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| SSUUMMMMAARRYY OOFF LLEESSSS CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS |
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| Commands marked with * may be preceded by a number, _N. |
| Notes in parentheses indicate the behavior if _N is given. |
| A key preceded by a caret indicates the Ctrl key; thus ^K is ctrl-K. |
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| h H Display this help. |
| q :q Q :Q ZZ Exit. |
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| MMOOVVIINNGG |
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| e ^E j ^N CR * Forward one line (or _N lines). |
| y ^Y k ^K ^P * Backward one line (or _N lines). |
| ESC-j * Forward one file line (or _N file lines). |
| ESC-k * Backward one file line (or _N file lines). |
| f ^F ^V SPACE * Forward one window (or _N lines). |
| b ^B ESC-v * Backward one window (or _N lines). |
| z * Forward one window (and set window to _N). |
| w * Backward one window (and set window to _N). |
| ESC-SPACE * Forward one window, but don't stop at end-of-file. |
| ESC-b * Backward one window, but don't stop at beginning-of-file. |
| d ^D * Forward one half-window (and set half-window to _N). |
| u ^U * Backward one half-window (and set half-window to _N). |
| ESC-) RightArrow * Right one half screen width (or _N positions). |
| ESC-( LeftArrow * Left one half screen width (or _N positions). |
| ESC-} ^RightArrow Right to last column displayed. |
| ESC-{ ^LeftArrow Left to first column. |
| F Forward forever; like "tail -f". |
| ESC-F Like F but stop when search pattern is found. |
| ESC-f Like F but ring the bell when search pattern is found. |
| r ^R ^L Repaint screen. |
| R Repaint screen, discarding buffered input. |
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| Default "window" is the screen height. |
| Default "half-window" is half of the screen height. |
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| SSEEAARRCCHHIINNGG |
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| /_p_a_t_t_e_r_n * Search forward for (_N-th) matching line. |
| ?_p_a_t_t_e_r_n * Search backward for (_N-th) matching line. |
| n * Repeat previous search (for _N-th occurrence). |
| N * Repeat previous search in reverse direction. |
| ESC-n * Repeat previous search, spanning files. |
| ESC-N * Repeat previous search, reverse dir. & spanning files. |
| ^O^N ^On * Search forward for (_N-th) OSC8 hyperlink. |
| ^O^P ^Op * Search backward for (_N-th) OSC8 hyperlink. |
| ^O^L ^Ol Jump to the currently selected OSC8 hyperlink. |
| ESC-u Undo (toggle) search highlighting. |
| ESC-U Clear search highlighting. |
| &_p_a_t_t_e_r_n * Display only matching lines. |
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| Search is case-sensitive unless changed with -i or -I. |
| A search pattern may begin with one or more of: |
| ^N or ! Search for NON-matching lines. |
| ^E or * Search multiple files (pass thru END OF FILE). |
| ^F or @ Start search at FIRST file (for /) or last file (for ?). |
| ^K Highlight matches, but don't move (KEEP position). |
| ^R Don't use REGULAR EXPRESSIONS. |
| ^S _n Search for match in _n-th parenthesized subpattern. |
| ^W WRAP search if no match found. |
| ^L Enter next character literally into pattern. |
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| JJUUMMPPIINNGG |
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| g < ESC-< * Go to first line in file (or line _N). |
| G > ESC-> * Go to last line in file (or line _N). |
| p % * Go to beginning of file (or _N percent into file). |
| t * Go to the (_N-th) next tag. |
| T * Go to the (_N-th) previous tag. |
| { ( [ * Find close bracket } ) ]. |
| } ) ] * Find open bracket { ( [. |
| ESC-^F _<_c_1_> _<_c_2_> * Find close bracket _<_c_2_>. |
| ESC-^B _<_c_1_> _<_c_2_> * Find open bracket _<_c_1_>. |
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| Each "find close bracket" command goes forward to the close bracket |
| matching the (_N-th) open bracket in the top line. |
| Each "find open bracket" command goes backward to the open bracket |
| matching the (_N-th) close bracket in the bottom line. |
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| m_<_l_e_t_t_e_r_> Mark the current top line with <letter>. |
| M_<_l_e_t_t_e_r_> Mark the current bottom line with <letter>. |
| '_<_l_e_t_t_e_r_> Go to a previously marked position. |
| '' Go to the previous position. |
| ^X^X Same as '. |
| ESC-m_<_l_e_t_t_e_r_> Clear a mark. |
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| A mark is any upper-case or lower-case letter. |
| Certain marks are predefined: |
| ^ means beginning of the file |
| $ means end of the file |
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| CCHHAANNGGIINNGG FFIILLEESS |
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| :e [_f_i_l_e] Examine a new file. |
