| --- |
| license: apache-2.0 |
| task_categories: |
| - text-classification |
| language: |
| - pt |
| - en |
| - de |
| - es |
| - tr |
| - fr |
| pretty_name: MOL |
| --- |
| # MOL - Context-Aware Multilingual Offensive Lexicon |
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| The MOL is the first specialized lexicon for hate speech detection, annotated with contextual information. |
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| <b>It consists of 1,000 explicit and implicit (clue-based) human-annotated rationales</b> used with pejorative connotations, manually identified by a linguist and annotated by three experts regarding their contextual dependency (context-dependent or context-independent). |
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| For example, the term "stupid" is classified as a <b>context-independent offensive term</b>, as it is predominantly used in pejorative contexts. |
| In contrast, the terms "useless" and "worm" are considered <b>context-dependent offensive terms</b> because they can appear in both non-pejorative contexts—such as "this smartphone is useless" or "the fisherman uses worms for bait"—and pejorative contexts, such as "this last President was useless" or "this human being is such a worm." |
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| Each term and expression in the MOL was annotated by three independent annotators, achieving a high inter-annotator agreement score (73% Kappa). |
| Originally developed in Portuguese, MOL was manually translated by native speakers into <b>English, Spanish, French, German, and Turkish</b>, ensuring cultural adaptations in each language. As a result, MOL is available in six different languages. |
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| The table below describes the MOL statistics |
| <div align="center"> |
| <table> |
| <tr><th>Contextual Information</th><th>Hate Targets </th></tr> |
| <tr><td> |
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| |class|label|total| |
| |--|--|--| |
| |Context-independent offensive|1|612| |
| |Context-depedent offensive|0|387| |
| |Total||1,000| |
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| </td><td> |
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| |class|total| |
| |--|--| |
| |non-target |864| |
| |partyism|69| |
| |sexism|35| |
| |homophobia|16| |
| |fatphobia|9| |
| |religious intolerance|9| |
| |antisemitism|1| |
| |apology for the dictatorship|5| |
| |racism|4| |
| |antisemitistm|3| |
| |total|1,000| |
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| </td></tr></table> |
| </div> |
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| # Dataset Description |
| - **Created by:** Francielle Vargas (<https://franciellevargas.github.io/>) |
| - **Funded by:** FAPESP |
| - **Language(s) (NLP):** Portuguese, English, Spanish, French, Germany and Turkish |
| - **Repository:** https://github.com/franciellevargas/MOL |
| - **Paper:** <br> |
| <b>Context-Aware and Expert Data Resources for Brazilian Portuguese Hate Speech Detection</b> <br> |
| Francielle Vargas, Isabelle Carvalho, Thiago A.S. Pardo, Fabrício Benevenuto</i> <br> |
| <i>Natural Language Engineering Journal</i>. Cambridge University Press. 2024. <br> |
| https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/natural-language-processing/article/contextaware-and-expert-data-resources-for-brazilian-portuguese-hate-speech-detection/7D9019ED5471CD16E320EBED06A6E923# |
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| # Dataset Contact |
| francielealvargas@gmail.com |
