---
base_model: openbmb/MiniCPM5-1B
library_name: peft
license: apache-2.0
pipeline_tag: text-generation
language:
- en
datasets:
- Team-ACE/ToolACE
tags:
- base_model:adapter:openbmb/MiniCPM5-1B
- lora
- transformers
- unsloth
- function-calling
- tool-use
- agentic
inference: false
model-index:
- name: MiniCPM5-1B-Agentic-Tooluse-v3
  results:
  - task:
      type: text-generation
      name: Tool calling
    dataset:
      name: External ToolACE-derived first-call evaluation (held-out 300 examples)
      type: Team-ACE/ToolACE
    metrics:
    - type: parseable_rate
      value: 1.0000
      name: Parseable tool-call rate
    - type: valid_name_rate
      value: 0.9867
      name: Valid available-tool name rate
    - type: expected_name_rate
      value: 0.9533
      name: Expected tool-name rate
    - type: args_exact_rate
      value: 0.7467
      name: Exact-arguments rate
    - type: arg_key_overlap
      value: 0.9388
      name: Argument-key overlap
    - type: no_schema_copy_rate
      value: 0.9967
      name: No-schema-copy rate
    - type: no_repetition_rate
      value: 0.3400
      name: No-repetition rate
    - type: stopped_cleanly_rate
      value: 0.0000
      name: Stopped-cleanly rate
---

# MiniCPM5-1B-Agentic-Tooluse

LoRA adapter for `openbmb/MiniCPM5-1B`, fine-tuned on [ToolACE](https://huggingface.co/datasets/Team-ACE/ToolACE)

for single-turn **function calling**: given a conversation and a set of tool schemas, emit the first tool call

with the correct name and correct argument values.

Trained on a single Kaggle T4 with Unsloth + TRL SFT.

## Results

Evaluated on a held-out 300-example test slice drawn from a **seeded shuffle** of ToolACE (see *Split integrity*).

The base-model column is the same model with the same prompt and no adapter.

The **published weights are SFT + GRPO** (see *GRPO / RLVR*). The SFT column is kept because every

negative result below is measured against it.

| metric | v2 (previous release) | SFT retrain (pre-GRPO) | **v3 = SFT + GRPO (published)** |
|---|---|---|---|
| `parseable` — output is a well-formed call | 0.9933 | 1.0000 | **1.0000** |
| `valid_name` — name exists among the offered tools | 0.9700 | 0.9867 | **0.9867** |
| `expected_name` — name matches gold | 0.9067 | 0.9567 | **0.9533** |
| `args_exact` — *every* argument value matches gold | 0.6133 | 0.7367 | **0.7467** |
| `arg_key_overlap` — F1 over argument keys | 0.8757 | 0.9422 | **0.9388** |
| **mean of 5** | 0.8718 | 0.9245 | **0.9251** |

**v2 (previous release)** = the previously published SFT adapter. An earlier draft of this card

mislabeled this column "base model (untrained)" -- that was wrong; it is NOT the raw base model.

The real untrained `openbmb/MiniCPM5-1B`, measured on this same test slice, scores `parseable`

0.9333, `valid_name` 0.9133, `expected_name` 0.8867, `args_exact` 0.6300, `arg_key_overlap` 0.8920.

**SFT retrain** = a fresh SFT pass from v2, prior to GRPO. **v3** = what this repo currently serves.

Every "did it improve?" decision in this card is judged against **v2**, not against the untrained

base model — beating an untrained model is not evidence of anything.

GRPO buys +0.0100 on `args_exact`, the metric that matters here, and gives back 0.0034 (one test example

each) on `expected_name` and `arg_key_overlap`. That trade is reported rather than hidden: the mean moves

only +0.0006, so this is a targeted gain on the hardest metric, not a broad improvement.

Four of the five metrics are above 0.80. `args_exact` is not, and the next section explains how much of it is

actually reachable.

