mbudisic commited on
Commit
316a8ec
·
verified ·
1 Parent(s): d2c1dec

Add new SentenceTransformer model

Browse files
1_Pooling/config.json ADDED
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
1
+ {
2
+ "word_embedding_dimension": 1024,
3
+ "pooling_mode_cls_token": true,
4
+ "pooling_mode_mean_tokens": false,
5
+ "pooling_mode_max_tokens": false,
6
+ "pooling_mode_mean_sqrt_len_tokens": false,
7
+ "pooling_mode_weightedmean_tokens": false,
8
+ "pooling_mode_lasttoken": false,
9
+ "include_prompt": true
10
+ }
README.md ADDED
@@ -0,0 +1,722 @@
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
1
+ ---
2
+ tags:
3
+ - sentence-transformers
4
+ - sentence-similarity
5
+ - feature-extraction
6
+ - generated_from_trainer
7
+ - dataset_size:156
8
+ - loss:MatryoshkaLoss
9
+ - loss:MultipleNegativesRankingLoss
10
+ base_model: Snowflake/snowflake-arctic-embed-l
11
+ widget:
12
+ - source_sentence: Which three best available models were freely accessible for a
13
+ few months this year?
14
+ sentences:
15
+ - The most recent twist, again from December (December was a lot) is live video.
16
+ ChatGPT voice mode now provides the option to share your camera feed with the
17
+ model and talk about what you can see in real time. Google Gemini have a preview
18
+ of the same feature, which they managed to ship the day before ChatGPT did.
19
+ - 'This prompt-driven custom interface feature is so powerful and easy to build
20
+ (once you’ve figured out the gnarly details of browser sandboxing) that I expect
21
+ it to show up as a feature in a wide range of products in 2025.
22
+
23
+ Universal access to the best models lasted for just a few short months
24
+
25
+ For a few short months this year all three of the best available models—GPT-4o,
26
+ Claude 3.5 Sonnet and Gemini 1.5 Pro—were freely available to most of the world.'
27
+ - 'I’m still trying to figure out the best patterns for doing this for my own work.
28
+ Everyone knows that evals are important, but there remains a lack of great guidance
29
+ for how to best implement them—I’m tracking this under my evals tag. My SVG pelican
30
+ riding a bicycle benchmark is a pale imitation of what a real eval suite should
31
+ look like.
32
+
33
+ Apple Intelligence is bad, Apple’s MLX library is excellent
34
+
35
+ As a Mac user I’ve been feeling a lot better about my choice of platform this
36
+ year.
37
+
38
+ Last year it felt like my lack of a Linux/Windows machine with an NVIDIA GPU
39
+ was a huge disadvantage in terms of trying out new models.'
40
+ - source_sentence: What new type of LLM was introduced in the final quarter of 2024
41
+ according to the context?
42
+ sentences:
43
+ - 'I think people who complain that LLM improvement has slowed are often missing
44
+ the enormous advances in these multi-modal models. Being able to run prompts against
45
+ images (and audio and video) is a fascinating new way to apply these models.
46
+
47
+ Voice and live camera mode are science fiction come to life
48
+
49
+ The audio and live video modes that have started to emerge deserve a special mention.
50
+
51
+ The ability to talk to ChatGPT first arrived in September 2023, but it was mostly
52
+ an illusion: OpenAI used their excellent Whisper speech-to-text model and a new
53
+ text-to-speech model (creatively named tts-1) to enable conversations with the
54
+ ChatGPT mobile apps, but the actual model just saw text.'
55
+ - 'Now that those features are rolling out they’re pretty weak. As an LLM power-user
56
+ I know what these models are capable of, and Apple’s LLM features offer a pale
57
+ imitation of what a frontier LLM can do. Instead we’re getting notification summaries
58
+ that misrepresent news headlines and writing assistant tools that I’ve not found
59
+ useful at all. Genmoji are kind of fun though.
60
+
61
+ The rise of inference-scaling “reasoning” models
62
+
63
+ The most interesting development in the final quarter of 2024 was the introduction
64
+ of a new shape of LLM, exemplified by OpenAI’s o1 models—initially released as
65
+ o1-preview and o1-mini on September 12th.'
66
+ - '17th: AI for Data Journalism: demonstrating what we can do with this stuff right
67
+ now
68
+
69
+
70
+ 22nd: Options for accessing Llama 3 from the terminal using LLM
71
+
72
+
73
+
74
+
75
+ May
76
+
77
+
78
+ 8th: Slop is the new name for unwanted AI-generated content
79
+
80
+
81
+ 15th: ChatGPT in “4o” mode is not running the new features yet
82
+
83
+
84
+ 29th: Training is not the same as chatting: ChatGPT and other LLMs don’t remember
85
+ everything you say
86
+
87
+
88
+
89
+
90
+ June
91
+
92
+
93
+ 6th: Accidental prompt injection against RAG applications
94
+
95
+
96
+ 10th: Thoughts on the WWDC 2024 keynote on Apple Intelligence
97
+
98
+
99
+ 17th: Language models on the command-line
100
+
101
+
102
+ 21st: Building search-based RAG using Claude, Datasette and Val Town
103
+
104
+
105
+ 27th: Open challenges for AI engineering
106
+
107
+
108
+
109
+
110
+ July
111
+
112
+
113
+ 14th: Imitation Intelligence, my keynote for PyCon US 2024'
114
+ - source_sentence: Which company released the QwQ model under an Apache 2.0 license?
