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To examine the change in equity of insecticide-treated net (ITN) ownership among 19 malaria-endemic countries in sub-Saharan Africa before and after the launch of the Cover The Bed Net Gap initiative.,To assess change in equity in ownership of at least one ITN by households from different wealth quintiles, we used data... | After a national voucher scheme in 2004 provided pregnant women and infants with highly subsidized insecticide-treated nets (ITNs), use among children under five years (U5s) in mainland Tanzania increased from 16% in 2004 to 26.2% in 2007.,In 2008, the Ministry of Health and Social Welfare planned a catch-up campaign t... | 1 |
To identify genetic effects modulating blood stage replication of the malarial parasite, we phenotyped a group of 25 inbred mouse strains for susceptibility to Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi AS infection (peak parasitemia, survival).,A broad spectrum of responses was observed, with strains such as C57BL/6J being the most... | Placental malaria (PM) can lead to poor neonatal outcomes, including low birthweight due to fetal growth restriction (FGR), especially when associated with local inflammation (intervillositis or IV).,The pathogenesis of PM-associated FGR is largely unknown, but in idiopathic FGR, impaired transplacental amino acid tran... | 1 |
The host immune response plays a critical role not only in protection from human leishmaniasis, but also in promoting disease severity.,Although candidate gene approaches in mouse models of leishmaniasis have been extremely informative, a global understanding of the immune pathways active in lesions from human patients... | American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) is a vector-transmitted infectious disease with an estimated 1.5 million new cases per year.,In Brazil, ACL represents a significant public health problem, with approximately 30,000 new reported cases annually, representing an incidence of 18.5 cases per 100,000 inhabitants.,Corte... | 1 |
Interleukin-4 receptor (IL-4Rα) is critical for the initiation of type-2 immune responses and implicated in the pathogenesis of experimental schistosomiasis.,IL-4Rα mediated type-2 responses are critical for the control of pathology during acute schistosomiasis.,However, type-2 responses tightly associate with fibrogra... | Despite effective chemotherapy to treat schistosome infections, re-infection rates are extremely high.,Resistance to reinfection can develop, however it typically takes several years following numerous rounds of treatment and re-infection, and often develops in only a small cohort of individuals.,Using a well-establish... | 1 |
Increasing pyrethroid resistance in malaria vectors has been reported in western Kenya where long lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS) are the mainstays of vector control.,To ensure the sustainability of insecticide-based malaria vector control, monitoring programs need to be implemented... | Anopheles gambiae s.s., Anopheles arabiensis, and Anopheles funestus s.s. are the most important species for malaria transmission.,Pyrethroid resistance of these vector mosquitoes is one of the main obstacles against effective vector control.,The objective of the present study was to monitor the pyrethroid susceptibili... | 1 |
Lymphatic filariasis is a debilitating neglected tropical disease that affects impoverished communities.,Rapid diagnostic tests of antigenaemia are a practical alternative to parasitological tests of microfilaraemia for mapping and surveillance.,However the relationship between these two methods of measuring burden has... | Although accurate assessment of the prevalence of Schistosoma mansoni is important for the design and evaluation of control programs, the most widely used tools for diagnosis are limited by suboptimal sensitivity, slow turn-around-time, or inability to distinguish current from former infections.,Recently, two tests tha... | 1 |
Plasmodium vivax infections commonly contain multiple genetically distinct parasite clones.,The detection of multiple-clone infections depends on several factors, such as the accuracy of the genotyping method, and the type and number of the molecular markers analysed.,Characterizing the multiplicity of infection has br... | The diversity of MSP1 in both Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax is presumed be associated to parasite immune evasion.,In this study, we assessed genetic diversity of the most variable domain of vaccine candidate N-terminal PvMSP1 (Block 2) in field isolates of Manaus.,Forty-seven blood samples the polymorphism of PvMS... | 1 |
In an effort to improve surveillance for epidemiological and clinical outcomes, rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) have become increasingly widespread as cost-effective and field-ready methods of malaria diagnosis.,However, there are concerns that using RDTs specific to Plasmodium falciparum may lead to missed detection of ... | Accurate identification of Plasmodium infections in non-endemic countries is of critical importance with regard to the administration of a targeted therapy having a positive impact on patient health and management and allowing the prevention of the risk of re-introduction of endemic malaria in such countries.,Malaria i... | 1 |
Reactive case detection (RCD) is a commonly used strategy for malaria surveillance and response in elimination settings.,Many approaches to RCD assume detectable infections are clustered within and around homes of passively detected cases (index households), which has been evaluated in a number of settings with dispara... | By sustaining transmission or causing malaria outbreaks, imported malaria undermines malaria elimination efforts.,Few studies have examined the impact of travel on malaria epidemiology.,We conducted a literature review and meta-analysis of studies investigating travel as a risk factor for malaria infection in sub-Sahar... | 1 |
Malaria control interventions have been scaled-up in Zambia in conjunction with a malaria surveillance system.,Although substantial progress has been achieved in reducing morbidity and mortality, national and local information demonstrated marked heterogeneity in the impact of malaria control across the country.,This s... | Intermittent preventive treatment in infants with sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine (IPTi-SP) reduces malaria morbidity by 20% to 33%.,Potentially, however, this intervention may compromise the acquisition of immunity, including the tolerance towards multiple infections with Plasmodium falciparum.,Plasmodium falciparum isolat... | 1 |
Malaria in pregnancy (MiP) remains a major public health challenge in areas of high malaria transmission.,Intermittent preventive treatment in pregnancy (IPTp) with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) is recommended to prevent the adverse consequences of MiP.,The effectiveness of SP for IPTp may be reduced in areas where th... | We describe development of an absolute multiplex quantitative real-time PCR for detection of Plasmodium spp., P. falciparum and P. vivax targets in order to produce an assay amenable to high throughput but with reduced costs.,Important qPCR experimental details and information that is critical to performance and reliab... | 1 |
The study aimed to determine the prevalence of malaria in Halaba special district, Southern Ethiopia, from 2013 to 2017.,Of a total 583,668 malaria suspected cases examined during the study period, 55,252 (9.5%) were microscopically confirmed to be positive for malaria, at the rate of 27,712 (50.2%) females and 27,540 ... | Plasmodium vivax is the most widespread human malaria, putting 2.5 billion people at risk of infection.,Its unique biological and epidemiological characteristics pose challenges to control strategies that have been principally targeted against Plasmodium falciparum.,Unlike P. falciparum, P. vivax infections have typica... | 1 |
