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PMC3016363 | 21138568 | Background
The field of addiction treatment lacks a universally accepted and unambiguously defined clinical definition of recovery. Although a single disciplinary group such as physicians may agree upon a definition, there is no such agreement among the broader field of treatment professionals, addiction researchers, p... | Methods
This study used a participatory approach to explore "recovery" from the perspectives of addiction treatment professionals. It used inductive content analysis approaches to identify domains of recovery that could be modeled for further testing.
Setting
The study was conducted at the Hanley Center, a private, 82-... | Results
The literature review and group discussion process led to the conclusion that a single industry-wide definition of "recovery" did not exist and that the multiple definitions that did exist were usually subjective and open for interpretation and often appeared more ideological than scientific. As a result of thi... | Discussion and Conclusions
This study has several limitations that should be noted. First, the participants represented a narrow selection of experts. Second, the study site, the Hanley Center, serves a fairly demographically homogeneous treatment population, which might bias the experts' views. Third, some of the conc... | Discussion and Conclusions
This study has several limitations that should be noted. First, the participants represented a narrow selection of experts. Second, the study site, the Hanley Center, serves a fairly demographically homogeneous treatment population, which might bias the experts' views. Third, some of the conc... | Background
There is a lack of consensus in the addiction treatment literature regarding the definition of substance abuse "recovery".
Methods
This study utilized a review of the literature together with a participatory research design to construct a conceptual model of recovery from the perspectives of addiction treatm... | Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors' contributions
KD designed the study, supervised the literature review, led the panel discussions, and drafted the manuscript. BK participated in the panel discussions and contributed the conceptualization of the physical domain. PJK... | Acknowledgements
Miriam Potocky participated in the panel discussions and provided technical and writing assistance. John Dyben, Caterina Iapolo, Sandra Betancourt, Juan Harris, Jeannie Provost, and Linda Spencer participated in the panel discussions. This project was funded by the Hanley Center. | CC BY | no | 2022-01-12 15:21:45 | Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy. 2010 Dec 7; 5:31 | oa_package/fa/b2/PMC3016363.tar.gz |
PMC3016364 | 21143865 | Background
Diarrhea remains a major health burden in resource limited nations, contributing substantially to morbidity and mortality. It is estimated that worldwide diarrheal disease leads to 1.87 million deaths each year in children under five, accounting for 19% of the total deaths in this age group[ 1 ]. Nearly 80% ... | Methods
Study design
A two stage cluster sampling method (known as 30/7)[ 5 ] was used for random population-based selection of households from the 54 communities of the Sahsa region. In the first stage, 30 communities (primary sampling units) were selected with probability of selection proportionate to population size... | Results
Surveyors from UNC and UNAN accompanied by a local health promoter conducted 189 interviews in the selected 27 primary sampling units comprising 16 communities in the Sahsa region in July 2009. Of those eligible to participate, 94.5% completed the survey (189/200). Nine women refused the interview, while one in... | Discussion
This population-based, cross-sectional study in the isolated Sahsa municipality of Nicaragua found a high prevalence of household diarrhea (41%), which is consistent with data from the Nicaragua Ministry of Health (MINSA) 2 . Importantly, the analysis suggests that latrine ownership with no reported overflow... | Conclusions
This study provides a step forward in understanding the diarrheal disease burden in northern Nicaragua, which is potentially generalizable to other remote regions of Central America. It is suggested that low cost interventions to prevent latrine overflow may reduce the incidence of diarrheal disease, even i... | Background
The isolated northern region of Nicaragua has one of the highest rates of diarrheal disease in Central America. Political and environmental hardships faced by inhabitants of this region are contributing factors to this health inequity. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between water and la... | Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors' contributions
SD and JE were involved in study design, helped with data collection, performed data analysis, and drafted the manuscript. JH participated in study design and helped to draft the manuscript. RP was involved in study co... | Acknowledgements
Special thanks to the 2009 CSHI team:, Omar Awan, Abigail Corry, Sophia Delpe, Mary Dickinson, Meredith Gilliam, Karinne Jiron, Maria Jose Lopez Espinoza, Bleysing Loaisiga, Luvianka Lopez Cruz, Nayrobi Luna Amador, Jessica Mercedes Hernandez Quiroz, Bomar René Méndez Rojas, Jacqueline Shafeei, Emily... | CC BY | no | 2022-01-12 15:21:45 | BMC Int Health Hum Rights. 2010 Dec 8; 10:30 | oa_package/e3/5e/PMC3016364.tar.gz |
PMC3016365 | 21134246 | Background
The syndrome of 22q11.2 microdeletions comprises a set of developmental abnormalities, including primarily heart and craniofacial congenital defects. The syndrome is characterised by various phenotypic changes described earlier in DiGeorge, Takao and Shprintzen syndromes. It is the most common microdeletion ... | Methods
FISH (fluorescence in situ hybridization) method was used in a group of 87 children with a congenital heart defect at least one additional 22q11.2DS feature: facial dysmorphy, thymic or parathyroid gland hypoplasia or aplasia, cleft palate or lip and hypocalcaemia during the neonatal period or accompanying ab... | Results
Microdeletions in the region q11.2 of the 22 chromosome were identified in the group of fourteen patients - thirteen children with a congenital heart defect (conotruncal and non-conotruncal) and at least one additional trait from the 22q11.2DS spectrum (14.94% of children from the analysed group) and one parent... | Discussion
Microdeletion of 22q11.2 was detected in 14.94% of the examined patients (Table 2 ). Other authors indicate wide range of prevalence rate depending on different selection criteria [ 15 - 19 ]. The frequency of 20% and 11.54% was observed in the first and second group of patients respectively. The published ... | Conclusions
There is a wide spectrum of phenotypic characteristics that occur in patients with the 22q11.2DS. This syndrome is characterized by a highly variable expression of phenotype, ranging from discreet to quite strong. ToF was the most frequent conotruncal heart defect in the group of children with 22q11.2 micro... | Background
The 22q11.2 microdeletion syndrome (22q11.2 deletion syndrome -22q11.2DS) refers to congenital abnormalities, including primarily heart defects and facial dysmorphy, thymic hypoplasia, cleft palate and hypocalcaemia. Microdeletion within chromosomal region 22q11.2 constitutes the molecular basis of this synd... | Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors' contributions
Being the principal investigator of the project, AW planned and organized the study, conducted FISH analysis and prepared the manuscript, DW-B, MW, RG, AM-K, TM, MB-S, MK enlisted the patients and provided clinical dat... | Acknowledgements
This research was funded through statutory research projects of the Department of Paediatric Cardiology and Nephrology and the Department of Medical Genetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poland. We thank the patients and their family members for their cooperation during the study. | CC BY | no | 2022-01-12 15:21:45 | BMC Pediatr. 2010 Dec 6; 10:88 | oa_package/0c/05/PMC3016365.tar.gz |
PMC3016366 | 21143869 | Background
Infections are the single largest cause of neonatal deaths globally [ 1 ]. Based on the onset, neonatal sepsis is classified into two major categories: early onset sepsis, which usually presents with respiratory distress within 72 hours of age and late onset sepsis that usually presents with septicemia after... | Methods/Design
The purpose of this trial is to evaluate whether PCT measurements are able to reduce antibiotic usage in suspected neonatal early-onset sepsis by reducing the duration of antibiotic treatment with unchanged outcome. The study is designed as randomized open controlled international multicenter interventio... | Discussion
It is essential for observational studies to compare new markers with the gold standard. The gold standard for the diagnosis of neonatal early-onset sepsis, i.e. a positive blood culture is often unreliable because of the frequent use of intrapartum antibiotics or insufficient amounts of blood available for ... | Background
Early diagnosis and treatment of the newborn infant with suspected sepsis are essential to prevent severe and life threatening complications. Diagnosis of neonatal sepsis is difficult because of the variable and nonspecific clinical presentation. Therefore, many newborns with nonspecific symptoms are started... | Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests. BRAHMS diagnostica, manufacturer of the procalcitonin assay provided the testing kits for PCT determinations but is not involved in any other aspect of the study or manuscript preparation. No financial compensation is offered to participatin... | Acknowledgements
Following centres are currently participating in the study, alphabetic order (local investigator): Aarau, Kantonsspital, CH (I. Hoigne, MD); Almere, Flevo Ziekenhuis, NL (F. Schuerman, MD); Amsterdam, VU Medisch Centrum, NL (M. von Weissenbruch, MD); Bern, Universitätskinderspital, CH (L. Schlapbach, ... | CC BY | no | 2022-01-12 15:21:45 | BMC Pediatr. 2010 Dec 8; 10:89 | oa_package/0c/48/PMC3016366.tar.gz | ||
PMC3016367 | 21182791 | Background
Globally, the prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) in the pediatric population is increasing, most notably among 15 - 18 year olds [ 1 - 4 ]. At diagnosis, most boys and girls with T2D are overweight or obese, have a positive family history of T2D, are peri- or post-pubertal, and present with metabolic risk f... | Methods
Literature Search Strategy
A research librarian, with input from the research team, developed and implemented a comprehensive search strategy in selected high-yield electronic databases (EMBASE, CINAHL ® , Cochrane Library, Medline ® , PASCAL, PsycINFO ® , and Sociological Abstracts) from their date of inceptio... | Results
Figure 1 shows the selection process for this systematic review. From the 4,572 publications identified by reviewing titles and abstracts, 61 manuscripts were selected for complete review. Of these manuscripts, 19 review articles were identified and removed. Additionally, seven cohort studies [ 20 - 26 ] and ... | Discussion
Current treatment guidelines state that children and youth with T2D should receive intensive lifestyle counseling to help them achieve target glycemia within 3 - 6 months following diagnosis [ 12 - 16 ]. Despite this recommendation, our review of the literature revealed only one study that targeted lifestyle... | Conclusion
In summary, our systematic review indicated that no well-designed studies have evaluated the impact of lifestyle modification on glycemic control in children and youth with T2D. Numerous review articles have been published in this area, but contribute little to our evidence base. Randomized clinical trials m... | Background
Our purpose was to evaluate the impact of lifestyle behavior modification on glycemic control among children and youth with clinically defined Type 2 Diabetes (T2D).
Methods
We conducted a systematic review of studies (randomized trials, quasi-experimental studies) evaluating lifestyle (diet and/or physical ... | Abbreviations
BMI: body mass index; HbA1c: glycated hemoglobin; Kg: kilogram; L: liter; m 2 : metres squared; mmol: millimole; NIDDK: Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases; STOPP-T2D: Studies to Treat Or Prevent Pediatric Type 2 Diabetes; TODAY: Treatment Options for type 2 Diabetes in Adolescents and... | Acknowledgements
STJ, MC, JB, and TT-KH received no external support. PWF is supported by Västerbotten's Health Authority (ALF strategic appointment 2006-2009), the Swedish Heart-Lung Foundation (20070633), and the Swedish Diabetes Association (DIA2006-013). ASN is supported by a Career Development Award from the Cana... | CC BY | no | 2022-01-12 15:21:45 | BMC Pediatr. 2010 Dec 23; 10:97 | oa_package/4a/fc/PMC3016367.tar.gz |
PMC3016368 | 21118531 | Background
This review is the first of two that aim to cover the basic physical principles underlying the most commonly used cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) techniques. There are numerous texts and journal articles that provide excellent, in-depth explanations of MR physics and in particular CMR physics [ 1 - 5... | Conclusion
This review has outlined the key physical principles that underlie the most commonly used cardiac MR imaging techniques. The basic principles of MR signal generation and image production have been explained and key imaging parameters have been defined, explaining their influence on image contrast, resolution... | There are many excellent specialised texts and articles that describe the physical principles of cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) techniques. There are also many texts written with the clinician in mind that provide an understandable, more general introduction to the basic physical principles of magnetic resonan... | MR system components
A magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) system comprises three main electromagnetic components; a set of main magnet coils, three gradient coils and an integral radiofrequency transmitter coil (Figure 1a ). These components each generate a different type of magnetic field which, when applied to a patie... | Acknowledgements
The author wishes to thank John Biglands for providing the additional animation file. | CC BY | no | 2022-01-12 15:21:45 | J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2010 Nov 30; 12(1):71 | oa_package/8a/43/PMC3016368.tar.gz | |||
PMC3016369 | 21138589 | Background
Injury to the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) of the knee is common[ 1 ]. A recent population-based study reported that 80% of knee ligament surgery involved the ACL[ 2 ]. Following complete rupture of the ACL, insufficient re-vascularization of the ligament prevents it from healing completely, creating a n... | Methods
This systematic review included studies using subjects with symptomatic, ACL ruptures undergoing LARS reconstruction. Studies using other types of synthetic ligaments and studies of posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction were excluded. Studies published in a language other than English or in non-peer review... | Results
Search Results
Search results and reasons for study exclusion are outlined in Figure 1 . Sixteen studies were excluded from twenty potentially relevant studies. All of the excluded studies in the English language were a case-series design (Level IV). Overall, four studies met the inclusion criteria for this re... | Discussion
This systematic review aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of LARS as a surgical option for symptomatic, anterior cruciate ligament rupture in terms of graft stability, rehabilitation time and return to pre-injury function. This review identified four studies of various designs, of a moderate methodological ... | Conclusions
Implications for clinical practice
Due to the limited evidence base for LARS for ACL reconstruction, clinical practice continues to be guided by clinician's expertise and experiential knowledge. Low current rupture rate, minimal synovitis, perceived improvements in overall knee stability and possible early ... | Background
Injury to the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) of the knee is common. Following complete rupture of the ACL, insufficient re-vascularization of the ligament prevents it from healing completely, creating a need for reconstruction. A variety of grafts are available for use in ACL reconstruction surgery, includ... | Declaration of competing interests
WD performs LARS surgery at the Wakefield Orthopaedic Clinic in Adelaide, Australia. He does not receive financial reimbursements, fees, funding or salary from any organisation associated with LARS. All authors declare that they have no competing interests or external financial suppor... | Acknowledgements
We would like to thank Mr. Richard Clarnette, orthopaedic surgeon, for his clinical input during the conceptualisation of this paper. | CC BY | no | 2022-01-12 15:21:45 | Sports Med Arthrosc Rehabil Ther Technol. 2010 Dec 7; 2:29 | oa_package/b2/70/PMC3016369.tar.gz |
PMC3016370 | 21143871 | Introduction
A specific interest regarding quality of life of patients with schizophrenia dates back to the de-institutionalisation process which took place in the 1960 s and 1970 s in several western countries [ 1 , 2 ]. In fact, as a result of mental health reforms, the effects of the shift of care from asylum to com... | Materials and methods
Study procedure
The present study was carried out from August to September 2008 in a Community Mental Health Centre, Copparo, of the Integrated Department of Mental Health in Ferrara, Emilia-Romagna Region, Northern Italy. Since the creation of the Department of Mental Health and the implementatio... | Results
Patients' characteristics
The study was proposed to all the 107 subjects of the Centre: 3 subjects, 2 women over 70, and a man who was 36 years'old refused to participate.
The characteristics of the subjects participating in the study are reported in Table 1 . The sample consisted of 104 patients, of whom 62 m... | Discussion
In the present study we examined all the subjects with a diagnosis of schizophrenia attending the same Community Mental Health Centre in Northern Italy. Taking into account schizophrenia outcome variability [ 24 - 26 ], psychiatric symptoms and overall functioning and quality of life were assessed in order t... | Conclusions
The World Health Organisation [ 34 ] reports that there has been a worldwide pattern shift from hospital care to community-based care of people with mental illnesses. Italy has worked on decentralising its mental health services since 1978. The present research on social functioning, psychiatric symptoms an... | Objective
the relationship between Quality of life (QoL) and global functioning and symptoms in outpatients with Schizophrenia
Method
The study was carried out on the outpatients with schizophrenia attending a Community Mental Health Centre in 2008. Each patient completed the WHO QoL Instrument - Brief and was administ... | Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors' contributions
All authors participated in the design of the study. AG, MCT, MGN and PM wrote the manuscript. MCT and LG reviewed the manuscript. MCT performed the statistical analysis. All authors read and approved the final manuscr... | Acknowledgements
The authors wish to thank all the staff and patients of Community Mental Health Centre of the Integrated Department of Mental Health and Drug Abuse in Ferrara (Italy) who participated in, or aided in the conduct of this study. | CC BY | no | 2022-01-12 15:21:45 | Int J Ment Health Syst. 2010 Dec 8; 4:31 | oa_package/f2/97/PMC3016370.tar.gz |
PMC3016371 | 21176157 | Background
Mental disorders are common in all countries, with considerable variation in reported prevalence across countries, even when the same methods for estimation of prevalence are used [ 1 ]. The treatment gap is wide everywhere, widest in developing countries [ 2 , 3 ]. Among the reasons for failure of coverage ... | Conclusion
Evidence is most important as a basis for decision-making and action, such as medical treatment of an individual, decisions about health policy, or actions such as investment in one rather than another form of service delivery. It is clear that such decisions will be made and actions embarked upon whether or... | Background
In both developing countries and in relation to cultural minorities there have been calls to scale up mental health services and for evidence-informed policy and practice.
Evidence based medicine
The evidence based medicine movement has had a major influence in improving practice. However, implementation of ... | Evidence based practice
Over the past 30 years, the evidence based medicine movement has had a major influence in improving practice. Evidence based medicine involves "integrating clinical expertise with the best available clinical evidence derived from systematic research" [ 17 ]. This movement has led to improvements... | Acknowledgements
The authors wish to acknowledge the thoughtful comments of reviewers. The revised manuscript is improved as a result of those comments. | CC BY | no | 2022-01-12 15:21:45 | Int J Ment Health Syst. 2010 Dec 21; 4:33 | oa_package/49/e1/PMC3016371.tar.gz | |||
PMC3016373 | 21156052 | Background
Rapid and accurate diagnosis of Plasmodium infections is crucial for morbidity and mortality reduction in tropical areas, specially in regions where mixed infections are prevalent such as Papua New Guinea (PNG), where all four parasites infecting humans coexist and mixed species infections are common [ 1 ,... | Methods
Study site and sample collection
Samples were collected in 10 villages from Ilahita area of East Sepik Province, PNG [ 2 ], in the framework of a longitudinal cohort study conducted during 2008. As part of the baseline, venous blood samples were obtained from 452 children one to five years of age, after written... | Results
Optimization of qPCR assay
The large scale of field work required optimization of molecular testing with the aim to reduce costs. Two strategies were applied: multiplexing the qPCR and reducing the reaction volume. The performance of the two duplex qPCRs were evaluated by analysing dilution series of the two re... | Discussion
In preparation of major molecular epidemiological field studies in PNG essential parasite detection techniques were compared under conditions of a laboratory close to the field site and located in a malaria endemic country. The diagnostic requirements were: (i) good performance in the detection of mixed spec... | Conclusions
In conclusion, this qPCR assay was sensitive and specific for the detection of all four Plasmodium species and results agreed well with other molecular techniques tested. Added advantage of the qPCR assay is quantification of parasite densities and a less laborious workflow. Moreover, the assay performed ... | Background
Accurate diagnosis of Plasmodium infections is essential for malaria morbidity and mortality reduction in tropical areas. Despite great advantages of light microscopy (LM) for malaria diagnosis, its limited sensitivity is a critical shortfall for epidemiological studies. Robust molecular diagnostics tools ... | Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors' contributions
DM and IF conceived and designed qPCR assay and AR coordinated the study. DM validated qPCR in the reference lab and AR in the endemic seating. IB and AR participated in the sample collection. JI did the DNA extraction... | Acknowledgements
We are particularly thankful to all the children of Ilahita area, their parents and/or guardians who participated in the study. We thank the staff from the Institute of Medical Research in Maprik for their assistance in collecting and processing blood samples, to the staff from the Institute of Medical... | CC BY | no | 2022-01-12 15:21:45 | Malar J. 2010 Dec 14; 9:361 | oa_package/30/fd/PMC3016373.tar.gz |
PMC3016374 | 21171970 | Background
Every year, an estimated 500 million people are afflicted with malaria worldwide, killing more than one million people, most of whom are children in sub-Saharan Africa [ 1 , 2 ]. Current control measures for preventing malaria transmission in Africa focus on the use of long-lasting insecticide-treated nets (... | Methods
Study site
The study was conducted in the villages of Boundacoundi, Damboucoye, Nathia, Ibel and Ndebou, all in the Sudano-Guinean zone of rural south-eastern Senegal. The five villages are located along a 15 km stretch of road heading west out of Kedougou. Most of the people in this area are subsistence farmer... | Results
Mosquito survivorship analysis
Figure 1 depicts the percent survivorship of An. gambiae s.s. from all three replicates grouped by treatment and phase. There is an observable reduction in An. gambiae s.s. survivorship after IVM MDA (phase 2) in the treated villages that lasts for six days. The survivorship... | Discussion
Previously published laboratory based evidence showed that colonized An. gambiae s.s. is susceptible to IVM at concentrations relevant to human pharmacokinetics after a typical MDA [ 13 ], and that colonized An. gambiae s.s. fed on IVM-treated humans one day post-treatment had reduced survivorship [ 15 ]... | Conclusions
This study demonstrates that IVM MDA reduces the survivorship of wild-caught An. gambiae s.s. for up to six days post MDA and the modelled field data shows that repeated IVM MDAs should result in a sustained reduction of malaria transmission. Ivermectin MDA would be both a novel insecticide class and deli... | Background
In south-eastern Senegal, malaria and onchocerciasis are co-endemic. Onchocerciasis in this region has been controlled by once or twice yearly mass drug administration (MDA) with ivermectin (IVM) for over fifteen years. Since laboratory-raised Anopheles gambiae s.s. are susceptible to ivermectin at concent... | Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors' contributions
MS, KCK, and BDF designed research; MS, KCK, MG and BDF performed research; BDF contributed reagents; MS, KCK, MDS and BDF coordinated field studies, MS, KCK, PLC, JLR and BDF analysed data/developed models; MS, KCK, J... | Acknowledgements
We would like to thank Dr. Doudou Sene, head of the medical district of the Kedougou region, Mactar Mansaly, Infirmier d'Etat a Bandafassi, Rigobert Keita and Filly Keita for their collaboration. We also thank the people of Ndebou, Ibel, Boundacoundi, Nathia, and Damboucoye for their hospitality and co... | CC BY | no | 2022-01-12 15:21:45 | Malar J. 2010 Dec 20; 9:365 | oa_package/ba/cf/PMC3016374.tar.gz |
PMC3016375 | 21176207 | Background
Traditionally, microscopic examination of stained blood films remains the method of first choice for malaria diagnosis, both in endemic and non-endemic settings but also more recently developed molecular techniques have gained their place in malaria diagnosis, especially in reference centers [ 1 - 4 ]. Real-... | Methods
Laboratory diagnosis of malaria at ITM
Clinical samples derived from patients suspected of malaria presenting at the outpatient clinic of the Institute of Tropical Medicine (ITM) Antwerp, Belgium or were submitted by Belgian laboratories to ITM for confirmation in the scope of the national reference function. M... | Results
Sampling and testing of DNA extraction method
From preliminary test assays (Table 2 ), it is clear that the Qiagen extraction method is superior to the Chelex and water boiling method for the recovery of DNA from blood films. Comparison of P. falciparum and HBB Ct-values obtained with the Qiagen method indic... | Discussion
In this study, the ability of real-time PCR to amplify DNA extracted from Giemsa-stained TBFs was evaluated. Challenged with a panel of archived clinical TBF samples, the PCR proved accurate in the detection of single and mixed species infections on samples of the four Plasmodium species with varying paras... | Conclusions
In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that Giemsa-stained TBFs can be a reliable alternative source of DNA through a simple sampling and extraction protocol. Other real-time PCR assays or amplification methods might adapt and use this platform, offering opportunities of studying clinical samples and... | Background
This study describes the use of thick blood films (TBF) as specimens for DNA amplification with the Plasmodium species-specific real-time PCR that was recently validated on whole blood samples.
