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(11) CD006206. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006206.pub4 (https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD00620
6.pub4). PMC 6465033 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6465033). PMID 25386977
(https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2538697... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 1040, "from": 1030}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Garlic - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20251020212626+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20251020212626+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "version": "1... | [0.046181604,0.031294867,-0.190522,-0.03427081,0.08466944,0.0028132456,-0.02997772,0.041547596,0.043031115,-0.05808573,0.023362342,-0.032013394,0.062034328,0.004287883,-0.0019076226,-0.039097335,-0.075138345,-0.037019104,0.0010096116,0.05180281,-0.042927407,-0.005825261,0.01505046,-0.03724628,0.017812075,-0.03307191,-0... |
deb36d0f-6561-43b9-8d8d-2cc6d5852ad3 | 89. Cullen 1789, vol.ii. p. 174.
90. Anwar, Awais; Groom, Murree; Sadler-Bridge, David (June 2009). "Garlic: from nature's ancient food to
nematicide" (https://web.archive.org/web/20170128170443/http://www.pan-uk.org/pestnews/Issue/pn
84/PN84_18-20.pdf) (PDF). Pesticide News. 84 (June): 18–20. Archived from the origina... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 1050, "from": 1039}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Garlic - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20251020212626+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20251020212626+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "version": "1... | [0.033400286,0.045116905,-0.20337169,-0.027968092,0.039363425,-6.345332e-05,-0.075347,-0.000700302,0.012772055,0.00215537,-0.001163952,0.036480367,0.08224482,0.012829885,-0.010999601,-0.05974391,-0.02747453,-0.010354273,-0.011638814,0.06575602,0.0076360707,0.038034927,-0.01860329,-0.035163548,0.055662856,-0.004381948,-... |
1a7a2b85-984b-4f9e-aa16-c0ea5c3cad16 | 94. Fulton, April (March 19, 2024). "Nowruz: Persian New Year's Table Celebrates Spring Deliciously" (http
s://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2016/03/20/471174857/nowruz-persian-new-years-table-celebrates-
spring-deliciously). NPR. Retrieved March 13, 2025.
95. "Hadith – Book of Call to Prayers (Adhaan) – Sahih al-Bukhar... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 1063, "from": 1052}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Garlic - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20251020212626+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20251020212626+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "version": "1... | [-0.00656783,0.011244645,-0.18508813,-0.04080165,0.03543707,-0.04002968,-0.0098289605,-0.011610689,0.027055873,-0.00971925,-0.031216316,0.002780561,0.10762048,0.018285844,0.023173055,-0.07881797,-0.019914107,-0.017907914,-0.05420483,0.087294534,-0.00055059284,-0.0011867795,-0.04214826,-0.055475887,0.07501264,0.00099521... |
cf513590-ae43-4000-b257-843b4859493c | Further reading
Block, Eric (2010). Garlic and Other Alliums. Cambridge, UK: Royal Society of Chemistry. ISBN 978-0-
85404-190-9. OCLC 311464092 (https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/311464092).
Cherry, Robin (November 11, 2014). Garlic, an Edible Biography. Boston: Shambhala Publications.
ISBN 978-1-61180-160-6.
McGee, Ha... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 1072, "from": 1061}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Garlic - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20251020212626+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20251020212626+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "version": "1... | [0.009411612,0.049818937,-0.17316419,-0.025156528,0.0533496,-0.049273234,-0.07007856,0.031995326,0.0024362574,0.0040549976,0.005951877,0.052069623,0.060889095,-0.019315824,0.011373913,-0.047364533,-0.022362586,-0.024939049,-0.006909635,0.032703485,-0.049441718,0.007958316,-0.027918521,-0.07632393,0.041374274,0.00427976... |
b4ac9115-54a9-4f17-b145-75ed76e0c45d | Aloe vera
Aloe vera (/ˈæloʊ(i) ˈvɛrə, - ˈvɪər-/)
[3]
is a succulent plant species of the genus Aloe.
[4]
It is widely
distributed, and is considered an invasive species in many world regions.
[4][5]
An evergreen perennial, it originates from the Arabian Peninsula, but also grows wild in tropical, semi-
tropical, and ... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 25, "from": 1}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Aloe vera - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20251020212640+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20251020212640+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "version": "1.1... | [0.03279612,0.06171382,-0.20620726,-0.019460259,-0.0036971818,-0.024809599,-0.03396387,-0.0044178255,-0.013070868,-0.015253372,0.04148702,0.042299632,0.10688674,0.02520412,-0.015416769,-0.016310386,0.0049656415,-0.036947787,-0.016631301,0.038213428,-0.094583206,-0.017425353,-0.045191534,-0.083348945,0.066801116,0.07919... |
cafe5a8c-49b9-4a60-9214-aa19acccc5b9 | typically made from the gel.
Aloe vera acemannan may be used in skin lotions, cosmetics, ointments and gels for minor burns, skin
abrasions, insect bites, and windburn.
[8]
Oral ingestion of aloe vera extracts may cause acute abdominal pain and cramps, and hepatitis if consumed
chronically.
[5][9]
It should not be use... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 44, "from": 22}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Aloe vera - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20251020212640+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20251020212640+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "version": "1.... | [0.039629843,0.071902215,-0.15298696,-0.0016987856,-0.006478844,-0.010389022,-0.07442682,0.00830382,0.0031802366,-0.0042387783,0.049743257,0.004731278,0.13239828,0.010007858,0.02737226,-0.02067323,-0.0060747503,-0.019105071,-0.016793162,0.0414681,-0.09908727,-0.041610707,-0.02606893,-0.066678874,0.062387858,0.039661195... |
7c443181-487d-4607-a4d9-53ee9b778456 | Taxonomy
The species has several synonyms: Aloe barbadensis Mill.,
Aloe indica Royle, Aloe perfoliata L. var. vera and Aloe
vulgaris Lam.
[2][16][17]
Some literature identifies the white-
spotted form of Aloe vera as Aloe vera var.
chinensis;
[18][19]
and the spotted form of Aloe vera may be
conspecific with A. massa... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 76, "from": 46}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Aloe vera - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20251020212640+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20251020212640+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "version": "1.... | [0.081097014,0.008752591,-0.16861466,-0.027209176,-0.003537856,-0.042645246,-0.011006986,-0.043969844,-0.0060892636,0.008370996,0.03681808,0.023318054,0.08303461,-0.0012341522,-0.02309349,-0.057306394,0.030488512,-0.055519253,0.006860774,0.0130104115,-0.08763015,0.03791738,-0.019486163,-0.019456655,0.05143158,0.0514289... |
087f2579-795c-40ae-b9fe-781cd89cb4b8 | sequence repeat profiling have also suggested it is
closely related to Aloe forbesii, Aloe inermis, Aloe
scobinifolia, Aloe sinkatana, and Aloe striata.
[24]
With the
exception of the South African species A. striata, these
Aloe species are native to Socotra (Yemen), Somalia, and
Sudan.
[24]
The lack of obvious natur... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 112, "from": 73}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Aloe vera - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20251020212640+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20251020212640+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "version": "1... | [0.036968518,0.002251982,-0.1857296,-0.0022001194,-0.0062568025,-0.0557216,-0.0012322215,-0.02394095,-0.01578532,-0.044074547,-0.014842517,0.02224299,0.07041113,-0.0073088803,-0.033083268,-0.047166403,0.03033549,-0.03915056,0.0015729925,0.034925368,-0.065720946,0.057384893,-0.033837896,-0.011430239,0.060702715,0.077778... |
808519d8-3697-4890-bcad-70832898603d | Historical image from Acta Eruditorum,
1688
Aloe vera is a stemless or very short-stemmed plant
growing to 60–100 centimetres (24–39 inches) tall,
spreading by offsets.
[4]
Leaves
The leaves are thick and fleshy, green to grey-green, with some varieties showing white flecks on their
upper and lower stem surfaces.
[26]
... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 144, "from": 115}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Aloe vera - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20251020212640+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20251020212640+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "version": "... | [0.042646296,0.073189914,-0.21430354,-0.0193165,-0.01896574,-0.038741328,-0.0028692284,-0.0059966766,-0.028484091,-0.03002448,0.032431234,0.04086474,0.10919909,-0.002634317,-0.012167455,0.02016575,-0.0055078147,-0.06462057,-0.028366225,0.03839896,-0.0631111,0.02073969,-0.057061642,-0.028932853,0.06658124,0.09452192,-0.... |
0fef23bc-379f-4908-8cfd-adee2f147010 | 3
⁄
4
–1
1
⁄
4
in) long.
