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"Public-key cryptography-Description-A \"web of trust\" which decentralizes authentication by using individual endorsements of links between a user and the public key belonging to that user. PGP uses this approach, in addition to lookup in the domain name system (DNS). The DKIM system for digitally signing emails also ... | large_corpus_distillation |
log KL (P(X\u2223Y)\u2225PU(X))] is the number of bits which would have to be transmitted to identify X from N equally likely possibilities, less the relative entropy of the product distribution PU(X)P(Y) from the true joint distribution P(X,Y) \u2014 i.e. less the expected number of bits saved which would have had... | large_corpus_distillation |
"One-time pad-Perfect secrecy-One-time pads are \"information-theoretically secure\" in that the encrypted message (i.e., the ciphertext) provides no information about the original message to a cryptanalyst (except the maximum possible length of the message). This is a very strong notion of security first developed dur... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Icon (computing)-Related visual tools-Control widgets Over time, certain GUI widgets have gradually appeared which are useful in many contexts. These are graphical controls which are used across computer systems and can be intuitively manipulated by the user even in a new context because the user recognises them from ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Database security-Process and procedures-A good database security program includes the regular review of privileges granted to user accounts and accounts used by immediate processes. For individual accounts a two-factor authentication system improves security but adds complexity and cost. Accounts used by automated pr... | large_corpus_distillation |
in Agile development methodology, may perform all activities related to a self-encapsulated feature or feature set plan, development and releases Product marketing manager: responsible for the outbound marketing activities of the product, not development and cross-functional execution " | large_corpus_distillation |
"Eigen (C++ library)-Eigen (C++ library)-Eigen is open-source software licensed under the Mozilla Public License 2.0 since version 3.1.1. Earlier versions were licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License. Version 1.0 was released in Dec 2006.Eigen is implemented using the expression templates metaprogramming t... | large_corpus_distillation |
code from it is not correct according to language semantics." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Stepper-Basic operation-The silicon wafers are coated with photoresist, and placed in a cassette or \"boat\" that holds a number of wafers. This is then placed in a part of the stepper called the wafer loader, usually located at the lower front of the stepper.\nA robot in the wafer loader picks up one of the wafers fr... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Reachability-Algorithms-If you have only one (or a few) queries to make, it may be more efficient to forgo the use of more complex data structures and compute the reachability of the desired pair directly. This can be accomplished in linear time using algorithms such as breadth first search or iterative deepening dept... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Interactive voice response-Developments-Video The introduction of Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) means that point-to-point communications are no longer restricted to voice calls but can now be extended to multimedia technologies such as video. IVR manufacturers have extended their systems into IVVR (interactive voi... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Music popularity index-Last.fm music charts-Main problems and uprising solutions Since the generated music charts depend on what the users register and on the tags from their music files, Last.fm made up a system based on the listens of the users which corrects a song's tag if it differs from what most people register... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Mathematical optimization-Optimization problems-Since the following is valid f(x0)\u2265f(x)\u21d4\u2212f(x0)\u2264\u2212f(x), it suffices to solve only minimization problems. However, the opposite perspective of considering only maximization problems would be valid, too." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Variance-Definition-Discrete random variable If the generator of random variable X is discrete with probability mass function x1\u21a6p1,x2\u21a6p2,\u2026,xn\u21a6pn , then Var \u2061(X)=\u2211i=1npi\u22c5(xi\u2212\u03bc)2, where \u03bc is the expected value. That is, \u03bc=\u2211i=1npixi.\n(When such a discrete w... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Universal hashing-Mathematical guarantees-The second and third guarantee are typically used in conjunction with rehashing. For instance, a randomized algorithm may be prepared to handle some O(n) number of collisions. If it observes too many collisions, it chooses another random h from the family and repeats. Univer... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Lucas primality test-Concepts-Let n be a positive integer. If there exists an integer a, 1 < a < n, such that mod n) and for every prime factor q of n \u2212 1 mod n) then n is prime. If no such number a exists, then n is either 1, 2, or composite." | large_corpus_distillation |
