question stringlengths 32 197 | answer stringlengths 1 74 | cat_num stringclasses 10
values | cat stringclasses 10
values | pmid stringlengths 5 8 | paper_title stringlengths 27 232 | raw_response stringlengths 147 324 | golden_answers listlengths 1 15 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
What antigen was used to sensitize guinea pigs in the asthma model described? | ovalbumin | 5 | Disease causation & pathogens | 7887807 | Effect of inhaled cyclosporin A on the allergen-induced late asthmatic response and increased in airway hyperresponsiveness in a guinea pig model of asthma. | <question>What antigen was used to sensitize guinea pigs in the asthma model described?</question>
<answer>ovalbumin</answer>
<cat_num>5</cat_num>
<cat>Disease causation & pathogens</cat> | [
"ovalbumin",
"OVA",
"egg albumin"
] |
What anesthetic agent was used in subanesthetic concentrations during the cesarean section of a patient with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis? | sevoflurane | 2 | Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence | 34713849 | Transversus abdominis plane block provides effective and safe anesthesia in the cesarean section for an amyotrophic lateral sclerosis parturient: A case report. | <question>What anesthetic agent was used in subanesthetic concentrations during the cesarean section of a patient with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis?</question>
<answer>sevoflurane</answer>
<cat_num>2</cat_num>
<cat>Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence</cat> | [
"sevoflurane",
"Sevoflurane",
"Ultane",
"Sojourn",
"fluoromethyl",
"fluoromethyl 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propyl ether",
"sevo"
] |
What compound is commonly measured as an indicator of lipid peroxidation in biological membranes? | malondialdehyde | 6 | Biomarkers & diagnostic tests | 3925992 | Lipid peroxidation decreases the rotational mobility of cytochrome P-450 in rat liver microsomes. | <question>What compound is commonly measured as an indicator of lipid peroxidation in biological membranes?</question>
<answer>malondialdehyde</answer>
<cat_num>6</cat_num>
<cat>Biomarkers & diagnostic tests</cat> | [
"malondialdehyde",
"MDA",
"1,3-propanedial",
"propanedial",
"malonaldehyde"
] |
What marital status was identified as a risk factor for developing mild cognitive impairment (MCI) among older adults with multimorbidity? | single | 5 | Disease causation & pathogens | 32139719 | Incidence of and Risk factors for Mild Cognitive Impairment in Chinese Older Adults with Multimorbidity in Hong Kong. | <question>What marital status was identified as a risk factor for developing mild cognitive impairment (MCI) among older adults with multimorbidity?</question>
<answer>single</answer>
<cat_num>5</cat_num>
<cat>Disease causation & pathogens</cat> | [
"single",
"unmarried",
"never married",
"not married"
] |
What is the enzymatic function of Pin1? | prolyl isomerase | 3 | Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions | 17626162 | Inhibition of Pin1 reduces glutamate-induced perikaryal accumulation of phosphorylated neurofilament-H in neurons. | <question>What is the enzymatic function of Pin1?</question>
<answer>prolyl isomerase</answer>
<cat_num>3</cat_num>
<cat>Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions</cat> | [
"prolyl isomerase",
"peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase",
"PPIase",
"proline isomerase",
"peptidylprolyl isomerase"
] |
Which three inflammatory biomarkers are associated with increased risk of comorbidities in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)? | C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, leukocyte count | 6 | Biomarkers & diagnostic tests | 22983959 | Inflammatory biomarkers and comorbidities in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. | <question>Which three inflammatory biomarkers are associated with increased risk of comorbidities in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?</question>
<answer>C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, leukocyte count</answer>
<cat_num>6</cat_num>
<cat>Biomarkers & diagnostic tests</cat> | [
"C-reactive protein",
"CRP",
"fibrinogen",
"leukocyte count",
"white blood cell count",
"WBC count"
] |
What type of chemical reaction is used to synthesize novel 16-spiro steroids in this study? | 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition | 4 | Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms | 23376110 | Synthesis of novel 16-spiro steroids: spiro-7'-(aryl)tetrahydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-c][1,3]thiazolo-trans-androsterone hybrid heterocycles. | <question>What type of chemical reaction is used to synthesize novel 16-spiro steroids in this study?</question>
<answer>1,3-dipolar cycloaddition</answer>
<cat_num>4</cat_num>
<cat>Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms</cat> | [
"1,3-dipolar cycloaddition",
"1,3-dipole cycloaddition",
"1,3-dipolar addition",
"1,3-dipolar cyclization",
"Huisgen cycloaddition",
"1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction"
] |
Which amino acid sequence in bacteriorhodopsin corresponds to the peptide from cyanogen bromide fragment 6 modified by pentaamminecobalt(III)? | Val-Asp-Ala-Asp-Gln | 3 | Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions | 2775714 | Modification of two peptides of bacteriorhodopsin with a pentaamminecobalt (III) complex. | <question>Which amino acid sequence in bacteriorhodopsin corresponds to the peptide from cyanogen bromide fragment 6 modified by pentaamminecobalt(III)?</question>
<answer>Val-Asp-Ala-Asp-Gln</answer>
<cat_num>3</cat_num>
<cat>Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions</cat> | [
"Val-Asp-Ala-Asp-Gln",
"VDADEQ",
"Valine-Aspartic acid-Alanine-Aspartic acid-Glutamine",
"Val Asp Ala Asp Gln",
"Val-Asp-Ala-Asp-Gln peptide",
"Val-Asp-Ala-Asp-Gln sequence"
] |
What is the abbreviation for Voluntary Counselling and Testing for HIV? | VCT | 4 | Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms | 18562460 | Community action for preventing HIV in Cambodia: evaluation of a 3-year project. | <question>What is the abbreviation for Voluntary Counselling and Testing for HIV?</question>
<answer>VCT</answer>
<cat_num>4</cat_num>
<cat>Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms</cat> | [
"VCT",
"Voluntary Counselling and Testing",
"Voluntary Counseling and Testing"
] |
Which type of school location was associated with higher quality ratings for high school programs for students with autism spectrum disorder in the United States? | suburban | 8 | Clinical grading & diagnostic scales / classification systems | 31747775 | Quality of high school programs for students with autism spectrum disorder. | <question>Which type of school location was associated with higher quality ratings for high school programs for students with autism spectrum disorder in the United States?</question>
<answer>suburban</answer>
<cat_num>8</cat_num>
<cat>Clinical grading & diagnostic scales / classification systems</cat> | [
"suburban",
"suburban area",
"suburban location",
"suburbs"
] |
What is one glycosphingolipid receptor for Helicobacter pylori in human gastric mucosa? | II3NeuAc-LacCer | 5 | Disease causation & pathogens | 2037054 | Identification of glycolipid receptors for Helicobacter pylori by TLC-immunostaining. | <question>What is one glycosphingolipid receptor for Helicobacter pylori in human gastric mucosa?</question>
<answer>II3NeuAc-LacCer</answer>
<cat_num>5</cat_num>
<cat>Disease causation & pathogens</cat> | [
"II3NeuAc-LacCer",
"II3 NeuAc-LacCer",
"II3NeuAc-Lactosylceramide",
"II3 NeuAc-Lactosylceramide",
"sialyl-lactosylceramide",
"sialyl-lactosyl ceramide",
"GM3 ganglioside",
"GM3",
"monosialodihexosylganglioside"
] |
What are the three structures involved in the "Triad of O'Donoghue" knee injury? | anterior cruciate ligament, medial collateral ligament, medial meniscus | 9 | Anatomical / cellular structures & localisation | 2083435 | Trilogy of the "Triad of O'Donoghue" in the knee and its analogy to the TMJ derangement. | <question>What are the three structures involved in the "Triad of O'Donoghue" knee injury?</question>
<answer>anterior cruciate ligament, medial collateral ligament, medial meniscus</answer>