[26][29]
Roots
Like other Aloe species, Aloe vera forms arbuscular mycorrhiza, a root symbiosis that allows the plant better
access to mineral nutrients from the soil.
[30]
Aloe vera is considered to be native to the south-east
[31]
Arabian Peninsula in the Hajar Mountains in north-
eastern O... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 167, "from": 133}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Aloe vera - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20251020212640+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20251020212640+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "version": "... | [0.060360875,0.06408259,-0.20933726,-0.012019446,-0.028357169,-0.029542262,-0.008576989,0.005041054,-0.028437752,-0.017540704,0.01379707,0.029727077,0.04330077,-0.002325512,-0.0053277565,-0.012229317,-0.0013639973,-0.034246273,-0.014859075,0.044827122,-0.08689892,0.02552628,-0.017279252,-0.04145707,0.06462617,0.0841311... |
2d717da0-fd6e-41be-b5dd-36a1ba74b68c | The species was introduced to China and various parts of southern Europe in the 17th century.
[36]
It is widely
naturalized elsewhere, occurring in arid, temperate, and tropical regions of temperate continents.
[4][32][37]
The current distribution may be the result of cultivation.
[20][38]
As an ornamental plant
A... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 194, "from": 171}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Aloe vera - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20251020212640+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20251020212640+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "version": "... | [0.056763273,0.055193923,-0.2301051,-0.012362875,-0.017615804,0.01756009,-0.02622906,0.01958057,0.036506142,-0.011649317,0.04544701,3.0163505e-05,0.1034423,-0.0044757603,-0.03134559,0.010622247,0.014664097,-0.036356628,0.069032975,0.02800218,-0.025778446,0.0072590704,-0.00070608134,-0.03776445,0.02074298,0.10184996,-0.... |
50ddc9a3-33d9-4f23-81f6-bfb9ae69e49e | [29][40]
The species
is relatively resistant to most insect pests, though spider mites, mealy bugs, scale insects, and aphid species
may cause a decline in plant health.
[41][42]
This plant has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of
Garden Merit.
[43]
In pots, the species requires well-drained, sandy potti... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 211, "from": 190}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Aloe vera - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20251020212640+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20251020212640+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "version": "... | [0.026025757,0.081219964,-0.18325242,0.0031798882,0.010265567,-0.003862883,-0.0075307162,-0.005933525,0.045901492,-0.030941093,0.06465741,0.02479512,0.111436225,-0.005604389,-0.023221022,-0.011340456,0.011722225,-0.05441989,0.038335226,0.024503388,-0.0019831765,-0.0045137256,0.009654591,-0.025903014,0.024151666,0.08373... |
6266fb34-9f08-4b43-912f-8046c747a155 | from the sides of the "mother plant". Plants that have become crowded can be divided and repotted to
allow room for further growth, or the pups can be left with the mother plant.
[44]
During winter, Aloe vera
Cultivation | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 213, "from": 209}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Aloe vera - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20251020212640+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20251020212640+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "version": "... | [0.044208422,0.02972283,-0.20825058,-0.0035541516,-0.0014547051,-0.0021958398,-0.012198639,0.037723307,-0.003982631,-0.05993535,-0.005477106,-3.1846663e-05,0.08640788,0.024478761,-0.019062258,-0.013666025,0.018626664,-0.060158953,0.040093422,0.053818747,-0.030644916,0.031081324,-0.0039078463,-0.010582321,0.05692677,0.0... |
291a361f-3c1f-4e3f-b758-6565d71ee826 | may become dormant, during which little moisture is required.
[44]
In areas that receive frost or snow, the
species is best kept indoors or in heated glasshouses.
[29]
There is large-scale agricultural production of Aloe vera in Australia,
[46]
Cuba, the Dominican Republic,
China, Mexico,
[47]
India,
[48]
Jamaica,
... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 248, "from": 215}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Aloe vera - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20251020212640+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20251020212640+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "version": "... | [0.025871398,0.06123004,-0.21367663,0.006222103,-0.034666047,-0.044257466,-0.027525522,0.025789848,0.02245113,-0.040022157,0.053654965,0.019316176,0.097040206,-0.017967947,-0.027048605,0.0070317467,0.018005071,-0.034650117,0.00678517,0.062433377,-0.060692545,-0.040690146,0.008767407,-0.0686525,0.004027409,0.07100824,0.... |
d436feb3-b4d1-481a-8bad-2c106ffcee7e | manufactured as a product with other ingredients to be ingested for relief of constipation.
[9][39]
Aloe latex
may be obtained in a dried form called resin or as "aloe dried juice".
[53]
There is conflicting evidence regarding whether Aloe vera is effective as a treatment for wounds or
burns.
[5][39]
There is some ev... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 269, "from": 244}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Aloe vera - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20251020212640+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20251020212640+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "version": "... | [0.026964467,0.087760985,-0.15894115,-0.019933375,-0.025437249,-0.038575776,-0.065408975,0.034492042,0.028575368,-0.03465457,0.05922937,0.0137868645,0.11806937,-0.021213902,0.013803895,-0.02537495,0.04798053,-0.03710268,-0.028025996,0.0497837,-0.07180009,-0.048823237,-0.042498007,-0.08787447,0.023476701,0.039517116,-0.... |
084779ec-3a70-4ab6-ae9d-eed942c843a3 | Amorphophallus konjac male
(top) and female (bottom)
flowers
Japanese konjac gel, with hijiki seaweed
mixed in
Konjac corm used for preparing food
Sashimi konnyaku, usually served with a
miso-based dipping sauce rather than soy
sauce
Konjac
Amorphophallus konjac
Scientific classification
Kingdom:Plantae
Clade:Tra... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 70, "from": 38}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Amorphophallus konjac - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20251020212705+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20251020212705+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "v... | [-0.026067963,0.026971018,-0.16722825,-0.03663046,-0.026927104,-0.05519513,-0.019711087,-0.017278476,-0.04651043,-0.040326018,-0.053230025,0.055314932,0.10899656,0.035315998,0.011438918,-0.06533525,-0.016292116,-0.021178631,-0.037305906,0.012516547,-0.06463782,-0.009445065,-0.02795326,-0.008083119,0.054322038,0.0139565... |
efe73c54-caf8-45f1-86a6-5072b8f3695f | [9][39]
Topical medication and potential side effects
Aloe vera may be prepared as a lotion, gel, soap or cosmetics product for use on skin as a topical
medication.
[5]
For people with allergies to Aloe vera, skin reactions may include contact dermatitis with mild
redness and itching, difficulty with breathing, or swe... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 281, "from": 265}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Aloe vera - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20251020212640+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20251020212640+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "version": "... | [0.04771141,0.08017103,-0.16362539,-0.028921744,-0.018206071,-0.028976245,-0.031131037,0.009109672,0.048069842,-0.042035505,0.02367707,0.05520215,0.08798393,-0.00046768825,0.014510639,-0.018648231,0.022128865,-0.026845988,-0.00831245,0.026893524,-0.06983686,-0.05422812,-0.04720817,-0.10108923,0.007579498,0.069200344,0.... |
64198386-8b06-41c4-b91a-0fb5c62fff12 | [5][15]
Although toxicity may be less when aloin is removed by processing, Aloe vera ingested in high amounts may
induce side effects, such as abdominal pain, diarrhea or hepatitis.
[5][56]
Chronic ingestion of aloe (dose of 1
gram per day) may cause adverse effects, including hematuria, weight loss, and cardiac or ki... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 292, "from": 280}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Aloe vera - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20251020212640+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20251020212640+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "version": "... | [0.020961374,0.12407407,-0.13419504,-0.014335477,0.017538657,-0.02390006,-0.088398136,0.032035857,-0.003480506,-0.008525935,0.049564652,0.031303793,0.10934741,-0.01703321,0.037707575,-0.033812623,-0.00753108,-0.032477558,-0.035313163,0.031239212,-0.08287971,-0.023947444,-0.0210491,-0.059882365,0.050676763,0.055532504,-... |
28fafa4d-b786-4351-bd07-2be39378daaa | purposes are associated with toxicity in a dose-dependent way.
[5][11][15]
Traditional medicine
Aloe vera is used in traditional medicine as a skin treatment. Early records of its use appear from the fourth
millennium BCE.
[5]
It is also written of in the Juliana Anicia Codex of 512 CE.
