Datasets:

zjlergf
/

biomed-qa-20k-with-context

Error code:   DatasetGenerationError
Exception:    TypeError
Message:      Couldn't cast array of type
struct<A: string, B: string, C: string, D: string, E: string, F: string, G: string, H: string, I: string, J: string>
to
{'A': Value('string'), 'B': Value('string'), 'C': Value('string')}
Traceback:    Traceback (most recent call last):
                File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 1816, in _prepare_split_single
                  for key, table in generator:
                                    ^^^^^^^^^
                File "/src/services/worker/src/worker/job_runners/config/parquet_and_info.py", line 613, in wrapped
                  for item in generator(*args, **kwargs):
                              ~~~~~~~~~^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
                File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/datasets/packaged_modules/json/json.py", line 343, in _generate_tables
                  self._cast_table(pa_table, json_field_paths=json_field_paths),
                  ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
                File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/datasets/packaged_modules/json/json.py", line 132, in _cast_table
                  pa_table = table_cast(pa_table, self.info.features.arrow_schema)
                File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/datasets/table.py", line 2369, in table_cast
                  return cast_table_to_schema(table, schema)
                File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/datasets/table.py", line 2303, in cast_table_to_schema
                  cast_array_to_feature(
                  ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^
                      table[name] if name in table_column_names else pa.array([None] * len(table), type=schema.field(name).type),
                      ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
                      feature,
                      ^^^^^^^^
                  )
                  ^
                File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/datasets/table.py", line 1852, in wrapper
                  return pa.chunked_array([func(chunk, *args, **kwargs) for chunk in array.chunks])
                                           ~~~~^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
                File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/datasets/table.py", line 2149, in cast_array_to_feature
                  raise TypeError(f"Couldn't cast array of type\n{_short_str(array.type)}\nto\n{_short_str(feature)}")
              TypeError: Couldn't cast array of type
              struct<A: string, B: string, C: string, D: string, E: string, F: string, G: string, H: string, I: string, J: string>
              to
              {'A': Value('string'), 'B': Value('string'), 'C': Value('string')}
              
              The above exception was the direct cause of the following exception:
              
              Traceback (most recent call last):
                File "/src/services/worker/src/worker/job_runners/config/parquet_and_info.py", line 1369, in compute_config_parquet_and_info_response
                  parquet_operations, partial, estimated_dataset_info = stream_convert_to_parquet(
                                                                        ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^
                      builder, max_dataset_size_bytes=max_dataset_size_bytes
                      ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
                  )
                  ^
                File "/src/services/worker/src/worker/job_runners/config/parquet_and_info.py", line 948, in stream_convert_to_parquet
                  builder._prepare_split(split_generator=splits_generators[split], file_format="parquet")
                  ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
                File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 1683, in _prepare_split
                  for job_id, done, content in self._prepare_split_single(
                                               ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^
                      gen_kwargs=gen_kwargs, job_id=job_id, **_prepare_split_args
                      ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
                  ):
                  ^
                File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 1869, in _prepare_split_single
                  raise DatasetGenerationError("An error occurred while generating the dataset") from e
              datasets.exceptions.DatasetGenerationError: An error occurred while generating the dataset