115
+ sentences:
116
+ - 'Stuff we figured out about AI in 2023
117
+
118
+
119
+
120
+
121
+
122
+
123
+
124
+
125
+
126
+
127
+
128
+
129
+
130
+
131
+
132
+
133
+
134
+
135
+
136
+
137
+
138
+
139
+ Simon Willison’s Weblog
140
+
141
+ Subscribe
142
+
143
+
144
+
145
+
146
+
147
+
148
+
149
+ Stuff we figured out about AI in 2023
150
+
151
+ 31st December 2023
152
+
153
+ 2023 was the breakthrough year for Large Language Models (LLMs). I think it’s
154
+ OK to call these AI—they’re the latest and (currently) most interesting development
155
+ in the academic field of Artificial Intelligence that dates back to the 1950s.
156
+
157
+ Here’s my attempt to round up the highlights in one place!'
158
+ - 'OpenAI are not the only game in town here. Google released their first entrant
159
+ in the category, gemini-2.0-flash-thinking-exp, on December 19th.
160
+
161
+ Alibaba’s Qwen team released their QwQ model on November 28th—under an Apache
162
+ 2.0 license, and that one I could run on my own machine. They followed that up
163
+ with a vision reasoning model called QvQ on December 24th, which I also ran locally.
164
+
165
+ DeepSeek made their DeepSeek-R1-Lite-Preview model available to try out through
166
+ their chat interface on November 20th.
167
+
168
+ To understand more about inference scaling I recommend Is AI progress slowing
169
+ down? by Arvind Narayanan and Sayash Kapoor.'
170
+ - 'I like people who are skeptical of this stuff. The hype has been deafening for
171
+ more than two years now, and there are enormous quantities of snake oil and misinformation
172
+ out there. A lot of very bad decisions are being made based on that hype. Being
173
+ critical is a virtue.
174
+
175
+ If we want people with decision-making authority to make good decisions about
176
+ how to apply these tools we first need to acknowledge that there ARE good applications,
177
+ and then help explain how to put those into practice while avoiding the many unintiutive
178
+ traps.
179
+
180
+ (If you still don’t think there are any good applications at all I’m not sure
181
+ why you made it to this point in the article!)'
182
+ - source_sentence: Why does the author remain skeptical about the utility of LLMs?
183
+ sentences:
184
+ - 'The GPT-4 barrier was comprehensively broken
185
+
186
+ Some of those GPT-4 models run on my laptop
187
+
188
+ LLM prices crashed, thanks to competition and increased efficiency
189
+
190
+ Multimodal vision is common, audio and video are starting to emerge
191
+
192
+ Voice and live camera mode are science fiction come to life
193
+
194
+ Prompt driven app generation is a commodity already
195
+
196
+ Universal access to the best models lasted for just a few short months
197
+
198
+ “Agents” still haven’t really happened yet
199
+
200
+ Evals really matter
201
+
202
+ Apple Intelligence is bad, Apple’s MLX library is excellent
203
+
204
+ The rise of inference-scaling “reasoning” models
205
+
206
+ Was the best currently available LLM trained in China for less than $6m?
207
+
208
+ The environmental impact got better
209
+
210
+ The environmental impact got much, much worse'
211
+ - Structured and Gradual Learning. In organic datasets, the relationship between
212
+ tokens is often complex and indirect. Many reasoning steps may be required to
213
+ connect the current token to the next, making it challenging for the model to
214
+ learn effectively from next-token prediction. By contrast, each token generated
215
+ by a language model is by definition predicted by the preceding tokens, making
216
+ it easier for a model to follow the resulting reasoning patterns.
217
+ - 'Terminology aside, I remain skeptical as to their utility based, once again,
218
+ on the challenge of gullibility. LLMs believe anything you tell them. Any systems
219
+ that attempts to make meaningful decisions on your behalf will run into the same
220
+ roadblock: how good is a travel agent, or a digital assistant, or even a research
221
+ tool if it can’t distinguish truth from fiction?
222
+
223
+ Just the other day Google Search was caught serving up an entirely fake description
224
+ of the non-existant movie “Encanto 2”. It turned out to be summarizing an imagined
225
+ movie listing from a fan fiction wiki.'
226
+ - source_sentence: What is the approximate cost of processing 260 input tokens and
227
+ 92 output tokens according to the context?
228
+ sentences:
229
+ - '260 input tokens, 92 output tokens. Cost approximately 0.0024 cents (that’s less
230
+ than a 400th of a cent).
231
+
232
+ This increase in efficiency and reduction in price is my single favourite trend
233
+ from 2024. I want the utility of LLMs at a fraction of the energy cost and it
234
+ looks like that’s what we’re getting.