[54]: 9
Commodities
Aloe vera ... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 314, "from": 294}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Aloe vera - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20251020212640+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20251020212640+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "version": "... | [0.0382395,0.062612325,-0.1624876,-0.016620815,0.017460734,-0.015890047,-0.03091786,0.017604226,0.011727004,0.013397544,0.029860275,0.022854714,0.13273071,0.0019152856,0.0034974641,-0.02587094,0.0058588837,-0.02688349,-0.030702086,0.05324255,-0.101716325,-0.07121461,-0.015581916,-0.0960753,0.011649644,0.06715066,0.0088... |
33aee708-2aa8-4642-8dff-2111a2ed0c26 | Health Hazard Assessment among "chemicals known to the state to cause cancer or reproductive
toxicity",
[57]
possibly resulting from the anthraquinones.
[11]
Since 2016, aloe vera whole leaf extract is classified as a possible human carcinogen (group 2B) by the
International Agency for Research on Cancer.
[58]
Use of ... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 333, "from": 312}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Aloe vera - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20251020212640+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20251020212640+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "version": "... | [0.03331991,0.0604465,-0.14577116,0.015205648,0.019529216,0.0021461288,-0.08550014,0.023494314,0.007218238,-0.010036884,0.044727698,0.055002328,0.13237976,-0.031257775,0.024533005,-0.043092653,0.0045446935,-0.01618194,-0.021197222,0.048163798,-0.07480896,-0.027689718,-0.028151592,-0.07072268,0.02737891,0.08391979,-0.01... |
be81891e-7151-4461-a1e4-0005478b3639 | Leaf and inner gel
Gel used for desserts
Es lidah
buaya, an
Indonesian
Aloe vera iced
drink
Juice
Cut leaf
Diagram of leaf:
1 Cuticle, 2 Chloroplast
parenchym, 3 Inner tissue, 4 Vascular
bundles
Buds
Flower buds
Flowers
Plants of
different
sizes
A potted
plant
Basal shoots
(root... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 383, "from": 336}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Aloe vera - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20251020212640+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20251020212640+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "version": "... | [0.01271577,0.06006415,-0.18421157,0.009129055,-0.022331506,-0.05252695,-0.047340266,-0.0058983965,-0.024219468,-0.03598814,0.015245405,0.006128609,0.060661398,0.015559325,-0.020530993,-0.007781964,-0.018757997,-0.09548926,-0.03365552,0.051519986,-0.06988215,0.010096972,-0.076342374,-0.07027329,0.038499385,0.05291927,-... |
8c0d41f6-f586-4eb8-ada9-583eef9d5715 | 3. "aloe vera" (https://www.dictionary.com/browse/aloe-vera). Dictionary.com Unabridged (Online). n.d.
4. "Aloe vera (true aloe)" (https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/4192). Centre for Agriculture and
Bioscience International. 13 February 2019. Retrieved 15 October 2019.
5. "Aloe" (https://www.drugs.com/npp/aloe.html). ... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 394, "from": 385}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Aloe vera - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20251020212640+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20251020212640+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "version": "... | [0.014216365,0.05446936,-0.17857884,-0.0101033775,0.026955722,-0.0229864,-0.028456228,-0.02934972,-0.034389805,0.01516396,0.025772665,-0.012850331,0.10985078,-0.005167334,0.018661952,-0.056181487,-0.023932125,-0.06970002,0.0047546346,0.069763795,-0.058321517,0.0047188043,-0.05445712,-0.075821266,0.040367547,0.025604617... |
2d1b8565-cab6-438c-8c18-ca1548ff17f0 | Acemannan, a Polysaccharide from Aloe vera: A Review" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/P
MC6515206). Molecules. 24 (8): 1554. doi:10.3390/molecules24081554 (https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fm
olecules24081554). ISSN 1420-3049 (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1420-3049). PMC 6515206 (ht
tps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pm... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 403, "from": 393}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Aloe vera - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20251020212640+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20251020212640+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "version": "... | [0.013611413,0.028134147,-0.19512834,-0.01184659,0.017147413,-0.021173954,-0.03807139,0.0016787504,-0.02438075,-0.026548516,0.030176919,0.028935121,0.098828055,0.0012615215,0.016532455,-0.047544025,-0.014360266,-0.049954098,-0.0647171,0.03538901,-0.09052056,0.0054971846,-0.0491462,-0.07090429,0.10428794,0.053759944,-0.... |
9ed7ab93-d638-4fda-90d7-9d24afd75878 | PMID 19882025 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19882025).
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10. Harper, Douglas (2021). "Aloe" (https://www.etymonline.com/word/al... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 412, "from": 402}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Aloe vera - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20251020212640+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20251020212640+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "version": "... | [0.031156888,0.057718158,-0.1561138,-0.011419468,0.0277111,-0.0059660426,-0.037559554,0.0031207202,0.00656936,0.008263961,0.047585595,0.036373287,0.12485659,-0.017274931,0.044408683,-0.062431373,-0.013724843,-0.007925008,-0.059327736,0.0028018279,-0.07141034,-0.020642588,-0.055237737,-0.07030349,0.06819188,0.053964145,... |
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13. Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Char... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 419, "from": 411}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Aloe vera - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20251020212640+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20251020212640+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "version": "... | [0.031215802,0.05786688,-0.15195599,-0.0357351,0.05650983,0.025242709,-0.04642522,0.035698656,0.02024267,0.024839377,0.027957702,0.007775379,0.10117841,-0.033276204,0.06254282,-0.05683171,-0.0079136845,-0.028556516,-0.004693631,0.031407278,-0.044052407,-0.0006557953,-0.021322949,-0.02956138,0.059140455,0.010791559,-0.0... |
194abac8-fc0f-4d54-924e-824478266353 | 15. Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel (2007). "Final Report on the Safety Assessment of Aloe
Andongensis Extract, Aloe Andongensis Leaf Juice, Aloe Arborescens Leaf Extract, Aloe Arborescens
Leaf Juice, Aloe Arborescens Leaf Protoplasts, Aloe Barbadensis Flower Extract, Aloe Barbadensis Leaf,
Aloe Barbadensis Lea... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 430, "from": 421}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Aloe vera - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20251020212640+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20251020212640+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "version": "... | [-0.0005153809,0.03253837,-0.13968472,-0.076813996,0.06626968,0.009723832,0.03421813,-0.009754908,0.061609354,-0.030808726,-0.007232157,-0.013686103,0.08395307,-0.012738412,0.038944434,-0.0881098,-0.05447307,-0.019684022,-0.057876915,0.049373027,0.012338079,-0.0026464208,-0.05537138,-0.044062715,0.054181278,-0.00545847... |
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ica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20080117/eyes/eyes1.htm... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 544, "from": 533}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Aloe vera - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20251020212640+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20251020212640+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "version": "... | [0.009472792,0.066175,-0.20221068,-0.017352322,0.024529567,-0.020946776,-0.01316773,-0.027689127,0.02281116,-0.007964597,0.038867984,-0.009366955,0.1298497,-0.020780113,0.02311843,-0.027486544,-0.041744158,-0.041851986,-0.017833518,0.07026422,-0.06670486,0.007423622,-0.024840716,-0.023372075,0.045251716,0.0011634115,-0... |
91eff682-485b-46b6-aedb-e290b194f28d | August 2015.
52. "US Farms, Inc. – A Different Kind of Natural Resource Company" (https://web.archive.org/web/200809
17125506/http://www.resourceinvestor.com/pebble.asp?relid=38588). resourceinvestor.com.
Archived from the original (http://www.resourceinvestor.com/pebble.asp?relid=38588) on 17
September 2008. Retrieved... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 554, "from": 543}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Aloe vera - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20251020212640+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20251020212640+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "version": "... | [0.013705454,0.075934365,-0.18377292,-0.024397843,0.043983657,-0.02541612,0.00027728803,-0.0073143393,-0.007367638,-0.02741331,0.04646718,0.027976187,0.120420806,-0.052104156,-0.0037837871,-0.035681736,-0.0045977496,-0.033290025,-0.017918106,0.041348416,-0.035458058,0.002223063,-0.04935316,-0.014067297,0.047649592,0.01... |
92099bba-10d9-4306-b49b-c074558e8df4 | CRC Press. ISBN 978-0415306720
55. Food Drug Administration, HHS (2002). "Status of certain additional over-the-counter drug category II
and III active ingredients. Final rule". Fed Regist. 67 (90): 31125–7. PMID 12001972 (https://pubmed.ncb
i.nlm.nih.gov/12001972).
