Datasets:

electricsheepafrica
/

prostate-cancer

id int64	age int64	education string	urban int64	family_history_pca int64	bmi float64	hiv_positive int64	diabetes int64	hypertension int64	presenting_symptom string	symptom_duration_months int64	traditional_medicine_first int64	dre_performed int64	dre_suspicious int64	psa_tested int64	psa_level float64	psa_elevated int64	stage string	metastatic int64	bone_metastases int64	lymph_node_metastases int64	treatment_received string	adt_type string	pain_management int64	treatment_delay_months int64	referral_needed int64	referral_completed int64	died_within_2_years int64	quality_of_life string	castration_resistant int64
1	69	primary	0	0	16.2	0	0	0	luts	8	0	0	0	1	179.6	1	III	0	0	0	palliative	none	1	2	1	0	1	poor	0
2	65	secondary	1	0	25.5	0	0	0	screening	6	0	1	1	1	9.4	1	IV	1	1	0	palliative	none	1	3	0	0	0	moderate	0
3	68	secondary	1	0	24.3	0	0	0	weight_loss	3	0	1	1	1	141.5	1	IV	1	1	0	palliative	none	1	0	0	0	1	moderate	0
4	65	tertiary	1	1	26	0	0	0	weight_loss	9	0	0	0	1	19.2	1	II	0	0	0	palliative	none	1	2	1	0	0	good	0
5	63	secondary	1	1	18.7	0	0	0	luts	8	0	0	0	1	24.3	1	II	0	0	0	palliative	none	1	0	1	1	0	moderate	0
6	62	primary	0	0	23	0	0	1	bone_pain	7	1	1	1	1	8.2	1	III	0	0	0	palliative	none	1	16	1	0	1	moderate	0
7	93	tertiary	0	0	25.1	0	0	0	luts	11	0	1	1	1	16	1	IV	1	1	0	adt_only	antiandrogen	1	0	0	0	1	moderate	0
8	74	primary	0	0	23.4	0	0	1	luts	8	0	0	0	1	42.1	1	IV	1	1	0	palliative	none	1	0	0	0	1	moderate	0
9	55	none	1	0	23.3	0	0	0	luts	3	0	0	0	1	25.9	1	I	0	0	0	adt_only	lhrh_agonist	0	0	1	0	0	good	0
10	75	secondary	1	0	26	0	0	0	haematuria	8	0	0	0	1	47.6	1	III	0	0	0	adt_only	lhrh_agonist	0	6	1	0	0	moderate	0
11	69	none	0	0	15.4	0	0	0	urinary_retention	8	0	1	0	0	0	0	III	0	0	0	adt_only	lhrh_agonist	0	5	1	1	0	good	0
12	58	none	0	0	22.5	0	0	1	luts	2	0	1	1	1	35.9	1	IV	1	1	1	adt_only	surgical_castration	0	2	0	0	1	moderate	0
13	56	secondary	1	0	17	0	0	0	weight_loss	10	0	0	0	1	22.7	1	IV	1	1	1	palliative	none	1	0	0	0	1	moderate	0
14	82	primary	1	0	23.8	0	0	0	screening	7	0	1	0	1	114.7	1	IV	1	1	0	adt_only	lhrh_agonist	0	0	0	0	1	good	0
15	73	tertiary	1	0	21.9	0	0	0	screening	6	0	1	1	1	187.3	1	IV	1	1	0	palliative	none	1	4	0	0	0	good	0
16	52	none	0	0	21.7	0	0	0	weight_loss	5	0	1	1	1	148.4	1	IV	1	1	0	none	none	0	1	0	0	1	poor	0
17	74	tertiary	1	0	23.2	0	0	0	luts	5	0	1	1	1	64	1	IV	1	1	0	none	none	1	4	0	0	1	poor	0
18	61	secondary	1	0	26.1	0	0	0	luts	25	0	1	1	1	1.7	0	III	0	0	0	none	none	0	0	0	0	0	moderate	0
19	76	secondary	1	0	29.4	0	0	1	haematuria	3	0	0	0	0	0	0	III	0	0	0	none	none	0	0	0	0	1	good	0
20	61	none	0	0	25.7	0	0	1	screening	4	0	1	1	0	0	0	II	0	0	0	palliative	none	1	0	1	1	0	moderate	0