235
+
236
+ Multimodal vision is common, audio and video are starting to emerge
237
+
238
+ My butterfly example above illustrates another key trend from 2024: the rise of
239
+ multi-modal LLMs.
240
+
241
+ A year ago the single most notable example of these was GPT-4 Vision, released
242
+ at OpenAI’s DevDay in November 2023. Google’s multi-modal Gemini 1.0 was announced
243
+ on December 7th 2023 so it also (just) makes it into the 2023 window.'
244
+ - 'The biggest innovation here is that it opens up a new way to scale a model: instead
245
+ of improving model performance purely through additional compute at training time,
246
+ models can now take on harder problems by spending more compute on inference.
247
+
248
+ The sequel to o1, o3 (they skipped “o2” for European trademark reasons) was announced
249
+ on 20th December with an impressive result against the ARC-AGI benchmark, albeit
250
+ one that likely involved more than $1,000,000 of compute time expense!
251
+
252
+ o3 is expected to ship in January. I doubt many people have real-world problems
253
+ that would benefit from that level of compute expenditure—I certainly don’t!—but
254
+ it appears to be a genuine next step in LLM architecture for taking on much harder
255
+ problems.'
256
+ - 'The May 13th announcement of GPT-4o included a demo of a brand new voice mode,
257
+ where the true multi-modal GPT-4o (the o is for “omni”) model could accept audio
258
+ input and output incredibly realistic sounding speech without needing separate
259
+ TTS or STT models.
260
+
261
+ The demo also sounded conspicuously similar to Scarlett Johansson... and after
262
+ she complained the voice from the demo, Skye, never made it to a production product.
263
+
264
+ The delay in releasing the new voice mode after the initial demo caused quite
265
+ a lot of confusion. I wrote about that in ChatGPT in “4o” mode is not running
266
+ the new features yet.'
267
+ pipeline_tag: sentence-similarity
268
+ library_name: sentence-transformers
269
+ metrics:
270
+ - cosine_accuracy@1
271
+ - cosine_accuracy@3
272
+ - cosine_accuracy@5
273
+ - cosine_accuracy@10
274
+ - cosine_precision@1
275
+ - cosine_precision@3
276
+ - cosine_precision@5
277
+ - cosine_precision@10
278
+ - cosine_recall@1
279
+ - cosine_recall@3
280
+ - cosine_recall@5
281
+ - cosine_recall@10
282
+ - cosine_ndcg@10
283
+ - cosine_mrr@10
284
+ - cosine_map@100
285
+ model-index:
286
+ - name: SentenceTransformer based on Snowflake/snowflake-arctic-embed-l
287
+ results:
288
+ - task:
289
+ type: information-retrieval
290
+ name: Information Retrieval
291
+ dataset:
292
+ name: Unknown
293
+ type: unknown
294
+ metrics:
295
+ - type: cosine_accuracy@1
296
+ value: 0.9166666666666666
297
+ name: Cosine Accuracy@1
298
+ - type: cosine_accuracy@3
299
+ value: 1.0
300
+ name: Cosine Accuracy@3
301
+ - type: cosine_accuracy@5
302
+ value: 1.0
303
+ name: Cosine Accuracy@5
304
+ - type: cosine_accuracy@10
305
+ value: 1.0
306
+ name: Cosine Accuracy@10
307
+ - type: cosine_precision@1
308
+ value: 0.9166666666666666
309
+ name: Cosine Precision@1
310
+ - type: cosine_precision@3
311
+ value: 0.3333333333333333
312
+ name: Cosine Precision@3
313
+ - type: cosine_precision@5
314
+ value: 0.20000000000000004
315
+ name: Cosine Precision@5
316
+ - type: cosine_precision@10
317
+ value: 0.10000000000000002
318
+ name: Cosine Precision@10
319
+ - type: cosine_recall@1
320
+ value: 0.9166666666666666
321
+ name: Cosine Recall@1
322
+ - type: cosine_recall@3
323
+ value: 1.0
324
+ name: Cosine Recall@3
325
+ - type: cosine_recall@5
326
+ value: 1.0
327
+ name: Cosine Recall@5
328
+ - type: cosine_recall@10
329
+ value: 1.0
330
+ name: Cosine Recall@10
331
+ - type: cosine_ndcg@10
332
+ value: 0.9637887397321441
333
+ name: Cosine Ndcg@10
334
+ - type: cosine_mrr@10
335
+ value: 0.9513888888888888
336
+ name: Cosine Mrr@10
337
+ - type: cosine_map@100
338
+ value: 0.9513888888888888
339
+ name: Cosine Map@100
340
+ ---
341
+
342
+ # SentenceTransformer based on Snowflake/snowflake-arctic-embed-l
343
+
344
+ This is a [sentence-transformers](https://www.SBERT.net) model finetuned from [Snowflake/snowflake-arctic-embed-l](https://huggingface.co/Snowflake/snowflake-arctic-embed-l). It maps sentences & paragraphs to a 1024-dimensional dense vector space and can be used for semantic textual similarity, semantic search, paraphrase mining, text classification, clustering, and more.