<cat_num>9</cat_num>
<cat>Anatomical / cellular structures & localisation</cat> | [
"anterior cruciate ligament",
"ACL",
"medial collateral ligament",
"MCL",
"medial meniscus",
"internal meniscus"
] |
Which HLA class II antigen is increased in frequency in patients with coeliac disease but not in patients with dermatitis herpetiformis? | DR7 | 1 | Genetic inheritance & disease-linked mutations | 3457750 | Different HLA associated gene combinations contribute to susceptibility for coeliac disease and dermatitis herpetiformis. | <question>Which HLA class II antigen is increased in frequency in patients with coeliac disease but not in patients with dermatitis herpetiformis?</question>
<answer>DR7</answer>
<cat_num>1</cat_num>
<cat>Genetic inheritance & disease-linked mutations</cat> | [
"DR7",
"HLA-DR7",
"HLA DR7",
"Human Leukocyte Antigen DR7"
] |
What human cell line is commonly used as a model for small intestinal absorptive cells in transepithelial transport studies? | Caco-2 | 4 | Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms | 2023869 | A model of human small intestinal absorptive cells. 1. Transport barrier. | <question>What human cell line is commonly used as a model for small intestinal absorptive cells in transepithelial transport studies?</question>
<answer>Caco-2</answer>
<cat_num>4</cat_num>
<cat>Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms</cat> | [
"Caco-2",
"Caco2",
"Caco 2"
] |
What is the pharmacological activity of a compound that acts as a partial agonist at dopamine D2 receptors and an antagonist at dopamine D3 receptors? | partial D2 agonist and D3 antagonist | 3 | Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions | 20153647 | The identification of a selective dopamine D2 partial agonist, D3 antagonist displaying high levels of brain exposure. | <question>What is the pharmacological activity of a compound that acts as a partial agonist at dopamine D2 receptors and an antagonist at dopamine D3 receptors?</question>
<answer>partial D2 agonist and D3 antagonist</answer>
<cat_num>3</cat_num>
<cat>Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions</... | [
"partial D2 agonist and D3 antagonist",
"dopamine D2 partial agonist and D3 antagonist",
"D2 partial agonist and D3 antagonist",
"partial dopamine D2 agonist and dopamine D3 antagonist",
"partial agonist at D2 and antagonist at D3",
"partial D2 receptor agonist and D3 receptor antagonist",
"partial agon... |
What is the natural ligand for the cell surface protein CD147? | Cyclophilin A | 3 | Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions | 27133068 | CD147 stimulates hepatoma cells escaping from immune surveillance of T cells by interaction with Cyclophilin A. | <question>What is the natural ligand for the cell surface protein CD147?</question>
<answer>Cyclophilin A</answer>
<cat_num>3</cat_num>
<cat>Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions</cat> | [
"Cyclophilin A",
"PPIA",
"peptidylprolyl isomerase A",
"CyPA"
] |
What type of heart disease is characterized by reduced blood supply to the heart muscle? | Ischemic heart disease | 5 | Disease causation & pathogens | 16060278 | [Static and dynamic physical loads in rehabilitation of inpatients with ischemic heart disease]. | <question>What type of heart disease is characterized by reduced blood supply to the heart muscle?</question>
<answer>Ischemic heart disease</answer>
<cat_num>5</cat_num>
<cat>Disease causation & pathogens</cat> | [
"Ischemic heart disease",
"ischemic heart disease",
"coronary artery disease",
"CAD",
"coronary heart disease",
"CHD",
"ischemic cardiomyopathy"
] |
Through which type of receptor does the described polypeptide induce lymphocyte differentiation? | beta-adrenergic receptor | 3 | Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions | 1078892 | Isolation of a polypeptide that has lymphocyte-differentiating properties and is probably represented universally in living cells. | <question>Through which type of receptor does the described polypeptide induce lymphocyte differentiation?</question>
<answer>beta-adrenergic receptor</answer>
<cat_num>3</cat_num>
<cat>Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions</cat> | [
"beta-adrenergic receptor",
"β-adrenergic receptor",
"beta adrenoceptor",
"β adrenoceptor",
"beta adrenergic receptor",
"beta-adrenoceptor"
] |
Which two cytokines are associated with neutrophil hyper-reactivity in rapidly progressive periodontitis? | IL-1 beta and TNF-alpha | 3 | Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions | 11780234 | [The role of IL-1 beta and TNF-alpha in hyper-reactivity of neutrophils in rapidly progressive periodontitis patients]. | <question>Which two cytokines are associated with neutrophil hyper-reactivity in rapidly progressive periodontitis?</question>
<answer>IL-1 beta and TNF-alpha</answer>
<cat_num>3</cat_num>
<cat>Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions</cat> | [
"IL-1 beta",
"IL1B",
"Interleukin-1 beta",
"Interleukin 1 beta",
"IL-1β",
"IL1-beta",
"IL-1b",
"IL1β",
"TNF-alpha",
"TNFα",
"Tumor necrosis factor alpha",
"Tumor necrosis factor-α",
"TNFA",
"TNF-α",
"TNF alpha"
] |
What type of natural compounds are costatamins A, B, and C classified as? | 4-phenylcoumarins | 2 | Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence | 30654131 | Costatamins A - C, new 4-phenylcoumarins with anti-inflammatory activity from the Australian woodland tree Angophora costata (Myrtaceae). | <question>What type of natural compounds are costatamins A, B, and C classified as?</question>
<answer>4-phenylcoumarins</answer>
<cat_num>2</cat_num>
<cat>Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence</cat> | [
"4-phenylcoumarins",
"4-phenylcoumarin",
"phenylcoumarins",
"phenylcoumarin"
] |
Which class of adrenoceptor is primarily responsible for the hypnotic-anesthetic effects of dexmedetomidine? | alpha-2 adrenoceptor | 3 | Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions | 2568769 | Dexmedetomidine produces a hypnotic-anesthetic action in rats via activation of central alpha-2 adrenoceptors. | <question>Which class of adrenoceptor is primarily responsible for the hypnotic-anesthetic effects of dexmedetomidine?</question>
<answer>alpha-2 adrenoceptor</answer>
<cat_num>3</cat_num>
<cat>Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions</cat> | [
"alpha-2 adrenoceptor",
"α2 adrenoceptor",
"alpha2 adrenoceptor",
"alpha-2 adrenergic receptor",
"α2 adrenergic receptor",
"alpha2 adrenergic receptor",
"alpha-2 receptor",
"α2 receptor",
"alpha2 receptor"
] |
What imaging technique can provide additional information for evaluating ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) injuries of the elbow? | MR arthrography | 4 | Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms | 8915046 | MR arthrography of elbow: evaluation of the ulnar collateral ligament of elbow. | <question>What imaging technique can provide additional information for evaluating ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) injuries of the elbow?</question>
<answer>MR arthrography</answer>
<cat_num>4</cat_num>
<cat>Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms</cat> | [
"MR arthrography",
"magnetic resonance arthrography",
"MRA",
"MRI arthrography"
] |
Which ecological trait was identified as the most important predictor of metal accumulation in aquatic invertebrates? | The relation with the sediment | 3 | Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions | 29100179 | Modeling whole body trace metal concentrations in aquatic invertebrate communities: A trait-based approach. | <question>Which ecological trait was identified as the most important predictor of metal accumulation in aquatic invertebrates?</question>
<answer>The relation with the sediment</answer>
<cat_num>3</cat_num>
<cat>Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions</cat> | [
"the relation with the sediment",
"sediment association",
"sediment affinity",
"sediment relationship",
"sediment interaction",
"association with sediment",
"sediment-relatedness",
"sediment contact",
"sediment linkage"
] |
