# EMU STATUTE
## Statute Establishing the North Cyprus Education Foundation and Eastern Mediterranean University
*Combining statutes: 18/1986, 39/1992, 58/1992, 37/1997, 37/2011*
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# **STATUTE ESTABLISHING THE NORTH CYPRUS EDUCATION** **FOUNDATION AND EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN UNIVERSITY**
(Combing the following statutes 18/1986, 39/1992, 58/1992, 37/1997 ve 37/2011)
This Law also incorporates “The Law Establishing the North Cyprus Education Foundation and the Eastern Mediterranean
University (Amendment No.1/86 – 1/11).
**PART ONE**
**STATUTE**
**(GENERAL RULES)**
**Article 1: Short Title of the Statute**
**Article 2: Definitions of Key Terms**
**PART TWO**
**THE AIMS AND ORGANS OF THE EDUCATION FOUNDATION AND THE UNIVERSITY**
**SECTION ONE**
**THE ESTABLISHMENT AND AIM OF THE FOUNDATION**
**Article 3: The Establishment and Aim of the Education Foundation**
**SECTION TWO**
**THE ESTABLISHMENT AND AIM OF THE UNIVERSITY**
**Article 4: The Establishment and Aim of the University**
**SECTION THREE**
**THE ORGANS OF THE FOUNDATION AND UNIVERSITY**
**Article 5: The Formation and Appointment of the Foundation Board of Trustees**
**Article 6: Qualifications of the Members of the Board of Trustees**
**Article 7: Duties and Powers of the Board of Trustees**
**Article 8: The Working Principles of the Board of Trustees and the Establishment of its Secretariat**
**SECTION FOUR**
**THE AUDIT BOARD**
**Article 9: The Establishment of the Audit Board**
**Article 10: The Duties and Powers of the Audit Board**
**SECTION FIVE**
**THE UNIVERSITY’S ORGANS**
**Article 11: Organs of the University**
**Article 12: The Rector’s Office, the Rector and the Vice-Rectors**
**Article 13: The Duties and Powers of the Rector**
**Article 14: The Formation and Ways of Convening the Senate**
**Article 14A: The Formation and Ways of Convening the University Executive Council**
**Article 15: The Duties of the Senate**
**Article 15A: The Duties of the University Executive Council**
**Article 16: The Appointment and Dismissal of Deans**
**Article 17: The Formation and Ways of Convening the Faculty Academic Council**
**Article 17A: The Formation and Ways of Convening the Faculty Administrative Council**
**Article 18: The Duties and Powers of the Faculty Academic Council**
**Article 18A: The Duties and Powers of the Faculty Administrative Council**
**Article 19: The Duties and Powers of the Dean**
**Article 20: The Formation and Ways of Convening the Department Council**
**Article 21: The Duties of the Departmental Council**
**Article 22: The Appointment and Dismissal of the Department Chair.**
**Article 23: The Duties, Powers and Responsibilities of the Department Chair**
**Article 24: The Formation and Working Principles of Institutes and Schools of Higher Education**
**Article 25: The Preparatory School [of Foreign Languages], Formation and Working Principles**
**PART THREE**
**STAFFING STRUCTURES**
**Article 26: Staffing Structure of Academic Personnel**
**Article 27: Staffing Structure of Administrative Personnel**
**PART FOUR**
**EDUCATION AND STUDENTS**
**Article 28: Education and Programs**
**Article 29: Language of Instruction**
**Article 30: Tuition fees**
**Article 31: Numbers of Student to be Admitted**
**Article 32: Eligibility for Admittance**
**PART FIVE**
**THE FOUNDATION’S FINANCIAL RULES**
**Article 33: Sources of income for the Foundation**
**Article 34: Exemptions to be applied to Contributions Made to the Foundation**
**Article 35: State Contributions to the Budget**
**PART SIX**
**THE TRANSITIONAL PROVISIONS**
**Transitional Articles 1, 2 and 3.**
**PART SEVEN**
**THE ENTRY INTO FORCE OF THIS STATUTE AND REGULATIONS**
**Article 36: The Entry into Force of Regulations**
**Article 37: Implementation**
**Article 38: Entry into Force of this Statute**
|Col1|Col2|PART ONE INTRODUCTION|
|---|---|---|
|**Short Title**
11.06.1986
R.G. 51
EK I
A.E. 18,
07.07.1992
R.G. 39
EK I
A.E. 70,
19.11.1992
R.G. 58
EK I
A.E. 112,
16.07.1997
R.G. 37
EK I
A.E. 81,
24.06.2011
R.G. 37
EK I
A.E. 107|**1.**|This Statute is called the, “Statute Establishing The North Cyprus Education Foundation and
Eastern Mediterranean University.”|
|**Definitions **
19.11.1992
R.G. 58
EK I
A.E. 112
|**2.**|Where the text of this Statute does not require otherwise:
**“Academic Staff”**, refers to all academic employees of the University.
**“Assistant Professor”**, refers to a person who has successfully completed doctoral studies and
possesses the lowest professorial title.
**“Associate Professor”**, refers to a person holding the academic title immediately below the status
of a full Professor.
**“Board”** refers to the Foundation Board of Trustees.
**“Community Education Program”** is the type of non-degree instruction or education having the
aim of enhancing existing knowledge and skills.
**“Contract Employees”**, refers to people employed in accordance with this Statute by contract and
for a specified duration.
**“Council of Ministers”**, refers to the Council of Ministers of the Turkish Republic of Northern
Cyprus.
**“Department”**, refers to a unit of training, instruction, education or scientific research of a Faculty
or of a School of Higher Education. Each Department is an organization with an aim to teach and
pursue a distinct field of knowledge.
**“Diploma”**, refers to the qualification resulting from a program of Higher Education usually
requiring at least 4 semesters of instruction.
**“Faculty”**, refers to an establishment of Higher Education that provides for instruction, education,
research and publications and to which units (e.g. Departments or Institutes) may be attached.
**“Formal Education”**, refers to the type of instruction or education in which students are required
to attend classes.
**“Foundation”**, refers to the institution possessing corporate personality in accordance with this
Statute, but not of the same type as defined by Article 131 of the Constitution, i.e. it is not a
religious or charitable organization.
**“Higher Education”**, refers to all instruction or education that is above secondary education, and
requires a minimum of 4 academic semesters.