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id string	track string	domain string	subdomain string	task_type string	ability string	question string	instruction string	context string	choices dict	answer string	answer_text string	answer_type string	gold_rationale string	source_dataset string	source_id string	source_url string	license string	split string	eval_metric string	auto_evaluable bool	modality string	image null	difficulty string	notes string
biomed_pubmedqa_train_000000	biomedical	biomedical	clinical_research	literature_qa	evidence_based_reasoning	Do outcomes of trauma patients after transfer to a level I trauma center?	Based on the abstract in context, answer yes, no, or maybe.	Trauma center physicians need to know the patient's prognosis to make appropriate clinical decisions when they take over the care of a transferred patient. We sought to compare the survival of injured patients after transfer to a trauma center with survival from a comparable time after injury among patients who had bee...	{ "A": "yes", "B": "no", "C": "maybe" }	A	yes	yes_no_maybe	After accounting for key demographic and clinical characteristics, transfer status does not appear to be a significant independent predictor of survival among patients with moderate to severe injuries treated at Level I trauma centers.	PubMedQA	PMID:18545129	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18545129/	MIT	train	accuracy	true	text	null	unknown	pqa_artificial; context=摘要(去结论防泄露), 结论移入 gold_rationale; 按 pubid 稳定哈希切分(同 PMID 不跨集); artificial 按 decision 分层限量以均衡答案分布
biomed_pubmedqa_train_000001	biomedical	biomedical	clinical_research	literature_qa	evidence_based_reasoning	Are s values a signature for a significant contribution of neutrons to the radiation dose received by atomic-bomb survivors?	Based on the abstract in context, answer yes, no, or maybe.	It has been proposed previously that the ratio of complete to incomplete translocations as seen by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), the S value, can be a cytogenetic fingerprint of exposure to radiation of different qualities. Results from a previous study suggested that the S value is approximately 10 for sp...	{ "A": "yes", "B": "no", "C": "maybe" }	B	no	yes_no_maybe	S values seem to vary among laboratories even after exposure of cells to sparsely ionizing radiations. Data from this study show that S values are not a signature for a significant contribution of neutrons to the radiation dose received by A-bomb survivors in Hiroshima.	PubMedQA	PMID:9972790	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9972790/	MIT	train	accuracy	true	text	null	unknown	pqa_artificial; context=摘要(去结论防泄露), 结论移入 gold_rationale; 按 pubid 稳定哈希切分(同 PMID 不跨集); artificial 按 decision 分层限量以均衡答案分布
biomed_pubmedqa_train_000002	biomedical	biomedical	clinical_research	literature_qa	evidence_based_reasoning	Does yoga reduce perceived stress and exhaustion levels in healthy elderly individuals?	Based on the abstract in context, answer yes, no, or maybe.	This study investigated whether a 7-week yoga intervention could improve physical function, perceived stress, and mental/emotional wellness in elderly participants. 8 participants (66.5 ± 0.3 years) attended 2 60-min Hatha yoga sessions/week for 7 weeks, and performed pre- and post-intervention assessments. Balance was...	{ "A": "yes", "B": "no", "C": "maybe" }	A	yes	yes_no_maybe	Yoga participation can improve mental/emotional wellness, exhaustion levels, and stress levels in elderly individuals, even without measurable improvements in physical function. Clinicians and health practitioners who work with the elderly should consider yoga as a potential therapeutic modality for improving important...	PubMedQA	PMID:27502801	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27502801/	MIT	train	accuracy	true	text	null	unknown	pqa_artificial; context=摘要(去结论防泄露), 结论移入 gold_rationale; 按 pubid 稳定哈希切分(同 PMID 不跨集); artificial 按 decision 分层限量以均衡答案分布
biomed_pubmedqa_train_000003	biomedical	biomedical	clinical_research	literature_qa	evidence_based_reasoning	Does blocking of platelets or intrinsic coagulation pathway-driven thrombosis prevent cerebral infarctions induced by photothrombosis?	Based on the abstract in context, answer yes, no, or maybe.	Models of photochemically-induced thrombosis are widely used in cerebrovascular research. Photothrombotic brain infarctions can be induced by systemic application of photosensitizing dyes followed by focal illumination of the cerebral cortex. Although the ensuing activation of platelets is well established, their contr...	{ "A": "yes", "B": "no", "C": "maybe" }	B	no	yes_no_maybe	Our data demonstrate that platelet activation, factor XII-driven thrombus formation, and plasmatic coagulation pathways downstream of FX are not a prerequisite for ensuing tissue damage in models of photothrombotic vessel injury indicating that other pathomechanisms are involved. We suggest that this widely used model ...	PubMedQA	PMID:18292385	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18292385/	MIT	train	accuracy	true	text	null	unknown	pqa_artificial; context=摘要(去结论防泄露), 结论移入 gold_rationale; 按 pubid 稳定哈希切分(同 PMID 不跨集); artificial 按 decision 分层限量以均衡答案分布
biomed_pubmedqa_train_000004	biomedical	biomedical	clinical_research	literature_qa	evidence_based_reasoning	Does high or low calcium intake increase cardiovascular disease risks in older patients with type 2 diabetes?	Based on the abstract in context, answer yes, no, or maybe.	We investigated the effects of dietary calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) intakes on cardiovascular disease risks in older patients with diabetes. In this cross-sectional study, 197 patients with type 2 diabetes aged 65 years and above were recruited. The 24-h dietary recalls and 1-week self-reported typical dietary intak...	{ "A": "yes", "B": "no", "C": "maybe" }	A	yes	yes_no_maybe	High or low calcium intake increases cardiovascular disease risks. We suggest that "moderate" intake of 402-600 mg Ca/day (approximately 67%-100% of Taiwan RDA for Ca) and adequate Mg intake (or meeting RDA for Mg) with Ca:Mg intake ratio of 2.0-2.5 are important for reducing cardiovascular disease risks in older patie...	PubMedQA	PMID:25078288	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25078288/	MIT	train	accuracy	true	text	null	unknown	pqa_artificial; context=摘要(去结论防泄露), 结论移入 gold_rationale; 按 pubid 稳定哈希切分(同 PMID 不跨集); artificial 按 decision 分层限量以均衡答案分布
biomed_pubmedqa_train_000005	biomedical	biomedical	clinical_research	literature_qa	evidence_based_reasoning	Is incomplete pregnancy associated with breast cancer risk : the California Teachers Study?	Based on the abstract in context, answer yes, no, or maybe.	Early studies of incomplete pregnancy and development of breast cancer suggested that induced abortion might increase risk. Several large prospective studies, which eliminate recall bias, did not detect associations, but this relationship continues to be debated. To further inform this important question, we examined i...	{ "A": "yes", "B": "no", "C": "maybe" }	B	no	yes_no_maybe	These results provide strong evidence that there is no relationship between incomplete pregnancy and breast cancer risk.	PubMedQA	PMID:18477486	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18477486/	MIT	train	accuracy	true	text	null	unknown	pqa_artificial; context=摘要(去结论防泄露), 结论移入 gold_rationale; 按 pubid 稳定哈希切分(同 PMID 不跨集); artificial 按 decision 分层限量以均衡答案分布
biomed_pubmedqa_train_000006	biomedical	biomedical	clinical_research	literature_qa	evidence_based_reasoning	Does mini-midvastus total knee arthroplasty result in superior gait pattern?	Based on the abstract in context, answer yes, no, or maybe.	Previous studies dealing with gait after minimally invasive surgery (MIS) total knee arthroplasty (TKA) are rare and insufficient. It was the purpose of the study to determine in a prospective, comparative setting whether MIS influences the outcome of TKA in terms of typical 3D gait parameters. Patients scheduled for T...	{ "A": "yes", "B": "no", "C": "maybe" }	B	no	yes_no_maybe	From our findings, it was concluded that MIS TKA does not result in a superior walking pattern 8 weeks post-operative. Because we previously also observed mini-midvastus MIS TKA to have equal or slightly inferior results with regard to knee scores, knee torque, radiographic outcome and tourniquet/operating time, we dis...	PubMedQA	PMID:24993567	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24993567/	MIT	train	accuracy	true	text	null	unknown	pqa_artificial; context=摘要(去结论防泄露), 结论移入 gold_rationale; 按 pubid 稳定哈希切分(同 PMID 不跨集); artificial 按 decision 分层限量以均衡答案分布
biomed_pubmedqa_train_000007	biomedical	biomedical	clinical_research	literature_qa	evidence_based_reasoning	Is treatment with tissue plasminogen activator associated with increased use of neurosurgery?	Based on the abstract in context, answer yes, no, or maybe.	Current guidelines of stroke care imply that tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA) should be only used in centers with a neurosurgeon available to manage any intracranial hemorrhage (ICH). Such advice may be difficult to follow with the current US shortage of neurosurgeons. It could also contribute to the underutilizatio...	{ "A": "yes", "B": "no", "C": "maybe" }	B	no	yes_no_maybe	In this large sample of US hospital admissions as a result of acute ischemic stroke with overlapping hemorrhage, the use of rtPA was not associated with an increased number of neurosurgical interventions. This lack of association, which needs to be confirmed in prospective studies, argues against withholding treatment ...	PubMedQA	PMID:17904037	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17904037/	MIT	train	accuracy	true	text	null	unknown	pqa_artificial; context=摘要(去结论防泄露), 结论移入 gold_rationale; 按 pubid 稳定哈希切分(同 PMID 不跨集); artificial 按 decision 分层限量以均衡答案分布
biomed_pubmedqa_train_000008	biomedical	biomedical	clinical_research	literature_qa	evidence_based_reasoning	Does targeting oliguria reversal in perioperative restrictive fluid management influence the occurrence of renal dysfunction : A systematic review and meta-analysis?	Based on the abstract in context, answer yes, no, or maybe.	Interest in perioperative fluid restriction has increased, but it could lead to hypovolaemia. Urine output is viewed as a surrogate for renal perfusion and is frequently used to guide perioperative fluid therapy. However, the rationale behind targeting oliguria reversal - achieving and maintaining urine output above a ...	{ "A": "yes", "B": "no", "C": "maybe" }	B	no	yes_no_maybe	Our data suggest that, even though event numbers are small, perioperative restrictive fluid management does not increase oliguria or postoperative ARF while decreasing intraoperative fluid intake, irrespective of targeting reversal of oliguria or not.	PubMedQA	PMID:26840829	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26840829/	MIT	train	accuracy	true	text	null	unknown	pqa_artificial; context=摘要(去结论防泄露), 结论移入 gold_rationale; 按 pubid 稳定哈希切分(同 PMID 不跨集); artificial 按 decision 分层限量以均衡答案分布
biomed_pubmedqa_train_000009	biomedical	biomedical	clinical_research	literature_qa	evidence_based_reasoning	Does tetramethylpyrazine protect lymphocytes from radiation-induced apoptosis through nuclear factor-κB?	Based on the abstract in context, answer yes, no, or maybe.	Radiation induces an important apoptosis response in irradiated organs. The objective of this study was to investigate the radioprotective effect of tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) on irradiated lymphocytes and discover the possible mechanism of protection. Lymphocytes were pretreated for 12 h with TMP (25-200 μmol·L(-1)) an...	{ "A": "yes", "B": "no", "C": "maybe" }	A	yes	yes_no_maybe	The results suggest that TMP had a radioprotective effect through the NF-κB pathway to inhibit apoptosis, and it may be an effective candidate for treating radiation diseases associated with cell apoptosis.	PubMedQA	PMID:25443365	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25443365/	MIT	train	accuracy	true	text	null	unknown	pqa_artificial; context=摘要(去结论防泄露), 结论移入 gold_rationale; 按 pubid 稳定哈希切分(同 PMID 不跨集); artificial 按 decision 分层限量以均衡答案分布
biomed_pubmedqa_train_000010	biomedical	biomedical	clinical_research	literature_qa	evidence_based_reasoning	Is gelatinous drop-like corneal dystrophy one of the beta ig-h3-mutated corneal amyloidoses?	Based on the abstract in context, answer yes, no, or maybe.	To discover if beta ig-h3 is mutated in gelatinous drop-like corneal dystrophy, as has been suggested. Genomic DNA was isolated from unrelated individuals with lattice corneal dystrophy type I (n = 3), Avellino corneal dystrophy (n = 3), and gelatinous drop-like corneal dystrophy (n = 3) and used as a template for poly...	{ "A": "yes", "B": "no", "C": "maybe" }	B	no	yes_no_maybe	Unlike the amyloidotic corneal dystrophies lattice type I and Avellino, gelatinous drop-like corneal dystrophy is not likely to be caused by a mutation in beta ig-h3.	PubMedQA	PMID:9860011	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9860011/	MIT	train	accuracy	true	text	null	unknown	pqa_artificial; context=摘要(去结论防泄露), 结论移入 gold_rationale; 按 pubid 稳定哈希切分(同 PMID 不跨集); artificial 按 decision 分层限量以均衡答案分布
biomed_pubmedqa_train_000011	biomedical	biomedical	clinical_research	literature_qa	evidence_based_reasoning	Is playground Safety Associated With Playground , Park , and Neighborhood Characteristics?	Based on the abstract in context, answer yes, no, or maybe.	More than 200,000 children each year are treated at emergency departments for injuries occurring on playgrounds. Empirically derived data are needed to elucidate factors associated with playground safety and reduce injury rates. Determine if neighborhood, park and playground characteristics are significantly associated...	{ "A": "yes", "B": "no", "C": "maybe" }	A	yes	yes_no_maybe	Park safety levels need to be improved to reduce the risk of physical injuries. Future studies examining cause-effect associations between environmental features and playground safety are warranted.	PubMedQA	PMID:24770609	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24770609/	MIT	train	accuracy	true	text	null	unknown	pqa_artificial; context=摘要(去结论防泄露), 结论移入 gold_rationale; 按 pubid 稳定哈希切分(同 PMID 不跨集); artificial 按 decision 分层限量以均衡答案分布