What is the form of programmed cell death characterized by extensive cytoplasmic vacuolation, distinct from apoptosis and autophagy? | paraptosis | 3 | Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions | 33230821 | Celastrol acts synergistically with afatinib to suppress non-small cell lung cancer cell proliferation by inducing paraptosis. | <question>What is the form of programmed cell death characterized by extensive cytoplasmic vacuolation, distinct from apoptosis and autophagy?</question>
<answer>paraptosis</answer>
<cat_num>3</cat_num>
<cat>Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions</cat> | [
"paraptosis"
] |
Which gene's promoter region showed increased methylation in the livers of PFOS-exposed weaned rats? | GSTP | 6 | Biomarkers & diagnostic tests | 20621739 | Alterations in tumor biomarker GSTP gene methylation patterns induced by prenatal exposure to PFOS. | <question>Which gene's promoter region showed increased methylation in the livers of PFOS-exposed weaned rats?</question>
<answer>GSTP</answer>
<cat_num>6</cat_num>
<cat>Biomarkers & diagnostic tests</cat> | [
"GSTP",
"Glutathione S-transferase Pi",
"GSTP1",
"Glutathione S-transferase Pi 1"
] |
What type of tumor is most commonly found in the inferior vena cava? | Leiomyosarcoma | 5 | Disease causation & pathogens | 841050 | The angiographic diagnosis of leiomyosarcoma of the inferior vena cava. | <question>What type of tumor is most commonly found in the inferior vena cava?</question>
<answer>Leiomyosarcoma</answer>
<cat_num>5</cat_num>
<cat>Disease causation & pathogens</cat> | [
"Leiomyosarcoma",
"leiomyosarcoma",
"LMS"
] |
Which mineral is primarily responsible for the saturation state of dental plaque fluid with respect to enamel? | Calcium | 6 | Biomarkers & diagnostic tests | 10467940 | Effect of in situ plaque mineral supplementation on the state of saturation of plaque fluid during sugar-induced acidogenesis. | <question>Which mineral is primarily responsible for the saturation state of dental plaque fluid with respect to enamel?</question>
<answer>Calcium</answer>
<cat_num>6</cat_num>
<cat>Biomarkers & diagnostic tests</cat> | [
"calcium",
"Ca",
"Ca2+"
] |
Which veneer material demonstrated the highest mean shear bond strength to enamel among Feldspathic ceramic, IPS Empress II, and Gradia? | Feldspathic ceramic | 2 | Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence | 20085614 | Ceramic (Feldspathic & IPS Empress II) vs. laboratory composite (Gradia) veneers; a comparison between their shear bond strength to enamel; an in vitro study. | <question>Which veneer material demonstrated the highest mean shear bond strength to enamel among Feldspathic ceramic, IPS Empress II, and Gradia?</question>
<answer>Feldspathic ceramic</answer>
<cat_num>2</cat_num>
<cat>Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence</cat> | [
"Feldspathic ceramic",
"feldspathic porcelain",
"feldspathic ceramics",
"feldspathic dental ceramic",
"feldspathic dental porcelain"
] |
What type of drug delivery system was used to target ischemic brain regions in a rat model of stroke? | liposomal | 2 | Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence | 23268342 | Nanoparticles accumulate in ischemic core and penumbra region even when cerebral perfusion is reduced. | <question>What type of drug delivery system was used to target ischemic brain regions in a rat model of stroke?</question>
<answer>liposomal</answer>
<cat_num>2</cat_num>
<cat>Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence</cat> | [
"liposomal",
"liposome",
"liposome-based",
"liposome-mediated",
"liposome delivery",
"liposomal delivery",
"liposomal drug delivery system"
] |
What margin dose range is associated with a higher obliteration rate in brainstem arteriovenous malformations treated with stereotactic radiosurgery? | 19-24 Gy | 2 | Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence | 34087891 | The predictors of clinical outcomes in brainstem arteriovenous malformations after stereotactic radiosurgery. | <question>What margin dose range is associated with a higher obliteration rate in brainstem arteriovenous malformations treated with stereotactic radiosurgery?</question>
<answer>19-24 Gy</answer>
<cat_num>2</cat_num>
<cat>Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence</cat> | [
"19-24 Gy",
"19 to 24 Gy",
"19–24 Gy",
"19-24 Gray",
"19 to 24 Gray",
"19–24 Gray"
] |
Which complement fragment in plasma is inversely correlated with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in patients with Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis (FSGS)? | Ba | 6 | Biomarkers & diagnostic tests | 26335102 | Complement Activation in Patients with Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis. | <question>Which complement fragment in plasma is inversely correlated with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in patients with Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis (FSGS)?</question>
<answer>Ba</answer>
<cat_num>6</cat_num>
<cat>Biomarkers & diagnostic tests</cat> | [
"Ba",
"Complement Ba",
"Complement fragment Ba",
"Factor B fragment Ba",
"Bb precursor",
"Complement factor B fragment Ba"
] |
Which body region is most frequently affected by musculoskeletal disorders among dentists in Germany? | neck | 6 | Biomarkers & diagnostic tests | 33255491 | Prevalence of Musculoskeletal Disorders among Dentists and Dental Students in Germany. | <question>Which body region is most frequently affected by musculoskeletal disorders among dentists in Germany?</question>
<answer>neck</answer>
<cat_num>6</cat_num>
<cat>Biomarkers & diagnostic tests</cat> | [
"neck",
"cervical region",
"cervix",
"neck region"
] |
What region of Thailand was studied to compare the working and living conditions of construction workers at large and small construction sites? | Northeastern Thailand | 9 | Anatomical / cellular structures & localisation | 9322283 | Working and living conditions of construction workers: comparison between large and small construction sites in northeastern Thailand. | <question>What region of Thailand was studied to compare the working and living conditions of construction workers at large and small construction sites?</question>
<answer>Northeastern Thailand</answer>
<cat_num>9</cat_num>
<cat>Anatomical / cellular structures & localisation</cat> | [
"Northeastern Thailand",
"Northeast Thailand",
"Isan",
"Isaan",
"Esan"
] |
Which nutrient's digestibility was slightly but consistently improved by the highest level of exogenous enzyme supplementation in young meat-type chicks? | amino acids | 2 | Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence | 7537505 | Effect of age and exogenous amylase and protease on development of the digestive tract, pancreatic enzyme activities and digestibility of nutrients in young meat-type chicks. | <question>Which nutrient's digestibility was slightly but consistently improved by the highest level of exogenous enzyme supplementation in young meat-type chicks?</question>
<answer>amino acids</answer>
<cat_num>2</cat_num>
<cat>Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence</cat> | [
"amino acids",
"amino acid",
"AAs",
"proteinogenic amino acids"
] |
What lysosomal storage disorder can present with restrictive cardiomyopathy in children? | Gaucher disease | 5 | Disease causation & pathogens | 34213482 | Restrictive cardiomyopathy: A rare presentation of gaucher disease. | <question>What lysosomal storage disorder can present with restrictive cardiomyopathy in children?</question>
<answer>Gaucher disease</answer>
<cat_num>5</cat_num>
<cat>Disease causation & pathogens</cat> | [
"Gaucher disease",
"Gaucher's disease",
"glucocerebrosidase deficiency",
"acid beta-glucosidase deficiency",
"GBA deficiency"
] |
Which quinolone antibiotic was found to be most active against Campylobacter jejuni in vitro? | Tosufloxacin | 2 | Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence | 2076595 | In vitro activity of tosufloxacin against bacterial enteric pathogens. | <question>Which quinolone antibiotic was found to be most active against Campylobacter jejuni in vitro?</question>
<answer>Tosufloxacin</answer>
<cat_num>2</cat_num>
<cat>Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence</cat> | [
"Tosufloxacin",
"Tosufloxacin tosylate",
"TFLX"
] |