Methods
The panel of 135 Giemsa-stained clinical TBFs represented single infections of the four Plasmodium spec... | List of abbreviations
CI: Confidence interval; Ct: Cycle threshold; CV: Coefficient of variation; DNA: Desoxyribonucleotide acid; EDTA: Ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid; HBB: Human beta-globin; HRP-2: Histidine-rich protein-2; ITM: Institute of Tropical Medicine; PBS: Phospate buffered saline; PCR: Polymerase chain r... | Acknowledgements
We would like to thank the staff of the Central Laboratory of Clinical Biology (ITM, Antwerp) for technical support with special thanks to Vicky de Boer en Kathy Demeulemeester for PCR analysis and to Denise Boon, Agnes D'hondt and Pieter Guetens for microscopy and antigen detection. | CC BY | no | 2022-01-12 15:21:45 | Malar J. 2010 Dec 22; 9:370 | oa_package/f6/e6/PMC3016375.tar.gz |
PMC3016376 | 21110860 | Background
The number of patients with chronic pain in Japan is estimated to be approximately 17 million [ 1 ]. Issues concerning the treatment of chronic pain, such as elevating medical expenses, inappropriate treatment measures and deteriorating quality of life for both patients and their families have resulted in im... | Methods
Participants
One hundred and three (103) in-patients reporting non-malignant pain for more than six months were admitted to the Department of Psychosomatic Medicine in Kansai Medical University Hospital between January 2006 and June 2008. Twenty-three patients (22%) who were under 20 or over 70 years of age wer... | Results
Tables 2 and 3 list the major Rorschach variables for CP patients and for the NA group in terms of: 1) control and stress tolerance, 2) affect, 3) information processing, 4) mediation, 5) ideation, 6) self-perception, and 7) interpersonal perception and behavior. Some variables were plotted in more than one... | Discussion
When pain becomes persistent, it often accompanies various types of aversive emotional and cognitive effects, which are likely to lead to deterioration of private and social lives. Rudy et al suggest that the characterization of pain as only a sensory discomfort of the pain-specific part of the body is not s... | Conclusions
A comprehensive series of psychological characteristics determined from Japanese patients with non-malignant chronic pain were examined and compared to non-patient Japanese adults using the Rorschach CS. Results showed that these patients demonstrated high emotional distress, moderate cognitive dysfunction,... | Background
The increasing number of patients with chronic pain in Japan has become a major issue in terms of the patient's quality of life, medical costs, and related social problems. Pain is a multi-dimensional experience with physiological, affective, cognitive, behavioral and social components, and recommended to be... | Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors' contributions
KY conceptualized and designed the study, collected and analyzed the data, interpreted the results, and drafted the manuscript. KK and MF helped in drafting the manuscript. MY helped in the Rorschach analysis while AT ... | Acknowledgements
This study was funded by Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research Nos. 14A-9 and 17A-3 from the Ministry of Health, Welfare, and Labor of Japan. We would like to express our gratitude to the physicians in charge for their cooperation in this study. Many thanks are also extended to Chiaki Shikata for help ... | CC BY | no | 2022-01-12 15:21:45 | Biopsychosoc Med. 2010 Nov 26; 4:20 | oa_package/d5/79/PMC3016376.tar.gz |
PMC3016377 | 21134279 | Background
Tuberculosis (TB) is the leading cause of mortality among people living with HIV worldwide [ 1 , 2 ]. Drug-resistant TB has emerged as an important global threat to public health. Although previously considered uncommon in high HIV prevalence settings, there has been a 3-4 fold increase in multidrug-resistan... | Methods
Setting
The Church of Scotland Hospital (COSH) in Tugela Ferry is a 355-bed facility serving a population of 200,000 Zulu people. The local incidence of TB is estimated at 1,100 per 100,000 population, with approximately 80% of TB cases being HIV coinfected[ 24 ]. Onsite diagnostics include smear microscopy for... | Results
One-hundred thirty patients suspected of drug-resistant TB had mycobacterial blood cultures performed during the study period and were included for analysis. All patients had only one blood culture specimen. There were 73 males (56%); the median age was 31.5 years (Interquartile range [IQR] 27-38) and 8 (6%) pa... | Discussion
We found that among a predominantly HIV-infected population of patients suspected of drug-resistant TB, MDR-TB and XDR-TB were isolated in nearly 70% of all positive M. tuberculosis blood cultures. Importantly, among patients with MDR or XDR-TB bacteremia, in over half of those in whom a sputum culture was... | Conclusions
In summary, mycobacterial blood cultures diagnosed MDR and XDR-TB in a substantial number of patients predominately HIV-infected and suspected of drug-resistant TB from rural South Africa. Bacteremia with drug-susceptible and drug-resistant TB was not restricted to patients suspected of extrapulmonary TB, a... | Background
The yield of mycobacterial blood cultures for multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB) among drug-resistant TB suspects has not been described.
Methods
We performed a retrospective, cross-sectional analysis to determine the yield of mycobacterial blood cultures for MDR-T... | Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors' contributions
SKH conceived of the study design, performed data analysis and drafted the manuscript. TAT, NRG and SS participated in study design, data analysis and critical revision of the manuscript. FJE, APM and PB participated i... | Acknowledgements
SKH was supported by the Burroughs Wellcome Fund and the American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene during the study period. NRG, NSS and GF are supported by the Doris Duke Charitable Foundation, Howard Hughes Medical Institute and the US President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief; GF is also su... | CC BY | no | 2022-01-12 15:21:45 | BMC Infect Dis. 2010 Dec 6; 10:344 | oa_package/d9/e9/PMC3016377.tar.gz |
PMC3016378 | 21143955 | Background
Tuberculosis (TB) is still a major cause of morbidity and mortality throughout the world. There is an estimated global incidence of 8.8 million new cases, with a total of 1.6 million deaths [ 1 ]. Indeed, individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have an increased risk of progression to ac... | Methods
Study setting and patient recruitment
From January 2006 through November 2009, HIV-positive adults attending to the Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol and Hospital Universitari Mútua Terrassa were enrolled for ongoing studies of LTBI. The estimated TB community incidence of TB is 23.2/100.000 habitant... | Results
Patient characteristics
We studied 75 HIV-positive patients who were screened for LTBI. Mean CD4 and CD8 cell counts ± standard deviation were 461.29 ± 307.49 cells/μl and 899.33 ± 649.94 cells/μl respectively. The main demographic characteristics of patients included in the study are summarized in Table 1 .
D... | Discussion
Several authors have studied the responses on T-cell based assays in HIV individuals for the detection of LTBI and active TB. It has been demonstrated in the majority of the studies, that IFN-γ assays have higher number of positive results than TST and a poor agreement with it [ 19 - 21 , 23 , 30 - 34 ]. Nev... | Conclusions
In conclusion, IFN-γ tests have the benefit over TST that are less influenced by BCG-vaccination, consequently they are more specific than TST. The use of IFN-γ assays in combination with TST could be a helpful method for diagnosing LTBI in HIV population. Our study suggests that IFN-γ assays are influenced... | Background
Individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have an increased risk of progression to active tuberculosis following Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. The objective of the study was to determine IFN-γ responses for the detection of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) with QuantiFERON-TB... | Competing interests
None of the investigators have any financial interest in or a financial conflict with the subject matter or materials discussed in this manuscript. None of the Scientific Societies, neither Inverness Medical Ibérica SAU (Barcelona, Spain), Cellestis (Carnegie, Australia) or Oxford Immunotec (Abingd... | Acknowledgements
We thank the nurse staff of the Hospital Universitari Mutua Terrassa; and Carmen Ramil, Lucia Haba, Miguel Ángel Cuesta, and Miguel Pérez from Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol for technical assistance. JD is a researcher funded from the Miguel Servet programme of the Instituto de Salud ... | CC BY | no | 2022-01-12 15:21:45 | BMC Infect Dis. 2010 Dec 10; 10:348 | oa_package/48/70/PMC3016378.tar.gz |
PMC3016379 | 21171982 | Background
Hepatitis B viral infections continue to be a serious global health problem and are a cause of concern for public health authorities [ 1 ]. The virus is estimated to have infected two billion people around the world, of whom approximately 360 million are chronically infected. These chronically infected indiv... | Methods
Study design and subjects
In 2001, healthy adolescents aged between 11 and 15 years were enrolled into a single-blind, randomised, multi-country study conducted in Belgium, Australia and Ukraine. The subjects (randomisation blocking scheme 2:1) received either two doses of Engerix -BTM Adult formulation (20 ... | Results
Study population
The five years follow-up period concluded in January 2008 and a total of 234 subjects were available for this follow-up visit. The challenge phase which concluded in May 2008 included a total of 144 subjects. The number of subjects who participated at each time point during the long-term follow... | Discussion
The primary study had established that the immunogenicity of a two-dose regimen of the Adult formulation of hepatitis B vaccine was non-inferior to that of a three-dose regimen of the Paediatric formulation. Overall, both regimens had comparable safety profiles [ 4 ]. In order to address concerns regardi... | Conclusions
The two-dose schedule of the Adult formulation of hepatitis B vaccine when administered to adolescents induced persistence of detectable anti-HBs antibodies for at least five years after completion of the primary vaccination schedule. The strong anamnestic response following the challenge dose regardless ... | Background
The standard three-dose schedule of hepatitis B vaccines is frequently not completed, especially in adolescents. A primary study has confirmed the equivalence of a two-dose schedule of an Adult formulation of hepatitis B vaccine [Group HBV_2D] to a three-dose schedule of a Paediatric formulation in adole... | List of Abbreviations
HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma; WHO: World Health Organization; GSK: GlaxoSmithKline; anti-HBs: Antibodies against hepatitis B surface antigens; CEVAC: Centre for Evaluation of Vaccines; SAE: Serious adverse events; ATP: According to protocol; TVC: Total vaccinated cohort; SAS: Statistical Analysis... | Acknowledgements
The authors would like to acknowledge all families for their valued participation in this study, Elizabeth Clarke and Laura Rost (both research nurses from The Children's Hospital, Australia), study nurses Annelies Van Winckel, Annemie Bruynseels, Aline Bontenackel and Serge Broodhaers, along with the ... | CC BY | no | 2022-01-12 15:21:45 | BMC Infect Dis. 2010 Dec 20; 10:357 | oa_package/0a/bb/PMC3016379.tar.gz |
PMC3016380 | 21172014 | Background
Obesity rates are high among employed adults, have shown consistent increase over the past few decades and vary by occupational group [ 1 ]. Most adults spend 8 to 12 hours a day at work, which likely affects other domains in their lives such as self-care behavior and physical health [ 2 , 3 ]. It is therefo... | Methods
Sample and procedures
Data for this study were collected as part of a worksite environmental obesity prevention intervention among Metro Transit workers (the Route H study). Details of the study design are published elsewhere [ 32 , 33 ]. The study was a group-randomized trial conducted with four transit garage... | Results
Demographics, Work, and Eating and Physical Activity Behavior Variables
Demographic variables, by hours worked per week, are presented in Table 1 . Most of the sample (72%) worked 40 - 49 hours per week. The sample was primarily male and nearly two-thirds were white. About half the sample had completed at leas... | Discussion
The findings of this study showed that long work hours were associated with high BMI and less healthful food habits in male transit workers; to a lesser extent, both healthful and less healthful food habits were associated with long work hours in female transit workers. Males working 50 or more hours per wee... | Conclusion
Longer work hours were associated with BMI, fruit and vegetable intake, and frequent use of garage vending machines in a sample of Metro Transit workers. Males who worked the longest hours (50 or more hours per week) had the highest BMI and were the most frequent users of vending machines at garage worksites... | Background
Associations between hours worked per week and Body Mass Index (BMI), food intake, physical activity, and perceptions of eating healthy at work were examined in a sample of transit workers.
Methods
Survey data were collected from 1086 transit workers. Participants reported hours worked per week, food choices... | Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors' contributions
SAF, LJF, TT and PJH contributed to the design of the study. KHE formulated the research question, conducted data analysis, and wrote the manuscript. PJH provided guidance with the statistical analysis of the data. All... | Acknowledgements
This research was funded with a grant from the National Institutes of Health NIH R01 HL 079478. Additional support for the current study was provided by the Regional Postdoctoral Training Grant In Eating Disorders Research (NIH 5T32MH082761-02). | CC BY | no | 2022-01-12 15:21:45 | Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2010 Dec 20; 7:91 | oa_package/13/1d/PMC3016380.tar.gz |
PMC3016381 | 21162754 | Background
Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue samples are routinely used for diagnosis of disease. There is increasing interest in extracting RNA from these samples as the large numbers of archival FFPE samples constitute an invaluable resource for the investigation of diagnostic, prognostic or predictive d... | Methods
Archival FFPE tissue samples
Thirty breast tumour FFPE blocks (ten each from the years 1998, 2003 and 2008) were retrieved from the archives of the Department of Pathology at the Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre. The institutional ethics committee approved the study (Approval number: 03/90).
Histology procedures
T... | Results
Assessment of total RNA yield and purity using optical density
The amount of total RNA extracted for each of the samples was measured by a NanoDrop ND-2000 spectrophotometer and is shown for each sample replicate in Figure 1 . The estimated mean total RNA extracted for protocol 1 was 2.23 μg (111.5 ng/μL) with... | Discussion
There has been an increasing demand for reliable methods and protocols for the extraction of RNA from FFPE tissue sections. The performance of RNA preparation protocols has improved over the years and specific protocols for certain RNA downstream applications have been developed (reviewed in [ 1 , 2 ]).
Desp... | Conclusions
There is an increasing demand for the use of RNA from FFPE both in research and in molecular diagnostic applications such as the Onco type DX test [ 6 , 40 , 41 ]. This is accompanied by a need for reliable methodologies to assess the quality of FFPE derived RNA. Most of the approaches currently used for R... | Background
RNA extracted from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) samples is chemically modified and degraded, which compromises its use in gene expression studies. Most of the current approaches for RNA quality assessment are not suitable for FFPE derived RNA.
Results
We have developed a single-tube multiplex endp... | Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors' contributions
EAT, TM and DJB carried out the experiments. TM, EAT and AD conceived the experiments and analysed the data. SBF, AD and TM initiated the project and supervised the work. All authors contributed important ideas through... | Acknowledgements
The authors thank Max Yan for excellent pathological assistance, Sue Sturrock and Raul Sestoso for technical assistance and specimen retrieval and Christoph Bock for helpful comments. This research was supported by the Victorian Breast Cancer Research Consortium and a grant to AD from Susan G. Komen fo... | CC BY | no | 2022-01-12 15:21:45 | BMC Biotechnol. 2010 Dec 17; 10:89 | oa_package/bc/a7/PMC3016381.tar.gz |
PMC3016382 | 21182794 | Introduction
Eating disorders (EDs) are a group of psychiatric disorders with a lifelong course and considerable morbidity and mortality. In the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition (DSM-IV), EDs include anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa (BN), and eating disorders not otherwise spe... | Methods
Search procedure and data extraction
This review follows the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement for meta-analysis [ 15 ]. The following electronic databases were used to identify relevant papers for inclusion in this review: Medline, Embase, Psych Info and ISI ... | Results
After careful assessment on a case-by-case basis, 30 studies (including 849 AN patients in total) were found using the above-mentioned criteria. All of the identified articles used either the NART (N = 14) or Wechsler's derived tests (WAIS, WISC, short forms of WAIS and HAWIK tests) (N = 16).
Sources of partici... | Discussion
The aim of this study was to provide a comprehensive systematic review of the literature including a meta-analysis for estimated IQ data in AN compared with the average IQ obtained from normative data. Studies included in this review were selected on the basis of quality of the data and validity of instrumen... | Conclusions
This research highlights an important and underexamined factor in AN. The main conclusion is that IQ in AN is at least as high as the average IQ found in the normative population and most studies show that this group have a high average IQ. There is a preliminary but important observation about IQ in the re... | Background
It has been hypothesised that people with anorexia nervosa have a higher intelligence quotient (IQ) level than the general population. The purpose of this review was to systematically appraise the research into reported IQ levels in people with anorexia nervosa.
