase", "MME", "common acute lymphoblastic leukemia antigen", "CALLA", "neutral endopeptididase", "neutral endopeptidases", "enkephalinases", "membrane metallo-endopeptidases" ]	What enzyme, found on the surface of airway epithelial cells, hydrolyzes small bioactive peptides in the human lung?	true
Which sample collected from the respiratory tract is commonly examined to evaluate enzyme concentrations in individuals with possible lung malignancy?	Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid	4	Methods & resources	10051271	Low neutral endopeptidase levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of lung cancer patients.	[ "bronchoalveolar lavage fluid", "BAL fluid", "BALF", "bronchoalveolar lavage", "broncho-alveolar lavage fluid", "broncho-alveolar lavage", "bronchoalveolar lavages", "bronchoalveolar lavage fluids", "BAL fluids", "BALFs" ]	What biological fluid is often analyzed to assess airway enzyme levels in patients suspected of having lung cancer?	true
Which type of cancer is associated with low or undetectable levels of neutral endopeptidase in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid?	Lung cancer	5	Disease causation & pathogens	10051271	Low neutral endopeptidase levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of lung cancer patients.	[ "lung cancer", "lung cancers", "lung carcinoma", "lung carcinomas", "pulmonary cancer", "pulmonary cancers", "pulmonary carcinoma", "pulmonary carcinomas", "bronchogenic carcinoma", "bronchogenic carcinomas", "bronchial carcinoma", "bronchial carcinomas", "cancer of the lung", "cancers of ...	Which type of cancer is associated with low or undetectable levels of neutral endopeptidase in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid?	false
What psychological assessment tool is commonly used to measure perceived vulnerability in children by their caregivers?	Child Vulnerability Scale	10	Psychology & behavioural health	20484329	An examination of the factor structure of parenting capacity measures in chronic illness populations.	[ "Child Vulnerability Scale", "CVS", "Child Vulnerability Scales" ]	What psychological assessment tool is commonly used to measure perceived vulnerability in children by their caregivers?	false
Which shortened questionnaire is frequently used to assess parenting stress in caregivers of children with chronic illnesses?	Parenting Stress Index-Short Form	10	Psychology & behavioural health	20484329	An examination of the factor structure of parenting capacity measures in chronic illness populations.	[ "Parenting Stress Index-Short Form", "PSI-SF", "Parenting Stress Index Short Form", "Parenting Stress Index: Short Form", "Parenting Stress Index Short-Form", "Parenting Stress Index Short Forms", "Parenting Stress Index-Short Forms", "PSI Short Form", "PSI Short-Form", "PSI Short Forms", "PSI-S...	Which shortened questionnaire is frequently used to assess parenting stress in caregivers of children with chronic illnesses?	false
Which assessment tool measures the extent of protective actions taken by parents of children who have long-term illnesses?	Parental Protection Scale	10	Psychology & behavioural health	20484329	An examination of the factor structure of parenting capacity measures in chronic illness populations.	[ "Parental Protection Scale", "PPS", "Parental Overprotection Scale", "Parental Protection Scales", "PPSs", "Parental Overprotection Scales" ]	What scale is used to evaluate overprotective behaviors in parents of children with chronic diseases?	true
Which disialoganglioside is a frequent target for monoclonal antibody therapy in cancers of neuroectodermal origin, including neuroblastoma and melanoma?	GD2	2	Therapeutics & clinical evidence	7834118	Potential to involve multiple effector cells with human recombinant interleukin-2 and antiganglioside monoclonal antibodies in a canine malignant melanoma immunotherapy model.	[ "GD2", "disialoganglioside GD2", "ganglioside GD2", "GD2 ganglioside", "GD2 disialoganglioside", "GD2s", "disialoganglioside GD2s", "ganglioside GD2s", "GD2 gangliosides", "GD2 disialogangliosides" ]	What disialoganglioside is commonly targeted by monoclonal antibodies in the treatment of neuroectodermal tumors such as melanoma and neuroblastoma?	true
Which cytokine is administered to stimulate antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity by canine peripheral blood lymphocytes targeting melanoma cells?	Interleukin-2	2	Therapeutics & clinical evidence	7834118	Potential to involve multiple effector cells with human recombinant interleukin-2 and antiganglioside monoclonal antibodies in a canine malignant melanoma immunotherapy model.	[ "Interleukin-2", "IL-2", "T cell growth factor", "T-cell growth factor", "Aldesleukin", "Interleukin 2", "Interleukin2", "Interleukin-2s", "IL-2s" ]	Which cytokine is used to activate canine peripheral blood lymphocytes for antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity against melanoma cells?	true
What type of antibody is R24, which specifically recognizes the disialoganglioside GD3 on tumor cells?	Monoclonal antibody	4	Methods & resources	7834118	Potential to involve multiple effector cells with human recombinant interleukin-2 and antiganglioside monoclonal antibodies in a canine malignant melanoma immunotherapy model.	[ "Monoclonal antibody", "mAb", "monoclonal antibodies", "mAbs", "monoclonal Ab", "monoclonal Abs", "monoclonal immunoglobulin", "monoclonal immunoglobulins" ]	What type of antibody is R24, which specifically recognizes the disialoganglioside GD3 on tumor cells?	false
What is the optimal buffer for detecting Pasteurella multocida antigens using immunoelectrophoresis with avian antisera?	0.05 M sodium acetate-acetic acid buffer at pH 5.6	4	Methods & resources	7264316	Immunoelectrophoresis employing avian antisera for the detection and quantitation of Pasteurella multocida antigens.	[ "0.05 M sodium acetate-acetic acid buffer at pH 5.6", "sodium acetate-acetic acid buffer", "acetate-acetic acid buffer", "acetate buffer", "sodium acetate buffer", "acetic acid-sodium acetate buffer", "acetate buffer at pH 5.6", "sodium acetate-acetic acid buffer pH 5.6", "0.05 M acetate buffer", ...	What is the optimal buffer for detecting Pasteurella multocida antigens using immunoelectrophoresis with avian antisera?	false
Which animal species' antisera were used to detect Pasteurella multocida antigens in immunoelectrophoresis experiments?	Turkey	4	Methods & resources	7264316	Immunoelectrophoresis employing avian antisera for the detection and quantitation of Pasteurella multocida antigens.	[ "Turkey", "turkey", "Meleagris gallopavo", "domestic turkey", "turkeys", "Meleagris gallopavos", "domestic turkeys" ]	Which animal species' antisera were used to detect Pasteurella multocida antigens in immunoelectrophoresis experiments?	false
