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500 | The UIC 568 standard from the International Union of Railways (UIC), describes a 13-conductor cable and connectors used for transmitting a variety of data and commands between a locomotive and passenger carriages. Examples of those commands and data is loudspeaker messages, train destination signs, and control of doors... |
501 | The UIC 568-cable and connector was first introduced along with the specifications for carriages built according to the UIC type Y (24.5 meters long, 8 cabins) and the UIC type X (26.4 meters long, 10 cabins), but have later on been used for variety of other passenger carriages, allowing mixing of InterCity (medium to ... |
502 | Very early in the development of the standard, it was decided that two conductors and pins should be reserved for remote operation of the locomotive (when using control cars). |
503 | Locomotives equipped according to this standard will usually have two sockets at each end of the locomotive, and carriages will usually also have one or two sockets. Loose cables are then used to establish connection between the locomotive and the carriages, as well as from carriage to carriage. |
504 | Attempts have been made to use this cable for a complete communications bus (Train Communication Network, TCN) but it was decided that backwards compatibility was important, so that un-converted carriages could still be used. This would require an 18-conductor cable, which led to the development of the UIC 558-cable an... |
505 | Along with the UIC 568-cable and connectors, carriages used for international traffic are required to be equipped with electric heating. The power for this, as well as for lighting, air-conditioning, electric outlets for passengers, etc., is carried by a separate cable. This cable carries single-phase electric power at... |
506 | Robert A. Cinader
--Career.
--Death.
--Legacy. |
507 | Robert A. Cinader (November 10, 1924 – November 16, 1982) was an American television producer best known for his work on two NBC series packaged by actor/producer Jack Webb's Mark VII Limited, "Adam-12" and "Emergency!" The latter show in particular was widely credited by observers as one of the most important efforts ... |
508 | A native New Yorker and an Army veteran, Cinader first wrote for "Holiday Magazine", and later became head of the United Nations' publications operation. Then he turned to the field of television syndication, working for the William Morris Agency and later for NBC's syndication division, where he created a 1957 adventu... |
509 | While working a stint at Warner Brothers, Cinader was approached by Webb (a former head of the WB TV operation) to assist him in producing his 1967-70 revival of "Dragnet," for Universal Studios. While on that job, he devised a show for Mark VII that told the story of the police beat from the perspective of two LAPD pa... |
510 | In 1971, while brainstorming for new program ideas, Cinader heard about a trial paramedic program that Los Angeles County was undertaking with funding by the California State Legislature. He became so enthralled with the idea that he persuaded Webb and Universal to make an entire show about the phenomenon. |
511 | "Emergency!" was set in a fictional fire station, with trained firefighters attending to first aid and primary care of sick and injured victims on the scene, while electronically transmitting medical information to, and receiving instructions from, doctors and/or nurses at the fictional Rampart hospital. The show debut... |
512 | NBC spun off the show into a Saturday-morning cartoon series entitled "Emergency +4", which lasted for two years in the mid-1970s. The prime-time show itself ran for six seasons as a weekly show and two more as a series of two-hour made-for-TV movies. Cinader eventually became its executive producer; during the 1973-74... |
513 | Cinader became an expert in emergency medicine and in 1975 was appointed to the Emergency Medical Services Commission of Los Angeles County and he served on the commission until his death. |
514 | Just prior to his death, Cinader produced the first six episodes of "Knight Rider", a new series from Glen A. Larson. He is listed in the credits as Co-Executive Producer. |
515 | Cinader died from cancer in Encino, California six days after his 58th birthday, just five weeks before Webb also died. Cinader was survived by his wife of 31 years, Jean. The "Knight Rider" episode "The Final Verdict" was dedicated to him, stating "he was an original." |
516 | Cinader became so identified with the paramedic movement that he received an appointment to the local Emergency Medical Services Commission. Los Angeles County Fire Department station 127 in Carson, California, shown in "Emergency!" as the fictional Station 51, was named as the Robert A. Cinader Memorial Fire Station i... |
517 | Illtyd Buller Pole-Evans
--Biography.
--Personal life.
