question stringlengths 32 197 | answer stringlengths 1 74 | cat_num stringclasses 10
values | cat stringclasses 10
values | pmid stringlengths 5 8 | paper_title stringlengths 27 232 | raw_response stringlengths 147 324 | golden_answers listlengths 1 15 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
What animal model was used to assess oral mucosal irritation in gummi drug studies? | Hamster | 4 | Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms | 9477177 | Studies on development of dosage forms for pediatric use (V) oral mucosal irritation study of gummi drugs in hamster cheek pouch. | <question>What animal model was used to assess oral mucosal irritation in gummi drug studies?</question>
<answer>Hamster</answer>
<cat_num>4</cat_num>
<cat>Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms</cat> | [
"hamster",
"golden hamster",
"Syrian hamster",
"Mesocricetus auratus"
] |
What is the molecular target of dabigatran etexilate? | thrombin | 2 | Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence | 26120827 | Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Dabigatran Etexilate Mimics, a Novel Class of Thrombin Inhibitors. | <question>What is the molecular target of dabigatran etexilate?</question>
<answer>thrombin</answer>
<cat_num>2</cat_num>
<cat>Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence</cat> | [
"thrombin",
"coagulation factor IIa",
"factor IIa",
"FIIa",
"serine protease thrombin",
"prothrombinase (activated)",
"F2a"
] |
What proliferation marker was used to measure cell growth in primary cultured human tenocytes after extracorporeal shock wave therapy? | Ki67 | 3 | Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions | 21617986 | Extracorporeal shock wave therapy promotes cell proliferation and collagen synthesis of primary cultured human tenocytes. | <question>What proliferation marker was used to measure cell growth in primary cultured human tenocytes after extracorporeal shock wave therapy?</question>
<answer>Ki67</answer>
<cat_num>3</cat_num>
<cat>Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions</cat> | [
"Ki67",
"Ki-67",
"MKI67",
"antigen Ki-67"
] |
What is the most common surgical treatment for renal cell carcinoma? | radical nephrectomy | 2 | Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence | 1569684 | Multiple urothelial recurrences of renal cell carcinoma after initial diagnostic ureteroscopy. | <question>What is the most common surgical treatment for renal cell carcinoma?</question>
<answer>radical nephrectomy</answer>
<cat_num>2</cat_num>
<cat>Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence</cat> | [
"radical nephrectomy",
"total nephrectomy",
"complete nephrectomy",
"kidney removal",
"removal of kidney"
] |
Which psychological trait was found to impair the accurate recall of one's own heart rate during stressful situations? | Negative affect | 10 | Psychology and behavioral health | 27693593 | The contribution of trait negative affect and stress to recall for bodily states. | <question>Which psychological trait was found to impair the accurate recall of one's own heart rate during stressful situations?</question>
<answer>Negative affect</answer>
<cat_num>10</cat_num>
<cat>Psychology and behavioral health</cat> | [
"Negative affect",
"negative affectivity",
"negative emotionality"
] |
What is the major animal reservoir for hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection in humans? | swine | 5 | Disease causation & pathogens | 22787267 | Complete genome sequence of the genotype 4 hepatitis E virus strain prevalent in swine in Jiangsu Province, China, reveals a close relationship with that from the human population in this area. | <question>What is the major animal reservoir for hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection in humans?</question>
<answer>swine</answer>
<cat_num>5</cat_num>
<cat>Disease causation & pathogens</cat> | [
"swine",
"pig",
"pigs",
"Sus scrofa",
"domestic pig",
"hog",
"domestic swine"
] |
Which two heavy metals showed partial positive transference through three trophic levels in a subtropical coastal lagoon food web? | Copper and zinc | 5 | Disease causation & pathogens | 19818990 | Trophic relationships and transference of cadmium, copper, lead and zinc in a subtropical coastal lagoon food web from SE Gulf of California. | <question>Which two heavy metals showed partial positive transference through three trophic levels in a subtropical coastal lagoon food web?</question>
<answer>Copper and zinc</answer>
<cat_num>5</cat_num>
<cat>Disease causation & pathogens</cat> | [
"copper",
"Cu",
"zinc",
"Zn"
] |
What effect does peroral (oral) insulin administration have on blood glucose levels in newborn calves? | No effect | 3 | Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions | 1747197 | Insulin and glucose in neonatal calves after peroral insulin and intravenous glucose administration. | <question>What effect does peroral (oral) insulin administration have on blood glucose levels in newborn calves?</question>
<answer>No effect</answer>
<cat_num>3</cat_num>
<cat>Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions</cat> | [
"no effect",
"none",
"no change",
"no significant effect",
"no significant change",
"no impact"
] |
Which two antibiotics were investigated in combination for their synergistic effect against vancomycin-resistant enterococci? | Vancomycin and daptomycin | 2 | Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence | 31343391 | In Vitro Synergistic Effect of Vancomycin Combined with Daptomycin Against Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci. | <question>Which two antibiotics were investigated in combination for their synergistic effect against vancomycin-resistant enterococci?</question>
<answer>Vancomycin and daptomycin</answer>
<cat_num>2</cat_num>
<cat>Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence</cat> | [
"vancomycin",
"Vancocin",
"daptomycin",
"Cubicin"
] |
Which type of carbohydrate caused higher postprandial glucose peaks in the study? | high glycemic index carbohydrate | 2 | Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence | 30098403 | Meals based on cod or veal in combination with high or low glycemic index carbohydrates did not affect diet-induced thermogenesis, appetite sensations, or subsequent energy intake differently. | <question>Which type of carbohydrate caused higher postprandial glucose peaks in the study?</question>
<answer>high glycemic index carbohydrate</answer>
<cat_num>2</cat_num>
<cat>Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence</cat> | [
"high glycemic index carbohydrate",
"high-GI carbohydrate",
"high glycaemic index carbohydrate",
"high GI carbohydrate",
"high glycemic carbohydrate",
"high-glycemic carbohydrate"
] |
What chemical is commonly used to induce protein denaturation in studies of enzyme stability? | guanidine hydrochloride | 4 | Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms | 8318151 | Comparison between catalytic activity and activity changes during denaturation by guanidine hydrochloride of enzymes in crystalline state and in solution. | <question>What chemical is commonly used to induce protein denaturation in studies of enzyme stability?</question>
<answer>guanidine hydrochloride</answer>
<cat_num>4</cat_num>
<cat>Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms</cat> | [
"guanidine hydrochloride",
"guanidinium chloride",
"guanidine HCl",
"GuHCl"
] |
What type of food outlet was targeted for conversion to improve access to fruits and vegetables in Latino communities? | corner store | 2 | Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence | 28578744 | A corner store intervention to improve access to fruits and vegetables in two Latino communities. | <question>What type of food outlet was targeted for conversion to improve access to fruits and vegetables in Latino communities?</question>
<answer>corner store</answer>
<cat_num>2</cat_num>
<cat>Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence</cat> | [
"corner store",
"corner stores",
"bodega",
"convenience store",
"convenience stores",
"neighborhood store",
"neighborhood stores",
"tienda de la esquina",
"tiendas de la esquina"
] |