Which repetitive DNA element in the human genome is frequently highly methylated at CpG sites? | Alu sequence | 1 | Genetic inheritance & disease-linked mutations | 10543452 | Tight interaction between densely methylated DNA fragments and the methyl-CpG binding domain of the rat MeCP2 protein attached to a solid support. | <question>Which repetitive DNA element in the human genome is frequently highly methylated at CpG sites?</question>
<answer>Alu sequence</answer>
<cat_num>1</cat_num>
<cat>Genetic inheritance & disease-linked mutations</cat> | [
"Alu sequence",
"Alu element",
"Alu repeat",
"Alu",
"Alu family"
] |
Which brain region is primarily responsible for encoding the velocity of vibrotactile stimuli? | primary somatosensory cortex | 3 | Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions | 16649718 | Psychophysical investigations into cortical encoding of vibrotactile stimuli. | <question>Which brain region is primarily responsible for encoding the velocity of vibrotactile stimuli?</question>
<answer>primary somatosensory cortex</answer>
<cat_num>3</cat_num>
<cat>Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions</cat> | [
"primary somatosensory cortex",
"S1",
"somatosensory cortex",
"SI",
"primary sensory cortex"
] |
What type of autoantibody is considered important in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)? | anti-dsDNA antibody | 6 | Biomarkers & diagnostic tests | 12492255 | A case of systemic lupus erythematosus that manifested in the course of schizophrenia. | <question>What type of autoantibody is considered important in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)?</question>
<answer>anti-dsDNA antibody</answer>
<cat_num>6</cat_num>
<cat>Biomarkers & diagnostic tests</cat> | [
"anti-dsDNA antibody",
"anti-double stranded DNA antibody",
"anti-double-stranded DNA antibody",
"anti-ds DNA antibody",
"anti-double-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid antibody",
"anti-dsDNA",
"anti-ds DNA",
"anti-double stranded DNA",
"anti-double-stranded DNA"
] |
What biomarker reflecting long-term blood glucose control was identified as a risk factor for death and stroke in diabetic patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy? | HbA1c | 6 | Biomarkers & diagnostic tests | 30192204 | Impact of diabetes mellitus on early outcome of carotid endarterectomy. | <question>What biomarker reflecting long-term blood glucose control was identified as a risk factor for death and stroke in diabetic patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy?</question>
<answer>HbA1c</answer>
<cat_num>6</cat_num>
<cat>Biomarkers & diagnostic tests</cat> | [
"HbA1c",
"hemoglobin A1c",
"glycated hemoglobin",
"glycosylated hemoglobin",
"A1c"
] |
Which amino acid residue plays a key role in the transition of EmrD from the occluded to the inward-open state? | E227 | 3 | Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions | 27055595 | Inward open characterization of EmrD transporter with molecular dynamics simulation. | <question>Which amino acid residue plays a key role in the transition of EmrD from the occluded to the inward-open state?</question>
<answer>E227</answer>
<cat_num>3</cat_num>
<cat>Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions</cat> | [
"E227",
"glutamic acid 227",
"Glu227",
"Glu-227",
"glutamate 227"
] |
Which receptor antagonist reversed the anxiolytic and antidepressant effects of Pelargonium roseum essential oil in mice? | WAY-100635 | 3 | Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions | 29468757 | Anxiolytic and antidepressant activities of Pelargonium roseum essential oil on Swiss albino mice: Possible involvement of serotonergic transmission. | <question>Which receptor antagonist reversed the anxiolytic and antidepressant effects of Pelargonium roseum essential oil in mice?</question>
<answer>WAY-100635</answer>
<cat_num>3</cat_num>
<cat>Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions</cat> | [
"WAY-100635",
"WAY 100635",
"WAY100635",
"N-[2-[4-(2-methoxyphenyl)-1-piperazinyl]ethyl]-N-(2-pyridinyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide",
"WAY-100,635"
] |
What molecule serves as the primary marker to distinguish human central and effector memory CD8+ T cell subsets? | CD62L | 3 | Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions | 12594947 | The repertoires of circulating human CD8(+) central and effector memory T cell subsets are largely distinct. | <question>What molecule serves as the primary marker to distinguish human central and effector memory CD8+ T cell subsets?</question>
<answer>CD62L</answer>
<cat_num>3</cat_num>
<cat>Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions</cat> | [
"CD62L",
"L-selectin",
"SELL",
"Leukocyte adhesion molecule-1",
"LAM-1",
"Leu-8"
] |
What species was used as the animal model for testing the AbioCor implantable replacement heart? | Holstein cow | 4 | Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms | 11265850 | Current status of the AbioCor implantable replacement heart. | <question>What species was used as the animal model for testing the AbioCor implantable replacement heart?</question>
<answer>Holstein cow</answer>
<cat_num>4</cat_num>
<cat>Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms</cat> | [
"Holstein cow",
"Holstein",
"Holstein cattle",
"Bos taurus",
"cow",
"cattle"
] |
What cortical area was studied to assess responses to cochlear implant stimulation in deaf and hearing cats? | A1 | 3 | Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions | 26803166 | Monaural Congenital Deafness Affects Aural Dominance and Degrades Binaural Processing. | <question>What cortical area was studied to assess responses to cochlear implant stimulation in deaf and hearing cats?</question>
<answer>A1</answer>
<cat_num>3</cat_num>
<cat>Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions</cat> | [
"A1",
"primary auditory cortex",
"auditory area 1",
"AI",
"area A1"
] |
Which two drugs are combined for oral therapy of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome? | dapsone and trimethoprim | 2 | Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence | 2940954 | Dapsone-trimethoprim for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. | <question>Which two drugs are combined for oral therapy of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome?</question>
<answer>dapsone and trimethoprim</answer>
<cat_num>2</cat_num>
<cat>Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence</cat> | [
"dapsone and trimethoprim",
"trimethoprim and dapsone",
"dapsone plus trimethoprim",
"trimethoprim plus dapsone",
"dapsone/trimethoprim",
"trimethoprim/dapsone"
] |
Which microRNA has high potential for predicting response to multimodality therapy in locally advanced esophageal cancer? | miR-192 | 6 | Biomarkers & diagnostic tests | 23649428 | MicroRNA profiling in locally advanced esophageal cancer indicates a high potential of miR-192 in prediction of multimodality therapy response. | <question>Which microRNA has high potential for predicting response to multimodality therapy in locally advanced esophageal cancer?</question>
<answer>miR-192</answer>
<cat_num>6</cat_num>
<cat>Biomarkers & diagnostic tests</cat> | [
"miR-192",
"microRNA-192",
"hsa-miR-192",
"miRNA-192"
] |
What is the most common ocular opportunistic infection in HIV-infected patients with low CD4 counts? | cytomegalovirus retinitis | 5 | Disease causation & pathogens | 24327723 | Prevalence and predictors of cytomegalovirus retinitis in HIV-infected patients with low CD4 lymphocyte counts in Vietnam. | <question>What is the most common ocular opportunistic infection in HIV-infected patients with low CD4 counts?</question>
<answer>cytomegalovirus retinitis</answer>
<cat_num>5</cat_num>
<cat>Disease causation & pathogens</cat> | [
"cytomegalovirus retinitis",
"CMV retinitis",
"cytomegalovirus eye infection",
"CMV eye infection"
] |
What is the metal ion binding motif characteristic of aminopeptidase N (APN) enzymes? | zinc-binding motif | 3 | Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions | 9972296 | Cloning and sequence analysis of the aminopeptidase N isozyme (APN2) from Bombyx mori midgut. | <question>What is the metal ion binding motif characteristic of aminopeptidase N (APN) enzymes?</question>
<answer>zinc-binding motif</answer>
<cat_num>3</cat_num>
<cat>Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions</cat> | [
"zinc-binding motif",
"zinc binding motif",
"zinc-binding site",
"zinc coordination motif",