### Reproducibility

Two independent training runs were performed. They converged to **identical** `args_exact` (0.7367) despite

different data ordering, and one differing in data composition.

| metric | run 1 | run 2 (composite-oversampled) |
|---|---|---|
| `parseable` | 1.0000 | 1.0000 |
| `valid_name` | 0.9900 | 0.9867 |
| `expected_name` | 0.9567 | 0.9567 |
| `args_exact` | 0.7367 | 0.7367 |
| `arg_key_overlap` | 0.9388 | 0.9422 |

The weights published here are run 2.

## Honest limits of `args_exact`

`args_exact` is strict and all-or-nothing over every argument value. Its measured ceiling on this test slice is

**not 1.0**:

- **9.33% of test cases are unwinnable.** 28 of 300 gold calls contain a *date* that appears nowhere in the

  prompt. There is no anchor "today" to resolve them against — the gold dates span 1990–2027 across 75 distinct

  values, so no single assumed current date recovers them. This caps `args_exact` at **0.9067**.

- The dominant remaining error class is **composite JSON arguments** (~14–20% of argument values are nested

  objects or arrays), where the model must reproduce an entire nested structure exactly.

So 0.7367 sits against a practical ceiling of 0.9067, closing about 42% of the base-model-to-ceiling gap

(0.6133 → 0.7367, out of a possible 0.6133 → 0.9067).

The grader was deliberately **not** loosened. It does normalize formatting-only differences (key order,

whitespace, `70` vs `70.0`) and is guarded at runtime by assertions in both directions: 10 must-differ pairs must

be rejected and 5 formatting-only pairs must be accepted. Relaxing date comparison, or dropping the unwinnable

cases from the denominator, would have raised the headline number without improving the model.

## What did not work

Measured negative and null results, recorded so they need not be re-tried:

- **Oversampling composite-JSON examples** — no effect on `args_exact` (0.7367 in both runs).

- **Thinking mode on** — clearly harmful: validation `args_exact` fell 0.7367 → 0.5267. Consistent with

  [TAFC (arXiv:2601.18282)](https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.18282), which notes over-reasoning degrades simple

  single-parameter function calls.

- **Longer training** — validation plateaued (run 1 at step 600, run 2 at step 750).

- **Self-consistency / majority voting** — not used. [ToolPRM (arXiv:2510.14703)](https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.14703)

  measures majority voting *degrading* argument F1 on function calling (Hammer2.1-3B: 62.83 → 58.27), because

  structured output cannot recover from an early error, so non-greedy sampling ruins whole trajectories.

  Decoding here is **greedy**.

## GRPO / RLVR — partial result

Because SFT was demonstrably saturated (two runs, identical `args_exact`, val plateaued), the next lever tried was

RL with a verifiable reward: GRPO where the reward *is* this repo's own grader, so reward and reported metric

cannot drift apart. Reward design followed [ToolRL (arXiv:2504.13958)](https://arxiv.org/abs/2504.13958) —

fine-grained decomposition (parseable / tool name / argument keys / argument values) rather than all-or-nothing,

correctness weighted 0.90 against format 0.10, and no length reward.

**It works, and the published weights include it.** With a validation ratchet that only keeps a checkpoint

beating the previous best, across several short sessions:

```

[ratchet] step 150   val args_exact 0.7467  (SFT 0.7367)   <-- kept

[ratchet] step  40   val args_exact 0.7533  (best 0.7467)  <-- kept   (higher-exploration config)

[ratchet] step  80   val args_exact 0.7500  (best 0.7533)  <-- rejected

```

The step-40 checkpoint was then measured **once** on the held-out test slice: `args_exact` 0.7367 → **0.7467**.

### Why GRPO stalls here, measured

The first configuration (4 generations, temperature 1.0) gained **zero** test examples over 100 steps. The cause

was instrumented rather than guessed — the fraction of prompt groups whose samples all receive *identical*

reward:

```

[collapse] 18/25 groups (72%) had identical rewards -> zero advantage -> no gradient

[collapse] 37/50 groups (74%) ...

[collapse] 55/75 groups (73%) ...