Which two geographical regions were identified as having the highest relative risk for contracting diarrhoea abroad? | Tropical Africa and Romania | 5 | Disease causation & pathogens | 3406671 | Socioeconomic effects of acute diarrhoea in adults. | <question>Which two geographical regions were identified as having the highest relative risk for contracting diarrhoea abroad?</question>
<answer>Tropical Africa and Romania</answer>
<cat_num>5</cat_num>
<cat>Disease causation & pathogens</cat> | [
"Tropical Africa",
"Sub-Saharan Africa",
"Africa (tropical)",
"Romania"
] |
What compound is used as a selective AMPA receptor antagonist in studies of excitotoxicity? | NBQX | 3 | Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions | 9682831 | AMPA receptor activation potentiated by the AMPA modulator 1-BCP is toxic to cultured rat hippocampal neurons. | <question>What compound is used as a selective AMPA receptor antagonist in studies of excitotoxicity?</question>
<answer>NBQX</answer>
<cat_num>3</cat_num>
<cat>Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions</cat> | [
"NBQX",
"2,3-dihydroxy-6-nitro-7-sulfamoyl-benzo(f)quinoxaline",
"NBQX disodium salt",
"NBQX sodium salt",
"NBQX hydrate",
"NBQX disodium",
"NBQX-Na2"
] |
What imaging technique allows simultaneous measurement of hemoglobin saturation and blood flow in mouse microvasculature? | snap shot-multispectral imaging | 4 | Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms | 26176452 | Snap-shot multispectral imaging of vascular dynamics in a mouse window-chamber model. | <question>What imaging technique allows simultaneous measurement of hemoglobin saturation and blood flow in mouse microvasculature?</question>
<answer>snap shot-multispectral imaging</answer>
<cat_num>4</cat_num>
<cat>Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms</cat> | [
"snap shot-multispectral imaging",
"snapshot multispectral imaging",
"snapshot-multispectral imaging",
"snap shot multispectral imaging",
"multispectral snapshot imaging"
] |
What geological process produces hyperalkaline, hydrogen-rich environments conducive to the emergence of H2-dependent autotrophic life? | Serpentinization | 5 | Disease causation & pathogens | 31902344 | Bioenergetic constraints on the origin of autotrophic metabolism. | <question>What geological process produces hyperalkaline, hydrogen-rich environments conducive to the emergence of H2-dependent autotrophic life?</question>
<answer>Serpentinization</answer>
<cat_num>5</cat_num>
<cat>Disease causation & pathogens</cat> | [
"serpentinization",
"serpentinisation",
"serpentinizing alteration",
"serpentinising alteration"
] |
Which hormone decreases estimated renal plasma flow in humans? | atrial natriuretic peptide | 3 | Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions | 2148189 | Renal actions of theophylline and atrial natriuretic peptide in humans: a comparison by means of clearance studies. | <question>Which hormone decreases estimated renal plasma flow in humans?</question>
<answer>atrial natriuretic peptide</answer>
<cat_num>3</cat_num>
<cat>Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions</cat> | [
"atrial natriuretic peptide",
"ANP",
"atriopeptin",
"cardionatrin",
"atrial natriuretic factor",
"ANF"
] |
Which serum biomarker showed a significant decrease after tamoxifen treatment in postmenopausal women with breast cancer? | osteocalcin | 6 | Biomarkers & diagnostic tests | 15299183 | Effects of tamoxifen on bone mineral density and metabolism in postmenopausal women with early-stage breast cancer. | <question>Which serum biomarker showed a significant decrease after tamoxifen treatment in postmenopausal women with breast cancer?</question>
<answer>osteocalcin</answer>
<cat_num>6</cat_num>
<cat>Biomarkers & diagnostic tests</cat> | [
"osteocalcin",
"bone gamma-carboxyglutamic acid-containing protein",
"BGLAP",
"bone Gla protein"
] |
Which protein's increased expression is associated with enhanced synaptic plasticity in the dentate gyrus of rats treated with ginsenoside Rg1? | GAP-43 | 3 | Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions | 11749833 | Effects of ginsenoside Rg1 on synaptic plasticity of freely moving rats and its mechanism of action. | <question>Which protein's increased expression is associated with enhanced synaptic plasticity in the dentate gyrus of rats treated with ginsenoside Rg1?</question>
<answer>GAP-43</answer>
<cat_num>3</cat_num>
<cat>Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions</cat> | [
"GAP-43",
"Growth Associated Protein 43",
"neuromodulin",
"B-50",
"F1",
"pp46"
] |
Which Salmonella serotype was most prevalent in human isolates in Argentina between 1979 and 1981? | S. typhimurium | 5 | Disease causation & pathogens | 6336563 | [Serotypes of Salmonella in the Republic of Argentina isolated from human and non-human sources, 1979-1981]. | <question>Which Salmonella serotype was most prevalent in human isolates in Argentina between 1979 and 1981?</question>
<answer>S. typhimurium</answer>
<cat_num>5</cat_num>
<cat>Disease causation & pathogens</cat> | [
"S. typhimurium",
"Salmonella typhimurium",
"Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium",
"Typhimurium"
] |
What fatty acid is commonly used as a marker to assess essential fatty acid deficiency in rats? | linoleic acid | 6 | Biomarkers & diagnostic tests | 440031 | The use of essential fatty acid deficient rats to study pathophysiological roles of prostaglandins. Comparison of prostaglandin production with some parameters of deficiency. | <question>What fatty acid is commonly used as a marker to assess essential fatty acid deficiency in rats?</question>
<answer>linoleic acid</answer>
<cat_num>6</cat_num>
<cat>Biomarkers & diagnostic tests</cat> | [
"linoleic acid",
"LA",
"cis,cis-9,12-octadecadienoic acid",
"18:2(n-6)",
"18:2 omega-6",
"omega-6 linoleic acid"
] |
What is the most common location for a carpal ganglion? | dorsal wrist | 9 | Anatomical / cellular structures & localisation | 16473692 | Use of routine histologic evaluation of carpal ganglions. | <question>What is the most common location for a carpal ganglion?</question>
<answer>dorsal wrist</answer>
<cat_num>9</cat_num>
<cat>Anatomical / cellular structures & localisation</cat> | [
"dorsal wrist",
"dorsum of the wrist",
"back of the wrist",
"dorsal aspect of the wrist",
"dorsal side of the wrist"
] |
What is the full name of the cognitive assessment abbreviated as MMSE? | Mini-Mental State Examination | 6 | Biomarkers & diagnostic tests | 12767413 | Improving screening accuracy for dementia in a community sample by augmenting cognitive testing with informant report. | <question>What is the full name of the cognitive assessment abbreviated as MMSE?</question>
<answer>Mini-Mental State Examination</answer>
<cat_num>6</cat_num>
<cat>Biomarkers & diagnostic tests</cat> | [
"Mini-Mental State Examination",
"Mini Mental State Examination",
"Mini-Mental Status Examination",
"Mini Mental Status Examination",
"MMSE"
] |
What type of esophageal cancer is associated with Barrett's esophagus? | adenocarcinoma | 1 | Genetic inheritance & disease-linked mutations | 10416346 | [Diagnosis and evaluation of the extent of cancer of the esophagus]. | <question>What type of esophageal cancer is associated with Barrett's esophagus?</question>
<answer>adenocarcinoma</answer>
<cat_num>1</cat_num>
<cat>Genetic inheritance & disease-linked mutations</cat> | [
"adenocarcinoma",
"esophageal adenocarcinoma",
"Barrett's adenocarcinoma",
"esophagus adenocarcinoma"
] |
What demographic group is primarily associated with smokeless tobacco use in rural areas of the United States? | younger rural males | 5 | Disease causation & pathogens | 30963816 | Smokeless Tobacco and the Rural Teen: How Culture and Masculinity Contribute to Adolescent Use. | <question>What demographic group is primarily associated with smokeless tobacco use in rural areas of the United States?</question>
<answer>younger rural males</answer>
<cat_num>5</cat_num>
<cat>Disease causation & pathogens</cat> | [
"younger rural males",
"young rural males",
"young men in rural areas",
"young males in rural areas",
"adolescent rural males",
"male adolescents in rural areas",
"young males",