"zinc coordination site"
] |
Which cytokine shows increased mRNA expression in bone marrow stromal cells of patients with myelodysplastic syndrome? | IL-32 | 6 | Biomarkers & diagnostic tests | 27342508 | [IL-32 mRNA Expression of Bone Marrow Stromal Cells and Its Correlation with Cell Apoptosis in Patients with Myelodysplastic Syndrome]. | <question>Which cytokine shows increased mRNA expression in bone marrow stromal cells of patients with myelodysplastic syndrome?</question>
<answer>IL-32</answer>
<cat_num>6</cat_num>
<cat>Biomarkers & diagnostic tests</cat> | [
"IL-32",
"Interleukin-32"
] |
Which gene is mutated in PTEN-hamartoma-tumor-syndrome (PHTS)? | PTEN | 1 | Genetic inheritance & disease-linked mutations | 30111295 | First case report of malignant peritoneal mesothelioma and oral verrucous carcinoma in a patient with a germline PTEN mutation: a combination of extremely rare diseases with probable further implications. | <question>Which gene is mutated in PTEN-hamartoma-tumor-syndrome (PHTS)?</question>
<answer>PTEN</answer>
<cat_num>1</cat_num>
<cat>Genetic inheritance & disease-linked mutations</cat> | [
"PTEN",
"phosphatase and tensin homolog",
"MMAC1",
"TEP1"
] |
What chemical compound is used to attenuate precursor cell proliferation in studies of neurogenesis and ischemic tolerance? | Methylazoxymethanol acetate | 4 | Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms | 18319730 | Proliferating progenitor cells: a required cellular element for induction of ischemic tolerance in the brain. | <question>What chemical compound is used to attenuate precursor cell proliferation in studies of neurogenesis and ischemic tolerance?</question>
<answer>Methylazoxymethanol acetate</answer>
<cat_num>4</cat_num>
<cat>Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms</cat> | [
"Methylazoxymethanol acetate",
"MAM acetate",
"MAM",
"methyl-azoxymethanol acetate",
"methylazoxymethanol",
"methylazoxy methanol acetate"
] |
Which imaging modality was found to be more sensitive in detecting parenchymal lesions in central nervous system sarcoidosis? | MRI | 6 | Biomarkers & diagnostic tests | 3347340 | Magnetic resonance imaging in central nervous system sarcoidosis. | <question>Which imaging modality was found to be more sensitive in detecting parenchymal lesions in central nervous system sarcoidosis?</question>
<answer>MRI</answer>
<cat_num>6</cat_num>
<cat>Biomarkers & diagnostic tests</cat> | [
"MRI",
"Magnetic Resonance Imaging",
"NMR",
"Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging"
] |
What type of immune deviation is associated with the anterior chamber of the eye? | Anterior chamber-associated immune deviation | 5 | Disease causation & pathogens | 6782034 | Deviant immune responses to allogeneic tumors injected intracamerally and subcutaneously in mice. | <question>What type of immune deviation is associated with the anterior chamber of the eye?</question>
<answer>Anterior chamber-associated immune deviation</answer>
<cat_num>5</cat_num>
<cat>Disease causation & pathogens</cat> | [
"anterior chamber-associated immune deviation",
"ACAID"
] |
Which bacterial species was most frequently isolated from the kidneys of NSG mice with nephritis? | Enterococcus | 5 | Disease causation & pathogens | 20817888 | Opportunistic bacterial infections in breeding colonies of the NSG mouse strain. | <question>Which bacterial species was most frequently isolated from the kidneys of NSG mice with nephritis?</question>
<answer>Enterococcus</answer>
<cat_num>5</cat_num>
<cat>Disease causation & pathogens</cat> | [
"Enterococcus",
"Enterococcus spp.",
"Enterococcus species",
"Enterococci"
] |
What imaging modality can detect foot vessels for pedal bypass grafting that are not visible with conventional angiography? | Magnetic resonance angiography | 4 | Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms | 11932677 | Magnetic resonance angiography unmasks reliable target vessels for pedal bypass grafting in patients with diabetes mellitus. | <question>What imaging modality can detect foot vessels for pedal bypass grafting that are not visible with conventional angiography?</question>
<answer>Magnetic resonance angiography</answer>
<cat_num>4</cat_num>
<cat>Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms</cat> | [
"Magnetic resonance angiography",
"MRA",
"MR angiography",
"magnetic resonance angiogram"
] |
Which signaling pathway is inhibited by miR-214-3p during osteoporotic fracture healing? | BMP/Smad signaling pathway | 3 | Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions | 30720150 | MiR-214-3p delays fracture healing in rats with osteoporotic fracture through inhibiting BMP/Smad signaling pathway. | <question>Which signaling pathway is inhibited by miR-214-3p during osteoporotic fracture healing?</question>
<answer>BMP/Smad signaling pathway</answer>
<cat_num>3</cat_num>
<cat>Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions</cat> | [
"BMP/Smad signaling pathway",
"BMP-Smad pathway",
"BMP signaling pathway",
"Bone morphogenetic protein/Smad pathway",
"BMP/Smad pathway",
"BMP-Smad signaling pathway",
"Bone morphogenetic protein signaling pathway"
] |
What dye has been investigated as an adjuvant therapy for local control in soft tissue sarcoma? | Acridine orange | 2 | Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence | 32871809 | Impact of Acridine Orange in Patients With Local Recurrent Soft Tissue Sarcoma. | <question>What dye has been investigated as an adjuvant therapy for local control in soft tissue sarcoma?</question>
<answer>Acridine orange</answer>
<cat_num>2</cat_num>
<cat>Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence</cat> | [
"Acridine orange",
"AO"
] |
Which coral genus showed less bleaching than predicted during the 2005 thermal anomaly in North Male Atoll, Maldives? | Acropora | 5 | Disease causation & pathogens | 24486038 | Community change and evidence for variable warm-water temperature adaptation of corals in Northern Male Atoll, Maldives. | <question>Which coral genus showed less bleaching than predicted during the 2005 thermal anomaly in North Male Atoll, Maldives?</question>
<answer>Acropora</answer>
<cat_num>5</cat_num>
<cat>Disease causation & pathogens</cat> | [
"Acropora"
] |
What type of vaccine has greatly improved the management of rabies in humans? | human diploid-cell rabies vaccine | 2 | Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence | 7074456 | Rabies control and management. | <question>What type of vaccine has greatly improved the management of rabies in humans?</question>
<answer>human diploid-cell rabies vaccine</answer>
<cat_num>2</cat_num>
<cat>Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence</cat> | [
"human diploid-cell rabies vaccine",
"HDCV",
"human diploid cell vaccine",
"human diploid cell rabies vaccine",
"human diploid cell culture rabies vaccine"
] |
Which radiolytic compound, previously thought to be unique to irradiated foods, was identified in nonirradiated cashew and nutmeg samples? | 2-alkylcyclobutanone | 6 | Biomarkers & diagnostic tests | 19053357 | Natural existence of 2-alkylcyclobutanones. | <question>Which radiolytic compound, previously thought to be unique to irradiated foods, was identified in nonirradiated cashew and nutmeg samples?</question>
<answer>2-alkylcyclobutanone</answer>
<cat_num>6</cat_num>
<cat>Biomarkers & diagnostic tests</cat> | [
"2-alkylcyclobutanone",
"2-ACB",
"2-alkyl-cyclobutanone",
"2-alkyl cyclobutanone"
] |
What is the epoxide metabolite of acrylamide? | glycidamide | 3 | Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions | 1508423 | Comparative studies on the neuro- and reproductive toxicity of acrylamide and its epoxide metabolite glycidamide in the rat. | <question>What is the epoxide metabolite of acrylamide?</question>
<answer>glycidamide</answer>
<cat_num>3</cat_num>
<cat>Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions</cat> | [
"glycidamide",
"N-(2,3-epoxy-1-propyl)acetamide",
"GMA"
] |
What is the causative organism of cryptococcal meningitis in AIDS patients? | Cryptococcus neoformans | 5 | Disease causation & pathogens | 1504391 | Parenteral and oral fluconazole for acute cryptococcal meningitis in AIDS: experience with thirteen patients. | <question>What is the causative organism of cryptococcal meningitis in AIDS patients?</question>