| ^X^V Same as :e. |
| :n * Examine the (_N-th) next file from the command line. |
| :p * Examine the (_N-th) previous file from the command line. |
| :x * Examine the first (or _N-th) file from the command line. |
| ^O^O Open the currently selected OSC8 hyperlink. |
| :d Delete the current file from the command line list. |
| = ^G :f Print current file name. |
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| MMIISSCCEELLLLAANNEEOOUUSS CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS |
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| -_<_f_l_a_g_> Toggle a command line option [see OPTIONS below]. |
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| __<_f_l_a_g_> Display the setting of a command line option. |
| ___<_n_a_m_e_> Display the setting of an option, by name. |
| +_c_m_d Execute the less cmd each time a new file is examined. |
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| !_c_o_m_m_a_n_d Execute the shell command with $SHELL. |
| #_c_o_m_m_a_n_d Execute the shell command, expanded like a prompt. |
| |XX_c_o_m_m_a_n_d Pipe file between current pos & mark XX to shell command. |
| s _f_i_l_e Save input to a file. |
| v Edit the current file with $VISUAL or $EDITOR. |
| V Print version number of "less". |
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| OOPPTTIIOONNSS |
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| Most options may be changed either on the command line, |
| or from within less by using the - or |
| Options may be given in one of two forms: either a single |
| character preceded by a -, or a name preceded by |
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| -? ........ |
| Display help (from command line). |
| -a ........ |
| Search skips current screen. |
| -A ........ |
| Search starts just after target line. |
| -b [_N] .... |
| Number of buffers. |
| -B ........ |
| Don't automatically allocate buffers for pipes. |
| -c ........ --clear-screen |
| Repaint by clearing rather than scrolling. |
| -d ........ --dumb |
| Dumb terminal. |
| -D xx_c_o_l_o_r . --color=xx_c_o_l_o_r |
| Set screen colors. |
| -e -E .... --quit-at-eof --QUIT-AT-EOF |
| Quit at end of file. |
| -f ........ --force |
| Force open non-regular files. |
| -F ........ --quit-if-one-screen |
| Quit if entire file fits on first screen. |
| -g ........ --hilite-search |
| Highlight only last match for searches. |
| -G ........ --HILITE-SEARCH |
| Don't highlight any matches for searches. |
| -h [_N] .... |
| Backward scroll limit. |
| -i ........ |
| Ignore case in searches that do not contain uppercase. |
| -I ........ |
| Ignore case in all searches. |
| -j [_N] .... |
| Screen position of target lines. |
| -J ........ |
| Display a status column at left edge of screen. |
| -k _f_i_l_e ... |
| Use a compiled lesskey file. |
| -K ........ |
| Exit less in response to ctrl-C. |
| -L ........ |
| Ignore the LESSOPEN environment variable. |
| -m -M .... |
| Set prompt style. |
| -n ......... |
| Suppress line numbers in prompts and messages. |
| -N ......... |
| Display line number at start of each line. |
| -o [_f_i_l_e] .. |
| Copy to log file (standard input only). |
| -O [_f_i_l_e] .. |
| Copy to log file (unconditionally overwrite). |
| -p _p_a_t_t_e_r_n . |
| Start at pattern (from command line). |
| -P [_p_r_o_m_p_t] |
| Define new prompt. |
| -q -Q .... |
| Quiet the terminal bell. |
| -r -R .... |
| Output "raw" control characters. |
| -s ........ |
| Squeeze multiple blank lines. |
| -S ........ |
| Chop (truncate) long lines rather than wrapping. |
| -t _t_a_g .... |
| Find a tag. |
| -T [_t_a_g_s_f_i_l_e] |
| Use an alternate tags file. |
| -u -U .... |
| Change handling of backspaces, tabs and carriage returns. |
| -V ........ |
| Display the version number of "less". |
| -w ........ |
| Highlight first new line after forward-screen. |
| -W ........ |
| Highlight first new line after any forward movement. |
| -x [_N[,...]] |
| Set tab stops. |
| -X ........ |
| Don't use termcap init/deinit strings. |
| -y [_N] .... --max-forw-scroll=[_N] |
| Forward scroll limit. |
| -z [_N] .... --window=[_N] |
| Set size of window. |
| -" [_c[_c]] . --quotes=[_c[_c]] |
| Set shell quote characters. |
| -~ ........ --tilde |
| Don't display tildes after end of file. |
| -# [_N] .... |
| Set horizontal scroll amount (0 = one half screen width). |
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| Actions which cause the history file to be saved. |
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| Exit F command on a pipe when writer closes pipe. |
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| Automatically determine the size of the input file. |
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| The F command changes files if the input file is renamed. |
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| Stop scrolling when a form feed character is reached. |
