Datasets:

electricsheepafrica
/

africa-synth-protection-oop-health-expenditure-all

id int64	household_size int64	ses_quintile int64	residence string	head_age int64	head_sex string	has_insurance int64	chronic_conditions int64	household_income_usd int64	health_events_12m int64	sought_care int64	primary_service string	facility_type string	oop_total_usd float64	oop_medicines_usd float64	oop_outpatient_usd float64	oop_inpatient_usd float64	oop_transport_usd float64	oop_diagnostic_usd float64	catastrophic_expenditure int64	impoverished_by_oop int64	oop_pct_income float64	coping_strategy string	forgone_care int64	year int64
1	8	2	urban	50	female	0	0	408	1	0	none	none	17.21	14.63	0	0	2.58	0	0	0	4.2	no_coping_needed	1	2,022
2	5	1	rural	69	female	0	0	331	0	0	none	none	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	no_coping_needed	0	2,021
3	6	4	rural	41	male	0	0	2,888	0	0	none	none	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	no_coping_needed	0	2,024
4	6	3	rural	18	female	0	0	1,334	1	1	outpatient_consultation	private_hospital	48.65	21.89	12.16	5.84	4.87	3.89	0	0	3.6	savings	0	2,020
5	6	4	urban	34	male	0	0	2,062	1	0	none	none	32.76	27.85	0	0	4.91	0	0	0	1.6	savings	1	2,022
6	3	5	rural	27	male	0	0	6,716	1	1	emergency_care	private_hospital	135.6	61.02	33.9	16.27	13.56	10.85	0	0	2	savings	0	2,023
7	8	2	urban	59	male	1	0	353	0	0	none	none	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	no_coping_needed	0	2,024
8	3	5	rural	44	male	0	0	6,183	2	1	medicines_only	private_hospital	94.08	42.34	23.52	11.29	9.41	7.53	0	0	1.5	no_coping_needed	0	2,024
9	3	2	rural	64	female	1	1	390	4	0	none	none	101.81	86.54	0	0	15.27	0	1	0	26.1	reducing_food	1	2,022
10	2	2	rural	42	female	0	1	765	3	0	none	none	63.68	54.13	0	0	9.55	0	0	0	8.3	reducing_food	1	2,021
11	3	3	rural	59	male	0	1	1,046	0	0	none	none	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	no_coping_needed	0	2,021
12	3	4	rural	27	female	0	0	2,422	0	0	none	none	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	no_coping_needed	0	2,024
13	7	3	rural	24	male	0	1	818	3	1	maternal_care	public_health_centre	94.82	42.67	23.71	11.38	9.48	7.59	1	1	11.6	borrowing	0	2,024
14	7	1	rural	65	male	1	0	308	2	0	none	none	53.24	45.25	0	0	7.99	0	1	0	17.3	borrowing	1	2,021
15	1	1	urban	32	male	0	0	309	3	1	outpatient_consultation	public_health_centre	126.75	57.04	31.69	15.21	12.67	10.14	1	0	41	selling_assets	0	2,020
16	4	5	urban	52	female	0	1	5,586	2	1	medicines_only	private_hospital	121.27	54.57	30.32	14.55	12.13	9.7	0	0	2.2	savings	0	2,021
17	4	2	urban	25	male	0	1	744	5	1	outpatient_consultation	pharmacy	34	15.3	8.5	4.08	3.4	2.72	0	0	4.6	no_coping_needed	0	2,020
18	3	5	rural	61	female	0	1	3,492	0	0	none	none	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	no_coping_needed	0	2,023
19	7	3	rural	48	male	1	0	1,379	2	0	none	none	44.46	37.79	0	0	6.67	0	0	0	3.2	savings	1	2,022
20	2	5	rural	38	female	0	1	6,893	4	0	none	none	59.86	50.88	0	0	8.98	0	0	0	0.9	savings	1	2,023
21	2	4	urban	18	male	1	1	1,382	4	0	none	none	39.67	33.72	0	0	5.95	0	0	0	2.9	no_coping_needed	1	2,020