Which method enables the measurement of Pasteurella multocida antigen levels when utilizing an acetate buffer environment?	Rocket immunoelectrophoresis	4	Methods & resources	7264316	Immunoelectrophoresis employing avian antisera for the detection and quantitation of Pasteurella multocida antigens.	[ "rocket immunoelectrophoresis", "rocket electrophoresis", "rocket immunoelectrophoreses", "rocket electrophoreses", "rocket immunoelectrophoretic assay", "rocket immunoelectrophoretic assays", "rocket immunoelectrophoresis assay", "rocket immunoelectrophoresis assays" ]	What technique allows quantitation of Pasteurella multocida antigens using an acetate buffer system?	true
Which endoscopic method is typically employed to provide direct visualization during lithotripsy procedures for challenging stones in the bile duct?	Peroral cholangioscopy	4	Methods & resources	31250408	Cholangioscopy-guided lithotripsy for difficult bile duct stone clearance in a single session of ERCP: results from a large multinational registry demonstrate high success rates.	[ "Peroral cholangioscopy", "POC", "per-oral cholangioscopy", "direct peroral cholangioscopy", "peroral cholangioscopies", "POCs", "per-oral cholangioscopies", "direct peroral cholangioscopies" ]	What endoscopic technique is commonly used to visually guide lithotripsy for difficult bile duct stones?	true
What significant but generally self-limiting adverse event, usually resolving in under seven days, has been documented as a complication of laser lithotripsy performed for choledocholithiasis?	Perforation	2	Therapeutics & clinical evidence	31250408	Cholangioscopy-guided lithotripsy for difficult bile duct stone clearance in a single session of ERCP: results from a large multinational registry demonstrate high success rates.	[ "Perforation", "Perforations" ]	Which complication of laser lithotripsy for bile duct stones is reported as a serious adverse event but typically resolves within one week?	true
What term describes the presence of stones in the common bile duct?	Choledocholithiasis	5	Disease causation & pathogens	31250408	Cholangioscopy-guided lithotripsy for difficult bile duct stone clearance in a single session of ERCP: results from a large multinational registry demonstrate high success rates.	[ "Choledocholithiasis", "choledocholithiases", "common bile duct stone", "common bile duct stones", "CBD stone", "CBD stones", "bile duct stone", "bile duct stones", "choledochal calculi", "choledochal calculus", "choledocholithiasis (stone in common bile duct)", "ductal calculi", "ductal cal...	What term describes the presence of stones in the common bile duct?	false
Which surface protein is typically measured to evaluate immune system compromise in individuals with HIV infection?	CD4 cell count	6	Biomarkers & diagnostics	16868441	Burden of tuberculosis in an antiretroviral treatment programme in sub-Saharan Africa: impact on treatment outcomes and implications for tuberculosis control.	[ "CD4 cell count", "CD4 count", "CD4+ cell count", "CD4+ count", "CD4 lymphocyte count", "CD4-positive cell count", "CD4 T-cell count", "CD4+ T-cell count", "CD4-positive T-cell count", "CD4 T lymphocyte count", "CD4+ T lymphocyte count", "CD4-positive T lymphocyte count", "T4 cell count", ...	What cell surface marker is commonly used to assess the level of immunodeficiency in HIV-infected patients?	true
What illness continues to be a significant contributor to illness and death among individuals on antiretroviral therapy in sub-Saharan Africa?	Tuberculosis	5	Disease causation & pathogens	16868441	Burden of tuberculosis in an antiretroviral treatment programme in sub-Saharan Africa: impact on treatment outcomes and implications for tuberculosis control.	[ "Tuberculosis", "TB", "tubercle bacillosis", "phthisis", "phthisis pulmonalis", "consumption", "tuberculous disease", "tuberculoses" ]	Which infectious disease remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality among patients receiving antiretroviral treatment in sub-Saharan Africa?	true
Which group of drugs forms the cornerstone of HIV management?	Antiretroviral treatment	2	Therapeutics & clinical evidence	16868441	Burden of tuberculosis in an antiretroviral treatment programme in sub-Saharan Africa: impact on treatment outcomes and implications for tuberculosis control.	[ "Antiretroviral treatment", "ART", "antiretroviral therapy", "antiretroviral therapies", "antiretroviral treatments", "antiretroviral regimen", "antiretroviral regimens", "antiretroviral drugs", "antiretroviral agents", "antiretroviral medications", "antiretroviral medicine", "antiretroviral m...	What class of medication is used as the mainstay of therapy for HIV infection?	true
What statistical model is commonly used to estimate pooled prevalence in meta-analyses of healthcare exposures?	Random-effects meta-analysis model	4	Methods & resources	33010808	Occupational exposures to blood and body fluids among healthcare workers in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis.	[ "Random-effects meta-analysis model", "random effects meta-analysis model", "random-effects model", "random effects model", "random-effects meta analysis model", "random effects meta analysis model", "random-effects model of meta-analysis", "random effects model of meta-analysis", "random-effects mo...	What statistical model is commonly used to estimate pooled prevalence in meta-analyses of healthcare exposures?	false
Which test is frequently employed to assess heterogeneity among studies in systematic reviews and meta-analyses?	Cochrane Q test	4	Methods & resources	33010808	Occupational exposures to blood and body fluids among healthcare workers in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis.	[ "Cochrane Q test", "Cochran's Q test", "Cochran Q test", "Q test", "Cochrane Q", "Cochran's Q", "Cochran Q", "Q statistic", "Cochrane Q tests", "Cochran's Q tests", "Cochran Q tests", "Q tests", "Cochrane Qs", "Cochran's Qs", "Cochran Qs", "Q statistics" ]	Which test is frequently employed to assess heterogeneity among studies in systematic reviews and meta-analyses?	false
What type of occupational exposure is a major risk factor for transmission of blood-borne infections to healthcare workers?	Exposure to blood and body fluids	5	Disease causation & pathogens	33010808	Occupational exposures to blood and body fluids among healthcare workers in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis.	[ "Exposure to blood and body fluids", "blood and body fluid exposure", "exposure to blood and body fluid", "exposure to blood and body fluids", "blood and body fluids exposure", "bloodborne exposure", "blood-borne exposure", "occupational blood exposure", "occupational exposure to blood and body flui...	What type of occupational exposure is a major risk factor for transmission of blood-borne infections to healthcare workers?	false