56. Bottenberg MM, Wall GC, Harvey RL, Habib S (2007)... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 564, "from": 553}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Aloe vera - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20251020212640+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20251020212640+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "version": "... | [-0.00046955553,0.07134146,-0.17891861,-0.019614786,0.023425292,-0.033623803,-0.03451629,-0.029384814,0.017034454,-0.008070671,0.062194053,0.05168569,0.11483778,-0.03392008,0.03326295,-0.037419446,-0.024133625,-0.017804194,-0.06660041,0.04682051,-0.051558558,-0.037802335,-0.04429924,-0.067676194,0.053862575,0.015407657... |
44f4c107-bda6-40ca-ae1f-b8d38cb2b562 | ov/prop65/CRNR_notices/list_changes/120415listAloeGoldenseal.html). California Office of
Environmental Health Hazard Assessment. 4 December 2015. Retrieved 21 February 2020.
58. "IARC Monographs on the Identification of Carcinogenic Hazards to Humans" (https://monographs.iar
c.who.int/list-of-classifications/). World H... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 569, "from": 563}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Aloe vera - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20251020212640+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20251020212640+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "version": "... | [-0.009466608,0.011626984,-0.19434427,-0.046933208,0.052433636,-0.004170829,-0.010326349,0.00712165,-0.0045011276,-0.019789813,0.0053564315,0.037947107,0.07267851,0.00358288,0.0027180135,-0.06284713,-0.021085808,-0.02331594,-0.054186333,0.036942333,0.020033933,0.025611224,-0.0803256,-0.04470235,0.055848837,0.085182585,... |
0c7a3c3b-ee9d-4c2e-852b-747b24f9444b | Althaea officinalis
Althaea officinalis, the marsh mallow
[2]
or marshmallow,
[3]
is a species of flowering plant indigenous to
Europe, Western Asia and North Africa, which is used in herbalism and as an ornamental plant.
Marshmallow (Althaea officinalis)
This herbaceous perennial grows to 180 cm (6 ft) tall and puts... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 16, "from": 1}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Althaea officinalis - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20251020212653+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20251020212653+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "vers... | [0.05207624,0.015061418,-0.18593876,-0.050753836,-0.06649118,-0.008145205,-0.044367503,0.006469571,0.041964624,-0.014286992,0.023594746,0.07358931,0.09157485,-0.029337114,-0.0031581467,-0.016547501,-0.057525486,-0.046147704,0.023417836,0.040835295,-0.039743476,0.011951216,-0.040616944,-0.016589113,0.045415144,0.0328148... |
26fb1ec6-b21e-47b1-a1cf-41e50cc9825c | flowers. The flowers are actinomorphic with 5 lilac/pink petals up to 2 cm (0.8 in) long and 5 green sepals
which are much shorter than the petals, and fused at the base. Below the petals is a cup-shaped epicalyx
with 6–9 narrow, triangular lobes, half the length of the sepals. The purple stamens are united into a tube... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 26, "from": 16}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Althaea officinalis - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20251020212653+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20251020212653+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "ver... | [0.030116165,0.07903992,-0.18115091,-0.036691453,-0.026880985,-0.013511077,-0.022811048,0.004893253,0.0592565,-0.0064476877,-0.035799876,0.03713405,0.10111734,-0.01158012,-0.036931027,-0.035274044,-0.044730764,-0.060068008,0.0077613923,0.050025508,-0.027124481,0.03575952,-0.057275403,-0.02807468,0.027993213,0.064393416... |
7c081c4f-5715-4de2-94b2-155141b229d3 | glucopyranoside), along with the known
phytoconstituents lauric acid, β-sitosterol and
lanosterol.
[8]
Ornamental
Marshmallows are used in gardening as ornamental
plants.
Herbal medicine
Marshmallow roots
The leaves, flowers and the root of A. officinalis
(marshmallow) have been used in traditional herbal
medicine. T... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 65, "from": 35}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Althaea officinalis - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20251020212653+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20251020212653+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "ver... | [0.052723296,0.06755459,-0.1871659,-0.04039624,-0.008555236,-0.06455918,-0.08096573,0.014064602,0.025411675,-0.013522058,0.036562573,0.062018782,0.0876,0.0041750185,0.010424876,-0.022577018,-0.064569175,-0.001634867,0.020745853,0.014395021,-0.059856907,-0.008399075,-0.016164288,-0.005524039,-0.0020376355,0.019287527,-0... |
3370938b-3bae-4ea4-9145-776d310138d4 | mentioned by early classic writers with this connection.
Mallow was an edible vegetable among the Romans; a
dish of marsh mallow was one of their delicacies.
Prospero Alpini stated in 1592 that a plant of the mallow
kind was eaten by the Egyptians. Many of the poorer
Althaea officinalis
Scientific classification
Kingdo... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 89, "from": 63}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Althaea officinalis - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20251020212653+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20251020212653+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "ver... | [0.06738704,0.012053422,-0.20143288,-0.07110652,-0.03353899,-0.0077993385,-0.06352188,-0.0023247588,0.019443715,0.018617246,-0.009890788,0.056659896,0.10477431,-0.0075876755,-0.015786378,-0.047827866,-0.05890246,-0.016365696,0.013001033,0.05618132,-0.029190645,0.035240278,-0.02140155,0.02847746,0.019554866,-0.009950935... |
a6b39373-590f-44e8-ba7f-e4a28aed172c | inhabitants of Syria subsisted for weeks on herbs, of
which marshmallow is one of the most common. When
boiled first and fried with onions and butter, the roots are
said to form a palatable dish.
[16]
In times of scarcity
consequent upon the failure of the crops, this plant,
which grows in Syria in great abundance, is... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 137, "from": 91}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Althaea officinalis - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20251020212653+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20251020212653+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "ve... | [0.04504573,0.046994027,-0.18580431,-0.024401547,-0.010883356,-0.029153645,-0.08744847,0.0354439,0.051433124,0.004075931,0.008441378,0.04528721,0.078138284,0.004958576,-0.031612985,-0.03256357,-0.07661295,-0.031615477,-0.0033537862,0.05469777,-0.0371812,0.038536727,-0.016475696,0.00045426065,0.0019397491,-0.007986301,-... |
ee9d8dfe-65cf-4b2c-b5bb-214b589f014f | clustered flowers with
purple centres and
velvety, shallow-
lobed toothy leaves
with recessed veins
and (if zoomed) soft-
haired stem
Flower cluster
showing purple
anthers and stigmas
(Canada)
Filaments join into a
column, showing
purple anthers and
(when zoomed)
purple pollen spheres
Flowers, showing
purple ... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 164, "from": 126}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Althaea officinalis - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20251020212653+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20251020212653+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "v... | [0.07966679,0.048669636,-0.15388872,-0.0666096,-0.01793881,-0.031198919,-0.030299274,-0.02986704,0.008658224,0.014318196,0.015065256,0.058663588,0.098951496,-0.0012216568,-0.054520097,-0.03642142,-0.05785374,-0.042225562,0.032880627,0.037516758,-0.037012175,-0.017624795,-0.041209202,0.026809672,0.008742307,0.057093862,... |
5db34826-d566-44c8-b33c-5dcbcedf5d60 | Unopened flower
buds from above,
showing tips of
epicalyces that are at
bud (calyx) base
Fruits, showing hairs
on smooth fruit
surface
Fruits, showing a
cluster
Velvety leaves
(Germany)
Leaf, velvety (here
slightly)
1. "Althaea officinalis" (https://www.tropicos.org/Name/19601250). Tropicos. Missouri Bota... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 197, "from": 167}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Althaea officinalis - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20251020212653+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20251020212653+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "v... | [0.056698292,0.018441223,-0.19388388,-0.034813065,-0.004289595,-0.0206982,0.01320272,-0.018853791,0.031344887,-0.034242686,0.026396006,0.07328313,0.08761048,-0.002136624,0.027861938,-0.02156703,-0.035749257,-0.059631165,0.0354541,0.025702124,-0.009858669,-0.0087358,-0.07226584,0.0032369227,0.0017088,-0.0009156289,-0.03... |
c6d7783c-9253-4bef-bb1d-00532d3c28b8 | 5. Poland, John; Clement, Eric (2009). The Vegetative Key to the British Flora. Southampton: John Poland.
ISBN 978-0-9560144-0-5.