biomed_pubmedqa_train_000012	biomedical	biomedical	clinical_research	literature_qa	evidence_based_reasoning	Does accompanying metabolic syndrome contribute to heart dimensions in hypertensive patients?	Based on the abstract in context, answer yes, no, or maybe.	Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is associated with increased risk for cardiovascular events. We evaluated heart dimensions in hypertensive patients with MetS. The study included 75 hypertensive patients (34 males, 41 females; mean age 51+/-9 years) without coronary artery disease. Patients were evaluated in two groups depend...	{ "A": "yes", "B": "no", "C": "maybe" }	C	maybe	yes_no_maybe	Left ventricular dimensions are not influenced by MetS. Rather than MetS, hypertension is primarily responsible for changes in left ventricular dimensions. However, left atrial enlargement is more prominent in patients with MetS, suggesting that each MetS criterion contributes to left ventricular diastolic dysfunction.	PubMedQA	PMID:19155657	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19155657/	MIT	train	accuracy	true	text	null	unknown	pqa_labeled; context=摘要(去结论防泄露), 结论移入 gold_rationale; 按 pubid 稳定哈希切分(同 PMID 不跨集); artificial 按 decision 分层限量以均衡答案分布
biomed_pubmedqa_train_000013	biomedical	biomedical	clinical_research	literature_qa	evidence_based_reasoning	Do erythrocyte concentrations of metabolites or cumulative doses of 6-mercaptopurine and methotrexate predict liver changes in children treated for acute lymphoblastic leukemia?	Based on the abstract in context, answer yes, no, or maybe.	During therapy consisting of 6MP and MTX, metabolites accumulate in the erythrocytes. The erythrocyte levels of metabolites reflect the intensity of therapy. Whether they are associated with hepatotoxicity manifested as histological liver changes is not known. We studied the association of the metabolites and cumulativ...	{ "A": "yes", "B": "no", "C": "maybe" }	B	no	yes_no_maybe	Erythrocyte levels of the metabolites or the cumulative doses of 6MP and MTX do not predict histological liver disease in children treated for ALL.	PubMedQA	PMID:16395677	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16395677/	MIT	train	accuracy	true	text	null	unknown	pqa_artificial; context=摘要(去结论防泄露), 结论移入 gold_rationale; 按 pubid 稳定哈希切分(同 PMID 不跨集); artificial 按 decision 分层限量以均衡答案分布
biomed_pubmedqa_train_000014	biomedical	biomedical	clinical_research	literature_qa	evidence_based_reasoning	Does immunoglobulin a modulate inflammatory responses in an in vitro model of pneumonia?	Based on the abstract in context, answer yes, no, or maybe.	Preservation of mucosal immunity has been shown to affect the risk and outcome of pneumonia in severely injured patients. Secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) is the principle humoral defense of mucosal surfaces in the body and has several antiinflammatory properties. Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) function to kill i...	{ "A": "yes", "B": "no", "C": "maybe" }	A	yes	yes_no_maybe	PMN cytotoxic potential was decreased by the presence of SIgA but not IgG in an in vitro model to simulate pneumonia in vivo. SIgA may not only function to protect against microbial invasion of mucosal surfaces, but may also protect against tissue injury from an exaggerated inflammatory response.	PubMedQA	PMID:16385286	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16385286/	MIT	train	accuracy	true	text	null	unknown	pqa_artificial; context=摘要(去结论防泄露), 结论移入 gold_rationale; 按 pubid 稳定哈希切分(同 PMID 不跨集); artificial 按 decision 分层限量以均衡答案分布
biomed_pubmedqa_train_000015	biomedical	biomedical	clinical_research	literature_qa	evidence_based_reasoning	Does notochord manipulation impact oesophageal and tracheal formation from isolated foregut in 3D explant culture?	Based on the abstract in context, answer yes, no, or maybe.	Tracheo-oesophageal malformations result from disturbed foregut separation during early development. The notochord, a specialised embryonic structure, forms immediately adjacent to the dividing foregut. In the Adriamycin mouse model of oesophageal atresia, foregut and notochord abnormalities co-exist, and the site and ...	{ "A": "yes", "B": "no", "C": "maybe" }	B	no	yes_no_maybe	The relationship between the embryonic foregut and notochord is complex and ill-defined; however, the notochord does not contribute essentially to oesophagus and trachea formation beyond E9 in the mouse, and the transplantation of additional notochord does not disrupt foregut separation in 3D explant culture.	PubMedQA	PMID:26547717	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26547717/	MIT	train	accuracy	true	text	null	unknown	pqa_artificial; context=摘要(去结论防泄露), 结论移入 gold_rationale; 按 pubid 稳定哈希切分(同 PMID 不跨集); artificial 按 decision 分层限量以均衡答案分布
biomed_pubmedqa_train_000016	biomedical	biomedical	clinical_research	literature_qa	evidence_based_reasoning	Is clusterin/Apolipoprotein J immunolocalization on carotid artery affected by TNF-alpha , cigarette smoking and anti-platelet treatment?	Based on the abstract in context, answer yes, no, or maybe.	Clusterin (CLU) /Apolipoprotein J is a protein biosensor of oxidative stress and inflammation, which is upregulated in many pathological processes including atherosclerosis. Previous studies have shown that in aortic tissue, CLU expression increases with atherosclerotic lesion progression and it has been coupled with v...	{ "A": "yes", "B": "no", "C": "maybe" }	A	yes	yes_no_maybe	Our study suggests that CLU expression on carotid artery is affected by TNF-alpha, cigarette smoking confirming its association with oxidative and cellular stress and anti-platelet medication reflecting the protective effects of such pharmacological treatment on vascular wall.	PubMedQA	PMID:24758255	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24758255/	MIT	train	accuracy	true	text	null	unknown	pqa_artificial; context=摘要(去结论防泄露), 结论移入 gold_rationale; 按 pubid 稳定哈希切分(同 PMID 不跨集); artificial 按 decision 分层限量以均衡答案分布
biomed_pubmedqa_train_000017	biomedical	biomedical	clinical_research	literature_qa	evidence_based_reasoning	Do common mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 contribute to early prostate cancer in Jewish men?	Based on the abstract in context, answer yes, no, or maybe.	Families with a high incidence of hereditary breast cancer, and subsequently shown to have terminating mutations in BRCA1 or BRCA2, appear to have a higher incidence of prostate cancer among male relatives. We aimed to determine whether the common germline mutations of BRCA1 or BRCA2 in Ashkenazi Jewish men predisposed...	{ "A": "yes", "B": "no", "C": "maybe" }	B	no	yes_no_maybe	The incidence of each of the germline mutations in these prostate cancer patients closely matched their incidence (about 1%) in the general Ashkenazi Jewish population. This suggests that unlike cases of breast and ovarian cancers, mutations in BRCA1 or BRCA2 do not significantly predispose men to prostate cancer.	PubMedQA	PMID:10398279	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10398279/	MIT	train	accuracy	true	text	null	unknown	pqa_artificial; context=摘要(去结论防泄露), 结论移入 gold_rationale; 按 pubid 稳定哈希切分(同 PMID 不跨集); artificial 按 decision 分层限量以均衡答案分布
biomed_pubmedqa_train_000018	biomedical	biomedical	clinical_research	literature_qa	evidence_based_reasoning	Does embryonic parathyroid rest occur commonly and have implications in the management of secondary hyperparathyroidism?	Based on the abstract in context, answer yes, no, or maybe.	Recurrence after surgery for secondary hyperparathyroidism is not infrequent. Regrowth of the residual parathyroid tissue after subtotal parathyroidectomy or of the autograft after total parathyroidectomy occurs in many cases. Supernumerary glands are also frequently cited as the offending cause and upon revisiting the...	{ "A": "yes", "B": "no", "C": "maybe" }	A	yes	yes_no_maybe	Parathyroid rests are common and potentially serve as a cause of recurrent disease in secondary hyperparathyroidism. Consideration should be given to performing thymectomy as part of the treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism. A more detailed study is warranted.	PubMedQA	PMID:12752283	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12752283/	MIT	train	accuracy	true	text	null	unknown	pqa_artificial; context=摘要(去结论防泄露), 结论移入 gold_rationale; 按 pubid 稳定哈希切分(同 PMID 不跨集); artificial 按 decision 分层限量以均衡答案分布
biomed_pubmedqa_train_000019	biomedical	biomedical	clinical_research	literature_qa	evidence_based_reasoning	Do insulin resistant rats display enhanced rewarding effects of nicotine?	Based on the abstract in context, answer yes, no, or maybe.	Tobacco use among persons with Type II diabetes exponentially increases negative health consequences and mortality rates. It is especially troubling that diabetic persons who smoke have a greater difficulty with tobacco cessation as compared to non-diabetic smokers. Diabetes is a metabolic syndrome that consists of ins...	{ "A": "yes", "B": "no", "C": "maybe" }	A	yes	yes_no_maybe	These present study suggests that insulin resistant rats undergo unique neurobiological changes related to a disruption in insulin signaling that promotes the rewarding effects of nicotine.	PubMedQA	PMID:24774962	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24774962/	MIT	train	accuracy	true	text	null	unknown	pqa_artificial; context=摘要(去结论防泄露), 结论移入 gold_rationale; 按 pubid 稳定哈希切分(同 PMID 不跨集); artificial 按 decision 分层限量以均衡答案分布
biomed_pubmedqa_train_000020	biomedical	biomedical	clinical_research	literature_qa	evidence_based_reasoning	Does acute disruption of glucagon secretion or action improve glucose tolerance in an insulin-deficient mouse model of diabetes?	Based on the abstract in context, answer yes, no, or maybe.	Normal glucose metabolism depends on pancreatic secretion of insulin and glucagon. The bihormonal hypothesis states that while lack of insulin leads to glucose underutilisation, glucagon excess is the principal factor in diabetic glucose overproduction. A recent study reported that streptozotocin-treated glucagon recep...	{ "A": "yes", "B": "no", "C": "maybe" }	B	no	yes_no_maybe	Disruption of glucagon action/secretion did not improve glucose tolerance in diabetic mice. Near-total alpha cell elimination may have prevented further deterioration. Our findings support insulin lack as the major factor underlying hyperglycaemia in beta cell-deficient diabetes.	PubMedQA	PMID:26537124	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26537124/	MIT	train	accuracy	true	text	null	unknown	pqa_artificial; context=摘要(去结论防泄露), 结论移入 gold_rationale; 按 pubid 稳定哈希切分(同 PMID 不跨集); artificial 按 decision 分层限量以均衡答案分布
biomed_pubmedqa_train_000021	biomedical	biomedical	clinical_research	literature_qa	evidence_based_reasoning	Does higher inpatient medical surgical bed occupancy extend admitted patients ' stay?	Based on the abstract in context, answer yes, no, or maybe.	Determine the effect that increased medical surgical (med/surg) bed occupancy has on the time interval from admission order to arrival in the bed for the patients admitted from the emergency department (ED). This retrospective observational study compares the total hospital bed occupancy rate and the medical surgical i...	{ "A": "yes", "B": "no", "C": "maybe" }	A	yes	yes_no_maybe	Med/surg bed occupancy has a better correlation to extended transfer times, and occupancy over 92% at 5 AM in our institution corresponds to an increased frequency of extended transfer times from the ED. The process of ED evaluation, hospital admission, and subsequent transfer into the hospital are all complex processe...	PubMedQA	PMID:19561827	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19561827/	MIT	train	accuracy	true	text	null	unknown	pqa_artificial; context=摘要(去结论防泄露), 结论移入 gold_rationale; 按 pubid 稳定哈希切分(同 PMID 不跨集); artificial 按 decision 分层限量以均衡答案分布
biomed_pubmedqa_train_000022	biomedical	biomedical	clinical_research	literature_qa	evidence_based_reasoning	Is increased risk of radiographic emphysema in HIV associated with elevated soluble CD14 and nadir CD4?	Based on the abstract in context, answer yes, no, or maybe.	The association between HIV and emphysema remains incompletely understood. We sought to determine whether HIV is an independent risk factor for emphysema severity and whether markers of HIV severity and systemic biomarkers of inflammation (IL-6), altered coagulation (D-dimer), and immune activation (soluble CD14) are a...	{ "A": "yes", "B": "no", "C": "maybe" }	A	yes	yes_no_maybe	HIV is an independent risk factor for radiographic emphysema. Emphysema severity was significantly greater among participants with HIV infection. Among those with HIV, nadir CD4 < 200 cells/μL and elevated soluble CD14 level were associated with emphysema, highlighting potential mechanisms linking HIV with emphysema.	PubMedQA	PMID:25080158	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25080158/	MIT	train	accuracy	true	text	null	unknown	pqa_artificial; context=摘要(去结论防泄露), 结论移入 gold_rationale; 按 pubid 稳定哈希切分(同 PMID 不跨集); artificial 按 decision 分层限量以均衡答案分布
biomed_pubmedqa_train_000023	biomedical	biomedical	clinical_research	literature_qa	evidence_based_reasoning	Do progesterone receptor and PTEN expression predict survival in patients with low- and intermediate-grade pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors?	Based on the abstract in context, answer yes, no, or maybe.	The PI3K-AKT-mTOR (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-AKT-mammalian target of rapamycin) pathway plays a crucial role in a subset of advanced pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PanNETs). In breast and endometrial carcinoma, activation of this pathway inhibits progesterone receptor (PR) expression. To determine whether combin...	{ "A": "yes", "B": "no", "C": "maybe" }	A	yes	yes_no_maybe	Combined immunohistochemical assessment of PR and PTEN may help identify a small subset of PanNETs with more aggressive behavior and may aid in risk stratification.	PubMedQA	PMID:25076292	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25076292/	MIT	train	accuracy	true	text	null	unknown	pqa_artificial; context=摘要(去结论防泄露), 结论移入 gold_rationale; 按 pubid 稳定哈希切分(同 PMID 不跨集); artificial 按 decision 分层限量以均衡答案分布
biomed_pubmedqa_train_000024	biomedical	biomedical	clinical_research	literature_qa	evidence_based_reasoning	Does previous palliation in patients with tetralogy of Fallot influence the outcome of later repair?	Based on the abstract in context, answer yes, no, or maybe.	Primary repair is the treatment of choice in patients with tetralogy of Fallot. The timing of repair, however, remains controversial, and an initial palliative procedure might be considered a valuable option in the early management of symptomatic young infants and in those with either unfavourable anatomy, major associ...	{ "A": "yes", "B": "no", "C": "maybe" }	B	no	yes_no_maybe	The outcome of patients undergoing repair of tetralogy of Fallot is not influenced in terms of either mortality or morbidity by an initial palliative procedure.	PubMedQA	PMID:17299294	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17299294/	MIT	train	accuracy	true	text	null	unknown	pqa_artificial; context=摘要(去结论防泄露), 结论移入 gold_rationale; 按 pubid 稳定哈希切分(同 PMID 不跨集); artificial 按 decision 分层限量以均衡答案分布