Which qualitative approach is frequently employed to investigate how patients and nurses perceive and experience care within psychiatric environments?	Grounded theory	4	Methods & resources	16390527	Patients and nurses' perceptions of ward environmental factors and support systems in the care of suicidal patients.	[ "Grounded theory", "grounded theory methodology", "grounded theory approach", "grounded theory method", "grounded theories" ]	What qualitative research methodology is commonly used to explore patient and nurse experiences in psychiatric settings?	true
Which mental health condition is a primary focus in studies examining the impact of ward environment and support systems in acute psychiatric care?	Suicidal ideation	5	Disease causation & pathogens	16390527	Patients and nurses' perceptions of ward environmental factors and support systems in the care of suicidal patients.	[ "suicidal ideation", "suicidal thoughts", "suicidal thinking", "suicidal ideas", "suicidal ideations", "suicidal thought", "suicidal thinkings", "suicidal idea", "suicidality" ]	Which mental health condition is a primary focus in studies examining the impact of ward environment and support systems in acute psychiatric care?	false
What type of healthcare professional is directly involved in providing care and support to patients with suicidal thoughts in psychiatric wards?	Psychiatric nurse	9	Anatomy & cellular localisation	16390527	Patients and nurses' perceptions of ward environmental factors and support systems in the care of suicidal patients.	[ "psychiatric nurse", "mental health nurse", "psychiatric registered nurse", "psychiatric nurses", "mental health nurses", "psychiatric registered nurses" ]	What type of healthcare professional is directly involved in providing care and support to patients with suicidal thoughts in psychiatric wards?	false
What laboratory assay is commonly used to assess an individual's coagulation potential by measuring thrombin generation in plasma?	Thrombin generation assay	4	Methods & resources	21955218	Thrombin generation in type 2 diabetes with albuminuria and macrovascular disease.	[ "Thrombin generation assay", "TGA", "thrombin generation test", "endogenous thrombin potential assay", "calibrated automated thrombogram", "CAT assay", "calibrated automated thrombogram assay", "thrombin generation assays", "TGAs", "thrombin generation tests", "endogenous thrombin potential assa...	What laboratory assay is commonly used to assess an individual's coagulation potential by measuring thrombin generation in plasma?	false
Which substance detected in the urine serves as a marker for increased risk of heart-related illnesses and death among individuals with type 2 diabetes?	Albuminuria	6	Biomarkers & diagnostics	21955218	Thrombin generation in type 2 diabetes with albuminuria and macrovascular disease.	[ "albuminuria", "urinary albumin", "urine albumin", "albumin in urine", "microalbuminuria", "macroalbuminuria", "proteinuria", "albuminurias", "urinary albumins", "urine albumins", "microalbuminurias", "macroalbuminurias", "proteinurias" ]	Which biomarker in urine is an indicator of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus?	true
What macrovascular complication is associated with increased thrombin generation in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus?	Macrovascular disease	5	Disease causation & pathogens	21955218	Thrombin generation in type 2 diabetes with albuminuria and macrovascular disease.	[ "macrovascular disease", "macrovascular diseases", "macrovascular complication", "macrovascular complications", "macroangiopathy", "macroangiopathies", "macrovascular disorder", "macrovascular disorders" ]	What macrovascular complication is associated with increased thrombin generation in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus?	false
What imaging modality is commonly used to diagnose intralabyrinthine schwannoma?	Gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging	4	Methods & resources	25111524	Intralabyrinthine schwannomas mimic cochleovestibular disease: symptoms from tumor mass effect in the labyrinth.	[ "Gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging", "gadolinium-enhanced MRI", "contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging", "contrast-enhanced MRI", "Gd-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging", "Gd-enhanced MRI", "magnetic resonance imaging with gadolinium", "MRI with gadolinium contrast", "MRI with g...	What imaging modality is commonly used to diagnose intralabyrinthine schwannoma?	false
What form of auditory impairment is commonly detected in individuals diagnosed with an intralabyrinthine schwannoma?	Mixed hearing loss	6	Biomarkers & diagnostics	25111524	Intralabyrinthine schwannomas mimic cochleovestibular disease: symptoms from tumor mass effect in the labyrinth.	[ "mixed hearing loss", "mixed hearing losses", "mixed-type hearing loss", "mixed-type hearing losses", "combined hearing loss", "combined hearing losses", "sensorineural and conductive hearing loss", "sensorineural and conductive hearing losses" ]	Which type of hearing loss can be observed in patients with intralabyrinthine schwannoma?	true
In certain individuals with intralabyrinthine schwannoma, which vestibular disturbance might present as the only reported symptom?	Positional vertigo	6	Biomarkers & diagnostics	25111524	Intralabyrinthine schwannomas mimic cochleovestibular disease: symptoms from tumor mass effect in the labyrinth.	[ "positional vertigo", "benign paroxysmal positional vertigo", "BPPV", "paroxysmal positional vertigo", "benign positional vertigo", "positional vertigos", "benign paroxysmal positional vertigos", "BPPVs", "paroxysmal positional vertigos", "benign positional vertigos" ]	What vestibular symptom may occur as the sole complaint in some patients with intralabyrinthine schwannoma?	true
What chemical compound serves as the main monomer in certain novel dental cements designed for rapid setting?	Ethyl cyanoacrylate	2	Therapeutics & clinical evidence	16949146	Monomer conversion and hardness of novel dental cements based on ethyl cyanoacrylate.	[ "Ethyl cyanoacrylate", "ECA", "ethyl 2-cyanoacrylate", "2-cyanoacrylic acid ethyl ester", "ethyl-2-cyanoacrylate", "ethyl cyanoacrylates", "ECAs" ]	What chemical compound serves as the main monomer in certain novel dental cements designed for rapid setting?	false