21	69	secondary	0	0	17.6	0	0	1	bone_pain	3	1	1	1	1	21.6	1	III	0	0	0	none	none	0	0	1	0	1	moderate	0
22	79	tertiary	0	0	23.3	0	0	0	bone_pain	3	1	0	0	1	21.6	1	III	0	0	0	adt_only	lhrh_agonist	0	0	0	0	0	good	1
23	60	none	1	0	33.7	0	0	0	haematuria	8	0	1	1	1	90.2	1	IV	1	0	0	none	none	0	1	0	0	1	moderate	0
24	80	secondary	0	0	22.6	0	0	1	luts	7	0	1	1	1	2.6	0	IV	1	1	0	palliative	none	1	0	0	0	1	moderate	0
25	70	primary	0	0	23.7	0	0	0	bone_pain	2	0	0	0	1	10.5	1	III	0	0	0	adt_only	antiandrogen	0	2	1	0	1	good	0
26	68	tertiary	0	0	23	0	0	0	weight_loss	22	1	0	0	1	9.4	1	IV	1	0	1	palliative	none	0	2	0	0	1	good	0
27	63	primary	0	0	16.9	0	0	1	urinary_retention	9	0	0	0	1	2.6	0	I	0	0	0	none	none	0	1	0	0	0	moderate	0
28	73	none	1	0	22.2	1	0	0	luts	17	0	1	1	0	0	0	IV	1	1	0	adt_only	surgical_castration	0	3	0	0	1	moderate	0
29	73	tertiary	1	0	23.4	0	0	0	urinary_retention	4	0	1	1	1	6.3	1	III	0	0	0	palliative	none	0	1	1	0	0	moderate	0
30	63	tertiary	1	0	25.9	0	0	0	haematuria	6	1	1	1	0	0	0	IV	1	1	0	adt_only	lhrh_agonist	0	1	0	0	0	poor	0
31	62	secondary	1	0	22.3	0	0	1	screening	2	1	1	1	1	24.5	1	III	0	0	0	adt_only	surgical_castration	0	0	1	1	1	good	0
32	66	none	0	1	23.2	0	0	0	weight_loss	5	0	1	1	1	8.3	1	III	0	0	0	none	none	0	0	1	0	1	good	0
33	65	tertiary	1	0	27.2	0	0	1	urinary_retention	17	0	1	0	1	71.8	1	IV	1	1	0	adt_chemo	lhrh_agonist	0	1	0	0	0	moderate	0
34	70	none	0	0	26.5	1	0	1	luts	21	0	0	0	1	48.6	1	III	0	0	0	adt_only	lhrh_agonist	0	0	1	0	1	good	0
35	75	none	0	0	23.2	0	0	1	urinary_retention	2	0	0	0	1	147.5	1	IV	1	1	0	palliative	none	1	3	0	0	1	moderate	0
36	65	tertiary	0	0	23.2	0	0	0	luts	8	0	1	1	0	0	0	III	0	0	0	none	none	0	2	1	0	1	poor	0
37	67	primary	0	0	25.6	0	0	0	incidental	6	1	1	0	1	576.9	1	IV	1	0	1	adt_only	lhrh_agonist	0	0	0	0	1	poor	0
38	62	none	1	0	24.1	0	0	0	screening	5	1	0	0	0	0	0	III	0	0	0	adt_only	lhrh_agonist	0	5	1	1	1	poor	0
39	49	none	1	0	23.6	0	0	0	screening	6	1	1	1	1	0.8	0	IV	1	1	1	adt_only	surgical_castration	0	1	0	0	1	moderate	0
40	70	secondary	0	0	21.5	0	0	1	luts	13	1	1	1	1	145.6	1	IV	1	1	0	adt_only	surgical_castration	1	4	0	0	0	poor	0
41	83	primary	0	0	24.3	0	0	0	screening	2	0	1	1	1	121.4	1	III	0	0	0	none	none	0	2	1	0	1	poor	0
42	70	secondary	0	0	25.9	0	1	0	weight_loss	9	0	0	0	1	40.3	1	IV	1	1	0	adt_only	surgical_castration	1	0	0	0	1	poor	0
43	72	primary	0	0	22.4	0	0	0	bone_pain	3	0	0	0	1	4	0	IV	1	0	0	palliative	none	1	1	0	0	1	poor	0
44	66	secondary	0	0	24.5	0	0	0	bone_pain	2	1	1	0	1	103	1	II	0	0	0	adt_only	antiandrogen	0	6	1	0	1	good	1
45	72	secondary	0	0	26.5	0	0	0	luts	10	0	0	0	1	15.6	1	II	0	0	0	none	none	0	5	1	0	0	good	0
46	75	primary	0	0	20.6	0	0	0	screening	12	0	0	0	1	4.2	1	IV	1	1	1	palliative	none	1	0	0	0	0	poor	0
47	61	none	1	0	29.8	0	0	1	bone_pain	4	0	1	0	0	0	0	I	0	0	0	none	none	0	2	0	0	0	good	0