biomed_pubmedqa_train_000025	biomedical	biomedical	clinical_research	literature_qa	evidence_based_reasoning	Is peripheral blood hematopoietic stem cell mobilization and collection efficacy an independent prognostic factor for autologous stem cell transplantation?	Based on the abstract in context, answer yes, no, or maybe.	The successful mobilization and collection of hematopoietic stem cells are dependent on a number of clinical factors such as previous chemotherapy and disease stage. The aim of this retrospective study was to determine whether the effectiveness of mobilization and collection is an independent prognostic factor for auto...	{ "A": "yes", "B": "no", "C": "maybe" }	B	no	yes_no_maybe	The effectiveness of hematopoietic stem cell mobilization and collection as defined as number of days to reach a CD34+ cell dose of 2 x 10(6) per kg should not be used independently to forecast posttransplantation prognosis, engraftment, DFS, and OS.	PubMedQA	PMID:17714420	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17714420/	MIT	train	accuracy	true	text	null	unknown	pqa_artificial; context=摘要(去结论防泄露), 结论移入 gold_rationale; 按 pubid 稳定哈希切分(同 PMID 不跨集); artificial 按 decision 分层限量以均衡答案分布
biomed_pubmedqa_train_000026	biomedical	biomedical	clinical_research	literature_qa	evidence_based_reasoning	Is shock wave lithotripsy predictive of hypertension among community stone formers at long-term followup?	Based on the abstract in context, answer yes, no, or maybe.	Concern exists over the subsequent development of hypertension after shock wave lithotripsy for the treatment of symptomatic urolithiasis. Referral bias and lack of long-term followup have been limitations of prior studies. We identified all Olmsted County, Minnesota residents with a diagnosis of urolithiasis from 1985...	{ "A": "yes", "B": "no", "C": "maybe" }	B	no	yes_no_maybe	In a large population based cohort of kidney stone formers we failed to identify an association between shock wave lithotripsy and the subsequent long-term risk of hypertension.	PubMedQA	PMID:21074794	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21074794/	MIT	train	accuracy	true	text	null	unknown	pqa_artificial; context=摘要(去结论防泄露), 结论移入 gold_rationale; 按 pubid 稳定哈希切分(同 PMID 不跨集); artificial 按 decision 分层限量以均衡答案分布
biomed_pubmedqa_train_000027	biomedical	biomedical	clinical_research	literature_qa	evidence_based_reasoning	Are the determination of total testosterone and free testosterone ( RIA ) applicable to the evaluation of gonadal function in HIV-infected males?	Based on the abstract in context, answer yes, no, or maybe.	Hypogonadism is common in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected men; the high concentration of sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) in this population, induces a "false increase" in total testosterone (TT) values. To validate the determination of TT and measured free testosterone (FT [radioimmunoassay {RIA}]) for ...	{ "A": "yes", "B": "no", "C": "maybe" }	B	no	yes_no_maybe	TT and FT (RIA) are not useful in the differential diagnosis of hypogonadism in HIV-infected males. There is a significant prevalence of hypogonadism in HIV-infected males, with the patient's age and duration of the disease being the only identifiable risk factors.	PubMedQA	PMID:20626606	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20626606/	MIT	train	accuracy	true	text	null	unknown	pqa_artificial; context=摘要(去结论防泄露), 结论移入 gold_rationale; 按 pubid 稳定哈希切分(同 PMID 不跨集); artificial 按 decision 分层限量以均衡答案分布
biomed_pubmedqa_train_000028	biomedical	biomedical	clinical_research	literature_qa	evidence_based_reasoning	Is gATA5 and endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression in the ascending aorta related to aortic size and valve morphology?	Based on the abstract in context, answer yes, no, or maybe.	The pathogenesis of aortic dilatation in patients with congenital aortic valve anomalies is poorly understood. Recent studies suggest that alterations of gene expression may be related to ascending aortic aneurysm formation in these patients. Knockout of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and GATA5 is associated ...	{ "A": "yes", "B": "no", "C": "maybe" }	A	yes	yes_no_maybe	Our data suggest that GATA5, possibly through upregulation of eNOS, plays a role in the development of aortic dilatation in patients with unicuspid and bicuspid aortic valves. The differential gene expression in patients with unicuspid compared with bicuspid aortic valves suggests that the pathogenesis of both aortic v...	PubMedQA	PMID:24766859	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24766859/	MIT	train	accuracy	true	text	null	unknown	pqa_artificial; context=摘要(去结论防泄露), 结论移入 gold_rationale; 按 pubid 稳定哈希切分(同 PMID 不跨集); artificial 按 decision 分层限量以均衡答案分布
biomed_pubmedqa_train_000029	biomedical	biomedical	clinical_research	literature_qa	evidence_based_reasoning	Do clinical Hemodynamic Parameters Accurately Reflect Systemic Oxygen Transport in Neonates after the Norwood Procedure?	Based on the abstract in context, answer yes, no, or maybe.	Clinical hemodynamic parameters (heart rate, systolic arterial pressure [SAP], and arterial and venous oxygen saturation saturations [SaO2 and SvO2 ]) are commonly used to guide management to optimize oxygen transport after the Norwood procedure. The adequacy of this practice has not been demonstrated. We examined the ...	{ "A": "yes", "B": "no", "C": "maybe" }	B	no	yes_no_maybe	Routine clinical hemodynamic parameters do not accurately reflect oxygen transport after the Norwood procedure, except for SvO2, which does not differentiate between VO2 and DO2. Higher heart rate and SAP are correlated with a worse balance of oxygen transport. The results of clinical hemodynamic monitoring should be i...	PubMedQA	PMID:24965584	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24965584/	MIT	train	accuracy	true	text	null	unknown	pqa_artificial; context=摘要(去结论防泄露), 结论移入 gold_rationale; 按 pubid 稳定哈希切分(同 PMID 不跨集); artificial 按 decision 分层限量以均衡答案分布
biomed_pubmedqa_train_000030	biomedical	biomedical	clinical_research	literature_qa	evidence_based_reasoning	Do healthcare institutions favor care . Meaning of humanized care for people directly participating in it?	Based on the abstract in context, answer yes, no, or maybe.	This study sought to understand the meaning of humanized care for those directly participating in it. This was qualitative research with phenomenological interpretative approach conducted in Medellín, Colombia, during 2013. It included 16 participants among nurses, adult patients, and relatives. To gather the informati...	{ "A": "yes", "B": "no", "C": "maybe" }	B	no	yes_no_maybe	For the participants in the study, the humanized care practice of humanized care is affected negatively, on one side, by the service offered by healthcare institutions; and, on the other, by the influence exerted upon nurses, which conditions, in turn, how care is delivered.	PubMedQA	PMID:25230029	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25230029/	MIT	train	accuracy	true	text	null	unknown	pqa_artificial; context=摘要(去结论防泄露), 结论移入 gold_rationale; 按 pubid 稳定哈希切分(同 PMID 不跨集); artificial 按 decision 分层限量以均衡答案分布
biomed_pubmedqa_train_000031	biomedical	biomedical	clinical_research	literature_qa	evidence_based_reasoning	Are post-pyelonephritic renal scars associated with vesicoureteral reflux in children?	Based on the abstract in context, answer yes, no, or maybe.	Children with pyelonephritis are at risk for renal damage. We assess the value of clinical signs and urological abnormalities in predicting renal scars in children following pyelonephritis. A total of 64 hospitalized children (29 females and 35 males, median age 2.9 years) underwent ultrasonography and technetium label...	{ "A": "yes", "B": "no", "C": "maybe" }	B	no	yes_no_maybe	Renal scars after first pyelonephritis are in most cases not associated with abnormalities of the urinary tract, but are caused by the infection itself. However, structural abnormalities may predispose to recurrent infections. Following pyelonephritis new renal scars may develop in all age groups in both sexes.	PubMedQA	PMID:15758798	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15758798/	MIT	train	accuracy	true	text	null	unknown	pqa_artificial; context=摘要(去结论防泄露), 结论移入 gold_rationale; 按 pubid 稳定哈希切分(同 PMID 不跨集); artificial 按 decision 分层限量以均衡答案分布
biomed_pubmedqa_train_000032	biomedical	biomedical	clinical_research	literature_qa	evidence_based_reasoning	Does the presence of the adult respiratory distress syndrome worsen mortality or discharge disability in blunt trauma patients with severe traumatic brain injury?	Based on the abstract in context, answer yes, no, or maybe.	To evaluate the prevalence of the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) among blunt trauma patients with severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) and to determine if ARDS is associated with higher mortality, morbidity and worse discharge outcome. Blunt trauma patients with TBI (head abbreviated injury score (AIS)> or =...	{ "A": "yes", "B": "no", "C": "maybe" }	B	no	yes_no_maybe	The presence of ARDS was not associated with higher mortality or worse discharge disability. It was, however, associated with higher hospital morbidity, longer ICU and hospital length of stay.	PubMedQA	PMID:17920066	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17920066/	MIT	train	accuracy	true	text	null	unknown	pqa_artificial; context=摘要(去结论防泄露), 结论移入 gold_rationale; 按 pubid 稳定哈希切分(同 PMID 不跨集); artificial 按 decision 分层限量以均衡答案分布
biomed_pubmedqa_train_000033	biomedical	biomedical	clinical_research	literature_qa	evidence_based_reasoning	Does pre-treatment haemoglobin level predict response and survival after TPF induction polychemotherapy in advanced head and neck cancer patients?	Based on the abstract in context, answer yes, no, or maybe.	To investigate the prognostic value of the pre-treatment haemoglobin level in patients with advanced squamous cell head and neck cancer treated with induction polychemotherapy. Seventy-two patients with advanced squamous cell head and neck cancer received primary combination chemotherapy consisting of docetaxel 75 mg/m...	{ "A": "yes", "B": "no", "C": "maybe" }	A	yes	yes_no_maybe	In patients with advanced squamous cell head and neck cancer, the haemoglobin level prior to induction chemotherapy is significantly related to outcome including response and survival.	PubMedQA	PMID:18559031	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18559031/	MIT	train	accuracy	true	text	null	unknown	pqa_artificial; context=摘要(去结论防泄露), 结论移入 gold_rationale; 按 pubid 稳定哈希切分(同 PMID 不跨集); artificial 按 decision 分层限量以均衡答案分布
biomed_pubmedqa_train_000034	biomedical	biomedical	clinical_research	literature_qa	evidence_based_reasoning	Does ischemic preconditioning of skeletal muscle mitigate remote injury and mortality?	Based on the abstract in context, answer yes, no, or maybe.	Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) mitigates ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury in experimental models. However, the clinical significance of this protection has been unclear and a mortality reduction has not been previously reported in noncardiac models. This study examined the local and remote protection afforded by skele...	{ "A": "yes", "B": "no", "C": "maybe" }	A	yes	yes_no_maybe	We have developed a murine model of IPC that demonstrates local and remote protection against I/R injury, and exhibits significant mortality reduction. This model demonstrates the powerful effect of IPC on local and remote tissues and will facilitate further study of potential mechanisms and therapies.	PubMedQA	PMID:18570927	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18570927/	MIT	train	accuracy	true	text	null	unknown	pqa_artificial; context=摘要(去结论防泄露), 结论移入 gold_rationale; 按 pubid 稳定哈希切分(同 PMID 不跨集); artificial 按 decision 分层限量以均衡答案分布
biomed_pubmedqa_train_000035	biomedical	biomedical	clinical_research	literature_qa	evidence_based_reasoning	Is third trimester nonrecurrent fetal loss associated with factor V Leiden and prothrombin gene mutations?	Based on the abstract in context, answer yes, no, or maybe.	To determine the role of factor V Leiden and prothrombin gene mutation in the pathogenesis of unexplained second and third trimester nonrecurrent fetal loss. One hundred and fourteen women with unexplained nonrecurrent late fetal loss made up the study group, and 106 normal pregnant women with a history of delivery of ...	{ "A": "yes", "B": "no", "C": "maybe" }	A	yes	yes_no_maybe	Factor V Leiden and prothrombin gene mutations were associated with third trimester nonrecurrent fetal loss. These mutations should be screened in women with third trimester but not second trimester unexplained nonrecurrent late fetal loss.	PubMedQA	PMID:16390788	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16390788/	MIT	train	accuracy	true	text	null	unknown	pqa_artificial; context=摘要(去结论防泄露), 结论移入 gold_rationale; 按 pubid 稳定哈希切分(同 PMID 不跨集); artificial 按 decision 分层限量以均衡答案分布
biomed_pubmedqa_train_000036	biomedical	biomedical	clinical_research	literature_qa	evidence_based_reasoning	Does the potent somatostatin analogue vapreotide decrease pancreas-specific complications after elective pancreatectomy : a prospective , multicenter , double-blinded , randomized , placebo-controlled trial?	Based on the abstract in context, answer yes, no, or maybe.	Pancreatectomy can be complicated by pancreatic anastomotic leakage, causing major morbidity. Our aim was to determine if vapreotide, a potent long-acting somatostatin analogue, would decrease pancreas-related complications. This prospective, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial involved 275 ...	{ "A": "yes", "B": "no", "C": "maybe" }	B	no	yes_no_maybe	The potent somatostatin analogue vapreotide does not appear to decrease postoperative complications after major pancreatectomy in patients without chronic pancreatitis.	PubMedQA	PMID:12691930	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12691930/	MIT	train	accuracy	true	text	null	unknown	pqa_artificial; context=摘要(去结论防泄露), 结论移入 gold_rationale; 按 pubid 稳定哈希切分(同 PMID 不跨集); artificial 按 decision 分层限量以均衡答案分布