<answer>Cryptococcus neoformans</answer>
<cat_num>5</cat_num>
<cat>Disease causation & pathogens</cat> | [
"Cryptococcus neoformans",
"C. neoformans",
"Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii",
"Cryptococcus neoformans var. neoformans"
] |
What is the minimum size of microcatheter compatible with the WEB 17 device for treating intracranial aneurysms? | 0.017-inch | 4 | Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms | 29567650 | The New Low-Profile WEB 17 System for Treatment of Intracranial Aneurysms: First Clinical Experiences. | <question>What is the minimum size of microcatheter compatible with the WEB 17 device for treating intracranial aneurysms?</question>
<answer>0.017-inch</answer>
<cat_num>4</cat_num>
<cat>Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms</cat> | [
"0.017-inch",
"0.017 inch",
"0.017\"",
"0.017in",
"0.017 in"
] |
What is the most commonly used scale for assessing mental and psychomotor development in infants? | Bayley scales | 6 | Biomarkers & diagnostic tests | 3601280 | The effect of chorioamnionitis on the developmental outcome of preterm infants at one year. | <question>What is the most commonly used scale for assessing mental and psychomotor development in infants?</question>
<answer>Bayley scales</answer>
<cat_num>6</cat_num>
<cat>Biomarkers & diagnostic tests</cat> | [
"Bayley scales",
"Bayley Scales of Infant Development",
"BSID",
"Bayley scale",
"Bayley Infant Scale",
"Bayley Developmental Scales"
] |
What childhood academic outcomes are significantly affected by birth weight according to recent research? | math and reading scores | 2 | Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence | 25044537 | Birth weight and academic achievement in childhood. | <question>What childhood academic outcomes are significantly affected by birth weight according to recent research?</question>
<answer>math and reading scores</answer>
<cat_num>2</cat_num>
<cat>Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence</cat> | [
"math and reading scores",
"mathematics and reading scores",
"math scores and reading scores",
"reading and math scores",
"reading scores and math scores",
"math achievement and reading achievement",
"mathematics achievement and reading achievement",
"reading achievement and math achievement",
"acad... |
Which laboratory biomarker's levels in elderly individuals are most strongly predicted by activities of daily living (ADL), gender, stroke, and cancer? | albumin | 6 | Biomarkers & diagnostic tests | 28988219 | Differences in levels of albumin, ALT, AST, �-GT and creatinine in frail, moderately healthy and healthy elderly individuals. | <question>Which laboratory biomarker's levels in elderly individuals are most strongly predicted by activities of daily living (ADL), gender, stroke, and cancer?</question>
<answer>albumin</answer>
<cat_num>6</cat_num>
<cat>Biomarkers & diagnostic tests</cat> | [
"albumin",
"serum albumin",
"human serum albumin",
"HSA"
] |
What is the most common cause of non-transportation-related ammonia releases? | equipment failure or operator error | 5 | Disease causation & pathogens | 11149255 | Hazardous ammonia releases in Wisconsin: trends and risk factors for evacuation and injury. | <question>What is the most common cause of non-transportation-related ammonia releases?</question>
<answer>equipment failure or operator error</answer>
<cat_num>5</cat_num>
<cat>Disease causation & pathogens</cat> | [
"equipment failure or operator error",
"equipment failure",
"operator error"
] |
What type of RNA molecules are amplified during transitive RNA silencing to mediate gene suppression? | small interfering RNAs | 3 | Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions | 16891552 | The frequency and efficiency of endogene suppression by transitive silencing signals is influenced by the length of sequence homology. | <question>What type of RNA molecules are amplified during transitive RNA silencing to mediate gene suppression?</question>
<answer>small interfering RNAs</answer>
<cat_num>3</cat_num>
<cat>Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions</cat> | [
"small interfering RNAs",
"siRNAs",
"small interfering RNA",
"siRNA"
] |
What type of genome do the isometric-headed bacteriophages of Streptococcus thermophilus possess? | double-stranded DNA | 5 | Disease causation & pathogens | 2095920 | Characterization and comparison of virulent bacteriophages of Streptococcus thermophilus isolated from yogurt. | <question>What type of genome do the isometric-headed bacteriophages of Streptococcus thermophilus possess?</question>
<answer>double-stranded DNA</answer>
<cat_num>5</cat_num>
<cat>Disease causation & pathogens</cat> | [
"double-stranded DNA",
"dsDNA",
"double stranded DNA",
"double-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid",
"ds deoxyribonucleic acid"
] |
Which class of pollutants was detected in the flue gas of a hazardous waste incineration plant using REMPI-TOFMS? | polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons | 5 | Disease causation & pathogens | 11220321 | Direct observation of the formation of aromatic pollutants in waste incineration flue gases by on-line REMPI-TOFMS laser mass spectrometry. | <question>Which class of pollutants was detected in the flue gas of a hazardous waste incineration plant using REMPI-TOFMS?</question>
<answer>polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons</answer>
<cat_num>5</cat_num>
<cat>Disease causation & pathogens</cat> | [
"polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons",
"PAHs",
"polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons",
"polycyclic aromatics"
] |
What is the most common clinical sign observed in patients with congenital fibrosis of the inferior rectus muscle? | hypotropia | 6 | Biomarkers & diagnostic tests | 11388883 | Outcome of surgery for congenital fibrosis of the inferior rectus muscle. | <question>What is the most common clinical sign observed in patients with congenital fibrosis of the inferior rectus muscle?</question>
<answer>hypotropia</answer>
<cat_num>6</cat_num>
<cat>Biomarkers & diagnostic tests</cat> | [
"hypotropia",
"downward deviation of the eye",
"downward eye deviation",
"inferior deviation of the eye",
"eye hypotropia"
] |
Which dosimetric parameter is considered most important in predicting the occurrence of radiation-induced esophagitis during three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy for non-small cell lung cancer? | V50 | 6 | Biomarkers & diagnostic tests | 22335956 | [Multi-factor analysis of radiation-induced esophagitis in three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy for non-small cell lung cancer]. | <question>Which dosimetric parameter is considered most important in predicting the occurrence of radiation-induced esophagitis during three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy for non-small cell lung cancer?</question>
<answer>V50</answer>
<cat_num>6</cat_num>
<cat>Biomarkers & diagnostic tests</cat> | [
"V50",
"volume receiving 50 Gy",
"volume of esophagus receiving 50 Gy",
"V50 Gy",
"esophageal V50",
"esophagus V50"
] |
Which gender has a higher survival rate among Italian centenarians and semisupercentenarians after the age of 60? | women | 5 | Disease causation & pathogens | 29590466 | Beyond One Hundred: A Cohort Analysis of Italian Centenarians and Semisupercentenarians. | <question>Which gender has a higher survival rate among Italian centenarians and semisupercentenarians after the age of 60?</question>
<answer>women</answer>
<cat_num>5</cat_num>
<cat>Disease causation & pathogens</cat> | [
"women",
"female",
"females"
] |
Which chemical was used to induce lung tumors in both mice and rats in this study? | 3-methylcholanthrene | 1 | Genetic inheritance & disease-linked mutations | 3742730 | Modification of lung tumor growth by hyperoxia. | <question>Which chemical was used to induce lung tumors in both mice and rats in this study?</question>
<answer>3-methylcholanthrene</answer>
<cat_num>1</cat_num>
<cat>Genetic inheritance & disease-linked mutations</cat> | [
"3-methylcholanthrene",
"3-MC",
"3 methylcholanthrene",
"3-methyl-1,2-benzanthracene"
] |