48	53	none	0	0	24	0	0	0	screening	13	1	0	0	0	0	0	IV	1	1	1	palliative	none	1	1	0	0	0	poor	0
49	78	primary	0	0	19.4	0	0	0	luts	2	0	1	1	1	10.8	1	III	0	0	0	none	none	0	5	1	1	0	poor	0
50	64	secondary	1	0	29.2	0	0	0	weight_loss	11	0	1	1	1	93.2	1	I	0	0	0	adt_only	antiandrogen	0	3	0	0	1	moderate	0
51	67	tertiary	0	0	18.3	0	0	1	haematuria	7	0	0	0	1	17.9	1	II	0	0	0	palliative	none	1	3	0	0	0	moderate	0
52	68	primary	0	0	27.4	0	1	1	luts	6	0	1	0	1	150.1	1	III	0	0	0	adt_only	lhrh_agonist	0	0	1	1	1	good	0
53	70	none	0	0	21.2	1	0	1	urinary_retention	3	0	0	0	1	4.2	1	II	0	0	0	adt_only	antiandrogen	0	3	0	0	0	poor	1
54	71	primary	0	0	26.3	0	0	0	bone_pain	11	0	1	1	1	77.9	1	III	0	0	0	none	none	0	4	1	0	1	moderate	0
55	63	tertiary	1	0	27.9	0	0	0	urinary_retention	9	0	1	1	1	148.3	1	III	0	0	0	palliative	none	0	1	0	0	0	moderate	0
56	72	none	0	0	25.5	0	1	1	haematuria	11	1	0	0	0	0	0	IV	1	1	0	adt_only	antiandrogen	1	5	0	0	1	good	0
57	47	primary	0	0	21.4	0	0	0	bone_pain	6	0	1	1	0	0	0	IV	1	1	0	adt_only	antiandrogen	0	0	0	0	1	poor	1
58	70	primary	0	0	21.8	0	0	1	bone_pain	3	1	1	1	1	6.6	1	IV	1	0	0	adt_only	lhrh_agonist	0	1	0	0	1	moderate	0
59	70	primary	0	0	25.3	0	0	0	luts	18	0	1	1	0	0	0	IV	1	0	0	adt_only	lhrh_agonist	0	0	0	0	0	moderate	1
60	70	tertiary	1	0	27.8	0	0	0	screening	5	0	1	1	0	0	0	IV	1	1	0	adt_only	surgical_castration	1	0	0	0	1	poor	0
61	60	secondary	1	0	16.5	0	0	0	screening	6	1	1	1	1	13.9	1	IV	1	1	0	adt_only	antiandrogen	0	2	0	0	0	moderate	1
62	87	primary	0	0	23.1	0	0	0	haematuria	25	0	1	0	1	22.1	1	III	0	0	0	palliative	none	0	2	1	0	1	moderate	0
63	61	none	0	0	23.4	1	0	0	incidental	12	1	0	0	1	18.3	1	IV	1	0	0	adt_only	lhrh_agonist	0	2	0	0	0	moderate	0
64	75	primary	0	0	18.3	0	0	1	urinary_retention	13	0	1	1	0	0	0	III	0	0	0	adt_only	lhrh_agonist	0	1	0	0	0	good	0
65	54	none	1	0	23.9	0	0	1	bone_pain	6	0	0	0	1	14.2	1	IV	1	1	0	adt_only	surgical_castration	0	2	0	0	1	good	0
66	75	primary	1	0	21.1	0	0	0	screening	30	0	0	0	1	167.1	1	I	0	0	0	palliative	none	1	1	1	0	0	good	0
67	58	secondary	0	0	30.1	0	0	0	luts	8	0	1	1	1	59.9	1	III	0	0	0	none	none	0	0	0	0	1	good	0
68	73	secondary	1	0	24.6	0	0	1	luts	10	0	1	1	1	23.8	1	IV	1	0	1	adt_only	lhrh_agonist	0	2	0	0	1	moderate	0
69	60	primary	0	0	27.8	0	0	0	incidental	7	0	0	0	1	53.6	1	III	0	0	0	none	none	0	5	1	0	1	good	0
70	79	primary	0	0	22.5	0	0	1	luts	9	0	1	0	1	10.6	1	IV	1	1	1	none	none	0	2	0	0	1	good	0
71	76	primary	0	0	23.9	0	0	0	bone_pain	7	0	0	0	0	0	0	III	0	0	0	adt_only	surgical_castration	0	1	1	0	1	moderate	0
72	78	secondary	0	0	17.7	0	0	0	screening	14	0	1	1	0	0	0	II	0	0	0	none	none	0	1	0	0	0	poor	0
73	68	primary	0	0	28	0	0	1	luts	11	0	1	1	1	14.8	1	II	0	0	0	none	none	0	0	0	0	1	poor	0