--Legacy. |
518 | Illtyd Buller Pole-Evans CMG (3 September 1879 – 16 October 1968) was a Welsh-born South African botanist. Sometimes his first name is spelled Iltyd. |
519 | Pole-Evans was born in Llanmaes in the Vale of Glamorgan, the son of an Anglican clergyman, Daniel Evans and Caroline Jane Pole. He was educated at the University College of South Wales and Monmouthshire, receiving a BSc in 1903 and going on to Cambridge where he studied mycology and plant pathology under Harry Marshal... |
520 | Pole-Evans was appointed as mycologist and plant pathologist, and joined Burtt Davy in the newly established Transvaal Department of Agriculture. Although having the most rudimentary laboratory facilities, Pole-Evans implemented a research program and started producing a steady flow of published work. He assumed charge... |
521 | After settling in Pretoria, Pole-Evans turned his attention to the rich flora of his adopted country and singled out the "Aloes" for special attention. He amassed a collection of great value and established the plants on the grounds of the Division. Some new "Aloe" species were described by him in the "Trans. Roy. Soc.... |
522 | In 1916 an outbreak of citrus canker threatened to bring down the citrus industry in the Transvaal. Pole-Evans orchestrated a drastic program that called for the complete eradication of infected orchards and nurseries. This timely intervention saved the industry. |
523 | During his travels throughout southern Africa, he collected photographs and data on the major vegetation types of the region. This resulted in a preliminary account entitled "The Plant Geography of South Africa", in which he recognised 19 botanical regions, each with distinctive ecological characteristics. His classifi... |
524 | One of his longstanding interests was pasture grasses, and he was instrumental in collecting and introducing many of these to South Africa from various places on the sub-continent. These grasses were grown and tested at the Prinshof and Rietondale Experiment Stations. |
525 | In 1930 Pole-Evans accompanied John Hutchinson and Jan Smuts on a two-month expedition through Southern and Northern Rhodesia to Nyasaland and Lake Tanganyika. A more ambitious expedition was undertaken by him in 1938 at the invitation of the Kenyan government. In the company of C. J. J. van Rensburg, an agrostologist,... |
526 | During his career, Pole-Evans collected extensively in southern Africa and covered the Belgian Congo, Kenya, Tanganyika, Northern Rhodesia, the Bechuanaland Protectorate, South Africa and Southern Rhodesia. His collections can be found at A, B, BOL, BR, E, EA, GRA, K, L, MO, P, PRE, S, SRGH and US. This botanist is den... |
527 | Pole-Evans died in Umtali, Rhodesia at the age of 89. |
528 | He married Mary R.H. Thompson MSc (London) in 1922, three years after she joined his staff as a mycologist. |
529 | Pole-Evans is commemorated by the grass genus "Polevansia" De Winter, and by numerous specific names such as "Aloe pole-evansii", "Dinteranthus pole-evansii", "Gladiolus pole-evansii" etc., as well as Volume 20 of "Flowering Plants of South Africa". "Scadoxus pole-evansii" is named for his son, Reginald. |
530 | Berryden |
531 | Berryden is an area of Aberdeen quite near to the city centre. |
532 | Berryden Retail Park is the main shopping destination in the north side of Aberdeen, with large chain store, smaller shops and a children's play centre. The retail park was purchased by Frasers Group in October 2020. |
533 | Kittybrewster Retail Park is just a few minutes away, and houses similar retailers and services. |
534 | Crow's First Lesson |
535 | "Crow's First Lesson" is a poem written by Ted Hughes in 1970. |
536 | Sal Rocca
--Early life.
--Career.
--Death. |
537 | Sal Rocca (October 29, 1946 – December 13, 2020) was an Italian-born American politician who served as a member of the Michigan House of Representatives for several years, as well as serving a few terms as a member of the Macomb County Board of Commissioners. He made an unsuccessful run for the Republican nomination fo... |
538 | Rocca was born in Casalvieri, Lazio, Italy, to Virginia and Ororio Rocca. When Rocca was six, his family moved to Windsor, Ontario, Canada. At age 13, he immigrated with his family to the United States, settling in Detroit, Michigan. Rocca graduated from Detroit's Southwestern High School and has taken courses at Macom... |
539 | Rocca was first elected to the Michigan House of Representatives in 1974 as a Democrat. He served through 1980. In 1982, he was again elected to the State House serving through the end of 1994. In 1992, he switched parties to become a Republican. From 1995 to 2001, Rocca served as a member of the Macomb County Board of... |
540 | He was again elected to the State House in 2000 and served through the end of 2004. |
541 | Rocca previously worked for General Motors and was a licensed real estate broker. During his last term in the Michigan House Rocca had the most time as a member of the house of any member, since unlike most of his other fellow house members in 1992 he had not used up all his post-1992 six years allowed by the term limi... |
542 | Rocca died from COVID-19 in Troy, Michigan on December 13, 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic in Michigan. He was 74. |
543 | Stellar kinematics
--Space velocity.
--Use of kinematic measurements.
--Recent advancements due to "Gaia".
--Stellar kinematic types.
----High-velocity stars.
------Runaway stars.
------Halo stars.