Which analytical method based on spectroscopy is frequently employed to observe the polymerization of dental cements by measuring the extent of monomer transformation?	Near-infrared spectroscopy	4	Methods & resources	16949146	Monomer conversion and hardness of novel dental cements based on ethyl cyanoacrylate.	[ "Near-infrared spectroscopy", "NIR spectroscopy", "NIR", "near infrared spectroscopy", "near-infrared spectrometry", "near infrared spectrometry", "near-infrared spectra", "near infrared spectra" ]	Which spectroscopic technique is commonly used to monitor the curing process of dental cements by tracking monomer conversion?	true
Which technique is employed to determine the post-setting hardness of dental cements?	Vickers indentation hardness	4	Methods & resources	16949146	Monomer conversion and hardness of novel dental cements based on ethyl cyanoacrylate.	[ "Vickers indentation hardness", "Vickers hardness", "Vickers microhardness", "Vickers hardness test", "Vickers hardness number", "Vickers test", "Vickers microhardness test", "Vickers indentation hardnesses", "Vickers hardnesses", "Vickers microhardnesses", "Vickers hardness tests", "Vickers m...	What measurement method is used to assess the hardness of dental cements after setting?	true
What is the binomial nomenclature for the American alligator?	Alligator mississippiensis	0	Other	17315452	Respiratory bronchoscopy of subadult American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) and tracheal wash evaluation.	[ "Alligator mississippiensis", "American alligator", "Alligator mississipiensis", "Alligator mississippiensises", "American alligators" ]	What is the scientific name of the American alligator?	true
What technique is commonly employed to obtain tracheal specimens for cytologic analysis in reptilian patients?	Tracheal wash	4	Methods & resources	17315452	Respiratory bronchoscopy of subadult American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) and tracheal wash evaluation.	[ "tracheal wash", "tracheal lavage", "tracheal washing", "tracheal washes", "tracheal lavages", "tracheal washings" ]	Which laboratory method is used to collect samples from the trachea for cytological evaluation in reptiles?	true
Which epithelial cell type is typically found in tracheal wash samples from normal, juvenile to subadult alligators?	Ciliated columnar epithelium	9	Anatomy & cellular localisation	17315452	Respiratory bronchoscopy of subadult American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) and tracheal wash evaluation.	[ "ciliated columnar epithelium", "ciliated columnar epithelial cell", "ciliated columnar epithelial cells", "ciliated columnar cells", "ciliated columnar cell", "ciliated epithelial cell", "ciliated epithelial cells", "ciliated epithelium", "ciliated epithelia" ]	What type of epithelial cell is commonly observed in tracheal wash cytology from healthy subadult alligators?	true
Which imaging technique is capable of evaluating variations in tissue oxygen levels during episodes of ischemia and subsequent reperfusion in skeletal muscle?	Blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging	4	Methods & resources	22857721	Heme arginate improves reperfusion patterns after ischemia: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial in healthy male subjects.	[ "Blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging", "BOLD functional magnetic resonance imaging", "BOLD fMRI", "blood oxygen level dependent functional MRI", "blood oxygenation level dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging", "blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) functi...	What imaging modality can assess changes in tissue oxygenation during skeletal muscle ischemia-reperfusion injury?	true
Which enzyme, upregulated by heme arginate administration, serves to shield tissues against damage from ischemia followed by reperfusion?	Heme oxygenase-1	3	Protein function & signalling	22857721	Heme arginate improves reperfusion patterns after ischemia: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial in healthy male subjects.	[ "Heme oxygenase-1", "HO-1", "HO1", "heme oxygenase 1", "haem oxygenase-1", "haem oxygenase 1", "heat shock protein 32", "HSP32", "HSP 32", "heme oxygenase-1s", "HO-1s", "HO1s", "heme oxygenase 1s", "haem oxygenase-1s", "haem oxygenase 1s", "heat shock protein 32s", "HSP32s", "HSP 3...	Which enzyme is induced by heme arginate to protect tissue from ischemia-reperfusion injury?	true
What pharmacological compound has been shown to improve reperfusion patterns after experimentally induced ischemia in humans?	Heme arginate	2	Therapeutics & clinical evidence	22857721	Heme arginate improves reperfusion patterns after ischemia: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial in healthy male subjects.	[ "heme arginate", "haem arginate", "Normosang", "heme-arginate", "haem-arginate", "heme arginates", "haem arginates", "heme-arginates", "haem-arginates" ]	What pharmacological compound has been shown to improve reperfusion patterns after experimentally induced ischemia in humans?	false
What respiratory disease is associated with significant hospitalization costs and length of stay in older adults, as identified by ICD-9-CM code 516.3?	Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis	5	Disease causation & pathogens	28092235	Hospital cost and length of stay in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.	[ "Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis", "IPF", "cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis", "idiopathic pulmonary fibroses", "IPFs", "cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitides" ]	What respiratory disease is associated with significant hospitalization costs and length of stay in older adults, as identified by ICD-9-CM code 516.3?	false
Which type of breathing assistance is linked to longer hospitalization and higher expenses among individuals with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis?	Mechanical ventilation	2	Therapeutics & clinical evidence	28092235	Hospital cost and length of stay in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.	[ "Mechanical ventilation", "mechanical ventilatory support", "mechanical ventilator support", "mechanical ventilation therapy", "mechanical ventilations" ]	What form of respiratory support is associated with increased length of hospital stay and cost in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis?	true
Which large, nationally-representative inpatient database is commonly used to study hospitalization outcomes and costs in the United States?	Nationwide Inpatient Sample	4	Methods & resources	28092235	Hospital cost and length of stay in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.	[ "Nationwide Inpatient Sample", "NIS", "National Inpatient Sample", "Nationwide Inpatient Samples", "NISs", "National Inpatient Samples" ]	Which large, nationally-representative inpatient database is commonly used to study hospitalization outcomes and costs in the United States?	false