Infection with the helminth Schistosoma (S.) mansoni drives the development of interleukin (IL)-10-producing regulatory B (Breg) cells in mice and man, which have the capacity to reduce experimental allergic airway inflammation and are thus of high therapeutic interest.,However, both the involved antigen and cellular m... | Controversy persists about the optimal approach to drug-based control of schistosomiasis in high-risk communities.,In a systematic review of published studies, we examined evidence for incremental benefits from repeated praziquantel dosing, given 2 to 8 weeks after an initial dose, in Schistosoma-endemic areas of Afric... | 1 |
A nationwide, school, malaria survey was implemented to assess the risk factors of malaria prevalence and bed net use among primary school children in mainland Tanzania.,This allowed the mapping of malaria prevalence at council level and assessment of malaria risk factors among school children.,A cross-sectional, schoo... | The impact of insecticide treated nets (ITNs) on reducing malaria incidence is shown mainly through data collection from health facilities.,Routine evaluation of long-term epidemiological and entomological dynamics is currently unavailable.,In Kenya, new policies supporting the provision of free ITNs were implemented n... | 1 |
Malaria control and elimination strategies are based on levels of transmission that are usually determined by data collected from health facilities.,In endemic areas, asymptomatic Plasmodium infection is thought to represent the majority of infections, though they are not diagnosed nor treated.,Therefore, there might b... | Plasmodium ovale curtisi and wallikeri are perceived as relapsing malarial parasites.,Contrary to Plasmodium vivax, direct evidence for this hypothesis is scarce.,The aim of this prospective study was to characterize the reappearance patterns of ovale parasites.,P. ovale spp. infected patients were treated with artemet... | 1 |
Soil-transmitted helminths (STH) are the most common parasitic infections in impoverished communities, particularly among children.,Current STH control is through school-based mass drug administration (MDA), which in the Philippines is done twice annually.,As expected, MDA has decreased the intensity and prevalence of ... | Hookworm infections are an important cause of (severe) anemia and iron deficiency in children in the tropics.,Type of hookworm species (Ancylostoma duodenale or Necator americanus) and infection load are considered associated with disease burden, although these parameters are rarely assessed due to limitations of curre... | 1 |
•A Bayesian latent class meta-analysis of diagnostic tests for soil-transmitted helminths was performed.,•Overall sensitivity of evaluated diagnostic tests was low.,•Test performance was strongly influenced by intensity of infection.,•FLOTAC method sensitivity was highest overall and in both intensity groups.,•The perf... | The Kato-Katz thick smear (Kato-Katz) is the diagnostic method recommended for monitoring large-scale treatment programs implemented for the control of soil-transmitted helminths (STH) in public health, yet it is difficult to standardize.,A promising alternative is the McMaster egg counting method (McMaster), commonly ... | 1 |
Trichinellosis is a meat-borne zoonotic disease caused by parasites of the genus Trichinella.,To date, 12 taxa have been described.,The identification of Trichinella species is crucial in order to identify the possible source of infection, the geographical origin of the parasite and to assess risk of infection for dome... | Natural killer (NK) cells are classic innate immune cells that play roles in many types of infectious diseases.,NK cells possess many kinds of TLRs that allow them to sense and respond to invading pathogens.,Our previous study found that NK cells could modulate the immune response induced by Schistosoma japonicum (S. j... | 1 |
Cerebral malaria (CM) is a severe neurological complication of Plasmodium falciparum infection.,A number of pathological findings have been correlated with pediatric CM including sequestration, platelet accumulation, petechial haemorrhage and retinopathy.,However, the molecular mechanisms leading to death in CM are not... | Objectives To determine which travellers with malaria are at greatest risk of dying, highlighting factors which can be used to target health messages to travellers.,Design Observational study based on 20 years of UK national data.,Setting National register of malaria cases.,Participants 25 054 patients notified with Pl... | 1 |
Understanding the targets and mechanisms of human immunity to malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum is crucial for advancing effective vaccines and developing tools for measuring immunity and exposure in populations.,Acquired immunity to malaria predominantly targets the blood stage of infection when merozoites of Pl... | In eukaryotic organisms, gene expression is regulated at multiple levels during the processes of transcription and translation.,The absence of a tight regulatory network for transcription in the human malaria parasite suggests that gene expression may largely be controlled at post-transcriptional and translational leve... | 1 |
Malaria is one of the deadliest infectious diseases to affect humans, causing over 200 million cases and hundreds of thousands of deaths annually.,Its fatal symptoms occur when parasites cause infected human red blood cells to stick to human tissue surfaces, blocking blood flow and causing inflammation.,This stickiness... | The development of immunoregulatory networks is important to prevent disease.,However, these same networks allow pathogens to persist and reduce vaccine efficacy.,Here, we identify type I interferons (IFNs) as important regulators in developing anti-parasitic immunity in healthy volunteers infected for the first time w... | 1 |
Echinococcosis has led to considerable social and economic losses in China, particularly in the endemic communities of the eastern Tibetan Plateau.,In China, human cases of Echinococcus granulosus (sensu stricto), E. canadensis and E. multilocularis infections have been described, but no E. ortleppi (G5) infections in ... | This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of cystic echinococcosis (CE) in small ruminants and humans in Addis Ababa, central Ethiopia.,A cross-sectional study involving systematic random sampling was conducted to estimate the prevalence of CE in 512 small ruminants (262 sheep and 250 goats) slaughtered at A... | 1 |
Antigenic variation in malaria was discovered in Plasmodium knowlesi studies involving longitudinal infections of rhesus macaques (M. mulatta).,The variant proteins, known as the P. knowlesi Schizont Infected Cell Agglutination (SICA) antigens and the P. falciparum Erythrocyte Membrane Protein 1 (PfEMP1) antigens, expr... | Relapse may have evolved in malaria as a mechanism to avoid suppression by more virulent species in mixed infections, thereby increasing transmission opportunities.,Later evolution of long latency in Plasmodium vivax was a necessary adaptation as early hominins moved to colder areas with shorter mosquito breeding seaso... | 1 |
The Greater Mekong Subregion is aiming to achieve regional malaria elimination by 2030.,Though a shift in malaria parasite species predominance by Plasmodium vivax has been recently documented, the transmission of the two minor Plasmodium species, Plasmodium malariae and Plasmodium ovale spp., is poorly characterized i... | In Ethiopia Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax are the dominant species accounting for roughly 60 and 40% of malaria cases, respectively.,Recently a major shift from P. falciparum to P. vivax has been observed in various parts of the country but the epidemiology of the other human malaria species, Plasmodium ov... | 1 |
The host immunological response is a key factor determining the pathogenesis of cutaneous leishmaniasis.,It is known that a Th1 cellular response is associated with infection control and that antigen-specific memory T cells are necessary for the development of a rapid and strong protective cellular response.,The presen... | Leishmania is transmitted by female sand flies and deposited together with saliva, which contains a vast repertoire of pharmacologically active molecules that contribute to the establishment of the infection.,The exposure to vector saliva induces an immune response against its components that can be used as a marker of... | 1 |