------Hypervelocity stars.
--------Origin of hypervelocity stars.
--------Partial list of HVSs.
--Kinematic groups.
----St... |
544 | In astronomy, stellar kinematics is the observational study or measurement of the kinematics or motions of stars through space. |
545 | Stellar kinematics encompasses the measurement of stellar velocities in the Milky Way and its satellites as well as the internal kinematics of more distant galaxies. Measurement of the kinematics of stars in different subcomponents of the Milky Way including the thin disk, the thick disk, the bulge, and the stellar hal... |
546 | Stellar kinematics is related to but distinct from the subject of stellar dynamics, which involves the theoretical study or modeling of the motions of stars under the influence of gravity. Stellar-dynamical models of systems such as galaxies or star clusters are often compared with or tested against stellar-kinematic d... |
547 | The component of stellar motion toward or away from the Sun, known as radial velocity, can be measured from the spectrum shift caused by the Doppler effect. The transverse, or proper motion must be found by taking a series of positional determinations against more distant objects. Once the distance to a star is determi... |
548 | The components of space velocity in the Milky Way's Galactic coordinate system are usually designated U, V, and W, given in km/s, with U positive in the direction of the Galactic Center, V positive in the direction of galactic rotation, and W positive in the direction of the North Galactic Pole. The peculiar motion of ... |
549 | with statistical uncertainty (+0.69−0.75, +0.47−0.47, +0.37−0.36) km/s and systematic uncertainty (1, 2, 0.5) km/s. (Note that V is 7 km/s larger than estimated in 1998 by Dehnen et al.) |
550 | Stellar kinematics yields important astrophysical information about stars, and the galaxies in which they reside. Stellar kinematics data combined with astrophysical modeling produces important information about the galactic system as a whole. Measured stellar velocities in the innermost regions of galaxies including t... |
551 | In 2018 the "Gaia" data release 2 has yielded an unprecedented number of high-quality stellar kinematic measurements as well as stellar parallax measurements which will greatly increase our understanding of the structure of the Milky Way. The Gaia data has also made it possible to determine the proper motions of many o... |
552 | Stars within galaxies may be classified based on their kinematics. For example, the stars in the Milky Way can be subdivided into two general populations, based on their metallicity, or proportion of elements with atomic numbers higher than helium. Among nearby stars, it has been found that population I stars with high... |
553 | There are many additional ways to classify stars based on their measured velocity components, and this provides detailed information about the nature of the star's formation time, its present location, and the general structure of the galaxy. As a star moves in a galaxy, the smoothed out gravitational potential of all ... |
554 | Depending on the definition, a high-velocity star is a star moving faster than 65 km/s to 100 km/s relative to the average motion of the other stars in the star's neighborhood. The velocity is also sometimes defined as supersonic relative to the surrounding interstellar medium. The three types of high-velocity stars ar... |
555 | A runaway star is one that is moving through space with an abnormally high velocity relative to the surrounding interstellar medium. The proper motion of a runaway star often points exactly away from a stellar association, of which the star was formerly a member, before it was hurled out. |
556 | Mechanisms that may give rise to a runaway star include:
* Gravitational interactions between stars in a stellar system can result in large accelerations of one or more of the involved stars. In some cases, stars may even be ejected. This can occur in seemingly stable star systems of only three stars, as described in s... |
557 | Multiple mechanisms may accelerate the same runaway star. For example, a massive star that was originally ejected due to gravitational interactions with its stellar neighbors may itself go supernova, producing a remnant with a velocity modulated by the supernova kick. If this supernova occurs in the very nearby vicinit... |
558 | An example of a related set of runaway stars is the case of AE Aurigae, 53 Arietis and Mu Columbae, all of which are moving away from each other at velocities of over 100 km/s (for comparison, the Sun moves through the Milky Way at about 20 km/s faster than the local average). Tracing their motions back, their paths in... |
559 | Another example is the X-ray object Vela X-1, where photodigital techniques reveal the presence of a typical supersonic bow shock hyperbola. |
560 | Halo stars are very old stars that do not follow circular orbits around the center of the Milky Way within its disk. Instead, the halo stars travel in elliptical orbits, often inclined to the disk, which take them well above and below the plane of the Milky Way. Although their orbital velocities relative to the Milky W... |
561 | Typical examples are the halo stars passing through the disk of the Milky Way at steep angles. One of the nearest 45 stars, called Kapteyn's Star, is an example of the high-velocity stars that lie near the Sun: Its observed radial velocity is −245 km/s, and the components of its space velocity are and |