5000\n, etc. The class frequency is then the number of observations that are greater than or equal to the lower bound, and\n4000 4999\nstrictly less than the upper bound. For example, one interval might hold times from to milliseconds. Using whole\nnumbers as boundaries avoids a cluttered appearance, and is the practic... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Cryptographic protocol-Cryptographic protocol-A cryptographic protocol is an abstract or concrete protocol that performs a security-related function and applies cryptographic methods, often as sequences of cryptographic primitives. A protocol describes how the algorithms should be used and includes details about data ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Deterministic algorithm-Non-deterministic algorithms-If a hardware error causes its state to change in an unexpected way.Although real programs are rarely purely deterministic, it is easier for humans as well as other programs to reason about programs that are. For this reason, most programming languages and especiall... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Cyclic group-Examples-Integer and modular addition The set of integers Z, with the operation of addition, forms a group. It is an infinite cyclic group, because all integers can be written by repeatedly adding or subtracting the single number 1. In this group, 1 and \u22121 are the only generators. Every infinite cycl... | large_corpus_distillation |
"268 3 \u2022 Functions\nmaximum).\nEXAMPLE8\nFinding Local Extrema from a Graph\nGraph the function Then use the graph to estimate the local extrema of the function and to determine\nthe intervals on which the function is increasing.\nSolution\nUsing technology, we find that the graph of the function looks like that i... | large_corpus_distillation |
2014 Winner.\nComponent Source Top 50 Bestselling Publisher Award 2022." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Kolmogorov complexity-Chaitin's incompleteness theorem-Theorem: There exists a constant L (which only depends on S and on the choice of description language) such that there does not exist a string s for which the statement K(s) \u2265 L (as formalized in S)can be proven within S.Proof Idea: The proof of this result i... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Polynomial greatest common divisor-Modular GCD algorithm-To expedite the computation, take a ring D for which f and g are in D[x], and take an ideal I such that D/I is a finite ring. Then compute the GCD over this finite ring with the Euclidean Algorithm. Using reconstruction techniques (Chinese remainder theorem, rat... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Yo-yo (algorithm)-Algorithm-Intermediate nodes: nodes with both outgoing and incoming edges. These are neither the least nor the greatest nodes in each neighborhood.\nSinks: nodes with incoming edges, but no outgoing edges. These are the greatest nodes in each neighborhood." | large_corpus_distillation |
"List decoding-List-decoding capacity-Put another way, the volume of a Hamming ball is translation invariant. To continue with the proof sketch, we conjure the union bound in probability theory which tells us that the probability of a bad event happening for a given (y,m0,\u2026,mL) is upper bounded by the quantity q... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Concept search-Uses-Multimedia and publishing \u2013 Concept search is used by the multimedia and publishing industries to provide users with access to news, technical information, and subject matter expertise coming from a variety of unstructured sources. Content-based methods for multimedia information retrieval (MI... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Context-free grammar-Examples-Words concatenated with their reverse The grammar G=({S},{a,b},P,S) , with productions S \u2192 aSa, S \u2192 bSb, S \u2192 \u03b5,is context-free. It is not proper since it includes an \u03b5-production. A typical derivation in this grammar is S \u2192 aSa \u2192 aaSaa \u2192 aabSbaa \u... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Parallel algorithms for minimum spanning trees-Parallel algorithms for minimum spanning trees-In graph theory a minimum spanning tree (MST) T of a graph G=(V,E) with |V|=n and |E|=m is a tree subgraph of G that contains all of its vertices and is of minimum weight. MSTs are useful and versatile tools utilised in... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Beatmania IIDX-Gameplay-Difficulty Levels Originally, Beatmania IIDX difficulties ranged from \"Level 1\" to \"Level 7\". However, beatmania IIDX 5th Style, beatmania IIDX 10th Style and beatmania IIDX 11 IIDXRED added \"Flashing 7s\", \"Level 8\" and \"Level 8+\" respectively.\nWith the release of beatmania IIDX 12 H... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Fragile base class-Solutions-In Kotlin classes and methods are final by default. To enable the class inheritance, the class should be marked with the open modifier. Likewise, a method should be marked as open to allow overriding of the method.\nJulia allows only subtyping of abstract types and uses composition as an a... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Jakarta Server Faces-How it works-JSF 2 includes support for graceful degradation when JavaScript is disabled in the browser." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Forward secrecy-Use-Facebook reported as part of an investigation into email encryption that, as of May 2014, 74% of hosts that support STARTTLS also provide forward secrecy. TLS 1.3, published in August 2018, dropped support for ciphers without forward secrecy. As of February 2019, 96.6% of web servers surveyed suppo... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Live event support-Transportation support-Touring packaging Well designed touring systems unload from the truck gently, roll easily into their stage location, connect to each other quickly. A well designed system includes duplicates of critical components and \"field-replaceable\" items such as cables, switches and fu... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Reed\u2013Muller code-Description using a generator matrix-The RM(1,3) code is generated by the set {v0,v1,v2,v3}, or more explicitly by the rows of the matrix: (11111111101010101100110011110000) Example 2 The RM(2,3) code is generated by the set: {v0,v1,v2,v3,v1\u2227v2,v1\u2227v3,v2\u2227v3} or more explicitly by th... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Autonegotiation-Electrical signals-NLPs used by autonegotiation are still unipolar, positive-only, and with a nominal duration of 100 ns; but each LIT is replaced by a pulse burst consisting of 17 to 33 pulses sent 125 \u03bcs apart. Each pulse burst is called a fast link pulse (FLP) burst. The time interval between t... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Boolean ring-Properties of Boolean rings-The property x \u2295 x = 0 shows that any Boolean ring is an associative algebra over the field F2 with two elements, in precisely one way. In particular, any finite Boolean ring has as cardinality a power of two. Not every unital associative algebra over F2 is a Boolean ring:... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Quantitative comparative linguistics-Databases-Coding of the data may be in binary form or in multistate form. The former is often used but does result in a bias. It has been claimed that there is a constant scale factor between the two coding methods, and that allowance can be made for this. However, another study su... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Abstract polytope-Incidence matrices-Elements of different type of the same rank clearly are never incident so the value will always be 0; however, to help distinguish such relationships, an asterisk (*) is used instead of 0.\nThe sub-diagonal entries of each row represent the incidence counts of the relevant sub-elem... | large_corpus_distillation |
implementing dictionaries are a hash table or a search tree." | large_corpus_distillation |
frequencies of the events with the probabilities of the events.\nA B C P(A)=1/4 P(B)=1/3 P(C)=1/6\nSuppose that , , and are events in a random experiment with , , ,\nP(A\u2229B)=1/18 P(A\u2229C)=1/16 P(B\u2229C)=1/12 P(A\u2229B\u2229C)=1/24\n, , , and . Find the probabilities of the various\nunions:\nA\u222aB\n1.\nA\u2... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Universal probability bound-Dembski's estimate-Dembski has recently (as of 2005) refined his definition to be the inverse of the product of two different quantities: An upper bound on the computational resources of the universe in its entire history. This is estimated by Seth Lloyd as 10120 elementary logic operations... | large_corpus_distillation |
"All-to-all (parallel pattern)-1-factor algorithm-// p odd: // pe index j\u2208{0,\u2026,p\u22121} for i := 0 to p-1 do Exchange data with PE mod p // p even: // pe index j\u2208{0,\u2026,p\u22121} for i := 0 to p-2 do idle := mod (p\u22121) if j = p-1 then exchange data with PE idle else if j = idle then exchange ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Space (mathematics)-Types of spaces-Defined this way, affine and projective spaces are of algebraic nature; they can be real, complex, and more generally, over any field.\nEvery real or complex affine or projective space is also a topological space. An affine space is a non-compact manifold; a projective space is a co... | large_corpus_distillation |