74	62	none	0	0	33.5	0	1	0	haematuria	13	0	1	1	1	48.9	1	IV	1	0	1	palliative	none	1	12	0	0	0	poor	0
75	62	none	1	1	18.4	0	0	1	luts	13	0	0	0	1	28.9	1	IV	1	1	0	adt_only	lhrh_agonist	1	3	0	0	1	good	1
76	71	primary	0	0	21.7	0	0	1	haematuria	10	0	1	1	1	430.5	1	IV	1	1	0	palliative	none	0	1	0	0	1	moderate	0
77	56	none	0	0	22.2	0	0	0	urinary_retention	7	0	1	1	1	111.5	1	IV	1	0	0	adt_chemo	antiandrogen	0	3	0	0	1	moderate	1
78	66	primary	0	0	22.7	0	0	0	luts	8	0	1	1	1	1.9	0	IV	1	1	0	none	none	1	2	0	0	1	moderate	0
79	62	tertiary	0	0	23	0	0	1	urinary_retention	13	0	1	0	0	0	0	IV	1	1	1	adt_chemo	lhrh_agonist	0	2	0	0	1	poor	0
80	61	none	1	0	18.8	0	0	0	luts	5	1	1	1	1	67.5	1	III	0	0	0	none	none	0	0	1	0	1	good	0
81	76	tertiary	1	0	26.7	0	0	1	haematuria	4	0	0	0	1	99	1	IV	1	1	1	adt_only	lhrh_agonist	1	0	0	0	1	poor	0
82	52	secondary	1	0	19.5	0	1	1	bone_pain	6	1	0	0	0	0	0	IV	1	1	0	none	none	1	6	0	0	0	poor	0
83	59	secondary	1	0	28.8	0	0	0	luts	22	1	0	0	0	0	0	IV	1	1	0	palliative	none	1	1	0	0	1	moderate	0
84	59	secondary	1	0	23.9	0	0	0	screening	2	0	0	0	1	2.2	0	III	0	0	0	adt_only	lhrh_agonist	0	4	1	0	0	moderate	0
85	75	tertiary	0	0	24.7	0	0	1	haematuria	2	0	1	1	1	23.2	1	III	0	0	0	none	none	0	1	1	1	1	good	0
86	71	primary	0	0	23	0	1	0	bone_pain	8	1	0	0	0	0	0	II	0	0	0	none	none	0	0	0	0	0	poor	0
87	86	none	0	0	25	0	0	1	bone_pain	4	0	1	0	1	32.6	1	III	0	0	0	palliative	none	1	3	0	0	1	poor	0
88	68	primary	0	0	26.3	0	0	0	screening	6	0	1	1	1	16.5	1	IV	1	1	1	adt_only	lhrh_agonist	1	0	0	0	0	moderate	1
89	67	primary	1	0	28.6	0	0	1	weight_loss	5	0	0	0	1	3.8	0	III	0	0	0	palliative	none	0	1	1	1	0	good	0
90	63	none	1	0	24.2	0	0	0	bone_pain	4	1	1	1	1	153.5	1	IV	1	1	1	palliative	none	0	4	0	0	0	moderate	0
91	67	secondary	1	0	16.8	0	0	1	haematuria	2	0	0	0	1	6.9	1	I	0	0	0	palliative	none	1	0	1	0	0	poor	0
92	67	tertiary	0	0	24.2	0	0	0	luts	9	0	1	0	1	1,104.1	1	IV	1	0	1	adt_chemo	surgical_castration	0	6	0	0	1	moderate	0
93	91	secondary	0	1	20.2	0	1	0	luts	10	1	0	0	0	0	0	III	0	0	0	palliative	none	0	5	1	1	0	moderate	0
94	78	primary	0	1	35.3	0	0	0	bone_pain	14	0	1	0	1	68.1	1	I	0	0	0	none	none	0	1	1	1	0	moderate	0
95	67	none	1	0	26.2	0	1	0	luts	6	1	1	1	1	9.8	1	IV	1	1	0	none	none	0	12	0	0	1	good	0
96	63	secondary	0	0	31.1	0	0	0	urinary_retention	18	0	1	1	1	10.1	1	III	0	0	0	palliative	none	1	5	1	0	1	good	0
97	81	none	1	0	23.6	0	0	0	haematuria	4	0	1	1	1	10.8	1	II	0	0	0	none	none	0	1	1	0	0	good	0
98	69	primary	0	0	15	0	0	1	bone_pain	8	1	0	0	1	16.7	1	I	0	0	0	palliative	none	1	2	0	0	1	good	0
99	62	primary	0	0	28.4	0	0	0	incidental	6	0	1	1	1	201.2	1	IV	1	1	0	none	none	1	0	0	0	1	poor	0
100	42	primary	0	0	31.7	0	0	1	weight_loss	2	0	0	0	1	57.4	1	IV	1	1	0	adt_chemo	surgical_castration	1	0	0	0	1	good	0