345
+
346
+ ## Model Details
347
+
348
+ ### Model Description
349
+ - **Model Type:** Sentence Transformer
350
+ - **Base model:** [Snowflake/snowflake-arctic-embed-l](https://huggingface.co/Snowflake/snowflake-arctic-embed-l) <!-- at revision d8fb21ca8d905d2832ee8b96c894d3298964346b -->
351
+ - **Maximum Sequence Length:** 512 tokens
352
+ - **Output Dimensionality:** 1024 dimensions
353
+ - **Similarity Function:** Cosine Similarity
354
+ <!-- - **Training Dataset:** Unknown -->
355
+ <!-- - **Language:** Unknown -->
356
+ <!-- - **License:** Unknown -->
357
+
358
+ ### Model Sources
359
+
360
+ - **Documentation:** [Sentence Transformers Documentation](https://sbert.net)
361
+ - **Repository:** [Sentence Transformers on GitHub](https://github.com/UKPLab/sentence-transformers)
362
+ - **Hugging Face:** [Sentence Transformers on Hugging Face](https://huggingface.co/models?library=sentence-transformers)
363
+
364
+ ### Full Model Architecture
365
+
366
+ ```
367
+ SentenceTransformer(
368
+ (0): Transformer({'max_seq_length': 512, 'do_lower_case': False}) with Transformer model: BertModel
369
+ (1): Pooling({'word_embedding_dimension': 1024, 'pooling_mode_cls_token': True, 'pooling_mode_mean_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_max_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_mean_sqrt_len_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_weightedmean_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_lasttoken': False, 'include_prompt': True})
370
+ (2): Normalize()
371
+ )
372
+ ```
373
+
374
+ ## Usage
375
+
376
+ ### Direct Usage (Sentence Transformers)
377
+
378
+ First install the Sentence Transformers library:
379
+
380
+ ```bash
381
+ pip install -U sentence-transformers
382
+ ```
383
+
384
+ Then you can load this model and run inference.
385
+ ```python
386
+ from sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformer
387
+
388
+ # Download from the 🤗 Hub
389
+ model = SentenceTransformer("mbudisic/snoflake-simon-20250506202200")
390
+ # Run inference
391
+ sentences = [
392
+ 'What is the approximate cost of processing 260 input tokens and 92 output tokens according to the context?',
393
+ '260 input tokens, 92 output tokens. Cost approximately 0.0024 cents (that’s less than a 400th of a cent).\nThis increase in efficiency and reduction in price is my single favourite trend from 2024. I want the utility of LLMs at a fraction of the energy cost and it looks like that’s what we’re getting.\nMultimodal vision is common, audio and video are starting to emerge\nMy butterfly example above illustrates another key trend from 2024: the rise of multi-modal LLMs.\nA year ago the single most notable example of these was GPT-4 Vision, released at OpenAI’s DevDay in November 2023. Google’s multi-modal Gemini 1.0 was announced on December 7th 2023 so it also (just) makes it into the 2023 window.',
394
+ 'The May 13th announcement of GPT-4o included a demo of a brand new voice mode, where the true multi-modal GPT-4o (the o is for “omni”) model could accept audio input and output incredibly realistic sounding speech without needing separate TTS or STT models.\nThe demo also sounded conspicuously similar to Scarlett Johansson... and after she complained the voice from the demo, Skye, never made it to a production product.\nThe delay in releasing the new voice mode after the initial demo caused quite a lot of confusion. I wrote about that in ChatGPT in “4o” mode is not running the new features yet.',
395
+ ]
396
+ embeddings = model.encode(sentences)
397
+ print(embeddings.shape)
398
+ # [3, 1024]
399
+
400
+ # Get the similarity scores for the embeddings
401
+ similarities = model.similarity(embeddings, embeddings)
402
+ print(similarities.shape)
403
+ # [3, 3]
404
+ ```
405
+
406
+ <!--
407
+ ### Direct Usage (Transformers)
408
+
409
+ <details><summary>Click to see the direct usage in Transformers</summary>
410
+
411
+ </details>
412
+ -->
413
+
414
+ <!--
415
+ ### Downstream Usage (Sentence Transformers)
416
+
417
+ You can finetune this model on your own dataset.