**“Institute”**, refers to an establishment of Higher Education either within or independent of a
Faculty and which provides Post-graduate education or training, or conducts, scientific research in
a distinct set of similar or associated fields of knowledge.
**“Ministry”**, refers to the Ministry responsible for administering educational affairs.
**“Open Education”**, refers to education allowing students to receive a diploma after instruction
was conducted with the assistance of radio, television, the internet or other off campus media.
**“Post-Graduate”**, refers to education incorporating masters and doctoral education.
**“President”**, refers to the President of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus.
**“Professor”,** refers to a person holding the highest level academic title.
**“Professorial Academic Staff”**, refers to Professors, Associate Professors and Assistant
Professors.|
**PART TWO**
**THE AIMS AND ORGANS OF THE EDUCATION FOUNDATION AND UNIVERSITY**
|Col1|Col2|SECTION ONE THE ESTABLISHMENT AND AIM OF THE FOUNDATION|
|---|---|---|
|**The**
**Establishment**
**and Aim of the**
**Foundation**|**3.**|(1) By this Law a foundation bearing the name “North Cyprus Education Foundation” is
established with a corporate existence and autonomy within the framework of this Law|
|24.06.2011
R.G. 37
EK I
A.E. 107||(2) Based in the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, the Foundation’s aims are to establish
universities and other institutions of Higher Education as well as other educational
institutions other than those involved in higher education, to establish research and
application units connected to these institutions, and to fulfill other aims specified in this
Statute.|
|Col1|Col2|SECTION TWO THE ESTABLISHMENT AND AIM OF THE UNIVERSITY|Col4|Col5|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|**The**
**Establishment**
**and Aim Of The**
**University**|**4.**|(1) Eastern Mediterranean University is established to promote the well-being of society by
addressing the higher educational needs of North Cyprus and the Middle East (both to
teach and do research), to assist the development of the social, cultural and scientific
relations that will facilitate the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus in taking its proper
place in the world, and to assist realizing the other aims specified in this Statute.
(2) The founding and functional aims of the University are in accord with the general purposes
and basic principles of the Turkish Cypriot Nation’s Educational and Development
Programs Thus, at a high internationally recognized standard:|(1) Eastern Mediterranean University is established to promote the well-being of society by
addressing the higher educational needs of North Cyprus and the Middle East (both to
teach and do research), to assist the development of the social, cultural and scientific
relations that will facilitate the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus in taking its proper
place in the world, and to assist realizing the other aims specified in this Statute.
(2) The founding and functional aims of the University are in accord with the general purposes
and basic principles of the Turkish Cypriot Nation’s Educational and Development
Programs Thus, at a high internationally recognized standard:|(1) Eastern Mediterranean University is established to promote the well-being of society by
addressing the higher educational needs of North Cyprus and the Middle East (both to
teach and do research), to assist the development of the social, cultural and scientific
relations that will facilitate the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus in taking its proper
place in the world, and to assist realizing the other aims specified in this Statute.
(2) The founding and functional aims of the University are in accord with the general purposes
and basic principles of the Turkish Cypriot Nation’s Educational and Development
Programs Thus, at a high internationally recognized standard:|
||||(A)|Primarily so as to meet the needs of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, to
provide instruction and education at various levels above secondary education, to
conduct relevant scientific research, to publish, and to provide relevant consultation
services;|
||||(B)|Utilizing its own strengths, expertise and financial resources, to train people in the
fields and numbers deemed necessary in accord with the educational and planning
policies of the country;|
||||(C)|To disseminate data and scientific knowledge that will both enlighten the public and
enhance the standards of living for the Turkish people;|
||||(Ç)|To provide educational opportunities to all the people by offering Formal, Open and
Community education programs;|
||||(D)|In cooperation with other interested institutions, to carry out studies, conduct research
into problems affecting the country and publish their results. These should aim to
promote scientific, cultural, social and economic progress and development. Also, in
return for fees, to conduct quality control, analyses and other studies and research
requested by public and private enterprises and to produce its findings in the form of
reports;|
||||(E)|To produce, develop, use and spread educational technologies; and|
|Col1|Col2|SECTION THREE THE ORGANS OF THE FOUNDATION AND UNIVERSITY|Col4|Col5|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|**Establishing**
**and**
**Appointment of**
**the Foundation**
**Board of**
**Trustees**|**5.**|(1) The Foundation Board of Trustees is the highest decision making organ of the Foundation
and University, is composed of 9 members.
(2) The chairman and each of the members of the Board are appointed by the President of the
TRNC upon the nomination of the Council of Ministers for a 6-year term.
(3) Members whose terms have expired may be reappointed. In the event of there being a
vacant chair in the Board, the newly appointed member will serve for the remaining
duration of the term of the member whose position he/she has replaced. Appointments to
vacant memberships are to be made within 1 month of vacation. The Chairman and
members of the Board may be dismissed at any time on the condition that this is in
accordance with the contractual terms of their appointment and that reasons for the
decision are provided in writing.|(1) The Foundation Board of Trustees is the highest decision making organ of the Foundation
and University, is composed of 9 members.
(2) The chairman and each of the members of the Board are appointed by the President of the
TRNC upon the nomination of the Council of Ministers for a 6-year term.
(3) Members whose terms have expired may be reappointed. In the event of there being a
vacant chair in the Board, the newly appointed member will serve for the remaining
duration of the term of the member whose position he/she has replaced. Appointments to
vacant memberships are to be made within 1 month of vacation. The Chairman and
members of the Board may be dismissed at any time on the condition that this is in
accordance with the contractual terms of their appointment and that reasons for the
decision are provided in writing.|(1) The Foundation Board of Trustees is the highest decision making organ of the Foundation
and University, is composed of 9 members.
(2) The chairman and each of the members of the Board are appointed by the President of the
TRNC upon the nomination of the Council of Ministers for a 6-year term.
(3) Members whose terms have expired may be reappointed. In the event of there being a
vacant chair in the Board, the newly appointed member will serve for the remaining
duration of the term of the member whose position he/she has replaced. Appointments to
vacant memberships are to be made within 1 month of vacation. The Chairman and
members of the Board may be dismissed at any time on the condition that this is in
accordance with the contractual terms of their appointment and that reasons for the
decision are provided in writing.|
|**Qualifications**
**of the Members**
**of the Board of**
**Trustees**|**6.**|(1) The members of the Board are selected from amongst persons who have had successful
experience in planning and management, in the field of education, human resources,
investment, industrial work force standards and their evaluation, preparing reports or
writing theses.