```

GRPO's advantage is reward minus the group mean, so a group where every sample scores the same contributes

exactly nothing. **~73% of the compute produced no gradient at all.** This is the within-group reward collapse

described by [RC-GRPO (arXiv:2602.03025)](https://www.alphaxiv.org/abs/2602.03025), and it is a direct

consequence of the SFT model already being good: most prompts come back all-right (or all-wrong) across the

whole group.

The DPO run independently measured the same thing from a different angle — 289 of 400 prompts (72%) were

already correct and yielded no preference pair. Two unrelated experiments, the same ~72%.

Two consequences worth carrying forward:

1. **Raising exploration helps.** Going to 8 generations at temperature 1.15 lifted the observed rate from

   +0.0033 to roughly +0.0165 per 100 steps. Sampling is raised for *training only*; evaluation and the

   shipped model remain strictly greedy, so this changes learning rather than the reported metric.

2. **Step count is a poor proxy for progress.** Only ~27% of steps do anything, so "N steps" should be read

   as "~0.27N effective steps" when planning a budget.

## DPO — also tried, also did not beat SFT

[TinyLLM (arXiv:2511.22138)](https://arxiv.org/abs/2511.22138) benchmarks sub-3B models on exactly this task

family and recommends preference optimization over RL for compute-constrained settings ("SFT offers limited

gains"; PPO is "computationally demanding — less ideal for edge deployment"). So DPO was tried, with preference

pairs built free from the model's own errors (`chosen` = gold call, `rejected` = what the model emitted).

**Measured:** val `args_exact` 0.7367 → **0.7333**. Not an improvement, so no test pass was spent and nothing

was published.

Two findings worth recording, both of which make DPO *less* attractive here than the literature implies:

1. **Pair generation dominates the cost.** 400 prompts took **21.5 min** of generation on a T4; DPO training

   itself then took 6.9 min. DPO needs no generation *during* training, but building the dataset is expensive.

2. **Yield is low precisely because the SFT model is good.** 289 of 400 training prompts (72%) were *already

   correct* and produce no pair. Only 111 usable pairs came out — far too few to move a 1B model. Collecting

   thousands of pairs means an hour or more of generation before a single training step.

## Summary of every method tried

| method | val `args_exact` | outcome |
|---|---|---|
| v2 (previous release) | — | test 0.6133 |
| base model (no adapter, untrained) | — | test 0.6300 |
| **v2 = SFT** (2 independent runs) | 0.7367 | superseded by v3 |
| SFT + composite oversampling | 0.7367 | no change |
| thinking-on | 0.6167 / 0.5267 | clearly worse |
| GRPO, lr 2e-5 / β 0.01 | 0.6867 | worse — too aggressive |
| GRPO, lr 5e-6 / β 0.04, 4 gen @ T=1.0 | 0.7467 | better, then stalled (73% dead groups) |
| **GRPO, lr 5e-6 / β 0.04, 8 gen @ T=1.15** | **0.7533** | **published** (test 0.7467) |
| DPO, 111 pairs | 0.7333 | worse |
| constrained / grammar-guided decoding | not run | ruled out on evidence — see below |
| self-consistency / majority voting | not run | ruled out by ToolPRM |

**Constrained decoding was considered and rejected before spending GPU time on it.** Grammar-constrained

decoding improves function calling mainly by eliminating *malformed* calls, but this model is already at

`parseable` 1.0000 and `valid_name` 0.9867 — there are essentially none left to eliminate. Its failures are

semantic (wrong argument *values*), which schema constraints do not fix. Two 2026 results also warn it can

cost accuracy: [Constraint Tax (arXiv:2606.25605)](https://www.alphaxiv.org/abs/2606.25605) finds structured

output constraints suppress tool calling, and [The Format Tax (arXiv:2604.03616)](https://arxiv.org/pdf/2604.03616)

finds format constraints degrade the reasoning the model would otherwise do.

The remaining gap to 0.80 is 0.0533 (16 test examples) against a hard ceiling of 0.9067. GRPO is the only lever

that has moved it, and its effective rate depends far more on how many groups produce a non-zero advantage than

on raw step count.