418
+
419
+ <details><summary>Click to expand</summary>
420
+
421
+ </details>
422
+ -->
423
+
424
+ <!--
425
+ ### Out-of-Scope Use
426
+
427
+ *List how the model may foreseeably be misused and address what users ought not to do with the model.*
428
+ -->
429
+
430
+ ## Evaluation
431
+
432
+ ### Metrics
433
+
434
+ #### Information Retrieval
435
+
436
+ * Evaluated with [<code>InformationRetrievalEvaluator</code>](https://sbert.net/docs/package_reference/sentence_transformer/evaluation.html#sentence_transformers.evaluation.InformationRetrievalEvaluator)
437
+
438
+ | Metric | Value |
439
+ |:--------------------|:-----------|
440
+ | cosine_accuracy@1 | 0.9167 |
441
+ | cosine_accuracy@3 | 1.0 |
442
+ | cosine_accuracy@5 | 1.0 |
443
+ | cosine_accuracy@10 | 1.0 |
444
+ | cosine_precision@1 | 0.9167 |
445
+ | cosine_precision@3 | 0.3333 |
446
+ | cosine_precision@5 | 0.2 |
447
+ | cosine_precision@10 | 0.1 |
448
+ | cosine_recall@1 | 0.9167 |
449
+ | cosine_recall@3 | 1.0 |
450
+ | cosine_recall@5 | 1.0 |
451
+ | cosine_recall@10 | 1.0 |
452
+ | **cosine_ndcg@10** | **0.9638** |
453
+ | cosine_mrr@10 | 0.9514 |
454
+ | cosine_map@100 | 0.9514 |
455
+
456
+ <!--
457
+ ## Bias, Risks and Limitations
458
+
459
+ *What are the known or foreseeable issues stemming from this model? You could also flag here known failure cases or weaknesses of the model.*
460
+ -->
461
+
462
+ <!--
463
+ ### Recommendations
464
+
465
+ *What are recommendations with respect to the foreseeable issues? For example, filtering explicit content.*
466
+ -->
467
+
468
+ ## Training Details
469
+
470
+ ### Training Dataset
471
+
472
+ #### Unnamed Dataset
473
+
474
+ * Size: 156 training samples
475
+ * Columns: <code>sentence_0</code> and <code>sentence_1</code>
476
+ * Approximate statistics based on the first 156 samples:
477
+ | | sentence_0 | sentence_1 |
478
+ |:--------|:-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------|:------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
479
+ | type | string | string |
480
+ | details | <ul><li>min: 13 tokens</li><li>mean: 19.05 tokens</li><li>max: 35 tokens</li></ul> | <ul><li>min: 43 tokens</li><li>mean: 131.0 tokens</li><li>max: 192 tokens</li></ul> |
481
+ * Samples:
482
+ | sentence_0 | sentence_1 |
483
+ |:------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|:------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
484
+ | <code>What are some key themes identified in the development of Large Language Models in 2024?</code> | <code>Things we learned about LLMs in 2024<br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br>Simon Willison’s Weblog<br>Subscribe<br><br><br><br><br><br><br>Things we learned about LLMs in 2024<br>31st December 2024<br>A lot has happened in the world of Large Language Models over the course of 2024. Here’s a review of things we figured out about the field in the past twelve months, plus my attempt at identifying key themes and pivotal moments.<br>This is a sequel to my review of 2023.<br>In this article:</code> |
485
+ | <code>How does the 2024 review of LLMs build upon the insights from the 2023 review?</code> | <code>Things we learned about LLMs in 2024<br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br>Simon Willison’s Weblog<br>Subscribe<br><br><br><br><br><br><br>Things we learned about LLMs in 2024<br>31st December 2024<br>A lot has happened in the world of Large Language Models over the course of 2024. Here’s a review of things we figured out about the field in the past twelve months, plus my attempt at identifying key themes and pivotal moments.<br>This is a sequel to my review of 2023.<br>In this article:</code> |
486
+ | <code>What factors contributed to the crash in LLM prices?</code> | <code>The GPT-4 barrier was comprehensively broken<br>Some of those GPT-4 models run on my laptop<br>LLM prices crashed, thanks to competition and increased efficiency<br>Multimodal vision is common, audio and video are starting to emerge<br>Voice and live camera mode are science fiction come to life<br>Prompt driven app generation is a commodity already<br>Universal access to the best models lasted for just a few short months<br>“Agents” still haven’t really happened yet<br>Evals really matter<br>Apple Intelligence is bad, Apple’s MLX library is excellent<br>The rise of inference-scaling “reasoning” models<br>Was the best currently available LLM trained in China for less than $6m?<br>The environmental impact got better<br>The environmental impact got much, much worse</code> |