What ceramic material is commonly used as a biocompatible scaffold in bone tissue engineering and is improved by the addition of fluorapatite?	Tricalcium phosphate	2	Therapeutics & clinical evidence	19878897	Effect of fluorapatite additive on densification and mechanical properties of tricalcium phosphate.	[ "tricalcium phosphate", "TCP", "tri-calcium phosphate", "tricalcium phosphates", "TCPs", "tricalcium orthophosphate", "calcium phosphate tribasic", "tribasic calcium phosphate", "tribasic calcium phosphates", "bone ash" ]	What ceramic material is commonly used as a biocompatible scaffold in bone tissue engineering and is improved by the addition of fluorapatite?	false
Which nuclear magnetic resonance isotope is utilized to analyze the phosphorus environment in calcium phosphate-based biomaterials?	Phosphorus-31	4	Methods & resources	19878897	Effect of fluorapatite additive on densification and mechanical properties of tricalcium phosphate.	[ "Phosphorus-31", "P-31", "31P", "phosphorus 31", "phosphorus-31 isotope", "phosphorus-31 NMR", "phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance", "phosphorus-31 isotopes", "P-31 isotope", "31P isotope" ]	Which nuclear magnetic resonance isotope is utilized to analyze the phosphorus environment in calcium phosphate-based biomaterials?	false
What is the maximum densification temperature, in degrees Celsius, at which tricalcium phosphate–fluorapatite composites achieve optimal density before degradation occurs?	1350	4	Methods & resources	19878897	Effect of fluorapatite additive on densification and mechanical properties of tricalcium phosphate.	[ "1350" ]	What is the maximum densification temperature, in degrees Celsius, at which tricalcium phosphate–fluorapatite composites achieve optimal density before degradation occurs?	false
Which organization launched the Macroecology Special Interest Group in 2012?	British Ecological Society	0	Other	22915630	What is macroecology?	[ "British Ecological Society", "BES", "The British Ecological Society", "British Ecological Societies" ]	Which scientific society established the Macroecology Special Interest Group in 2012?	true
In 2012, which city served as the venue for the first-ever gathering of the Macroecology Special Interest Group?	London	0	Other	22915630	What is macroecology?	[ "London", "Londinium" ]	Which city hosted the inaugural meeting of the Macroecology Special Interest Group in 2012?	true
What group of insects is commonly used as a model system for studying the diversification of plant-feeding insects?	Butterflies	0	Other	25274368	Specialization and generalization in the diversification of phytophagous insects: tests of the musical chairs and oscillation hypotheses.	[ "Butterflies", "Butterfly", "Lepidoptera", "lepidopterans", "lepidopteran", "Papilionoidea", "Rhopalocera", "Papilionidae", "Nymphalidae", "Pieridae", "Lycaenidae", "Hesperiidae" ]	What group of insects is commonly used as a model system for studying the diversification of plant-feeding insects?	false
Which evolutionary theory suggests that new species of plant-eating insects mainly arise through changing to different host plants, rather than altering the range of niches they occupy?	Musical chairs hypothesis	5	Disease causation & pathogens	25274368	Specialization and generalization in the diversification of phytophagous insects: tests of the musical chairs and oscillation hypotheses.	[ "Musical chairs hypothesis", "musical chairs model", "musical chairs hypotheses", "musical chairs models" ]	What evolutionary hypothesis proposes that speciation in phytophagous insects is primarily driven by host-plant switching without changes in niche breadth?	true
Which analytical technique is employed in evolutionary biology to assess theories related to the diversity of ecological niches and the process of speciation among plant-eating insects?	Phylogenetic comparative method	4	Methods & resources	25274368	Specialization and generalization in the diversification of phytophagous insects: tests of the musical chairs and oscillation hypotheses.	[ "Phylogenetic comparative method", "phylogenetic comparative methods", "PCM", "phylogenetic comparative analysis", "phylogenetic comparative analyses", "comparative phylogenetic method", "comparative phylogenetic methods", "comparative methods", "comparative method", "phylogenetic methods", "phy...	What phylogenetic comparative approach is used to test hypotheses about niche breadth and speciation in insect herbivores?	true
Which laboratory mouse strain, known for severe high blood sugar and obesity, is frequently utilized to evaluate potential antidiabetic treatments?	db/db mice	5	Disease causation & pathogens	8831758	New potent antihyperglycemic agents in db/db mice: synthesis and structure-activity relationship studies of (4-substituted benzyl) (trifluoromethyl)pyrazoles and -pyrazolones.	[ "db/db mice", "db/db mouse", "db db mice", "db db mouse", "db/db", "db/db mutant mice", "db/db mutants", "diabetic db/db mice", "diabetic db/db mouse", "BKS.Cg-Dock7m +/+ Leprdb/J mice", "BKS.Cg-Dock7m +/+ Leprdb/J mouse", "BKS-db/db mice", "BKS-db/db mouse", "Leprdb/db mice", "Leprdb/db...	What experimental mouse model is commonly used to study antidiabetic agents with pronounced hyperglycemia and obesity?	true
Through what specific process does WAY-123783 decrease blood sugar levels in mice with diabetes?	Selective inhibition of renal tubular glucose reabsorption	3	Protein function & signalling	8831758	New potent antihyperglycemic agents in db/db mice: synthesis and structure-activity relationship studies of (4-substituted benzyl) (trifluoromethyl)pyrazoles and -pyrazolones.	[ "Selective inhibition of renal tubular glucose reabsorption", "renal glucose reabsorption inhibition", "inhibition of renal glucose reabsorption", "SGLT inhibition", "sodium-glucose cotransporter inhibition", "sodium-glucose co-transporter inhibition", "SGLT blockade", "inhibition of sodium-glucose tr...	What is the mechanism of action by which WAY-123783 lowers blood glucose levels in diabetic mice?	true
What substance is frequently utilized in research to block glucose uptake in both the kidneys and the gut?	Phlorizin	2	Therapeutics & clinical evidence	8831758	New potent antihyperglycemic agents in db/db mice: synthesis and structure-activity relationship studies of (4-substituted benzyl) (trifluoromethyl)pyrazoles and -pyrazolones.	[ "Phlorizin", "phloridzin", "phloretin-2'-β-D-glucoside", "phlorhizin", "phloridzine", "phlorizine", "phlorizins", "phloridzins", "phlorhizins", "phlorizines" ]	Which compound is commonly used as a renal and intestinal glucose absorption inhibitor in pharmacological studies?	true