Methods
A search using the terms intelligence ... | Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors' contributions
CL contributed to the design of the study, performed the main search, data extraction, data synthesis, supported general analyses and interpretation of data, and contributed to drafting the manuscript. DS contributed t... | Acknowledgements
This work is part of the ARIADNE (Applied Research into Anorexia Nervosa and Not Otherwise Specified Eating Disorders) programme, funded by a Department of Health NIHR Programme Grant for Applied Research (reference number RP-PG-0606-1043). The views expressed in this publication are those of the autho... | CC BY | no | 2022-01-12 15:21:45 | Ann Gen Psychiatry. 2010 Dec 23; 9:40 | oa_package/2a/80/PMC3016382.tar.gz |
PMC3016383 | 21129226 | Background
Australia has experienced a steady increase in the proportion of older adults, with projections that 22% of the population will be aged over 60 by 2025 [ 1 , 2 ]. This ageing population is heavier than a generation ago, with in excess of 60% of older adults now classified as overweight or obese [ 3 ]. Overwe... | Methods/Design
Study design
This project will consist of the development, implementation and evaluation of a physical activity and nutrition intervention. The program is designed to increase physical activity levels, enhance nutritional intake and assist in the management of body weight of insufficiently active 60-70 y... | Results from the PANS study are due in mid-2011
As the aging population increases there is an urgent need to develop sound interventions capable of making a positive change to health status with consequent reduction in pressure and cost to the health care system. This physical activity and nutrition program offers a un... | Discussion
Results from the PANS study are due in mid-2011
As the aging population increases there is an urgent need to develop sound interventions capable of making a positive change to health status with consequent reduction in pressure and cost to the health care system. This physical activity and nutrition program ... | Background
Along with reduced levels of physical activity, older Australian's mean energy consumption has increased. Now over 60% of older Australians are considered overweight or obese. This study aims to confirm if a low-cost, accessible physical activity and nutrition program can improve levels of physical activity ... | Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors' contributions
LB coordinated the PANS program and drafted the manuscript. JJ, PH, AL, LB, TS, DK, AH and AA designed the study, and revised the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Pre-publication history
... | Acknowledgements and funding
This study is funded by a three-year National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) grant, project number 533501. The authors are grateful to Chantel Kent, Sharryn Batt and the Group Guides for their contributions to the project. | CC BY | no | 2022-01-12 15:21:45 | BMC Public Health. 2010 Dec 6; 10:751 | oa_package/39/9f/PMC3016383.tar.gz | |
PMC3016384 | 21129227 | Background
Physicians have an essential role in the sickness absence process; however, there is very little scientific knowledge about this. In the last years, some more studies have been published but the number still is scarce [ 1 - 6 ]. Possible negative consequences of being sickness absent have recently been highl... | Methods
A cross-sectional questionnaire study was conducted. The questionnaire was administered to all physicians in Sweden, a country with 9.3 million inhabitants. The study population was the 36,898 physicians of all ages who lived and mainly worked in Sweden in October 2008. They were identified using a register of ... | Results
Of all the responding physicians below the age of 65, 67.4% had consultations considering sickness-certification at least a few times a year. That rate was higher for non-specialists than for specialists; 73.6% and 65.1%, respectively (Table 1 ). In a number of clinical settings, nearly all physicians had such... | Discussion
This is, so far, the internationally largest questionnaire study of physicians' sickness-certification tasks and problems, regarding type of situations they encountered and problems they experienced, including all physicians working in Sweden. Sickness-certification consultations were far more frequent than ... | Conclusions
So far, most interventions regarding physicians' sickness-certification practices have been targeted towards PHC and GPs. Our results indicate that those physicians also to a great extent experience sickness-certification consultations as problematic. Nevertheless, also other physicians have high risks for ... | Background
How physicians handle sickness-certification is essential in the sickness-absence process. Few studies have focused this task of physicians' daily work. Most previous studies have only included general practitioners. However, a previous study indicated that this is a common task also among other physicians. ... | Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors' contributions
The authors of this manuscript are members of a research project investigating physicians' sickness-certification practice. CL contributed in the study design, data collection, interpretation, drafting, and writing the... | Acknowledgements
The project, including development of the questionnaire, data collection and management, was financially supported by the Swedish Research Council of Working life and Social Sciences, Stockholm County Council, Ministry of Health and Social Affairs, and the National Social Insurance Agency. | CC BY | no | 2022-01-12 15:21:45 | BMC Public Health. 2010 Dec 6; 10:752 | oa_package/d8/1b/PMC3016384.tar.gz |
PMC3016385 | 21134265 | Background
In Sweden, the social security and sickness insurance systems are comprehensive and aim to provide people whose illness prevents them from earning their own living with sufficient income, either through sickness benefits or through disability pension, based on the principle of income replacement [ 1 ]. Never... | Methods
The study reported here is part of a larger study in Stockholm aiming to study experiences of living on social assistance in Sweden [ 6 , 15 ], and also a part of a comparative project between Britain and Sweden, which aimed to identify and compare the influence of policies and services on resilience in poor ho... | Results
The findings fell into four main categories. Three categories concerned how interviewees responded to their daily life. Different strategies (living one day at a time, taking steps forwards and backwards and making attempts to find ways out of the situation) were identified in the accounts as ways that the indi... | Discussion
Although the social security and sickness insurance systems are comprehensive in Sweden and aim to provide resources for people whose illness prevents them from earning their own living, there are people who are not entitled to these benefits and are referred to social assistance. This study illustrates the ... | Conclusion
Chronically ill persons living on social assistance face many adversities. How they perceive and respond to the experience of living on social assistance is coloured by different features at individual, neighbourhood, service and socio-political levels. Contextual features, including the way in which individ... | Background
In Sweden, the social security and sickness insurance systems are comprehensive and aim to provide people whose illness prevents them from earning their own living, with either sickness benefits or disability pension. Some, however, are not entitled to these benefits or receive social insurance benefits at a... | Competing interests
The funding organisations had no role in the study design, data collection, analysis, interpretation or writing this article. The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors' contributions
AM participated in the design of the study, carried out the interviews, analysed the data an... | Acknowledgements
We would like to thank the people who participated in this study. The research was funded by Stockholm County Council and the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) under grant No. L326253061 for the study of how social welfare policies and practices build or undermine resilience in poor household... | CC BY | no | 2022-01-12 15:21:45 | BMC Public Health. 2010 Dec 6; 10:754 | oa_package/e8/97/PMC3016385.tar.gz |
PMC3016386 | 21138555 | Background
Smoking remains the single greatest cause of preventable illness and premature mortality and it is estimated that the cost of treating smoking-related illness in the UK is now £2.7 billion each year[ 1 ]. Smoking is strongly linked to socio-economic disadvantage; in 2008, 27% of adults living in households i... | Methods
The THIN Dataset
THIN is a large dataset of electronic medical records from over 400 general practices throughout the UK[ 8 ], and contains data for approximately 6.8 million patients, over 2 million of whom are currently alive and can be followed prospectively. The dataset is broadly representative of the UK p... | Results
Of the 2,426,370 patients aged 16+ analysed in this study, 82% resided in England, 8% in Scotland, 6% in Wales and 4% in Northern Ireland, in line with official population estimates[ 13 ]. The average age of patients was 47.1 years and 49.3% were male. A Read Code documenting smoking status was available for 87... | Discussion and Conclusions
The Townsend Index of Material deprivation and Mosaic provide two different ways of profiling an individual's social circumstances in terms of the area in which they live. Amongst patients in the large primary care dataset of THIN, we have shown clear socioeconomic differences in smoking prev... | Discussion and Conclusions
The Townsend Index of Material deprivation and Mosaic provide two different ways of profiling an individual's social circumstances in terms of the area in which they live. Amongst patients in the large primary care dataset of THIN, we have shown clear socioeconomic differences in smoking prev... | Background
There are well-established socio-economic differences in the prevalence of smoking in the UK, but conventional socio-economic measures may not capture the range and degree of these associations. We have used a commercial geodemographic profiling system, Mosaic, to explore associations with smoking prevalence... | Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors' contributions
SL and LS conceived the study, AS performed the statistical analyses and wrote the first draft of the manuscript, and all authors contributed to its critical revision and approved the final version.
Pre-publication his... | Acknowledgements
The authors acknowledge the support of Yue Huang and Chris Smith at the University of Nottingham in preparing the THIN data, and Emma Bradley and Emily Sparks at Experian for their advice regarding the Mosaic data.
Funding: Lisa Szatkowski is supported by a Cancer Research UK PhD Studentship. Funding f... | CC BY | no | 2022-01-12 15:21:46 | BMC Public Health. 2010 Dec 7; 10:755 | oa_package/d4/e8/PMC3016386.tar.gz |
PMC3016387 | 21143849 | Background
Socioeconomic inequality and its impact on health is a growing global public health concern [ 1 ]. Smoking has been identified as the single biggest cause of inequality in morbidity and mortality between rich and poor people in many countries [ 2 ]. Studies from Western countries have reported an association... | Methods
Data
A cross-sectional survey was conducted from June to August 2008 on health behaviours and lifestyles of school-aged adolescents in three administrative regions in Ghana. Thirty schools were randomly sampled, ten per region, from Eastern (total number of schools in the region = 2924), Greater Accra (total nu... | Results
Tobacco use by familial socioeconomic status
A lower level of material affluence was associated with the likelihood of tawa use but the association was not statistically significant with smoking. Adolescents who lived in family types other than the nuclear family were more likely to smoke or use tawa compared t... | Discussion
The main findings are that, first, socioeconomic differences, measured by both familial and individual SES exist in tobacco use among Ghanaian adolescents to the disadvantage of those in the lower socioeconomic groups. The differences follow the same pattern as those found in Western countries. Second, an ad... | Conclusions
Our finding of higher likelihood of tobacco use among adolescents in lower socioeconomic groups suggests that in the future there will be differences in tobacco use as well as tobacco related morbidity and mortality in Ghana between adult socioeconomic groups which will follow into health differences simila... | Background
In Western countries, tobacco use is most prevalent among adolescents in lower socioeconomic groups. The association between socioeconomic status (SES) and tobacco use among adolescents in developing countries is unexplored. Using multiple SES measures, we investigated this association among adolescents in G... | Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors' contributions
DD, LK and AR were involved in the conception and design of the study. DD, SR and AR were involved in the drafting and the revising of the questionnaire. DD was the principal investigator during the data collection. DD... | Acknowledgements
Many thanks to the World Health Organisation (WHO) Country Office, Ghana, particularly Mr Selassi D'Amanda, for the provision of office space and technical support during the data collection. Our appreciation also goes to the Ghana Health Service, Adolescents health unit, for providing the vehicle for ... | CC BY | no | 2022-01-12 15:21:46 | BMC Public Health. 2010 Dec 8; 10:758 | oa_package/4b/22/PMC3016387.tar.gz |
PMC3016388 | 21143875 | Background
Over the last two decades, Australia, like many countries, has experienced widening inequalities in the social determinants of health. From 1996-2007, the former conservative government's policies increased inequality across Australian communities, despite achieving sustained economic growth [ 1 ]. Policy an... | Methods/Design
To answer these questions, this study takes a policy-to-practice approach: examining changes in federal policy through to 'street-level' service delivery. In doing so, it aims to build a practical understanding of how the SIA will impact upon the not-for-profit sector and its ability to address disadvant... | Discussion
The evidence on the social determinants of health has meant that public health practitioners are increasingly expected to operate outside the health sector and in partnership with other sectors. The importance of social policy to health therefore cannot be underestimated. However, before the impact of broad-... | Background
In this paper we present the research design and methods of a study that seeks to capture local level responses to an Australian national social policy initiative, aimed at reducing inequalities in the social determinants of health.
Methods/Design
The study takes a policy-to-practice approach and combines po... | List of abbreviations
SIA: Social Inclusion Agenda. ACOSS: Australian Council of Social Services.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Pre-publication history
The pre-publication history for this paper can be accessed here:
http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/10/759/prepub | Acknowledgements
This study is supported by the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council and the Sidney Myer Foundation. The study design was developed with input and guidance from Dr Therese Riley, Prof Paul Smyth and Dr Marion Frere at the University of Melbourne. | CC BY | no | 2022-01-12 15:21:46 | BMC Public Health. 2010 Dec 8; 10:759 | oa_package/be/26/PMC3016388.tar.gz | ||
PMC3016389 | 21162715 | Background
Obesity has been reported to have a negative impact on physical health and psychological well-being [ 1 , 2 ]. There is an association between depression, anxiety and obesity, and several studies have shown that obese women are more vulnerable than obese men to the development of psychiatric and psychologica... | Methods
The Swedish antenatal health care system reaches almost 100% of all pregnant women. The antenatal- and delivery care are free of charge. At the antenatal care clinics (ANC) healthy pregnant women are recommended to attend the regular antenatal program with seven to nine visits to a midwife, and, if needed, arra... | Results
Anxiety symptoms
In analyses of the anxiety symptoms using the BAI, no significant differences in the prevalence of symptoms were found between the groups (Table 1 ).
Bivariate analysis showed that there was a difference within the intervention group due to socioeconomic factors at the time of the two measurem... | Discussion
In this prospective intervention study with a primary aim of minimizing gestational weight gain of obese women, the prevalence of symptoms of anxiety and depression during pregnancy varied between 18% and 25% within the intervention- and control group. The postnatal prevalence of symptoms of anxiety and depr... | Conclusions
In conclusion, neither weight gain nor a weight gain restriction program during pregnancy seems to influence the prevalence of symptoms of anxiety or depression. Obese women who participated in this study do not run a higher risk for anxiety and/or depressive symptoms during pregnancy or postpartum, compare... | Background
Although studies have shown an association between anxiety and depression and obesity, psychological health among obese women during and after pregnancy has not been carefully studied. The aim of this study was to investigate psychological well-being using symptoms of depression and/or anxiety among obese pr... | Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors' contributions
I-M C contributed to the design of this study, collection and analysis of the data, and preparation of the manuscript.
AJ and GS contributed to research idea, design and preparation of the manuscript.
All authors have ... | Acknowledgements
This study was supported by grants from: The Research Fund of County Council in the South East Sweden and ALF, County Council of Östergötland. | CC BY | no | 2022-01-12 15:21:46 | BMC Public Health. 2010 Dec 16; 10:766 | oa_package/1f/43/PMC3016389.tar.gz |
PMC3016390 | 21172026 | Background
Men who have sex with men (MSM) who report using methamphetamine are 1.5 to 2.9 times more likely to acquire HIV than men who do not [ 1 - 6 ]. MSM describe sex on methamphetamine as "automatic" and "compulsive" [ 7 , 8 ], and methamphetamine use has been consistently associated with sexual behaviors and bio... | Methods
Study population
We enrolled MSM from Seattle, WA. Between June 2007 and August 2008, participants were recruited through referrals from an STI clinic; an HIV clinic; community-based organizations (CBOs); printed media; radio; community outreach; and, referral by peers participating in the study.
This study was... | Results
Enrollment, retention, and participant characteristics
Over our 15-month enrollment period, we screened 222 men for eligibility (14.8/month) and enrolled and randomized 127 men (8.5/month). Of these randomized participants, 107 (84%) attended the 24-week study visit; retention at 6-week assessments was similar ... | Discussion
In this randomized controlled trial of CM, we enrolled 127 non-treatment-seeking MSM over 15 months and successfully collected follow-up data on over 80% of participants. These findings suggest that a randomized controlled trial that specifically seeks to enroll this population is acceptable and feasible. Ho... | Conclusions
In summary, our small, randomized trial found that a 12-week CM intervention was associated with a potential increase in methamphetamine use, but decreases in sexual risk that were not statistically significant. While our experience suggests that a larger, more definitive controlled trial of CM to decrease ... | Background
Methamphetamine use is associated with HIV acquisition and transmission among men who have sex with men (MSM). Contingency management (CM), providing positive reinforcement for drug abstinence and withholding reinforcement when abstinence is not demonstrated, may facilitate reduced methamphetamine use and se... | Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors' contributions
TWM participated in study design and coordination, performed the statistical analyses, and drafted the manuscript. DRJ participated in study coordination. JPH participated in the design of the study and provided statis... | Acknowledgements
The authors wish to thank the men who participated in this study for their invaluable contribution to HIV prevention research. The authors are indebted to David Richart, Erick Seelbach, and the rest of the staff at Lifelong AIDS Alliance for opening their organization to the study participants and staf... | CC BY | no | 2022-01-12 15:21:46 | BMC Public Health. 2010 Dec 20; 10:774 | oa_package/3d/59/PMC3016390.tar.gz |
PMC3016391 | 21176146 | Background
In 2008, nearly 2.4 million people were incarcerated in United States (US) jails or prisons [ 1 , 2 ]. Furthermore, about 25% of persons living with the Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and about 30% of those living with Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) infection spent time in correctional facilities [ 3 ]. As a re... | Methods
Search Strategy and Selection Criteria
The authors searched Medline/PubMed, PsycINFO/EbscoHost and Embase/Scopus (January 1990 to September 2009) for English language studies conducted in the US. Medline searches used permutations of medical subject headings (MeSH) and subheadings for each risk group and infect... | Results
Literature Review
The electronic search identified 4,272 titles, of which 4,172 were excluded based on review of titles and abstracts (Figure 1 ). Full text was retrieved for the remaining 100. A backward search of references identified 26 additional titles resulting in 126 articles selected for full review. O... | Discussion
Fueled by reports of HIV and STI outbreaks in correctional facilities in the US [ 11 , 50 , 97 - 101 ] and in other high-income countries (Scotland [ 102 , 103 ], Australia [ 17 ]), the debate about the magnitude of inmate-to-inmate transmission of HIV in the US has spanned more than two decades. The pattern... | Conclusion
Our findings support the notion that comprehensive strategies are needed to control the spread of parenterally and sexually transmitted viruses in US correctional populations. Examples are prevention programs to reduce transmission within prison systems [ 129 ]; transition programs to better prepare inmates ... | Background
High Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) prevalence and high risk behaviors have been well documented within United States (US) correctional systems. However, uncertainty remains regarding the extent to which placing people in prison or jail increases their risk of HIV infection, and regarding which inmate po... | Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors' contributions
EG designed the study; coordinated its implementation; performed the literature search, selection of articles, data acquisition, data analysis and interpretation; participated in drafting all sections of the article; a... | Acknowledgements
This work received no financial support. The authors would like to thank Lee A. Vucovich, librarian at the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Lister Hill Library, for his expert assistance with the electronic literature search. | CC BY | no | 2022-01-12 15:21:46 | BMC Public Health. 2010 Dec 21; 10:777 | oa_package/26/b6/PMC3016391.tar.gz |
PMC3016392 | 21176191 | Background
Withdrawal and other traditional methods of contraception are still a method of choice for family planning in a number of developing countries such as Iran, although modern methods for family planning are easily available. Withdrawal is known to be associated with high rates of unintended pregnancy, and in t... | Methods
Design and participants
This was a cross-sectional study carried out in Tehran, Iran during April to September 2009. Participants were recruited from women attending five family planning clinics of public health services in the Eastern district of Tehran, Iran (the area serves as the training area for the Iran ... | Results
Sociodemographic characteristics of the study sample
In all 307 women were approached and 300 agreed to interviewed, giving a response rate of 97.7%. The mean age of participants was 31.4 (SD = 6.6) years. The mean duration of marriage was 10.0 (SD = 6.0) years. One out of four women reported that they work out... | Discussion
The findings of this descriptive study indicated that there are various obstacles to modern contraceptive use among withdrawal users. The main factors were, health concerns and fear of side effects, misinformation related to modern contraception, lack of confidence in modern methods, dissatisfaction with sex... | Conclusion
The study results suggest that withdrawal users carry misconceptions about modern contraception and exaggerate its related health problems. The results provide insight into the complexity of the underlying decision-making processes and suggest that multidimensional interventions may needed to reduce the rate... | Background
The aim of this study was to explore withdrawal users' experiences of and attitudes to contraceptive methods in Tehran, Iran.
Methods
This was a cross-sectional study. A sample of women attending a health care center in Tehran, Iran was entered into the study. To collect data structured interviews were condu... | Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors' contributions
PR was the main investigator, designed the study, collected the data, performed analysis and wrote the first draft. AH supervised the study. FA, and AK, were the study advisor. ZGh helped the main investigator to final... | Acknowledgements
This research was originated from a PhD thesis in health education. The authors gratefully acknowledge the Institutional Review Board of the Tarbiat Modares University, which approved and supported this project. They also wish to thank the participants for their cooperation. | CC BY | no | 2022-01-12 15:21:46 | BMC Public Health. 2010 Dec 22; 10:779 | oa_package/91/30/PMC3016392.tar.gz |
PMC3016393 | 21182797 | Background
The repeated findings of low levels of knowledge and behaviour related to preconception care in women of reproductive age [ 1 - 4 ], particularly with regards to adherence to nutrition and lifestyle recommendations for planning a pregnancy [ 4 ] gives rise to questions about the efficacy of public health cam... | Methods
Study participants
Three focus groups were undertaken between October and November 2007 with 17 women of reproductive age (18-45 years). The total number of focus groups was limited, as their primary aim was to inform the next phase of the study and to complement focus groups undertaken with GPs. Focus groups t... | Results
Barriers
Four major barriers to the uptake of preconception care were found and one barrier to the uptake of periconceptional folate supplementation was consistently identified. With the exception of service provider issues, all barriers identified were consistent across groups.