"rural young males",
"rural adolescent males"
] |
Which genus of bacteria is Streptococcus thermophilus KLDS 3.1003 classified under? | Streptococcus | 5 | Disease causation & pathogens | 32647845 | Suppressive effects of Streptococcus thermophilus KLDS 3.1003 on some foodborne pathogens revealed through in vitro, in vivo and genomic insights. | <question>Which genus of bacteria is Streptococcus thermophilus KLDS 3.1003 classified under?</question>
<answer>Streptococcus</answer>
<cat_num>5</cat_num>
<cat>Disease causation & pathogens</cat> | [
"Streptococcus",
"Streptococci"
] |
What type of dosimeter was used as the reference standard for output factor measurements in this study? | radiochromic film | 4 | Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms | 29290555 | [Experimental determination of correction factors of four detectors used in small field radiotherapy]. | <question>What type of dosimeter was used as the reference standard for output factor measurements in this study?</question>
<answer>radiochromic film</answer>
<cat_num>4</cat_num>
<cat>Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms</cat> | [
"radiochromic film",
"Gafchromic film",
"radiochromic dosimeter",
"Gafchromic dosimeter"
] |
How many factors were identified in the factor analysis of the Illness Attitudes Scale in psychiatric patients? | three | 8 | Clinical grading & diagnostic scales / classification systems | 11729555 | Psychometric properties of the Illness Attitudes Scale in psychiatric patients. | <question>How many factors were identified in the factor analysis of the Illness Attitudes Scale in psychiatric patients?</question>
<answer>three</answer>
<cat_num>8</cat_num>
<cat>Clinical grading & diagnostic scales / classification systems</cat> | [
"three",
"3"
] |
What gene contains the rs279858 single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) associated with subjective response to alcohol? | GABRA2 | 1 | Genetic inheritance & disease-linked mutations | 27117237 | Alcohol-Induced Stimulation Mediates the Effect of a GABRA2 SNP on Alcohol Self-Administrated among Alcohol-Dependent Individuals. | <question>What gene contains the rs279858 single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) associated with subjective response to alcohol?</question>
<answer>GABRA2</answer>
<cat_num>1</cat_num>
<cat>Genetic inheritance & disease-linked mutations</cat> | [
"GABRA2",
"gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor subunit alpha2",
"gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-2",
"GABA(A) receptor subunit alpha-2",
"GABA-A receptor alpha2 subunit",
"GABA(A) receptor alpha2",
"GABRA-2"
] |
What is the cellular location of the opioid growth factor receptor (OGFr) in the corneal epithelium? | outer nuclear envelope | 3 | Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions | 12650964 | Immunoelectron microscopic localization of the opioid growth factor receptor (OGFr) and OGF in the cornea. | <question>What is the cellular location of the opioid growth factor receptor (OGFr) in the corneal epithelium?</question>
<answer>outer nuclear envelope</answer>
<cat_num>3</cat_num>
<cat>Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions</cat> | [
"outer nuclear envelope",
"outer envelope of nucleus",
"outer nuclear membrane",
"outer membrane of nucleus"
] |
What is the most common homozygous genotype associated with alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency? | PiZZ | 1 | Genetic inheritance & disease-linked mutations | 2175465 | Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency and liver diseases in Nigeria. | <question>What is the most common homozygous genotype associated with alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency?</question>
<answer>PiZZ</answer>
<cat_num>1</cat_num>
<cat>Genetic inheritance & disease-linked mutations</cat> | [
"PiZZ",
"ZZ",
"Protease inhibitor ZZ",
"Pi Z/Z",
"Pi Z Z",
"Pi Z;Z",
"Pi Z homozygote",
"PiZZ genotype"
] |
What is the most common primary site of origin for metastases to the oral gingiva? | liver | 5 | Disease causation & pathogens | 15239267 | Metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma to the supramaxillary gingiva and right ventricle. | <question>What is the most common primary site of origin for metastases to the oral gingiva?</question>
<answer>liver</answer>
<cat_num>5</cat_num>
<cat>Disease causation & pathogens</cat> | [
"liver",
"hepatic",
"hepar"
] |
What assessment tool is commonly used to measure burnout among healthcare professionals? | Maslach Burnout Inventory | 6 | Biomarkers & diagnostic tests | 29444479 | Prevalence and correlates of burnout in health professionals in Ecuador. | <question>What assessment tool is commonly used to measure burnout among healthcare professionals?</question>
<answer>Maslach Burnout Inventory</answer>
<cat_num>6</cat_num>
<cat>Biomarkers & diagnostic tests</cat> | [
"Maslach Burnout Inventory",
"MBI"
] |
What is the name of the photopigment found in intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) that mediates the pupillary light reflex? | melanopsin | 3 | Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions | 21050869 | A mammalian melanopsin in the retina of a fresh water turtle, the red-eared slider (Trachemys scripta elegans). | <question>What is the name of the photopigment found in intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) that mediates the pupillary light reflex?</question>
<answer>melanopsin</answer>
<cat_num>3</cat_num>
<cat>Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions</cat> | [
"melanopsin",
"OPN4",
"opsin 4",
"photopigment melanopsin"
] |
What gene locus is commonly used to assess immunoglobulin clonality in minimal residual disease monitoring of B-cell lymphoblastic leukemia? | IGH | 6 | Biomarkers & diagnostic tests | 30389459 | Considerations for monitoring minimal residual disease using immunoglobulin clonality in patients with precursor B-cell lymphoblastic leukemia. | <question>What gene locus is commonly used to assess immunoglobulin clonality in minimal residual disease monitoring of B-cell lymphoblastic leukemia?</question>
<answer>IGH</answer>
<cat_num>6</cat_num>
<cat>Biomarkers & diagnostic tests</cat> | [
"IGH",
"Immunoglobulin heavy chain",
"IGH gene",
"IGH locus",
"immunoglobulin heavy chain locus",
"immunoglobulin heavy locus",
"IgH"
] |
What is the name of the real-time PCR test used to detect sepsis-causing microorganisms in ICU patients? | LightCycler SeptiFast | 4 | Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms | 21679147 | Usefulness of real-time PCR for the diagnosis of sepsis in ICU-acquired infections. | <question>What is the name of the real-time PCR test used to detect sepsis-causing microorganisms in ICU patients?</question>
<answer>LightCycler SeptiFast</answer>
<cat_num>4</cat_num>
<cat>Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms</cat> | [
"LightCycler SeptiFast",
"SeptiFast",
"Roche LightCycler SeptiFast",
"SeptiFast test",
"LightCycler SeptiFast test"
] |
Which statistical method is commonly used to fit models for repeated ordered categorical response data? | maximum likelihood | 4 | Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms | 2814070 | A survey of models for repeated ordered categorical response data. | <question>Which statistical method is commonly used to fit models for repeated ordered categorical response data?</question>
<answer>maximum likelihood</answer>
<cat_num>4</cat_num>
<cat>Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms</cat> | [
"maximum likelihood",
"maximum likelihood estimation",
"MLE"
] |
What is the most frequently used laparoscopic technique for recurrent inguinal hernia repair? | Transabdominal preperitoneal (TAPP) | 2 | Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence | 29559047 | Laparoscopic Experience for Recurrent Inguinal Hernia Repair in a Single Center for 14 Years. | <question>What is the most frequently used laparoscopic technique for recurrent inguinal hernia repair?</question>
<answer>Transabdominal preperitoneal (TAPP)</answer>
<cat_num>2</cat_num>
<cat>Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence</cat> | [
"Transabdominal preperitoneal",