22	2	1	rural	51	female	0	0	270	0	0	none	none	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	no_coping_needed	0	2,023
23	4	5	rural	55	female	1	0	7,733	2	0	none	none	16.19	13.76	0	0	2.43	0	0	0	0.2	savings	1	2,024
24	4	5	rural	52	male	1	1	6,206	2	0	none	none	26.44	22.48	0	0	3.97	0	0	0	0.4	no_coping_needed	1	2,023
25	6	1	urban	55	male	0	0	306	1	0	none	none	6.58	5.6	0	0	0.99	0	0	0	2.2	savings	1	2,022
26	7	4	rural	24	female	0	0	3,431	3	0	none	none	79.54	67.61	0	0	11.93	0	0	0	2.3	no_coping_needed	1	2,023
27	2	1	urban	46	male	0	0	251	3	0	none	none	13.97	11.87	0	0	2.1	0	0	0	5.6	borrowing	1	2,024
28	7	1	rural	49	male	0	1	205	2	1	chronic_disease_management	pharmacy	51.79	23.3	12.95	6.21	5.18	4.14	1	0	25.3	selling_assets	0	2,021
29	2	1	urban	32	male	0	0	138	4	1	inpatient_admission	private_clinic	1,452.78	653.75	363.2	174.33	145.28	116.22	1	0	1,052.7	delayed_treatment	0	2,023
30	9	2	rural	40	male	0	0	523	2	0	none	none	33.86	28.78	0	0	5.08	0	0	0	6.5	savings	1	2,024
31	10	4	rural	28	female	0	1	3,711	2	1	medicines_only	traditional_healer	12.78	5.75	3.19	1.53	1.28	1.02	0	0	0.3	no_coping_needed	0	2,022
32	6	2	urban	25	female	0	0	416	2	1	medicines_only	traditional_healer	10.8	4.86	2.7	1.3	1.08	0.86	0	0	2.6	no_coping_needed	0	2,023
33	3	1	rural	62	female	0	0	253	2	1	inpatient_admission	pharmacy	204.7	92.11	51.17	24.56	20.47	16.38	1	0	80.9	forgoing_care	0	2,022
34	6	5	rural	37	male	1	0	6,027	2	1	emergency_care	private_hospital	68.21	30.69	17.05	8.18	6.82	5.46	0	0	1.1	savings	0	2,024
35	7	1	urban	44	female	0	0	312	2	0	none	none	22.52	19.14	0	0	3.38	0	0	0	7.2	reducing_food	1	2,024
36	4	5	rural	36	male	0	0	4,209	1	1	medicines_only	private_hospital	66.58	29.96	16.64	7.99	6.66	5.33	0	0	1.6	savings	0	2,022
37	3	2	rural	39	male	0	0	515	1	1	maternal_care	pharmacy	50	22.5	12.5	6	5	4	0	0	9.7	savings	0	2,021
38	5	2	rural	40	male	1	1	678	0	0	none	none	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	no_coping_needed	0	2,021
39	5	5	rural	47	female	0	0	5,006	3	0	none	none	116.57	99.09	0	0	17.49	0	0	0	2.3	no_coping_needed	1	2,023
40	3	1	urban	41	male	0	0	425	2	1	outpatient_consultation	pharmacy	32.15	14.47	8.04	3.86	3.21	2.57	0	0	7.6	borrowing	0	2,024
41	1	1	rural	52	male	0	1	189	1	0	none	none	28.52	24.24	0	0	4.28	0	1	0	15.1	reducing_food	1	2,024
42	2	5	urban	28	male	0	0	7,624	3	1	outpatient_consultation	private_clinic	176.29	79.33	44.07	21.15	17.63	14.1	0	0	2.3	no_coping_needed	0	2,020
43	5	1	rural	44	male	0	0	282	1	0	none	none	1.62	1.38	0	0	0.24	0	0	0	0.6	no_coping_needed	1	2,023
44	4	1	rural	35	female	0	0	272	1	0	none	none	38.73	32.92	0	0	5.81	0	1	0	14.2	borrowing	1	2,023
45	5	1	rural	18	female	0	0	275	2	1	medicines_only	private_clinic	67.63	30.43	16.91	8.12	6.76	5.41	1	0	24.6	savings	0	2,023
46	5	4	rural	43	female	0	1	2,608	2	0	none	none	17.01	14.46	0	0	2.55	0	0	0	0.7	no_coping_needed	1	2,021
47	5	2	rural	41	female	1	1	512	1	0	none	none	9.15	7.78	0	0	1.37	0	0	0	1.8	no_coping_needed	1	2,022
48	6	1	urban	27	female	0	0	438	2	1	outpatient_consultation	none	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	no_coping_needed	0	2,024