(2) The members may not take paid or unpaid positions in the University or other
establishments attached to the Foundation.|(1) The members of the Board are selected from amongst persons who have had successful
experience in planning and management, in the field of education, human resources,
investment, industrial work force standards and their evaluation, preparing reports or
writing theses.
(2) The members may not take paid or unpaid positions in the University or other
establishments attached to the Foundation.|(1) The members of the Board are selected from amongst persons who have had successful
experience in planning and management, in the field of education, human resources,
investment, industrial work force standards and their evaluation, preparing reports or
writing theses.
(2) The members may not take paid or unpaid positions in the University or other
establishments attached to the Foundation.|
|**Duties and**
**Powers of the**
**Board of**
**Trustees**|**7.**|(1) The Foundation Board of Trustees is the highest level decision making organ of the
Foundation, the University and its units.
(2) The Board may delegate its powers of decision-making and expenditure, to the degree and
for the duration regarded as appropriate, to the Rector and upon the Rector’s recommendation
to competent persons of the units constituting the University.
(3) The duties and powers of the Board are the following:|(1) The Foundation Board of Trustees is the highest level decision making organ of the
Foundation, the University and its units.
(2) The Board may delegate its powers of decision-making and expenditure, to the degree and
for the duration regarded as appropriate, to the Rector and upon the Rector’s recommendation
to competent persons of the units constituting the University.
(3) The duties and powers of the Board are the following:|(1) The Foundation Board of Trustees is the highest level decision making organ of the
Foundation, the University and its units.
(2) The Board may delegate its powers of decision-making and expenditure, to the degree and
for the duration regarded as appropriate, to the Rector and upon the Rector’s recommendation
to competent persons of the units constituting the University.
(3) The duties and powers of the Board are the following:|
||||(A)|To make the Regulations related to the University’s administration, and activities of
instruction, education and research; to facilitate for the educational programs at the
University to be of the highest level. This level should be determined by comparing the
aims, functions, and quality of education of the University with similar Universities in
developed countries;|
||||(B)|Prepare the University’s budget based on student fees, contributions and other
sources, decide to make transfers between sections of the budget during the financial
year and to approve the final accounts at the end of the year|
||||(C)|To concluded and approve agreements between the University and foreign and
international institutions;|
||||(Ç)|To inspect the auditors’ reports and present them together with their opinions to the
President and Council of Ministers;|
||||(D)|To discuss and to approve the Annual Report of the University’s Activities prepared
by the Rector;|
||||(E)|To appoint the University Rector upon the Senate’s nomination, and to appoint the
Faculty Deans and Directors of the Institutes and Schools of Higher Education upon
the nomination of the Rector;|
||||(F)|To appoint or promote the Professorial Academic Staff of the University upon the
recommendation of the Rector;|
||||(G)|To accept and oversee all movable and immovable donations from either inside or
outside the country, to the University and Education Foundation;|
||||(Ğ)|To employ or appoint as many contracted Advisors and Experts as deemed necessary
to enable the University and Foundation pursue its research and development
activities effectively;|
||||(H)|In case of need, to seek Administrators and “Academic Staff” from overseas; to
establish the contractual terms incorporating their remuneration and the conditions
and duration of their employment;|
|07.07.1992
R.G. 39
EK I
A.E. 70|Col2|Col3|(I)|To fix the University’s annual total educational fees, subject to not exceeding the
annual minimum wage; however, for overseas students this amount may be
increased up to 5 times the annual minimum wage;|
|---|---|---|---|---|
||||(İ)|To determine the number of academic and administrative people to be employed by
the Foundation and the University; to finalize proposed rules that will become
Regulation once they have been published in the Official Gazette. These will
regulate the personal benefits, duties and responsibilities, disciplinary procedures
and procedures for appointment and promotion, powers, rights and obligations,
salaries and allowances of the personnel appointed to these positions;|
||||(J)|To provide scholarships and financial assistance to University students and
“Academic Staff” to enable them to receive higher levels of education and
learning;|
||||(K)|In accordance with the requirements of this Statute; to determine the number of
overseas and home students, and the necessary measures to attract and meet the
needs of all students;|
||||(L)|To determine the academic staff positions of the Faculties and Schools of Higher
Education in terms of numbers and qualifications required;|
||||(M)|To provide the buildings, installations and other necessities for teaching and education,
and to have development plans prepared and financial provisions made for these
matters;|
||||(N)|To monitor the work and duties at the University continuously, to determine the causes
of any successes or failures, and to determine remedial measures;|
||||(O)|To have studies conducted as to whether or not graduates [of the University] have
attained the expected levels of accomplishment, and to take remedial action when
necessary.|
||||(Ö)|To conclude cooperation agreements with foreign universities.|
|||(4) The Board is required to use all its competencies and functions in financial matters within
the framework of the principles of the budget passed by the Council of Ministers. All
budgetary activities are subject to examination by the State Auditor.|(4) The Board is required to use all its competencies and functions in financial matters within
the framework of the principles of the budget passed by the Council of Ministers. All
budgetary activities are subject to examination by the State Auditor.|(4) The Board is required to use all its competencies and functions in financial matters within
the framework of the principles of the budget passed by the Council of Ministers. All
budgetary activities are subject to examination by the State Auditor.|
|**Working**
**Principles of the**
**Board**|**8.**|The working principles of the Foundation Board of Trustees, the establishment of its Secretariat
and the payment of expenses of its Chairman and members, are determined by Regulations to
be made by the Council of Ministers.|The working principles of the Foundation Board of Trustees, the establishment of its Secretariat
and the payment of expenses of its Chairman and members, are determined by Regulations to
be made by the Council of Ministers.|The working principles of the Foundation Board of Trustees, the establishment of its Secretariat
and the payment of expenses of its Chairman and members, are determined by Regulations to
be made by the Council of Ministers.|
|Col1|Col2|SECTION FOUR THE AUDIT BOARD|
|---|---|---|
|**Formation of**
**the Audit Board**|**9.**|(1) The Audit Board is composed of one Chairman and 2 members appointed by the President
of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus upon the nomination of the Council of
Ministers. Members whose terms have expired may be reappointed.