562 | Hypervelocity stars (designated as HVS or HV in stellar catalogues) have substantially higher velocities than the rest of the stellar population of a galaxy. Some of these stars may even exceed the escape velocity of the galaxy. In the Milky Way, stars usually have velocities on the order of 100 km/s, whereas hypervelo... |
563 | Jack G. Hills first predicted the existence of HVSs in 1988. This was later confirmed in 2005 by Warren Brown, Margaret Geller, Scott Kenyon, and Michael Kurtz. 10 unbound HVSs were known, one of which is believed to have originated from the Large Magellanic Cloud rather than the Milky Way. Further measurements placed ... |
564 | , there have been roughly 20 observed hypervelocity stars. Though most of these were observed in the Northern Hemisphere, the possibility remains that there are HVSs only observable from the Southern Hemisphere. |
565 | It is believed that about 1,000 HVSs exist in the Milky Way. Considering that there are around 100 billion stars in the Milky Way, this is a minuscule fraction (~0.000001%). Results from the second data release of "Gaia" (DR2) show that most high-velocity late-type stars have a high probability of being bound to the Mi... |
566 | In March 2019, LAMOST-HVS1 was reported to be a confirmed hypervelocity star ejected from the stellar disk of the Milky Way. |
567 | In July 2019, astronomers reported finding an A-type star, S5-HVS1, traveling , faster than any other star detected so far. The star is in the Grus (or Crane) constellation in the southern sky and is about from Earth. It may have been ejected from the Milky Way after interacting with Sagittarius A*, the supermassive bl... |
568 | HVSs are believed to predominately originate by close encounters of binary stars with the supermassive black hole in the center of the Milky Way. One of the two partners is gravitationally captured by the black hole (in the sense of entering orbit around it), while the other escapes with high velocity, becoming an HVS.... |
569 | Supernova-induced HVSs may also be possible, although they are presumably rare. In this scenario, a HVS is ejected from a close binary system as a result of the companion star undergoing a supernova explosion. Ejection velocities up to 770 km/s, as measured from the galactic rest frame, are possible for late-type B-sta... |
570 | Known HVSs are main-sequence stars with masses a few times that of the Sun. HVSs with smaller masses are also expected and G/K-dwarf HVS candidates have been found. |
571 | HVSs that have come into the Milky Way came from the dwarf galaxy Large Magellanic Cloud. When the dwarf galaxy made its closest approach to the center of the Milky Way, it underwent intense gravitational tugs. These tugs boosted the energy of some of its stars so much that they broke free of the dwarf galaxy entirely ... |
572 | Some neutron stars are inferred to be traveling with similar speeds. This could be related to HVSs and the HVS ejection mechanism. Neutron stars are the remnants of supernova explosions, and their extreme speeds are very likely the result of an asymmetric supernova explosion or the loss of their near partner during the... |
573 | One theory regarding the ignition of Type Ia supernovae invokes the onset of a merger between two white dwarfs in a binary star system, triggering the explosion of the more massive white dwarf. If the less massive white dwarf is not destroyed during the explosion, it will no longer be gravitationally bound to its destr... |
574 | As of 2014, twenty HVS were known.
* HVS 1 – (SDSS J090744.99+024506.8) (a.k.a. The Outcast Star) – the first hypervelocity star to be discovered
* HVS 2 – (SDSS J093320.86+441705.4 "or" US 708)
* HVS 3 – (HE 0437-5439) – possibly from the Large Magellanic Cloud
* HVS 4 – (SDSS J091301.00+305120.0)
* HVS 5 – (SDSS J091... |
575 | A set of stars with similar space motion and ages is known as a kinematic group. These are stars that could share a common origin, such as the evaporation of an open cluster, the remains of a star forming region, or collections of overlapping star formation bursts at differing time periods in adjacent regions. Most sta... |
576 | Astronomers are able to determine if stars are members of a kinematic group because they share the same age, metallicity, and kinematics (radial velocity and proper motion). As the stars in a moving group formed in proximity and at nearly the same time from the same gas cloud, although later disrupted by tidal forces, ... |
577 | A stellar association is a very loose star cluster, whose stars share a common origin, but have become gravitationally unbound and are still moving together through space. Associations are primarily identified by their common movement vectors and ages. Identification by chemical composition is also used to factor in as... |
578 | Stellar associations were first discovered by the Armenian astronomer Viktor Ambartsumian in 1947. The conventional name for an association uses the names or abbreviations of the constellation (or constellations) in which they are located; the association type, and, sometimes, a numerical identifier. |