only ten percent of Good Manufacturing Practice space, and only sixty percent of the original cost. Without the need for continual passaging, there is less risk of bacterial contamination and labor costs are minimized as well." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Trailing return type-Rationale-Consider the task of programming a generic version of int Add(const int& lhs, const int& rhs) { return lhs + rhs; }.\nA proper expression of this function's return type would use the two formal parameter names with decltype: decltype(lhs + rhs).\nBut, where a return type is traditionally... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Monotone (software)-Design-Signing of revisions using RSA certificates Easy to learn, due to a command set similar to that of CVS Very good at branching (both divergences within a branch and named branches) and merging Good documentation Very low maintenance Complete and comprehensive Perl library that allows you to c... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Distributed web crawling-Types-For static assignment, a hashing function can be used to transform URLs (or, even better, complete website names) into a number that corresponds to the index of the corresponding crawling process. As there are external links that will go from a Web site assigned to one crawling process t... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Lexical semantics-Classification of event types-As seen in the underlying tree structure for (3a), the silent subunit BECOME is embedded within the Verb Phrase (VP), resulting in the inchoative change-of-state meaning (y become z). In the underlying tree structure for (3b), the silent subunits CAUS and BECOME are both... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Sentence function-Declarative vs. affirmative vs. positive-Thus, all three terms being separate entities, an adjective or adverb can be in the positive degree but expressed in the negative, so that the sentence, This hummer does not seem to be eco-friendly, has all negative, positive, and declarative properties.\nIn f... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Dots (game)-Rules-Often there is more than one way of choosing an enclosing chain of dots. When played with pens and paper, players are free to choose one however they like. When game is played on a computer, to simplify user input, programs usually automatically surround minimum area. In some cases this can be tactic... | large_corpus_distillation |
the use of 2,048 bit RSA keys from year 2010, performance at longer key sizes has become more important. To address this issue, most HSMs now support elliptic curve cryptography (ECC), which delivers stronger encryption with shorter key lengths." | large_corpus_distillation |
"VoIP spam-Mitigation-RFC 5039 contains some basic methods for the mitigation of telephony spam over SIP: Whitelists and blacklists Consent-based communications Reputation systems Address obfuscation and limited-use addresses Turing tests, CAPTCHAs, and computational puzzles Payment Legal actionsA strong identification... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Object lifetime-Overview-Together these yield four implementation-level steps: allocation, initialization, finalization, deallocationThese steps may be done automatically by the language runtime, interpreter, or virtual machine, or may be manually specified by the programmer in a subroutine, concretely via methods \u2... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Learning to rank-Applications-Typically, users expect a search query to complete in a short time (such as a few hundred milliseconds for web search), which makes it impossible to evaluate a complex ranking model on each document in the corpus, and so a two-phase scheme is used. First, a small number of potentially rel... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Non-negative matrix factorization-History-In chemometrics non-negative matrix factorization has a long history under the name \"self modeling curve resolution\".\nIn this framework the vectors in the right matrix are continuous curves rather than discrete vectors.\nAlso early work on non-negative matrix factorizations... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Outbound content compliance-Business environment-In the business environment, the purpose is to prevent confidential and/or private data leaks. The protected information may belong to the company itself or to its customers. US, Canada, European and some other countries enacted laws, mandating protection of some types ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Identity-based cryptography-Usage-Identity-based systems allow any party to generate a public key from a known identity value, such as an ASCII string. A trusted third party, called the private key generator (PKG), generates the corresponding private keys. To operate, the PKG first publishes a master public key, and r... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Mixture distribution-Properties-For normal mixtures with general n>2 and D>1 , a lower bound for the maximum number of possible modes, and \u2013 conditionally on the assumption that the maximum number is finite \u2013 an upper bound are known. For those combinations of n and D for which the maximum number is know... | large_corpus_distillation |