"TAPP",
"Transabdominal pre-peritoneal",
"Transabdominal preperitoneal repair",
"Transabdominal pre-peritoneal repair"
] |
What percentage of adults in France reported drinking alcohol at least once a week in 2017? | 40.0% | 2 | Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence | 32237655 | [Alcohol consumption in France in 2017]. | <question>What percentage of adults in France reported drinking alcohol at least once a week in 2017?</question>
<answer>40.0%</answer>
<cat_num>2</cat_num>
<cat>Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence</cat> | [
"40.0%",
"40%",
"forty percent"
] |
Which multidrug resistance-associated protein shows increased expression in adult embryonal and pleomorphic rhabdomyosarcomas compared to pediatric cases? | LRP | 3 | Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions | 12673730 | Multidrug resistance proteins in rhabdomyosarcomas: comparison between children and adults. | <question>Which multidrug resistance-associated protein shows increased expression in adult embryonal and pleomorphic rhabdomyosarcomas compared to pediatric cases?</question>
<answer>LRP</answer>
<cat_num>3</cat_num>
<cat>Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions</cat> | [
"LRP",
"lung resistance-related protein",
"major vault protein",
"MVP"
] |
What is the name of the self-report instrument designed to assess relationship-specific attachment styles for multiple attachment figures? | Attachment Network Q-sort | 4 | Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms | 32881985 | Using the attachment network Q-sort for profiling one's attachment style with different attachment-figures. | <question>What is the name of the self-report instrument designed to assess relationship-specific attachment styles for multiple attachment figures?</question>
<answer>Attachment Network Q-sort</answer>
<cat_num>4</cat_num>
<cat>Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms</cat> | [
"Attachment Network Q-sort",
"ANQ",
"Attachment Network Q Sort",
"Attachment Network Questionnaire"
] |
What type of ovarian cancer was investigated in relation to recreational physical activity in African American women? | invasive epithelial ovarian cancer | 2 | Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence | 26923432 | Recreational physical activity and ovarian cancer risk in African American women. | <question>What type of ovarian cancer was investigated in relation to recreational physical activity in African American women?</question>
<answer>invasive epithelial ovarian cancer</answer>
<cat_num>2</cat_num>
<cat>Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence</cat> | [
"invasive epithelial ovarian cancer",
"epithelial ovarian cancer",
"invasive EOC",
"EOC",
"invasive epithelial cancer of the ovary",
"invasive ovarian epithelial cancer"
] |
Which gland's removal in boars leads to a significant decrease in seminal plasma citrate and protein concentrations? | seminal vesicles | 9 | Anatomical / cellular structures & localisation | 236387 | The removal of the seminal vesicles from the boar and the effects on the semen characteristics. | <question>Which gland's removal in boars leads to a significant decrease in seminal plasma citrate and protein concentrations?</question>
<answer>seminal vesicles</answer>
<cat_num>9</cat_num>
<cat>Anatomical / cellular structures & localisation</cat> | [
"seminal vesicles",
"vesicula seminalis",
"seminal glands",
"glandulae vesiculosae",
"vesicular glands"
] |
What technique enables the fabrication of 3D biomimetic microfluidic networks within hydrogels? | Laser-based hydrogel degradation | 4 | Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms | 27239785 | Fabrication of 3D Biomimetic Microfluidic Networks in Hydrogels. | <question>What technique enables the fabrication of 3D biomimetic microfluidic networks within hydrogels?</question>
<answer>Laser-based hydrogel degradation</answer>
<cat_num>4</cat_num>
<cat>Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms</cat> | [
"Laser-based hydrogel degradation",
"laser hydrogel degradation",
"laser-assisted hydrogel degradation",
"laser-mediated hydrogel degradation",
"laser ablation of hydrogels",
"laser patterning of hydrogels",
"laser microfabrication in hydrogels"
] |
What percentage of glucose polymer solution was ingested in the higher carbohydrate (C) trial during recovery? | 19.3% | 2 | Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence | 9063761 | The influence of a high carbohydrate intake during recovery from prolonged, constant-pace running. | <question>What percentage of glucose polymer solution was ingested in the higher carbohydrate (C) trial during recovery?</question>
<answer>19.3%</answer>
<cat_num>2</cat_num>
<cat>Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence</cat> | [
"19.3%",
"19.3 percent"
] |
What is the only definitive treatment option for symptomatic spinal cavernous malformations? | Gross-total resection | 2 | Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence | 29308634 | The current management of spinal cord cavernoma. | <question>What is the only definitive treatment option for symptomatic spinal cavernous malformations?</question>
<answer>Gross-total resection</answer>
<cat_num>2</cat_num>
<cat>Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence</cat> | [
"Gross-total resection",
"gross total resection",
"complete surgical resection",
"total resection",
"surgical excision",
"complete resection"
] |
What does the acronym CSII stand for in diabetes treatment? | Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion | 4 | Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms | 18211633 | Treatment of Danish adolescent diabetic patients with CSII - a matched study to MDI. | <question>What does the acronym CSII stand for in diabetes treatment?</question>
<answer>Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion</answer>
<cat_num>4</cat_num>
<cat>Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms</cat> | [
"Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion",
"CSII",
"insulin pump therapy",
"continuous insulin infusion",
"subcutaneous insulin infusion"
] |
What gene is mutated in spinal muscular atrophy? | SMN1 | 1 | Genetic inheritance & disease-linked mutations | 26423457 | Genetic inhibition of JNK3 ameliorates spinal muscular atrophy. | <question>What gene is mutated in spinal muscular atrophy?</question>
<answer>SMN1</answer>
<cat_num>1</cat_num>
<cat>Genetic inheritance & disease-linked mutations</cat> | [
"SMN1",
"Survival Motor Neuron 1",
"SMN 1",
"SMN-1"
] |
Which DNA-binding protein represses the gua operon in Escherichia coli by binding to the pur operator? | PurR | 3 | Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions | 8828209 | Stringent and growth-rate-dependent control of the gua operon of Escherichia coli K-12. | <question>Which DNA-binding protein represses the gua operon in Escherichia coli by binding to the pur operator?</question>
<answer>PurR</answer>
<cat_num>3</cat_num>
<cat>Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions</cat> | [
"PurR",
"purine repressor",
"PurR protein"
] |
What physiological process is suggested to contribute to the return of circadian rhythm in heart transplant patients? | partial reinnervation | 3 | Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions | 1355327 | [Return of circadian blood pressure and heart rate changes in patients with heart transplants]. | <question>What physiological process is suggested to contribute to the return of circadian rhythm in heart transplant patients?</question>
<answer>partial reinnervation</answer>
<cat_num>3</cat_num>
<cat>Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions</cat> | [
"partial reinnervation",
"partial neural reinnervation",
"partial cardiac reinnervation",
"partial autonomic reinnervation",
"partial nerve regrowth",
"partial nerve reinnervation"
] |
What biomarker, abbreviated as CRP, was significantly reduced within 6 months after IVIG treatment in patients with ANCA-associated vasculitis? | C-reactive protein | 6 | Biomarkers & diagnostic tests | 31377800 | The therapeutic efficacy of intravenous immunoglobulin in anti-neutrophilic cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis: a meta-analysis. | <question>What biomarker, abbreviated as CRP, was significantly reduced within 6 months after IVIG treatment in patients with ANCA-associated vasculitis?</question>