6. Stace, C.A. (2019). New Flora of the British Isles. Suffolk: C & M Floristics. ISBN 978-1-5272-2630-2.
7. Crawford, Martin (2012). How to Grow Perennial Vegetables: Low-maintenance, low-i... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 201, "from": 196}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Althaea officinalis - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20251020212653+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20251020212653+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "v... | [0.025655238,0.018556494,-0.20209667,-0.032636646,0.06681875,-0.035042185,0.051125843,-0.04496053,0.010074711,-0.006396166,0.0003144047,0.004455734,0.07444846,0.01138088,-0.0037635672,-0.00078300596,-0.01636975,-0.021943355,0.010204873,0.05493709,0.038655065,0.0022012012,-0.029502844,-0.041028704,0.0002816412,0.0383172... |
c8dd8088-4365-4fc5-8c97-942caab862f5 | 8. Rani, S.; Khan, S.A.; Ali, M. (2010). "Phytochemical investigation of the seeds of Althea officinalis L".
Natural Product Research. 24 (14): 1358–1364. doi:10.1080/14786411003650777 (https://doi.org/10.108
0%2F14786411003650777). PMID 20803381 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20803381).
S2CID 2114777 (https://api.se... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 214, "from": 203}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Althaea officinalis - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20251020212653+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20251020212653+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "v... | [0.055096027,0.02675184,-0.1727687,-0.06838859,-0.011314684,-0.03416184,-0.018339878,0.03487984,0.027803252,-0.012338991,0.019678343,0.051148284,0.08457051,0.008149901,-0.016905993,-0.05984526,-0.040119026,-0.03827815,-0.025748044,0.022457378,-0.0040579843,-0.0041755256,-0.050035764,-0.033928927,0.016965155,-0.03005473... |
4a54cb52-aedb-41d6-9b0d-3168e9a7b097 | Etymology Dictionary.
12. Harrison, Lorraine (2012). RHS Latin for Gardeners. United Kingdom: Mitchell Beazley. ISBN 978-
1845337315.
13. Cavero, R (2 December 2014). "Medicinal plants used for respiratory affections in Navarra and their
pharmacological validation". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 158 (Part A): 216–220.
... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 223, "from": 212}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Althaea officinalis - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20251020212653+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20251020212653+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "v... | [0.050361414,0.023008151,-0.18814678,-0.0051730946,0.052598592,-0.013210349,-0.03466297,-0.0031036912,0.020055389,-0.05585335,0.05166005,-0.018428883,0.09949472,-0.044185963,-0.025425764,-0.029970484,-0.02922665,-0.040511172,-0.05980894,0.025740316,-0.06137576,-0.024908653,-0.038798746,-0.061861344,-0.0022413144,0.0375... |
0781f813-a83e-4399-9974-bd23dc97b650 | f) (PDF) on 2012-04-02. Retrieved 2011-09-16.
15. Buso, Piergiacomo; Manfredini, Stefano; Reza Ahmadi-Ashtiani, Hamid; Sciabica, Sabrina; Buzzi, Raissa;
Vertuani, Silvia; Baldisserotto, Anna (26 February 2020). "Iranian Medicinal Plants: From Ethnomedicine
to Actual Studies" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/P... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 233, "from": 222}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Althaea officinalis - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20251020212653+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20251020212653+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "v... | [0.033582557,0.031458355,-0.20207708,-0.015442513,0.05896688,-0.020454766,-0.020536099,-0.01763745,-0.000734888,-0.08989634,0.008315431,-0.0113802925,0.1040778,-0.037270203,-0.015298545,-0.021412918,-0.018803086,-0.03562608,-0.0574769,0.022813447,-0.024957385,0.01097949,-0.023015957,-0.04123592,0.012406387,0.04011183,-... |
465641f7-cc1e-4a02-81ab-2b668ba6e150 | search.worldcat.org/oclc/244766414).
Cavero, R (December 2, 2014). "Medicinal plants used for respiratory affections in Navarra and their
pharmacological validation". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 158 (Part A): 216–220.
doi:10.1016/j.jep.2014.10.003 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jep.2014.10.003). PMID 25311273 (https://... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 237, "from": 232}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Althaea officinalis - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20251020212653+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20251020212653+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "v... | [0.046371907,0.01582408,-0.19515258,-0.0041366415,0.030520458,-0.006860809,-0.049848285,-0.0171236,0.013559668,-0.04511468,0.05796699,0.0024180857,0.091143236,-0.05288854,-0.045795985,-0.025797049,-0.010154551,-0.03931752,-0.022709377,-0.0030391635,-0.07030209,-0.041933138,-0.03957821,-0.0468107,0.04201349,0.051023558,... |
25dbdf1a-be6c-4192-aba2-326aa2499330 | "Althaea officinalis" (https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Althaea+officinalis). Plants for a
Future.
Connecticut Botanical Society: Althaea officinalis (http://www.ct-botanical-society.org/galleries/althaeaoff
i.html) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20120204221353/http://www.ct-botanical-society.org/gall
... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 246, "from": 239}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Althaea officinalis - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20251020212653+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20251020212653+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "v... | [0.057156265,0.061570704,-0.19478525,-0.05760516,0.011132406,-0.018930336,-0.042329166,-0.028569978,0.02816734,-0.042833254,-0.0056279255,0.055432364,0.08883575,-0.010429882,0.008544009,-0.042291228,-0.04548617,-0.033869535,0.012395446,0.048242968,-0.034014292,0.0016755301,-0.0076381974,-0.025966397,0.076201655,-0.0112... |
5f4afc1e-335f-48db-9eea-bb4f0ca8b5d4 | Amorphophallus konjac
Amorphophallus konjac –also known as konnyaku
[3][a]
and konjac
[b]
– is a species of flowering plant in the
family Araceae.
[1][4]
It is sometimes referred to as devil's tongue,
[3]
voodoo lily, snake palm, or elephant
yam.
[c]
The perennial species forms a corm, the stem of which produces a p... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 29, "from": 1}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Amorphophallus konjac - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20251020212705+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20251020212705+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "ve... | [-0.0019728967,0.047964346,-0.1764158,-0.04860949,-0.041759666,-0.033504568,-0.025021594,0.017903978,-0.04940433,-0.020712478,-0.03817306,0.06373823,0.09792647,0.030173108,0.008343097,-0.08857932,-0.013938112,-0.01138512,-0.0032877445,0.026858337,-0.042911526,-0.00521523,-0.0051554004,-0.01730638,0.06733918,0.028227314... |
4b902165-d646-4aa3-9ac7-6ed029b93392 | Konjac is grown in warm subtropical to tropical areas of
East and Southeast Asia, from China and Japan south to
Indonesia and Vietnam (USDA hardiness zone 6–11). and
it is prized for its large starchy corms, used to create a
flour and jelly of the same name. It is also used as a
vegan substitute for gelatin.
East Asia
... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 89, "from": 72}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Amorphophallus konjac - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20251020212705+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20251020212705+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "v... | [0.0016150698,0.060213603,-0.17699479,-0.035412304,-0.0030224074,-0.042132065,-0.04478298,-0.008207563,-0.020503595,-0.05851253,-0.025125045,0.016736634,0.09159958,0.045187604,0.025605803,-0.06633668,-0.04507198,-0.020106956,0.00871743,0.021956105,-0.059635043,0.0018974579,0.027523657,-0.030676298,0.045757122,0.0553952... |
7a19b188-3417-4f3b-86d0-b92ed33d794f | noodle-like strips. It is usually sold in plastic bags with accompanying water, which is drained before
cooking. The name literally means 'thread-konjac'.
Japanese konnyaku is made by mixing konjac flour with water and limewater.
[11]
Konjac cannot be eaten raw
because it contains oxalic acid.
[12]: 00:05:07
The pro... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 109, "from": 89}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Amorphophallus konjac - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20251020212705+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20251020212705+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "... | [0.0026160905,0.05174256,-0.16479549,-0.08523135,-0.003663772,-0.06253698,-0.037938528,0.0026653123,-0.0056437976,-0.051738493,-0.07707535,-0.0032981024,0.09060561,0.06403361,0.023474762,-0.07171015,-0.035046887,-0.024143282,-0.021197565,0.026035836,-0.05211318,0.016956858,0.006287615,-0.01585115,0.028942805,-0.0396179... |
832b14a9-c65c-4762-9236-3696550d0564 | [12]: 09:44
Nakajima Toemon
developed a method to produce konjac flour in 1776, which are more durable for transportation and
storage, contributing to their wider consumption.