Degree of receptivity
There was ... | Discussion
This qualitative study provides new insights into the views of women of reproductive age regarding the barriers and enablers to the delivery and uptake preconception care and periconceptional folate supplementation, taking into account the significant variables of socioeconomic status and rurality. Although ... | Conclusion
Having identified the views of women and the fact that multiple barriers and enablers to the uptake of preconception care and periconceptional folate supplementation exist, we believe that further research is needed to identify which of these are the most important and amenable to change. Prior to developing... | Background
Despite strong evidence of the benefits of preconception interventions to improve pregnancy outcomes, the delivery and uptake of preconception care in general and periconceptional folate supplementation in particular remains low. The aim of this study was to determine women's views of the barriers and enable... | Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors' contributions
DM developed the concept and design of the study, and was responsible for data acquisition. DM and AC analysed the data, interpreted the results, drafted the manuscript, and approved the final manuscript. DM is the gua... | Acknowledgements
We thank members of the advisory committee for this project for their input: Professors Shane Thomas & Sally Green, Associate Professor Jane Halliday, Dr Bronwyn Harvey, and Ms Elizabeth Logan and Ms Danielle Rigoni for their advice. | CC BY | no | 2022-01-12 15:21:46 | BMC Public Health. 2010 Dec 23; 10:786 | oa_package/05/cc/PMC3016393.tar.gz |
PMC3016394 | 21144017 | Background
The location and pattern of inflammation in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are variable. Whereas ulcerative colitis (UC) is limited to the colon with a sharp delineation between the involved and non-involved mucosa, Crohn's disease (CD) can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract and is associated wi... | Methods
Patients and samples
A total of 72 macrodissected intestinal tissue samples from 22 healthy controls, 12 UC patients and 26 CD patients were obtained during colonoscopy with a Single-Use Biopsy Forceps Radial Jaw3 (Boston Scientific, El Coyol, Costa Rica) (Table 1 ). The size of a biopsy specimen was usually b... | Results
The mRNA expression levels of inflammatory cytokines and Th17-related genes in colonic and ileal samples of healthy controls
The expression level of the proinflammatory cytokine IL8 was equal in colonic and ileal controls, while the expression level of TNF ( TNFα ) was slightly higher in ileal control sampl... | Discussion
A growing body of human studies and studies in mouse models has shown that Th17 effector cytokines promote chronic intestinal inflammation through the induction of multiple proinflammatory mediators. The role of Th17 cells has predominantly been studied in CD; these cells have rarely been studied in UC and h... | Conclusions
In conclusion, this study demonstrated important differences in the expression of Th17-associated genes in colonic and ileal disease. Inflammation of the colon of both CD and UC patients is clearly associated with increased expression levels of Th17 effector cytokines and genes involved in the differentiati... | Background
Immunological and genetic findings implicate Th17 effector cytokines in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Expression of Th17 pathway-associated genes is mainly studied in colonic disease. The present study assessed the mRNA expression levels of Th17 effector cytokines ( IL17A , IL17F , ... | Authors' contributions
SB had substantial contributions to the conception, design, execution and analysis of the study, and drafted the manuscript; DL participated in the design and interpretation of the data; HP and MDV carried out the sampling of gut specimens and contributed to the interpretation of the data, LM and... | Acknowledgements
This study was supported by a concerted action grant GOA2001/12051501 of Ghent University, Belgium. | CC BY | no | 2022-01-12 15:21:46 | BMC Immunol. 2010 Dec 13; 11:61 | oa_package/28/1f/PMC3016394.tar.gz |
PMC3016395 | 21176205 | Background
It is becoming increasingly clear that the microbiota condition and prime immunological function with an unexpected level of interdependence between bacteria and the immune system [ 1 ]. Accumulating evidence suggests that certain bacterial strains provide protective signals while other bacterial strains sti... | Methods
Bacterial strains
B. animalis AHC7 was routinely cultured anaerobically for 48 hours in deMann, Ragosa and Sharpe medium, MRS (Oxoid, Basingstoke, UK) supplemented with 0.05% cysteine (Sigma, Dublin, Ireland). Enterococcus faecium SF68 was routinely cultured aerobically at 37°C for 24 hours in on tryptic soy... | Results
B. animalis AHC7 suppresses NF-κB activation in vivo
Infection of mice with S. typhimurium results in potent activation of NF-κB systemically after 4 hours (Figure 1a ). Representative animals were dissected and individual organs re-imaged for localisation of in vivo NF-κB activity (Figure 1b ). Isolated ... | Discussion
This report illustrates, at a cellular and molecular level, the impact of the commensal microbiota on host immune defense and immune homeostasis. The deliberate consumption of one commensal organism, B. animalis AHC7, resulted in the attenuation of NF-κB activation within mice infected with a pro-inflammat... | Conclusion
NF-κB is a key pro-inflammatory transcription factor and improved regulation of NF-κB is an important therapeutic target in a wide range of pro-inflammatory states, including sepsis [ 26 ]. This report supports the clinical evaluation of appropriately selected probiotic/commensal micro-organisms, such as B.... | Background
Bifidobacteria and lactobacilli are among the early and important colonizers of the gastrointestinal tract and are generally considered to be part of a normal, healthy microbiota. It is believed that specific strains within the microbiota can influence host immune-reactivity and may play a role in protection... | Authors' contributions
DOM, FOB, DG and PS performed the Salmonella infection and non-infected murine experiments and the associated cytokine analysis. SM performed the in vivo NF-κB measurements. TB, FS and BK contributed to the design and analysis of all experimental data. PK performed the dendritic cell imaging ... | Acknowledgements
Funding Source . The authors are supported in part by Science Foundation Ireland, the Health Research Board (HRB) of Ireland, the Higher Education Authority (HEA) of Ireland, Swiss National Foundation, Alimentary Health Ltd and the Procter & Gamble Company. | CC BY | no | 2022-01-12 15:21:46 | BMC Immunol. 2010 Dec 22; 11:63 | oa_package/9e/cf/PMC3016395.tar.gz |
PMC3016396 | 21246041 | Introduction
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infects the liver as primary target and may elicit progressive liver injury leading to increased risk of developing liver cirrhosis, liver failure and liver cancer [1] . Chronic infection with HBV is the result of an ineffective anti-viral immune response towards the virus [1] – [... | Materials and Methods
HBV, proteins and TLR ligands
HepG2.215-derived HBV particles were purified and quantified as described before [38] and unless indicated otherwise used at 100 or 2000 geq/cell for PBMC and pDC cultures, respectively. As a negative control, the same procedure was followed with supernatant from un... | Results
HBV does not activate pDC
HBV is a DNA virus that replicates via an RNA intermediate. In theory, HBV may thus be able to activate pDC via TLR7, TLR9 and/or cytosolic pattern recognition receptors. However, no evidence exists that HBV replicates in pDC, which makes the direct activation of pDC by HBV via TLR7 ma... | Discussion
pDC play a central role in anti-viral immunity due to their rapid and profound release of type I IFN upon viral recognition. We demonstrated that HBV does not activate pDC as assessed by cytokine production and co-stimulatory molecule expression. Moreover, HBV interfered with TLR9-induced pDC function, resul... | Conceived and designed the experiments: AW HJ. Performed the experiments: MO PB CS. Analyzed the data: AW MO PB CS. Wrote the paper: AW. Critically read and approved the manuscript: AW MO PB CS HJ.
Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is caused by inadequate anti-viral immunity. Activation of plasmacytoid dendriti... | The authors would like to acknowledge G.M.G.M. Verjans and G.F. Rimmelzwaan (both Dept. of Virology, Erasmus MC) for providing HSV-1 and Influenza virus, respectively. The authors also thank D. Turgut and E.T.T.L. Tjwa for technical assistance and A. Boonstra (all from Dept. of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus ... | CC BY | no | 2022-01-13 08:14:22 | PLoS One. 2011 Jan 5; 6(1):e15324 | oa_package/a3/28/PMC3016396.tar.gz | ||
PMC3016397 | 21246042 | Introduction
Candida albicans is the most important human fungal pathogen, causing various diseases from superficial mucosal infections to life-threatening systemic disorders [1] – [3] . The number of clinical C. albicans infections worldwide has risen considerably in recent years, and the incidence of resistance... | Materials and Methods
Media and Compounds
Yeast media used were YPD (1% yeast extract, 2% peptone, and 2% glucose) and SD [0.67% (w/v) Difco yeast nitrogen base without amino acids]. SD medium was supplemented with a complete synthetic mix containing all the amino acids and bases. For prototrophic selection of yeast, t... | Results
Lack of Trehalose Accelerates H 2 O 2 -induced Apoptosis
In C. albicans , TPS1 encodes trehalose-6-phosphate (Tre6P) synthase that is required for trehalose synthesis. A tps1Δ mutant is deficient in trehalose accumulation. The impact of TPS1 mutation on trehalose accumulation is shown in Fig. 1A . Treha... | Discussion
In yeasts, trehalose acts both as a main reserve of carbohydrates and as a cellular protector against a variety of nutritional and/or environmental stress challenges, increasing cell resistance to such injuries. Trehalose accumulation in C. albicans has been described as a defense mechanism against oxidati... | Conceived and designed the experiments: YYC YYJ YFC. Performed the experiments: HL ZYZ LLD XRS. Analyzed the data: ZYZ XMJ LY. Wrote the paper: YYC ZYZ.
Trehalose is a non-reducing disaccharide and can be accumulated in response to heat or oxidative stresses in Candida albicans . Here we showed that a C. albicans tps... | We thank Professor William A. Fonzi for kindly providing the C. albicans strains CAI4. We thank Professor Dominique Sanglard for kindly providing the C. albicans strains DSY2091 and DSY2195. We thank Professor Carlos Gancedo for kindly providing the C. albicans tps1Δ strain. | CC BY | no | 2022-01-13 08:14:22 | PLoS One. 2011 Jan 5; 6(1):e15808 | oa_package/39/bd/PMC3016397.tar.gz | ||
PMC3016398 | 21246043 | Introduction
The importance of structure in understanding biomacromolecular function is well established. Applications of these structures span many disciplines, but a marquee use has been, and will likely continue to be, in the discovery of new therapeutic agents for treatment of human disease. Unfortunately, many bio... | Methods
The analysis and refinement was performed on a dataset of 25 high-resolution X-ray crystallographic structures of proteins in the PDB (see Table S1 ). All 25 protein data sets satisfy the following constraints: a) X-ray resolution 1.5 Å or better; b) structure factor data are available in the PDB; c) less tha... | Results and Discussion
It is obvious and unassailable that current protocols for model-building and refinement based on low-resolution X-ray reflection data produce structural models of poorer quality than those based on high-resolution data. We are testing the hypothesis that these deficiencies can, at least in part, ... | Results and Discussion
It is obvious and unassailable that current protocols for model-building and refinement based on low-resolution X-ray reflection data produce structural models of poorer quality than those based on high-resolution data. We are testing the hypothesis that these deficiencies can, at least in part, ... | Conclusions
We have implemented a new X-ray data refinement protocol based on CNS that relies on HINT, an empirical hydropathic forcefield, to enforce both polar and hydrophobic interaction networks for low-resolution data. Models obtained with this approach appear to have more native-like interaction networks at resol... | Conceived and designed the experiments: VNK JNS GEK. Performed the experiments: VNK JNS GEK. Analyzed the data: VNK JNS GEK. Wrote the paper: VNK JNS GEK.
Background
The quality of X-ray crystallographic models for biomacromolecules refined from data obtained at high-resolution is assured by the data itself. However, a... | Supporting Information | The structure factor data for 1SA0 was kindly provided by Dr. Marcel Knossow (CNRS-LEBS, Gif-sur-Yvette). | CC BY | no | 2022-01-13 08:14:22 | PLoS One. 2011 Jan 5; 6(1):e15920 | oa_package/7b/57/PMC3016398.tar.gz |
PMC3016399 | 21246044 | Introduction
Coral reefs are biologically diverse ecosystems providing habitat for a wide range of marine organisms. The growth of corals and their ability to form the calcium carbonate substrate reflects their endosymbioses with photosynthetic dinoflagellates belonging to the genus Symbiodinium [1] . Nine divergent... | Methods
Ethics Statement
This study was conducted under the research guidelines of the University of Hawaii Executive Policy E5.211 and corals collected under the State of Hawaii Special Activity Permit number 2007-02 issued to the Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology.
Sample collection and sites
The sampling for this st... | Results
Symbiodinium identified in Montipora capitata from Kāne'ohe Bay
A total of 275 Symbiodinium ITS2 sequences belonging to clades C and D were recovered from the colonies of M. capitata . Seventeen different Symbiodinium ITS2 sequences were identified; 14 in clade C and 3 in clade D ( Table 1 ). In addition ... | Discussion
Spatial partitioning of Symbiodinium in Montipora capitata across Kāne'ohe Bay
The absence of Symbiodinium community structure in Montipora capitata among Regions in Kāne'ohe Bay contrasts with the partitioning of Symbiodinium in corals between oceans, reefs at different latitudes, inner and oute... | Conclusion
Symbiodinium ITS2 sequence assemblages found in M. capitata are variable among individual colonies. The driving force behind these differences is unknown, but likely reflects some combination of host-symbiont specificity, environmental, and stochastic processes. The multi-copy nature and known variabili... | Conceived and designed the experiments: MS RDG XP. Performed the experiments: MS XP MT GC LJC LC DL. Analyzed the data: MS CB GC. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: RDG RT. Wrote the paper: MS CB GC MT RT RDG.
Endosymbiotic dinoflagellates in the genus Symbiodinium are fundamentally important to the biolo... | Supporting Information | This is Hawai'i Institute of Marine Biology contribution number 1426, publication number UNIHI-SEAGRANT-JC-08-41, and 2007 Pauley Summer Program Contribution number 5. | CC BY | no | 2022-01-13 08:14:22 | PLoS One. 2011 Jan 5; 6(1):e15854 | oa_package/d1/ad/PMC3016399.tar.gz |
PMC3016400 | 21172035 | Background
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is linked to the interaction between genetic, immunologic, environmental, dietary, and life style factors. Its incidence and distribution vary widely among ethnic groups, sex, and geographic regions. Hepatocellular carcinoma is the third most common cause of cancer-related deat... | Methods
Search strategy
Electronic databases (PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library and China National Knowledge Infrastructure) were used to search for all genetic association studies evaluating the HLA-DRB1 polymorphism and HCC in humans in all languages up to January 2010. The search strategy was based on combinations of... | Results
Literature assessment
Figure 1 shows the flow chart of publications identified by the literature search. Search strategy allowed us to identify 84 studies for potential inclusion in the meta-analysis. Finally 8 case-control studies relating to HLA-DRB1 alleles polymorphism and susceptibility to HCC qualified ... | Discussion
The aim of the present study was to ascertain whether specific HLA-DRB1 alleles are associated with the development/protection of HCC. We analyzed the published studies investigating the association between HLA-DRB1 alleles and HCC. Studies concerning this possible association have been undertaken since the ... | Conclusion
Our meta-analysis suggests that HLA-DRB1*07 and DRB1*12 alleles are risk factors for HCC in the whole populations, especially in the Asians; DRB1*15 allele is only associated with an increased risk of HCC in Asians (under the fixed effect model). However, it is necessary to conduct large trials using standar... | Background
HLA-DRB1 allele polymorphisms have been reported to be associated with hepatocellular carcinoma susceptibility, but the results of these previous studies have been inconsistent. The purpose of the present study was to explore whether specific HLA-DRB1 alleles (DRB1*07, DRB1*12, DRB1*15) confer susceptibility... | Abbreviations
HLA: human leukocyte antigens; HCC: hepatocellular carcinoma; HBV: hepatitis B virus; OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors' contributions
ZHL and YNX carried out the design of this meta-analysis, conducted a searchi... | Acknowledgements
This work was partially supported by grants from the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province, China (No. ZR2009CQ031) | CC BY | no | 2022-01-12 15:21:46 | BMC Gastroenterol. 2010 Dec 21; 10:145 | oa_package/ed/5b/PMC3016400.tar.gz |
PMC3016401 | 21246045 | Introduction
Insertional mutagenesis is a modification of target DNA via incorporation of additional bases. Insertion of long DNA fragments naturally happens during retroviral infection and transposition of mobile elements. It is also a byproduct of some common techniques of genetic engineering and gene therapy. In the... | Materials and Methods
Cell culture, drug treatment and viral transduction
All cells were cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium with 10% FBS, and 1% penicillin and streptomycin at 37°C in the presence of 5% CO 2 . Zeocin and ganciclovir were used as described earlier [4] . Hygromycin (Roche) was used at 100 μg... | Results
HIV LTR is inefficient in preventing splicing of vector- and host-derived sequences
To test the prediction that successful pairing of an internal splice donor site with a host splice acceptor may result in removal of the LTR-encoded polyadenylation signal, we constructed a vector (designated pAIM) based on an H... | Discussion
Various structural and biological features of retroviruses make retroviral vectors useful for studies the properties of mammalian transcription (e.g. [18] ). In the described experiments, we observed that, despite the presence of a polyadenylation signal, the modified LTR of HIV-1 fails to efficiently preve... | Conceived and designed the experiments: ESK AAC. Performed the experiments: RS XD AAC ESK. Analyzed the data: RS XD AAC ESK. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: RS XD AAC ESK. Wrote the paper: RS ESK.
Background
Most common systems of genetic engineering of mammalian cells are associated with insertional mut... | The authors would like to thank Dr. George Stark and the members of Stark laboratory for the discussions of issues related to insertional mutagenesis. | CC BY | no | 2022-01-13 08:14:22 | PLoS One. 2011 Jan 5; 6(1):e15832 | oa_package/3d/cb/PMC3016401.tar.gz | ||
PMC3016402 | 21246046 | Introduction
Information theory has proven to be a useful tool in the analysis and measurement of network complexity [1] . In particular, many researchers have investigated the application of entropy measures to graphs, see [1] – [4] . A variety of entropy-based measures have been used to characterize networks associ... | Methods and Results
Classical Measures and Parametric Graph Entropies
In this section, we sketch briefly known graph entropy measures for determining the information content of networks. As a preliminary remark, denotes the cardinality of a given set . Now, let be a graph and let . The existing graph entropy meas... | Methods and Results
Classical Measures and Parametric Graph Entropies
In this section, we sketch briefly known graph entropy measures for determining the information content of networks. As a preliminary remark, denotes the cardinality of a given set . Now, let be a graph and let . The existing graph entropy meas... | Discussion
Quantitative measures of network structure have been defined and applied in many different settings, see, e.g., [2] , [22] , [25] . For example, chemists represent molecules as graphs as an aid in distinguishing molecules and cataloguing their properties [36] , [37] ; biologists model natural phenomena ... | Wrote the paper: MD AM FES.
This paper explores relationships between classical and parametric measures of graph (or network) complexity. Classical measures are based on vertex decompositions induced by equivalence relations. Parametric measures, on the other hand, are constructed by using information functions to assi... | CC BY | no | 2022-01-13 08:14:22 | PLoS One. 2011 Jan 5; 6(1):e15733 | oa_package/45/e7/PMC3016402.tar.gz | |||
PMC3016403 | 21246047 | Introduction
The neurotransmitter serotonin (5-HT) exerts a wide spectrum of actions in a variety of behaviors, such as pain sensation, locomotion, circadian rhythm, food intake and emotional behaviors [1] , [2] . Extensive efforts have been made to characterize the molecular pathways that control the specification, ... | Materials and Methods
Genetic crossings, genotyping and animal maintenance
Lmx1b flox/flox mice [14] and Rosa26-LacZ reporter (Rosa26R) mice [15] were generated and genotyped as previously described. In Lmx1b flox/flox mice, exons 4-6 of Lmx1b were flanked by two LoxP sites and can be deleted in the presen... | Results
Generation and characterization of Pet1-CreER T2 transgenic mice
To delete Lmx1b in the adult mouse brain, we crossed mice carrying two floxed Lmx1b alleles with mice harboring a tamoxifen-inducible form of Cre recombinase (CreERT2) [13] under the control of the Pet1 promoter, to generate Lmx1b iCKO m... | Discussion
In the present study, we took advantage of an inducible Cre-LoxP system to inactivate Lmx1b expression in adult 5-HTergic neurons. We found that the level of central 5-HT in Lmx1b iCKO mice is reduced to 60% of controls, and that the expression of 5-HT neuron-associated genes such as Tph2 , Sert and ... | Conceived and designed the experiments: NNS HL YQD. Performed the experiments: NNS JBX YH JYC LZ. Analyzed the data: NNS JBX. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: LG KPL. Wrote the paper: NNS YQD.
The transcription factor Lmx1b is essential for the differentiation and survival of central serotonergic (5-HTe... | Supporting Information | CC BY | no | 2022-01-13 08:14:22 | PLoS One. 2011 Jan 5; 6(1):e15998 | oa_package/aa/91/PMC3016403.tar.gz | ||
PMC3016404 | 21246048 | Introduction
Phenotypic plasticity is a widespread phenomenon: individuals alter their phenotypes in response to environmental cues, often as an adaptation to variable environments. This multidisciplinary concept has recently been of increasing interest to biologists as a feature of both normal and abnormal individual ... | Methods
Ethics statement
Field collection of salamanders, experimentation and their return were conducted according to the Nature and Parks Authority permit 2009/36605 and the Animal Experimentation Ethics Committee permit 190/10.
Study organism
We studied the ovoviviparous fire salamander [ Salamandra infraimmaculata... | Results
The overall mass growth during the first 58 days (prior to any metamorphosis) was positively affected by the early cue (p = 0.016). There was no significant effect yet of the water regime, during this period, nor a significant early cue × water regime interaction ( Table 1 ; Figure 2 ). The mass growth traject... | Discussion
Responses to and compensation for early cues
The results support the hypothesis that the recent desiccation of conspecifics serves as an early cue for risk of pool desiccation, accelerating development at least via early larval growth ( Figure 2 ). Since it is generally agreed that size thresholds limit diff... | Conceived and designed the experiments: AS LB. Performed the experiments: AS NT. Analyzed the data: AS. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: LB. Wrote the paper: AS NT MM LB. Developed the model: AS MM.