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Prostate Cancer Dataset

Abstract

This dataset provides 30,000 simulated prostate cancer patient records (10,000 per scenario) from sub-Saharan Africa. Each record contains 40+ variables including presentation, PSA, biopsy, staging, treatment, and survival. Three settings: tertiary oncology (40% 2yr mortality), district hospital (67%), and rural health centre (77%).

1. Introduction

Prostate cancer is the most common male cancer in SSA with high incidence and mortality rates. Late-stage presentation is the norm — most men present with advanced disease. PSA screening is inconsistent, biopsy access limited, and radiotherapy severely restricted. ADT (often surgical castration) remains the primary treatment for many. Poor survival compared to high-income countries reflects late diagnosis and treatment access barriers.

This dataset is entirely simulated. It must not be used for clinical decision-making.

2. Methodology

2.1 Parameterization

Parameter	Value	Source
#1 male cancer in SSA	Yes	PMC 2022
Late-stage presentation	55-62% Stage IV	PMC 2021
PSA screening inconsistent	Yes	BJUI 2024
Radiotherapy access	Very limited	PubMed 2024
5-year survival SSA	15-55%	PMC 2021

2.2 Scenario Design

Scenario	PSA	Biopsy	RT	Surgery	2yr Mort
Tertiary oncology	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	40%
District hospital	Yes	No	No	No	67%
Rural HC	No	No	No	No	77%

3. Schema

Column	Type	Description
id	int	Unique identifier
age	int	Patient age
presenting_symptom	categorical	luts / bone_pain / retention / haematuria
psa_tested	binary	PSA tested
psa_level	float	PSA level ng/ml
biopsy_performed	binary	Biopsy done
gleason_score	int	Gleason score
stage	categorical	I / II / III / IV
metastatic	binary	Metastatic disease
bone_metastases	binary	Bone mets
treatment_received	categorical	prostatectomy / radiotherapy / adt / palliative / none
died_within_2_years	binary	2-year mortality
castration_resistant	binary	CRPC

4. Validation

Validation Report

Key validation checks:

2yr mortality gradient: 40% → 67% → 77% ✓
Stage IV: 42% → 55% → 61% ✓
No treatment: 12% → 29% → 57% ✓
PSA access: 80% → 79% → 0% ✓
Late presentation dominant ✓
Referral gap significant ✓

5. Usage

from datasets import load_dataset
dataset = load_dataset("electricsheepafrica/prostate-cancer", "district_hospital")
df = dataset["train"].to_pandas()

6. Limitations

Simulated: Not from real cancer registries.
No genomic data: No BRCA/DNA repair markers.
Simplified staging: No detailed TNM.
No longitudinal PSA: No serial measurements.
2-year outcome only: No 5/10-year survival.

7. References

PMC (2022). PCa screening/diagnosis/treatment in SSA.
PMC (2023). Public awareness PCa screening South Africa.
BJUI (2024). Global viewpoints PCa in SSA.
PMC (2021). PCa survival SSA by stage.
PubMed (2023). PCa management barriers in SSA.
PubMed (2018). Radiotherapy PCa Ghana.
PubMed (2024). Radiotherapy access barriers SSA.

Citation

@dataset{esa_prostate_cancer_2025,
  title={Prostate Cancer Dataset},
  author={Electric Sheep Africa},
  year={2025},
  publisher={Hugging Face},
  url={https://huggingface.co/datasets/electricsheepafrica/prostate-cancer}
}

License

CC-BY-4.0

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