(2) The members of the Audit Board are selected from amongst persons who have successful
experience in general management, auditing, applying disciplinary proceedings,
supervising budgets, and/or, more specifically, auditing institutions of instruction or
education according to specified standards, or determining the productiveness of fund
management.
(3) The members may not take paid or unpaid positions in Eastern Mediterranean University
or other establishments attached to the Foundation.|
|**Duties and**
**Powers of the**
**Audit Board**|**10.**|The duties and powers of the Audit Board are the following:
(1) To examine expenditures made according to the budget and to oversee whether or not the
non-academic activities of the Foundation and University comply with this Statute, and
with the Regulations, By-laws, and University Policies made in accordance with this
Statute;
(2) To investigate and study all matters within the domain of the Board upon the request of
the Ministry responsible for Education, prepare reports and present them to the Ministry;
(3) To prepare an annual report evaluating the efforts of the Foundation to accomplish its
aims; and
(4) To present its annual audit and evaluation reports to the President, Prime Minister,
Minister responsible for education and Chairman of the Board.|
|Col1|Col2|SECTION FIVE THE UNIVERSITY’S ORGANS|
|---|---|---|
|**Organs of the**
**University**
19.11.1992
R.G. 58
EK I
A.E. 112|**11.**|The University is composed of the Office of the Rector, the Senate, the University Executive
Council, the Offices of the Deans, the Faculty Academic Councils, the Faculty Administrative
Councils, the Directorates of Institutes and Schools of Higher Education, Department Chairs,
and Department Councils.|
|
**Rector’s Office,**
**Rector and Vice**
**Rectors**|**12.**||
|19.11.1992
R.G. 58
EK I
A.E. 112||(1) The Office of the Rector is the executive organ of the University and is composed of the
Rector, the Vice-Rectors and the General Secretary. The Rector is the representative of the
University’s corporate existence.|
|
||(2) The Rector is appointed from among university Professors within or outside of the
University, for a five-year term by the Board upon the nomination of the Senate.|
|19.11.1992
R.G. 58
EK I
A.E. 112||(3) With the approval of the Board, the Rector may choose up to 5 Vice-Rectors from among
the “academic staff”. The Vice-Rectors assist him/her in the manner that s/he directs. A
Vice-Rector, chosen by the Rector will act in his/her absence.|
|||(4) A Rector appointed from within the University who is not reappointed to this post when
his/her term has expired returns to his/her previous position in the University.|
|||(5) Throughout his term in office, the Rector cannot be involved in private business or take-
on any other post in public service. In the event that his candidacy for any public service
acquired through election is confirmed, s/he must resign. However, in the event that it is
required in the higher interests of the country, he may be appointed for a temporary period
to perform a special duty of a public nature by the President without forfeiting his/her
status as Rector.|
|||(6) The Rector may be dismissed by the Board before the completion of his/her term in
accordance with the written procedures set for his/her appointment and that written
justification is provided.|
|**Duties and**
**Powers of the**
**Rector**|**13.**|The main duties and rights of the Rector are as follows:
(1) To use his/her powers to administer and accomplish as a whole the founding and working
aims of the University in accordance with the decisions of the Board; to have plans,
programs, reports and draft resolutions prepared by the Senate, and consequent to their
approval by the Board, to have them put into effect, and to carry out the duties determined
by this Statute;
(2) To supervise the “Academic Staff” and other employees of the University;
(3) To monitor or supervise the working conditions, productivity and standards of the
University’s establishments and units, and the effectiveness of Academic Staff and other
employees, to have their personal files kept, and to arrange for them to be evaluated in
accordance with their job descriptions;
(4) To chair the Senate, and when necessary, other University Councils. To study the
proposals of the various councils of the University, to finalize decisions regarding their
proposals, and to facilitate the well ordered operation and cooperation of the different units
and establishments attached to the University;
(5) At the end of every academic year and whenever deemed necessary by the Board, to
provide the Board with information about the University’s educational, research and
publishing activities;
(6) After considering the views and suggestions of the of the Senate, to prepare the
University’s investment programs, budget and personnel requirements and present them
to the Board;|
|19.11.1992
R.G. 58
EK I
A.E. 112||(7) In situations deemed necessary, to reassign Academic and other employees working for
the units within the University to different posts of the same class of service or to give
them new posts.|
|||(8) To attend, without voting right, the meetings of the Board, and|
|||(9) To perform other duties specified by this Statute.|
||||
|Members of the
Senate and
Ways of
Convening|14.|Col3|Col4|
|---|---|---|---|
|19.11.1992
R.G. 58
EK I
A.E. 112||(1)|Under the chairmanship of the Rector the Senate is composed of the Vice-Rectors, Deans,
Chairs of Academic Departments, Directors of Institutes and Schools of Higher
Education, 3 Professors elected by Professors; 2 Associate Professors elected by
Associate Professors; 1 Assistant Professor elected by Assistant Professors, and 1
Instructor elected by Instructors.|
|||(2)|The Senate convenes at least 4 times a year, at the beginning and end of each semester
and whenever the Rector considers necessary;|
|||(3)|In the event of a written petition signed by at least one third of Senate members, the Senate
must be convened for an extraordinary meeting;|
|**Members of the**
**University**
**Executive**
**Council and**
**Ways of**
**Convening**
19.11.1992
R.G. 58
EK I
A.E. 112|**14A.**
|(1) The University Executive Council is an organ to assist the Rector in the administration of
the University. It is chaired by the Rector and composed of the Vice-Rectors, the General
Secretary, the Deans, and the Directors of the Institutes and Schools of Higher Education.
(2) The University Executive Council convenes upon the request of the Rector.|(1) The University Executive Council is an organ to assist the Rector in the administration of
the University. It is chaired by the Rector and composed of the Vice-Rectors, the General
Secretary, the Deans, and the Directors of the Institutes and Schools of Higher Education.