Understanding constraints on phenotypic plasticity is central to explaining its evolution and the evolution... | We thank Jeff Arendt, Neil Metcalfe, Ofer Ovadia, Alan Templeton and Brian Wisenden for providing help on several bibliographical, statistical and methodological queries. Noam Elron, Tamar Keasar, Arik Kershenbaum, Inon Scharf, and Hagai Shemesh provided insightful comments on the manuscript. | CC BY | no | 2022-01-13 08:14:22 | PLoS One. 2011 Jan 5; 6(1):e15602 | oa_package/03/cb/PMC3016404.tar.gz | ||
PMC3016405 | 21122124 | Background
Iron is an essential element for all living organisms, being part of many proteins participating in fundamental mechanisms such as DNA synthesis, respiration, photosynthesis and metabolism [ 1 ]. In plants, the main cause of Fe deficiency is its low availability in the soil solution due to the scarce solubil... | Methods
Plant material and growth conditions
Cucumber ( Cucumis sativus L. cv. Marketmore '76 from F.lli Ingegnoli, Milan) seeds were sown in agriperlite, watered with 0.1 mM CaSO 4 , allowed to germinate in the dark at 26 °C for 4 d. Thirty seedlings were transferred to a 10 L tank for hydroponic culture. The nutrien... | Results
Experimental planning and 2-DE analysis
In this study the changes in the protein profile of cucumber roots expressed in response to Fe deficiency were analyzed. The choice to collect proteins after 5 and 8 days of growth was done after a preliminary analysis in which we assessed the increases in transcript abun... | Discussion
In this work we have analyzed the soluble proteins extracted from cucumber roots grown in the presence or in the absence of Fe at two different dates, 5 d and 8 d, by 2-DE. Recently, some proteomic studies on Fe deficiency responses have appeared in the literature [ 29 - 31 ]. The first two papers reported t... | Conclusions
In conclusion, the data obtained in this proteomic profiling study confirm some metabolic changes occurring as a response to Fe deficiency. In particular, our data support the increase in the glycolytic flux and in the anaerobic metabolism to sustain the energetic effort Fe-deficient plants must undertake. ... | Background
Iron deficiency induces in Strategy I plants physiological, biochemical and molecular modifications capable to increase iron uptake from the rhizosphere. This effort needs a reorganization of metabolic pathways to efficiently sustain activities linked to the acquisition of iron; in fact, carbohydrates and th... | Authors' contributions
SD carried out protein extraction, 2-DE gel analysis, statistical analysis and drafted the manuscript. BP carried out protein characterization by LC-ESI-MS/MS, analysed the MS data. ASN carried out the clustering and statistical analysis. GV carried out the RT-PCR analysis. LE coordinated the 2-D... | Acknowledgements
This work was supported by grants from MIUR and the Università degli Studi di Milano (PUR) | CC BY | no | 2022-09-26 23:35:35 | BMC Plant Biol. 2010 Dec 1; 10:268 | oa_package/8d/7b/PMC3016405.tar.gz |
PMC3016406 | 21143977 | Background
Thaxtomin A (TA) is the main phytotoxin produced by the pathogen Streptomyces scabies , the most important causal agent of potato common scab [ 1 , 2 ]. Production of TA is required for the development of disease symptoms [ 1 , 3 - 5 ], and application of the purified toxin on immature potato tuber tissues ... | Methods
Plant material and treatments
Hybrid poplar cell suspensions ( Populus trichocarpa x Populus deltoides H11-11) maintained in the dark in Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium (pH 5.7) supplemented with B5 vitamins [ 80 ] were subcultured weekly in a 1:4 dilution or biweekly for TA-habituated cell suspensions. TA w... | Results and Discussion
Effects of TA on hybrid poplar cell suspensions
It was shown previously that TA induced an increase in cell volume in tobacco suspension cultures [ 7 ] and in Arabidopsis cells [ 8 ]. Similarly, some of the hybrid poplar suspension-cultured cells treated with 1.0 μM TA for 24 h were hypertrophied... | Results and Discussion
Effects of TA on hybrid poplar cell suspensions
It was shown previously that TA induced an increase in cell volume in tobacco suspension cultures [ 7 ] and in Arabidopsis cells [ 8 ]. Similarly, some of the hybrid poplar suspension-cultured cells treated with 1.0 μM TA for 24 h were hypertrophied... | Conclusions
Analysis of expression data in poplar TA(-)hab cells demonstrated that durable resistance to inhibitors of cellulose synthesis was linked with a complex reprogramming of gene expression that was associated with expression of epigenetic-related genes. How these changes correlated with resistance to inhibitor... | Background
Thaxtomin A (TA), a phytotoxin produced by the phytopathogen Streptomyces scabies , is essential for the development of potato common scab disease. TA inhibits cellulose synthesis but its actual mode of action is unknown. Addition of TA to hybrid poplar ( Populus trichocarpa x Populus deltoides ) cell sus... | Authors' contributions
VB carried out the habituation experiment, resistance assays and sugar quantification and help to draft the manuscript; MGM carried out the pectin quantification, resistance assays, transcriptional analysis and help to draft the manuscript; ID participated in the conception of the study and carri... | Acknowledgements
We would like to thank M. Trottier and E. Capek for their help with sugar quantifications, L.-P. Hamel for help with poplar microarray analyses and Genome Québec, Innovation Center (McGill University, Montréal, Canada) for microarray data collection. This work was supported by grants from FQRNT, NSER... | CC BY | no | 2022-01-12 15:21:46 | BMC Plant Biol. 2010 Dec 10; 10:272 | oa_package/88/9f/PMC3016406.tar.gz |
PMC3016407 | 21162722 | Background
Abscisic acid (ABA) is a phytohormone that controls seed germination, seedling growth and seed development [ 1 ]. In particular, ABA plays an essential role in the protective responses of plants to adverse environmental conditions, such as drought, high salinity and extreme temperatures [ 2 ].
At the molecul... | Methods
One-hybrid screen
One-hybrid screen was conducted as described before [ 10 ]. To prepare reporter gene constructs, a trimer of the oligonucleotides, 5'-CAT TGCCACCGG CCC-3', and its complementary oligonucleotides were annealed and cloned into the Zero Blunt TOPO (Invitrogen) vector. The insert was then excised ... | Results
Isolation of CE1-binding proteins
To isolate genes encoding the proteins that bind the CE1 element, we conducted yeast one-hybrid screens [ 10 ]. A trimer of the CE1 element was cloned in front of the minimal promoters of the lac Z and the HIS3 reporter genes, respectively. The reporter constructs were then ... | Discussion
We isolated genes encoding CE1 element binding factors (CEBFs) employing a yeast one-hybrid system. CEBFs belong to the AP2/ERF superfamily of transcription factors [ 18 , 19 ]. The AP2/ERF proteins are classified into three families: AP2, ERF and RAV. Whereas AP2 and RAV family members possess an additional... | Conclusions
We conducted one-hybrid screen to isolate proteins that interact with the coupling element CE1 and isolated a group of AP2/ERF superfamily proteins designated as CEBFs. To determine the function of CEBFs, we examined their expression patterns and prepared OX lines for phenotype analysis. Our results showed ... | Background
Abscisic acid (ABA) is a plant hormone that controls seed germination, protective responses to various abiotic stresses and seed maturation. The ABA-dependent processes entail changes in gene expression. Numerous genes are regulated by ABA, and promoter analyses of the genes revealed that cis -elements shar... | Authors' contributions
SL conducted the expression analysis and analyzed the OX and KO lines. JHP conducted yeast one-hybrid screens. MHL and JY prepared OX lines and analyzed their phenotypes. SYK designed experiments and wrote the paper. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Supplementary Material | Acknowledgements
This work was supported in part by the Korea Research Foundation grant funded by the Korean government (MOEHRD) (KRF-313-2007-2-C00700) and the Mid-career Researcher Program through NRF grant funded by the MEST (No. 2008-0059137). The authors are grateful to the Kumho Life Science Laboratory of Chonnam... | CC BY | no | 2022-01-12 15:21:46 | BMC Plant Biol. 2010 Dec 16; 10:277 | oa_package/d6/7a/PMC3016407.tar.gz |
PMC3016408 | 21246049 | Introduction
Human short-term memory is severely limited. While the existence of such limits is undisputed, there is ample debate concerning their nature. Miller [1] described the ability to increase storage capacity by grouping items, or “chunking”. He argued that the span of attention could comprehend somewhere aro... | Results and Discussion
The chunking through averaging postulate
Consider the assumption of chunking through averaging. We propose that it is plausible and worthy of further investigation, for three reasons.
First, it minimizes the current controversy between Miller's estimations and Cowan's. The disparity between Mille... | Results and Discussion
The chunking through averaging postulate
Consider the assumption of chunking through averaging. We propose that it is plausible and worthy of further investigation, for three reasons.
First, it minimizes the current controversy between Miller's estimations and Cowan's. The disparity between Mille... | Conceived and designed the experiments: AL DMC CNA. Performed the experiments: AL DMC CNA. Analyzed the data: AL DMC. Wrote the paper: AL DMC CNA.
Human memory is limited in the number of items held in one's mind—a limit known as “Miller's magic number”. We study the emergence of such limits as a result of the statisti... | Analysis
Computing the Hamming distance from a chunk to items
Let be the set of bitstrings to be chunked into a new bitstring, . The first task is to find out how the Hamming distance is distributed between this averaged bitstring and the set of bitstrings being chunked. This is, as discussed, accomplished thr... | The authors would like to thank Eric Nichols for numerous valuable comments. | CC BY | no | 2022-01-13 08:14:22 | PLoS One. 2011 Jan 5; 6(1):e15592 | oa_package/37/98/PMC3016408.tar.gz | ||
PMC3016409 | 21143908 | Background
Genetic studies are challenged with identifying and characterizing the underlying genetic etiology of common, complex human diseases. Recently, genomewide-association studies (GWAS) have contributed an abundance of well-replicated findings that have identified regions of the genome likely to harbor disease g... | Methods
Haplotype phasing
We have implemented a general haplotype phasing algorithm designed to estimate population haplotype frequencies as well as determine maximum likelihood estimate (MLE) haplotype pairs for a set of tightly linked markers in general pedigrees. It can also be used for singleton data (independent c... | Results
Phasing comparison
The haplotype phasing accuracy and timing results using our pedigree-informed algorithm, the pedigree-informed algorithm HAPLORE [ 19 ] and GCHap (pedigree-naive) are shown in Table 1 . Phasing accuracy was determined by the percentage of correct MLE haplotypes across all individuals. As exp... | Discussion
Here we have described a MC, MLE-based haplotype association method and software (hapMC) designed to analyze a set of tightly-linked SNPs in general pedigree and/or independent case-control based studies. HapMC allows for the haplotype MLE to be estimated by either a pedigree-naïve or pedigree-informed algo... | Conclusions
In conclusion, we have developed a method and software to perform valid haplotype analyses in resources of mixed pedigree structure. To our knowledge this is the only method currently available that can perform such analyses. Similarly to that found by others [ 38 ], our findings illustrate the power advant... | Background
Genomewide association studies have resulted in a great many genomic regions that are likely to harbor disease genes. Thorough interrogation of these specific regions is the logical next step, including regional haplotype studies to identify risk haplotypes upon which the underlying critical variants lie. Pe... | Abbreviations
GWAS: genomewide-association studies; EM: Expectation-Maximization; MCMC: Markov chain Monte Carlo; LD: linkage disequilibrium; SNP: single nucleotide polymorphism; MC: Monte Carlo; TDT: transmission disequilibrium test; MLE: maximum likelihood estimate; HWE: Hardy Weinberg equilibrium; PL-EM: partition l... | Acknowledgements
Ryan Abo is an NLM fellow, supported by NLM grant T15 LM0724. This research was also supported by NIH grants CA 098364 and CA134674 (to NJC), GM070710 and GM81417 (to AT), a Susan G. Komen Foundation grant (to NJC) and an Avon Foundation grant 02-2009-080 (to NJC). | CC BY | no | 2022-01-12 15:21:46 | BMC Bioinformatics. 2010 Dec 9; 11:592 | oa_package/87/13/PMC3016409.tar.gz |
PMC3016410 | 21144021 | Background
It is clear that sporadic colorectal cancer - as well as other cancers - is largely the product of acquired somatic mutations [ 1 ]. Though many of these mutations are functionally relevant to the tumor ("driver" genes), the most well-studied cancer driver gene remains Apc (adenomatous polyposis coli), tho... | Methods
The Blossom Algorithm
The Apc blossom is built using the Blossom algorithm, based on the PathFinder architecture [ 11 ]. A recent study compared various frameworks developed for detecting signaling networks [ 19 ], and the PathFinder architecture had the best recall rate compared to other available methods, w... | Results and Discussion
In this paper, we present a method to capture the likely signaling pathways of a cancer driver gene, focusing on the signaling related to Apc as an example. The initial set of pathway predictions are mined from protein-protein interaction networks, coupled to mRNA coexpression data and Gene Ont... | Results and Discussion
In this paper, we present a method to capture the likely signaling pathways of a cancer driver gene, focusing on the signaling related to Apc as an example. The initial set of pathway predictions are mined from protein-protein interaction networks, coupled to mRNA coexpression data and Gene Ont... | Conclusions
To understand how a mutation affects information flow in a tumor, one must consider both the proximal and distal signaling effects. Proximally, a mutation in a gene may result in a truncated protein product that affects physical interactions, or it may result in a hyperphosphorylated and active state. These... | Background
Colon cancer is driven by mutations in a number of genes, the most notorious of which is Apc . Though much of Apc 's signaling has been mechanistically identified over the years, it is not always clear which functions or interactions are operative in a particular tumor. This is confounded by the presence o... | Authors' contributions
GB and VP designed, carried out the experiments and drafted the manuscript. GB and VP equally contributed to this article. MRC supervised the study. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Supplementary Material | Acknowledgements
Authors would like to mention support from National Institutes of Health grants R25T-CA094186, P30-CA043703 and UL1-RR024989. We are grateful to Dr. Mehmet Koyutürk for critically reviewing this manuscript and for his insightful advice. | CC BY | no | 2022-01-12 15:21:46 | BMC Bioinformatics. 2010 Dec 13; 11:596 | oa_package/9e/e9/PMC3016410.tar.gz |
PMC3016411 | 21246050 | Introduction
In their niche, cells are presented with an array of complex biophysical and biochemical signals from the surrounding extracellular matrix (ECM) [1] , [2] , [3] . The Young's modulus, E , often referred to in a biological context simply as elasticity or stiffness, is an intrinsic ECM characteristic tha... | Materials and Methods
Cell culture
Low passage number human MSCs (Lonza, Inc., Switzerland) were subconfluently cultured at 37°C, 5% CO 2 in low glucose Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium supplemented with penicillin, streptomycin and 20% fetal bovine serum (Hyclone; Logan, UT). Cells were plated onto hydrogels at eithe... | Results
Surface Characterization of Gradient Hydrogels
A photomask with a radial grayscale pattern was used to create a crosslinking gradient in a 10% acrylamide/0.3% bis-acrylamide hydrogel via selective activation of the photoinitiator Irgacure 2959 ( Fig. 1A [26] ). The elastic modulus with respect to distance fro... | Discussion
The in vivo niche for MSCs is a complex array of biophysical and biochemical signals [1] , [2] , [3] containing numerous signaling gradients created by injury to which MSCs hone [17] . As MSCs traverse to through normal tissue, they must encounter physiological gradients, including stiffness [15] . S... | Conceived and designed the experiments: JRT AJE. Performed the experiments: JRT. Analyzed the data: JRT AJE. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: JRT AJE. Wrote the paper: JRT AJE.
Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) differentiation is regulated in part by tissue stiffness, yet MSCs can often encounter stiffness grad... | Supporting Information | We would like to thank Dr. Wilda Helen, Somyot Chirasatitsin, Jennifer Young, Andrew Holle, and Dayu Teng for technical support and reagents. | CC BY | no | 2022-01-13 08:14:22 | PLoS One. 2011 Jan 5; 6(1):e15978 | oa_package/f8/da/PMC3016411.tar.gz | |
PMC3016412 | 21246051 | Introduction
In living tissues, many cell types including smooth muscle cells (SMCs), fibroblasts, bone cells, and tumor cells are exposed to interstitial fluid flow. Interstitial flow can modulate many cellular processes in a 3-dimensional (3D) microenvironment including proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation, and ... | Materials and Methods
Collagen gel preparation, flow experiment, and migration assay
As previously described [1] , [7] , rat vascular SMCs were suspended in 4 mg/ml collagen I (BD Science) (2.5×10 5 cells/ml) and then loaded into culture inserts with 8 μm pores (BD Science). After 24 h of incubation, cells were subj... | Results
Interstitial flow-induced MMP-13 expression and SMC motility in 3D collagen depend on HSPGs
HS-GAGs are abundantly presented on the surfaces of rat vascular SMCs, and can be substantially cleaved by a selective enzyme, heparinase III ( Figure 1A left and Figure S1 ). This is consistent with our previous obser... | Discussion
Fluid flow in the tissue interstitium is very low due to the resistance of ECM fibrils and cells [41] . It has been shown, however, that such low flow can significantly affect cell physiology and function [1] – [3] , [7] , [13] – [15] . But, how cells sense this subtle flow in 3D remained largely unknown... | Conceived and designed the experiments: ZDS JMT. Performed the experiments: ZDS HW. Analyzed the data: ZDS JMT. Wrote the paper: ZDS JMT.
Background
Interstitial flow directly affects cells that reside in tissues and regulates tissue physiology and pathology by modulating important cellular processes including prolifer... | Supporting Information | The authors thank Henry Qazi and Dr. Limary Cancel for valuable discussions, and Rocio Palomino for cell culture. | CC BY | no | 2022-01-13 08:14:22 | PLoS One. 2011 Jan 5; 6(1):e15956 | oa_package/4e/c2/PMC3016412.tar.gz | |
PMC3016413 | 21246052 | Introduction
There is a critical need for safe and effective microbicides that women worldwide can use repeatedly and independently from the time of coitus, to prevent sexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs). While promising, candidate microbicide gels ... | Methods
Ethics Statement
Adult female Chinese rhesus macaques ( Macaca mulatta ) were housed and cared for in compliance with the regulations under the Animal Welfare Act, the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals, at Tulane National Primate Research Center (TNPRC; Covington, LA). Animals were monitored cont... | Results
Repeated application of low dose MIV-150 and zinc acetate combination gel prevents vaginal infection by SHIV-RT
In previous studies we demonstrated the ability of a 500 μM (185 μg/ml) MIV-150-containing gel to limit vaginal infection when a single dose was applied 30 min prior to SHIV-RT challenge of healthy [... | Discussion
Effective microbicides that can be used frequently and independently of coitus are urgently needed to curb HIV spread worldwide. Although there have been candidate microbicides showing promise in macaques, most required mM or mg/ml amounts of the HIV-targeting anti-viral drugs and delivery was required withi... | Conceived and designed the experiments: MR. Performed the experiments: JK MA RS MH AR LK CJA RM SS AC MP JAF-R TMZ. Analyzed the data: JK MA MH JAF-R TMZ MR. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: JDL MP. Wrote the paper: JK MA JDL TMZ MR. Other: Coordinated treatment and handling of animals as well as shipment... | Supporting Information | We thank the continued support of the veterinary staff at the TNPRC, Daniel Gawarecki for help with statistical analyses, and Julian Bess, William Bohn, Jeremy Miller, Terra Schaden-Ireland, Rodman Smith, and Elena Chertova, at NCI-Frederick, for producing, inactivating, purifying and characterizing AT-2 SIV and microv... | CC BY | no | 2022-01-13 08:14:22 | PLoS One. 2011 Jan 5; 6(1):e15835 | oa_package/42/66/PMC3016413.tar.gz | |
PMC3016414 | 21246053 | Introduction
G6PD deficiency affects more than 400 million people worldwide, with a prevalence varying from 10 to 25% in most areas where malaria is endemic. This genetic defect provides partial protection against malaria, but may lead to severe hemolytic episodes after the administration of some drugs (anti-malarials,... | Materials and Methods
Treatment of RBCs
Venous blood was drawn from 5 healthy and 5 G6PD deficient volunteers (Mediterranean variant 563 C —> T with approximately 2–3% of normal red cell G6PD activity level). Written informed consent was obtained from each blood donor to allow: “The use of 10 ml of their blood donation... | Results
Short and long term effects of oxidants in G6PD deficient red cells
Previous work has described how oxidant treatments induce more intense AE1 tyrosine phosphorylation in G − RBCs than in control RBCs [13] , [14] , [16] . In the present study, we analyzed AE1 phosphorylation and a series of additional param... | Discussion
In a previous study [13] we observed that AE1 phosphorylation was apparently more pronounced and long standing in G − RBCs than in control RBCs following their treatment with diamide but, after a short incubation time, we did not observe any functional consequence. Hemolytic crises in G − subjects occur ... | Conceived and designed the experiments: AP EF FM FC FT. Performed the experiments: AP EF FM FC AK. Analyzed the data: FT PP. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: FC. Wrote the paper: AP EF FT LFS. Blood sample collection: LFS. Designed the experiments: PP.
Background
While G6PD deficiency is one of the major ... | We would like to thank Giuseppe Casu for his valuable collaboration; Elena Valente and Daniela Ulliers for technical assistance. | CC BY | no | 2022-01-13 08:14:22 | PLoS One. 2011 Jan 5; 6(1):e15847 | oa_package/19/17/PMC3016414.tar.gz | ||
PMC3016415 | 21246054 | Introduction
Herbivorous insects constitute about a quarter of all living species [1] , and butterflies make up an important part of that diversity. The greater species diversity of herbivorous insect groups, as compared to their non-plant-feeding sister-groups [2] , [3] , suggests that host use may be relevant to e... | Methods
Nymphalinae is a diverse subfamily containing approximately 496 species in 56 genera [16] . For this study, data was available for 182 species in 36 genera, which covers all five tribes. The phylogenetic analyses were performed on a subset of 144 species (in 35 genera) for which sequence data are available fro... | Results
The maximum likelihood analyses resulted in a well-supported phylogeny ( Figure S1 ), which is largely consistent with those previously published for Nymphalinae [16] . The decision whether or not to account for the phylogeny was based on the results from the test of phylogenetic signal, which tests if species... | Discussion
Geographic range size was found to be significantly correlated with diet breadth in Nymphalinae on a global scale. This suggests that butterflies that have a more diverse host plant use are more geographically widespread than butterflies with more narrow host plant use. These results agree with previous stud... | Conceived and designed the experiments: NJ JS. Analyzed the data: JS. Wrote the paper: JS NJ.
The “oscillation hypothesis” has been proposed as a general explanation for the exceptional diversification of herbivorous insect species. The hypothesis states that speciation rates are elevated through repeated correlated ch... | Supporting Information | We wish to thank Niklas Wahlberg and Ullasa Kodandaramaiah for help with the phylogeny. | CC BY | no | 2022-01-13 08:14:22 | PLoS One. 2011 Jan 5; 6(1):e16057 | oa_package/5e/f1/PMC3016415.tar.gz | |
PMC3016416 | 21246055 | Introduction
Aspergillus fumigatus is a ubiquitous fungus that is efficiently cleared by immunocompetent hosts. Inability to efficiently clear Aspergillus under conditions of immune suppression, which is a common occurrence in organ transplant patients, induces severe invasive disease [1] . In patients with cystic ... | Materials and Methods
Ethics statement
All animal work was conducted in accordance with guidelines issued by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of the University of Pittsburgh and our approved protocol ID is 1005244. The Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of the University of Pittsburgh is in comp... | Results
A. fumigatus infection induces the prototypic marker of Alternatively Activated Macrophages (AAMs) Arginase 1 in the lung
We first compared the innate immune response in the lung to two very different pathogens, the extracellular bacterium Klebsiella pneumoniae , and the fungus Aspergillus fumigatus . Mice... | Discussion
In immunocompetent healthy individuals, inhaled spores of A. fumigatus are rapidly cleared off in which innate immunity is believed to be sufficient for clearing the fungus [3] . However, in immunocompromised patients, inhaled conidia germinate and invade the parenchyma. In patients with cystic fibrosis o... | Conceived and designed the experiments: PR AR SB. Performed the experiments: SB MF MY ZQ CMSC GAG. Analyzed the data: SB PR AR CMSC GAG. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: SA SS YI. Wrote the paper: SB PR AR. Provided clodronate filled-liposomes: NvR.