[12]: 10:44
Konjac is consumed in parts of China's Sichuan province; the corm is called moyu (Chinese: 魔芋; lit.
'demonic taro'), and the jell... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 127, "from": 107}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Amorphophallus konjac - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20251020212705+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20251020212705+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, ... | [-0.0035007428,0.08669926,-0.18407488,-0.048484758,-0.027586065,-0.06931033,-0.030316532,0.013138284,-0.0074288626,-0.0509821,-0.039789163,-0.037587866,0.12390348,0.018072579,0.038558457,-0.035231598,-0.015684573,-0.0016069296,-0.016546039,0.062649995,-0.04239357,0.0081139775,0.0023642692,-0.020529551,0.052032236,-0.00... |
351506a0-9b75-42b3-a622-2e428c51c614 | Amorphophallus palmiformis Durieu ex
Rivière
Amorphophallus rivierei Durand ex Carrière
Conophallus konjak Schott
Conophallus konniaku Schott ex Fesca
Hydrosme rivierei (Durand ex Carrière) Engl.
Proteinophallus rivierei (Durand ex Carrière)
Hook.f.
Tapeinophallus rivierei (Durand ex Carrière)
Baill. | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 131, "from": 122}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Amorphophallus konjac - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20251020212705+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20251020212705+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, ... | [0.0468604,0.050375074,-0.16626476,-0.004897575,-0.0154248085,-0.05604273,-0.069049165,0.022984123,-0.018541392,-0.004637344,-0.040903155,0.052918967,0.06511512,0.006341692,-0.010839021,-0.040859554,-0.008444768,-0.033533335,-0.025938982,0.035894252,-0.07247987,0.015250992,-0.055251632,0.008966404,0.09508855,-0.0017178... |
c5a85a16-9aa4-4cda-a4d1-2de5483b1ade | Fruit jelly
Konjac can also be made into a popular East Asian fruit jelly snack, known variously in the US as lychee cups
(after a typical flavor) or konjac candy, usually served in bite-sized plastic cups. This fruit jelly was first sold
in Japan in 1979.
Choking risk
Perhaps because of several highly publicized death... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 147, "from": 133}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Amorphophallus konjac - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20251020212705+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20251020212705+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, ... | [-0.0008294692,0.08528555,-0.1651401,-0.039783373,-0.0569319,-0.021028534,-0.075642124,-0.007852781,0.013290038,-0.025608322,-0.014055534,0.025893247,0.056786954,-0.0008562898,0.04860024,-0.08484007,-0.01828497,-0.033568233,-0.042709384,0.05265079,-0.047878742,-0.026096893,-0.051333327,0.0040018405,-0.0018264498,0.0173... |
8ceb009a-02cf-4c9a-9f81-5b3996d577eb | product is intended to be eaten by gently squeezing the container, a consumer can suck the product out
with enough force to unintentionally lodge it in the trachea. Because of this hazard, the European Union and
Australia banned konjac fruit jelly.
[18][19][20][21]
Some konjac jelly snacks are not of a size and consist... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 163, "from": 147}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Amorphophallus konjac - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20251020212705+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20251020212705+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, ... | [0.055880643,0.09269836,-0.14429653,-0.0318892,-0.033821966,0.017575337,-0.05187506,0.0109833125,0.011980168,-0.03031544,-0.022263788,0.013377856,0.04896427,-0.014619886,0.058977976,-0.082671024,-0.012901651,-0.04333551,-0.061922405,0.026371958,-0.06698154,-0.020749245,-0.040684264,-0.021346709,0.018535696,0.012164234,... |
79aef6d3-e8e7-4800-bb03-bb72d84633a1 | 21-month-old Japanese boy choked to death on a frozen MannanLife konjac jelly.
[23][24]
17 people died
from choking on konjac between 1995 and 2008.
[25]
MannanLife konjac jelly's packaging added a note to
consumers, advising them to cut the product into smaller pieces before serving it to small children. To
prevent ... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 175, "from": 159}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Amorphophallus konjac - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20251020212705+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20251020212705+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, ... | [0.039295614,0.0835129,-0.159862,-0.06259366,-0.044159524,0.00023379226,-0.052924052,0.04263051,0.014837294,-0.032732405,-0.058974285,0.020427382,0.08353085,0.0046503874,0.025468457,-0.08588719,-0.034543507,-0.02225208,-0.0632452,0.027965873,-0.05020593,-0.049450457,-0.031540938,0.014882032,0.05991611,0.0014803251,-0.0... |
e33ad591-d178-4242-815d-72b7ecf17e72 | products.
[27]
It can be incorporated into plant-based versions of seafood. For Chinese cooking, thin strands
of konjac gel can be used as substitute for shark fins when preparing a plant-based version of shark fin
soup.
[28][29] | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 178, "from": 173}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Amorphophallus konjac - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20251020212705+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20251020212705+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, ... | [0.015460656,0.08967211,-0.17297736,-0.039696492,0.01896301,-0.03413645,-0.048012957,0.012341925,-0.0032155616,-0.07149968,0.025820542,0.037757818,0.0791689,0.03345436,-0.01107799,-0.03960828,-0.02721253,-0.07013322,-0.005194269,0.046505973,-0.065959476,-0.027884815,0.004390366,0.0031331382,0.03771899,0.044243637,-0.00... |
a66283ba-1839-4c37-95d7-e208f6db6a42 | Food portal
Other uses
A konjac sponge for facial cleansing
Konjac can also be used for facial massage accessories, which are popular in Korea and gaining popularity in
the West. Most commonly this is through the use of a konjac sponge, which is unique in that it can be used
on sensitive skin that may become easily i... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 202, "from": 181}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Amorphophallus konjac - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20251020212705+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20251020212705+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, ... | [-0.009844308,0.07792245,-0.15686859,-0.08369032,-0.029730802,-0.08131191,-0.006929924,-0.003932574,0.013080775,-0.050885096,-0.052969802,0.016021729,0.11374721,0.03336351,0.012232015,-0.05341957,-0.014554894,-0.018616978,-0.04599915,0.049414244,-0.08384845,-0.03354551,0.001266096,-0.059141003,0.04387122,0.039561376,0.... |
be955d8d-b5ae-4c4b-9bb4-b86ec62db110 | See also
Muk
Shirataki noodles
Notes
a. also: konjaku, konnyaku potato
b. or konjak, English: /ˈkɒnjæk, ˈkɒndʒæk/ KON-yak, KON-jak
c. this name also used for A. paeoniifolius
d. often colloquially referred to as a yam, though it is not related to tubers of the family Dioscoreaceae
e. Japanese pronunciation: [koɲ.ɲaꜜ.kɯ... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 209, "from": 196}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Amorphophallus konjac - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20251020212705+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20251020212705+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, ... | [0.005691227,0.048014067,-0.16498034,-0.025294442,-0.010752526,-0.061545853,-0.05724595,-0.011727765,-0.016167108,-0.032696042,-0.064180784,0.024976412,0.09853894,0.060455415,-0.014147306,-0.09383077,-0.063773796,-0.0024481672,-0.030088786,0.043643128,-0.042179972,0.03330532,0.004773995,-0.031190593,0.061194334,0.00436... |
fcb3dedf-f664-4635-9ae0-597c9c464b3c | 2. "Amorphophallus konjac K. Koch" (http://www.worldfloraonline.org/taxon/wfo-0000964427). World
Flora Online. World Flora Consortium. 2022. Retrieved 17 December 2022.
3. Evans, Toshie M. (1997). "konnyaku". A Dictionary of Japanese Loanwords (https://books.google.com/bo
oks?id=2f9BCRt5ui0C&q=konnyaku). Westport, Conn... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 222, "from": 211}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Amorphophallus konjac - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20251020212705+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20251020212705+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, ... | [-0.029177578,0.007626976,-0.16618855,-0.037044253,0.047723934,-0.029934553,-0.016853299,-0.011212836,-0.04953719,-0.0037053055,-0.05460654,-0.0075985095,0.09948853,0.03818875,0.023793388,-0.11673753,-0.022938617,-0.0134798065,-0.03547705,0.030597549,-0.052313004,0.031397216,-0.019324217,-0.029306514,0.050166655,0.0433... |
66276346-db0f-46f6-a9d2-5faa6e9cc162 | Processing and Technology. West Sussex, England, UK: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 591–606. ISBN 978-1-
118-99269-2.
6. NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, ed. (24 May 2016). NHK日本語発音アクセント新辞典 (in
Japanese). NHK Publishing.