(2) The University Executive Council convenes upon the request of the Rector.|
|
**Duties of the**
**Senate**|**15.**|The Senate is the academic organ of the University and carries out the following duties:
(1) Within the framework of the duties specified for the Board by this Statute, to discuss and
propose academic plans, programs, reports concerned with the University’s educational
policies, research and publication activities, and any suggestions prepared by working
groups formed by the Rectors’ Office or Senate. To submit its proposed decisions through
the Rector for the approval of the Board;
(2) To prepare proposed Regulations and By-laws concerning the University or the
University’s units and staff structures, that are to be enacted once approved by the Board
and published in the Official Gazette;
(3) To examine and decide upon the University’s annual educational programs and calendar;
(4) To make recommendations to the Board as to the award of honorary academic titles;
(5) To examine and decide upon appeals against any Academic decisions of Faculty Academic
Councils, Councils of Institutes and Schools of Higher Education; and
(6) To carry out the other duties given by the Rector in accordance with this Statute.|The Senate is the academic organ of the University and carries out the following duties:
(1) Within the framework of the duties specified for the Board by this Statute, to discuss and
propose academic plans, programs, reports concerned with the University’s educational
policies, research and publication activities, and any suggestions prepared by working
groups formed by the Rectors’ Office or Senate. To submit its proposed decisions through
the Rector for the approval of the Board;
(2) To prepare proposed Regulations and By-laws concerning the University or the
University’s units and staff structures, that are to be enacted once approved by the Board
and published in the Official Gazette;
(3) To examine and decide upon the University’s annual educational programs and calendar;
(4) To make recommendations to the Board as to the award of honorary academic titles;
(5) To examine and decide upon appeals against any Academic decisions of Faculty Academic
Councils, Councils of Institutes and Schools of Higher Education; and
(6) To carry out the other duties given by the Rector in accordance with this Statute.|
|**Duties of The**
**University**
**Executive**
**Council**
19.11.1992
R.G. 58
EK I
A.E. 112|**15A.**|The University Executive Council is to perform the following duties:
(1) It prepares plans and programs related to the University’s activities;
(2) To prepare draft budgets taking into account the suggestions from the University’s units;
(3) To distribute approved budget allowances among the academic units;
(4) Function as the Committee for Personnel Affairs both for Academic and Non-Academic
Staff, or delegate this function to a committee or committees it establishes; and
(5) To prepare proposals on matters submitted by the Rector.|The University Executive Council is to perform the following duties:
(1) It prepares plans and programs related to the University’s activities;
(2) To prepare draft budgets taking into account the suggestions from the University’s units;
(3) To distribute approved budget allowances among the academic units;
(4) Function as the Committee for Personnel Affairs both for Academic and Non-Academic
Staff, or delegate this function to a committee or committees it establishes; and
(5) To prepare proposals on matters submitted by the Rector.|
|**Appointment**
**and Dismissal of**
**a Dean **|**16.**|(1) The Dean is the representative and administrator of a Faculty and its units.
(2) The Dean is appointed by the Board for a 3 year term from amongst candidates from within
or outside of the University who are proposed by the Rector to the Board having consulted
the Faculty’s Academic Council.
(3) A Dean whose term has expired may be reappointed.|(1) The Dean is the representative and administrator of a Faculty and its units.
(2) The Dean is appointed by the Board for a 3 year term from amongst candidates from within
or outside of the University who are proposed by the Rector to the Board having consulted
the Faculty’s Academic Council.
(3) A Dean whose term has expired may be reappointed.|
|19.11.1992
R.G. 58
EK I
A.E. 112||(4) The Dean may select to assist him in his work, from among the Academic Staff, a
maximum of two Vice-Deans for 3 year terms at most.
(5) Upon the written justification of the Rector, the Dean may be removed from office by the
Board.|(4) The Dean may select to assist him in his work, from among the Academic Staff, a
maximum of two Vice-Deans for 3 year terms at most.
(5) Upon the written justification of the Rector, the Dean may be removed from office by the
Board.|
|**Members of the**
**Faculty**
**Academic**
**Council and**|**17.**|||
|Ways of
Convening|Col2|Col3|Col4|
|---|---|---|---|
|19.11.1992
R.G. 58
EK I
A.E. 112||(1)|The Faculty Academic Council, chaired by the Dean, is composed of the Vice-Deans, the
Departmental Chairs of the Faculty, 3 Professors elected by the Professors; 2 Associate
Professors elected by the Associate Professors; 1 Assistant Professor elected by the
Assistant Professors and 1 Instructor elected by the Instructors.|
|||(2)|The Faculty Academic Council convenes normally at least 4 times a year, at the beginning
and end of each semester and whenever the Dean considers necessary;|
|||(3)|The Faculty Academic Council must be convened for an extraordinary meeting in the
event of a written petition signed by at least one third of members;|
|**Members of the**
**Faculty**
**Administrative**
**Council and**
**Ways of**
**Convening**
19.11.1992
R.G. 58
EK I
A.E. 112|**17A.**|(1) The Faculty Administrative Council is an organ to assist the Dean in the administration of
the Faculty, is chaired by the Dean and composed of the Vice-Deans and Department
Chairs.
(2) The Faculty Administrative Council is convened upon the request of the Dean.|(1) The Faculty Administrative Council is an organ to assist the Dean in the administration of
the Faculty, is chaired by the Dean and composed of the Vice-Deans and Department
Chairs.