<answer>C-reactive protein</answer>
<cat_num>6</cat_num>
<cat>Biomarkers & diagnostic tests</cat> | [
"C-reactive protein",
"CRP",
"C reactive protein",
"C-Reactive Protein"
] |
Which enzyme is used to degrade duplex DNA from the 3' end to generate single-stranded DNA for use in Sanger sequencing? | Exonuclease III | 4 | Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms | 440973 | The use of exonuclease III for preparing single stranded DNA for use as a template in the chain terminator sequencing method. | <question>Which enzyme is used to degrade duplex DNA from the 3' end to generate single-stranded DNA for use in Sanger sequencing?</question>
<answer>Exonuclease III</answer>
<cat_num>4</cat_num>
<cat>Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms</cat> | [
"Exonuclease III",
"ExoIII",
"E. coli exonuclease III",
"Exo III"
] |
Which amino acid residues are critical for the activity of rat mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase (GPAT)? | serine, histidine, and arginine | 3 | Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions | 10446428 | Rat sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase: molecular cloning and characterization of the cDNA and expressed protein. | <question>Which amino acid residues are critical for the activity of rat mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase (GPAT)?</question>
<answer>serine, histidine, and arginine</answer>
<cat_num>3</cat_num>
<cat>Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions</cat> | [
"serine",
"Ser",
"S",
"histidine",
"His",
"H",
"arginine",
"Arg",
"R"
] |
Which dietary supplement was associated with both adoption and maintenance of healthy lifestyle behaviours in people with multiple sclerosis? | omega-3 | 2 | Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence | 32824213 | Greater Engagement with Health Information Is Associated with Adoption and Maintenance of Healthy Lifestyle Behaviours in People with MS. | <question>Which dietary supplement was associated with both adoption and maintenance of healthy lifestyle behaviours in people with multiple sclerosis?</question>
<answer>omega-3</answer>
<cat_num>2</cat_num>
<cat>Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence</cat> | [
"omega-3",
"omega 3",
"omega-3 fatty acids",
"omega 3 fatty acids",
"n-3 fatty acids",
"omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids",
"n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids",
"fish oil"
] |
What class of carcinogenic compounds are measured as TSNA in cigarette tobacco? | Tobacco-specific nitrosamines | 6 | Biomarkers & diagnostic tests | 16190674 | Comparative analysis of tobacco-specific nitrosamines and total N-nitroso compounds in moldovan cigarette tobacco. | <question>What class of carcinogenic compounds are measured as TSNA in cigarette tobacco?</question>
<answer>Tobacco-specific nitrosamines</answer>
<cat_num>6</cat_num>
<cat>Biomarkers & diagnostic tests</cat> | [
"Tobacco-specific nitrosamines",
"TSNA",
"tobacco specific nitrosamines",
"tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines",
"tobacco-specific nitrosamine",
"tobacco nitrosamines"
] |
Which type of psychotherapy was most commonly recognized by patients receiving treatment in Buenos Aires? | psychoanalytic therapy | 10 | Psychology and behavioral health | 19835026 | [Prevalence of psychotherapeutic treatments in citizens of Buenos Aires city]. | <question>Which type of psychotherapy was most commonly recognized by patients receiving treatment in Buenos Aires?</question>
<answer>psychoanalytic therapy</answer>
<cat_num>10</cat_num>
<cat>Psychology and behavioral health</cat> | [
"psychoanalytic therapy",
"psychoanalysis",
"psychoanalytical therapy"
] |
Which gram-negative bacterium isolated in Bangkok exhibited the greatest tolerance to cadmium? | Sphingomonas paucimobilis | 5 | Disease causation & pathogens | 12146636 | Cadmium biosorption by Sphingomonas paucimobilis biomass. | <question>Which gram-negative bacterium isolated in Bangkok exhibited the greatest tolerance to cadmium?</question>
<answer>Sphingomonas paucimobilis</answer>
<cat_num>5</cat_num>
<cat>Disease causation & pathogens</cat> | [
"Sphingomonas paucimobilis",
"Pseudomonas paucimobilis",
"Sphingomonas paucimobilis (Yabuuchi et al. 1983)",
"S. paucimobilis"
] |
Which imaging modality has the highest overall diagnostic accuracy for FIGO staging of cervical carcinoma? | MRI | 2 | Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence | 30070310 | Comparison of imaging features and diagnostic values of MRI, CT and contrast-enhanced ultrasonography in the diagnosis of cervical carcinoma staging. | <question>Which imaging modality has the highest overall diagnostic accuracy for FIGO staging of cervical carcinoma?</question>
<answer>MRI</answer>
<cat_num>2</cat_num>
<cat>Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence</cat> | [
"MRI",
"Magnetic Resonance Imaging",
"NMR",
"Nuclear Magnetic Resonance"
] |
Which region of the rat liver lobule shows the most intense immunostaining for cytochrome P-450 b and P-450 c after PATC treatment? | centrilobular region | 9 | Anatomical / cellular structures & localisation | 2815832 | Induction of cytochrome P-450 isozymes by chromanamine derivatives in rat liver. | <question>Which region of the rat liver lobule shows the most intense immunostaining for cytochrome P-450 b and P-450 c after PATC treatment?</question>
<answer>centrilobular region</answer>
<cat_num>9</cat_num>
<cat>Anatomical / cellular structures & localisation</cat> | [
"centrilobular region",
"central lobular region",
"zone 3",
"pericentral region",
"centrilobular zone",
"central zone"
] |
Which metal is most commonly associated with hypersensitivity in patients experiencing pain after total joint arthroplasty? | Nickel | 5 | Disease causation & pathogens | 24941404 | Metal sensitivities among TJA patients with post-operative pain: indications for multi-metal LTT testing. | <question>Which metal is most commonly associated with hypersensitivity in patients experiencing pain after total joint arthroplasty?</question>
<answer>Nickel</answer>
<cat_num>5</cat_num>
<cat>Disease causation & pathogens</cat> | [
"Nickel",
"Ni"
] |
What biomarker is used to assess long-term blood glucose control in older adults? | Hemoglobin A1c | 6 | Biomarkers & diagnostic tests | 31095709 | Paradoxical Relationship Between Glycated Hemoglobin and Longitudinal Change in Physical Functioning in Older Adults: A Prospective Cohort Study. | <question>What biomarker is used to assess long-term blood glucose control in older adults?</question>
<answer>Hemoglobin A1c</answer>
<cat_num>6</cat_num>
<cat>Biomarkers & diagnostic tests</cat> | [
"Hemoglobin A1c",
"HbA1c",
"glycated hemoglobin",
"glycosylated hemoglobin",
"A1c"
] |
Which parasite is transmitted by tsetse flies and causes sleeping sickness in humans? | Trypanosoma brucei | 5 | Disease causation & pathogens | 26110416 | Experimental African Trypanosome Infection by Needle Passage or Natural Tsetse Fly Challenge Thwarts the Development of Collagen-Induced Arthritis in DBA/1 Prone Mice via an Impairment of Antigen Specific B Cell Autoantibody Titers. | <question>Which parasite is transmitted by tsetse flies and causes sleeping sickness in humans?</question>
<answer>Trypanosoma brucei</answer>
<cat_num>5</cat_num>
<cat>Disease causation & pathogens</cat> | [
"Trypanosoma brucei",
"T. brucei",
"Trypanosoma brucei brucei",
"African trypanosome",
"African sleeping sickness parasite"
] |
Which type of organism serves as the intermediate host for human schistosomes in the Senegal River Delta? | snails | 5 | Disease causation & pathogens | 31031250 | Influence of physicochemical parameters on the spatial distribution of snail species that are intermediate hosts of human schistosomes in the Senegal River Delta. | <question>Which type of organism serves as the intermediate host for human schistosomes in the Senegal River Delta?</question>