487
+ * Loss: [<code>MatryoshkaLoss</code>](https://sbert.net/docs/package_reference/sentence_transformer/losses.html#matryoshkaloss) with these parameters:
488
+ ```json
489
+ {
490
+ "loss": "MultipleNegativesRankingLoss",
491
+ "matryoshka_dims": [
492
+ 768,
493
+ 512,
494
+ 256,
495
+ 128,
496
+ 64
497
+ ],
498
+ "matryoshka_weights": [
499
+ 1,
500
+ 1,
501
+ 1,
502
+ 1,
503
+ 1
504
+ ],
505
+ "n_dims_per_step": -1
506
+ }
507
+ ```
508
+
509
+ ### Training Hyperparameters
510
+ #### Non-Default Hyperparameters
511
+
512
+ - `eval_strategy`: steps
513
+ - `per_device_train_batch_size`: 10
514
+ - `per_device_eval_batch_size`: 10
515
+ - `num_train_epochs`: 10
516
+ - `multi_dataset_batch_sampler`: round_robin
517
+
518
+ #### All Hyperparameters
519
+ <details><summary>Click to expand</summary>
520
+
521
+ - `overwrite_output_dir`: False
522
+ - `do_predict`: False
523
+ - `eval_strategy`: steps
524
+ - `prediction_loss_only`: True
525
+ - `per_device_train_batch_size`: 10
526
+ - `per_device_eval_batch_size`: 10
527
+ - `per_gpu_train_batch_size`: None
528
+ - `per_gpu_eval_batch_size`: None
529
+ - `gradient_accumulation_steps`: 1
530
+ - `eval_accumulation_steps`: None
531
+ - `torch_empty_cache_steps`: None
532
+ - `learning_rate`: 5e-05
533
+ - `weight_decay`: 0.0
534
+ - `adam_beta1`: 0.9
535
+ - `adam_beta2`: 0.999
536
+ - `adam_epsilon`: 1e-08
537
+ - `max_grad_norm`: 1
538
+ - `num_train_epochs`: 10
539
+ - `max_steps`: -1
540
+ - `lr_scheduler_type`: linear
541
+ - `lr_scheduler_kwargs`: {}
542
+ - `warmup_ratio`: 0.0
543
+ - `warmup_steps`: 0
544
+ - `log_level`: passive
545
+ - `log_level_replica`: warning
546
+ - `log_on_each_node`: True
547
+ - `logging_nan_inf_filter`: True
548
+ - `save_safetensors`: True
549
+ - `save_on_each_node`: False
550
+ - `save_only_model`: False
551
+ - `restore_callback_states_from_checkpoint`: False
552
+ - `no_cuda`: False
553
+ - `use_cpu`: False
554
+ - `use_mps_device`: False
555
+ - `seed`: 42
556
+ - `data_seed`: None
557
+ - `jit_mode_eval`: False
558
+ - `use_ipex`: False
559
+ - `bf16`: False
560
+ - `fp16`: False
561
+ - `fp16_opt_level`: O1
562
+ - `half_precision_backend`: auto
563
+ - `bf16_full_eval`: False
564
+ - `fp16_full_eval`: False
565
+ - `tf32`: None
566
+ - `local_rank`: 0
567
+ - `ddp_backend`: None
568
+ - `tpu_num_cores`: None
569
+ - `tpu_metrics_debug`: False
570
+ - `debug`: []
571
+ - `dataloader_drop_last`: False
572
+ - `dataloader_num_workers`: 0
573
+ - `dataloader_prefetch_factor`: None
574
+ - `past_index`: -1
575
+ - `disable_tqdm`: False
576
+ - `remove_unused_columns`: True
577
+ - `label_names`: None
578
+ - `load_best_model_at_end`: False
579
+ - `ignore_data_skip`: False
580
+ - `fsdp`: []
581
+ - `fsdp_min_num_params`: 0
582
+ - `fsdp_config`: {'min_num_params': 0, 'xla': False, 'xla_fsdp_v2': False, 'xla_fsdp_grad_ckpt': False}
583
+ - `tp_size`: 0
584
+ - `fsdp_transformer_layer_cls_to_wrap`: None
585
+ - `accelerator_config`: {'split_batches': False, 'dispatch_batches': None, 'even_batches': True, 'use_seedable_sampler': True, 'non_blocking': False, 'gradient_accumulation_kwargs': None}
586
+ - `deepspeed`: None
587
+ - `label_smoothing_factor`: 0.0
588
+ - `optim`: adamw_torch
589
+ - `optim_args`: None
590
+ - `adafactor`: False
591
+ - `group_by_length`: False
592
+ - `length_column_name`: length
593
+ - `ddp_find_unused_parameters`: None
594
+ - `ddp_bucket_cap_mb`: None
595
+ - `ddp_broadcast_buffers`: False
596
+ - `dataloader_pin_memory`: True
597
+ - `dataloader_persistent_workers`: False
598
+ - `skip_memory_metrics`: True
599
+ - `use_legacy_prediction_loop`: False
600
+ - `push_to_hub`: False
601
+ - `resume_from_checkpoint`: None
602
+ - `hub_model_id`: None
603
+ - `hub_strategy`: every_save
604
+ - `hub_private_repo`: None