The ubiquitous fungus Aspergillus fumigatus is associa... | Supporting Information | The authors thank C. Steele for providing the A. fumigatus spores and advice on fungal culture. The authors also thank Adam Henry for his expert assistance with cell imaging. | CC BY | no | 2022-01-13 08:14:23 | PLoS One. 2011 Jan 5; 6(1):e15943 | oa_package/da/1b/PMC3016416.tar.gz | |
PMC3016417 | 21122150 | Background
Gene expression profiling is accelerating our progress toward a comprehensive understanding of the genetic mechanisms that control responses to environmental stress. Microarray analysis was developed to obtain overall gene expression profiles in various plants. Microarray profiling and the recently introduce... | Methods
Plant material and salt stress treatment
Seeds of rice ( Oryza sativa L. 'Nipponbare') were germinated in the dark at 28°C on a sterilized germination tray. Germinated seeds were evenly distributed on 96-well PCR plates supported by a plastic container. Seeds were grown in a growth chamber at 28°C, as previous... | Results
Mapping of 36-bp reads to the rice genome
We performed rice transcriptome analysis at single-nucleotide resolution by using Illumina mRNA-Seq technology. Briefly, poly(A) RNAs from salinity stress-treated rice tissues were reverse-transcribed and sequenced (Table 1 ). Millions of 36-bp reads were mapped to the... | Discussion
Estimation of variation and abundance of whole transcripts in rice
How many reads are required to cover whole transcripts in the rice cell? As the number of reads increased, the cumulative coverage approached a plateau (Figure 1 ). We summed four technical replicates (Table 1 ). RPKM is widely used to calc... | Conclusions
Microarray-based gene expression profiling is limited to the analysis of annotated genes. In our mRNA-Seq analysis, unannotated salinity stress-inducible transcripts were identified on the basis of the piling up of mapped reads without reliance on gene annotation or FL-cDNA sequences. Some of these novel tr... | Background
Microarray technology is limited to monitoring the expression of previously annotated genes that have corresponding probes on the array. Computationally annotated genes have not fully been validated, because ESTs and full-length cDNAs cannot cover entire transcribed regions. Here, mRNA-Seq (an Illumina cDNA ... | Authors' contributions
HM, YO, and JW prepared plant materials, performed mRNA extraction and cDNA synthesis; HK, HY, and HI performed sequencing experiments and primary data analysis; YK, HS, HW, and TI performed data analysis; HM, YK, TI and TM designed the study; and HM wrote the manuscript. All authors read and app... | Acknowledgements
The authors thank F. Aota, K. Ohtsu, and K. Yamada for their technical assistance in sample preparation, and Dr. Y. Nagamura and R. Motoyama for their technical assistance in the microarray experiment. This work was supported by the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries of Japan (Genomics for... | CC BY | no | 2022-01-12 15:21:46 | BMC Genomics. 2010 Dec 2; 11:683 | oa_package/c0/36/PMC3016417.tar.gz |
PMC3016418 | 21129228 | Background
Integrated genetic and physical maps are extremely valuable resources for map-based gene cloning, comparative genome analysis, and sequencing and assembly of large and complex genomes. Screening bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) libraries is an indispensable step for integration of genetic and physical m... | Methods
Improved 5-D clone pooling strategy
As described in [ 9 ], a conventional 3-D grid pooling is used as part of our algorithm. This pooling strategy includes three different types of pools: plate pools (PP), clone row pools (RP) and clone column pools (CP). For PP, DNAs of 384 clones present in a plate are pooled... | Results
Clone deconvolution algorithm
Clone deconvolution identifies clone(s) that have a desired marker by analyzing information about pool intersections in a multi-dimensional BAC pooling design. The 5-D pooling strategy employing row-pools (RP), column-pools (CP), plate pools (PP), column super-pools (CSP), and row ... | Discussion
The new implementation of the 5-D clone pooling strategy employs the GoldenGate genotyping assay to screen BAC clones in 4 types of pools, RSP, CSP, RP and CP (four dimensions), which replace PCR screening and verification for positive plates in RSP and CSP and for positive clones in RP and CP in the previou... | Conclusions
A new implementation of 5-D BAC clone pooling strategy employing both the GoldenGate assay to screen BAC pools and the use of previously assembled BAC contigs is suggested. The implementation is shown to be a high-throughput, low cost, rapid, and feasible approach to screening BAC libraries and anchoring of... | Background
A five-dimensional (5-D) clone pooling strategy for screening of bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clones with molecular markers utilizing highly-parallel Illumina GoldenGate assays and PCR facilitates high-throughput BAC clone and BAC contig anchoring on a genetic map. However, this strategy occasionall... | Abbreviations
BAC: bacterial artificial chromosome; FPC: fingerprint contig; PCR: polymerase chain reaction; SNP: single nucleotide polymorphism; PP: plate pool; SP: super pool; CSP: column super pool; RSP: row super pool; CP: clone column pool; RP: clone row pool; 5-D: five dimensional; 6-D: six dimensional; TP: true ... | Acknowledgements
Authors are grateful to Alina. R. Akhunova for preparing BAC pools and Vanessa Rashbrook for performing the Illumina GoldenGate assays. This work is supported by the US National Sciences Foundation grant IOS 0701916. | CC BY | no | 2022-01-12 15:21:46 | BMC Genomics. 2010 Dec 6; 11:692 | oa_package/e2/f1/PMC3016418.tar.gz |
PMC3016419 | 21143916 | Background
Male infertility is becoming increasingly prevalent partly due to environmental factors, but many defects in sperm development arise from a genetic cause. Problems in the production and maturation of sperm are the most common causes of male infertility resulting in low sperm numbers, morphologically abnormal... | Methods
Animal material
Experimental material included 14 Finnish Yorkshire boars affected with KAD and 21 control boars. All affected boars were clinically examined and shown to display symptoms typical of the syndrome, but no other abnormalities. Sperm from affected and control boars was collected and the DNA obtaine... | Results
Microscopical analysis of the KAD
In the confocal laser scanning microscopy three-dimensional reconstructions of the spermatozoa with acrosomal granules indicated that the granules protruded on both sides and contained a vacuolum (Figure 1A ). TEM analyses confirmed the three-dimensional protrusion of the gran... | Discussion
While the results of homozygosity mapping of the KAD in a previous study [ 15 ] were not statistically significant, they did indicate the most probable positions of the KAD-associated chromosomal segments. In this study we confirmed the association between KAD and porcine chromosome 15. The initial genome sc... | Conclusions
In this study we demonstrate the exact KAD phenotype in mature sperm. In addition to the acrosome, the spermatid chromatin is also affected. We have located the homozygous region for KAD within 0.5 Mbp on porcine chromosome 15 containing two genes STK17b and HECW2 . The role of ubiquitination in chromati... | Background
Male infertility is an increasing problem in all domestic species including man. Localization and identification of genes involved in defects causing male infertility provide valuable information of specific events in sperm development. Correct condensation of the sperm head and development of the acrosome a... | Authors' contributions
AS carried out the molecular genetics studies, sequence alignments and drafted the manuscript. PU performed the statistical analysis and participated in drafting the manuscript. SN participated in the microscopical studies and contributed to drafting of the manuscript (microscopical studies). SP ... | Acknowledgements
Funding for this study was provided by the Finnish Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (Makera). The assistance of Tiina Jaakkola and Tarja Hovivuori in DNA extraction and Päivi Lahermo (Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, FIMM) in genotyping with PorcineSNP60 Genotyping BeadChip (Illumina) is ... | CC BY | no | 2022-01-12 15:21:46 | BMC Genomics. 2010 Dec 9; 11:699 | oa_package/06/da/PMC3016419.tar.gz |
PMC3016420 | 21159186 | Background
Rice ( Oryza sativa L.) is a staple food crop for about half of the world's population. In 2008, the total rice-harvested area and rough rice yield in the world were 155.7 million hectares and 661.8 million tons, respectively [International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) 2009]. However, the productivity of ... | Methods
Plant materials
The O. longistaminata accession IRGC 110404 (short name Xa21) was grown under nitrogen-limiting conditions in soil without nitrogen fertilizer in the phytotron in Bremen. The soil (from Camargue) had a low percentage of total nitrogen (0,229%) and a high C/N ratio (25.5). The roots and leaves ... | Results and Discussion
Sequencing and assembly of 454 pyrosequencing ESTs
In order to obtain transcripts of genes that might be required for growth under nutrient stress, O. longistaminata plants were clonally propagated and were adapted to low-nitrogen conditions in unfertilized soil for several months. Mature plant... | Results and Discussion
Sequencing and assembly of 454 pyrosequencing ESTs
In order to obtain transcripts of genes that might be required for growth under nutrient stress, O. longistaminata plants were clonally propagated and were adapted to low-nitrogen conditions in unfertilized soil for several months. Mature plant... | Conclusions
In this study, we present a large-scale EST dataset comprising 71,367 unique EST sequences derived from wild rice O. longistaminata by massively parallel pyrosequencing. Among them, 34,510 ESTs matched to known gene models, and 25,448 ESTs were annotated with GO terms. The comparative analysis between wil... | Background
Oryza longistaminata , an AA genome type (2 n = 24), originates from Africa and is closely related to Asian cultivated rice ( O. sativa L .). It contains various valuable traits with respect to tolerance to biotic and abiotic stress, QTLs with agronomically important traits and high ability to use nitrogen e... | Authors' contributions
HY carried out O. longistaminata root RNA isolation, RT-PCR and participated in sequence analyses, and drafted the manuscript; LH carried out Southern analysis and participated in sequence analyses; TH prepared the plant materials used in this study and co-designed the experiment; BR designed t... | Acknowledgements
This work was funded by a grant awarded by the BMBF (Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung) in the framework of GABI-FUTURE (no. 315068) to B. R.-H. and T. H. Grains from O. longistaminata were collected under the Research/Collection permit 1358/2009 and Export Permit 74439 by the Ministry of ... | CC BY | no | 2022-01-12 15:21:46 | BMC Genomics. 2010 Dec 15; 11:705 | oa_package/ba/31/PMC3016420.tar.gz |
PMC3016421 | 21182800 | Background
Sweetpotato ( Ipomoea batatas ) is a hexaploid (2n = 6x = 90) dicot and belongs to the family of Convolvulaceae . It is one of the world's important food crops, especially in developing countries. The tuberous roots of sweetpotato are usually used as staple food, animal feed, industrial material or raw mate... | Methods
Plant material and RNA extraction
Sweetpotato cultivar "Guangshu 87" was grown in the experimental station of the Crops Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China. Samples were collected from fibrous roots (diameter <0.5 cm), pencil roots (diameter 0.5-1.2 cm) and tuberous ... | Results
Illumina paired-end sequencing and de novo assembly
With the purpose of generating a broad survey of genes associated with tuberous root formation and development, RNA was extracted from fibrous roots, pencil roots and tuberous roots at three developmental stages. Using Illumina paired-end sequencing technolo... | Discussion
Illumina paired end sequencing and assembly
Transcriptome sequencing is one of the most important tools for gene discovery. However, large-scale EST sequencing using the traditional Sanger method is time-consuming and expensive. During the past several years, the NGS technology has become a tremendous approa... | Conclusion
In this study, in addition to the characterization of the root transcriptome of sweetpotato, we achieved some valuable resources for new gene discovery and cSSR marker development for further study. Many genes generated in the present study will certainly accelerate the understanding of the processes regulat... | Background
The tuberous root of sweetpotato is an important agricultural and biological organ. There are not sufficient transcriptomic and genomic data in public databases for understanding of the molecular mechanism underlying the tuberous root formation and development. Thus, high throughput transcriptome sequencing ... | Authors' contributions
ZYW conceived, organized and planned the research, contributed to RNA extraction and data analysis, and drafted the manuscript. BPF conceived this study and participated in design, coordination and manuscript preparation. JYC provided the plant material for transcriptome sequencing and participat... | Acknowledgements
We appreciate great advice and assistance on data analysis and comments from Dr. Xiaoping Chen. We would also like to thank the Beijing Genomics Institute now located in Shenzhen for assistance in raw data processing and related bioinformatics analysis. This work was supported by the earmarked fund for... | CC BY | no | 2022-01-12 15:21:46 | BMC Genomics. 2010 Dec 24; 11:726 | oa_package/b5/c8/PMC3016421.tar.gz |
PMC3016423 | 21246056 | Introduction
Traditionally, stem cells were thought to be located only in tissues where differentiated cells were most susceptible to loss and the need for replacement great, such as the skin [1] , intestinal epithelia [2] and the blood [3] . Since the adult central nervous system (CNS) was considered to lack a sig... | Materials and Methods
Ethics Statement
Animal studies were approved by the University of Florida Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC, Permit Number: 2008-01502) and the University of Queensland Animal Ethics Committee (UQAEC, Permit Number: QIMR-P1159).
The use of human samples in this study was approved... | Results
Thought experiment
Unlike the culturing and passaging of most lines where the majority of cells survive disaggregation and go on to proliferate until the culture becomes confluent, during passaging in the NSA, the majority (>90%) of the cells die or do not further proliferate. This is supported by the fact that... | Discussion
The discovery of stem cells in the mature mammalian nervous system opened the door to the design and development of therapeutics to replace cells lost to injury or disease [4] , [30] . Central to this approach is a detailed understanding of the mechanisms that drive NSC division and differentiation of thei... | Conceived and designed the experiments: LPD GE KB PB RLR BAR. Performed the experiments: LPD BJM. Analyzed the data: LPD GE BJM JAL AV RLR BAR. Wrote the paper: LPD GE RLR BAR.
Representing a renewable source for cell replacement, neural stem cells have received substantial attention in recent years. The neurosphere as... | Supporting Information | CC BY | no | 2022-01-13 08:14:23 | PLoS One. 2011 Jan 5; 6(1):e15844 | oa_package/85/eb/PMC3016423.tar.gz | ||
PMC3016440 | 21246057 | Introduction
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive cognitive impairment and, at the cellular level, by synaptic damage, intracellular neurofibrillary tangles and beta-amyloid precursor protein (βAPP) processing dysfunction that leads to overabundance of the 42 amino acid a... | Materials and Methods
Studies and procedures were performed according to National Institutes of Health and Canadian Council on Animal guidelines, and animal protocols were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee at the Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans (IACUC #2705, IBC#... | Results
DHA and NPD1 deficits in 3xTg-AD mouse hippocampus
DHA and NPD1 levels were assayed in the hippocampus of 3xTg-AD mice, harboring the PS1 (M146V), APP (Swe) and tau (P301L) human transgenes that model several human AD features [38] , [39] . DHA and NPD1 levels were analyzed using LC-PDA-ESI-MS-MS-based lipido... | Discussion
DHA partially counteracts cognitive decline in the elderly [11] . Moreover, omega-3 essential fatty acid-rich diets are associated with a trend in reduced risk for MCI and with MCI conversion to AD, whereas DHA has been shown to be beneficial in transgenic AD models [8] , [10] , [11] , [16] , [50] . Th... | Conceived and designed the experiments: YZ WJL NGB. Performed the experiments: YZ WJL. Analyzed the data: YZ WJL NGB. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: JWW CJ NAP FC. Wrote the paper: YZ WJL NGB.
Current address: University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
Neuroprot... | Supporting Information | We would like to thank Dr. Dennis Selkoe, Harvard Medical School (Boston, MA) for providing APP695wt plasmid; Dr. Todd Golde, Mayo Clinic (Jacksonville, FL) for providing the βAPP695 sw plasmid; and Dr. Ronald Evans at Salk Institute (San Diego, CA) for providing MH100-tk-luc and PPARγ-GAL4 plasmids. We also would lik... | CC BY | no | 2022-01-13 08:14:23 | PLoS One. 2011 Jan 5; 6(1):e15816 | oa_package/51/ba/PMC3016440.tar.gz | |
PMC3016441 | 21264334 | Introduction
There are many situations in which we would like to determine the haplotype composition of a polymorphic sample or population. However, while rapidly decreasing sequencing costs are making it feasible to accomplish this by simply sequencing large numbers of individual samples from the population (perhaps u... | Methods
PoolHap main algorithm
Assume we have h potential haplotypes and many SNPs in which we can choose n most informative bi-allelic SNPs (See next subsection on how we define and find informative SNPs). We model the SNP allele frequencies (observed in the assembly) as a dependent variable Y ; SNP alleles i... | Results
Inferring the frequencies of known haplotypes in a pooled sample of simulated Arabidopsis thaliana data
To examine how the performance of PoolHap depends on SNP number and sequencing coverage when haplotypes are known, we use simulations based on real sequencing data from A. thaliana , generated as part of t... | Discussion
As one can see from both the simulation and real data analysis, the algorithm works well for whole genome A. thaliana data. This is partially because of the fact that we have plenty of SNPs to be selected (which is the nature of whole genome resequencing). In case one does not have that many SNPs, the SNP-... | Performed the experiments: VN. Analyzed the data: QL. Wrote the paper: QL DCJ MN. Conceived the study: QL MN CTS. Designed the algorithm: QL KY ZN. Wrote the program: QL QZ.
With the advance of next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies, increasingly ambitious applications are becoming feasible. A particularly power... | We thank Emmanouil Dermitzakis for discussions, Andreas Sommera for sequencing, Petar Forai and Ümit Seren for IT support, and Michael Flanagan for his public available Java library ( http://www.ee.ucl.ac.uk/~mflanaga/java/ ). | CC BY | no | 2022-01-13 08:14:23 | PLoS One. 2011 Jan 5; 6(1):e15292 | oa_package/97/bf/PMC3016441.tar.gz | ||
PMC3016442 | 21143978 | Background
Osteoporosis affects over 200 million people worldwide [ 1 ], and the fractures it can cause represent a considerable financial burden to healthcare systems [ 2 - 6 ]. This challenge is compounded by an increasingly aging population [ 2 , 6 , 7 ], particularly since the clinical consequences of osteoporosis ... | Methods
To determine if the osteoporosis prototype meets the usability needs of all end users, a usability study was planned for each component of the tool: usability study 1 (the BestPROMPT); usability study 2 (the RAQ), and usability study 3 (the COPE sheet). All three studies were designed according to the usability... | Results
Usability study 1 (BestPROMPT)
Table 1 shows the characteristics of the 11 physicians (9 family physicians and 2 general internists; 46% between 46 and 55 years of age) who participated in the usability study. The mean overall System Usability Scale score was 80.5 (SD 9.5), which indicates a subjective global... | Discussion
The three components of the osteoporosis tool were evaluated in individual usability studies to determine how well the prototype met end users' needs, functional goals (features, format, content, navigation), and outcome impact goals ( e.g ., the use of the tool at the point of care). Of the three components... | Conclusions
Results from the three usability studies were used to make informed modifications and refinements to the osteoporosis tool prototype. Major challenges to point-of-care use of the tool were physicians' lack of time and that the tool might unintentionally disrupt the real reason for the visit. These challenge... | Background
Osteoporosis affects over 200 million people worldwide at a high cost to healthcare systems. Although guidelines are available, patients are not receiving appropriate diagnostic testing or treatment. Findings from a systematic review of osteoporosis interventions and a series of focus groups were used to dev... | Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors' contributions
All authors participated in the design of the study. MK and CM conducted the usability testing sessions. MK, CM, and SES performed the analysis. MK drafted the manuscript, and all authors read and approved the final ma... | CC BY | no | 2022-01-12 15:21:46 | Implement Sci. 2010 Dec 10; 5:96 | oa_package/6d/64/PMC3016442.tar.gz | |
PMC3016470 | 21234139 | INTRODUCTION
The treatment of acute appendicitis remained essentially unchanged since its first description by Charles Mc’burney in 1889 before the New York surgical society.[ 1 ] Appendicectomy by Mc’burneys incision remained the procedure of choice for nearly a century until 1983 when Kurt Semm offered an alternative... | MATERIAL AND METHODS
This prospective study was carried out over a twelve-month period and included patients with the clinical diagnosis of acute appendicitis. The patients were divided into two groups. The first group included patients undergoing laparoscopic appendicectomy (LA) and the second group included patients ... | RESULTS
Two hundred seventy nine patients were included in the study of which one hundred patients underwent laparoscopic appendicectomy (35.8%) while one hundred seventy- nine patients underwent open appendicectomy (64.1%).
Eight patients were excluded from the study because of contraindication to creation of carbon d... | DISCUSSION
The results of the present study are in keeping with several previous studies where laparoscopic appendicectomy has been shown to be both feasible and safe in comparison with open appendicectomy.[ 1 – 12 ] In addition to improved diagnostic accuracy, laparoscopic appendecectomy confers advantages in terms of... | Background:
Laparoscopic appendicectomy though widely practiced has not gained universal approval. Laparoscopic appendicectomy in India is relatively new and the literature is scant. This study was aimed to compare laparoscopic with open appendicectomy and ascertain the therapeutic benefit, if any, in the overall manag... | Help of Dr B. B. Mukhopadhyay, MSc, Phd, Sr. Lecturer, Dept. of Community Medicine, BMC&H, Burdwan in carrying out the data base analysis is acknowledged. | CC BY | no | 2022-01-12 15:21:46 | J Minim Access Surg. 2005 Mar; 1(1):15-20 | oa_package/32/c4/PMC3016470.tar.gz | ||
PMC3016471 | 21234140 | INTRODUCTION
Gastro-Esophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) is one of the most common chronic disorders of the gastrointestinal tract. An estimated thirty per cent of the general population experience heartburn or acid regurgitation at least once a month.[ 1 ] Approximately 10-20% of these patients present with complications ... | MATERIAL AND METHODS
Study population
Twenty-one consecutive patients with documented GERD and non-dysplastic Barrett’s oesophagus who underwent Laparoscopic Nissen Fundoplication (LNF) between 1993 and 2000 were reviewed. A diagnosis of GERD was based on endoscopy, 24hr pH study and manometry findings. Barrett’s oesop... | RESULTS
Indication for surgery
The 21 subjects included 13 males and 8 females with mean age of 46.8±3.18 years.
