claim_id int64 0 3.13k | claim stringlengths 26 406 | evidence stringlengths 13 1.4k | evidence_label stringclasses 3
values | label stringclasses 3
values | category stringlengths 2 71 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2,243 | The CO2 amplifies the warming and mixes through the atmosphere, spreading warming throughout the planet. | Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century. | SUPPORTS | entailment | Carbon dioxide |
2,219 | The increase in temperatures since 1975 is a consistent feature of all reconstructions. | published on 10 February 2005 used a wavelet transform technique to reconstruct Northern Hemisphere temperatures over the last 2,000 years, combining low-resolution proxy data such as lake and ocean sediments for century-scale or longer changes, with tree ring proxies only used for annual to decadal resolution. | SUPPORTS | entailment | Hockey stick graph |
538 | Previous studies have shown that weakening carbon sinks will add 0.25°C, forest dieback will add 0.11°C, permafrost thaw will add 0.9°C and increased bacterial respiration will add 0.02°C. | According to a study published in 2016, about 0.5 °C (0.90 °F) of the warming in the Arctic has been attributed to reductions in sulfate aerosols in Europe since 1980. | NOT_ENOUGH_INFO | neutral | Climate change in the Arctic |
2,128 | Less than half of published scientists endorse global warming | Scientists Reach 100% Consensus on Anthropogenic Global Warming. | REFUTES | contradiction | Scientific consensus on climate change |
2,755 | Global warming is an increasingly urgent problem. | "Climate Change and Financial Instability Seen as Top Global Threats". | NOT_ENOUGH_INFO | neutral | Global warming |
880 | The peer-reviewed study by two scientists and a veteran statistician looked at the global average temperature datasets[…] | In 2017, The Daily Caller published a story falsely claiming that a "peer-reviewed study" by "two scientists and a veteran statistician" found that recent years have not been the warmest ever. | NOT_ENOUGH_INFO | neutral | The Daily Caller |
554 | The heaviest precipitation events will become more frequent and more extreme. | The eyewall is where the greatest wind speeds are found, air rises most rapidly, clouds reach their highest altitude, and precipitation is the heaviest. | NOT_ENOUGH_INFO | neutral | Tropical cyclone |
910 | The cement, iron and steel, and petroleum refining industries could see their production cut by 21% 19%, and 11% respectively.” | Improvements in existing plants reduced steel-industry energy consumption from 73.8 million tons of coal in 1978 to 69.1 million tons in 1983, and production increased by 26 percent. | REFUTES | contradiction | Technological and industrial history of China |
2,111 | 'Global warming' and 'climate change' mean different things and have both been used for decades. | Global warming and climate change are often used interchangeably. | REFUTES | contradiction | Global warming |
1,689 | Evidence is building that net cloud feedback is likely positive and unlikely to be strongly negative. | A 2007 analysis of 1,016 systematic reviews from all 50 Cochrane Collaboration Review Groups found that 44% of the reviews concluded that the intervention was likely to be beneficial, 7% concluded that the intervention was likely to be harmful, and 49% concluded that evidence did not support either benefit or harm. | NOT_ENOUGH_INFO | neutral | Evidence-based medicine |
862 | In the sugarcane region of El Salvador, as much as one-fifth of the population has chronic kidney disease, including over a quarter of the men, the presumed result of dehydration from working the fields they were able to comfortably harvest as recently as two decades ago. | Serum creatinine is measured to assess for the presence of kidney disease, which can be either the cause or the result of hypertension. | NOT_ENOUGH_INFO | neutral | Hypertension |
196 | Without carbon dioxide, all life on Earth would die | Plants, algae and cyanobacteria use light energy to photosynthesize carbohydrate from carbon dioxide and water, with oxygen produced as a waste product. | NOT_ENOUGH_INFO | neutral | Carbon dioxide |
3,090 | A generous estimate of the energy generated by satellites is around 1 million times too small to cause global warming. | Global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions in 2010 were equivalent to 49 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide (using the most recent global warming potentials over 100 years from the AR5 report). | NOT_ENOUGH_INFO | neutral | Global warming |
1,558 | 2nd law of thermodynamics contradicts greenhouse theory. | Loschmidt's paradox, also known as the reversibility paradox, is the objection that it should not be possible to deduce an irreversible process from the time-symmetric dynamics that describe the microscopic evolution of a macroscopic system. | NOT_ENOUGH_INFO | neutral | Second law of thermodynamics |