What chromatin remodeling complex uses ATP hydrolysis to facilitate nucleosome sliding and ejection?	Remodel the Structure of Chromatin (RSC)	3	Protein function & signalling	30593928	The synergy between RSC, Nap1 and adjacent nucleosome in nucleosome remodeling.	[ "Remodel the Structure of Chromatin", "RSC", "RSC complex", "Remodels the Structure of Chromatin", "Remodel the Structure of Chromatin complex", "Remodels the Structure of Chromatin complex", "RSC complexes" ]	What chromatin remodeling complex uses ATP hydrolysis to facilitate nucleosome sliding and ejection?	false
Which histone-binding protein specifically promotes RSC-driven removal of nucleosomes from dinucleosome substrates?	Nucleosome assembly protein 1 (Nap1)	3	Protein function & signalling	30593928	The synergy between RSC, Nap1 and adjacent nucleosome in nucleosome remodeling.	[ "Nucleosome assembly protein 1", "Nap1", "nucleosome assembly protein 1", "NAP-1", "nucleosome assembly protein I", "NAP I", "NAP1", "nucleosome assembly proteins 1", "Nap1s" ]	Which histone chaperone enhances RSC-mediated nucleosome ejection specifically from dinucleosomes?	true
What experimental technique is used to study the mechanism of nucleosome remodeling by visualizing DNA looping and nucleosome ejection?	Tethered particle motion (TPM)	4	Methods & resources	30593928	The synergy between RSC, Nap1 and adjacent nucleosome in nucleosome remodeling.	[ "Tethered particle motion (TPM)", "tethered particle motion", "TPM", "tethered particle assay", "tethered particle motion assay", "tethered particle motion technique", "tethered particle motion experiments", "tethered particle motions" ]	What experimental technique is used to study the mechanism of nucleosome remodeling by visualizing DNA looping and nucleosome ejection?	false
Which X-ray angle is typically evaluated to determine the relationship between the talus and the first metatarsal in pediatric patients with flatfoot?	Talometatarsal angle	6	Biomarkers & diagnostics	19405916	Clinical or radiologic measurements and 3-D gait analysis in children with pes planus.	[ "Talometatarsal angle", "Meary's angle", "Meary angle", "talometatarsal angles", "Meary's angles", "Meary angles" ]	What radiologic angle is commonly measured on X-ray to assess the alignment between the talus and the first metatarsal in children with pes planus?	true
Which physical examination measurement evaluates the frontal plane position of the calcaneus in children with flatfoot?	Resting calcaneal stance position	6	Biomarkers & diagnostics	19405916	Clinical or radiologic measurements and 3-D gait analysis in children with pes planus.	[ "Resting calcaneal stance position", "RCSP", "resting calcaneal stance positions" ]	Which physical examination measurement evaluates the frontal plane position of the calcaneus in children with flatfoot?	false
Which diagnostic imaging method is employed to evaluate femoral anteversion and tibial rotation in children presenting with flatfoot?	Computed tomography	4	Methods & resources	19405916	Clinical or radiologic measurements and 3-D gait analysis in children with pes planus.	[ "Computed tomography", "CT", "computed axial tomography", "CAT scan", "CAT", "computerized axial tomography", "computerized tomography", "computed tomographies", "CT scans", "CAT scans" ]	What imaging technique is used to assess femoral anteversion and tibial torsion in pediatric patients with pes planus?	true
Which type of cell predominantly drives the development of neointimal tissue within vein grafts?	Vascular smooth muscle cells	9	Anatomy & cellular localisation	32493169	Mature Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells, but Not Endothelial Cells, Serve as the Major Cellular Source of Intimal Hyperplasia in Vein Grafts.	[ "vascular smooth muscle cells", "VSMCs", "vascular smooth muscle cell", "VSMC", "smooth muscle cells", "smooth muscle cell", "vascular smooth muscle", "vascular smooth muscles", "medial smooth muscle cells", "medial smooth muscle cell" ]	What cell type is the primary contributor to neointima formation in vein grafts?	true
What is the name of the mechanism by which endothelial cells develop mesenchymal traits during the remodeling of vein grafts?	Endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition	3	Protein function & signalling	32493169	Mature Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells, but Not Endothelial Cells, Serve as the Major Cellular Source of Intimal Hyperplasia in Vein Grafts.	[ "Endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition", "EndMT", "endothelial-mesenchymal transition", "endothelial to mesenchymal transition", "endothelial–mesenchymal transition", "endothelial–to–mesenchymal transition", "endothelial-mesenchymal transitions", "EndMTs", "endothelial to mesenchymal transitions", ...	Which process allows endothelial cells to acquire mesenchymal characteristics in the context of vein graft remodeling?	true
Which lineage-tracing technique is frequently employed to follow the developmental history of vascular smooth muscle cells during studies of vascular remodeling?	Genetic-inducible fate mapping	4	Methods & resources	32493169	Mature Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells, but Not Endothelial Cells, Serve as the Major Cellular Source of Intimal Hyperplasia in Vein Grafts.	[ "Genetic-inducible fate mapping", "genetic inducible fate mapping", "GIFM", "inducible genetic fate mapping", "inducible fate mapping", "fate mapping", "fate-mapping", "genetic fate mapping", "genetic fate-mapping", "genetic fate-mappings", "fate mappings", "fate-mappings", "genetic-inducibl...	What type of mapping approach is commonly used to trace the lineage of vascular smooth muscle cells in vascular remodeling studies?	true
To which category of medications does omeprazole belong, commonly administered in research to elevate gastrin levels?	Proton pump inhibitor	2	Therapeutics & clinical evidence	11325792	Mobilization of rat stomach ECL-cell histamine in response to short- or long-term treatment with omeprazole and/or YF 476 studied by gastric submucosal microdialysis in conscious rats.	[ "proton pump inhibitor", "PPI", "proton-pump inhibitor", "proton pump inhibitors", "PPIs", "proton-pump inhibitors", "proton pump blocker", "proton pump blockers", "proton-pump blocker", "proton-pump blockers", "gastric proton pump inhibitor", "gastric proton pump inhibitors" ]	What class of drug is omeprazole, which is used to induce hypergastrinaemia in experimental studies?	true