Which circulating microRNA has been proposed as a diagnostic biomarker for malignant mesothelioma? | miR-132-3p | 6 | Biomarkers & diagnostic tests | 28321148 | Circulating miR-132-3p as a Candidate Diagnostic Biomarker for Malignant Mesothelioma. | <question>Which circulating microRNA has been proposed as a diagnostic biomarker for malignant mesothelioma?</question>
<answer>miR-132-3p</answer>
<cat_num>6</cat_num>
<cat>Biomarkers & diagnostic tests</cat> | [
"miR-132-3p",
"microRNA-132-3p",
"hsa-miR-132-3p",
"miRNA-132-3p"
] |
What blood biomarker is commonly used to assess vitamin D status in pregnant women? | 25-hydroxyvitamin D | 6 | Biomarkers & diagnostic tests | 25866306 | Demographic and lifestyle factors associated with vitamin D status in pregnant Japanese women. | <question>What blood biomarker is commonly used to assess vitamin D status in pregnant women?</question>
<answer>25-hydroxyvitamin D</answer>
<cat_num>6</cat_num>
<cat>Biomarkers & diagnostic tests</cat> | [
"25-hydroxyvitamin D",
"25(OH)D",
"calcidiol",
"25-hydroxycholecalciferol",
"25-hydroxy vitamin D",
"25-OH vitamin D"
] |
Which amino acid is substituted for leucine at position 195 in the cAMP receptor protein (CRP) of Escherichia coli to generate a cAMP-independent phenotype? | arginine | 3 | Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions | 2836410 | Arginine substituted for leucine at position 195 produces a cyclic AMP-independent form of the Escherichia coli cyclic AMP receptor protein. | <question>Which amino acid is substituted for leucine at position 195 in the cAMP receptor protein (CRP) of Escherichia coli to generate a cAMP-independent phenotype?</question>
<answer>arginine</answer>
<cat_num>3</cat_num>
<cat>Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions</cat> | [
"arginine",
"Arg",
"R"
] |
What analytical technique was used to profile lipids in silent corticotroph adenomas? | UPLC-MS/MS | 4 | Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms | 33031533 | UPLC-MS/MS-based Lipidomic Profiles Revealed Aberrant Lipids Associated with Invasiveness of Silent Corticotroph Adenoma. | <question>What analytical technique was used to profile lipids in silent corticotroph adenomas?</question>
<answer>UPLC-MS/MS</answer>
<cat_num>4</cat_num>
<cat>Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms</cat> | [
"UPLC-MS/MS",
"ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry",
"ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry",
"UPLC-MS",
"UPLC-MS/MS analysis",
"UPLC-MS/MS profiling",
"UPLC-MS-MS",
"UPLC coupled with MS/MS",
"UPLC-MS/MS technique"
] |
What is the most common cause of the CT Halo sign in immunosuppressed patients? | Invasive fungal infection | 5 | Disease causation & pathogens | 32007819 | CT Halo sign: A systematic review. | <question>What is the most common cause of the CT Halo sign in immunosuppressed patients?</question>
<answer>Invasive fungal infection</answer>
<cat_num>5</cat_num>
<cat>Disease causation & pathogens</cat> | [
"invasive fungal infection",
"invasive fungal disease",
"invasive fungal pneumonia",
"invasive mycosis",
"invasive aspergillosis"
] |
Which androgen receptor splice variant is most frequently detected in the blood of patients with castration resistant prostate cancer? | AR-V7 | 6 | Biomarkers & diagnostic tests | 32068491 | Analysis of AR-FL and AR-V1 in Whole Blood of Patients with Castration Resistant Prostate Cancer as a Tool for Predicting Response to Abiraterone Acetate. | <question>Which androgen receptor splice variant is most frequently detected in the blood of patients with castration resistant prostate cancer?</question>
<answer>AR-V7</answer>
<cat_num>6</cat_num>
<cat>Biomarkers & diagnostic tests</cat> | [
"AR-V7",
"androgen receptor variant 7",
"androgen receptor splice variant 7",
"AR variant 7"
] |
What photosensitizer is used in the described core@shell nanocomplex for synergistic photothermal and photodynamic cancer therapy? | Hypocrellin B | 2 | Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence | 26574662 | Rational assembly of a biointerfaced core@shell nanocomplex towards selective and highly efficient synergistic photothermal/photodynamic therapy. | <question>What photosensitizer is used in the described core@shell nanocomplex for synergistic photothermal and photodynamic cancer therapy?</question>
<answer>Hypocrellin B</answer>
<cat_num>2</cat_num>
<cat>Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence</cat> | [
"Hypocrellin B",
"HB",
"hypocrellin B"
] |
What enzyme catalyzes the conversion of 2-cis-octenoyl-SCoA to R-3-hydroxy-octanoyl-SCoA in the biosynthesis of R-octane-1,3-diol? | enoyl-CoA hydratase | 3 | Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions | 10405976 | Biosynthesis of R-(+)-octane-1,3-diol. Crucial role of beta-oxidation in the enantioselective generation of 1,3-diols in stored apples. | <question>What enzyme catalyzes the conversion of 2-cis-octenoyl-SCoA to R-3-hydroxy-octanoyl-SCoA in the biosynthesis of R-octane-1,3-diol?</question>
<answer>enoyl-CoA hydratase</answer>
<cat_num>3</cat_num>
<cat>Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions</cat> | [
"enoyl-CoA hydratase",
"enoyl coenzyme A hydratase",
"enoyl CoA hydratase",
"crotonase",
"ECH",
"EC 4.2.1.17"
] |
Which psychiatric diagnostic manual was used to assess Axis I clinical disorders in patients with juvenile myoclonic epilepsy? | DSM-IV | 6 | Biomarkers & diagnostic tests | 24949575 | Impact of family support on psychiatric disorders and seizure control in patients with juvenile myoclonic epilepsy. | <question>Which psychiatric diagnostic manual was used to assess Axis I clinical disorders in patients with juvenile myoclonic epilepsy?</question>
<answer>DSM-IV</answer>
<cat_num>6</cat_num>
<cat>Biomarkers & diagnostic tests</cat> | [
"DSM-IV",
"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition",
"DSM 4",
"DSM-IV-TR",
"DSM-IV Text Revision"
] |
Which two toxic metals were found at higher concentrations in the liver and kidney of calves from an industrialized area compared to a rural area? | Cadmium and lead | 5 | Disease causation & pathogens | 15788195 | Effects of moderate pollution on toxic and trace metal levels in calves from a polluted area of northern Spain. | <question>Which two toxic metals were found at higher concentrations in the liver and kidney of calves from an industrialized area compared to a rural area?</question>
<answer>Cadmium and lead</answer>
<cat_num>5</cat_num>
<cat>Disease causation & pathogens</cat> | [
"cadmium",
"Cd",
"lead",
"Pb"
] |
Which area of the primate brain is modeled for motion detection in the analysis of crowd behavior? | primary visual cortex (V1) | 3 | Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions | 23300930 | A bio-inspired, motion-based analysis of crowd behavior attributes relevance to motion transparency, velocity gradients, and motion patterns. | <question>Which area of the primate brain is modeled for motion detection in the analysis of crowd behavior?</question>
<answer>primary visual cortex (V1)</answer>
<cat_num>3</cat_num>
<cat>Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions</cat> | [
"primary visual cortex",
"V1",
"striate cortex",
"area V1",
"visual area 1",
"primary visual area",
"Brodmann area 17"
] |
What hormone is administered intravenously to relieve esophageal food impaction? | glucagon | 2 | Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence | 897179 | Radiologic treatment of esophageal food impaction using intravenous glucagon. | <question>What hormone is administered intravenously to relieve esophageal food impaction?</question>
<answer>glucagon</answer>
<cat_num>2</cat_num>
<cat>Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence</cat> | [
"glucagon"
] |
What is the detection limit for copper ions using poly(2-aminothiazole)/MWCNT modified glassy carbon electrodes? | 2.0 x 10<sup>-9</sup> M | 4 | Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms | 21776713 | Determination of Cu2+ using poly(2-aminothiazole)/ multi-walled carbon nanotubes composite film modified glassy carbon electrodes. | <question>What is the detection limit for copper ions using poly(2-aminothiazole)/MWCNT modified glassy carbon electrodes?</question>
<answer>2.0 x 10<sup>-9</sup> M</answer>
<cat_num>4</cat_num>
<cat>Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms</cat> | [