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| Use _L lines (starting at line _N) and _C columns as headers. |
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| Search file as each pattern character is typed in. |
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| Use _C instead of ^X to interrupt a read. |
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| Use lesskey source file contents. |
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| Use a lesskey source file. |
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| Set the width of the -N line number field to _N characters. |
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| Show at least _N characters to the left of a search match. |
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| Read _N lines from the input file and look for vim modelines. |
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| Enable mouse input. |
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| Don't warn when using v command on a file opened via LESSOPEN. |
| --no-keypad |
| Don't send termcap keypad init/deinit strings. |
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| Remove duplicates from command history. |
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| Don't give line numbers to header lines. |
| --no-paste |
| Ignore pasted input. |
| --no-search-header-lines |
| Searches do not include header lines. |
| --no-search-header-columns |
| Searches do not include header columns. |
| --no-search-headers |
| Searches do not include header lines or columns. |
| --no-vbell |
| Disable the terminal's visual bell. |
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| Redraw final screen when quitting. |
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| Set the character used to mark truncated lines. |
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| Retain marks across invocations of less. |
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| Set default options for every search. |
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| Display a message if preprocessor exits with an error status. |
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| Process backspaces for bold/underline. |
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| Treat backspaces as control characters. |
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| Delete carriage returns before newline. |
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| Treat carriage returns as control characters. |
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| Expand tabs to spaces. |
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| Treat tabs as control characters. |
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| Set the width of the -J status column to _N characters. |
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| Highlight or color the entire line containing a mark. |
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| Subsequent options use backslash as escape char. |
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| Enables colored text. |
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| Each click of the mouse wheel moves _N lines. |
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| Wrap lines at spaces. |
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| LLIINNEE EEDDIITTIINNGG |
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| These keys can be used to edit text being entered |
| on the "command line" at the bottom of the screen. |
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| RightArrow ..................... ESC-l ... Move cursor right one character. |
| LeftArrow ...................... ESC-h ... Move cursor left one character. |
| ctrl-RightArrow ESC-RightArrow ESC-w ... Move cursor right one word. |
| ctrl-LeftArrow ESC-LeftArrow ESC-b ... Move cursor left one word. |
| HOME ........................... ESC-0 ... Move cursor to start of line. |
| END ............................ ESC-$ ... Move cursor to end of line. |
| BACKSPACE ................................ Delete char to left of cursor. |
| DELETE ......................... ESC-x ... Delete char under cursor. |
| ctrl-BACKSPACE ESC-BACKSPACE ........... Delete word to left of cursor. |
| ctrl-DELETE .... ESC-DELETE .... ESC-X ... Delete word under cursor. |
| ctrl-U ......... ESC (MS-DOS only) ....... Delete entire line. |
| UpArrow ........................ ESC-k ... Retrieve previous command line. |
| DownArrow ...................... ESC-j ... Retrieve next command line. |
| TAB ...................................... Complete filename & cycle. |
| SHIFT-TAB ...................... ESC-TAB Complete filename & reverse cycle. |
| ctrl-L ................................... Complete filename, list all. |
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