49	3	1	urban	42	male	0	0	304	1	0	none	none	25.41	21.59	0	0	3.81	0	0	0	8.4	community_support	1	2,023
50	3	2	rural	71	female	0	0	571	2	0	none	none	28.6	24.31	0	0	4.29	0	0	0	5	savings	1	2,023
51	3	5	urban	25	male	0	0	6,232	2	0	none	none	50.42	42.86	0	0	7.56	0	0	0	0.8	savings	1	2,022
52	9	3	rural	41	female	0	0	859	1	1	outpatient_consultation	pharmacy	13.34	6	3.33	1.6	1.33	1.07	0	0	1.6	no_coping_needed	0	2,020
53	5	1	urban	35	male	0	1	331	4	1	medicines_only	pharmacy	30.25	13.61	7.56	3.63	3.03	2.42	0	0	9.1	borrowing	0	2,024
54	8	1	rural	47	female	0	0	262	2	1	diagnostic_test	public_health_centre	38.59	17.36	9.65	4.63	3.86	3.09	1	0	14.7	borrowing	0	2,022
55	4	2	rural	60	male	0	0	512	1	1	medicines_only	pharmacy	6.75	3.04	1.69	0.81	0.68	0.54	0	0	1.3	no_coping_needed	0	2,020
56	5	4	urban	36	male	0	0	2,529	3	0	none	none	129.71	110.25	0	0	19.46	0	0	0	5.1	savings	1	2,023
57	3	4	rural	28	male	1	0	2,204	2	0	none	none	99.87	84.89	0	0	14.98	0	0	0	4.5	savings	1	2,023
58	1	1	rural	36	male	0	1	259	4	1	outpatient_consultation	pharmacy	31.85	14.33	7.96	3.82	3.19	2.55	1	0	12.3	community_support	0	2,023
59	4	1	urban	54	female	0	1	232	5	1	outpatient_consultation	pharmacy	18.01	8.1	4.5	2.16	1.8	1.44	0	0	7.8	borrowing	0	2,024
60	2	3	rural	38	male	0	1	1,149	2	0	none	none	17.52	14.89	0	0	2.63	0	0	0	1.5	savings	1	2,020
61	6	5	urban	67	male	1	0	7,950	0	0	none	none	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	no_coping_needed	0	2,021
62	4	2	urban	71	male	0	0	519	1	1	outpatient_consultation	pharmacy	6.92	3.11	1.73	0.83	0.69	0.55	0	0	1.3	no_coping_needed	0	2,024
63	4	2	rural	47	female	1	1	564	2	1	chronic_disease_management	public_hospital	58.5	26.32	14.62	7.02	5.85	4.68	1	0	10.4	borrowing	0	2,022
64	7	3	rural	44	male	0	0	1,087	0	0	none	none	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	no_coping_needed	0	2,021
65	5	4	rural	49	female	1	1	2,668	1	1	medicines_only	public_hospital	14.03	6.31	3.51	1.68	1.4	1.12	0	0	0.5	no_coping_needed	0	2,023
66	1	4	urban	39	male	0	0	2,083	2	0	none	none	8.72	7.41	0	0	1.31	0	0	0	0.4	no_coping_needed	1	2,021
67	5	3	rural	26	male	0	0	710	2	1	chronic_disease_management	public_hospital	142.26	64.02	35.56	17.07	14.23	11.38	1	0	20	selling_assets	0	2,023
68	4	2	rural	18	male	1	0	372	4	0	none	none	825.79	701.92	0	0	123.87	0	1	0	222	reducing_food	1	2,022
69	3	5	urban	29	male	0	0	6,427	1	1	dental_care	public_health_centre	33.3	14.99	8.33	4	3.33	2.66	0	0	0.5	no_coping_needed	0	2,023
70	4	1	urban	24	male	0	0	152	3	0	none	none	89.07	75.71	0	0	13.36	0	1	0	58.6	reducing_food	1	2,024
71	7	1	rural	27	female	0	0	318	0	0	none	none	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	no_coping_needed	0	2,024
72	5	1	urban	31	male	0	0	279	0	0	none	none	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	no_coping_needed	0	2,024
73	5	2	rural	40	female	0	0	781	2	1	diagnostic_test	public_health_centre	28.26	12.72	7.07	3.39	2.83	2.26	0	0	3.6	savings	0	2,021
74	7	1	rural	60	female	1	1	254	1	0	none	none	16.37	13.92	0	0	2.46	0	0	0	6.4	community_support	1	2,022
75	8	4	rural	21	male	1	0	2,478	0	0	none	none	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	no_coping_needed	0	2,023