1,223 | Ice cap is disappearing far more rapidly than previously estimated, and is part of a long-term trend, new research shows | The data show a long-term negative trend in recent years, attributed to global warming, although there is also a considerable amount of variation from year to year. | SUPPORTS | entailment | Climate change in the Arctic |
2,711 | 'Antarctic sea ice set a new record in October 2007, as photographs distributed by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration showed penguins and other cold-weather creatures able to stand farther north on Southern Hemisphere sea ice than has ever been recorded. | Increased melting of Arctic ice since 2007 enables ships to travel the Northwest Passage for some weeks in summertime, avoiding the longer routes via the Suez Canal or the Panama Canal. | NOT_ENOUGH_INFO | neutral | Sea |
1,468 | The bushfires in Australia were caused by arsonists and a series of lightning strikes, not 'climate change'. | The 2007 Kangaroo Island bushfires were a series of bushfires caused by lightning strikes on 6 December 2007 on Kangaroo Island, South Australia, resulting in the destruction of 95,000 hectares (230,000 acres) of national park and wilderness protection area. | SUPPORTS | entailment | 2007 Kangaroo Island bushfires |
2,304 | We expect to see record cold temperatures even during global warming. | Multiple independently produced instrumental datasets confirm that the 2009–2018 decade was 0.93 ± 0.07 °C warmer than the pre-industrial baseline (1850–1900). | NOT_ENOUGH_INFO | neutral | Global warming |
3,049 | that atmospheric CO2 increase that we observe is a product of temperature increase, and not the other way around, meaning it is a product of natural variation... | These isotope changes occurred due to the release of carbon from the ocean into the atmosphere that led to a temperature increase of 4-8 °C (7-14 °F) at the surface of the ocean. | NOT_ENOUGH_INFO | neutral | Eocene |
3,056 | "The observed data show that CFCs conspiring with cosmic rays most likely caused both the Antarctic ozone hole and global warming... | "Ozone hole-forming chemical emissions increasing and mysterious source in East Asia may be responsible". | NOT_ENOUGH_INFO | neutral | Chlorofluorocarbon |
2,206 | No climate model has predicted a cooling of the Earth – quite the contrary. | Most contemporary scientists thought that the Earth had been gradually cooling down since its birth as a molten globe. | NOT_ENOUGH_INFO | neutral | Ice age |
3,110 | In those days you couldn’t have seen across the street for all the carbon emissions and the crap coming out of the chimneys.' | Smoke and carbon monoxide from wildfires. | NOT_ENOUGH_INFO | neutral | Air pollution |
1,420 | Concentrated in the atmosphere, these gases do not allow the warmth of the sun’s rays reflected by the earth to be dispersed in space. | The resultant molecular oxygen (O 2) accumulated in the atmosphere and due to interaction with ultraviolet solar radiation, formed a protective ozone layer (O 3) in the upper atmosphere. | NOT_ENOUGH_INFO | neutral | Earth |
467 | This is the South Pole ice, 90% of Earth’s ice, and it’s getting thicker. | It is estimated there is at least 600 million tons of ice at the north pole in sheets of relatively pure ice at least a couple of meters thick. | NOT_ENOUGH_INFO | neutral | Colonization of the Moon |
2,549 | "Many people think the science of climate change is settled. | A question that frequently arises in popular discussion is whether there is a scientific consensus on climate change. | NOT_ENOUGH_INFO | neutral | Scientific consensus on climate change |
2,632 | At least close to the new spot and to the equator, nothing less than global warming is expected" | Surface temperature increases are greatest in the Arctic, which has contributed to the retreat of glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice. | NOT_ENOUGH_INFO | neutral | Global warming |
3,111 | Ljungqvist's millennial temperature reconstruction was very similar to Moberg et al. | Ljungqvist 2010 "A New Reconstruction of Temperature Variability in the Extra-Tropical Northern Hemisphere During the Last Two Millennia". | NOT_ENOUGH_INFO | neutral | List of large-scale temperature reconstructions of the last 2,000 years |
1,175 | But the observed warming as monitored by satellites (our only truly global monitoring system) has been only about half of what computerized climate models say should be happening. | Solar irradiance has been measured directly by satellites, and indirect measurements are available beginning in the early 1600s. | NOT_ENOUGH_INFO | neutral | Global warming |
3,039 | Hocker is claiming that his model shows that the long-term upward trend in CO2 is explained by temperature, when his methods actually removed the long-term trend. | These models project an upward trend in the surface temperature record, as well as a more rapid increase in temperature at higher altitudes. | NOT_ENOUGH_INFO | neutral | General circulation model |