579 | Viktor Ambartsumian first categorized stellar associations into two groups, OB and T, based on the properties of their stars. A third category, R, was later suggested by Sidney van den Bergh for associations that illuminate reflection nebulae. The OB, T, and R associations form a continuum of young stellar groupings. B... |
580 | Young associations will contain 10 to 100 massive stars of spectral class O and B, and are known as "OB associations". In addition, these associations also contain hundreds or thousands of low- and intermediate-mass stars. Association members are believed to form within the same small volume inside a giant molecular cl... |
581 | The Hipparcos satellite provided measurements that located a dozen OB associations within 650 parsecs of the Sun. The nearest OB association is the Scorpius–Centaurus Association, located about 400 light-years from the Sun. |
582 | OB associations have also been found in the Large Magellanic Cloud and the Andromeda Galaxy. These associations can be quite sparse, spanning 1,500 light-years in diameter. |
583 | Young stellar groups can contain a number of infant T Tauri stars that are still in the process of entering the main sequence. These sparse populations of up to a thousand T Tauri stars are known as "T associations". The nearest example is the Taurus-Auriga T association (Tau–Aur T association), located at a distance o... |
584 | Associations of stars that illuminate reflection nebulae are called "R associations", a name suggested by Sidney van den Bergh after he discovered that the stars in these nebulae had a non-uniform distribution. These young stellar groupings contain main sequence stars that are not sufficiently massive to disperse the i... |
585 | If the remnants of a stellar association drift through the Milky Way as a somewhat coherent assemblage, then they are termed a moving group or kinematic group. Moving groups can be old, such as the HR 1614 moving group at two billion years, or young, such as the AB Dor Moving Group at only 120 million years. |
586 | Moving groups were studied intensely by Olin Eggen in the 1960s. A list of the nearest young moving groups has been compiled by López-Santiago "et al." The closest is the Ursa Major Moving Group which includes all of the stars in the Plough / Big Dipper asterism except for α Ursae Majoris and η Ursae Majoris. This is s... |
587 | The list of young moving groups is constantly evolving. The Banyan Σ tool currently lists 29 nearby young moving groups Recent additions to nearby moving groups are the Volans-Carina Association (VCA), discovered with Gaia, and the Argus Association (ARG), confirmed with Gaia. Moving groups can sometimes be further sub... |
588 | Young moving groups have well known ages and can help with the characterization of objects with hard to estimate ages, such as brown dwarfs. Members of nearby young moving groups are also candidates for directly imaged protoplanetary disks, such as TW Hydrae or directly imaged exoplanets, such as Beta Pictoris b or GU ... |
589 | A stellar stream is an association of stars orbiting a galaxy that was once a globular cluster or dwarf galaxy that has now been torn apart and stretched out along its orbit by tidal forces. |
590 | Some nearby kinematic groups include:
* Local Association (Pleiades moving group)
* AB Doradus moving group
* Alpha Persei moving cluster
* Beta Pictoris moving group
* Castor moving group
* Corona Australis association
* Eta Chamaeleontis cluster
* Hercules-Lyra association
* Hercules stream
* Hyades Stream
* IC 2391 ... |
591 | Magnetar, the Most Magnetic Stars In the Universe – My Space |
592 | Duke Trophy
--History.
--Format of the competition.
--Awards.
--Results. |
593 | The Duke Trophy is an annual inter-state short track speed skating competition in Australia. |
594 | The Duke Trophy was made in 1952 and donated to the Australian Amateur Ice Racing Council by Len Duke, the first Secretary/Treasurer of the AAIRC, with the help of an old school friend Dave Morgan. Both started skating at St Moritz Ice Palais in St Kilda in June 1946 and eventually represented Victoria in interstate co... |
595 | There had been interstate racing between NSW and Victoria for many years, initially managed by the Ice Hockey Association as an additional attraction to the interstate hockey matches at the time, however there was nothing tangible to record the winning teams in these competitions. By 1951 the AAIRC was formed and had s... |
596 | The resulting award was named and inscribed "The Australian Amateur Ice Racing Council Trophy for Interstate Racing". The trophy features a silver statuette of a skater on the top, mirroring the design of the Australian Championship award that Duke had won the year before. Around 1957 it was suggested that the intersta... |
597 | Duke's own 1951 Australian Championship trophy featured a silver speed skater mounted on a globe of the world. This trophy was donated back to the VSSU (which later became VIRA) after Len's death, and has since been made into the best and fairest award for the Duke Trophy competition. |
598 | In early days of the competition, the tournament was run on the Queen's Birthday weekend in June. It was later moved to the last weekend of July. In 2014, however, competitors and officials recognized that this time was poorly suited to the international competition season, resulting in many elite skaters being unavail... |
599 | The original format was a competition between 6 senior men and 2 junior men with races ranging |