Malaria is heterogeneously distributed across landscapes.,Human population movement (HPM) could link sub-regions with varying levels of transmission, leading to the persistence of disease even in very low transmission settings.,Malaria along the Thai-Myanmar border has been decreasing, but remains heterogeneous.,This s... | Cross-border malaria transmission is an important problem for national malaria control programmes.,The epidemiology of cross-border malaria is further complicated in areas where Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax are both endemic.,By combining passive case detection data with entomological data, a transmission ... | 1 |
In order to prepare the field site for future interventions, the prevalence of asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum infection was evaluated in a cohort of children living in Brazzaville.,Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface protein 2 gene (msp2) was used to characterize the genetic diversity and the multiplicity of in... | Many malaria-related studies depend on infected red blood cells (iRBCs) as fundamental material; however, infected blood samples from human or animal models include leukocytes (white blood cells or WBCs), especially difficult to separate from iRBCs in cases involving Plasmodium vivax.,These host WBCs are a source of co... | 1 |
Quantification of malaria heterogeneity is very challenging, partly because of the underlying characteristics of mosquitoes and also because malaria is an environmentally driven disease.,Furthermore, in order to assess the spatial and seasonal variability in malaria transmission, vector data need to be collected repeat... | Over a decade ago, the Roll Back Malaria Partnership was launched, and since then there has been unprecedented investment in malaria control.,We examined the change in malaria transmission intensity during the period 2000-10 in Africa.,We assembled a geocoded and community Plasmodium falciparum parasite rate standardis... | 1 |
Suriname was a high malaria risk country before the introduction of a new five-year malaria control program in 2005, the Medical Mission Malaria Programme (MM-MP).,Malaria was endemic in the forested interior, where especially the stabile village communities were affected.,The interventions of the MM-MP included new st... | Present elimination strategies are based on recommendations derived during the Global Malaria Eradication Program of the 1960s.,However, many countries considering elimination nowadays have high intrinsic transmission potential and, without the support of a regional campaign, have to deal with the constant threat of im... | 1 |
Alternatively activated macrophages (M2) have an important function in innate immune responses to parasitic helminths, and emerging evidence also indicates these cells are regulators of systemic metabolism.,Here we show a critical role for mTORC2 signalling in the generation of M2 macrophages.,Abrogation of mTORC2 sign... | Over the last decade a significant number of studies have highlighted the central role of host antimicrobial (or defence) peptides in modulating the response of innate immune cells to pathogen-associated ligands.,In humans, the most widely studied antimicrobial peptide is LL-37, a 37-residue peptide containing an amphi... | 1 |
In lowland areas of Malaysia, Plasmodium knowlesi infection is associated with land use change and high proportions of the vector Anopheles balabacensis.,We conducted a 15-month study in two Malaysian villages to determine the effect of habitat on vector populations in understudied high-altitude, high-incidence distric... | The monkey malaria parasite Plasmodium knowlesi is now recognized as the fifth species of Plasmodium that can cause human malaria.,Like the region II of the Duffy binding protein of P. vivax (PvDBPII), the region II of the P. knowlesi Duffy binding protein (PkDBPαII) plays an essential role in the parasite’s invasion i... | 1 |
No molecular data have been available on tick-borne pathogens that infect dogs from Angola.,The occurrence of agents from the genera Anaplasma, Babesia, Ehrlichia and Hepatozoon was assessed in 103 domestic dogs from Luanda, by means of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and DNA sequence analysis.,Forty-six dogs (44.7... | Although Ixodes spp. are the most common ticks in North-Western Europe, recent reports indicated an expanding geographical distribution of Dermacentor reticulatus in Western Europe.,Recently, the establishment of a D. reticulatus population in Belgium was described.,D. reticulatus is an important vector of canine and e... | 1 |
The proportion of mosquito blood-meals that are of human origin, referred to as the ‘human blood index’ or HBI, is a key determinant of malaria transmission.,A systematic review was conducted followed by meta-regression of the HBI for the major African malaria vectors.,Evidence is presented for higher HBI among Anophel... | Philippa West and colleagues compare Plasmodium falciparum infection prevalence in children, anemia in young children, and entomological inoculation rate between study arms.,Please see later in the article for the Editors' Summary,Insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS) of houses provide effe... | 1 |
Parasites play pivotal roles in host population dynamics and can have strong ecological impacts on hosts.,Knowledge of the effects of parasites on hosts is often limited by the general observation of a fraction of individuals (mostly adults) within a population.,The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of mal... | Invasive species can displace natives, and thus identifying the traits that make aliens successful is crucial for predicting and preventing biodiversity loss.,Pathogens may play an important role in the invasive process, facilitating colonization of their hosts in new continents and islands.,According to the Novel Weap... | 1 |
To accelerate progress against malaria in high burden countries, a strategic reorientation of resources at the sub-national level is needed.,This paper describes how mathematical modelling was used in mainland Tanzania to support the strategic revision that followed the mid-term review of the 2015-2020 national malaria... | Malaria rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) primarily detect Plasmodium falciparum antigen histidine-rich protein 2 (HRP2) and the malaria-conserved antigen lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) for P. vivax and other malaria species.,The performance of RDTs and their utility is dependent on circulating antigen concentration distribut... | 1 |
Since the year 2000, a concerted campaign against malaria has led to unprecedented levels of intervention coverage across sub-Saharan Africa.,Understanding the effect of this control effort is vital to inform future control planning.,However, the effect of malaria interventions across the varied epidemiological setting... | In the past decade, there has been rapid scale-up of insecticide-based malaria vector control in the context of integrated vector management (IVM) according to World Health Organization recommendations.,Endemic countries have deployed indoor residual spraying (IRS) and long-lasting insecticidal nets as hallmark vector ... | 1 |
Chloroquine resistance (CR) decreased after the removal of chloroquine from national treatment guidelines in Malawi, Kenia and Tanzania.,In this investigation the prevalence of the chloroquine resistance (CQR) conferring mutant pfcrt allele and its associated chromosomal haplotype were determined before and after the c... | Over the past decade malaria intervention coverage has been scaled up across Africa.,However, it remains unclear what overall reduction in transmission is achievable using currently available tools.,We developed an individual-based simulation model for Plasmodium falciparum transmission in an African context incorporat... | 1 |