76	5	1	urban	47	female	0	0	212	1	1	outpatient_consultation	public_health_centre	22.1	9.94	5.52	2.65	2.21	1.77	1	0	10.4	borrowing	0	2,024
77	5	4	urban	58	male	0	0	882	2	1	medicines_only	private_hospital	21.3	9.59	5.33	2.56	2.13	1.7	0	0	2.4	savings	0	2,024
78	10	1	rural	48	male	0	0	182	0	0	none	none	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	no_coping_needed	0	2,021
79	10	3	urban	45	male	1	1	645	2	0	none	none	31.57	26.84	0	0	4.74	0	0	0	4.9	no_coping_needed	1	2,021
80	6	2	urban	36	female	0	1	554	2	1	maternal_care	public_hospital	159.52	71.78	39.88	19.14	15.95	12.76	1	0	28.8	community_support	0	2,022
81	3	5	rural	29	female	0	0	5,893	1	0	none	none	49.89	42.41	0	0	7.48	0	0	0	0.8	no_coping_needed	1	2,021
82	6	2	urban	41	female	0	0	256	1	1	diagnostic_test	pharmacy	55.32	24.89	13.83	6.64	5.53	4.43	1	0	21.6	forgoing_care	0	2,024
83	4	3	rural	39	female	0	0	1,421	4	1	outpatient_consultation	public_health_centre	44.62	20.08	11.15	5.35	4.46	3.57	0	0	3.1	no_coping_needed	0	2,023
84	7	4	rural	50	female	0	0	2,326	2	1	chronic_disease_management	private_hospital	180.64	81.29	45.16	21.68	18.06	14.45	0	0	7.8	borrowing	0	2,024
85	7	1	rural	32	male	1	0	234	0	0	none	none	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	no_coping_needed	0	2,022
86	4	4	rural	22	male	0	0	1,148	0	0	none	none	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	no_coping_needed	0	2,024
87	7	5	rural	18	male	1	2	4,628	1	1	chronic_disease_management	public_hospital	75.44	33.95	18.86	9.05	7.54	6.04	0	0	1.6	savings	0	2,021
88	9	2	urban	28	male	1	0	633	2	1	maternal_care	public_health_centre	35.85	16.13	8.96	4.3	3.58	2.87	0	0	5.7	community_support	0	2,024
89	6	1	rural	29	female	1	0	267	0	0	none	none	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	no_coping_needed	0	2,021
90	7	3	rural	21	male	0	0	1,367	3	1	emergency_care	private_clinic	733.15	329.92	183.29	87.98	73.31	58.65	1	1	53.6	borrowing	0	2,020
91	1	2	rural	18	male	0	0	457	0	0	none	none	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	no_coping_needed	0	2,023
92	6	4	rural	18	male	1	0	2,522	4	0	none	none	143.88	122.3	0	0	21.58	0	0	0	5.7	savings	1	2,023
93	8	3	rural	41	female	0	0	802	1	1	chronic_disease_management	private_hospital	47.6	21.42	11.9	5.71	4.76	3.81	0	1	5.9	community_support	0	2,023
94	1	1	rural	35	male	1	0	265	1	0	none	none	32.47	27.6	0	0	4.87	0	1	0	12.3	borrowing	1	2,020
95	2	1	rural	34	male	1	0	228	3	1	inpatient_admission	public_hospital	128.58	57.86	32.14	15.43	12.86	10.29	1	0	56.4	selling_assets	0	2,024
96	1	3	rural	42	female	0	0	841	1	1	outpatient_consultation	private_clinic	129.31	58.19	32.33	15.52	12.93	10.34	1	1	15.4	borrowing	0	2,024
97	3	5	rural	40	female	0	2	6,410	5	0	none	none	33.63	28.59	0	0	5.04	0	0	0	0.5	no_coping_needed	1	2,024
98	6	1	rural	27	female	1	1	182	3	0	none	none	7.59	6.45	0	0	1.14	0	0	0	4.2	savings	1	2,020
99	3	4	urban	18	female	0	1	1,534	1	0	none	none	10.11	8.6	0	0	1.52	0	0	0	0.7	savings	1	2,021
100	3	2	rural	36	male	1	0	328	1	1	outpatient_consultation	public_health_centre	5.16	2.32	1.29	0.62	0.52	0.41	0	0	1.6	no_coping_needed	0	2,022