"2.0 x 10^-9 M",
"2.0 × 10^-9 M",
"2.0 × 10<sup>-9</sup> M",
"2.0 x 10<sup>-9</sup> M",
"2.0 nanomolar",
"2.0 nM",
"2 nM",
"2 x 10^-9 M",
"2 × 10^-9 M",
"2 x 10<sup>-9</sup> M",
"2 × 10<sup>-9</sup> M"
] |
Which drug is commonly used as a disease-modifying therapy in rheumatoid arthritis and is associated with rashes as a side effect? | Penicillamine | 2 | Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence | 439106 | An assessment of penicillamine therapy in rheumatoid arthritis and the influence of previous gold therapy. | <question>Which drug is commonly used as a disease-modifying therapy in rheumatoid arthritis and is associated with rashes as a side effect?</question>
<answer>Penicillamine</answer>
<cat_num>2</cat_num>
<cat>Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence</cat> | [
"Penicillamine",
"D-penicillamine",
"Cuprimine",
"Depen"
] |
Which acid was most effective in reducing acrylamide content in potato crisps during pretreatment? | acetic acid | 2 | Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence | 15537311 | Effective ways of decreasing acrylamide content in potato crisps during processing. | <question>Which acid was most effective in reducing acrylamide content in potato crisps during pretreatment?</question>
<answer>acetic acid</answer>
<cat_num>2</cat_num>
<cat>Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence</cat> | [
"acetic acid",
"ethanoic acid",
"vinegar acid"
] |
What imaging technique is used to guide stereotactic neurosurgical procedures? | Computed tomography | 4 | Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms | 6367653 | Neuroanatomical digital image processing in CT-guided stereotactic operations. | <question>What imaging technique is used to guide stereotactic neurosurgical procedures?</question>
<answer>Computed tomography</answer>
<cat_num>4</cat_num>
<cat>Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms</cat> | [
"Computed tomography",
"CT",
"CT scan",
"computed axial tomography",
"CAT scan"
] |
What is the minimum time after free composite flap transplantation to the foot before patients are allowed to bear weight on the foot? | 7 months | 2 | Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence | 2907195 | [Results of the transplantation of free composite flaps to the foot]. | <question>What is the minimum time after free composite flap transplantation to the foot before patients are allowed to bear weight on the foot?</question>
<answer>7 months</answer>
<cat_num>2</cat_num>
<cat>Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence</cat> | [
"7 months",
"seven months"
] |
What does the acronym MVPA stand for in the context of physical activity research? | Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity | 4 | Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms | 32019648 | Assessing Maternal Support for Physical Activity in Latina Adolescents. | <question>What does the acronym MVPA stand for in the context of physical activity research?</question>
<answer>Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity</answer>
<cat_num>4</cat_num>
<cat>Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms</cat> | [
"Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity",
"moderate to vigorous physical activity",
"moderate/vigorous physical activity",
"MVPA"
] |
Which enzyme catalyzes the C-O bond cleavage of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) in the synthesis of 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate-8-phosphate? | KDO8P synthase | 3 | Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions | 2904815 | 3-Deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate-8-phosphate synthase catalyzes the C-O bond cleavage of phosphoenolpyruvate. | <question>Which enzyme catalyzes the C-O bond cleavage of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) in the synthesis of 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate-8-phosphate?</question>
<answer>KDO8P synthase</answer>
<cat_num>3</cat_num>
<cat>Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions</cat> | [
"KDO8P synthase",
"3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate 8-phosphate synthase",
"KDO 8-phosphate synthase",
"KDOPS",
"KdsA",
"3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid 8-phosphate synthase",
"3-deoxy-manno-octulosonate 8-phosphate synthase"
] |
Which antibiotic was assessed for effectiveness in the treatment of shigellosis in children in this study? | nalidixic acid | 2 | Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence | 7714935 | Effect of antimicrobial (nalidixic acid) therapy in shigellosis and predictive values of outcome variables in patients susceptible or resistant to it. | <question>Which antibiotic was assessed for effectiveness in the treatment of shigellosis in children in this study?</question>
<answer>nalidixic acid</answer>
<cat_num>2</cat_num>
<cat>Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence</cat> | [
"nalidixic acid",
"nalidixic acid sodium",
"nalidixate",
"1-ethyl-7-methyl-4-oxo-1,8-naphthyridine-3-carboxylic acid"
] |
Which enzyme in the liver is inactivated after fructose injection? | phosphorylase | 3 | Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions | 1156394 | Failure of adrenaline to induce hyperglycaemia after fructose injection in young mice. | <question>Which enzyme in the liver is inactivated after fructose injection?</question>
<answer>phosphorylase</answer>
<cat_num>3</cat_num>
<cat>Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions</cat> | [
"phosphorylase",
"glycogen phosphorylase",
"liver phosphorylase",
"glycogen phosphorylase a",
"phosphorylase a"
] |
What imaging modality is commonly used to diagnose uterine septa? | Magnetic resonance imaging | 4 | Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms | 9564063 | Myometrial tissue in uterine septa. | <question>What imaging modality is commonly used to diagnose uterine septa?</question>
<answer>Magnetic resonance imaging</answer>
<cat_num>4</cat_num>
<cat>Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms</cat> | [
"Magnetic resonance imaging",
"MRI",
"magnetic resonance imaging",
"NMR imaging",
"nuclear magnetic resonance imaging"
] |
Which region of the spine is most affected by anterior wedge-like fracture deformities in osteoporotic spinal deformity? | thoracic spine (T7 and T8) | 5 | Disease causation & pathogens | 12616157 | Prediction of osteoporotic spinal deformity. | <question>Which region of the spine is most affected by anterior wedge-like fracture deformities in osteoporotic spinal deformity?</question>
<answer>thoracic spine (T7 and T8)</answer>
<cat_num>5</cat_num>
<cat>Disease causation & pathogens</cat> | [
"thoracic spine",
"thoracic vertebrae",
"T7",
"seventh thoracic vertebra",
"T8",
"eighth thoracic vertebra",
"mid-thoracic spine",
"thoracic region",
"T7 and T8"
] |
What is the name of the new hydroxy unsaturated fatty acid isolated from Cymbopogon martinii var. motia roots? | 16-hydroxypentacos-14(z)-enoic acid | 1 | Genetic inheritance & disease-linked mutations | 11098842 | Fatty acids and sterols from Cymbopogon martinii var. motia roots. | <question>What is the name of the new hydroxy unsaturated fatty acid isolated from Cymbopogon martinii var. motia roots?</question>
<answer>16-hydroxypentacos-14(z)-enoic acid</answer>
<cat_num>1</cat_num>
<cat>Genetic inheritance & disease-linked mutations</cat> | [
"16-hydroxypentacos-14(z)-enoic acid",
"16-hydroxypentacos-14(Z)-enoic acid",
"16-hydroxypentacos-14-enoic acid",
"16-hydroxy-25:1Δ14 fatty acid",
"16-hydroxy-25:1(14Z) fatty acid",
"16-hydroxy-pentacos-14-enoic acid"
] |
Which type of cell, when introduced into atherosclerotic plaques, increases plaque vulnerability in a dose-dependent manner? | erythrocyte | 5 | Disease causation & pathogens | 17628589 | Pathological mechanisms and dose dependency of erythrocyte-induced vulnerability of atherosclerotic plaques. | <question>Which type of cell, when introduced into atherosclerotic plaques, increases plaque vulnerability in a dose-dependent manner?</question>
<answer>erythrocyte</answer>
<cat_num>5</cat_num>
<cat>Disease causation & pathogens</cat> | [
"erythrocyte",
"red blood cell",
"RBC",
"erythrocytes",
"red cell",
"red corpuscle"
] |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.