Invasion of erythrocytes by Plasmodium falciparum merozoites is necessary for malaria pathogenesis and is therefore a primary target for vaccine development.,RH5 is a leading subunit vaccine candidate because anti-RH5 antibodies inhibit parasite growth and the interaction with its erythrocyte receptor basigin is essent... | Malaria parasite infection is initiated by the mosquito-transmitted sporozoite stage, a highly motile invasive cell that targets hepatocytes in the liver for infection.,A promising approach to developing a malaria vaccine is the use of proteins located on the sporozoite surface as antigens to elicit humoral immune resp... | 1 |
Malaria is still a major public health concern in the Democratic Republic of Congo.,Its morbidity and mortality challenge the actual strategies of the fight agains malaria.,This study was aimed to describe the epidemiology, the clinical caracteristics and the risk factors of death associated to severe malaria in the pe... | The impacts of interannual climate fluctuations on vector-borne diseases, especially malaria, have received considerable attention in the scientific literature.,These effects can be significant in semi-arid and high-elevation areas such as the highlands of East Africa because cooler temperature and seasonally dry condi... | 1 |
North-west Ethiopia faces the highest burden world-wide of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) and HIV co-infection.,VL-HIV co-infected patients have higher (initial) parasitological failure and relapse rates than HIV-negative VL patients.,Whereas secondary prophylaxis reduces the relapse rate, parasitological failure rates re... | Antimonials are still being used for visceral leishmaniasis (VL) treatment among HIV co-infected patients in East-Africa due to the shortage of alternative safer drugs like liposomal amphotericin B.,Besides tolerability, emergence of resistance to antimonials is a major concern.,This study was aimed at assessing the cl... | 1 |
In order to better understand the epidemiology of Human and Animal trypanosomiasis that occur together in sleeping sickness foci, a study of prevalences of animal parasites (Trypanosoma vivax, T. congolense “forest type”, and T. simiae) infections was conducted on domestic animals to complete the previous work carried ... | A range of molecular amplification techniques have been developed for the diagnosis of Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT); however, careful evaluation of these tests must precede implementation to ensure their high clinical accuracy.,Here, we investigated the diagnostic accuracy of molecular amplification tests for HA... | 1 |
Monitoring local malaria transmission intensity is essential for planning evidence-based control strategies and evaluating their impact over time.,Anti-malarial antibodies provide information on cumulative exposure and have proven useful, in areas where transmission has dropped to low sustained levels, for retrospectiv... | Antibodies constitute a critical component of the naturally acquired immunity that develops following frequent exposure to malaria.,However, specific antibody titres have been reported to decline rapidly in the absence of reinfection, supporting the widely perceived notion that malaria infections fail to induce durable... | 1 |
Elimination of urogenital schistosomiasis transmission is a priority for the Zanzibar Ministry of Health.,Preventative chemotherapy together with additional control interventions have successfully alleviated much of the disease burden.,However, a persistently high Schistosoma haematobium prevalence is found in certain ... | Biannual mass drug administration (MDA) with praziquantel and additional interventions to eliminate urogenital schistosomiasis has been implemented on the Zanzibar islands, United Republic of Tanzania, since 2012.,We aimed to assess the coverage of school-based treatment (SBT) and community-wide treatment (CWT), to val... | 1 |
In Chad, several species of tsetse flies (Genus: Glossina) transmit African animal trypanosomoses (AAT), which represents a major obstacle to cattle rearing, and sleeping sickness, which impacts public health.,After the failure of past interventions to eradicate tsetse, the government of Chad is now looking for other a... | An integrated strategy of intervention against tsetse flies was implemented in the Upper West Region of Ghana (9.62°-11.00° N, 1.40°-2.76° W), covering an area of ≈18,000 km2 within the framework of the Pan-African Tsetse and Trypanosomosis Eradication Campaign.,Two species were targeted: Glossina tachinoides and Gloss... | 1 |
Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is a global public health problem among school age children, which retards psychomotor development and impairs cognitive performance.,There is limited data on prevalence and risk factors for IDA.,The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence, severity, and predictors of nutritional ... | Soil-transmitted helminths (STHs) are widespread in underdeveloped countries.,In Ethiopia, the prevalence and distribution of helminth infection varies by place and with age.,We therefore investigated the prevalence of and risk factors for STH infection in mothers and their one year-old children living in Butajira town... | 1 |
Trend analysis of malaria surveillance data is essential to inform stakeholders on progress towards malaria control.,From the total 387,096 cases of malaria reported in Amhara region in 2017, 167,079 (43.2%) cases were in Central, North and West Gondar zones.,From this total figure of zones, 15,445 (9.2%) were ≤ 5 year... | Transmission of malaria in the highlands of Ethiopia is poorly understood and usually attributed to importation by mobile populations or local transmission by Anopheles arabiensis.,To characterize and identify Anopheles species present in a highland area of northern Ethiopia, adult and larval collections were performed... | 1 |
Malaria transmission was reported to have declined in some East African countries.,However, a comparable trend has not been confirmed for West Africa.,This study aims to assess the dynamics of parasite prevalence and malaria species distribution over time in an area of highly seasonal transmission in Burkina Faso.,The ... | Despite continuous efforts by the government and private sectors, malaria is still a public health problem in rural Peninsular Malaysia.,This study investigated household knowledge, attitude and practices (KAP) regarding malaria in two malaria endemic communities, forest-aboriginal and rural communities, in the Lipis d... | 1 |
Primaquine is the only licensed drug for eradicating Plasmodium vivax hypnozoites and, therefore, preventing relapses of vivax malaria.,It is a vital component of global malaria elimination efforts.,Primaquine is efficacious when supervised in clinical trials, but its effectiveness in real-world settings is unknown.,We... | The diagnosis and treatment of Plasmodium vivax malaria differs from that of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in fundamentally important ways.,This article reviews the guiding principles, practices, and evidence underpinning the diagnosis and treatment of P. vivax malaria. | 1 |
The surveillance of malaria is generally undertaken on the assumption that samples passively collected at health facilities are comparable to or representative of the broader Plasmodium reservoir circulating in the community.,Further characterization and comparability of the hidden asymptomatic parasite reservoir are n... | Plasmodium vivax shows a small prevalence in West and Central Africa due to the high prevalence of Duffy negative people.,However, Duffy negative individuals infected with P. vivax have been reported in areas of high prevalence of Duffy positive people who may serve as supply of P. vivax strains able to invade Duffy ne... | 1 |
Parasitic diseases, such as sleeping sickness, Chagas disease and malaria, remain a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, but particularly in tropical, developing countries.,Controlling these diseases requires a better understanding of host-parasite interactions, including a deep appreciation of parasite di... | Malaria infection starts with injection of Plasmodium sporozoites by an Anopheles mosquito into the skin of the mammalian host.,How sporozoites locate and enter a blood vessel is a critical, but poorly understood process.,In this study, we examine sporozoite motility and their interaction with dermal blood vessels, usi... | 1 |