(2) The Faculty Administrative Council is convened upon the request of the Dean.|
|**Duties and**
**Powers of the**
**Faculty**
**Academic**
**Council**|**18.**|The Faculty Academic Council is an academic organ with the following duties and powers:
(1) To submit its opinion to the Dean, to decide on any proposals presented concerning the
planning, programming and implementation of the Faculty’s educational, research and
publication policies;
|The Faculty Academic Council is an academic organ with the following duties and powers:
(1) To submit its opinion to the Dean, to decide on any proposals presented concerning the
planning, programming and implementation of the Faculty’s educational, research and
publication policies;
|
|19.11.1992
R.G. 58
EK I
A.E. 112||
(2)|To carry out the other duties given by the Dean in accordance with this Statute.|
|19.11.1992
R.G. 58
EK I
A.E. 112||
(3)|To decide upon procedures for the acceptance and dismissal of students and on questions
relating to the Faculty’s educational and examination procedures.|
|**Duties and**
**Powers of the**
**Faculty**
**Administrative**
**Council**
19.11.1992
R.G. 58
EK I
A.E. 112|**18A.**|The Faculty Administrative Council is to perform the following duties:
(1) To prepare reports and programs related to the Faculty’s activities;
(2) To prepare draft investment programs and the draft budget to be submitted to the Rectors’
office; and
(3) To prepare proposals on matters concerning the administration of the Faculty submitted
by the Dean.|The Faculty Administrative Council is to perform the following duties:
(1) To prepare reports and programs related to the Faculty’s activities;
(2) To prepare draft investment programs and the draft budget to be submitted to the Rectors’
office; and
(3) To prepare proposals on matters concerning the administration of the Faculty submitted
by the Dean.|
|
**The Deans’**
**Duties and**
**Powers**|**19.**|The Deans’ Duties and Powers:
(1) To Chair the Faculty Councils and to facilitate the orderly working of the Faculty’s units;
(2) To give a report at the end of every semester or when requested by the Rector about the
general circumstances and operations of the Faculty;
(3) To inform the Rector of the Faculty’s financial and staff requirements together with
justifications;
(4) To monitor and supervise the Faculty’s units and employees at all levels; and
(5) To perform the other duties given by the Rector in accordance with this Statute.|The Deans’ Duties and Powers:
(1) To Chair the Faculty Councils and to facilitate the orderly working of the Faculty’s units;
(2) To give a report at the end of every semester or when requested by the Rector about the
general circumstances and operations of the Faculty;
(3) To inform the Rector of the Faculty’s financial and staff requirements together with
justifications;
(4) To monitor and supervise the Faculty’s units and employees at all levels; and
(5) To perform the other duties given by the Rector in accordance with this Statute.|
|**Formation of**
**the Department**
**Council and**
**Ways of**
**Convening**|**20.**|||
|19.11.1992
R.G. 58
EK I
A.E. 112||(1)|The Department Council is composed of the entire full time department’s academic staff,
and is chaired by the Head of Department.|
|Col1|Col2|(2)|Col4|The Department Council convenes at least 3 times every semester and whenever
considered necessary by the Head of Department;|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|||(3)|(3)|In the event of a petition signed by at least one third of Department Council members, the
Department Council must be convened by the Head of Department for an extraordinary
meeting;|
|**Duties of the**
**Department**
**Council**|**21.**|The duties of the Department Council:
(1) To determine the principles and plans according to which the educational, research,
publication and financial operations of the Department are to be conducted;
(2) To prepare the draft proposals for the Department’s budget and investments;
(3) To give its opinion on matters related to the administrative issues submitted to it by the
Department Chair;
(4) To perform other duties given by the Department Chair in accordance with this Statute.|The duties of the Department Council:
(1) To determine the principles and plans according to which the educational, research,
publication and financial operations of the Department are to be conducted;
(2) To prepare the draft proposals for the Department’s budget and investments;
(3) To give its opinion on matters related to the administrative issues submitted to it by the
Department Chair;
(4) To perform other duties given by the Department Chair in accordance with this Statute.|The duties of the Department Council:
(1) To determine the principles and plans according to which the educational, research,
publication and financial operations of the Department are to be conducted;
(2) To prepare the draft proposals for the Department’s budget and investments;
(3) To give its opinion on matters related to the administrative issues submitted to it by the
Department Chair;
(4) To perform other duties given by the Department Chair in accordance with this Statute.|
|**Appointment**
**and dismissal of**
**the Department**
**Chair**|**22.**|(1)|The Department Chair is the head of a unit of educational, research or application within
a Faculty or School of Higher Education.
|The Department Chair is the head of a unit of educational, research or application within
a Faculty or School of Higher Education.
|
|||(2)|The Department Chair is appointed by the Rector for 3 years upon the proposal of the Dean
and if deemed necessary by the Rector after consulting the Department Council.|The Department Chair is appointed by the Rector for 3 years upon the proposal of the Dean
and if deemed necessary by the Rector after consulting the Department Council.|
|||(3)|In order to be appointed as a Department Chair, the candidate must be at least an Assistant
Professor;|In order to be appointed as a Department Chair, the candidate must be at least an Assistant
Professor;|
|||(4)|A Department Chair whose term has expired may be reappointed;|A Department Chair whose term has expired may be reappointed;|
|||(5)|The Department Chair may be removed from office before his/her term expires, according
to the same method by which s/he was appointed.|The Department Chair may be removed from office before his/her term expires, according
to the same method by which s/he was appointed.|
|**Department**
**Chair’s Duties**|**23.**|The Department Chair’s duties and powers:
(1) To Chair the Department Council;
(2) To coordinate all matters relating to the educational programs of the Department;
(3) To determine the needs of the Department and to inform the Dean;
(4) To ensure that all employees in the Department are efficiently carrying out their specified
duties;
(5) To cooperate with other Departments; and
(6) To perform other duties given by the Dean in accordance with this Statute.|The Department Chair’s duties and powers:
(1) To Chair the Department Council;
(2) To coordinate all matters relating to the educational programs of the Department;
(3) To determine the needs of the Department and to inform the Dean;
(4) To ensure that all employees in the Department are efficiently carrying out their specified
duties;
(5) To cooperate with other Departments; and
(6) To perform other duties given by the Dean in accordance with this Statute.|The Department Chair’s duties and powers:
(1) To Chair the Department Council;
(2) To coordinate all matters relating to the educational programs of the Department;
(3) To determine the needs of the Department and to inform the Dean;
(4) To ensure that all employees in the Department are efficiently carrying out their specified
duties;
(5) To cooperate with other Departments; and
(6) To perform other duties given by the Dean in accordance with this Statute.|
|**Establishment**
**and Functioning**
**Principles for**
**the Institutes**
**and Schools of**
**Higher**
**Education**|**24.**|(1)|(1)|Post-graduate Institutes and Schools of Higher Education conducting research and
training are established by the Decision of the Board. However, any such decision must
consider both the views of the Senate and the views of the State Planning Organization.
The Senate must arrive at its view only after it has tudied the relevant reports produced
by a working group empowered by the Rector. After having decisions on these matters
approved by the Council of Ministers, the Board puts them in to effect within the
framework of the Foundation’s budget.|
|||(2)|(2)|Institutes and Schools of Higher Education function according to the regulations prepared
by the Senate and approved by the Board.|
|**Establishment**
**and Functioning**
**Principles for**
**the School of**
**Foreign**
**Languages**|**25.**|(1) The Preparatory School is established to provide the necessary education to students who
have received the right of admission to the University but who do not yet possess the
necessary standard of English language for the relevant University program.
(2) The functioning of this School, its programs, duration, admission criteria and principles
for evaluating student success are governed by a regulation.|(1) The Preparatory School is established to provide the necessary education to students who
have received the right of admission to the University but who do not yet possess the
necessary standard of English language for the relevant University program.