YF476 acts as an antagonist to inhibit histamine secretion triggered by gastrin in enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells. Which specific receptor subtype does it block to achieve this effect?	CCK2 receptor	3	Protein function & signalling	11325792	Mobilization of rat stomach ECL-cell histamine in response to short- or long-term treatment with omeprazole and/or YF 476 studied by gastric submucosal microdialysis in conscious rats.	[ "CCK2 receptor", "CCK2R", "CCK-2 receptor", "CCK2 receptors", "CCK2Rs", "CCK-2 receptors", "cholecystokinin B receptor", "cholecystokinin-B receptor", "cholecystokinin 2 receptor", "cholecystokinin type 2 receptor", "cholecystokinin subtype 2 receptor", "cholecystokinin-2 receptor", "cholecy...	Which receptor subtype is targeted by the antagonist YF476 to block gastrin-induced histamine release from enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells?	true
What type of gastric mucosal cell is primarily responsible for histamine release in response to gastrin stimulation?	Enterochromaffin-like cell	9	Anatomy & cellular localisation	11325792	Mobilization of rat stomach ECL-cell histamine in response to short- or long-term treatment with omeprazole and/or YF 476 studied by gastric submucosal microdialysis in conscious rats.	[ "Enterochromaffin-like cell", "ECL cell", "ECL cells", "Enterochromaffin-like cells", "enterochromaffin like cell", "enterochromaffin like cells", "enterochromaffinlike cell", "enterochromaffinlike cells", "enterochromaffin-like cell", "enterochromaffin-like cells" ]	What type of gastric mucosal cell is primarily responsible for histamine release in response to gastrin stimulation?	false
Which category of legislation typically safeguards workers from termination due to attributes like age, gender, or race?	Antidiscrimination law	0	Other	10310932	Perspectives on dismissal as a management prerogative in social service organizations.	[ "Antidiscrimination law", "anti-discrimination law", "antidiscrimination laws", "anti-discrimination laws", "equal employment opportunity law", "equal employment opportunity laws", "EEO law", "EEO laws", "nondiscrimination law", "non-discrimination law", "nondiscrimination laws", "non-discrimi...	What type of law commonly protects employees from being fired based on characteristics such as race, gender, or age?	true
What is the term for an official process that allows employees to formally challenge disciplinary actions or dismissal decisions?	Grievance rights	0	Other	10310932	Perspectives on dismissal as a management prerogative in social service organizations.	[ "grievance rights", "grievance procedures", "grievance process", "grievance procedure", "employee grievance rights", "employee grievance procedures", "employee grievance process", "formal grievance process", "formal grievance procedure", "appeal rights", "right of appeal", "right to appeal", ...	What is the term for an official process that allows employees to formally challenge disciplinary actions or dismissal decisions?	false
What is the term for the initial timeframe when a new worker's job performance is assessed prior to being granted regular employment status?	Probationary period	0	Other	10310932	Perspectives on dismissal as a management prerogative in social service organizations.	[ "Probationary period", "Probation period", "Probation", "Probationary periods", "Probation periods" ]	What is the period called during which a newly hired employee's performance is evaluated before gaining permanent status?	true
Which uncommon non-cancerous vascular neoplasm, referred to as epithelioid hemangioma, can develop within either osseous structures or soft tissue?	Epithelioid hemangioma	5	Disease causation & pathogens	30207085	Characterization of long-term outcomes for pediatric patients with epithelioid hemangioma.	[ "epithelioid hemangioma", "angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia", "ALHE", "epithelioid hemangioendothelioma", "epithelioid hemangiomas", "angiolymphoid hyperplasias with eosinophilia", "epithelioid hemangioendotheliomas" ]	What rare benign vascular tumor can arise in both soft tissues and bone and is known as epithelioid hemangioma?	true
Which immunosuppressant has shown partial efficacy in treating children diagnosed with epithelioid hemangioma?	Sirolimus	2	Therapeutics & clinical evidence	30207085	Characterization of long-term outcomes for pediatric patients with epithelioid hemangioma.	[ "Sirolimus", "rapamycin", "Rapamune", "sirolimuses" ]	Which immunosuppressive drug has been reported to provide partial response in pediatric patients with epithelioid hemangioma?	true
According to recent case series, what is the median age when children are diagnosed with epithelioid hemangioma?	14.4 years	0	Other	30207085	Characterization of long-term outcomes for pediatric patients with epithelioid hemangioma.	[ "14.4 years", "14.4 yrs", "14.4 year", "14.4 yrs.", "14.4-years", "14.4-year", "14.4 y", "14.4 y.", "14.4 yrs old", "14.4 years old" ]	What is the median age at diagnosis for pediatric patients with epithelioid hemangioma reported in recent case series?	true
After long-term inhalation of plutonium in people, what organ—apart from the bones—acts as a major reservoir for plutonium deposition?	Liver	9	Anatomy & cellular localisation	11906132	Extrapulmonary organ distribution of plutonium in healthy workers exposed by chronic inhalation at the Mayak production association.	[ "liver", "hepatic", "livers", "hepar" ]	Which organ, alongside the skeleton, is a primary site of plutonium accumulation following chronic inhalation exposure in humans?	true
What radiometric technique is commonly used to measure alpha-activity of plutonium in tissue samples?	ZnS solid scintillation counting	4	Methods & resources	11906132	Extrapulmonary organ distribution of plutonium in healthy workers exposed by chronic inhalation at the Mayak production association.	[ "ZnS solid scintillation counting", "zinc sulfide solid scintillation counting", "ZnS scintillation counting", "zinc sulfide scintillation counting", "ZnS solid scintillation counter", "zinc sulfide solid scintillation counter", "ZnS scintillation counter", "zinc sulfide scintillation counter", "ZnS...	What radiometric technique is commonly used to measure alpha-activity of plutonium in tissue samples?	false
Which reagent is combined with nitric acid during the wet-ashing process of soft tissue specimens when preparing them for plutonium detection?	Hydrogen peroxide	4	Methods & resources	11906132	Extrapulmonary organ distribution of plutonium in healthy workers exposed by chronic inhalation at the Mayak production association.	[ "hydrogen peroxide", "H2O2", "dihydrogen dioxide", "peroxide of hydrogen", "hydrogen peroxides" ]	What chemical is used alongside nitric acid for wet-ashing soft tissue samples in the preparation for plutonium analysis?	true