Global malaria has been on the decline over the past decade due to expansion of interventions.,The present study aimed at determining the current status of malaria epidemiology in the context of sustained interventions and seasonal variations in Bolifamba, which represents a typical semi-urban malaria endemic community... | Haematologic abnormalities are features in Plasmodium falciparum infection, and anaemia is an inevitable outcome.,This study examines the influence of malaria status and altitude on haematologic parameters in school-aged pupils.,A cross-sectional study was conducted among 728 school pupils aged between four and 15 year... | 1 |
Malaria morbidity and mortality has declined in recent years in a number of settings.,The ability to describe changes in malaria transmission associated with these declines is important in terms of assessing the potential effects of control interventions, and for monitoring and evaluation purposes.,Data from five cross... | Antibodies constitute a critical component of the naturally acquired immunity that develops following frequent exposure to malaria.,However, specific antibody titres have been reported to decline rapidly in the absence of reinfection, supporting the widely perceived notion that malaria infections fail to induce durable... | 1 |
BRAC, an indigenous non-governmental development organization (NGO), has been implementing a programme to prevent and control malaria in the 13 malaria-endemic districts of Bangladesh since 2007.,One of the critical preventive interventions is the distribution of insecticidal bed nets (long-lasting insecticide-treated ... | Malaria, caused by the parasite Plasmodium falciparum, is a significant source of morbidity and mortality in southern Zambia.,In the Mapanza Chiefdom, where transmission is seasonal, Anopheles arabiensis is the dominant malaria vector.,The ability to predict larval habitats can help focus control measures.,A survey was... | 1 |
Understanding the global limits of transmission of soil-transmitted helminth (STH) species is essential for quantifying the population at-risk and the burden of disease.,This paper aims to define these limits on the basis of environmental and socioeconomic factors, and additionally seeks to investigate the effects of u... | Albendazole and mebendazole are increasingly deployed for preventive chemotherapy targeting soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections.,We assessed the efficacy of single oral doses of albendazole (400 mg) and mebendazole (500 mg) for the treatment of hookworm infection in school-aged children in Lao PDR.,Since Opistho... | 1 |
Clonally variant genes (CVGs) play fundamental roles in the adaptation of Plasmodium falciparum to fluctuating conditions of the human host.,However, their expression patterns under the natural conditions of the blood circulation have been characterized in detail for only a few specific gene families.,Here, we provide ... | The lack of a continuous long-term in vitro culture system for Plasmodium vivax severely limits our knowledge of pathophysiology of the most widespread malaria parasite.,To gain direct understanding of P. vivax human infections, we used Next Generation Sequencing data mining to unravel parasite in vivo expression profi... | 1 |
Stephen Lim and colleagues use several sources of data to estimate the changes in distribution of insecticide-treated bed nets across Africa between 2000 and 2008, and to analyze the link between development assistance and net coverage.,Development assistance for health (DAH) targeted at malaria has risen exponentially... | In 2005, a nationwide survey estimated that 6.5% of households in Ethiopia owned an insecticide-treated net (ITN), 17% of households had been sprayed with insecticide, and 4% of children under five years of age with a fever were taking an anti-malarial drug.,Similar to other sub-Saharan African countries scaling-up mal... | 1 |
Plasmodium falciparum malaria remains one of the most serious health problems globally and a protective malaria vaccine is desperately needed.,Vaccination with attenuated parasites elicits multiple cellular effector mechanisms that lead to Plasmodium liver stage elimination.,While granule-mediated cytotoxicity requires... | Plasmodium falciparum malaria has been suspected to cause hearing loss.,Developmental, cognitive and language disorders have been observed in children, surviving cerebral malaria.,This prospective study aims to evaluate whether malaria influences hearing in mice.,Twenty mice were included in a standardized murine cereb... | 1 |
The dynamics of Plasmodium vivax infection is characterized by reactivation of hypnozoites at varying time intervals.,The relative contribution of new P. vivax infection and reactivation of dormant liver stage hypnozoites to initiation of blood stage infection is unclear.,In this study, we investigate the contribution ... | Transmission intensity affects almost all aspects of malaria epidemiology and the impact of malaria on human populations.,Maps of transmission intensity are necessary to identify populations at different levels of risk and to evaluate objectively options for disease control.,To remain relevant operationally, such maps ... | 1 |
Improved drug regimens are needed to accelerate elimination of lymphatic filariasis in Africa.,This study determined whether a single co-administered dose of ivermectin plus diethylcarbamazine plus albendazole [IDA] is noninferior to standard 3 annual doses of ivermectin plus albendazole (IA) used in many LF-endemic ar... | Antibody (Ab) to the Wuchereria bancrofti (Wb) infective larval (L3) antigen Wb123, using a Luciferase Immunoprecipitation System (LIPS) assay, has been shown to be a species-specific, early marker of infection developed for potential use as a surveillance tool following transmission interruption post mass drug adminis... | 1 |
In Mali, Plasmodium falciparum malaria is highly endemic and remains stable despite the implementation of various malaria control measures.,Understanding P. falciparum population structure variations across the country could provide new insights to guide malaria control programmes.,In this study, P. falciparum genetic ... | Swaziland has made great progress towards its goal of malaria elimination by 2015.,However, malaria importation from neighbouring high-endemic Mozambique through Swaziland’s eastern border remains a major factor that could prevent elimination from being achieved.,In order to reach elimination, Swaziland must rapidly id... | 1 |
A multidrug-resistant co-lineage of Plasmodium falciparum malaria, named KEL1/PLA1, spread across Cambodia in 2008-13, causing high rates of treatment failure with the frontline combination therapy dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine.,Here, we report on the evolution and spread of KEL1/PLA1 in subsequent years.,For this gen... | In Plasmodium falciparum, resistance to chloroquine (CQ) is conferred by a K to T mutation at amino acid position 76 (K76T) in the P. falciparum CQ transporter (PfCRT).,To date, at least 15 pfcrt genotypes, which are represented by combinations of five amino acids at positions 72-76, have been described in field isolat... | 1 |
Non-domiciliated intrusive triatomine vectors are responsible for a low but significant transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi to humans.,Their control is a challenge as insecticide spraying is of limited usefulness, and alternative strategies need to be developed for a sustainable control.,We performed a non-randomized con... | To evaluate human risk for Chagas disease, we molecularly identified blood meal sources and prevalence of Trypanosoma cruzi infection among 49 Triatoma sanguisuga kissing bugs in Louisiana, USA.,Humans accounted for the second most frequent blood source.,Of the bugs that fed on humans, ≈40% were infected with T. cruzi,... | 1 |
This paper summarises key advances and priorities since the 2011 presentation of the Malaria Eradication Research Agenda (malERA), with a focus on the combinations of intervention tools and strategies for elimination and their evaluation using modelling approaches.,With an increasing number of countries embarking on ma... | New frontier settlements across the Amazon Basin pose a major challenge for malaria elimination in Brazil.,Here we describe the epidemiology of malaria during the early phases of occupation of farming settlements in Remansinho area, Brazilian Amazonia.,We examine the relative contribution of low-density and asymptomati... | 1 |