7. "Amorphophallus Konjac" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140821190357/http://konjacme.com/).
A... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 232, "from": 221}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Amorphophallus konjac - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20251020212705+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20251020212705+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, ... | [0.0018913785,0.030151991,-0.17112751,-0.019879783,0.011975744,-0.023302307,-0.021901553,0.03031056,-0.017807743,-0.044338416,-0.04810087,0.011889108,0.032069426,0.04909316,0.042919345,-0.07429916,-0.0116347475,-0.021721419,-0.08335169,0.043655083,-0.030764021,0.057842765,-0.03222844,-0.036941208,0.05972855,0.013282391... |
73071eec-820f-4a77-869a-347ee2255812 | 10. "こんにゃくをめぐる事情" (https://web.archive.org/web/20211227045611/https://www.maff.go.jp/j/sei
san/tokusan/attach/pdf/konnyaku-15.pdf) (PDF). maff.go.jp. Japan: Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry
and Fisheries. Archived from the original (https://www.maff.go.jp/j/seisan/tokusan/attach/pdf/konnyak
u-15.pdf) (PDF) on 27 Decem... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 242, "from": 231}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Amorphophallus konjac - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20251020212705+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20251020212705+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, ... | [0.00056359847,0.07037892,-0.1699749,-0.025846407,0.030528357,-0.056130726,-0.02184977,0.009820894,-0.014731541,-0.051914778,-0.047944855,0.011556373,0.035975896,0.04320055,0.049456887,-0.05168109,-0.0442416,-0.033581544,-0.09282099,0.037765544,-0.0115731405,0.0055926996,-0.04598138,-0.01704421,0.04646295,0.026027253,0... |
9bfb55bb-6808-4ba6-b85f-f3377bc76006 | 8.html). vnexpress.net (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2021-12-29.
15. Chua, M; Baldwin, TC; Hocking, TJ; Chan, K (24 March 2010). "Traditional uses and potential health
benefits of Amorphophallus konjac K. Koch ex N.E.Br". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 128 (2): 268–78.
doi:10.1016/j.jep.2010.01.021 (https://doi.org/10.1016... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 245, "from": 241}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Amorphophallus konjac - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20251020212705+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20251020212705+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, ... | [0.014514753,0.045820247,-0.15502432,-0.021327104,-0.010489383,-0.060392994,-0.057944477,0.02510663,0.016589032,-0.034034494,-0.01326571,0.027218707,0.07364218,-0.015322617,0.03487456,-0.074231796,-0.046901904,0.00015295189,-0.045376837,0.006078187,-0.061610132,-0.058217283,-0.052193694,-0.037611097,0.038945246,0.04346... |
92d1fd9a-3174-4ba0-9474-ad79fa18fafd | 16. "FDA issues a second warning and an import alert about konjac mini-cup gel candies that pose
choking risk" (https://web.archive.org/web/20090512095029/http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/NEWS/20
01/NEW00770.html). FDA News. No. 1–17. US Food and Drug Administration. 5 October 2001.
Archived from the original (https://www... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 258, "from": 247}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Amorphophallus konjac - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20251020212705+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20251020212705+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, ... | [0.03626138,0.048332736,-0.16991758,-0.007456441,0.0051866686,-0.017245324,-0.048741736,0.007853201,0.004419479,-0.051666442,-0.02862182,0.06169117,0.058709458,0.014238677,0.04529812,-0.046361633,0.005997418,-0.06834429,-0.06921196,0.036396638,-0.022040306,0.0068386304,-0.0594866,-0.05489312,0.045112163,0.03441165,0.04... |
6b5341c5-7ce3-4bf8-8701-c20521208af4 | Standards Agency. Archived from the original (http://www.food.gov.uk/multimedia/pdfs/com2002_045
1en01.pdf) (PDF) on 5 June 2011. Retrieved 8 April 2018.
19. "Draft Commission Decision (SANCO/362/2002) suspending the placing on the market and import of
jelly confectionery containing food additive E 425 Konjac" (https:/... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 267, "from": 257}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Amorphophallus konjac - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20251020212705+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20251020212705+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, ... | [0.024837099,0.07678861,-0.18083096,-0.022219365,-0.056591243,-0.02167918,-0.037649658,0.0029011176,0.047541924,-0.036301848,-0.037600763,0.028924886,0.029017363,-0.01221307,0.02307392,-0.035577726,0.01774474,-0.008691759,-0.06500746,0.054780915,0.0047779065,0.008401123,-0.05692886,-0.03222515,0.022750543,0.0050925156,... |
2771b06b-7838-4091-88e2-6b8189a277cb | 2003. Archived from the original (http://www.food.gov.uk/enforcement/alerts/2003/jul/fruitsweets_konj
ac) on 2010-12-09.
21. "Product Safety Australia for Triko Fibrous Fruit Jelly describing that 'Jelly cups containing konjac are
permanently banned in Australia'" (https://www.productsafety.gov.au/recall/chun-shing-int... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 276, "from": 266}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Amorphophallus konjac - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20251020212705+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20251020212705+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, ... | [0.024799097,0.039368335,-0.18738236,-0.012494209,0.013638925,0.0051122843,-0.028244445,0.036147945,0.00940803,-0.051411908,-0.039788477,0.031016547,0.038597845,-0.008701465,0.026466738,-0.07825822,-0.0030021467,-0.019133462,-0.091403,0.031111505,0.0046303994,0.020423057,-0.06754882,-0.017710414,0.05653772,0.0204509,0.... |
70113540-6321-40ba-bc17-308ba37db13f | Retrieved 2019-10-05.
23. "Govt slow to act following konnyaku deaths" (https://web.archive.org/web/20081008092809/http://w
ww.yomiuri.co.jp/dy/national/20081005TDY03102.htm). yomiuri.co.jp. The Yomiuri Shimbun. October
5, 2008. Archived from the original (http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/dy/national/20081005TDY03102.htm)
on O... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 283, "from": 275}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Amorphophallus konjac - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20251020212705+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20251020212705+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, ... | [0.019025268,0.040836554,-0.18859395,-0.023524206,0.018738907,0.012245383,0.014927115,-0.015986724,0.013186372,-0.041257717,-0.07775093,-0.0010844535,-0.0012962703,0.03345649,0.06180228,-0.10151237,0.04938958,-0.018402725,-0.091265045,0.024699213,-0.018249013,0.01097457,-0.05847763,-0.020710481,0.101503894,0.033589873,... |
d6d7ea93-dfb1-4014-b569-079e3222406e | 25. "Food maker pulls 'konyaku' sweets" (https://web.archive.org/web/20121015210205/http://www.japant
imes.co.jp/text/nn20081009a3.html). Japan Times. October 9, 2008. Archived from the original (htt
p://www.japantimes.co.jp/text/nn20081009a3.html) on October 15, 2012. Retrieved April 24, 2024.
26. Rubenstein, Steve (M... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 294, "from": 285}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Amorphophallus konjac - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20251020212705+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20251020212705+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, ... | [0.012512193,0.043635067,-0.182098,-0.02863214,-0.009459244,0.019157507,-0.034681626,0.02878684,0.004594948,-0.01655049,-0.10833764,-0.016143655,0.06734553,0.0057204515,0.03825829,-0.08047026,-0.026296528,-0.019224923,-0.11008563,0.031379703,-0.031612847,-0.039731674,-0.033815455,-0.0096758995,0.06067626,-0.0069218143,... |
0c23c707-a6a6-400d-83df-95b66cb6cdb3 | 28. Kho, Kian (2015). Phoenix Claws and Jade Trees: Essential Techniques of Authentic Chinese Cooking. New
York: Clarkson Potter. p. 278. ISBN 978-0-385-34469-2.