Which immune signaling molecule is specifically inhibited by monoclonal antibodies directed against IL-13 in the treatment of allergic conditions?	Interleukin-13	3	Protein function & signalling	21719078	The effects of an anti-IL-13 mAb on cytokine levels and nasal symptoms following nasal allergen challenge.	[ "Interleukin-13", "IL-13", "IL13", "interleukin 13", "interleukin13", "interleukin-13s", "IL-13s", "IL13s" ]	What cytokine is targeted by anti-IL-13 monoclonal antibody therapy in allergic responses?	true
What is the primary allergen from Phleum pratense used in nasal allergen challenge studies of hay fever?	Timothy grass pollen	5	Disease causation & pathogens	21719078	The effects of an anti-IL-13 mAb on cytokine levels and nasal symptoms following nasal allergen challenge.	[ "Timothy grass pollen", "Phleum pratense pollen", "Timothy pollen", "Timothy grass pollens", "Phleum pratense pollens", "Timothy pollens" ]	What is the primary allergen from Phleum pratense used in nasal allergen challenge studies of hay fever?	false
Which intranasal steroid has been shown to reduce concentrations of both IL-13 and IL-5 in nasal secretions following exposure to allergens?	Fluticasone	2	Therapeutics & clinical evidence	21719078	The effects of an anti-IL-13 mAb on cytokine levels and nasal symptoms following nasal allergen challenge.	[ "Fluticasone", "Fluticasone propionate", "Fluticasone furoate", "Flixonase", "Flonase", "Flixotide", "Cutivate", "Fluticasones" ]	Which nasal corticosteroid is reported to suppress both IL-13 and IL-5 levels in nasal lining fluid after allergen challenge?	true
Which thymidine-based compound is frequently utilized to mark cells actively replicating DNA, allowing for immunocytochemical identification of nuclei in the S phase?	Bromodeoxyuridine	4	Methods & resources	2329060	Immunocytochemical determination of ploidy class-dependent bromodeoxyuridine incorporation in rat liver parenchymal cells after partial hepatectomy.	[ "Bromodeoxyuridine", "BrdU", "5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine", "bromodeoxyuridines", "BrdUs", "5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine", "5-bromodeoxyuridine" ]	What thymidine analogue is commonly used to label cells undergoing DNA synthesis for immunocytochemical detection of S-phase nuclei?	true
Which rat liver cell type is characterized by having a single nucleus and a tetraploid DNA content?	Mononuclear tetraploid cell	9	Anatomy & cellular localisation	2329060	Immunocytochemical determination of ploidy class-dependent bromodeoxyuridine incorporation in rat liver parenchymal cells after partial hepatectomy.	[ "Mononuclear tetraploid cell", "mononuclear tetraploid hepatocyte", "mononuclear tetraploid hepatocytes", "mononuclear tetraploid cells" ]	Which rat liver cell type is characterized by having a single nucleus and a tetraploid DNA content?	false
What surgical procedure is commonly used to stimulate hepatocyte proliferation in experimental models?	Partial hepatectomy	4	Methods & resources	2329060	Immunocytochemical determination of ploidy class-dependent bromodeoxyuridine incorporation in rat liver parenchymal cells after partial hepatectomy.	[ "Partial hepatectomy", "PH", "partial liver resection", "hepatectomy, partial", "partial hepatectomies", "partial liver resections" ]	What surgical procedure is commonly used to stimulate hepatocyte proliferation in experimental models?	false
Which operation is frequently undertaken to re-establish knee stability following damage to the anterior cruciate ligament?	Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction	2	Therapeutics & clinical evidence	31978123	Forward lunge before and after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: Faster movement but unchanged knee joint biomechanics.	[ "Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction", "ACL reconstruction", "anterior cruciate ligament reconstructions", "ACL reconstructions", "anterior cruciate ligament repair", "ACL repair", "anterior cruciate ligament repairs", "ACL repairs", "anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction surgery", "ACL ...	What surgical procedure is commonly performed to restore stability after an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury?	true
What movement involving the lower extremity is commonly utilized to evaluate functional recovery after reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament?	Forward lunge	4	Methods & resources	31978123	Forward lunge before and after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: Faster movement but unchanged knee joint biomechanics.	[ "forward lunge", "lunge", "forward lunges", "lunges", "lunge test", "lunge movement", "lunge exercise", "lunge assessment", "lunge maneuver", "lunge task" ]	Which lower limb movement is frequently used to assess functional outcome following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction?	true
Which biomechanical parameter of the knee joint remains significantly lower in individuals after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction compared to healthy controls?	Knee extensor moment	6	Biomarkers & diagnostics	31978123	Forward lunge before and after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: Faster movement but unchanged knee joint biomechanics.	[ "knee extensor moment", "knee extension moment", "knee extensor moments", "knee extension moments", "knee extensor torque", "knee extension torque", "knee extensor torques", "knee extension torques", "quadriceps moment", "quadriceps moments", "quadriceps torque", "quadriceps torques" ]	Which biomechanical parameter of the knee joint remains significantly lower in individuals after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction compared to healthy controls?	false
Which botanical species has demonstrated a safeguarding influence against oxidative damage in H9c2 heart muscle cells?	Polygonum orientale	2	Therapeutics & clinical evidence	23236756	[Study on fingerprint-pharmacology correlation of protective effect of Polygonum orientale on myocardial cell oxidative injury induced by H202].	[ "Polygonum orientale", "oriental persicaria", "oriental polygonum", "oriental smartweed", "Persicaria orientalis", "Polygonum orientale L.", "Polygonum orientale Linn.", "Polygonum orientale Linnaeus", "Polygonum orientale plants", "oriental persicarias", "oriental polygonums", "oriental smart...	What plant has been shown to have a protective effect against oxidative injury in H9c2 myocardial cells?	true

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