605
+ - `hub_always_push`: False
606
+ - `gradient_checkpointing`: False
607
+ - `gradient_checkpointing_kwargs`: None
608
+ - `include_inputs_for_metrics`: False
609
+ - `include_for_metrics`: []
610
+ - `eval_do_concat_batches`: True
611
+ - `fp16_backend`: auto
612
+ - `push_to_hub_model_id`: None
613
+ - `push_to_hub_organization`: None
614
+ - `mp_parameters`:
615
+ - `auto_find_batch_size`: False
616
+ - `full_determinism`: False
617
+ - `torchdynamo`: None
618
+ - `ray_scope`: last
619
+ - `ddp_timeout`: 1800
620
+ - `torch_compile`: False
621
+ - `torch_compile_backend`: None
622
+ - `torch_compile_mode`: None
623
+ - `include_tokens_per_second`: False
624
+ - `include_num_input_tokens_seen`: False
625
+ - `neftune_noise_alpha`: None
626
+ - `optim_target_modules`: None
627
+ - `batch_eval_metrics`: False
628
+ - `eval_on_start`: False
629
+ - `use_liger_kernel`: False
630
+ - `eval_use_gather_object`: False
631
+ - `average_tokens_across_devices`: False
632
+ - `prompts`: None
633
+ - `batch_sampler`: batch_sampler
634
+ - `multi_dataset_batch_sampler`: round_robin
635
+
636
+ </details>
637
+
638
+ ### Training Logs
639
+ | Epoch | Step | cosine_ndcg@10 |
640
+ |:-----:|:----:|:--------------:|
641
+ | 1.0 | 16 | 0.9484 |
642
+ | 2.0 | 32 | 0.9692 |
643
+ | 3.0 | 48 | 0.9692 |
644
+ | 3.125 | 50 | 0.9539 |
645
+ | 4.0 | 64 | 0.9692 |
646
+ | 5.0 | 80 | 0.9846 |
647
+ | 6.0 | 96 | 0.9638 |
648
+ | 6.25 | 100 | 0.9638 |
649
+ | 7.0 | 112 | 0.9638 |
650
+ | 8.0 | 128 | 0.9638 |
651
+ | 9.0 | 144 | 0.9638 |
652
+ | 9.375 | 150 | 0.9638 |
653
+ | 10.0 | 160 | 0.9638 |
654
+
655
+
656
+ ### Framework Versions
657
+ - Python: 3.11.12
658
+ - Sentence Transformers: 4.1.0
659
+ - Transformers: 4.51.3
660
+ - PyTorch: 2.6.0+cu124
661
+ - Accelerate: 1.6.0
662
+ - Datasets: 3.5.1
663
+ - Tokenizers: 0.21.1
664
+
665
+ ## Citation
666
+
667
+ ### BibTeX
668
+
669
+ #### Sentence Transformers
670
+ ```bibtex
671
+ @inproceedings{reimers-2019-sentence-bert,
672
+ title = "Sentence-BERT: Sentence Embeddings using Siamese BERT-Networks",
673
+ author = "Reimers, Nils and Gurevych, Iryna",
674
+ booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
675
+ month = "11",
676
+ year = "2019",
677
+ publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
678
+ url = "https://arxiv.org/abs/1908.10084",
679
+ }
680
+ ```
681
+
682
+ #### MatryoshkaLoss
683
+ ```bibtex
684
+ @misc{kusupati2024matryoshka,
685
+ title={Matryoshka Representation Learning},
686
+ author={Aditya Kusupati and Gantavya Bhatt and Aniket Rege and Matthew Wallingford and Aditya Sinha and Vivek Ramanujan and William Howard-Snyder and Kaifeng Chen and Sham Kakade and Prateek Jain and Ali Farhadi},
687
+ year={2024},
688
+ eprint={2205.13147},
689
+ archivePrefix={arXiv},
690
+ primaryClass={cs.LG}
691
+ }
692
+ ```
693
+
694
+ #### MultipleNegativesRankingLoss
695
+ ```bibtex
696
+ @misc{henderson2017efficient,
697
+ title={Efficient Natural Language Response Suggestion for Smart Reply},
698
+ author={Matthew Henderson and Rami Al-Rfou and Brian Strope and Yun-hsuan Sung and Laszlo Lukacs and Ruiqi Guo and Sanjiv Kumar and Balint Miklos and Ray Kurzweil},
699
+ year={2017},
700
+ eprint={1705.00652},
701
+ archivePrefix={arXiv},
702
+ primaryClass={cs.CL}
703
+ }
704
+ ```
705
+
706
+ <!--
707
+ ## Glossary
708
+
709
+ *Clearly define terms in order to be accessible across audiences.*
710
+ -->
711
+
712
+ <!--
713
+ ## Model Card Authors
714
+
715
+ *Lists the people who create the model card, providing recognition and accountability for the detailed work that goes into its construction.*
716
+ -->
717
+
718
+ <!--
719
+ ## Model Card Contact
720
+
721
+ *Provides a way for people who have updates to the Model Card, suggestions, or questions, to contact the Model Card authors.*
722
+ -->
config.json ADDED
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
1
+ {
2
+ "architectures": [
3
+ "BertModel"
4
+ ],
5
+ "attention_probs_dropout_prob": 0.1,
6
+ "classifier_dropout": null,
7
+ "hidden_act": "gelu",
8
+ "hidden_dropout_prob": 0.1,
9
+ "hidden_size": 1024,
10
+ "initializer_range": 0.02,
11
+ "intermediate_size": 4096,
12