### A bug worth knowing about

The first long GRPO attempt died ~2.9h in inside the reward function:

```

schema_literal_fix → if v.lower() == ev.lower()

AttributeError: 'int' object has no attribute 'lower'

```

Tool schemas may declare **non-string enums** (`"enum": [1, 2, 3]`); the value was type-guarded but the enum

member was not. The 300-row eval slices contain no integer enum, so this never surfaced in any evaluation — it

took a 3000-row training pool to hit it. Fixed by comparing against `str(ev)` (for string enums `str(ev) is ev`,

so no previously measured number changes), with a regression assert that now fails in seconds on CPU rather than

hours into a GPU run.

## Split integrity

ToolACE's `data.json` is **grouped, not shuffled** — contiguous slices land on very different distributions, so a

naive `select(range(...))` split yields train/test sets that are not comparable. The dataset is therefore shuffled

with a fixed seed (`SPLIT_SEED = 3407`) and filtered to usable rows *before* slicing into test / validation / train.

Checkpoints were selected on **validation only**; the test slice was evaluated once, at the end.

## Training configuration

| | |
|---|---|
| base | `openbmb/MiniCPM5-1B`, 4-bit |
| LoRA | r=32, alpha=64, dropout=0.05 |
| target modules | q, k, v, o, gate, up, down |
| epochs | 3 |
| learning rate | 1e-4, cosine, warmup ratio 0.1 |
| batch size | 16 |
| max seq len | 4096 (prompt cap 1536) |
| train / val / test | 9000 / 300 / 300 |
| hardware | 1× Kaggle T4 |

## Usage

```python

from peft import PeftModel

from transformers import AutoModelForCausalLM, AutoTokenizer

base = "openbmb/MiniCPM5-1B"

tok = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(base, trust_remote_code=True)

model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained(base, trust_remote_code=True, device_map="auto")

model = PeftModel.from_pretrained(model, "ewinregirgojr/MiniCPM5-1B-Agentic-Tooluse")

prompt = tok.apply_chat_template(

    messages, tools=tools, add_generation_prompt=True,

    enable_thinking=False,          # thinking OFF — see "What did not work"

    tokenize=False,

)

inputs = tok(prompt, return_tensors="pt").to(model.device)

out = model.generate(**inputs, max_new_tokens=256, do_sample=False)   # greedy

```

`enable_thinking=False` and greedy decoding are both load-bearing for the numbers above.

## Framework versions

- PEFT 0.19.1

- transformers 4.57.3

- torch 2.8.0

- TRL 0.24.x, Unsloth

## Base model architecture

MiniCPM5-1B uses a standard `LlamaForCausalLM` architecture:

| Property | Value |
|---|---|
| Parameters (total) | 1,080,632,832 |
| Parameters (non-embedding) | 679,552,512 |
| Architecture | `LlamaForCausalLM` |
| Layers | 24 |
| Attention heads (GQA) | 16 Q / 2 KV |
| Context length | 131,072 tokens |
| Training | SFT → RL (GRPO) fine-tune on [openbmb/MiniCPM5-1B](https://huggingface.co/openbmb/MiniCPM5-1B) |

## Limitations

## ModelScope

The base model is also available on ModelScope (for users in China and East Asia):

- [OpenBMB/MiniCPM5-1B on ModelScope](https://www.modelscope.cn/models/OpenBMB/MiniCPM5-1B)

*(The fine-tuned adapter/GGUF builds are currently HuggingFace-only.)*
## Citation

If you use this model, please cite the base model paper:

```bibtex
@article{minicpm4,
  title   = {MiniCPM4: Ultra-Efficient LLMs on End Devices},
  author  = {MiniCPM Team},
  journal = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2506.07900},
  year    = {2025}
}
```

And the ToolACE dataset used for fine-tuning:

```bibtex
@article{toolace,
  title   = {ToolACE: Winning the Points of LLM Function Calling},
  author  = {Liu, Ying and others},
  journal = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2409.00920},
  year    = {2024}
}
```