The mean duration of GERD symptoms prior to surgery was 8.4 ± 1.54 years. The mean esophageal acid exposure was 26.5 ± 3.91%. Upper GI endoscopy showed 15 patients with Barrett’s segment ≥3 cm and 6 patients... | DISCUSSION
The goal of medical and surgical treatment of Barrett’s oesophagus is to provide long-term relief of GERD symptoms, control esophagitis, and hopefully prevent progression of Barrett’s mucosa that may lead to esophageal adenocarcinoma.
Clinical studies have shown that PPI therapy prevents acid reflux and fast... | Introduction:
Recent studies have suggested that both laparoscopic and open anti-reflux surgery may produce regression of Barrett’s mucosa.
Material and methods;
We reviewed 21 patients (13M: 8F, mean age 46.7±3.18 years) with documented Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) and Non-dysplastic Barrett’s esophagus (15 ... | CC BY | no | 2022-01-12 15:21:46 | J Minim Access Surg. 2005 Mar; 1(1):21-28 | oa_package/cf/6c/PMC3016471.tar.gz | |||
PMC3016472 | 21234141 | INTRODUCTION
Since the initial successful application of laparoscopic technique to resection of the colon by Jacobs and Fowler, this approach has been used fairly widely by several groups. With the maturity of surgical skills, refinements in instrumentation and availability of newer energy sources laparoscopic colorect... | MATERIAL AND METHODS
Patient Selection
One hundred and seventy eight patients with colorectal cancer operated between September 2001 and September 2002 by laparoscopic approach or open surgery were included in the study. The inclusion criteria were: 1) age: from 18 to 75 years old; 2) curative resection: 18 cases that ... | RESULTS
Both the groups were well matched for age, location and size of tumour and Duke’s stage ( P > 0.05) ( Table 1 ). In the laparoscopic group, 45 cases were completed totally laparoscopically by a hand-assisted laparoscopic operation. Two cases were converted to open procedure due to the dense adhesions.
In the L... | DISCUSSION
The advantages of laparoscopic surgery such as smaller incisions, reduced bleeding, quicker recovery and fewer complications have been well established. With the application of ultrasonic shears, endoscopic staplers and other instruments as also with maturing of the surgical skills minimally invasive surgery... | Aim:
This study aimed to assess the safety and feasibility of laparoscopic curative resection for colorectal cancer through the clinical practice and basic research.
Material and Methods:
From September 2001 to September 2002, 47 patients with colorectal cancer were treated using laparoscopic approach, compared with 11... | CC BY | no | 2022-01-12 15:21:46 | J Minim Access Surg. 2005 Mar; 1(1):29-33 | oa_package/c7/63/PMC3016472.tar.gz | |||
PMC3016473 | 21234136 | Is there any rationale or even requirement for yet another journal devoted to Minimal Access Surgery (MAS)? MAS is snowballing with the volume and speed of an avalanche and is already well served by excellent, established Journals whose monthly contribution to MAS is so diverse and extensive, that any surgeon would be ... | CC BY | no | 2022-01-12 15:21:46 | J Minim Access Surg. 2005 Mar; 1(1):3-4 | oa_package/6c/fd/PMC3016473.tar.gz | |||||||
PMC3016474 | 21234142 | INTRODUCTION
The incidence of retained or recurrent calculi in the biliary tree following cholecystectomy is between 1.1% and 7%.[ 1 ] Management depends on the location of the calculi within the biliary tree, and retained calculi in the cystic duct remnant are highly unusual. A cystic duct remnant calculus causing Mir... | DISCUSSION
In 1948 Mirizzi described how calculi in the cystic duct or gall bladder infundibulum cause extrinsic compression of the common hepatic duct.[ 5 ] The eponymous syndrome has since been identified in 0.7-1.4% of all patients undergoing cholecystectomy.[ 6 ]
Gallstone impaction in Hartmann’s pouch or the cysti... | CONCLUSIONS
Retained cystic duct remnant stones are a rare cause of Mirizzi syndrome. Although it was fortunate in this case that endoscopic management was successful, cystic duct remnant calculi are probably best managed via an open procedure. In this case it was fortuitous that endoscopic retrieval was possible. Post... | Various strategies have been proposed for the management of retained calculi within the biliary tree following cholecystectomy. We present a unique case of a cystic duct remnant calculus causing Mirizzi syndrome, only the fourth such case of its kind. An open procedure was planned, however the calculus was eventually e... | CASE REPORT
A 36-year-old woman presented with a two-day history of epigastric pain, nausea and vomiting. One year previously she underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy for recurrent biliary pain. Gall bladder histology demonstrated chronic inflammatory changes and fragmented gallstones, but no complete calculi.
Physic... | CC BY | no | 2022-01-12 15:21:46 | J Minim Access Surg. 2005 Mar; 1(1):34-36 | oa_package/49/94/PMC3016474.tar.gz | |||
PMC3016475 | 21234143 | INTRODUCTION
Laparoscopy is used as minimal access surgery for colorectal cancer and liver tumours.[ 1 ] Herein, we describe a case of colon cancer and synchronous liver metastasis in which both tumours were treated laparoscopically. | DISCUSSION
Laparoscopic surgery has become a standard technique for the treatment of benign diseases. Further development of instruments and techniques has made it possible to apply laparoscopic surgery to malignant diseases.[ 3 ] To our knowledge, this is the first report of laparoscopic resection of both primary tumo... | We report herein the case of 70-year-old woman in whom colon cancer and a synchronous metastatic liver tumour were successfully resected laparoscopically. The tumours were treated in two stages. Both postoperative courses were uneventful, and there has been no recurrence during the 8 months since the second procedure. | CASE REPORT
A 70-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital with a diagnosis of cancer of the sigmoid colon. Barium enema showed an encircling mass in the sigmoid colon ( Figure 1 ). Computed tomography (CT) revealed a low-density area in the left lateral segment of the liver ( Figure 2 ). Liver function was normal, a... | CC BY | no | 2022-01-12 15:21:46 | J Minim Access Surg. 2005 Mar; 1(1):37-38 | oa_package/04/a2/PMC3016475.tar.gz | ||||
PMC3016476 | 21234144 | A 40-year-old female presented with recurrent upper abdominal pain immediately after taking food. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy revealed a gastric diverticulum (GD) measuring 3 cm × 3 cm on the anterior wall near the pylorus presenting as a ‘double pylorus’ ( Figure 1 ). GD are one of the most rare and controversial... | CC BY | no | 2022-01-12 15:21:46 | J Minim Access Surg. 2005 Mar; 1(1):39 | oa_package/e2/69/PMC3016476.tar.gz | |||||||
PMC3016477 | 21234137 | There has been an alarming increase in the incidence of oesophageal adenocarcinoma in Europe and America and a similar epidemiological trend is likely in Asia. A well-defined morphological sequence in the pathogenesis of oesophageal carcinoma has been recognised, with the serial development of specialised intestinal me... | CC BY | no | 2022-01-12 15:21:46 | J Minim Access Surg. 2005 Mar; 1(1):5-7 | oa_package/b4/2f/PMC3016477.tar.gz | |||||||
PMC3016478 | 21234138 | INTRODUCTION
Thoracoscopy in children initially was proposed as a method of obtaining pulmonary biopsy specimens in immunocompromised patients. With further refinements in the technique and development of better instrumentation, the scope has widened tremendously with more complicated procedures like PDA ligation, thym... | Methods to improve oxygenation
High FiO 2 —first line of therapy in c/o hypoxemia Tidal volume—8-12 ml/kg to the ventilated lung prevents atelectasis Airway pressure if too high—Tidal volume may be decreased and respiratory rate increased. CPAP to the operative lung PEEP to the ventilated lung[ 6 ] High frequency jet... | CONCLUSION
In conclusion, minimal access surgery does not mean minimally invasive anaesthesia. A thorough knowledge of the physiology of one lung ventilation, meticulous planning, continuous vigilance to detect any untoward event at the earliest and good communication between the anaesthesiology and surgical teams all ... | Anaesthetic care during thoracic surgical procedures in children combines components of the knowledge bases of paediatric anaesthesia with those of thoracic anaesthesia. This article highlights the principles of anaesthesia during thoracoscopic surgery in children including preoperative evaluation, anaesthetic inductio... | PRE-OPERATIVE EVALUATION
Patients presenting for thoracoscopic surgery should undergo a similar preoperative evaluation to those presenting for open thoracotomy with special emphasis on the degree of pulmonary and cardiac dysfunction. It is customary to obtain a complete history, physical examination and the following ... | The authors thank Dr. Uday Bhat, Associate Professor, Department of Plastic Surgery for the excellent schematic diagrams. | CC BY | no | 2022-01-12 15:21:46 | J Minim Access Surg. 2005 Mar; 1(1):8-14 | oa_package/59/17/PMC3016478.tar.gz | ||
PMC3016479 | 21234145 | It was a privilege to be able to review the article, “Laparoscopic reversal of Hartmann procedure” prior to its publication. The findings discussed are very similar to our early experience using the laparoscopic approach to reversing a colostomy.
The Hartmann procedure remains a standard operation for left-sided colon ... | CC BY | no | 2022-01-12 15:21:46 | J Minim Access Surg. 2006 Dec; 2(4):201-202 | oa_package/09/bb/PMC3016479.tar.gz | |||||||
PMC3016480 | 21234146 | Minimally invasive surgery has been one of the most important surgical innovations over the last 15 years. In 1990, not only was the first laparoscopic sigmoid resection described, but also the first laparoscopic anterior rectal resection, the first laparoscopic right hemicolectomy and the first laparoscopic stoma crea... | CC BY | no | 2022-01-12 15:21:46 | J Minim Access Surg. 2006 Dec; 2(4):203-204 | oa_package/40/b5/PMC3016480.tar.gz | |||||||
PMC3016481 | 21234147 | RESULTS
Extent of oncological resection in laparoscopy versus open surgery
The most important aspect if the feasibility of laparoscopy has to be assessed in case of colorectal malignancies is to unconditionally prove that the oncological resection, i.e., the margins of resection - proximal, distal and circumferential a... | CONCLUSION
According to the data available, laparoscopic surgery definitely appears to have a role in colonic malignancies. The short-term and long-term outcomes clearly favor this approach. It should be realized, though, that the benefits of laparoscopic surgery can be obtained only when performed by persons trained i... | Laparoscopy was introduced more than 15 years ago into clinical practice. However, its role in colorectal surgery was not well established for want of better skills and technology. This coupled with high incidences of port site recurrences, prevented laparoscopic surgery from being incorporated into mainstream colorect... | The morbidity and mortality associated with surgical procedures performed on the colon and rectum have plagued surgeons since time immemorial. As surgeons began to perform open colorectal surgery with increasing confidence these very same problems assumed high significance until the principles of antisepsis and the ref... | CC BY | no | 2022-01-12 15:21:46 | J Minim Access Surg. 2006 Dec; 2(4):205-210 | oa_package/1d/40/PMC3016481.tar.gz | ||||
PMC3016482 | 21234148 | INTRODUCTION
The indications for the Hartmann procedure are greatly reduced in recent years due to changing trend in the management of acute diverticular disease by primary anastomosis, the main indications being intra-abdominal sepsis, trauma, volvulus and malignancy. Although done as a temporary procedure, the revers... | MATERIALS AND METHODS
Between July 2002 and October 2005, the reversal of Hartmann procedure was performed in 15 patients. With our increasing experience in advanced laparoscopic surgery, the laparoscopic reversal of Hartmann procedure was attempted in 12 consecutive patients. Among the laparoscopy group, there were 8 ... | RESULTS
There was no anastomotic dehiscence, postoperative complications and mortality. Two patients in whom the procedure could not be completed laparoscopically were converted to open. No patient required blood transfusion during the surgery. Patients were allowed clear fluids from the second postoperative day. The n... | DISCUSSION
The Hartmann procedure is usually done as a temporary emergency procedure for the left-sided colonic pathology when conditions are not ideal for a primary anastomosis. It is a fast and safer operation in adverse general status and local abdominal conditions. A large number of these patients have associated m... | CONCLUSION
The reversal of Hartmann procedure can be difficult due tendency of Hartmann segment to become densely adherent deep in the pelvis. The laparoscopic reversal has made this major operation easier, safe and practical. As a majority of these patients is in the elderly age group, it has the advantage of early mo... | Background:
The Hartmann procedure is a standard life-saving operation for acute left colonic complications. It is usually performed as a temporary procedure with the intent to reverse it later on. This reversal is associated with considerable morbidity and mortality by open method. The laparoscopic reestablishment of ... | CC BY | no | 2022-01-12 15:21:46 | J Minim Access Surg. 2006 Dec; 2(4):211-215 | oa_package/ec/3b/PMC3016482.tar.gz | ||
PMC3016483 | 21234149 | INTRODUCTION
Ever since its entry more than two decades ago, minimal access surgery (MAS) introduced a sweeping revolution in surgical practice. Worldwide, the volume of MAS procedures has rapidly increased in recent years and consequently, recent general surgery graduates are seeking MAS fellowships in record numbers.... | MATERIALS AND METHODS
The global objective of this paper is to review from the “Fellow” perspective, the current status of pediatric minimal access surgery in terms of teaching feasibility, safety and impact on standard practice paradigms of a single institution. The Alberta Children’s Hospital is a pediatric tertiary ... | RESULTS
A total of 314 MAS procedures were performed in 311 patients, of which 56 were thoracoscopic and 258 laparoscopic [ Table 1 ]. The range included 28 different procedures with an overall conversion rate of 3.5% (1.78% in thoracoscopic and 3.87% in laparoscopic procedures).
The great majority (90.32%) of relevant... | DISCUSSION
Various workshops have been developed in adult MAS training programs. Computer-generated virtual reality systems allow sensory interaction and provide “hand-eye coordination” models which are especially useful for self-assessment in simulation-based surgical skills training.[ 3 4 ] The reliability and validi... | The global objective of this paper is to review from the “Fellow” perspective, the current status of pediatric minimal access surgery (MAS) in terms of teaching feasibility, safety and impact on standard practice paradigms. In the pediatric general surgery field, surgeons are dealing with a wide range of pathology that... | CC BY | no | 2022-01-12 15:21:46 | J Minim Access Surg. 2006 Dec; 2(4):216-219 | oa_package/6f/e2/PMC3016483.tar.gz | |||
PMC3016484 | 21234150 | INTRODUCTION
The situs anomalies are rare congenital defects and may go unrecognized until incidentally detected during imaging for unrelated conditions or during emergency surgery. Laparoscopy is indicated in these patients, as the clinical and imaging findings can be confusing in conjunction with acquired diseases. T... | DISCUSSION
The incidence of situs anomalies reported in the literature, varies from 0.001 to 0.01% in the general population. The overlapping features of some situs anomalies and the presence of acute acquired diseases may result in confusing imaging findings. Diagnosis of acute disease processes is challenging in thes... | Situs inversus is often detected incidentally in adults during imaging for a acute surgical emergency. We present a case of acute appendicitis in an adult who was previously unaware about his situs anomaly. A laparoscopic approach is helpful to deal with this condition. A 40 year old man was admitted with history of ac... | CASE REPORT
A 40 year old man was admitted with history of left lower abdominal pain, fever and vomiting for the past two days. On examination, he was febrile with a temperature of 38.3°C and moderately dehydrated. There was tenderness with rebound tenderness in the left iliac fossa. Clinically he was diagnosed as acut... | CC BY | no | 2022-01-12 15:21:46 | J Minim Access Surg. 2006 Dec; 2(4):220-221 | oa_package/05/03/PMC3016484.tar.gz | ||||
PMC3016485 | 21234151 | INTRODUCTION
Surgeons are aware of the adverse physiological effects of a prolonged retro- and pneumo-peritoneum for minimally invasive procedures. However, far less is known about the clinical implications of compromised mesenteric circulation, especially in patients with severe atheromatosis.
We report the case of an... | DISCUSSION
Experimental studies have shown that the elevation of intra-abdominal pressure by gas insufflation leads to hemodynamic alteration of the peritoneal viscera and may produce splanchnic ischemia. Although the adverse physiological effects of pneumo-peritoneum are well understood, the clinical implications of c... | The adverse physiological effects of pneumo and retro-peritoneum are relatively well known. However, the clinical implications of compromised mesenteric circulation through several mechanical and physiological mechanisms are not as well recognized. We describe a fatal case of intestinal infarction following an elective... | CASE REPORT
An 88-year-old man was admitted to the hospital for an elective right retroperitoneoscopic lumbar sympathectomy for a right limb stage III (Leriche-Fontaine) arteriopathy. Two years before, the patient had been operated for a bilateral carotid endoarteriotomy and for an over knee right arterial bypass.
He u... | CC BY | no | 2022-01-12 15:21:46 | J Minim Access Surg. 2006 Dec; 2(4):222-223 | oa_package/d1/93/PMC3016485.tar.gz | ||||
PMC3016486 | 21234152 | INTRODUCTION
Heterotopic pancreas (HP) is defined as pancreatic tissue found outside the ectopic pancreas without any anatomic or vascular connections between them.[ 1 ] Gastric antrum and prepyloric region form common sites for HP. The gastric heterotopic pancreas is often asymptomatic. Rarely, it may cause recurrent ... | DISCUSSION
The estimated incidence of HP is 1 per 500 upper abdominal operations and between 0.6 and 14.0% in autopsy cases.[ 1 2 ] More frequently, these lesions are detected accidentally during routine endoscopic study or exploratory laparotomy. Gastric lesions are located in the gastric antrum (85 to 95%), along the... | Heterotopic pancreas is a rare condition and its diagnosis is often difficult. Traditionally the condition is treated by open surgery. We report two young women with symptomatic heterotopic pancreas located in the prepyloric region. In the first patient, upper gastrointestinal endoscopy identified a round sessile lesio... | CASE REPORTS
Case 1
A 28-year-old woman with past history of recurrent attacks of epigastric pain and progressive dyspeptic symptoms was admitted with a bout of hematemesis. General and abdominal examinations were unremarkable. Blood count and liver function tests were normal. An upper gastrointestinal endoscopy reveal... | CC BY | no | 2022-01-12 15:21:46 | J Minim Access Surg. 2006 Dec; 2(4):224-226 | oa_package/dd/15/PMC3016486.tar.gz | ||||
PMC3016487 | 21234153 | Originally this was to be an article about a single surgeon’s experience of minimally invasive thoracic surgery; a balanced mixture of an essay and a short state-of-the-art review was planned. It was intended to have a ‘ quo vadis - where to go from here’ - red tag. Experience obtained from a series of endless postgrad... | CC BY | no | 2022-01-12 15:21:46 | J Minim Access Surg. 2006 Dec; 2(4):227-230 | oa_package/c2/5e/PMC3016487.tar.gz | |||||||
PMC3016496 | 20339179 | MATERIALS AND METHODS
In this study the files of 336 patients who underwent LC at the King Hussein Medical Center (KHMC) over four years between January 2002 and December 2006 were collected and analyzed. The cases were evenly distributed over the four years. The patients’ ages ranged from 20 to 60 years; 84 were males... | RESULTS
Of the 336 patients, 252 (75%) were women and 84 (25%) were men [ Table 1 ].
Complications occurred in 22 (6.5%) patients; two (9.1%) had major complications and 20 (88.9%) patients had minor complications [ Table 2 ], the latter included twelve minor wound infections (54.5% - all female), biliary leaks in 13.7... | DISCUSSION
Carl Langenbuch performed the first open cholecystectomy in 1882.[ 5 ] As surgeons gained more experience and open biliary operations became standardized, the incidence of bile duct injuries reduced to approximately 0.125%.[ 6 7 ] Open cholecystectomy remained the gold standard for treatment of cholelithiasi... | CONCLUSION
Bile duct injuries are a rare complication of both open cholecystectomy and LC. It can have devastating effects, turning the individual into a “biliary cripple”. They mainly result from anatomical anomalies and errors of human judgment and are thus preventable to some extent. The costs are reduced and outcom... | Background/Aim:
This study aimed at assessing the outcome of laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) by determining the frequency of complications, especially of bile duct injuries.