biomed_pubmedqa_train_000037	biomedical	biomedical	clinical_research	literature_qa	evidence_based_reasoning	Does silibinin prevent amyloid beta peptide-induced memory impairment and oxidative stress in mice?	Based on the abstract in context, answer yes, no, or maybe.	Accumulated evidence suggests that oxidative stress is involved in amyloid beta (Abeta)-induced cognitive dysfunction. Silibinin (silybin), a flavonoid derived from the herb milk thistle (Silybum marianum), has been shown to have antioxidative properties; however, it remains unclear whether silibinin improves Abeta-ind...	{ "A": "yes", "B": "no", "C": "maybe" }	A	yes	yes_no_maybe	Silibinin prevents memory impairment and oxidative damage induced by Abeta(25-35) and may be a potential therapeutic agent for Alzheimer's disease.	PubMedQA	PMID:19552690	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19552690/	MIT	train	accuracy	true	text	null	unknown	pqa_artificial; context=摘要(去结论防泄露), 结论移入 gold_rationale; 按 pubid 稳定哈希切分(同 PMID 不跨集); artificial 按 decision 分层限量以均衡答案分布
biomed_pubmedqa_train_000038	biomedical	biomedical	clinical_research	literature_qa	evidence_based_reasoning	Is dietary magnesium intake related to metabolic syndrome in older Americans?	Based on the abstract in context, answer yes, no, or maybe.	Magnesium (Mg) is an essential cofactor for enzymes involved in glucose and insulin metabolism. Low intakes of dietary magnesium may be linked to greater risk of metabolic syndrome (MS) in older adults. The objective of this study was to examine the cross-sectional relationship between dietary Mg intake, metabolic risk...	{ "A": "yes", "B": "no", "C": "maybe" }	A	yes	yes_no_maybe	Our study demonstrates that Mg intake is inversely associated with prevalence of the MS in older adults. Older adults should be encouraged to eat foods rich in Mg, such as green vegetables, legumes and whole-grains.	PubMedQA	PMID:18560789	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18560789/	MIT	train	accuracy	true	text	null	unknown	pqa_artificial; context=摘要(去结论防泄露), 结论移入 gold_rationale; 按 pubid 稳定哈希切分(同 PMID 不跨集); artificial 按 decision 分层限量以均衡答案分布
biomed_pubmedqa_train_000039	biomedical	biomedical	clinical_research	literature_qa	evidence_based_reasoning	Is allocentric but not egocentric orientation impaired during normal aging : an ERP study?	Based on the abstract in context, answer yes, no, or maybe.	Behavioral studies of spatial navigation in aging indicate that orientation using an allocentric reference frame (object-centered orientation) is impaired, whereas orientation using egocentric processes (self-centered orientation) is not. It has been proposed that navigational deficits may result from more general alte...	{ "A": "yes", "B": "no", "C": "maybe" }	A	yes	yes_no_maybe	These results suggest that elderly individuals present with deficits when spatial orientation relies on allocentric representation, and are associated with age-related deficits in spatial attention.	PubMedQA	PMID:24749730	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24749730/	MIT	train	accuracy	true	text	null	unknown	pqa_artificial; context=摘要(去结论防泄露), 结论移入 gold_rationale; 按 pubid 稳定哈希切分(同 PMID 不跨集); artificial 按 decision 分层限量以均衡答案分布
biomed_pubmedqa_train_000040	biomedical	biomedical	clinical_research	literature_qa	evidence_based_reasoning	Does interleukin-1 reversibly inhibit the synthesis of biglycan and decorin in intact articular cartilage in culture?	Based on the abstract in context, answer yes, no, or maybe.	To study the effect of interleukin-1 (IL-1) on the synthesis of proteoglycans biglycan (DSPG-I) and decorin (DSPG-II) in intact bovine articular cartilage. Cartilage bearing sesamoid bones from the metacarpophalangeal joint were cultured with 10 ng/ml IL-1 for 2 days and labelled with [35S] sulfate. One sesamoid bone f...	{ "A": "yes", "B": "no", "C": "maybe" }	A	yes	yes_no_maybe	The inhibition of synthesis of biglycan and decorin by IL-1 might be important in the pathophysiology of cartilage destruction in rheumatic diseases.	PubMedQA	PMID:7473477	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7473477/	MIT	train	accuracy	true	text	null	unknown	pqa_artificial; context=摘要(去结论防泄露), 结论移入 gold_rationale; 按 pubid 稳定哈希切分(同 PMID 不跨集); artificial 按 decision 分层限量以均衡答案分布
biomed_pubmedqa_train_000041	biomedical	biomedical	clinical_research	literature_qa	evidence_based_reasoning	Does the RNA editing enzyme APOBEC1 induce somatic mutations and a compatible mutational signature is present in esophageal adenocarcinomas?	Based on the abstract in context, answer yes, no, or maybe.	The AID/APOBECs are deaminases that act on cytosines in a diverse set of pathways and some of them have been linked to the onset of genetic alterations in cancer. Among them, APOBEC1 is the only family member to physiologically target RNA, as the catalytic subunit in the Apolipoprotein B mRNA editing complex. APOBEC1 h...	{ "A": "yes", "B": "no", "C": "maybe" }	A	yes	yes_no_maybe	Our findings suggest that the ability of APOBEC1 to trigger genetic alterations represents a major layer in its oncogenic potential. Such APOBEC1-induced mutator phenotypes could play a role in the onset of esophageal adenocarcinomas. APOBEC1 could be involved in cancer promotion at the very early stages of carcinogene...	PubMedQA	PMID:25085003	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25085003/	MIT	train	accuracy	true	text	null	unknown	pqa_artificial; context=摘要(去结论防泄露), 结论移入 gold_rationale; 按 pubid 稳定哈希切分(同 PMID 不跨集); artificial 按 decision 分层限量以均衡答案分布
biomed_pubmedqa_train_000042	biomedical	biomedical	clinical_research	literature_qa	evidence_based_reasoning	Does prophylactic Inferior Vena Cava Filter Placement Result in a Survival Benefit for Trauma Patients?	Based on the abstract in context, answer yes, no, or maybe.	Trauma patients are at high risk for life-threatening venous thromboembolic (VTE) events. We examined the relationship between prophylactic inferior vena cava (IVC) filter use, mortality, and VTE. The prevalence of prophylactic placement of IVC filters has increased among trauma patients. However, there exists little d...	{ "A": "yes", "B": "no", "C": "maybe" }	B	no	yes_no_maybe	High rates of prophylactic IVC filter placement have no effect on reducing trauma patient mortality and are associated with an increase in DVT events.	PubMedQA	PMID:26366537	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26366537/	MIT	train	accuracy	true	text	null	unknown	pqa_artificial; context=摘要(去结论防泄露), 结论移入 gold_rationale; 按 pubid 稳定哈希切分(同 PMID 不跨集); artificial 按 decision 分层限量以均衡答案分布
biomed_pubmedqa_train_000043	biomedical	biomedical	clinical_research	literature_qa	evidence_based_reasoning	Does nitric oxide exert protective effects against bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice?	Based on the abstract in context, answer yes, no, or maybe.	Increased expression of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and an increase in plasma nitrite plus nitrate (NOx) have been reported in patients with pulmonary fibrosis, suggesting that nitric oxide (NO) plays an important role in its development. However, the roles of the entire NO and NOS system in the pathogenesis of pulmona...	{ "A": "yes", "B": "no", "C": "maybe" }	A	yes	yes_no_maybe	These results provide the first direct evidence that a lack of all three NOS isoforms led to a deterioration of pulmonary fibrosis in a BLM-treated murine model. We speculate that the entire endogenous NO and NOS system plays an important protective role in the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis.	PubMedQA	PMID:25092105	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25092105/	MIT	train	accuracy	true	text	null	unknown	pqa_artificial; context=摘要(去结论防泄露), 结论移入 gold_rationale; 按 pubid 稳定哈希切分(同 PMID 不跨集); artificial 按 decision 分层限量以均衡答案分布
biomed_pubmedqa_train_000044	biomedical	biomedical	clinical_research	literature_qa	evidence_based_reasoning	Are fibular axes a reliable landmark for tibial mechanical axes of osteoarthritic knees that underwent total knee arthroplasty?	Based on the abstract in context, answer yes, no, or maybe.	The sagittal fibular axis serves as an intra-operative landmark during conventional total knee arthroplasty (TKA); however, only a few relevant anatomical studies have been published regarding its use as an extramedullary guide. Furthermore, the correlation between the coronal fibular and tibial mechanical axes in oste...	{ "A": "yes", "B": "no", "C": "maybe" }	B	no	yes_no_maybe	The angle between the tibial mechanical and fibular shaft axes differed among patients, independent of patient-specific factors, and did not appear to be a reliable intra-operative landmark. Surgeons should use values from individual pre-operative evaluations of the axis as reference for conventional TKA.	PubMedQA	PMID:25079132	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25079132/	MIT	train	accuracy	true	text	null	unknown	pqa_artificial; context=摘要(去结论防泄露), 结论移入 gold_rationale; 按 pubid 稳定哈希切分(同 PMID 不跨集); artificial 按 decision 分层限量以均衡答案分布
biomed_pubmedqa_train_000045	biomedical	biomedical	clinical_research	literature_qa	evidence_based_reasoning	Does ketorolac Administered in the Recovery Room for Acute Pain Management Affect Healing Rates of Femoral and Tibial Fractures?	Based on the abstract in context, answer yes, no, or maybe.	To determine whether ketorolac administered in the immediate perioperative period affects the rate of nonunion in femoral and tibial shaft fractures. Retrospective comparative study. Single Institution, Academic Level 1 Trauma Center. Three hundred and thirteen skeletally mature patients with 137 femoral shaft (OTA 32)...	{ "A": "yes", "B": "no", "C": "maybe" }	B	no	yes_no_maybe	Ketorolac administered in the first 24 hours after fracture repair for acute pain management does not seem to have a negative impact on time to healing or incidence of nonunion for femoral or tibial shaft fractures.	PubMedQA	PMID:27124828	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27124828/	MIT	train	accuracy	true	text	null	unknown	pqa_artificial; context=摘要(去结论防泄露), 结论移入 gold_rationale; 按 pubid 稳定哈希切分(同 PMID 不跨集); artificial 按 decision 分层限量以均衡答案分布
biomed_pubmedqa_train_000046	biomedical	biomedical	clinical_research	literature_qa	evidence_based_reasoning	Does sulforaphane prevent Neuronal Apoptosis and Memory Impairment in Diabetic Rats?	Based on the abstract in context, answer yes, no, or maybe.	To explore the effects of sulforaphane (SFN) on neuronal apoptosis in hippocampus and memory impairment in diabetic rats. Thirty male rats were randomly divided into normal control, diabetic model and SFN treatment groups (N = 10 in each group). Streptozotocin (STZ) was applied to establish diabetic model. Water Morris...	{ "A": "yes", "B": "no", "C": "maybe" }	A	yes	yes_no_maybe	SFN could prevent the memory impairment and apoptosis of hippocampal neurons in diabetic rat. The possible mechanism was related to the regulation of neurotropic factors and Akt/GSK3β pathway.	PubMedQA	PMID:27497670	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27497670/	MIT	train	accuracy	true	text	null	unknown	pqa_artificial; context=摘要(去结论防泄露), 结论移入 gold_rationale; 按 pubid 稳定哈希切分(同 PMID 不跨集); artificial 按 decision 分层限量以均衡答案分布
biomed_pubmedqa_train_000047	biomedical	biomedical	clinical_research	literature_qa	evidence_based_reasoning	Is cD100 up-regulation induced by interferon-α on B cells related to hepatitis C virus infection?	Based on the abstract in context, answer yes, no, or maybe.	CD100, also known as Sema4D, is a member of the semaphorin family and has important regulatory functions that promote immune cell activation and responses. The role of CD100 expression on B cells in immune regulation during chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection remains unclear. We longitudinally investigated the al...	{ "A": "yes", "B": "no", "C": "maybe" }	A	yes	yes_no_maybe	Peripheral B cells show an activated phenotype during chronic HCV infection. Moreover, IFN-α therapy facilitates the reversion of disrupted B cell homeostasis, and up-regulated expression of CD100 may be indirectly related to HCV clearance.	PubMedQA	PMID:25436996	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25436996/	MIT	train	accuracy	true	text	null	unknown	pqa_artificial; context=摘要(去结论防泄露), 结论移入 gold_rationale; 按 pubid 稳定哈希切分(同 PMID 不跨集); artificial 按 decision 分层限量以均衡答案分布
biomed_pubmedqa_train_000048	biomedical	biomedical	clinical_research	literature_qa	evidence_based_reasoning	Is guideline-concordant administration of prothrombin complex concentrate and vitamin K associated with decreased mortality in patients with severe bleeding under vitamin K antagonist treatment ( EPAHK study )?	Based on the abstract in context, answer yes, no, or maybe.	In vitamin K antagonist (VKA)-treated patients with severe hemorrhage, guidelines recommend prompt VKA reversal with prothrombin complex concentrate (PCC) and vitamin K. The aim of this observational cohort study was to evaluate the impact of guideline concordant administration of PCC and vitamin K on seven-day mortali...	{ "A": "yes", "B": "no", "C": "maybe" }	A	yes	yes_no_maybe	Guideline-concordant VKA reversal with PCC and vitamin K within eight hours after admission was associated with a significant decrease in seven-day mortality.	PubMedQA	PMID:24762166	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24762166/	MIT	train	accuracy	true	text	null	unknown	pqa_artificial; context=摘要(去结论防泄露), 结论移入 gold_rationale; 按 pubid 稳定哈希切分(同 PMID 不跨集); artificial 按 decision 分层限量以均衡答案分布
biomed_pubmedqa_train_000049	biomedical	biomedical	clinical_research	literature_qa	evidence_based_reasoning	Does ultrasound-guided synovial biopsy of the wrist alter subsequent clinical or ultrasound disease activity assessments : a prospective study for incorporation of imaging in clinical trials?	Based on the abstract in context, answer yes, no, or maybe.	Ultrasound-guided synovial biopsy (UGSB) is a minimally-invasive procedure capable of retrieving good quality tissue from small and large joints. The use of UGSB in prospective clinical trials poses a dilemma as to whether biopsied joints may be later included in core data sets for clinical or imagining response, as th...	{ "A": "yes", "B": "no", "C": "maybe" }	B	no	yes_no_maybe	In this population, UGSB of the wrist did not significantly alter subsequent clinical or US assessments, indicating that a wrist joint, which has undergone UGSB, may be incorporated into an US dataset or clinical outcome assessment tools, such as the DAS-28, without prejudice.	PubMedQA	PMID:27463825	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27463825/	MIT	train	accuracy	true	text	null	unknown	pqa_artificial; context=摘要(去结论防泄露), 结论移入 gold_rationale; 按 pubid 稳定哈希切分(同 PMID 不跨集); artificial 按 decision 分层限量以均衡答案分布