581 | the kind of extreme heat we saw this past summer will be the norm | Summer 2013–14 was warmer than average for the entirety of Australia. | NOT_ENOUGH_INFO | neutral | Climate change in Australia |
1,790 | Study finds low probability of both very low and very high climate sensitivities, and its lower estimate (as compared to the IPCC) is based on a new temperature reconstruction of the Last Glacial Maximum that may or may not withstand the test of time. | "A lower and more constrained estimate of climate sensitivity using updated observations and detailed radiative forcing time series". | NOT_ENOUGH_INFO | neutral | Climate sensitivity |
2,817 | The Petition Project features over 31,000 scientists signing the petition stating "there is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide will, in the forseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere". | In November 2017, a second warning to humanity signed by 15,364 scientists from 184 countries stated that "the current trajectory of potentially catastrophic climate change due to rising greenhouse gases from burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and agricultural production – particularly from farming ruminants for meat... | REFUTES | contradiction | Global warming |
99 | Most likely the primary control knob [on climate change] is the ocean waters and this environment that we live in. | Alterations to the ocean currents, due to increased freshwater inputs from glacier melt, and the potential alterations to thermohaline circulation of the worlds oceans, may affect existing fisheries upon which humans depend as well. | NOT_ENOUGH_INFO | neutral | Climate change and ecosystems |
168 | As the temperature has increased, so has the ability of scientists to determine whether specific events are linked to climate change. | Although proving that particular weather events are due specifically to global warming may never be possible, methodologies have been developed to show the increased risk of such events caused by global warming. | SUPPORTS | entailment | Climate change mitigation |
3,114 | 'What I can comment on is this prediction by Dr. Hansen: “The West Side Highway [which runs along the Hudson River] will be under water.” | UDC's "Water Edge Study" called for the highway to be routed above the water at the ends of the then mostly abandoned piers on the Hudson River and the addition of hundreds of acres of concrete platforms between the bulkhead and the pierhead lines for parks and apartments. | NOT_ENOUGH_INFO | neutral | West Side Highway |
2,445 | When all forcings are combined, they show good correlation to global temperature throughout the 20th century including the mid-century cooling period. | There is still a very poor understanding of the correlation between low sunspot activity and cooling temperatures. | REFUTES | contradiction | Little Ice Age |
695 | Models are too sensitive to increases in carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere, he said. | The equilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS) is the temperature increase that would result from sustained doubling of the concentration of carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere, after the Earth's energy budget and the climate system reach radiative equilibrium. | NOT_ENOUGH_INFO | neutral | Climate sensitivity |
169 | They can now model how likely a specific event would be to occur under historical conditions, compared to the record temperatures we’re experiencing. | A 2012 paper in the journal Science examined the geological record in an attempt to find a historical analog for current global conditions as well as those of the future. | NOT_ENOUGH_INFO | neutral | Ocean acidification |
279 | In one particularly damning email, CRU director Phil Jones said he had used ‘Mike’s Nature trick’ to ‘hide the decline’ in temperatures in the second half of the 20th century. | He temporarily stepped aside from Director of the CRU in November 2009 following a controversy over e-mails which were stolen and published by person(s) unknown. | NOT_ENOUGH_INFO | neutral | Phil Jones (climatologist) |
1,702 | CO2 levels are measured by hundreds of stations across the globe, all reporting the same trend. | There are several surface measurement (including flasks and continuous in situ) networks including NOAA/ERSL, WDCGG, and RAMCES. | SUPPORTS | entailment | Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere |
1,325 | “The Lancet researchers found that about 0.5%—half a percent—of all deaths are associated with heat, not only from acute problems like heat stroke, but also increased mortality from cardiac events and dehydration. | The World Health Organization estimated in 2004, that 12.2% of worldwide deaths were from ischemic heart disease; with it being the leading cause of death in high- or middle-income countries and second only to lower respiratory infections in lower-income countries. | NOT_ENOUGH_INFO | neutral | Myocardial infarction |