+ "layer_norm_eps": 1e-12,
13
+ "max_position_embeddings": 512,
14
+ "model_type": "bert",
15
+ "num_attention_heads": 16,
16
+ "num_hidden_layers": 24,
17
+ "pad_token_id": 0,
18
+ "position_embedding_type": "absolute",
19
+ "torch_dtype": "float32",
20
+ "transformers_version": "4.51.3",
21
+ "type_vocab_size": 2,
22
+ "use_cache": true,
23
+ "vocab_size": 30522
24
+ }
config_sentence_transformers.json ADDED
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
1
+ {
2
+ "__version__": {
3
+ "sentence_transformers": "4.1.0",
4
+ "transformers": "4.51.3",
5
+ "pytorch": "2.6.0+cu124"
6
+ },
7
+ "prompts": {
8
+ "query": "Represent this sentence for searching relevant passages: "
9
+ },
10
+ "default_prompt_name": null,
11
+ "similarity_fn_name": "cosine"
12
+ }
model.safetensors ADDED
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
 
 
 
 
1
+ version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
2
+ oid sha256:1288e819574009d087c23d89803e801e4c3956a4d822aac8c29416f7d46a7f8c
3
+ size 1336413848
modules.json ADDED
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
1
+ [
2
+ {
3
+ "idx": 0,
4
+ "name": "0",
5
+ "path": "",
6
+ "type": "sentence_transformers.models.Transformer"
7
+ },
8
+ {
9
+ "idx": 1,
10
+ "name": "1",
11
+ "path": "1_Pooling",
12
+ "type": "sentence_transformers.models.Pooling"
13
+ },
14
+ {
15
+ "idx": 2,
16
+ "name": "2",
17
+ "path": "2_Normalize",
18
+ "type": "sentence_transformers.models.Normalize"
19
+ }
20
+ ]
sentence_bert_config.json ADDED
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
 
 
 
 
 
1
+ {
2
+ "max_seq_length": 512,
3
+ "do_lower_case": false
4
+ }
special_tokens_map.json ADDED
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
1
+ {
2
+ "cls_token": {
3
+ "content": "[CLS]",
4
+ "lstrip": false,
5
+ "normalized": false,
6
+ "rstrip": false,
7
+ "single_word": false
8
+ },
9
+ "mask_token": {
10
+ "content": "[MASK]",
11
+ "lstrip": false,
12
+ "normalized": false,
13
+ "rstrip": false,
14
+ "single_word": false
15
+ },
16
+ "pad_token": {
17
+ "content": "[PAD]",
18
+ "lstrip": false,
19
+ "normalized": false,
20
+ "rstrip": false,
21
+ "single_word": false
22
+ },
23
+ "sep_token": {
24
+ "content": "[SEP]",
25
+ "lstrip": false,
26
+ "normalized": false,
27
+ "rstrip": false,
28
+ "single_word": false
29
+ },
30
+ "unk_token": {
31
+ "content": "[UNK]",
32
+ "lstrip": false,
33
+ "normalized": false,
34
+ "rstrip": false,
35
+ "single_word": false
36
+ }
37
+ }
tokenizer.json ADDED
The diff for this file is too large to render. See raw diff
 
tokenizer_config.json ADDED
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
1
+ {
2
+ "added_tokens_decoder": {
3
+ "0": {
4
+ "content": "[PAD]",
5
+ "lstrip": false,
6
+ "normalized": false,
7
+ "rstrip": false,
8
+ "single_word": false,
9
+ "special": true
10
+ },
11
+ "100": {
12
+ "content": "[UNK]",
13
+ "lstrip": false,
14
+ "normalized": false,
15
+ "rstrip": false,
16
+ "single_word": false,
17
+ "special": true
18
+ },
19
+ "101": {
20
+ "content": "[CLS]",
21
+ "lstrip": false,
22
+ "normalized": false,
23
+ "rstrip": false,
24
+ "single_word": false,
25
+ "special": true
26
+ },
27
+ "102": {
28
+ "content": "[SEP]",
29
+ "lstrip": false,
30
+ "normalized": false,
31
+ "rstrip": false,
32
+ "single_word": false,
33
+ "special": true
34
+ },
35
+ "103": {
36
+ "content": "[MASK]",
37
+ "lstrip": false,
38
+ "normalized": false,
39
+ "rstrip": false,
40
+ "single_word": false,
41
+ "special": true
42
+ }
43
+ },
44
+ "clean_up_tokenization_spaces": true,
45
+ "cls_token": "[CLS]",
46
+ "do_lower_case": true,
47
+ "extra_special_tokens": {},
48
+ "mask_token": "[MASK]",
49
+ "max_length": 512,
50
+ "model_max_length": 512,
51
+ "pad_to_multiple_of": null,
52
+ "pad_token": "[PAD]",
53
+ "pad_token_type_id": 0,
54
+ "padding_side": "right",
55
+ "sep_token": "[SEP]",
56
+ "stride": 0,
57
+ "strip_accents": null,
58
+ "tokenize_chinese_chars": true,
59
+ "tokenizer_class": "BertTokenizer",
60
+ "truncation_side": "right",
61
+ "truncation_strategy": "longest_first",
62
+ "unk_token": "[UNK]"
63
+ }
vocab.txt ADDED
The diff for this file is too large to render. See raw diff