linked to fewer memory traces, resulting in a low level of competition, a higher FOK rating is given, thus supporting the competition hypothesis.Certain physiological states can also influence an individual's FOK judgments. Altitude, for instance, has been shown to reduce FOK judgments, despite having no effect on reca... | large_corpus_distillation |
very well, so in any discussion you will be in a position of advantage.In 1948 Shannon published his seminal paper A Mathematical Theory of Communication, in which he devoted a section to what he calls Choice, Uncertainty, and Entropy. In this section, Shannon introduces an H function of the following form: log \u2061p... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Advanced Encryption Standard-Description of the ciphers-Optimization of the cipher On systems with 32-bit or larger words, it is possible to speed up execution of this cipher by combining the SubBytes and ShiftRows steps with the MixColumns step by transforming them into a sequence of table lookups. This requires four... | large_corpus_distillation |
"System Center Mobile Device Manager-Features-Through ActiveDirectory-based policies, the product provides the following functions: Provisioning of device settings: provisioning the managed devices with settings, such as E-mail accounts and access points.\nSettings monitoring: setting and verifying the settings of mana... | large_corpus_distillation |
"MapReduce-Criticism-The MapReduce programming paradigm was also described in Danny Hillis's 1985 thesis intended for use on the Connection Machine, where it was called \"xapping/reduction\" and relied upon that machine's special hardware to accelerate both map and reduce. The dialect ultimately used for the Connection... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Half graph-Computational complexity-Under a form of the exponential time hypothesis, there is no fixed-parameter tractable algorithm for finding a half-graph of a given size in a larger bipartite graph, either as a subgraph or an induced subgraph, when parameterized by the size of the half-graph." | large_corpus_distillation |
or \u2203k(n=2\u00d7k+1) A parallel definition is used to define the arithmetical hierarchy on finite Cartesian powers of the set of natural numbers. Instead of formulas with one free variable, formulas with k free number variables are used to define the arithmetical hierarchy on sets of k-tuples of natural numbers. T... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Largest empty rectangle-Special cases-Maximum-area square The case when the sought rectangle is an axis-oriented square may be treated using Voronoi diagrams in L1 metrics for the corresponding obstacle set, similarly to the largest empty circle problem. In particular, for the case of points within rectangle an optim... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Local homeomorphism-Examples and sufficient conditions-The function f(x)=zn on an open disk around 0 is not a local homeomorphism at 0 when 2.\nIn that case 0 is a point of \"ramification\" (intuitively, n sheets come together there). Using the inverse function theorem one can show that a continuously different... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Object categorization from image search-Object categorization in content-based image retrieval-Examples of CBIR methods that model object categories from image search are: Fergus et al., 2004 Berg and Forsyth, 2006 Yanai and Barnard, 2006 " | large_corpus_distillation |
"Natural language generation-Evaluation-Recently researchers are assessing how well human-ratings and metrics correlate with (predict) task-based evaluations. Work is being conducted in the context of Generation Challenges shared-task events. Initial results suggest that human ratings are much better than metrics in th... | large_corpus_distillation |
in even the longest flood records (see next section). More broadly, substantial evidence of climate change strongly suggests that the probability distribution is also changing and that managing flood risks in the future will become even more difficult. The simplest implication of this is that most of the historical dat... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Telescoping Markov chain-Telescoping Markov chain-In probability theory, a telescoping Markov chain (TMC) is a vector-valued stochastic process that satisfies a Markov property and admits a hierarchical format through a network of transition matrices with cascading dependence." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Twists of elliptic curves-Quadratic twist-The two elliptic curves E and Ed are not isomorphic over K , but rather over the field extension K(d) . Qualitatively speaking, the arithmetic of a curve and its quadratic twist can look very different in the field K , while the complex analysis of the curves is the same;... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Characteristic 2 type-Definitions-A group is said to be of even characteristic if CM(O2(M))\u2264O2(M) for all maximal 2-local subgroups M that contain a Sylow 2-subgroup of G.If this condition holds for all maximal 2-local subgroups M then G is said to be of characteristic 2 type.\nGorenstein, Lyons & Solomon (1994,... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Stratified randomization-Stratified random assignment-Block randomization within strata Block randomization, sometimes called permuted block randomization, applies blocks to allocate subjects from the same strata equally to each group in the study. In block randomization, allocation ratio (ratio of the number of one s... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Measure word-Classifiers versus measure words-However, the terminological distinction between classifiers and measure words is often blurred \u2013 classifiers are commonly referred to as measure words in some contexts, such as Chinese language teaching, and measure words are sometimes called mass-classifiers or simil... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Secure multi-party computation-Practical MPC systems-Yao-based protocols One of the main issues when working with Yao-based protocols is that the function to be securely evaluated (which could be an arbitrary program) must be represented as a circuit, usually consisting of XOR and AND gates. Since most real-world prog... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Mcrypt-Mcrypt-mcrypt is a replacement for the popular Unix crypt command. crypt was a file encryption tool that used an algorithm very close to the World War II Enigma cipher. Mcrypt provides the same functionality but uses several modern algorithms such as AES. Libmcrypt, Mcrypt's companion, is a library of code that... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Injector-Operation-Another common problem occurs when the incoming water is too warm and is less effective at condensing the steam in the combining cone. That can also occur if the metal body of the injector is too hot, e.g. from prolonged use.\nThe internal parts of an injector are subject to erosive wear, particular... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Fibonacci word-Definition-Enumerating items from the above definition produces: S0 0S1 01 S2 010 S3 01001 S4 01001010 S5 0100101001001 ...The first few elements of the infinite Fibonacci word are: 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1,... | large_corpus_distillation |
"BareMetal-Overview-Hardware requirements AMD/Intel based 64-bit computer Memory: 4 MB (plus 2 MB for every additional core) Hard Disk: 32 MB One task per core Multitasking on BareMetal is unusual for modern operating systems. BareMetal uses an internal work queue that all CPU cores poll. A task added to the work queue... | large_corpus_distillation |
"\u2022 \u2113(a,b) = 1I(a =6 b) ( this is the classification loss function).\n\u2022 \u2113(a,b) = |a\u2212b|.\n\u2022 \u2113(a,b) = (a\u2212b)2.\n\u2022 \u2113(a,b) = |a\u2212b|p, p \u2265 1.\nWe further assume that 0\u2264 \u2113(a,b) \u2264 1.\nRisk: risk is the expectation of the loss function, i.e.,\nR(f)= IE [\u... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Decision tree learning-Uses-Requires little data preparation. Other techniques often require data normalization. Since trees can handle qualitative predictors, there is no need to create dummy variables.\nUses a white box or open-box model. If a given situation is observable in a model the explanation for the conditio... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Nonparametric regression-Examples-Gaussian process regression or Kriging In Gaussian process regression, also known as Kriging, a Gaussian prior is assumed for the regression curve. The errors are assumed to have a multivariate normal distribution and the regression curve is estimated by its posterior mode. The Gaussi... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Three Prisoners problem-Problem-Three prisoners, A, B, and C, are in separate cells and sentenced to death. The governor has selected one of them at random to be pardoned. The warden knows which one is pardoned, but is not allowed to tell. Prisoner A begs the warden to let him know the identity of one of the two who a... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Trusted Computer System Evaluation Criteria-Divisions and classes-An example of such a system was Multics B3 \u2013 Security Domains Satisfies reference monitor requirements Structured to exclude code not essential to security policy enforcement Significant system engineering directed toward minimizing complexity Secu... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Java version history-J2SE 1.4-The February 6, 2002 release was the first release of the Java platform developed under the Java Community Process as JSR 59. Major changes included: Language changes assert keyword (specified in JSR 41) Library improvements Regular expressions modeled after Perl regular expressions Excep... | large_corpus_distillation |