2,688 | Pluto's climate change over the last 14 years is likely a seasonal event. | Each planet therefore has seasons, changes to the climate over the course of its year. | SUPPORTS | entailment | Planet |
99 | Most likely the primary control knob [on climate change] is the ocean waters and this environment that we live in. | Eventually the planet will warm to such a degree that the ocean's ability to dissolve water will no longer exist, resulting in a worldwide dead zone. | NOT_ENOUGH_INFO | neutral | Climate change and ecosystems |
712 | “Instead of a three-foot increase in ocean levels by the end of the century, six feet was more likely, according to DeConto and Pollard’s findings. | If the sheet were to break down, ocean levels would rise by several metres in a relatively geologically short period of time, perhaps a matter of centuries. | SUPPORTS | entailment | Antarctica |
2,679 | "The solubility of carbon dioxide in water is listed in the Handbook of Chemistry and Physics as a declining function of temperature. ... | Also, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) writes in their Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report: "The uptake of anthropogenic carbon since 1750 has led to the ocean becoming more acidic with an average decrease in pH of 0.1 units. | NOT_ENOUGH_INFO | neutral | Carbon dioxide |
2,593 | [T]he study indicates “Greenland’s ice may be less susceptible to the massive meltdown predicted by computer models of climate change, the main author ... said in an interview. ... | "Greenland enters melt mode". | REFUTES | contradiction | Greenland ice sheet |
235 | The planet’s average ground temperature has risen by around 1.62F (0.9C) | About a billion years from now, all surface water will have disappeared and the mean global temperature will reach 70 °C (158 °F). | NOT_ENOUGH_INFO | neutral | Earth |
1,021 | The corals may save themselves, as many other creatures are attempting to do, by moving toward the poles as the Earth warms, establishing new reefs in cooler water.” | In the modern thermohaline circulation, warm tropical water becomes colder and saltier at the poles and sinks (downwelling or deep water formation) that occurs at the North Atlantic near the North Pole and the Southern Ocean near the Antarctic Peninsula. | NOT_ENOUGH_INFO | neutral | Paleocene |
1,057 | “Moreover, the ocean already contains so-called oxygen minimum zones, generally found in the middle depths. | Dead zones are hypoxic (low-oxygen) areas in the world's oceans and large lakes, caused by "excessive nutrient pollution from human activities coupled with other factors that deplete the oxygen required to support most marine life in bottom and near-bottom water. | SUPPORTS | entailment | Dead zone (ecology) |
1,255 | the first scientists to show that the thick icecap that once covered the Arctic ocean was beginning to thin and shrink. | The summer shrinking of the ice has been quoted at 50%. | NOT_ENOUGH_INFO | neutral | Arctic Ocean |
2,857 | Weather is chaotic because air is light, it has low friction and viscosity, it expands strongly when in contact with hot surfaces and it conducts heat poorly. | The bulk viscosity (also called volume viscosity) expresses a type of internal friction that resists the shearless compression or expansion of a fluid. | NOT_ENOUGH_INFO | neutral | Viscosity |
2,765 | "Earth’s Albedo has risen in the past few years, and by doing reconstructions of the past albedo, it appears that there was a significant reduction in Earth’s albedo leading up to a lull in 1997. | The reduction of snow cover and sea ice in the Arctic reduces the albedo of the Earth's surface. | NOT_ENOUGH_INFO | neutral | Global warming |
293 | When the measuring equipment gets old and needs replacing, it often requires re-calibration. | Common in the oil and gas industry to replace old or damaged pipes on a like-for-like basis, the advantage of dimensional control survey is that the instrument used to conduct the survey does not need to be level. | NOT_ENOUGH_INFO | neutral | Surveying |
2,084 | Hurricanes aren't linked to global warming | Global warming contributes 0.6°C to this. | NOT_ENOUGH_INFO | neutral | Hurricane Sandy |
428 | Brooks added that Antarctic ice is growing. | A 2006 paper derived from satellite data, measuring changes in the gravity of the ice mass, suggests that the total amount of ice in Antarctica has begun decreasing in the past few years. | REFUTES | contradiction | Antarctic ice sheet |
74 | The models predicted about three times the amount of warming in the world we’ve seen since [1988]. | Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) in a moderate scenario, or as much as 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) in an extreme scenario, depending on the rate of future greenhouse gas em... | NOT_ENOUGH_INFO | neutral | Global warming |