In Brazil, 99% of the cases of malaria are concentrated in the Amazon region, with high level of transmission.,The objectives of the study were to use geographic information systems (GIS) analysis and logistic regression as a tool to identify and analyse the relative likelihood and its socio-environmental determinants ... | Despite being free of charge, treatment adherence to 7-day primaquine for the radical cure of Plasmodium vivax was estimated at 62.2% among patients along the Iquitos-Nauta road in the Peruvian Amazon.,The principal reason for non-adherence was the perceived adverse effects related to local humoral illness conceptions ... | 1 |
Plasmodium knowlesi malaria causes severe disease in up to 10% of cases in Malaysian Borneo and has a mortality rate of 1 - 2%.,However, laboratory markers with the ability to identify patients at risk of developing complications have not yet been assessed as they have for other species of Plasmodium.,A case control st... | Previously, Plasmodium knowlesi was not considered as a species of Plasmodium that could cause malaria in human beings, as it is parasite of long-tailed (Macaca fascicularis) and pig-tailed (Macaca nemestrina) macaques found in Southeast Asia.,A case of infection by P. knowlesi is described in a Spanish traveller, who ... | 1 |
We characterized the immune responses elicited by a DNA-prime/MVA-boost vaccine (TcVac3) constituted of antigenic candidates (TcG2 and TcG4), shown to be recognized by B and T cell responses in Trypanosoma cruzi (Tc) infected multiple hosts.,C57BL/6 mice immunized with TcVac3 elicited a strong antigen-specific, high-av... | Immunization of mice with the Trypanosoma cruzi trans-sialidase (TS) gene using plasmid DNA, adenoviral vector, and CpG-adjuvanted protein delivery has proven highly immunogenic and provides protection against acute lethal challenge.,However, long-term protection induced by TS DNA vaccines has not been reported.,The go... | 1 |
In the progress towards malaria elimination, the accurate diagnosis of low-density asymptomatic infections is critical.,Low-density asymptomatic submicroscopic malaria infections may act as silent reservoirs that maintain low-level residual malaria transmission in the community.,Light microscopy, the gold standard in m... | Previous analyses have suggested that immunity to non-cerebral severe malaria due to Plasmodium falciparum is acquired after only a few infections, whereas longitudinal studies show that some children experience multiple episodes of severe disease, suggesting that immunity may not be acquired so quickly.,We fitted a ma... | 1 |
Significant progress has been made in the prevention, control, and elimination of human parasitic diseases in China in the past 60 years.,However, parasitic diseases of poverty remain major causes of morbidity and mortality, and inflict enormous economic costs on societies.,In this article, we review the prevalence rat... | More than 80% of schistosomiasis patients in China live in the lake and marshland regions.,The purpose of our study is to assess the effect of a comprehensive strategy to control transmission of Schistosoma japonicum in marshland regions.,In a cluster randomized controlled trial, we implemented an integrated control st... | 1 |
There is an urgent need for new drugs to treat malaria, with broad therapeutic potential and novel modes of action, to widen the scope of treatment and to overcome emerging drug resistance.,We describe the discovery of DDD107498, a compound with a potent and novel spectrum of antimalarial activity against multiple life... | Clonally variant protein expression in the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum generates phenotypic variability and allows isogenic populations to adapt to environmental changes encountered during blood stage infection.,The underlying regulatory mechanisms are best studied for the major virulence factor P. falciparu... | 1 |
The malaria parasite species, Plasmodium vivax infects not only humans, but also African apes.,Human specific P. vivax has evolved from a single ancestor that originated from a parasite of African apes.,Although previous studies have proposed phylogenetic trees positioning P. vivax (the common ancestor of human and Afr... | Land use changes disrupt ecosystems, altering the transmission of vector-borne diseases.,These changes have been associated with increasing incidence of zoonotic malaria caused by Plasmodium knowlesi; however, the population-level distributions of infection and exposure remain unknown.,We aimed to measure prevalence of... | 1 |
Protective antibodies in Plasmodium falciparum malaria are only acquired after years of repeated infections.,Chronic malaria exposure is associated with a large increase in atypical memory B cells (MBCs) that resemble B cells expanded in a variety of persistent viral infections.,Understanding the function of atypical M... | The balance between pro-inflammatory and regulatory immune responses in determining optimal T cell activation is vital for the successful resolution of microbial infections.,This balance is maintained in part by the negative regulators of T cell activation, CTLA-4 and PD-1/PD-L, which dampen effector responses during c... | 1 |
There are few drugs with proven efficacy in cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), and pentavalent antimonial derivatives are still the main first-line therapeutic agents worldwide, despite their recognized high toxicities.,Randomized controlled clinical trials assessing the efficacy and safety of new therapeutic modalities are... | Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) or kala-azar is a chronic protozoan infection in humans associated with significant global morbidity and mortality.,The causative agent is a haemoflagellate protozoan Leishmania donovani, an obligate intracellular parasite that resides and multiplies within macrophages of the reticulo-endoth... | 1 |
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a predominantly rural disease, common in the low lands of eastern Nepal.,Since 1997 VL cases have also been reported among residents of the city of Dharan.,Our main research objective was to find out whether there had been local transmission of VL inside the city.,We conducted an outbreak... | Proximity of Leishmania donovani-positive goats is a risk factor for human infection.,On the Indian subcontinent, visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is considered an anthroponosis.,To determine possible reasons for its persistence during interepidemic periods, we mapped Leishmania infections among healthy persons and animals ... | 1 |
Loop-mediated isothermal DNA amplification (LAMP) methodology offers an opportunity for point-of-care (POC) molecular detection of asymptomatic malaria infections.,However, there is still little evidence on the feasibility of implementing this technique for population screenings in isolated field settings.,Overall, we ... | Detection of histidine-rich protein 2 (HRP2) from the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum provides evidence for active or recent infection, and is utilized for both diagnostic and surveillance purposes, but current laboratory immunoassays for HRP2 are hindered by low sensitivities and high costs.,Here we present a n... | 1 |
Malaria-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is an inflammatory disease causing alveolar-pulmonary barrier lesion and increased vascular permeability characterized by severe hypoxemia.,Computed tomography (CT), among other imaging techniques, allows the morphological and quantitative identification of ... | Malaria remains one of the greatest burdens to global health, causing nearly 500,000 deaths in 2014.,When manifesting in the lungs, severe malaria causes acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ALI/ARDS).,We have previously shown that a proportion of DBA/2 mice infected with Plasmodium berghei ANKA (PbA)... | 1 |