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⚠️ Synthetic dataset — Parameterized from published SSA literature, not real observations. Not suitable for empirical analysis or policy inference.

Out-of-Pocket Health Expenditure

Abstract

This synthetic dataset models household-level out-of-pocket (OOP) health spending across three sub-Saharan African scenarios: low OOP with strong insurance (Rwanda-like), moderate OOP with partial insurance (Ghana/Kenya-like), and high OOP with minimal financial protection (Nigeria/Chad-like). Each scenario contains 10,000 household records capturing OOP spending by category, catastrophic health expenditure, coping strategies, care-seeking behaviour, and impoverishment. Parameters are grounded in WHO AFRO financial protection reports, the Global Health Expenditure Database, and peer-reviewed literature.

Parameterization Evidence Table

Parameter	Value	Source	Year
SSA OOP as % CHE (median)	~36%	WHO GHED	2022
Rwanda OOP as % CHE	~12%	WHO GHED / Exemplars	2022
Nigeria OOP as % CHE	~77%	WHO GHED	2022
OOP >25% of health spending	31 SSA countries	WHO AFRO UHC Report	2023
OOP >50% of health spending	11 SSA countries	WHO AFRO UHC Report	2023
Catastrophic spending (>10%)	95M people in Africa	WHO AFRO	2019
Impoverishment by OOP	150M+ in Africa	WHO AFRO	2019
Average OOP per person (Africa)	~$35/year	WHO AFRO	2019
Medicines as % of OOP	40-60%	Akazili et al. systematic review	2022
CHE incidence range (SSA)	1-48% (10% threshold)	PMC9047424	2022
SSA govt health budget share	<7% median (Abuja target 15%)	ODI / GHED	2023

Scenario Design

Scenario	Exemplar	Insurance	OOP % CHE	Catastrophic	Mean OOP
low_oop_insured	Rwanda/SA	84%	12%	6.1%	$20
moderate_oop_mixed	Ghana/Kenya	29%	36%	22.5%	$116
high_oop_unprotected	Nigeria/Chad	5%	72%	36.3%	$271

Dataset Schema

Column	Type	Description
id	int	Record identifier
household_size	int	Household members
ses_quintile	int	Wealth quintile (1=poorest)
residence	cat	Urban/rural
head_age	int	Household head age
head_sex	cat	Household head sex
has_insurance	binary	Health insurance coverage
chronic_conditions	int	Number of chronic conditions
household_income_usd	int	Annual income (USD)
health_events_12m	int	Health events in past year
sought_care	binary	Sought formal healthcare
primary_service	cat	Main service type used
facility_type	cat	Type of health facility
oop_total_usd	float	Total annual OOP (USD)
oop_medicines_usd	float	OOP on medicines
oop_outpatient_usd	float	OOP on outpatient care
oop_inpatient_usd	float	OOP on inpatient care
oop_transport_usd	float	OOP on transport
oop_diagnostic_usd	float	OOP on diagnostics
catastrophic_expenditure	binary	OOP >10% of income
impoverished_by_oop	binary	Pushed below poverty line
oop_pct_income	float	OOP as % of income
coping_strategy	cat	Primary coping mechanism
forgone_care	binary	Needed but did not seek care
year	int	Survey year (2020-2024)

Validation

Usage

from datasets import load_dataset
ds = load_dataset("electricsheepafrica/oop-health-expenditure",
                  name="moderate_oop_mixed")
df = ds['train'].to_pandas()

pip install -r requirements.txt
python generate_dataset.py --all-scenarios --n 10000 --seed 42
python validate_dataset.py

Limitations

Synthetic data: All records are computationally generated and must not be used for clinical or policy decisions.
Self-medication OOP: Estimated for non-care-seekers using pharmacy/self-medication patterns; actual spending may vary.
Income proxy: Based on SES quintile assignment, not measured household survey data.
Temporal: Does not model year-on-year policy changes or COVID-19 spending shocks.

References

WHO AFRO (2023). Towards UHC: Tracking Financial Protection in the WHO African Region. https://www.afro.who.int/publications/towards-universal-health-coverage
WHO AFRO (2023). UHC Day Report. https://www.afro.who.int/news/uhc-day-high-health-care-costs
WHO GHED (2022). https://apps.who.int/nha/database/
Akazili J et al. (2022). Catastrophic health expenditure in SSA: systematic review. BMJ Open 12(4). PMC9047424
ODI (2023). Health spending in SSA. https://odi.org/en/insights/what-do-we-know-about-health-spending
Exemplars in Global Health (2023). Rwanda CBHI. https://www.exemplars.health/topics/primary-health-care/rwanda
World Bank (2022). WDI. https://data.worldbank.org

Citation

@dataset{electricsheepafrica_oop_health_2025,
  title   = {Out-of-Pocket Health Expenditure Dataset},
  author  = {Electric Sheep Africa},
  year    = {2025},
  url     = {https://huggingface.co/datasets/electricsheepafrica/oop-health-expenditure},
  license = {CC-BY-4.0}
}

License

CC-BY-4.0

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