1,487 | NASA has been adjusting temperatures from the past[...] | On January 14, 1958, NACA Director Hugh Dryden published "A National Research Program for Space Technology" stating: Play media It is of great urgency and importance to our country both from consideration of our prestige as a nation as well as military necessity that this challenge [Sputnik] be met by an energetic prog... | NOT_ENOUGH_INFO | neutral | NASA |
1,793 | While summer maximums have showed little trend, the annual average Arctic temperature has risen sharply in recent decades. | The rate of Arctic cooling is roughly 0.02 °C per century. | REFUTES | contradiction | Little Ice Age |
2,798 | While changes in cloud cover & aerosols lead to more sunlight hitting the surface, this can be compensated by the cooling effect on the atmosphere due to fewer clouds trapping less warmth and fewer absorbing aerosols absorbing less sunlight. | For instance, if absorbing aerosols are present in a layer aloft in the atmosphere, they can heat surrounding air which inhibits the condensation of water vapour, resulting in less cloud formation. | SUPPORTS | entailment | Particulates |
2,223 | Because current climate change is so rapid, the way species typically adapt (eg - migration) is, in most cases, simply not be possible. | Invading species have been shown to adapt to their new environments in a remarkably short amount of time. | NOT_ENOUGH_INFO | neutral | Invasive species |
1,729 | A large amount of warming is delayed, and if we don’t act now we could pass tipping points. | Both the Greenland ice sheet and Antarctica have tipping points for warming levels that could be reached before the end of the 21st century. | SUPPORTS | entailment | Sea level rise |
18 | it’s not a pollutant that threatens human civilization. | An air pollutant is a material in the air that can have adverse effects on humans and the ecosystem. | REFUTES | contradiction | Air pollution |
871 | “As it happens, Zika may also be a good model of the second worrying effect — disease mutation. | Zika also appears to have an equal tropism for cells of the developing eye, leading to high rates of eye abnormalities as well. | NOT_ENOUGH_INFO | neutral | Zika fever |
2,560 | In the 11,400 years since the end of the last Ice Age, sea level has risen at an average of 4 feet/century, though it is now rising much more slowly because very nearly all of the land-based ice that is at low enough latitudes and altitudes to melt has long since gone." | During the last glacial period the sea-level has fluctuated 20–30 m as water was sequestered, primarily in the Northern Hemisphere ice sheets. | NOT_ENOUGH_INFO | neutral | Ice age |
455 | Climate scientists are telling us it’s likely we’re going to be in for a period of cooling. | Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) in a moderate scenario, or as much as 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) in an extreme scenario, depending on the rate of future greenhouse gas em... | REFUTES | contradiction | Global warming |
2,587 | If the CO2 effect was saturated, adding more CO2 should add no additional greenhouse effect. | This increase of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere has produced the current episode of global warming. | NOT_ENOUGH_INFO | neutral | Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere |
1,947 | President-elect Trump has selected a climate change skeptic to head the team in charge of the transition between Obama and Trump's Environmental Protection Agencies. | President-elect Donald J. Trump today announced the formation of the White House National Trade Council (NTC) and his selection of Dr. Peter Navarro to serve as Assistant to the President and Director of Trade and Industrial Policy. | NOT_ENOUGH_INFO | neutral | Donald Trump 2016 presidential campaign |
816 | While geologists have studied events in the past similar to what appears to be happening today, scientists are largely unsure of what lies ahead. | In Hutton's words: "the past history of our globe must be explained by what can be seen to be happening now." | SUPPORTS | entailment | Geology |
812 | The human contribution can be up to 30 percent or so of the total rainfall coming out of the storm | On average, a quarter of its annual rainfall is contributed from tropical cyclones, which are more prevalent during periods of La Niña than El Niño. | NOT_ENOUGH_INFO | neutral | Puerto Rico |
2,797 | Global brightening is caused by changes in cloud cover, reflective aerosols and absorbing aerosols. | Aerosols and other particulates absorb solar energy and reflect sunlight back into space. | SUPPORTS | entailment | Global dimming |
2,333 | "While major green house gas H2O substantially warms the Earth, minor green house gases such as CO2 have little effect.... | The surprising effect of this is that the global warming potential of CO is three times that of CO 2. | NOT_ENOUGH_INFO | neutral | Greenhouse gas |