(2) The functioning of this School, its programs, duration, admission criteria and principles
for evaluating student success are governed by a regulation.|(1) The Preparatory School is established to provide the necessary education to students who
have received the right of admission to the University but who do not yet possess the
necessary standard of English language for the relevant University program.
(2) The functioning of this School, its programs, duration, admission criteria and principles
for evaluating student success are governed by a regulation.|
**PART THREE**
**STAFFING STRUCTURE**
|Academic Staff|Col2|Col3|Col4|Col5|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|19.11.1992
R.G. 58
EK I
A.E. 112||(1)|Full-time Academic Staff consists of all people employed full-time to carry out academic
and/or research activities.|Full-time Academic Staff consists of all people employed full-time to carry out academic
and/or research activities.|
|||(2)|The number of academic positions and qualifications required of employees to
accomplish the education functions of the University and attached units are determined
by the Staffing Regulations approved by the Council of Ministers. These regulations
specify the personal rights, job descriptions, their titles and duties, powers and
responsibilities, salaries and allowances, personal benefits, pension entitlements, criteria
for appointment and promotion, the titles and degrees of their posts and criteria for
changing titles, the validity of titles gained at other universities, the retention of titles, the
contractual engagement of Teaching Assistants and Academic Staff of foreign
citizenship.|The number of academic positions and qualifications required of employees to
accomplish the education functions of the University and attached units are determined
by the Staffing Regulations approved by the Council of Ministers. These regulations
specify the personal rights, job descriptions, their titles and duties, powers and
responsibilities, salaries and allowances, personal benefits, pension entitlements, criteria
for appointment and promotion, the titles and degrees of their posts and criteria for
changing titles, the validity of titles gained at other universities, the retention of titles, the
contractual engagement of Teaching Assistants and Academic Staff of foreign
citizenship.|
|||(3)|Staffing Regulations are prepared by the Office of the Rector in consultation with the
Senate, and referred by the Board to the Council of Ministers for approval.|Staffing Regulations are prepared by the Office of the Rector in consultation with the
Senate, and referred by the Board to the Council of Ministers for approval.|
|||(4)|In preparing the regulations it must be kept in mind that foreign students will come to the
University, therefore the norms should be determined with reference to those of advanced
universities.|In preparing the regulations it must be kept in mind that foreign students will come to the
University, therefore the norms should be determined with reference to those of advanced
universities.|
|19.11.1992
R.G. 58
EK I
A.E. 112||(5)|||
|**Non-academic**
**Staff Structure**|**27.**|The academic services of the University are performed by the non-academic Full-Time, Part-
Time, Contract Personnel and Workers.
(1) A regulation is prepared by the Rector’s Office and approved by the Board. This regulation
will specify the number of staff positions for the non-academic personnel, their job
descriptions (their skills, duties, powers and responsibilities), the criteria for hiring them
and for evaluating their work, the relevant disciplinary procedures, and other rules in
conformity with this Statute governing promotions, reassignments, pension entitlements,
removal from office, wages, remunerations and provisions for other personal benefits. The
Board will also make a by-law specifying how the personnel files must be kept.
(2) The Personal Affairs Committee of both Academic and Nonacademic Staff is the one
given under Article 15A (4).|The academic services of the University are performed by the non-academic Full-Time, Part-
Time, Contract Personnel and Workers.
(1) A regulation is prepared by the Rector’s Office and approved by the Board. This regulation
will specify the number of staff positions for the non-academic personnel, their job
descriptions (their skills, duties, powers and responsibilities), the criteria for hiring them
and for evaluating their work, the relevant disciplinary procedures, and other rules in
conformity with this Statute governing promotions, reassignments, pension entitlements,
removal from office, wages, remunerations and provisions for other personal benefits. The
Board will also make a by-law specifying how the personnel files must be kept.
(2) The Personal Affairs Committee of both Academic and Nonacademic Staff is the one
given under Article 15A (4).|The academic services of the University are performed by the non-academic Full-Time, Part-
Time, Contract Personnel and Workers.
(1) A regulation is prepared by the Rector’s Office and approved by the Board. This regulation
will specify the number of staff positions for the non-academic personnel, their job
descriptions (their skills, duties, powers and responsibilities), the criteria for hiring them
and for evaluating their work, the relevant disciplinary procedures, and other rules in
conformity with this Statute governing promotions, reassignments, pension entitlements,
removal from office, wages, remunerations and provisions for other personal benefits. The
Board will also make a by-law specifying how the personnel files must be kept.
(2) The Personal Affairs Committee of both Academic and Nonacademic Staff is the one
given under Article 15A (4).|
|Col1|Col2|Col3|PART FOUR EDUCATION AND STUDENTS|
|---|---|---|---|
|**Education and**
**Programs**|**28.**|(1)|The criteria for admission to the University, the student performance outcomes required
for receiving diplomas are governed by the “Education and Examination Regulations”
made by the Board.|
|||(2)|Local needs and the principles followed by advanced universities in other countries
should be taken into account in the preparation of programs of education.|
|||(3)|At least one quarter of the 2 or 3 year diploma programs should be directed towards the
training intended for industrial applications.|
|||(4)|All programs are formulated according to the semester scheme. The total number of days
of classes and examinations for each semester can not be less than 80 days. However,
intensive summer programs are exempt from this rule.|
|||(5)|Where there is a need, the University may offer 2 year programs based on secondary
education.|
|||(6)|The University may also provide all forms of education partly through off campus
learning media and methods.|
|**Language of**
**Instruction**
24.06.2011
R.G. 37
EK I
A.E. 107|**29.**|The language of instruction in the University is English.
However Turkish may be utilized in Schools of Higher Education as determined by the
Board.|The language of instruction in the University is English.
However Turkish may be utilized in Schools of Higher Education as determined by the
Board.|
|
**Fee Based**
**Education**|**30.**|All education at the University is fee-based. The Board determines and announces the fees to
be received from students for registration, instruction and examinations at least 3 months before
the commencement of each academic year.|All education at the University is fee-based. The Board determines and announces the fees to
be received from students for registration, instruction and examinations at least 3 months before
the commencement of each academic year.|
|Student Places|31.|(1)|The number of Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus citizen students to be admitted to
each department is decided by the Board after taking into account the opinions of the
State Planning Organization regarding human resource needs.|
|---|---|---|---|
|||(2)|A certain quota is allocated for 3rd world county nationals [neither Turkish nor Turkish
Cypriot] after taking into account the resources of the University.|
|**Acceptance of**
**Student**
**Applicants to**
**the**
**University**|**32.**|To be eligible for admittance to the University, applicants must:
(1) Have graduated from a Lycée or equivalent institution of secondary education;
(2) Have passed the entrance exam set by the University. If an applicant fails the English
Proficiency Examination, he/she has to pass the Preparatory School examinations after
attending the School for one year.