Trichomonas vaginalis (TV) infection is common, curable, and associated with significant reproductive morbidity and risk for HIV infection.,This analysis updates estimates of the prevalence of asymptomatic TV infection, and its associated risk factors, in the non-institutionalized U.S. population.,We analyzed data from... | We assessed knowledge, attitudes, and practices concerning trichomoniasis of American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists members, finding discrepancies between practice and recommendations in screening/treatment of human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients and retesting/retreatment.,Trichomoniasis is the m... | 1 |
Chagas disease or American trypanosomiasis is, together with geohelminths, the neglected disease that causes more loss of years of healthy life due to disability in Latin America.,Chagas disease, as determined by the factors and determinants, shows that different contexts require different actions, preventing new cases... | Although it has been known for nearly a century that strains of Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent for Chagas' disease, are enzootic in the southern U.S., much remains unknown about the dynamics of its transmission in the sylvatic cycles that maintain it, including the relative importance of different transmissio... | 1 |
The life-threatening diseases alveolar and cystic echinococcoses are caused by larvae of the tapeworms Echinococcus multilocularis and E. granulosus, respectively.,In both cases, intermediate hosts, such as humans, are infected by oral uptake of oncosphere larvae, followed by asexual multiplication and almost unrestric... | Cystic Echinococosis (CE) is a zoonotic disease caused by larval stage Echinococcus granulosus.,We determined the effects of high dose of Oxfendazole (OXF), combination Oxfendazole/Praziquantel (PZQ), and combination Albendazole (ABZ)/Praziquantel against CE in sheep.,A randomized placebo-controlled trial was carried o... | 1 |
Integration of disease-specific programmes into the primary health care (PHC) service has been attempted mostly in clinically oriented disease control such as HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis but rarely in vector control.,Chagas disease is controlled principally by interventions against the triatomine vector.,In Honduras, aft... | Chagas disease control campaigns relying upon residual insecticide spraying have been successful in many Southern American countries.,However, in some areas, rapid reinfestation and recrudescence of transmission have occurred.,We conducted a cross-sectional survey in the Bolivian Chaco to evaluate prevalence of and ris... | 1 |
Plasmodium parasites undergo a clinically silent and obligatory developmental phase in the host’s liver cells before they are able to infect erythrocytes and cause malaria symptoms.,To overcome the scarcity of compounds targeting the liver stage of malaria, we screened a library of 1037 existing drugs for their ability... | Doxycycline, a synthetically derived tetracycline, is a partially efficacious causal prophylactic (liver stage of Plasmodium) drug and a slow acting blood schizontocidal agent highly effective for the prevention of malaria.,When used in conjunction with a fast acting schizontocidal agent, it is also highly effective fo... | 1 |
Efforts to control Schistosoma mansoni infection depend on the ability of programs to effectively detect and quantify infection levels and adjust programmatic approaches based on these levels and program goals.,One of the three major objectives of the Schistosomiasis Consortium for Operational Research and Evaluation (... | The Schistosomiasis Consortium for Operational Research and Evaluation (SCORE) was established in late 2008 to conduct operational research to inform global health practices related to the control and elimination of schistosomiasis.,The greatest part of the SCORE investment has been in multiyear, long-term efforts, inc... | 1 |
In epidemiological surveys and surveillance the application of molecular tools is essential in detecting submicroscopic malaria.,A genus-specific conventional cytochrome b (cytb) PCR has shown high sensitivity in field studies, detecting 70% submicroscopic malaria.,The main objective of this study was to assess the con... | As malaria transmission continues to decrease, an increasing number of countries will enter pre-elimination and elimination.,To interrupt transmission, changes in control strategies are likely to require more accurate identification of all carriers of Plasmodium parasites, both symptomatic and asymptomatic, using diagn... | 1 |
Tengchong County experienced a decreasing malaria prevalence period in 2005-2014 but the factors contributing to the trend are unclear.,Herein, the malaria epidemiological data in years of 2005-2014 were collected and analysed, in order to provide evidence for subsequent effective strategic planning of malaria eliminat... | The parasites that cause malaria depend on Anopheles mosquitoes for transmission; because of this, mosquito population dynamics are a key determinant of malaria risk.,Development and survival rates of both the Anopheles mosquitoes and the Plasmodium parasites that cause malaria depend on temperature, making this a pote... | 1 |
In our previous work, a Trichinella spiralis putative serine protease (TsSP) was identified from ES products of T. spiralis intestinal infective larvae (IIL) and adult worms (AW) by immunoproteomics: it was highly expressed in IIL compared with muscle larvae (ML).,In this study, the TsSP biological characteristics in l... | Trichinellosis is a serious zoonositc parasitosis worldwide.,Because its clinical manifestations aren’t specific, the diagnosis of trichinellosis is not easy to be made.,Trichinella spiralis muscle larva (ML) excretory-secretory (ES) antigens are the most widely applied diagnostic antigens for human trichinellosis, but... | 1 |
Chagas disease, caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, is the main cause of dilated cardiomyopathy in the Americas.,Antiparasitic treatment mostly relies on benznidazole (Bzl) due to Nifurtimox shortage or unavailability.,Both induce adverse drug effects (ADE) of varied severity in many patients, leading to treatment discontinua... | The nitroheterocyclic drugs nifurtimox and benznidazole are first-line drugs available to treat Chagas disease; however, they have limitations, including long treatment courses and toxicity.,Strategies to overcome these limitations include the identification of new drugs with specific target profiles, re-dosing regimen... | 1 |
WHO’s Global Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis (LF) uses mass drug administration (MDA) of anthelmintic medications to interrupt LF transmission in endemic areas.,Recently, a single dose combination of ivermectin (IVM), diethylcarbamazine (DEC), and albendazole (ALB) was shown to be markedly more effective th... | Globally, 40 million people live with the chronic effects of lymphatic filariasis (LF), making it the second leading cause of disability in the world.,Despite this, there is limited research into the experiences of people living with the disease.,This review summarises the research on the experiences of people living w... | 1 |
Plasmodium vivax has been recently discovered as a significant cause of malaria in Mauritania, although very rare elsewhere in West Africa.,It has not been known if this is a recently introduced or locally remnant parasite population, nor whether the genetic structure reflects epidemic or endemic transmission.,To inves... | Plasmodium vivax shows a small prevalence in West and Central Africa due to the high prevalence of Duffy negative people.,However, Duffy negative individuals infected with P. vivax have been reported in areas of high prevalence of Duffy positive people who may serve as supply of P. vivax strains able to invade Duffy ne... | 1 |
It is estimated that around 52,000 people live with Chagas in Spain, but only 10% have been diagnosed.,Migrants from Bolivia bear the burden of Chagas infection in Spain.,However, little is known about their current management of Chagas diagnosis and treatment patterns.,This study aimed to assess the Chagas related dis... | Chagas disease prevention remains mostly based on triatomine vector control to reduce or eliminate house infestation with these bugs.,The level of adaptation of triatomines to human housing is a key part of vector competence and needs to be precisely evaluated to allow for the design of effective vector control strateg... | 1 |