1,773 | The global trend is calculated from hundreds of CO2 measuring stations and confirmed by satellites. | More precise data gathered from satellite radar measurements reveal an accelerating rise of 7.5 cm (3.0 in) from 1993 to 2017, which is a trend of roughly 30 cm (12 in) per century. | NOT_ENOUGH_INFO | neutral | Sea level rise |
1,567 | IPCC overestimate temperature rise. | Under the pledges of the countries entering the Paris Accord, a sharp rise of 3.1 to 3.7 °C is still expected to occur by 2100. | REFUTES | contradiction | Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change |
2,402 | Although it has some very important and beneficial effects, CO2 meets the legal and encyclopedic definitions of a "pollutant", and human CO2 emissions pose a threat to public health and welfare. | More favourable effects on yield tend to depend to a large extent on realization of the potentially beneficial effects of carbon dioxide on crop growth and increase of efficiency in water use. | NOT_ENOUGH_INFO | neutral | Climate change and agriculture |
764 | […]You can think of global warming as one type of climate change. | Climate change refers to a broad range of global phenomena ...[which] include the increased temperature trends described by global warming." | SUPPORTS | entailment | Climate change (general concept) |
3,104 | the satellite sensors show less warming in the lower troposphere (approximately 10,000 feet above the earth’s surface) than is reported by surface temperature readings. | According to basic physical principles, the greenhouse effect produces warming of the lower atmosphere (the troposphere), but cooling of the upper atmosphere (the stratosphere). | SUPPORTS | entailment | Global warming |
2,461 | Early 20th century warming was in large part due to rising solar activity and relatively quiet volcanic activity. | "Impact of powerful volcanic eruptions and solar activity on the climate above the Arctic Circle". | NOT_ENOUGH_INFO | neutral | Huaynaputina |
2,430 | Even during a period of long term warming, there are short periods of cooling due to climate variability. | Orbital forcing from cycles in the earth's orbit around the sun has, for the past 2,000 years, caused a long-term northern hemisphere cooling trend that continued through the Middle Ages and the Little Ice Age. | NOT_ENOUGH_INFO | neutral | Little Ice Age |
6 | The polar bear population has been growing. | The growth of the human population in the Eurasian Arctic in the 16th and 17th century, together with the advent of firearms and increasing trade, dramatically increased the harvest of polar bears. | NOT_ENOUGH_INFO | neutral | Polar bear |
577 | ‘Heatwaves are far more intense than when my parents were growing up in the 1950s. | The World Meteorological Organization, defines a heat wave as 5 or more consecutive days of prolonged heat in which the daily maximum temperature is higher than the average maximum temperature by 5 °C (9 °F) or more. | NOT_ENOUGH_INFO | neutral | Heat wave |
2,040 | Any action by Australia to reduce emissions of fossil fuels would not help to protect the reef unless there is an effective international agreement by major emitters. | The Montreal Protocol is an international treaty that has successfully reduced emissions of ozone-depleting substances (for example, CFCs), which are also greenhouse gases. | NOT_ENOUGH_INFO | neutral | Climate change mitigation |
567 | But as the change gets larger or more persistent … it appears they underestimate climate change | Sea level rise since 1990 was underestimated in older models, but now agrees well with observations. | NOT_ENOUGH_INFO | neutral | Global warming |
689 | The heat extremes were especially pervasive in the Arctic, with temperatures in the fall running 20 to 30 degrees Fahrenheit above normal across large stretches of the Arctic Ocean. | Play media Under the influence of the Quaternary glaciation, the Arctic Ocean is contained in a polar climate characterized by persistent cold and relatively narrow annual temperature ranges. | NOT_ENOUGH_INFO | neutral | Arctic Ocean |
302 | In addition, [climate models] ignore the fact that enriching the atmosphere with CO2 is beneficial | Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, and nitrous oxide. | NOT_ENOUGH_INFO | neutral | Global warming |
2,531 | "In 1999 New Scientist reported a comment by the leading Indian glaciologist Syed Hasnain, who said in an email interview with this author that all the glaciers in the central and eastern Himalayas could disappear by 2035. | New Scientist has drawn attention to Hasnain's claim about the timing of glaciers disappearing: "Glaciers in the Himalaya are receding faster than in any other part of the world and, if the present rate continues, the likelihood of them disappearing by the year 2035 is very high," says the International Commission for ... | SUPPORTS | entailment | Criticism of the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report |