<answer>snails</answer>
<cat_num>5</cat_num>
<cat>Disease causation & pathogens</cat> | [
"snails",
"freshwater snails",
"aquatic snails",
"gastropod mollusks",
"gastropods",
"mollusks",
"molluscs"
] |
What gene is mutated in Pompe's disease? | acid alpha-glucosidase | 1 | Genetic inheritance & disease-linked mutations | 11328962 | Cardiac remodeling and contractile function in acid alpha-glucosidase knockout mice. | <question>What gene is mutated in Pompe's disease?</question>
<answer>acid alpha-glucosidase</answer>
<cat_num>1</cat_num>
<cat>Genetic inheritance & disease-linked mutations</cat> | [
"acid alpha-glucosidase",
"GAA",
"acid maltase",
"glucosidase, alpha; acid",
"lysosomal alpha-glucosidase"
] |
What type of media image exposure is commonly linked to increased body dissatisfaction in women? | Thin-ideal media images | 10 | Psychology and behavioral health | 23688859 | Effects of exposure to thin-ideal media images on body dissatisfaction: testing the inclusion of a disclaimer versus warning label. | <question>What type of media image exposure is commonly linked to increased body dissatisfaction in women?</question>
<answer>Thin-ideal media images</answer>
<cat_num>10</cat_num>
<cat>Psychology and behavioral health</cat> | [
"Thin-ideal media images",
"thin ideal media images",
"thin-ideal images",
"thin ideal images",
"thinness media images",
"thin body media images",
"thin-body media images",
"thinness-ideal media images",
"thin ideal imagery",
"thin-ideal imagery"
] |
What imaging technique can be used to visualize anisotropy of nerve-fiber tracts in the diagnosis of lumbosacral nerve compression? | Diffusion tensor imaging | 4 | Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms | 22246537 | A case of symptomatic extra-foraminal lumbosacral stenosis ("far-out syndrome") diagnosed by diffusion tensor imaging. | <question>What imaging technique can be used to visualize anisotropy of nerve-fiber tracts in the diagnosis of lumbosacral nerve compression?</question>
<answer>Diffusion tensor imaging</answer>
<cat_num>4</cat_num>
<cat>Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms</cat> | [
"Diffusion tensor imaging",
"DTI"
] |
In which year was the Health Technology Assessment (HTA) Unit established in Malaysia? | 1995 | 4 | Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms | 19527541 | Health technology assessment in Malaysia. | <question>In which year was the Health Technology Assessment (HTA) Unit established in Malaysia?</question>
<answer>1995</answer>
<cat_num>4</cat_num>
<cat>Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms</cat> | [
"1995",
"Nineteen ninety-five",
"nineteen ninety five",
"nineteen ninety-five",
"nineteen ninety five",
"Year 1995"
] |
Which microRNA directly targets the transcriptional co-repressor CTBP1 in breast cancer? | miR-644a | 3 | Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions | 27409664 | The miR-644a/CTBP1/p53 axis suppresses drug resistance by simultaneous inhibition of cell survival and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in breast cancer. | <question>Which microRNA directly targets the transcriptional co-repressor CTBP1 in breast cancer?</question>
<answer>miR-644a</answer>
<cat_num>3</cat_num>
<cat>Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions</cat> | [
"miR-644a",
"microRNA-644a",
"hsa-miR-644a"
] |
What type of cardiac arrhythmia is commonly treated with pulmonary vein isolation? | atrial fibrillation | 2 | Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence | 31379020 | Determination of single cryoablation outcome within 30 to 60 seconds of freezing based on ice impedance. | <question>What type of cardiac arrhythmia is commonly treated with pulmonary vein isolation?</question>
<answer>atrial fibrillation</answer>
<cat_num>2</cat_num>
<cat>Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence</cat> | [
"atrial fibrillation",
"AF",
"A-fib",
"AFib"
] |
Which receptor mediates WNT3a-induced ERK pathway activation in NIH3T3 cells? | EGFR | 3 | Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions | 17374561 | EGF receptor is involved in WNT3a-mediated proliferation and motility of NIH3T3 cells via ERK pathway activation. | <question>Which receptor mediates WNT3a-induced ERK pathway activation in NIH3T3 cells?</question>
<answer>EGFR</answer>
<cat_num>3</cat_num>
<cat>Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions</cat> | [
"EGFR",
"Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor",
"ERBB1",
"HER1"
] |
What is the quaternary structure of dihydrodipicolinate synthase (DHDPS) as revealed by all solved X-ray crystal structures? | homotetramer | 3 | Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions | 18556019 | Evolution of quaternary structure in a homotetrameric enzyme. | <question>What is the quaternary structure of dihydrodipicolinate synthase (DHDPS) as revealed by all solved X-ray crystal structures?</question>
<answer>homotetramer</answer>
<cat_num>3</cat_num>
<cat>Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions</cat> | [
"homotetramer",
"tetramer",
"homotetrameric",
"tetrameric",
"homotetrameric structure",
"tetrameric structure"
] |
What is the molecular target of the drug cetuximab? | epidermal growth factor receptor | 2 | Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence | 32119123 | Preclinical Evaluation of Cetuximab and Benzoporphyrin Derivative-Mediated Intraperitoneal Photodynamic Therapy in a Canine Model. | <question>What is the molecular target of the drug cetuximab?</question>
<answer>epidermal growth factor receptor</answer>
<cat_num>2</cat_num>
<cat>Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence</cat> | [
"epidermal growth factor receptor",
"EGFR",
"ERBB1",
"HER1"
] |
Which gender ascribed more negative attributes to larger opposite-sex figures in the study? | women | 10 | Psychology and behavioral health | 12931927 | Sex differences in attribution of negative and positive traits to obese silhouettes. | <question>Which gender ascribed more negative attributes to larger opposite-sex figures in the study?</question>
<answer>women</answer>
<cat_num>10</cat_num>
<cat>Psychology and behavioral health</cat> | [
"women",
"female",
"females",
"woman"
] |
Which healthcare professional is primarily responsible for conducting medication reviews in a pharmacist-led medicines management model? | pharmacist | 2 | Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence | 30088321 | Effect of a medicines management model on medication-related readmissions in older patients admitted to a medical acute admission unit-A randomized controlled trial. | <question>Which healthcare professional is primarily responsible for conducting medication reviews in a pharmacist-led medicines management model?</question>
<answer>pharmacist</answer>
<cat_num>2</cat_num>
<cat>Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence</cat> | [
"pharmacist",
"clinical pharmacist",
"hospital pharmacist",
"community pharmacist",
"registered pharmacist",
"licensed pharmacist"
] |
What small diffusible molecule is required to induce carbapenem antibiotic production in Erwinia carotovora? | N-(3-oxohexanoyl)-L-homoserine lactone | 3 | Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions | 9639920 | Cryptic carbapenem antibiotic production genes are widespread in Erwinia carotovora: facile trans activation by the carR transcriptional regulator. | <question>What small diffusible molecule is required to induce carbapenem antibiotic production in Erwinia carotovora?</question>
<answer>N-(3-oxohexanoyl)-L-homoserine lactone</answer>
<cat_num>3</cat_num>
<cat>Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions</cat> | [
"N-(3-oxohexanoyl)-L-homoserine lactone",
"OHHL",
"N-3-oxohexanoyl homoserine lactone",
"3-oxo-C6-HSL",
"N-3-oxohexanoyl-L-homoserine lactone",
"N-(3-oxohexanoyl)homoserine lactone",
"N-oxohexanoyl homoserine lactone",
"N-(3-oxohexanoyl)-homoserine lactone"
] |
What type of genetic effect was observed in relation to Kawasaki disease risk in this study? | gene-dosage effect | 1 | Genetic inheritance & disease-linked mutations | 21048327 | Cytokine genetic polymorphisms and susceptibility to Kawasaki disease in Taiwanese children. | <question>What type of genetic effect was observed in relation to Kawasaki disease risk in this study?</question>