biomed_pubmedqa_train_000050	biomedical	biomedical	clinical_research	literature_qa	evidence_based_reasoning	Is high plasma levels of high mobility group box 1 associated with the risk of sepsis in severe blunt chest trauma patients : a prospective cohort study?	Based on the abstract in context, answer yes, no, or maybe.	High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is a late mediator of systemic inflammation. Extracellular HMGB1 play a central pathogenic role in critical illness. The purpose of the study was to investigate the association between plasma HMGB1 concentrations and the risk of poor outcomes in patients with severe blunt chest trauma....	{ "A": "yes", "B": "no", "C": "maybe" }	A	yes	yes_no_maybe	Plasma HMGB1 levels were significantly elevated in patients with severe blunt chest trauma. HMGB1 levels were associated with the risk of poor outcome in patients with severe blunt chest trauma. Daily HMGB1 levels measurements is a potential useful tool in the early identification of post-trauma complications. Further ...	PubMedQA	PMID:25085006	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25085006/	MIT	train	accuracy	true	text	null	unknown	pqa_artificial; context=摘要(去结论防泄露), 结论移入 gold_rationale; 按 pubid 稳定哈希切分(同 PMID 不跨集); artificial 按 decision 分层限量以均衡答案分布
biomed_pubmedqa_train_000051	biomedical	biomedical	clinical_research	literature_qa	evidence_based_reasoning	Are levels of soluble CD30 in cord blood and peripheral blood during childhood correlated with the development of atopic disease or a family history of atopy?	Based on the abstract in context, answer yes, no, or maybe.	The CD30 molecule has been linked to Th2 responses. Furthermore, elevated levels of the soluble form of CD30 (sCD30) in blood as well as of the expression of CD30 on the plasma membrane of T cells are associated with atopic disease. To assess the potential usefulness of sCD30 levels as a prognostic indicator of and/or ...	{ "A": "yes", "B": "no", "C": "maybe" }	B	no	yes_no_maybe	These findings indicate that the sCD30 concentration in cord blood is not a reliable prognostic indicator of, nor a useful diagnostic marker for, atopic disease in children up to 7 years of age. If such correlations do exist, they might be masked by age-dependent variations in the circulating levels of sCD30, which may...	PubMedQA	PMID:14616865	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14616865/	MIT	train	accuracy	true	text	null	unknown	pqa_artificial; context=摘要(去结论防泄露), 结论移入 gold_rationale; 按 pubid 稳定哈希切分(同 PMID 不跨集); artificial 按 decision 分层限量以均衡答案分布
biomed_pubmedqa_train_000052	biomedical	biomedical	clinical_research	literature_qa	evidence_based_reasoning	Do ventricular arrhythmias in athletes subside over time?	Based on the abstract in context, answer yes, no, or maybe.	Sudden death in athletes can occur during sport activities and is presumably related to ventricular arrhythmias. To investigate the long-term follow-up ofathletes with ventricular arrhythmias during an exercise test. From a database of 56,462 athletes we identified 192 athletes (35 years old who had ventricular arrhyth...	{ "A": "yes", "B": "no", "C": "maybe" }	A	yes	yes_no_maybe	Athletes engaged in competitive sports are more likely to develop ventricular arrhythmias during exercise. These arrhythmias subside over time when athletes are engaged in non-competitive sports.	PubMedQA	PMID:24340838	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24340838/	MIT	train	accuracy	true	text	null	unknown	pqa_labeled; context=摘要(去结论防泄露), 结论移入 gold_rationale; 按 pubid 稳定哈希切分(同 PMID 不跨集); artificial 按 decision 分层限量以均衡答案分布
biomed_pubmedqa_train_000053	biomedical	biomedical	clinical_research	literature_qa	evidence_based_reasoning	Do endometriotic ovarian cysts negatively affect the rate of spontaneous ovulation?	Based on the abstract in context, answer yes, no, or maybe.	Do endometriotic ovarian cysts influence the rate of spontaneous ovulation?	{ "A": "yes", "B": "no", "C": "maybe" }	B	no	yes_no_maybe	Endometriotic cysts, no matter what their volume, do not influence the rate of spontaneous ovulation in the affected ovary.	PubMedQA	PMID:25432923	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25432923/	MIT	train	accuracy	true	text	null	unknown	pqa_artificial; context=摘要(去结论防泄露), 结论移入 gold_rationale; 按 pubid 稳定哈希切分(同 PMID 不跨集); artificial 按 decision 分层限量以均衡答案分布
biomed_pubmedqa_train_000054	biomedical	biomedical	clinical_research	literature_qa	evidence_based_reasoning	Does increased p53 protein correlate to p53 gene mutations in microdissected human testicular germ cell tumors?	Based on the abstract in context, answer yes, no, or maybe.	To determine if primary testicular germ cell tumors that overexpress p53 tumor suppressor gene protein have p53 gene mutations. We examined 30 primary testicular tissues from 26 patients representing two groups. Group one consisted of eleven cases (6 nonseminomatous germ cell tumors and 5 seminomas) in which tissue sam...	{ "A": "yes", "B": "no", "C": "maybe" }	B	no	yes_no_maybe	Testicular tumors appear to exhibit elevated levels of wild-type p53 protein, the significance of which is yet to be elucidated.	PubMedQA	PMID:7609148	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7609148/	MIT	train	accuracy	true	text	null	unknown	pqa_artificial; context=摘要(去结论防泄露), 结论移入 gold_rationale; 按 pubid 稳定哈希切分(同 PMID 不跨集); artificial 按 decision 分层限量以均衡答案分布
biomed_pubmedqa_train_000055	biomedical	biomedical	clinical_research	literature_qa	evidence_based_reasoning	Is cost-effectiveness of Spa treatment for fibromyalgia : general health improvement for free?	Based on the abstract in context, answer yes, no, or maybe.	To estimate the cost-effectiveness of an adjuvant treatment course of spa treatment compared with usual care only in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome (FM). 134 patients with FM, selected from a rheumatology outpatient department and from members of the Dutch FM patient association were randomly assigned to a 2(1/2) ...	{ "A": "yes", "B": "no", "C": "maybe" }	B	no	yes_no_maybe	The temporary improvement in quality of life due to an adjuvant treatment course of spa therapy for patients with FM is associated with limited incremental costs per patient.	PubMedQA	PMID:17636181	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17636181/	MIT	train	accuracy	true	text	null	unknown	pqa_artificial; context=摘要(去结论防泄露), 结论移入 gold_rationale; 按 pubid 稳定哈希切分(同 PMID 不跨集); artificial 按 decision 分层限量以均衡答案分布
biomed_pubmedqa_train_000056	biomedical	biomedical	clinical_research	literature_qa	evidence_based_reasoning	Does tolerance to the therapeutic effect of tadalafil occur during 6 months of treatment : A randomized , double-blind , placebo-controlled study in men with erectile dysfunction?	Based on the abstract in context, answer yes, no, or maybe.	Tolerance can cause a decrease in drug efficacy during chronic therapy, possibly leading to treatment failures. The aim of this article is to determine whether tolerance developed to the effects of tadalafil on erectile function (EF) over a 6-month treatment period. Post hoc analysis of data from a multicenter, double-...	{ "A": "yes", "B": "no", "C": "maybe" }	B	no	yes_no_maybe	Tadalafil treatment significantly improved SEP3 and IIEF EF domain scores. The efficacy of tadalafil, taken as needed, was maintained over a 6-month treatment period in men with ED.	PubMedQA	PMID:16681476	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16681476/	MIT	train	accuracy	true	text	null	unknown	pqa_artificial; context=摘要(去结论防泄露), 结论移入 gold_rationale; 按 pubid 稳定哈希切分(同 PMID 不跨集); artificial 按 decision 分层限量以均衡答案分布
biomed_pubmedqa_train_000057	biomedical	biomedical	clinical_research	literature_qa	evidence_based_reasoning	Does confined placental mosaicism account for adverse perinatal outcomes in IVF pregnancies?	Based on the abstract in context, answer yes, no, or maybe.	IVF singletons have poorer perinatal outcomes than singletons from spontaneous conceptions. This may be due to the influence of ovarian stimulation on the chromosomal constitution of the embryos which could be translated into localized chromosomal anomalies in the placenta. The aim of this study was to compare the inci...	{ "A": "yes", "B": "no", "C": "maybe" }	B	no	yes_no_maybe	The incidence of CPM is not increased in IVF/ICSI pregnancies compared with spontaneous conceptions. CPM probably does not account for the adverse perinatal outcomes following IVF/ICSI.	PubMedQA	PMID:18319270	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18319270/	MIT	train	accuracy	true	text	null	unknown	pqa_labeled; context=摘要(去结论防泄露), 结论移入 gold_rationale; 按 pubid 稳定哈希切分(同 PMID 不跨集); artificial 按 decision 分层限量以均衡答案分布
biomed_pubmedqa_train_000058	biomedical	biomedical	clinical_research	literature_qa	evidence_based_reasoning	Is quantitative competitive reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction a useful method for quantification of CD4 and CD8 cell status during HIV infection?	Based on the abstract in context, answer yes, no, or maybe.	A polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based method for quantitating CD4 and CD8 mRNA could provide a means of assessing immune status of AIDS patients and other immunologically compromised persons without requiring large blood draws, and could be exquisitely sensitive. Such a method would also be useful in assessing the im...	{ "A": "yes", "B": "no", "C": "maybe" }	B	no	yes_no_maybe	QC-RT-PCR, and related methodologies are not useful substitutes for assessment of CD4 and CD8 cell numbers in HIV-infected persons.	PubMedQA	PMID:12702212	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12702212/	MIT	train	accuracy	true	text	null	unknown	pqa_artificial; context=摘要(去结论防泄露), 结论移入 gold_rationale; 按 pubid 稳定哈希切分(同 PMID 不跨集); artificial 按 decision 分层限量以均衡答案分布
biomed_pubmedqa_train_000059	biomedical	biomedical	clinical_research	literature_qa	evidence_based_reasoning	Is high expression of GTPase regulator associated with the focal adhesion kinase ( GRAF ) a favorable prognostic factor in acute myeloid leukemia?	Based on the abstract in context, answer yes, no, or maybe.	GRAF is a recognized tumor suppressor gene that was found inactivated in AML. However, the prognostic role of a GRAF transcript has not been studied in patients with AML. In this study, we investigated the expression of the GRAF transcript by real time quantitative PCR in 60 AML patients and 30 healthy age and sex matc...	{ "A": "yes", "B": "no", "C": "maybe" }	A	yes	yes_no_maybe	We provide evidence that high GRAF expression is a favorable prognostic marker in patients with AML.	PubMedQA	PMID:25088035	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25088035/	MIT	train	accuracy	true	text	null	unknown	pqa_artificial; context=摘要(去结论防泄露), 结论移入 gold_rationale; 按 pubid 稳定哈希切分(同 PMID 不跨集); artificial 按 decision 分层限量以均衡答案分布
biomed_pubmedqa_train_000060	biomedical	biomedical	clinical_research	literature_qa	evidence_based_reasoning	Is generalized joint hypermobility more common in chronic fatigue syndrome than in healthy control subjects?	Based on the abstract in context, answer yes, no, or maybe.	This study aimed at (1) comparing the prevalence of generalized hypermobility in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) and healthy volunteers, (2) examining the clinical importance of generalized hypermobility in patients with CFS, and (3) examining whether knee proprioception is associated with hypermobility in...	{ "A": "yes", "B": "no", "C": "maybe" }	A	yes	yes_no_maybe	These data indicate that a subgroup of patients with CFS present with generalized joint hypermobility and most patients with of CFS fulfill the diagnostic criteria for BJHS. There appears to be no association between musculoskeletal pain and joint hypermobility in patients with CFS.	PubMedQA	PMID:16396727	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16396727/	MIT	train	accuracy	true	text	null	unknown	pqa_artificial; context=摘要(去结论防泄露), 结论移入 gold_rationale; 按 pubid 稳定哈希切分(同 PMID 不跨集); artificial 按 decision 分层限量以均衡答案分布
biomed_pubmedqa_train_000061	biomedical	biomedical	clinical_research	literature_qa	evidence_based_reasoning	Does acute weight loss followed by an aggressive nutritional recovery strategy have little impact on on-water rowing performance?	Based on the abstract in context, answer yes, no, or maybe.	To assess the influence of moderate, acute weight loss on on-water rowing performance when aggressive nutritional recovery strategies were used in the two hours between weigh in and racing. Competitive rowers (n = 17) undertook three on-water 1800 m time trials under cool conditions (mean (SD) temperature 8.4 (2.0) deg...	{ "A": "yes", "B": "no", "C": "maybe" }	A	yes	yes_no_maybe	Acute weight loss of up to 4% over 24 hours, when combined with aggressive nutritional recovery strategies, can be undertaken with minimal impact on on-water rowing performance, at least in cool conditions.	PubMedQA	PMID:16371492	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16371492/	MIT	train	accuracy	true	text	null	unknown	pqa_artificial; context=摘要(去结论防泄露), 结论移入 gold_rationale; 按 pubid 稳定哈希切分(同 PMID 不跨集); artificial 按 decision 分层限量以均衡答案分布
biomed_pubmedqa_train_000062	biomedical	biomedical	clinical_research	literature_qa	evidence_based_reasoning	Is hypothalamic damage associated with inflammatory markers and worse cognitive performance in obese subjects?	Based on the abstract in context, answer yes, no, or maybe.	Growing evidence implicates hypothalamic inflammation in the pathogenesis of diet-induced obesity and cognitive dysfunction in rodent models. Few studies have addressed the association between obesity and hypothalamic damage in humans and its relevance. This study aimed to determine markers of obesity-associated hypoth...	{ "A": "yes", "B": "no", "C": "maybe" }	A	yes	yes_no_maybe	DTI detects obesity-associated hypothalamic damage associated with inflammatory markers and worse cognitive performance. This study highlights the potential utility of λ(1) as a surrogate marker of obesity-associated hypothalamic damage.	PubMedQA	PMID:25423565	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25423565/	MIT	train	accuracy	true	text	null	unknown	pqa_artificial; context=摘要(去结论防泄露), 结论移入 gold_rationale; 按 pubid 稳定哈希切分(同 PMID 不跨集); artificial 按 decision 分层限量以均衡答案分布
biomed_pubmedqa_train_000063	biomedical	biomedical	clinical_research	literature_qa	evidence_based_reasoning	Is routine post-operative intensive care necessary for children with obstructive sleep apnea at high risk after adenotonsillectomy?	Based on the abstract in context, answer yes, no, or maybe.	Post-operative respiratory adverse events (AE) are frequent in children having adenotonsillectomy (AT) for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Many hospitals have a policy of routine admission to the intensive care unit (ICU) after surgery for children at highest risk. We aimed to determine the frequency and severity of pos...	{ "A": "yes", "B": "no", "C": "maybe" }	B	no	yes_no_maybe	Our data confirm high rates of AE after AT for high risk patients, however, only 8% suffered a severe AE truly necessitating care in ICU. This outcome was very unlikely if an AE did not occur in PACU. We therefore conclude that routine post-operative ICU care for high risk children may be avoided if prolonged monitorin...	PubMedQA	PMID:24594232	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24594232/	MIT	train	accuracy	true	text	null	unknown	pqa_artificial; context=摘要(去结论防泄露), 结论移入 gold_rationale; 按 pubid 稳定哈希切分(同 PMID 不跨集); artificial 按 decision 分层限量以均衡答案分布