3,119 | CO2 constitutes 80% of the non-condensing greenhouse gas forcing. | The trucking and haulage industry plays a part in production of CO 2, contributing around 20% of the UK's total carbon emissions a year, with only the energy industry having a larger impact at around 39%. | REFUTES | contradiction | Greenhouse gas |
2,032 | The lack of any sunspots suggests the current solar minimum is one of the 'deepest' in 100 years. | At solar-cycle minimum, the toroidal field is, correspondingly, at minimum strength, sunspots are relatively rare, and the poloidal field is at its maximum strength. | NOT_ENOUGH_INFO | neutral | Sun |
1,712 | The sun has not warmed since 1970 and so cannot be driving global warming. | Since the 1950s, droughts and heat waves have appeared simultaneously with increasing frequency. | SUPPORTS | entailment | Global warming |
1,157 | “In 2013 the level of U.S. farm output was about 2.7 times its 1948 level, and productivity was growing at an average annual rate of 1.52%. | GDP per employed person increased at an average 1.5% rate during the Reagan administration, compared to an average 0.6% during the preceding eight years. | NOT_ENOUGH_INFO | neutral | Reaganomics |
2,522 | The effect of this disparity is that thermal radiation escaping to space comes mostly from the cold upper atmosphere, while the surface is maintained at a substantially warmer temperature. | The climate is colder at high altitudes than at sea level because of the decreased air density. | NOT_ENOUGH_INFO | neutral | Earth |
2,763 | The long term trend from albedo is of cooling. | A layer of snowfall increases local albedo, reflecting away sunlight, leading to local cooling. | SUPPORTS | entailment | Albedo |
688 | “The arc of global warming will be variously steep and less steep,’ said Richard Seager, a climate scientist at the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University. | The Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory (LDEO) is a research unit of Columbia University located on a 157-acre (64 ha) campus in Palisades, N.Y., 18 miles (29 km) north of Manhattan on the Hudson River. | NOT_ENOUGH_INFO | neutral | Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory |
161 | Extreme melting and changes to the climate like this has released pressure on to the continent, allowing the ground to rise up. | Under the influence of global warming, melt at the base of the ice sheet increases. | NOT_ENOUGH_INFO | neutral | Sea level rise |
1,389 | If global warming caused the 2014 Queensland heat wave, why wasn’t it as severe as the 1972 Queensland heat wave?” | By 2014, another report revealed that, due to the change in climatic patterns, the heat waves were found to be increasingly more frequent and severe, with an earlier start to the season and longer duration. | NOT_ENOUGH_INFO | neutral | Climate change in Australia |
990 | many of south Florida’s drainage systems and seawalls are no longer enough | Heavy rains and poor drainage in some areas flooded basements, lawns, and streets. | NOT_ENOUGH_INFO | neutral | Hurricane Donna |
2,059 | Heat Waves are increasing at an alarming rate and heat kills. | Severe heat waves have caused catastrophic crop failures, thousands of deaths from hyperthermia, and widespread power outages due to increased use of air conditioning. | NOT_ENOUGH_INFO | neutral | Heat wave |
1,135 | Scientists confirm a mass bleaching event on the Great Barrier Reef this year has killed more corals than ever before, with more than two thirds destroyed across large swathes of the biodiverse site. | In 2016, bleaching of coral on the Great Barrier Reef killed between 29 and 50 percent of the reef's coral. | SUPPORTS | entailment | Coral bleaching |
250 | CO2 is not powerful in that sense, the only thing it does in the system is make the planet greener. | But it is not a socialized collectivity of labor and it lacks significant power to disrupt or seize the means of production. | NOT_ENOUGH_INFO | neutral | City |
1,525 | Earth's changing climate is a critical issue and poses the risk of significant environmental, social and economic disruptions around the globe. | Climate change refers to a lasting change in the Earth's climate. | NOT_ENOUGH_INFO | neutral | Global catastrophic risk |
1,837 | A major part of the climate change bill sponsored by Sens. John Kerry and Joe Lieberman "was essentially written by BP." | A release from the presidential campaign of presumptive Democratic nominee Al Gore listed Kerry on the short list to be selected as the vice-presidential nominee, along with North Carolina Senator John Edwards, Indiana Senator Evan Bayh, Missouri Congressman Richard Gephardt, New Hampshire Governor Jeanne Shaheen and C... | NOT_ENOUGH_INFO | neutral | John Kerry |
Subsets and Splits
SQL Console for Yoonseong/climatebert_factcheck
The query retrieves all entries from the train dataset where the evidence label is 'SUPPORTS', providing basic filtering of the data.