<answer>gene-dosage effect</answer>
<cat_num>1</cat_num>
<cat>Genetic inheritance & disease-linked mutations</cat> | [
"gene-dosage effect",
"gene dosage effect",
"dosage effect",
"gene dose effect"
] |
What pathogen is the primary causative agent of coliform mastitis in dairy cows? | Escherichia coli | 5 | Disease causation & pathogens | 26774718 | In vitro evaluation of a novel bacteriophage cocktail as a preventative for bovine coliform mastitis. | <question>What pathogen is the primary causative agent of coliform mastitis in dairy cows?</question>
<answer>Escherichia coli</answer>
<cat_num>5</cat_num>
<cat>Disease causation & pathogens</cat> | [
"Escherichia coli",
"E. coli",
"Coli bacillus",
"E coli"
] |
What questionnaire was used to assess depressive symptoms in drug users in the study? | Major Depression Inventory | 6 | Biomarkers & diagnostic tests | 24934987 | Depressive symptoms are frequent among drug users, but not associated with hepatitis C infection. | <question>What questionnaire was used to assess depressive symptoms in drug users in the study?</question>
<answer>Major Depression Inventory</answer>
<cat_num>6</cat_num>
<cat>Biomarkers & diagnostic tests</cat> | [
"Major Depression Inventory",
"MDI"
] |
Which matrix metalloproteinase is directly targeted by miR-29a in thoracic aortic aneurysm tissue? | MMP-2 | 3 | Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions | 22010139 | Selective microRNA suppression in human thoracic aneurysms: relationship of miR-29a to aortic size and proteolytic induction. | <question>Which matrix metalloproteinase is directly targeted by miR-29a in thoracic aortic aneurysm tissue?</question>
<answer>MMP-2</answer>
<cat_num>3</cat_num>
<cat>Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions</cat> | [
"MMP-2",
"matrix metalloproteinase-2",
"gelatinase A",
"72 kDa type IV collagenase",
"matrix metalloproteinase 2"
] |
Which estrogen preparation was associated with a significant reduction in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure in post-menopausal women? | piperazine oestrone sulphate | 2 | Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence | 6314097 | The effect of type and dose of oestrogen on the blood pressure of post-menopausal women. | <question>Which estrogen preparation was associated with a significant reduction in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure in post-menopausal women?</question>
<answer>piperazine oestrone sulphate</answer>
<cat_num>2</cat_num>
<cat>Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence</cat> | [
"piperazine oestrone sulphate",
"piperazine estrone sulphate",
"piperazine oestrone sulfate",
"piperazine estrone sulfate"
] |
What material is used to fabricate both the core and skirt components of the hydrogel keratoprosthesis evaluated in rabbit corneas? | poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) | 4 | Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms | 8771551 | Preliminary evaluation of a hydrogel core-and-skirt keratoprosthesis in the rabbit cornea. | <question>What material is used to fabricate both the core and skirt components of the hydrogel keratoprosthesis evaluated in rabbit corneas?</question>
<answer>poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate)</answer>
<cat_num>4</cat_num>
<cat>Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms</cat> | [
"poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate)",
"pHEMA",
"poly(HEMA)",
"poly(2-HEMA)",
"poly(2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate)"
] |
What neurosurgical procedure is commonly required to treat hydrocephalus in patients with myelomeningocele? | shunt placement | 2 | Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence | 18459900 | Myelomeningocele: long-term neurosurgical treatment and follow-up in 202 patients. | <question>What neurosurgical procedure is commonly required to treat hydrocephalus in patients with myelomeningocele?</question>
<answer>shunt placement</answer>
<cat_num>2</cat_num>
<cat>Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence</cat> | [
"shunt placement",
"ventriculoperitoneal shunt",
"VP shunt",
"cerebrospinal fluid shunt",
"CSF shunt",
"shunt surgery",
"ventricular shunt"
] |
Which neurotransmitter-related enzymes were measured in this study as markers of cholinergic neurochemistry? | Choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholinesterase | 3 | Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions | 2682674 | Infusion of NMDA into the nucleus basalis of Meynert, frontal cortex or lateral ventricle in rats: effect on memory and cholinergic brain neurochemistry. | <question>Which neurotransmitter-related enzymes were measured in this study as markers of cholinergic neurochemistry?</question>
<answer>Choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholinesterase</answer>
<cat_num>3</cat_num>
<cat>Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions</cat> | [
"choline acetyltransferase",
"ChAT",
"acetylcholine synthase",
"acetylcholinesterase",
"AChE",
"acetylhydrolase"
] |
Which enzyme's activity in human platelets is selectively blocked by indomethacin? | cyclooxygenase | 3 | Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions | 6422509 | Effects of antioxidants on cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase activities in intact human platelets: comparison with indomethacin and ETYA. | <question>Which enzyme's activity in human platelets is selectively blocked by indomethacin?</question>
<answer>cyclooxygenase</answer>
<cat_num>3</cat_num>
<cat>Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions</cat> | [
"cyclooxygenase",
"COX",
"prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase",
"prostaglandin G/H synthase",
"PTGS",
"COX-1",
"COX1",
"PTGS1"
] |
Which strain of mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) is described as highly virulent for mice? | MHV-2 | 5 | Disease causation & pathogens | 6277785 | Correlation between growth potential of mouse hepatitis viruses in macrophages and their virulence for mice. | <question>Which strain of mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) is described as highly virulent for mice?</question>
<answer>MHV-2</answer>
<cat_num>5</cat_num>
<cat>Disease causation & pathogens</cat> | [
"MHV-2",
"Mouse Hepatitis Virus strain 2",
"MHV type 2",
"Mouse Hepatitis Virus type 2",
"MHV2"
] |
Which mutation in the rpoB gene is most commonly associated with rifampin resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis? | rpoB531 | 1 | Genetic inheritance & disease-linked mutations | 15472300 | Detection of mutations associated with isoniazid and rifampin resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from Samara Region, Russian Federation. | <question>Which mutation in the rpoB gene is most commonly associated with rifampin resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis?</question>
<answer>rpoB531</answer>
<cat_num>1</cat_num>
<cat>Genetic inheritance & disease-linked mutations</cat> | [
"rpoB531",
"S531L",
"Ser531Leu",
"Serine 531 to Leucine",
"rpoB S531L",
"rpoB Ser531Leu",
"rpoB Serine 531 to Leucine",
"rpoB codon 531 mutation",
"rpoB 531 mutation"
] |
What physiological condition in ob/ob mice is primarily responsible for tau hyperphosphorylation? | hypothermia | 5 | Disease causation & pathogens | 27793638 | Tau hyperphosphorylation in the brain of ob/ob mice is due to hypothermia: Importance of thermoregulation in linking diabetes and Alzheimer's disease. | <question>What physiological condition in ob/ob mice is primarily responsible for tau hyperphosphorylation?</question>
<answer>hypothermia</answer>
<cat_num>5</cat_num>
<cat>Disease causation & pathogens</cat> | [
"hypothermia",
"low body temperature",
"reduced body temperature",
"decreased body temperature"
] |
Which gene encodes the enzyme responsible for acetylation polymorphism studied in liver transplantation patients? | NAT2 | 1 | Genetic inheritance & disease-linked mutations | 9682266 | Acetylation polymorphism expression in patients before and after liver transplantation: influence of host/graft genotypes. | <question>Which gene encodes the enzyme responsible for acetylation polymorphism studied in liver transplantation patients?</question>