(3) The “Education and Examinations Regulation” [Articles 4(2) & 5(3)] specify the
conditions under which students registered at other institutions of Higher Education, or
who already have the right to register at such institutions, may be allowed to transfer to
the University.|To be eligible for admittance to the University, applicants must:
(1) Have graduated from a Lycée or equivalent institution of secondary education;
(2) Have passed the entrance exam set by the University. If an applicant fails the English
Proficiency Examination, he/she has to pass the Preparatory School examinations after
attending the School for one year.
(3) The “Education and Examinations Regulation” [Articles 4(2) & 5(3)] specify the
conditions under which students registered at other institutions of Higher Education, or
who already have the right to register at such institutions, may be allowed to transfer to
the University.|
|Col1|Col2|PART FIVE THE FOUNDATION’S FINANCIAL RESOURCES|
|---|---|---|
|**Foundation’s**
**Financial**
**Resources**|**33.**|The following are the Foundation’s sources of income:
(1) Income from the Foundation’s movable and immovable properties or from properties
leased to the Foundation.
(2) Fees to be obtained from students receiving instruction at all levels;
(3) Income to be received from the Universities other activities and publications;
(4) Income received from bequeathals and donations made to the Foundation subject to the
conditions specified by the Board;
(5) Income received from stocks, bonds and other equities owned by the University;
(6) Income to be received from funds established for this purpose by the state; and
(7) Income received from work done under revolving funds.
|
|**Exemptions for**
**Donations Made**
**to the**
**Foundation**|**34.**||
|16.07.1997
R.G. 37
EK I
A.E. 81,
51/1995,
Fasıl 96,
14/1959,
67/1963,
16/1971,
31/1976,
18/1979,
47/1984,
48/1989,
6/1992||(1) The Foundation and University are exempt from paying any taxes on its income,
on all payments made for purchasing its requirements, on its immovable property
that might otherwise be levied by the municipality and from all other forms of
taxation including customs, tariffs, and stamp duties.
However, any taxes due under the Municipalities Statute and the Roads and
Buildings Statute must be paid.|
|||(2) All forms of financial assistance made to the Foundation by real or corporate persons will
be deducted from the income declared in the Foundation’s annual statements made in
accordance with the rules of the Income Taxation Statute_._|
|**State**
**Contributions**
**to the Budget**|**35.**|In the event that the Foundation’s general expenditures are not met, State assistance will be
made to the Foundation’s budget by decision of the Council of Ministers.|
**PART SIX**
**TRANSITIONAL PROVISIONS**
|Col1|Col2|(2)|After the Board has established the working structures of the University, all the students
and personnel of the Institute of Higher Technology, together with their personal benefits
will be incorporated into the University. Its students will be deemed students of the
University and all of the Institute’s property will be transferred to the University.|
|---|---|---|---|
|||(3)|The integration of the students from the Institute of Higher Technology will be approved
by the Senate in a way that protects their acquired rights.|
|||(4)|Yüksek Teknoloji Enstitüsünün, tüm personeli, özlük hakları saklı kalmak; ve
− 3 yıllık kıdemi olan Öğretim Görevlisi Yardımcıları, Öğretim Görevlisi kadrosuna;
− 3 yıllık kıdemi olan Öğretim Görevlileri, Kıdemli Öğretim Görevlisi Kadrosuna;
− 3 yıllık kıdemi olan kıdemli Öğretim Görevlisi olanlardan, Doktora unvanına sahip
olanlar, Yardımcı Doçent kadrosuna;
Rektörün önerisi, Senatonun onayı ile Vakıf Yöneticiler Kurulunun hazırlayacağı bir tüzüğe
uygun olarak Doğu Akdeniz Üniversitesine aktarılır.|
|||(5)|Appointments made to the University under this Statute, will give priority to the
Technical and Common Service Personnel of the Institute of Higher Technology with
their acquired rights protected. Those who do not wish to work for the University may do
the following until the Statute of Establishment of the Institute of Higher Technology is
ended by a written decree: to be assigned work in the ministries by the Office of State
Personnel until appointment to suitable tenured staff posts are made by the Public Service
Commission.|
|||(6)|Upon the completion of the integration of the Institute’s personnel and students have been
integrated into the University, the Institute’s Establishment Statute will cease to exist by
a written decree to be published in the Official Gazette.|
|**Transitional**
**Provisions**|**2.**|During the first four years of the Board, the normal 6 year term for its members will be brought
to an end for three members chosen by lot at the end of the second year and three members
chosen by lot at the end of the fourth year.|During the first four years of the Board, the normal 6 year term for its members will be brought
to an end for three members chosen by lot at the end of the second year and three members
chosen by lot at the end of the fourth year.|
|**Transitional**
**Provisions**|**3.**|In the first instance, the appointment of the Rector, Deans, School Directors and
Department Chairs will be made directly by the Board.|In the first instance, the appointment of the Rector, Deans, School Directors and
Department Chairs will be made directly by the Board.|
|**Transitional**
**Provisions**
**Annulling Debts**
16.07.1997
R.G. 37
EK I
A.E. 81|**4.**|All the University’s debts to local authorities, pre-dating 7 July 1997, and resulting from the
building and infrastructural construction permits are annulled.|All the University’s debts to local authorities, pre-dating 7 July 1997, and resulting from the
building and infrastructural construction permits are annulled.|
|Col1|Col2|PART SEVEN THE ENTERING INTO FORCE OF THIS STATUTE|
|---|---|---|
|**Entering into**
**Force of**
**Regulations**|**36.**|Regulations enter into force from the date they are published in the Official Gazette.|
|**Executive**
**Power**|**37.**|This Statute is implemented by the Minister responsible for educational affairs.|
|**Entering into**
**Force**|**38.**|This Statute enters into force from the date of its publication in the Official Gazette.|