biomed_pubmedqa_train_000064	biomedical	biomedical	clinical_research	literature_qa	evidence_based_reasoning	Does thrombin induce osteoprotegerin synthesis via phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase/mammalian target of rapamycin pathway in human periodontal ligament cells?	Based on the abstract in context, answer yes, no, or maybe.	Thrombin influences the biological behavior of periodontal ligament cells and plays multiple roles in the early stages of bone healing. Osteoprotegerin (OPG) is one of the key molecules that regulate bone homeostasis and prevent osteoclastogenesis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the biological effects of thr...	{ "A": "yes", "B": "no", "C": "maybe" }	A	yes	yes_no_maybe	Thrombin induces OPG synthesis in HPDL cells post-transcriptionally, possibly through PAR-1. The regulation was through the PI3K/Akt and mTOR pathway. This finding suggests that thrombin may play a significant role in alveolar bone repair and homeostasis of periodontal tissue, partly through the OPG/RANKL system.	PubMedQA	PMID:18565131	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18565131/	MIT	train	accuracy	true	text	null	unknown	pqa_artificial; context=摘要(去结论防泄露), 结论移入 gold_rationale; 按 pubid 稳定哈希切分(同 PMID 不跨集); artificial 按 decision 分层限量以均衡答案分布
biomed_pubmedqa_train_000065	biomedical	biomedical	clinical_research	literature_qa	evidence_based_reasoning	Do insulin resistance/compensatory hyperinsulinemia predict carotid intimal medial thickness in patients with essential hypertension?	Based on the abstract in context, answer yes, no, or maybe.	Approximately 50% of subjects with essential hypertension (EH) are insulin resistant, and this defect in insulin action could contribute to increased cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in these patients. To test this hypothesis, we attempted to see if there was a link between insulin resistance (IR) and carotid intimal ...	{ "A": "yes", "B": "no", "C": "maybe" }	A	yes	yes_no_maybe	The presence of increased IMT is significantly related to several metabolic and endothelial abnormalities associated with IR/hyperinsulinemia, and fasting insulin independently predicts the thickness of the intima-media layer. These results support the view that CVD risk is greatest in those patients with essential hyp...	PubMedQA	PMID:16399488	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16399488/	MIT	train	accuracy	true	text	null	unknown	pqa_artificial; context=摘要(去结论防泄露), 结论移入 gold_rationale; 按 pubid 稳定哈希切分(同 PMID 不跨集); artificial 按 decision 分层限量以均衡答案分布
biomed_pubmedqa_train_000066	biomedical	biomedical	clinical_research	literature_qa	evidence_based_reasoning	Is alpha1-Antitrypsin deficiency an important cause of childhood liver diseases in a multi-ethnic Southeast Asian population?	Based on the abstract in context, answer yes, no, or maybe.	We conducted a prospective study to determine the role of alpha1-antitrypsin (alpha1AT) deficiency in the pathogenesis of neonatal cholestasis and other childhood liver diseases in a multi-ethnic Southeast Asian population. Prospective patients with neonatal cholestasis (group 1), other liver diseases (group 2) and chi...	{ "A": "yes", "B": "no", "C": "maybe" }	B	no	yes_no_maybe	alpha1AT deficiency is not an important cause of neonatal cholestasis and childhood liver diseases in Malaysian children. In Malaysian children with neonatal cholestasis or other liver diseases, routine assay for alpha1AT phenotype is not recommended if there is no family history of neonatal cholestasis of uncertain ae...	PubMedQA	PMID:17688648	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17688648/	MIT	train	accuracy	true	text	null	unknown	pqa_artificial; context=摘要(去结论防泄露), 结论移入 gold_rationale; 按 pubid 稳定哈希切分(同 PMID 不跨集); artificial 按 decision 分层限量以均衡答案分布
biomed_pubmedqa_train_000067	biomedical	biomedical	clinical_research	literature_qa	evidence_based_reasoning	Are factors associated with HIV infection the same for all women?	Based on the abstract in context, answer yes, no, or maybe.	To determine if factors associated with HIV infection vary between subpopulations of women resident in Great Britain. Case-control analyses on already existing datasets. Great Britain. 317 cases selected from a MRC Collaborative Study of HIV Infection in Women and 3635 controls selected from a National Survey of Sexual...	{ "A": "yes", "B": "no", "C": "maybe" }	B	no	yes_no_maybe	Factors vary in importance and significance of association with HIV infection in different subpopulations of women resident in Great Britain. This diversity is also likely to occur in other populations. It is important to identify these differences between subpopulations. Prevention and control policies and activities ...	PubMedQA	PMID:11812808	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11812808/	MIT	train	accuracy	true	text	null	unknown	pqa_artificial; context=摘要(去结论防泄露), 结论移入 gold_rationale; 按 pubid 稳定哈希切分(同 PMID 不跨集); artificial 按 decision 分层限量以均衡答案分布
biomed_pubmedqa_train_000068	biomedical	biomedical	clinical_research	literature_qa	evidence_based_reasoning	Is insulin sensitivity an important determinant of renal health in adolescents with type 2 diabetes?	Based on the abstract in context, answer yes, no, or maybe.	Diabetic nephropathy (DN) remains the most common cause of end-stage renal disease and is a major cause of mortality in type 2 diabetes. Insulin sensitivity is an important determinant of renal health in adults with type 2 diabetes, but limited data exist in adolescents. We hypothesized that measured insulin sensitivit...	{ "A": "yes", "B": "no", "C": "maybe" }	A	yes	yes_no_maybe	A significant proportion of adolescents with type 2 diabetes showed evidence of early DN, and insulin sensitivity, rather than HbA1c, blood pressure, or lipid control, was the strongest determinant of renal health.	PubMedQA	PMID:25071077	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25071077/	MIT	train	accuracy	true	text	null	unknown	pqa_artificial; context=摘要(去结论防泄露), 结论移入 gold_rationale; 按 pubid 稳定哈希切分(同 PMID 不跨集); artificial 按 decision 分层限量以均衡答案分布
biomed_pubmedqa_train_000069	biomedical	biomedical	clinical_research	literature_qa	evidence_based_reasoning	Are cholangiocarcinoma in primary sclerosing cholangitis : K-ras mutations and Tp53 dysfunction implicated in the neoplastic development?	Based on the abstract in context, answer yes, no, or maybe.	Cholangiocarcinoma is a feared complication of primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). Neoplastic bile duct strictures may be difficult to differentiate cholangiographically from the non-neoplastic bile duct irregularities characteristic of this disorder, and the diagnosis of cholangiocarcinoma may be difficult to establ...	{ "A": "yes", "B": "no", "C": "maybe" }	A	yes	yes_no_maybe	We conclude that K-ras mutations and p53 dysfunction are implicated in tumorigenesis of cholangiocarcinomas arising in PSC patients and that these abnormalities together with increased Ki-67 index may indicate neoplastic progression of bile ducts in these patients.	PubMedQA	PMID:10735605	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10735605/	MIT	train	accuracy	true	text	null	unknown	pqa_artificial; context=摘要(去结论防泄露), 结论移入 gold_rationale; 按 pubid 稳定哈希切分(同 PMID 不跨集); artificial 按 decision 分层限量以均衡答案分布
biomed_pubmedqa_train_000070	biomedical	biomedical	clinical_research	literature_qa	evidence_based_reasoning	Is obesity associated with greater inflammation and monocyte activation among HIV-infected adults receiving antiretroviral therapy?	Based on the abstract in context, answer yes, no, or maybe.	Among virally suppressed HIV-infected persons, we examined the relationship between obesity and alterations in key clinical markers of immune activation and inflammation. These markers have also been associated with excess HIV-related cardiovascular disease and mortality. We evaluated data from virally suppressed parti...	{ "A": "yes", "B": "no", "C": "maybe" }	A	yes	yes_no_maybe	Obesity was prevalent and independently associated with greater monocyte activation and systemic inflammation. Research is needed to determine how adipose tissue excess is functionally related to persistent immunologic abnormalities among HIV-infected persons with viral suppression.	PubMedQA	PMID:26544583	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26544583/	MIT	train	accuracy	true	text	null	unknown	pqa_artificial; context=摘要(去结论防泄露), 结论移入 gold_rationale; 按 pubid 稳定哈希切分(同 PMID 不跨集); artificial 按 decision 分层限量以均衡答案分布
biomed_pubmedqa_train_000071	biomedical	biomedical	clinical_research	literature_qa	evidence_based_reasoning	Is childhood hygiene associated with the risk for inflammatory bowel disease : a population-based study?	Based on the abstract in context, answer yes, no, or maybe.	The "hygiene hypothesis" postulates that individuals raised in a sanitary environment are more likely to develop inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Several studies previously demonstrated contradictory results in this regard. We performed for the first time a population-based study on the association of surrogate marker...	{ "A": "yes", "B": "no", "C": "maybe" }	A	yes	yes_no_maybe	Surrogate markers of childhood hygiene are associated with the risk for IBD, thus reinforcing the "hygiene hypothesis."	PubMedQA	PMID:18557710	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18557710/	MIT	train	accuracy	true	text	null	unknown	pqa_artificial; context=摘要(去结论防泄露), 结论移入 gold_rationale; 按 pubid 稳定哈希切分(同 PMID 不跨集); artificial 按 decision 分层限量以均衡答案分布
biomed_pubmedqa_train_000072	biomedical	biomedical	clinical_research	literature_qa	evidence_based_reasoning	Is calnexin essential for mammalian rod opsin biogenesis?	Based on the abstract in context, answer yes, no, or maybe.	Misfolding mutations in rod opsin are a major cause of the inherited blindness retinitis pigmentosa. Therefore, understanding the role of molecular chaperones in facilitating rod opsin biogenesis and the response to mutant rod opsin is important for retinal disease and fundamental retinal cell biology. A recent report ...	{ "A": "yes", "B": "no", "C": "maybe" }	B	no	yes_no_maybe	Our data show that, unlike Drosophila Rh1, mammalian rod opsin biogenesis does not appear to have an absolute requirement for Cnx. Other chaperones are likely to be more important for mammalian rod opsin biogenesis and quality control.	PubMedQA	PMID:19116670	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19116670/	MIT	train	accuracy	true	text	null	unknown	pqa_artificial; context=摘要(去结论防泄露), 结论移入 gold_rationale; 按 pubid 稳定哈希切分(同 PMID 不跨集); artificial 按 decision 分层限量以均衡答案分布
biomed_pubmedqa_train_000073	biomedical	biomedical	clinical_research	literature_qa	evidence_based_reasoning	Does leukocyte depletion of red cell components prevent exposure of transfusion recipients to neutrophil elastase?	Based on the abstract in context, answer yes, no, or maybe.	Polymorphonuclear leukocytes contain a large number of enzymes and bactericidal proteins stored in granules. Neutrophil activation induces degranulation and immediate release of these bioactive substances, including human neutrophil elastase (HNE) also known as elastase-2 (ELA2), which may contaminate whole blood units...	{ "A": "yes", "B": "no", "C": "maybe" }	A	yes	yes_no_maybe	Leukocyte depletion may limit the inadvertent infusion of bioactive substances derived from polymorphonuclear leukocytes, of which HNE is but one example. The accumulation of HNE in buffy-coat-reduced red cells may be greater than that of whole blood units. HNE accumulates during storage and its quantity may have patho...	PubMedQA	PMID:10729807	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10729807/	MIT	train	accuracy	true	text	null	unknown	pqa_artificial; context=摘要(去结论防泄露), 结论移入 gold_rationale; 按 pubid 稳定哈希切分(同 PMID 不跨集); artificial 按 decision 分层限量以均衡答案分布
biomed_pubmedqa_train_000074	biomedical	biomedical	clinical_research	literature_qa	evidence_based_reasoning	Have antiepileptic drug prescription claims changed following the FDA suicidality warning?	Based on the abstract in context, answer yes, no, or maybe.	In January 2008, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) communicated concerns and, in May 2009, issued a warning about an increased risk of suicidality for all antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). This research evaluated the association between the FDA suicidality communications and the AED prescription claims among members wit...	{ "A": "yes", "B": "no", "C": "maybe" }	B	no	yes_no_maybe	During the time period considered, the FDA AED-related suicidality warning does not appear to have significantly affected prescription claims of AED medications for the study population.	PubMedQA	PMID:24739448	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24739448/	MIT	train	accuracy	true	text	null	unknown	pqa_labeled; context=摘要(去结论防泄露), 结论移入 gold_rationale; 按 pubid 稳定哈希切分(同 PMID 不跨集); artificial 按 decision 分层限量以均衡答案分布
biomed_pubmedqa_train_000075	biomedical	biomedical	clinical_research	literature_qa	evidence_based_reasoning	Does cytokine gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells reflect a systemic immune response in alcoholic chronic pancreatitis?	Based on the abstract in context, answer yes, no, or maybe.	Recent data provide evidence of a systemic inflammatory response in severe acute pancreatitis; in contrast, the exact immune mechanisms underlying chronic pancreatitis remain unclear. To investigate the immune response in the clinical features of chronic pancreatitis, we investigated the gene expression of tumor necros...	{ "A": "yes", "B": "no", "C": "maybe" }	A	yes	yes_no_maybe	The enhanced gene expression of TNFR-p75, TNFR-p55 and TNF-alpha in unstimulated PBMC demonstrates an enhanced leucocyte activation in patients with late-stage chronic pancreatitis and suggests a pathogenetic role of the cytotoxic TNF-alpha pathway in the clinical features of alcoholic chronic pancreatitis. The pathoge...	PubMedQA	PMID:10732290	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10732290/	MIT	train	accuracy	true	text	null	unknown	pqa_artificial; context=摘要(去结论防泄露), 结论移入 gold_rationale; 按 pubid 稳定哈希切分(同 PMID 不跨集); artificial 按 decision 分层限量以均衡答案分布