<answer>NAT2</answer>
<cat_num>1</cat_num>
<cat>Genetic inheritance & disease-linked mutations</cat> | [
"NAT2",
"N-acetyltransferase 2",
"arylamine N-acetyltransferase 2",
"NAT-2"
] |
What dose of rocuronium (in mg/kg) provides a 90% probability of achieving perfect conditions for rapid tracheal intubation? | 1.85 mg/kg | 2 | Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence | 10625000 | Rapid tracheal intubation with large-dose rocuronium: a probability-based approach. | <question>What dose of rocuronium (in mg/kg) provides a 90% probability of achieving perfect conditions for rapid tracheal intubation?</question>
<answer>1.85 mg/kg</answer>
<cat_num>2</cat_num>
<cat>Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence</cat> | [
"1.85 mg/kg",
"1.85 milligrams per kilogram",
"1.85 mg per kg",
"1.85 mg·kg⁻¹"
] |
What chemokine was encapsulated in poly(ester amide) (PEA) microspheres to stimulate arteriogenesis in a murine hind limb ischemia model? | CXCL1 | 2 | Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence | 26651867 | CXCL1 microspheres: a novel tool to stimulate arteriogenesis. | <question>What chemokine was encapsulated in poly(ester amide) (PEA) microspheres to stimulate arteriogenesis in a murine hind limb ischemia model?</question>
<answer>CXCL1</answer>
<cat_num>2</cat_num>
<cat>Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence</cat> | [
"CXCL1",
"chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1",
"GRO-alpha",
"GROα",
"GROA",
"MGSA",
"melanoma growth stimulatory activity",
"KC",
"C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 1"
] |
Which two murine leukemia viruses were studied for antigenic similarity using complement-fixation reactions? | Rauscher and Friend | 3 | Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions | 4286616 | Murine leukemia viruses: antigenic studies by quantitative complement fixation. | <question>Which two murine leukemia viruses were studied for antigenic similarity using complement-fixation reactions?</question>
<answer>Rauscher and Friend</answer>
<cat_num>3</cat_num>
<cat>Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions</cat> | [
"Rauscher",
"Rauscher murine leukemia virus",
"Rauscher virus",
"Friend",
"Friend murine leukemia virus",
"Friend virus"
] |
Which hormone showed a statistically significant increase after laparoscopic cholecystectomy? | growth hormone | 6 | Biomarkers & diagnostic tests | 8167858 | How minimally invasive is laparoscopic cholecystectomy? | <question>Which hormone showed a statistically significant increase after laparoscopic cholecystectomy?</question>
<answer>growth hormone</answer>
<cat_num>6</cat_num>
<cat>Biomarkers & diagnostic tests</cat> | [
"growth hormone",
"GH",
"somatotropin",
"hGH",
"human growth hormone"
] |
What protocol is used by Cytoscape Automation to expose its functions for programmatic access? | REST | 4 | Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms | 31477170 | Cytoscape Automation: empowering workflow-based network analysis. | <question>What protocol is used by Cytoscape Automation to expose its functions for programmatic access?</question>
<answer>REST</answer>
<cat_num>4</cat_num>
<cat>Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms</cat> | [
"REST",
"RESTful",
"REST API",
"Representational State Transfer"
] |
What percentage of female streetworking prostitutes in Glasgow were injecting drug users in this study? | 71% | 5 | Disease causation & pathogens | 1422360 | Female streetworking prostitution and HIV infection in Glasgow. | <question>What percentage of female streetworking prostitutes in Glasgow were injecting drug users in this study?</question>
<answer>71%</answer>
<cat_num>5</cat_num>
<cat>Disease causation & pathogens</cat> | [
"71%",
"seventy-one percent",
"71 percent"
] |
Which type of voltage-dependent calcium channel mediates the potentiation of dopamine release by kappa-opioid agonists in NMB human neuroblastoma cells? | N-type | 3 | Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions | 10528125 | Potentiation of transmitter release from NMB human neuroblastoma cells by kappa-opioids is mediated by N-type voltage-dependent calcium channels. | <question>Which type of voltage-dependent calcium channel mediates the potentiation of dopamine release by kappa-opioid agonists in NMB human neuroblastoma cells?</question>
<answer>N-type</answer>
<cat_num>3</cat_num>
<cat>Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions</cat> | [
"N-type",
"N type",
"N-type calcium channel",
"N-type voltage-gated calcium channel",
"Cav2.2",
"Cav 2.2",
"N-type VGCC",
"N-type Ca2+ channel"
] |
What type of stationary phase is used to separate enantiomers in liquid chromatography? | chiral stationary phase | 4 | Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms | 28192943 | Ultrafast Chiral Chromatography as the Second Dimension in Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography Experiments. | <question>What type of stationary phase is used to separate enantiomers in liquid chromatography?</question>
<answer>chiral stationary phase</answer>
<cat_num>4</cat_num>
<cat>Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms</cat> | [
"chiral stationary phase",
"chiral phase",
"chiral column",
"chiral chromatography column",
"chiral separation phase"
] |
What are the two chemotherapeutic agents commonly combined with radiotherapy in the treatment of small-cell lung cancer? | cisplatin and etoposide | 2 | Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence | 2551521 | Combination chemotherapy with cisplatin and etoposide associated with radiotherapy in the treatment of small-cell lung cancer. | <question>What are the two chemotherapeutic agents commonly combined with radiotherapy in the treatment of small-cell lung cancer?</question>
<answer>cisplatin and etoposide</answer>
<cat_num>2</cat_num>
<cat>Therapeutics, indications & clinical evidence</cat> | [
"cisplatin",
"cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II)",
"CDDP",
"Platinol",
"etoposide",
"VP-16",
"VP16",
"Etopophos"
] |
Which two enzymes are primarily responsible for the hydrolysis of N-acylethanolamines in macrophages? | N-acylethanolamine-hydrolyzing acid amidase and fatty acid amide hydrolase | 3 | Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions | 28065729 | N-acylethanolamine-hydrolyzing acid amidase and fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibition differentially affect N-acylethanolamine levels and macrophage activation. | <question>Which two enzymes are primarily responsible for the hydrolysis of N-acylethanolamines in macrophages?</question>
<answer>N-acylethanolamine-hydrolyzing acid amidase and fatty acid amide hydrolase</answer>
<cat_num>3</cat_num>
<cat>Protein function, localization & signalling/enzymatic interactions</cat> | [
"N-acylethanolamine-hydrolyzing acid amidase",
"NAAA",
"fatty acid amide hydrolase",
"FAAH"
] |
What does the acronym HIE stand for in the context of health care information systems? | Health Information Exchange | 4 | Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms | 22473113 | The utilization rate of the regional health information exchange: how it impacts on health care delivery outcomes. | <question>What does the acronym HIE stand for in the context of health care information systems?</question>
<answer>Health Information Exchange</answer>
<cat_num>4</cat_num>
<cat>Experimental & computational methods, resources & acronyms</cat> | [
"Health Information Exchange",
"HIE"
] |
Which gene is mutated in Neonatal ichthyosis-sclerosing cholangitis (NISCH) syndrome? | CLDN1 | 1 | Genetic inheritance & disease-linked mutations | 16619213 | Confirmation of the origin of NISCH syndrome. | <question>Which gene is mutated in Neonatal ichthyosis-sclerosing cholangitis (NISCH) syndrome?</question>
<answer>CLDN1</answer>
<cat_num>1</cat_num>
<cat>Genetic inheritance & disease-linked mutations</cat> | [
"CLDN1",
"claudin-1",
"claudin 1"
] |
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