In a low-endemicity/malaria elimination setting, we demonstrate limited sensitivity of Plasmodium falciparum-specific rapid diagnostic testing for suspected malaria, owing to unexpected low-density infections.,Positive predictive value was also low, requiring further investigation.,More accurate diagnostics may be need... | Rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) detecting histidine-rich protein 2 (PfHRP2) antigen are used to identify individuals with Plasmodium falciparum infection even in low transmission settings seeking to achieve elimination.,However, these RDTs lack sensitivity to detect low-density infections, produce false negatives for P. ... | 1 |
Determination of the genetic diversity of malaria parasites can inform the intensity of transmission and identify potential deficiencies in malaria control programmes.,This study was conducted to characterize the genetic diversity and allele frequencies of Plasmodium falciparum in Northwest Ethiopia along the Eritrea a... | Members of the Anopheles gambiae (s.l.) complex are one of the major vectors of malaria in Africa.,LLINs and IRS are the most effective tools used in vector control of malaria.,However, their effectiveness may be hampered by the development and spread of insecticide resistance in the target vectors species.,The objecti... | 1 |
Malaria risk stratification is essential to differentiate areas with distinct malaria intensity and seasonality patterns.,The development of a simple prediction model to forecast malaria incidence by rainfall offers an opportunity for early detection of malaria epidemics.,To construct a national malaria stratification ... | In Côte d’Ivoire, an estimated 767,000 disability-adjusted life years are due to malaria, placing the country at position number 14 with regard to the global burden of malaria.,Risk maps are important to guide control interventions, and hence, the aim of this study was to predict the geographical distribution of malari... | 1 |
Though malaria control initiatives have markedly reduced malaria prevalence in recent decades, global eradication is far from actuality.,Recent studies show that environmental and social heterogeneities in low-transmission settings have an increased weight in shaping malaria micro-epidemiology.,New integrated and more ... | Antimalarial drugs are a powerful tool for malaria control and elimination.,Artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) can reduce transmission when widely distributed in a campaign setting.,Modelling mass antimalarial campaigns can elucidate how to most effectively deploy drug-based interventions and quantitatively... | 1 |
PermaNet® 3.0 is a deltamethrin-treated combination long-lasting insecticidal net with the addition of synergist piperonylbutoxide (PBO) on its roof section.,It is designed to overcome the challenge posed by pyrethroid resistant vector populations against mainstream long-lasting insecticidal nets impregnated with pyret... | Despite the availability of cost effective malaria control interventions, such as insecticide-treated bed nets (ITN), diagnosis and effective treatment of malaria, and intermittent preventive treatment during pregnancy (IPTp), the lack of equitable access and coverage affect utilization of these interventions in rural ... | 1 |
Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), also known as sleeping sickness, persists as a public health problem in several sub-Saharan countries.,Evidence-based, spatially explicit estimates of population at risk are needed to inform planning and implementation of field interventions, monitor disease trends, raise awareness ... | Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) has been a major public health problem in South Sudan for the last century.,Recurrent outbreaks with a repetitive pattern of responding-scaling down activities have been observed.,Control measures for outbreak response were reduced when the prevalence decreased and/or socio-political... | 1 |
Funding from external agencies for malaria control in Africa has increased dramatically over the past decade resulting in substantial increases in population coverage by effective malaria prevention interventions.,This unprecedented effort to scale-up malaria interventions is likely improving child survival and will li... | Richard Cibulskis and colleagues present estimates of the worldwide incidence of malaria in 2009, together with a critique of different estimation methods, including those based on risk maps constructed from surveys of parasite prevalence, and those based on routine case reports compiled by health ministries.,Measuring... | 1 |
More than 80% of available malaria rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) are based on the detection of histidine-rich protein-2 (PfHRP2) for diagnosis of Plasmodium falciparum malaria.,Recent studies have shown the genes that code for this protein and its paralog, histidine-rich protein-3 (PfHRP3), are absent in parasites from... | Detection of histidine-rich protein 2 (HRP2) from the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum provides evidence for active or recent infection, and is utilized for both diagnostic and surveillance purposes, but current laboratory immunoassays for HRP2 are hindered by low sensitivities and high costs.,Here we present a n... | 1 |
The Tanzania National Voucher Scheme (TNVS) was a public private partnership managed by the Ministry of Health that provided pregnant women and infants with highly subsidized (long-lasting) insecticide-treated nets between 2004 and 2014.,It was implemented in the context of the National Insecticide Treated Nets (NATNET... | Indoor residual spraying (IRS) combined with insecticide treated nets (ITN) has been implemented together in several sub-Saharan countries with inconclusive evidence that the combined intervention provides added benefit.,The impact on malaria transmission was evaluated in a cluster randomised trial comparing two rounds... | 1 |
The last decade has seen a dramatic increase in international and domestic funding for malaria control, coupled with important declines in malaria incidence and mortality in some regions of the world.,As the ongoing climate of financial uncertainty places strains on investment in global health, there is an increasing n... | Since 2005, malaria control scale-up has progressed in many African countries.,Controlled studies of insecticide-treated mosquito nets (ITNs), indoor residual spraying (IRS), intermittent preventive treatment during pregnancy (IPTp) and malaria case management suggested that when incorporated into national programmes a... | 1 |
Mosquito‐borne diseases cause a major burden of disease worldwide.,The vital rates of these ectothermic vectors and parasites respond strongly and nonlinearly to temperature and therefore to climate change.,Here, we review how trait‐based approaches can synthesise and mechanistically predict the temperature dependence ... | There has been considerable debate on the existence of trends in climate in the highlands of East Africa and hypotheses about their potential effect on the trends in malaria in the region.,We apply a new robust trend test to mean temperature time series data from three editions of the University of East Anglia's Climat... | 1 |
Ayeyarwady Region in Myanmar has made significant progress towards malaria elimination, with cases decreasing from 12,312 in 2015 to 122 in 2019.,As transmission declines, malaria becomes increasingly focalized both in geographic hotspots and among population groups sharing certain risk factors.,Developing a thorough p... | Understanding malaria along the international border of two countries is important for malaria control and elimination; however, it is difficult to investigate a quantitative relationship between two countries’ border areas due to a shortage of malaria surveillance data.,A linear regression analysis was conducted to in... | 1 |
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