End of preview.

Biomedical QA 20k (with context)

生物医学 / 生命科学问答评测集，共 20,834 条。每条样本都附带回答所依据的原文段落（context），可直接用于检索 / 记忆增强等评测设置。全部样本可自动评测，字段遵循统一的 25 键 JSON schema。

1. 总览

项	值
总条数	20,834（train 17,500 / dev 1,752 / test 1,582）
来源数据集	3 个（PubMedQA / BioMRC / COVID-QA）
题型	yes_no_maybe 9,493 + single_choice 9,600 + short_answer 1,741
原文 context 非空率	20,834 / 20,834 = 100%
平均 Qwen3 token/条	1078.88（train 1098.57 / dev 1082.99 / test 856.54；中位 450，p90 764，max 16882）
tokenizer	Qwen/Qwen3-8B 的 `tokenizer.json`（vocab 151,643）
auto_evaluable	20,834 / 20,834 = 100%
语言 / 模态	English / text

2. 来源清单

#	数据集	领域	题型	原文形式	条数	平均 token	许可	链接
1	PubMedQA	PubMed 文献结论判断	yes_no_maybe	context = 摘要	9,493	374.63	MIT	https://huggingface.co/datasets/qiaojin/PubMedQA
2	BioMRC（small）	PubMed 摘要完形阅读	single_choice	context = 摘要（实体匿名 @entityN）	9,600	516.82	CC-BY-4.0	https://huggingface.co/datasets/nlpaueb/biomrc
3	COVID-QA	COVID-19 文献抽取式 QA	short_answer	context = CORD-19 论文段落	1,741	8018.15	Apache-2.0	https://github.com/deepset-ai/COVID-QA
	合计		3 题型	100% 带原文	20,834	1078.88

许可为逐源：PubMedQA = MIT，BioMRC = CC-BY-4.0，COVID-QA = Apache-2.0。分布：MIT 9,493 / CC-BY-4.0 9,600 / Apache-2.0 1,741。

3. 每条自带原文 context

三个源的每条样本都附带一段生物医学原文（PubMed 摘要或 CORD-19 论文段落），问题必须依据该原文作答：

PubMedQA：context = PubMed 摘要背景段，判断 yes / no / maybe。
BioMRC：context = PubMed 摘要（实体匿名为 @entityN），从候选实体中填补标题空缺。
COVID-QA：context = CORD-19 论文段落，答案为文中精确文本片段。

context 非空率 100%；COVID-QA 的 answer 均为 context 的精确子串（可做严格 EM 判分）。

4. train / dev / test 划分

test 为干净 held-out：与 train / dev 无样本、无题干、无同一原文的重叠。

来源	train	dev	test
PubMedQA	8,000	793	700
BioMRC	8,000	800	800
COVID-QA	1,500	159	82
合计	17,500	1,752	1,582

BioMRC 的 test 取官方 test 划分；PubMedQA 按 pubid 稳定哈希切分（同 PMID 不跨集）；COVID-QA 按 document_id 稳定哈希切分（同一论文不跨集）。
三集两两规范化题干哈希交集 = 0，精确全内容跨集重复 = 0，同一 source_id 不跨集。

5. 字段（统一 25 键 schema）

每行一个 JSON 对象：

字段	说明
`id`	样本唯一编号
`track` / `domain`	均为 `biomedical`
`subdomain`	clinical_research / clinical_medicine / basic_medical_science / pharmacology
`task_type`	literature_qa / reading_comprehension / extractive_qa
`ability`	evidence_based_reasoning
`question`	问题
`instruction`	作答指令
`context`	回答所依据的原文段落（非空）
`choices`	选项对象；抽取式题为 null
`answer`	标准答案（选项字母 / 文本片段）
`answer_text`	答案文本
`answer_type`	yes_no_maybe / single_choice / short_answer
`gold_rationale`	依据说明（如有）
`source_dataset` / `source_id` / `source_url`	来源与溯源
`license`	逐源许可
`split`	train / dev / test
`eval_metric`	accuracy / f1
`auto_evaluable`	true
`modality`	text
`image`	null
`difficulty`	unknown
`notes`	备注

subdomain 分布：clinical_research 11,234 / clinical_medicine 5,911 / basic_medical_science 2,364 / pharmacology 1,325。

答案分布：PubMedQA yes/no/maybe ≈ 50/48/1；BioMRC 与 COVID-QA 无单一答案占比 ≥ 0.7。

6. 平均 token 数

tokenizer：Qwen/Qwen3-8B 的 tokenizer.json（BPE，vocab 151,643）。
口径：question + instruction + context + choices 拼接后编码，不含 answer / gold_rationale。
全量平均 1078.88 tokens/条；按源 PubMedQA 374.63 / BioMRC 516.82 / COVID-QA 8018.15。明细见 token_stats.json。

7. 文件

biomedical_full.jsonl — 全部 20,834 条
biomedical_full.train.jsonl / biomedical_full.dev.jsonl / biomedical_full.test.jsonl — 各划分
biomedical_card.md — 本数据卡
source_info.csv — 逐源来源 / 链接 / 许可
split_manifest.json — 划分计数与隔离统计
token_stats.json — Qwen3 token 统计
biomed_qa_20k.zip — 以上文件打包

8. 加载

from datasets import load_dataset

ds = load_dataset("zjlergf/biomed-qa-20k-with-context",
                  data_files="biomedical_full.train.jsonl")

下载地址：https://huggingface.co/datasets/zjlergf/biomed-qa-20k-with-context

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