29. Kho, Kian (July 1, 2010). "Banning Shark Fins from Shark Fin Soup" (https://redcook.net/2010/07/01/mo
ck-shark-fin-soup/). Red Cook. Retrieved February 9,... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 305, "from": 294}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Amorphophallus konjac - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20251020212705+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20251020212705+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, ... | [0.015639309,0.096407674,-0.15903866,-0.060145304,0.048910532,-0.06015853,-0.023093421,-0.015076229,-0.00247694,-0.052721243,0.0057875793,0.030932445,0.07410519,0.012942612,0.033531588,-0.02517332,-0.04391356,-0.057618063,-0.052063443,0.08332302,-0.062235128,-0.020417282,0.015551375,-0.029861098,0.0523251,0.035484847,-... |
afb76aa9-9fb7-43c2-a32b-924c4c3502c6 | resources.com/articles_wet.html). Papermaking Resources. Nash/Renfrow Productions. Retrieved
30 March 2017.
External links
" Multilingual taxonomic information" (http://www.plantnames.unimelb.edu.au/Sorting/Amorphophallus.h
tml#konjac). University of Melbourne. | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 307, "from": 303}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Amorphophallus konjac - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20251020212705+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20251020212705+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, ... | [0.019076312,0.008014068,-0.17810507,-0.03493104,0.028814718,0.004671775,-0.03444717,-0.013328259,-0.0059799673,-0.04034328,0.024857938,-0.0370731,0.09080313,-0.010845759,-0.0012386831,-0.06625584,-0.05382183,-0.040044345,-0.007840429,0.0027862743,-0.01898567,-0.003834744,-0.032463454,-0.0017345143,0.09391066,0.0416292... |
cf5cc6e6-d5e8-4f0f-b034-2187312cd94c | Anemone hepatica
Anemone hepatica (syn. Hepatica nobilis), the common hepatica, liverwort,
[2]
liverleaf,
[3]
kidneywort, or
pennywort, is a species of flowering plant in the buttercup family Ranunculaceae, native to woodland in
temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. This herbaceous perennial grows from a rhiz... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 32, "from": 1}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Anemone hepatica - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20251020212717+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20251020212717+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "version... | [0.018203655,0.02854542,-0.16905893,-0.046383165,-0.031153789,-0.010592292,-0.022077672,0.035757016,-0.01102377,-0.027039077,-0.011630524,0.033885337,0.0716193,-0.0002461356,-0.017360503,0.0069586094,-0.0010621636,-0.025048165,-0.011434372,0.058660384,-0.035546817,0.00066840515,-0.038194936,-0.055283535,0.09532929,0.06... |
e24d6cf4-bdd6-4f98-9372-a3e4c742b598 | The flowers are blue, purple, pink, or white and appear in winter or spring. They have five to ten oval showy
sepals and three green bracts.
Taxonomy
The taxonomy of the genus Anemone and its species is not fully resolved, but phylogenetic studies of many
species of Anemone and related genera
[4]
indicate that species... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 46, "from": 30}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Anemone hepatica - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20251020212717+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20251020212717+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "versio... | [0.02867178,0.02236378,-0.17277661,-0.014920345,-0.03667177,0.035959795,-0.017573183,-0.020536628,0.033935145,0.0035040074,0.007980755,0.026655238,0.11827875,0.0039892006,-0.03486893,-0.07915735,-0.029242057,-0.06450017,0.02853117,0.049184747,-0.029350916,0.030941894,-0.02541133,-0.009437279,0.06508804,0.10558729,-0.05... |
102786d1-7006-4173-a542-36d41192a682 | Varieties
Varieties of Anemone hepatica that are sometimes
recognized include:
[1]
Anemone hepatica var. japonica, a synonym of Hepatica
nobilis var. japonica Nakai, is native to the Russian Far
East, China, Korea, and Japan
[9][10]
Anemone hepatica var. acuta, a synonym of Hepatica
acutiloba DC., is native to eastern ... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 76, "from": 48}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Anemone hepatica - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20251020212717+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20251020212717+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "versio... | [0.013980088,0.020123918,-0.1718245,-0.040640816,0.001676363,-0.0031842494,-0.037180424,0.008347616,0.0011201835,-0.028115982,-0.014564733,0.019253192,0.10419288,0.0011311147,-0.002197796,-0.06355366,-0.007665729,-0.019078786,-0.004523493,0.050678786,-0.06818241,0.014476721,0.0016924008,-0.031104906,0.08452906,0.071374... |
104ce642-c8b9-415e-8c02-46af42b5bbbb | when the stamens begin to release pollen, the bees
return to collect and feed on pollen. Mining bees
sometimes visit the flowers, but prefer flowers that
produce both nectar and pollen.
[13]
Anemone hepatica
Scientific classification
Kingdom:Plantae
Clade:Tracheophytes
Clade:Angiosperms
Clade:Eudicots
Order:Ranunculale... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 103, "from": 74}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Anemone hepatica - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20251020212717+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20251020212717+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "versi... | [0.001602785,0.034044024,-0.17443666,-0.06323528,0.014825768,-0.02404248,-0.045451067,0.011955915,0.03229214,-0.0057916692,-0.03144568,0.05805877,0.10285534,-0.009965855,-0.00071326154,-0.057143886,-0.00044094466,-0.04763512,-0.016707018,0.07273817,-0.051874705,0.038583107,-0.033831663,-0.04702104,0.063975245,0.0811005... |
960c7869-afa1-47a0-b69e-cfe31c84f553 | Toxicity
Like other Ranunculaceae, fresh liverwort contains
protoanemonin and is therefore slightly toxic. By drying
the herb, protoanemonin is dimerized to the non-toxic
anemonin.
Uses
Medieval herbalists believed it could be used to treat liver
diseases, and may be used in current folk medicine.
[14]
Under the name H... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 144, "from": 105}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Anemone hepatica - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20251020212717+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20251020212717+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "vers... | [0.03325503,0.052419603,-0.16835451,-0.04865465,-0.016701864,-0.015029792,-0.07115803,0.0061160754,0.022012027,-0.017101018,-0.03130908,0.045556087,0.083781175,-0.023299461,-0.006191186,-0.015586833,0.0029000517,-0.015373333,-0.007326551,0.014726135,-0.051737554,-0.025226275,-0.016039798,-0.024926282,0.089172825,0.0299... |
6ee4d333-7d7a-40c9-9d04-17bf5706dff3 | Steyerm.
Hepatica nobilis f. hypopurpurea
(Makino) Nakai
Hepatica nobilis f. lutea Kadota
Hepatica nobilis f. plena (Fernald)
Steyerm.
Hepatica nobilis f. pubescens
(M.Hiroe) Kadota
Hepatica nobilis f. rosea (R.Hoffm.)
Steyerm.
Hepatica nobilis f. variegata (Makino)
Nakai
Hepatica nobilis var. acuta (Pursh)
Steyerm.
He... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 156, "from": 137}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Anemone hepatica - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20251020212717+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20251020212717+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "vers... | [0.04220368,0.013670357,-0.16092353,-0.0026231871,-0.0021808748,-0.025724567,-0.01995913,-0.053617872,-0.026512535,-0.035348076,-0.052044712,0.0120879235,0.046566475,-0.054348476,-0.036836363,-0.01598473,-0.0035746845,-0.043099638,-0.008280196,0.0059723104,-0.0067735347,0.02504927,-0.058764104,0.030032126,0.070251524,0... |
84056956-e7b5-4a00-8498-3ad38a778999 | References
1. "Anemone hepatica L." (http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2638271) Tropicos. Missouri
Botanical Gardens – via The Plant List. Note that this website has been superseded by World Flora
Online
2. Horace Kephart (1936). "Early Spring Flowers of the North Carolina Mountains". The Journal of the
Sou... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 173, "from": 161}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Anemone hepatica - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20251020212717+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20251020212717+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "vers... | [0.012051624,0.014414874,-0.17846207,-0.060829174,0.020598205,-0.043856926,-0.012589992,0.032932214,-0.0321595,-0.03281309,0.009709909,-0.01587848,0.052807465,0.0025919613,0.01188303,-0.056377906,-0.028557386,-0.02770234,-0.0015300473,0.071563646,-0.044129036,-0.010920719,-0.0408065,-0.062162798,0.08988152,0.022277368,... |
4c644cac-8621-4788-bd39-749ee59bfe62 | 169–200. doi:10.2307/2419720 (https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2419720). JSTOR 2419720 (https://www.js
tor.org/stable/2419720).
5. Dutton, Bryan E.; Keener, Carl S.; Ford, Bruce A. (1997). "Anemone" (http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as
px?flora_id=1&taxon_id=101733). In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 182, "from": 172}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Anemone hepatica - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20251020212717+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20251020212717+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "vers... | [0.014865527,0.0346821,-0.18968594,-0.0733498,0.034820333,-0.022811277,-0.007970367,0.03660451,-0.034509312,-0.02583167,0.006908962,-0.023193447,0.09410476,-0.028604375,-0.031407576,-0.02896921,-0.006184115,-0.0411152,-0.041005228,0.017018601,0.00056964316,-0.006544902,-0.053503066,0.011966082,0.069062725,0.06404285,-0... |
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