Materials and Methods:
The case files of all patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy between 2002 and 2006 (inclusive) at King Hussein... | Operative bile duct injury is one of the serious complications of hepatobiliary surgery. With the introduction of laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) there has been an increase in the incidence of such injuries.[ 1 – 4 ] This study was designed to help surgeons in their attempts to prevent undesirable outcomes. | CC BY | no | 2022-01-12 15:22:09 | Saudi J Gastroenterol. 2010 Apr; 16(2):100-104 | oa_package/c2/c8/PMC3016496.tar.gz | ||
PMC3016497 | 20339180 | MATERIALS AND METHODS
We retrospectively analyzed sex, age, clinical presentations, duplication size and site, presence of ectopic tissue, complications, additional associated anomalies and prognosis in seven patients with ED managed in our hospital (2005–2008 inclusive). Radiological work-up of each patient was also a... | RESULTS
The patients’ age range varied between 44 hours–10 years at presentation. Five patients were male. There were eight ED, four (50%) of which were ileal duplication [ Table 1 ]. Abdominal swelling and vomiting, a characteristic feature of intestinal obstruction was the most common presentation. The duplication ty... | DISCUSSION
ED, an uncommon malformation of the gastrointestinal tract, may be asymptomatic or presents with vague symptoms mimicking other more common pathologies such as intussusception, volvulus, appendicitis, pelvic abscess, diverticulitis, achalasia, and Hirschsprung's disease.[ 1 2 4 – 17 ] It is most commonly dia... | CONCLUSION
ED exists in our environment and demands a high index of suspicion and careful clinical management. Many cases of nonspecific abdominal pains should be properly reviewed and investigated before patients suffer avoidable complications. | Background/Aim:
Enteric duplication (ED) is a rare congenital anomaly that can occur anywhere along the alimentary tract from the mouth, down to the anus and the nearby organs. This uncommon anomaly may be asymptomatic or presents with vague symptoms mimicking other common pathologies. We aim to present our experience,... | Enteric duplication (ED) is a rare congenital anomaly that can occur anywhere along the length of the alimentary tract from the mouth down to the anus and the nearby organs.[ 1 – 7 ] Overall, ileum is the most common site of occurrence.[ 1 – 7 ]
The pathogenesis is still vaguely understood. However, errors in normal em... | CC BY | no | 2022-01-12 15:21:46 | Saudi J Gastroenterol. 2010 Apr; 16(2):105-109 | oa_package/b3/23/PMC3016497.tar.gz | ||
PMC3016498 | 20339181 | PATIENTS AND METHODS
We conducted a case-control study on patients being referred to the gastroenterology clinic of Imam Hossein Hospital in Tehran, Iran in 2004. All the patients chosen were being evaluated for H. pylori infection. Patients who had a history of PPI, H2 receptor antagonist, warfarin, fluoxetin, or st... | RESULTS
A total of 210 patients were studied including 70 with a negative RUT test and a history of consumption of a variety of NSAIDs (case group), 70 with a negative RUT test and no history of NSAID use (control group), and 70 with a positive RUT test. Of the 70 patients with a positive RUT, 38 had no history of NSAI... | DISCUSSION
The RUT test is widely used in diagnosis of H. pylori infection around the world due to a number of accompanying advantages, including less expense and more rapid results compared to histology or culture. Further, RUT has been shown to have high sensitivity, specificity and clinical accuracy. Said et al. ... | CONCLUSION
Our study results show that NSAID use does not give false negative results in RUT; hence it is not necessary to stop NSAIDs before RUT. | Background/Aim:
This study aimed to determine the effect of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) on the results of rapid urease test (RUT).
Patients and Methods:
The study evaluated 210 consecutive patients for the diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection. They were divided into case and contro... | Helicobacter pylori ( H. pylori ) is a spiral, gram negative, microaerophilic, urease producing organism that lies in the interface between the gastric epithelial cell surface and overlying mucus gel.
The prevalence of H. pylori varies greatly in different parts of the world. It ranges from 8.9 to 72.8% among chil... | The authors would like to thank Farzan Institute for Research and Technology for technical assistance. | CC BY | no | 2022-01-12 15:21:46 | Saudi J Gastroenterol. 2010 Apr; 16(2):110-112 | oa_package/72/1b/PMC3016498.tar.gz | |
PMC3016499 | 20339182 | DISCUSSION
Mycobacterium fortuitum is a nontuberculous mycobacterium that is classified according to the Runyon grouping as rapidly growing mycobacteria (Runyon group IV). As the name implies, these types of organisms can be grown in culture and identified in less than seven days.[ 10 ] It was first described by Cruz ... | CONCLUSION
There is a need to consider Mycobacterium fortuitum as a cause of postsurgical peritonitis and not just as a contaminant, do appropriate investigations and institute the right treatment. Current guidelines recommend susceptibility testing of all isolates, with use of empirical antibiotics suggested until d... | Mycobacterium fortuitum is a rapid growing nontuberculous organism that has rarely been associated with peritonitis in an otherwise healthy host. We describe a patient who developed peritonitis due to the organism after gastric banding operation, which resolved after removal of the gastric band and institution of appr... | Mycobacterium fortuitum is a ubiquitous, rapidly growing organism that is readily cultured from soil, tap water, dust, and hospital environment.[ 1 2 ] When isolated from human sources (especially from the upper respiratory tract) usually reflects transient colonization rather than infection,[ 3 ] but it can cause ski... | CC BY | no | 2022-01-12 15:21:46 | Saudi J Gastroenterol. 2010 Apr; 16(2):113-115 | oa_package/4c/48/PMC3016499.tar.gz | ||||
PMC3016500 | 20339183 | DISCUSSION
Cavernous hemangiomas are the most common benign neoplasm of liver and are often incidentally detected during abdominal imaging done for unrelated clinical indications.[ 4 ] Most of them are small and asymptomatic and do not require any intervention. Giant hemangiomas are the ones that are larger than 4 cm i... | Hemangioma is the most common benign tumor of liver and is often asymptomatic. Spontaneous rupture is rare but has a catastrophic outcome if not promptly managed. Emergent hepatic resection has been the treatment of choice but has high operative mortality. Preoperative transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) can sign... | Liver hemangiomas have prevalence between 0.4–7.4% in autopsy studies.[ 1 ] One of the uncommon (1–4%) but often fatal complications is rupture of the tumor with hemoperitoneum, which has a high mortality rate ranging from 60–75%.[ 1 2 ] In a recent review of literature, the operative mortality rate of ruptured hemangi... | CC BY | no | 2022-01-12 15:21:46 | Saudi J Gastroenterol. 2010 Apr; 16(2):116-119 | oa_package/e6/fc/PMC3016500.tar.gz | |||||
PMC3016501 | 20339184 | DISCUSSION
Percutaneous endoscopic colostomy (PEC) has been used in other conditions[ 6 – 8 ] such as acute colonic pseudo-obstruction and fecal constipation. The few contraindications to PEC are similar to PEG and include, patients who are unfit for endoscopy; inability to pass the colonoscope; failure to transillumin... | Sigmoid volvulus is a common cause of large bowel obstruction in western countries and Africa. It accounts for 25% of the patients admitted to the hospital for large bowel obstruction. The acute management of sigmoid volvulus is sigmoidoscopic decompression. However, the recurrence rate can be as high as 60% in some se... | Sigmoid volvulus is a common cause of large bowel obstruction in western countries and Africa. It accounts for 25% of the patients with large bowel obstruction (LBO) admitted to the hospital. The acute management of sigmoid volvulus is sigmoidoscopic decompression. However, the recurrence rate can be as high as 60% in ... | CC BY | no | 2022-01-12 15:21:46 | Saudi J Gastroenterol. 2010 Apr; 16(2):120-121 | oa_package/ce/23/PMC3016501.tar.gz | |||||
PMC3016502 | 20339186 | Sir,
I read with great interest the article written by Dr. Gamal Khairy[ 1 ] titled ‘Acute Appendicitis: Is Removal of a Normal Appendix Still Existing and Can We Reduce Its Rate?’ published in the Jul-Sep 2009 issue of the Saudi Journal of Gastroenterology. The author highlights the importance of clinically based diag... | CC BY | no | 2022-01-12 15:21:46 | Saudi J Gastroenterol. 2010 Apr; 16(2):122a | oa_package/28/41/PMC3016502.tar.gz | |||||||
PMC3016503 | 20339185 | Sir,
Anatomical variation of the Hepatic Artery (HA) is seen in 20.4% of liver donors. The common variations include a replaced or an accessory right HA originating from the superior mesenteric artery (6.67%) and a replaced or an accessory left HA originating from the left gastric artery (6.41%).[ 1 ]
A 46-year-old mal... | CC BY | no | 2022-01-12 15:21:46 | Saudi J Gastroenterol. 2010 Apr; 16(2):122b-123 | oa_package/7f/3b/PMC3016503.tar.gz | |||||||
PMC3016504 | 20339187 | CONCLUSION
The ideal test for liver histologic assessment should have high sensitivity and specificity, be relatively inexpensive, incur minimal risk for the patient and be convenient to perform with reproducible and easily interpreted results. LB entails significant complications toward liver histologic assessment. It... | Percutaneous liver biopsy (LB) remains an important tool in the diagnosis and management of parenchymal liver diseases. In current practice, it is most frequently performed to assess the inflammatory grade and fibrotic stage of commonly encountered liver diseases, with the diagnostic role relegated to secondary importa... | Liver biopsy (LB) is an important diagnostic tool that assists determination of specific diagnoses and directs therapeutic decisions in patients with acute and chronic liver diseases. Over one hundred years ago, Paul Ehrlich introduced the procedure as a means of studying liver histology.[ 1 ] Since then LB has gained ... | CC BY | no | 2022-01-12 15:21:46 | Saudi J Gastroenterol. 2010 Apr; 16(2):124-132 | oa_package/9f/2b/PMC3016504.tar.gz | |||||
PMC3016505 | 20339188 | Liver biopsy (LB) is the gold standard method for assessment of liver histology. It provides valuable, otherwise unobtainable information, regarding the degree of fibrosis, parenchymal integrity, degree and pattern of inflammation, bile duct status and deposition of materials and minerals in the liver. This information... | Most liver diseases are usually silent except in the extremes of presentation; i.e. the clinical presentation of acute hepatitis or liver failure, and in-between exist a large spectrum of relatively silent chronic hepatitis due to different etiologies and pathophysiological processes.
Laboratory and radiological invest... | CC BY | no | 2022-01-12 15:21:47 | Saudi J Gastroenterol. 2010 Apr; 16(2):133-139 | oa_package/f1/a4/PMC3016505.tar.gz | ||||||
PMC3016506 | 20339189 | The patient, a 20-year-old obese male, complained of epigastric pain of two years duration with no associated nausea or vomiting. He underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy in a local hospital and received treatment for H. pylori infection, with no significant improvement. He was referred to King Faisal Specialist... | CC BY | no | 2022-01-12 15:21:47 | Saudi J Gastroenterol. 2010 Apr; 16(2):140-141 | oa_package/5a/d5/PMC3016506.tar.gz | |||||||
PMC3016507 | 20339172 | Pylorus preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy (PPPD) was first popularized by Traverso and Longmire in 1978.[ 1 ] Proponents of this technique believe that it decreases the incidence of post-gastrectomy complications with overall improvements in long-term gastrointestinal function, when compared to classic pancreaticoduod... | CC BY | no | 2022-01-12 15:21:47 | Saudi J Gastroenterol. 2010 Apr; 16(2):65 | oa_package/4b/aa/PMC3016507.tar.gz | |||||||
PMC3016508 | 20339173 | CONCLUSION
PIDs have a variety of manifestations, some of which involve the GI and hepatobiliary systems. Infectious and noninfectious GI and hepatic complications pose high risk of morbidity in patients with PIDs. Health care professionals specialized in gastroenterology are not usually involved in the presentation an... | Primary immune deficiency diseases (PIDs) are a heterogeneous group of inherited diseases characterized by variable genetic immune defects, conferring susceptibility to recurrent infections. They have a vast array of manifestations some of which involve the gastrointestinal and hepatobiliary systems. These complication... | Primary immune deficiency diseases (PIDs) are a heterogeneous group of inherited disorders with unique genetic defects in the immune system. They confer susceptibility to recurrent infections with virulent and non- virulent organisms. In addition to infections, they have a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations inclu... | The author thanks Dr. Mosa Fagih, from the Department of Pathology at King Faisal Specialist Hospital, for his valuable comments on the figures of the histopathological findings, and also Dr. Rabih Halwani, from King Saud University, for his valuable editorial comments. | CC BY | no | 2022-01-12 15:21:47 | Saudi J Gastroenterol. 2010 Apr; 16(2):66-74 | oa_package/0d/a3/PMC3016508.tar.gz | ||||
PMC3016509 | 20339174 | CONCLUSION
PPPD in comparison to CPD for peri-ampullary carcinoma is at least as effective in terms of peri-operative morbidity or mortality, tumor recurrence, or long-term survival. It may have some advantages in terms of a shorter operating time, less blood loss, fewer blood transfusions, and a better quality of life... | Pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) is the standard surgical treatment for resectable peri-ampullary tumors. It can be performed with or without pylorus preservation. Many surgeons have a negative opinion of pylorus preserving PD (PPPD) and consider it an inferior operation, especially from an oncological point of view. This ... | Pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) remains the standard surgical treatment for resectable peri-ampullary tumors. The first PD operation was reported by Codavilli in 1898 in a patient with an epithelioma of the pancreas, but the patient died from cachexia on the 21 st post-operative day.[ 1 ] In 1946, Whipple described a one... | CC BY | no | 2022-01-12 15:21:47 | Saudi J Gastroenterol. 2010 Apr; 16(2):75-78 | oa_package/60/49/PMC3016509.tar.gz | |||||
PMC3016510 | 20339175 | PATIENTS AND METHODS
Subjects
The study consisted of a total of 148 subjects, 95 patients with liver diseases and 53 healthy controls. Based on the cause for liver disease, patients were divided into six groups [ Table 1 ]. Liver disease was diagnosed based on clinical evidence, radiography, and laboratory investigatio... | RESULTS
As shown in Table 2 , levels of total and direct bilirubin increased significantly in patients with viral hepatitis ( P <0.001) and cirrhosis with portal hypertension ( P <0.001), compared to normal controls. AST activity significantly increased in patients with viral hepatitis ( P <0.001), cirrhosis with port... | DISCUSSION
When it comes to cardiovascular diseases, serum PON1 has been studied extensively.[ 21 – 25 ] To date, the gene expression of PON1 have been confined only to liver.[ 5 6 ] Thus measurement of serum PON1 defines hepatic synthetic function. As shown in Table 2 and discussed in the results section, a wide spe... | Background/Aim:
Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) is an esterase, exclusively synthesized by liver. The present study has two objectives: to determine the PON1 activity status in various disorders associated with hepatocellular damage and to correlate the changes of PON1 activity with the standard liver function and fasting lipid p... | Paraoxonase (aryldialkylphosphatase, EC 3.1.8.1) is a serum esterase. It is a xenobiotic enzyme which hydrolyzes organophosphorous compounds such as paraoxon, unsaturated aliphatic esters, aromatic carboxylic esters etc.[ 1 ] PON1 , PON2 , and PON3 are the three members of paraoxonase family, located on chromosome 7... | We thank our Dean Dr. Sripathi Rao, and Dr. S Sudhakar Nayak, Professor and Head, Department of Biochemistry for financial support. | CC BY | no | 2022-01-12 15:21:47 | Saudi J Gastroenterol. 2010 Apr; 16(2):79-83 | oa_package/a6/9f/PMC3016510.tar.gz | ||
PMC3016511 | 20339176 | PATIENTS AND METHODS
The study included 515 patients presenting to the gastroenterology clinics of King Fahad Hospital Hofuf (a 500-bed, major tertiary-care center in the eastern region of Saudi Arabia) from November 2004 to November 2008.
Patient inclusion criteria were chronic heartburn as the presenting symptom and ... | RESULTS
All the 515 patients answered the questions regarding reflux symptoms using modified Likert scale; 73 had mild reflux symptoms, 305 with moderate grade and 137 patients had severe reflux symptoms, females constituted (76.1%) of patients. All patients underwent upper endoscopy and were assessed based on Los Ange... | DISCUSSION
Gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a common disorder caused by the reflux of gastric contents into the esophagus. According to a recent global definition,[ 12 ] GERD can cause esophageal and extra-esophageal syndromes, which can co-exist, or not, in the same individual. Respiratory manifestations of ... | Background/Aim:
The relation between respiratory disorders and reflux symptoms has been debated since the beginning of the last century and the interest in this question has increased during the last few decades. This study aims to investigate the relation between specified respiratory disorders and reflux symptoms and... | Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), defined as the presence of symptoms or lesions that can be attributed to the reflux of gastric contents into the esophagus, is one of the most common disorders affecting the gastrointestinal tract. Patients with GERD commonly have symptoms, with approximately 20% experiencing hea... | CC BY | no | 2022-01-12 15:21:47 | Saudi J Gastroenterol. 2010 Apr; 16(2):84-89 | oa_package/8f/52/PMC3016511.tar.gz | |||
PMC3016512 | 20339177 | MATERIALS AND METHODS
The present study included 34 children and adolescents (19 males and 15 females) suffering from cholestatic chronic liver disease. Patients were newly diagnosed and selected from Hepatology Clinic, New Children's Hospital, Cairo University, and were compared with a group of seven children who happ... | RESULTS
Descriptive data of the children included in the study are represented in Table 1 . The mean levels of SOD, GPx and CAT enzymes in hepatic tissue of cholestatic patients and control children are shown in Table 2 . A significant increase in mean levels of SOD, GPx and CAT was found in hepatic tissue of cholest... | DISCUSSION
Oxidative stress is a major pathogenetic event occurring in several liver disorders ranging from metabolic to proliferate ones, and is a major cause of liver damage in ischemia/ reperfusion during liver transplantation.[ 14 ] Many studies have shown that oxidative stress takes part in the pathogenesis of cho... | Background/Aim:
To study the oxidative stress status in children with cholestatic chronic liver disease by determining activities of glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) in liver tissue.
Materials and Methods:
A total of 34 children suffering from cholestatic chronic liver disease... | Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are well recognized for playing a dual role as both deleterious and beneficial species. ROS are normally generated by tightly regulated enzymes, such as nitric oxide synthase. Beneficial effects of ROS (e.g., superoxide radical) occur at low/moderate concentrations and involve physiologica... | CC BY | no | 2022-01-12 15:21:47 | Saudi J Gastroenterol. 2010 Apr; 16(2):90-94 | oa_package/c2/d5/PMC3016512.tar.gz | |||
PMC3016513 | 20339178 | MATERIALS AND METHODS
We performed a retrospective analysis of all patients diagnosed to have AIH, based on the criteria of the International Group of Autoimmune Hepatitis,[ 7 8 ] from the hepatology clinics of KAUH from 1994 to 2008. For each patient, age, sex, clinical presentation at diagnosis, laboratory and immuno... | RESULTS
From July 1994 to June 2008, 41 patients were diagnosed to have AIH; 33 patients were included in the analysis. Eight patients were excluded. The mean age at presentation was 32.3 years (range, 10–65 years), and 22 (66.66%) patients were aged 35 years or younger. Twenty-five (75.7%) patients were female and 8 w... | DISCUSSION
The prevalence of AIH among patients with liver disease in Saudi Arabia is not known;[ 16 ] it may be much less as compared to North America and European countries. Kalaf and colleagues in their review of 112 liver transplantations (LTs) in Riyadh found that 14.3% of LT indications were due to AIH.[ 17 ] In ... | CONCLUSION
These results showed that many of our AIH patients are young, with advanced disease at presentation and poor response to treatment, as compared to patients in other countries. Early recognition and treatment of AIH in Saudi Arabia is essential to avoid complications of liver cirrhosis and to reduce the need ... | Background /Aim:
Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a common cause of end-stage liver disease worldwide. It is a disease prevalent in children and adults, with female predominance and variable clinical presentations. AIH has favorable responses to steroids and immunomodulators. Diagnosis of AIH is based on clinical and labo... | Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is one of the leading causes of liver cirrhosis and end-stage liver disease worldwide. The international prevalence of AIH among patients with liver disease is between 11% and 20%.[ 1 ] It is usually a disease of children and young-to-middle age females,[ 2 3 ] but it can also affect individu... | CC BY | no | 2022-01-12 15:21:47 | Saudi J Gastroenterol. 2010 Apr; 16(2):95-99 | oa_package/2d/59/PMC3016513.tar.gz | ||
PMC3016566 | 21224963 | The global economic constraints and increasing financial awareness of 1970s led to the increase in the incidence of ambulatory surgery. Recent advances in medical technology, anaesthesia and pain management have allowed a huge expansion of this modality of care with a consequent reduction in the need for hospitalizatio... | CC BY | no | 2022-01-12 15:30:18 | Indian J Anaesth. 2010 Nov-Dec; 54(6):485-488 | oa_package/b1/2a/PMC3016566.tar.gz | |||||||
PMC3016567 | 21224964 | INTRODUCTION
Major blood loss is a known complication in liver resection and liver transplantation, with a multi-factorial origin. Hyper-fibrinolysis plays a significant role in non-surgical blood loss requiring massive transfusion. Red blood cell (RBC) and platelet transfusions are independent risk factors for adverse... | DISCUSSION
Other than fibrinolysis, there may be multiple causative factors for excessive bleeding during OLT like thrombocytopenia, dilutional coagulopathy, hypothermia, bleeding due to technical difficulty and inadequate surgical expertise. Antifibrinolytics will decrease bleeding only in cases where it is caused by ... | CONCLUSION
Reduction in intraoperative bleeding and transfusion requirement with aprotinin and tranexamic acid has been well established in patients undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation. However, patient selection should be on an individual basis to avoid complications. Further large scale and systematic studies... | Hyperfibrinolysis, a known complication of liver surgery and orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT), plays a significant role in blood loss. This fact justifies the use of antifibrinolytic drugs during these procedures. Two groups of drug namely lysine analogues [epsilon aminocaproic acid (EACA) and tranexamic acid (TA... | SEARCH STRATEGY AND DATA ANALYSIS
A systemic literature search was conducted in PubMed and the Cochrane Library from 1966 till date. The search strategy was set up using the following single text words and combinations: aprotinin, ε-aminocaproic acid (EACA), tranexamic acid (TA), antifibrinolytic drug, antifibrinolytic... | CC BY | no | 2022-01-12 15:30:18 | Indian J Anaesth. 2010 Nov-Dec; 54(6):489-495 | oa_package/a8/3d/PMC3016567.tar.gz |
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