N(1\u2212\u03c0) 10\nthumb is that the approximation is good if both and are greater than . The sampling distribution for the voter\n9.8.1 N(1\u2212\u03c0) 4\nexample is shown in Figure . Note that even though is only , the approximation is quite good.\nFigure 9.8.1: The sampling distribution of p. Vertical bars are th... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Book series-Book series-A book series is a sequence of books having certain characteristics in common that are formally identified together as a group. Book series can be organized in different ways, such as written by the same author, or marketed as a group by their publisher." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Ecological correlation-Ecological correlation-In statistics, an ecological correlation (also spatial correlation) is a correlation between two variables that are group means, in contrast to a correlation between two variables that describe individuals. For example, one might study the correlation between physical acti... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Thread (computing)-Scheduling-Systems with a single processor generally implement multithreading by time slicing: the central processing unit (CPU) switches between different software threads. This context switching usually occurs frequently enough that users perceive the threads or tasks as running in parallel (for p... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Simple polygon-Computational problems-The visibility polygon of an interior point of a simple polygon, the points that are directly visible from the given point by line segments interior to the polygon, can be constructed in linear time. The same is true for the subset that is visible from at least one point of a give... | large_corpus_distillation |
"K-nearest neighbors algorithm-Data reduction-Data reduction is one of the most important problems for work with huge data sets. Usually, only some of the data points are needed for accurate classification. Those data are called the prototypes and can be found as follows: Select the class-outliers, that is, training da... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Gene Disease Database-Types of databases-Essentially, there are four types of databases: curated databases, predictive databases, literature databases and integrative databases Curated databases The term curated data refers to information, that may comprise the most sophisticated computational formats for structured d... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Unimodular matrix-Total unimodularity-5. Ghouila-Houri showed that a matrix is TU iff for every subset R of rows, there is an assignment s:R\u2192\u00b11 of signs to rows so that the signed sum \u2211r\u2208Rs(r)r (which is a row vector of the same width as the matrix) has all its entries in {0,\u00b11} (i.e. the r... | large_corpus_distillation |
"T9 (predictive text)-Examples-On a phone with a numeric keypad, each time a key (1-9) is pressed (when in a text field), the algorithm returns a guess for what letters are most likely for the keys pressed to that point. For example, to enter the word 'the', the user would press 8 then 4 then 3, and the display would d... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Transshipment problem-Solution-In mathematical form The goal is to find xi,m+j\u22650 which minimize z=max{ti,m+j\u2032:xi,m+j>0(i=1\u2026m,j=1\u2026n)} such that \u2211i=1mxi,m+j=ai \u2211j=1nxi,m+j=bm+j \u2211i=1mai=\u2211j=1nbm+j This problem is easy to be solved with the method developed by Prakash. The set {ti,... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Subgroup-Other examples-The even integers form a subgroup 2Z of the integer ring Z: the sum of two even integers is even, and the negative of an even integer is even.\nAn ideal in a ring R is a subgroup of the additive group of R A linear subspace of a vector space is a subgroup of the additive group of vectors.\nIn... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Linear inequality-Linear inequality-In mathematics a linear inequality is an inequality which involves a linear function. A linear inequality contains one of the symbols of inequality: < less than > greater than \u2264 less than or equal to \u2265 greater than or equal to \u2260 not equal toA linear inequality looks e... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Derivation (differential algebra)-Derivation (differential algebra)-In mathematics, a derivation is a function on an algebra which generalizes certain features of the derivative operator. Specifically, given an algebra A over a ring or a field K, a K-derivation is a K-linear map D : A \u2192 A that satisfies Leibniz's... | large_corpus_distillation |
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