---
license: cc
task_categories:
- summarization
- text-generation
- question-answering
language:
- ar
tags:
- nlp
- llm
- RD
- reverse_dictionary
pretty_name: MURAD
size_categories:
- 10K<n<100K
---

# MURAD: Multi-domain Unified Reverse Arabic Dictionary

## Overview

**MURAD (Multi-domain Unified Reverse Arabic Dictionary)** is an open Arabic lexical dataset designed to support research in computational linguistics, lexicography, and Arabic natural language processing (NLP). The dataset contains **96,243 word–definition pairs** spanning multiple scientific, religious, and linguistic domains.

Arabic is a linguistically and culturally rich language with a vast vocabulary; however, large-scale, structured lexical resources that link Arabic words to precise definitions remain limited. MURAD addresses this gap by aggregating and standardizing definitions from trusted reference works and educational sources.

The dataset is particularly suitable for:
- Reverse dictionary modeling  
- Semantic retrieval and search  
- Lexical semantics research  
- Educational and digital humanities tools  
- Arabic NLP benchmarking and evaluation  

---

## Dataset Description

Each record in MURAD consists of:
- **Target Arabic term**
- **Standardized Arabic definition**
- **Source metadata**, including domain, reference ID, source title, URL, and extraction method

The data were extracted using a **hybrid processing pipeline** that integrates:
- Direct text parsing (scraping)
- Optical Character Recognition (OCR)
- Automated reconstruction and normalization via GPT-4o

This pipeline was designed to ensure high accuracy, clarity, and consistency across heterogeneous source materials.

---

## Domain Coverage

MURAD covers a wide range of domains, including but not limited to:
- Linguistics
- Islamic studies and jurisprudence
- Psychology
- Mathematics
- Physics
- Chemistry
- Engineering (mechanical, electrical, electronic)
- Machine learning, deep learning, and data science
- Measurement and scientific terminology

---

## Data Format

The dataset is released in a structured, machine-readable format (CSV, UTF-8) suitable for direct use in NLP pipelines. Each entry aligns a single Arabic term with its definition and associated metadata.

| Column name | Description |
|-------------|-------------|
| `Ref ID` | Numeric identifier (1–17) for the source reference work |
| `word` | The target Arabic word or term |
| `definition` | The formal Arabic definition associated with the word |
| `Source Title` | Original Arabic title of the reference work |
| `Source URL` | Direct hyperlink to the source (online book, PDF, or institutional page) |
| `English Translation of the Title` | English translation of the source title |
| `Extraction Type` | Method of obtaining the definition: *Scraped*, *Extracted*, or *OCR* |
| `Domain` | Subject domain of the source: *General*, *Scientific*, *Linguistics*, or *Islamic* |

---

## Sources and References

The following table lists the **primary Arabic reference sources** used to compile the MURAD dataset. Counts indicate the number of word–definition pairs extracted from each source. Reference IDs correspond to identifiers used in the dataset metadata.

| Ref | English Translation of the Title | Extraction Type | Count |
|-----|----------------------------------|----------------|-------|
| 1 | Al-Kafawi's Dictionary of Universals | Scraped | 14,476 |
| 2 | Al-Jurjani's Book of Definitions | Scraped | 1,399 |
| 3 | Dictionary of Chemistry Terms | Extracted | 4,468 |
| 4 | Dictionary of Machine Learning Terms | Extracted | 1,758 |
| 5 | Dictionary of Mathematical Terms | Extracted | 7,808 |
| 6 | Dictionary of Physics Terms | Extracted | 5,081 |
| 7 | Dictionary of Arabic Measurement Terms | Extracted | 550 |
| 8 | Dictionary of Psychology Terms | Extracted | 4,157 |
| 9 | Dictionary of Mechanical Engineering Terms | Extracted | 1,569 |
| 10 | Book of Terminology in Arabic Sciences | OCR | 13,181 |
| 11 | Encyclopedic Dictionary of Applied Linguistics Terms | Extracted | 13,350 |
| 12 | Dictionary of Islamic Jurisprudence Terms | OCR | 9,964 |
| 13 | Dictionary of Electrical, Electronic, and Communication Engineering Terms | Extracted | 1,422 |
| 14 | Dictionary of Scholars' Terminology | Scraped | 7,907 |
| 15 | Encyclopedia of Faith Terminology | OCR | 4,160 |
| 16 | General Terminology Dictionary | Scraped | 3,750 |
| 17 | SDAIA Data and Artificial Intelligence Glossary | Extracted | 1,243 |

---

## Intended Use

MURAD is intended for **research and educational purposes**, including:
- Training and evaluating Arabic NLP models
- Studying Arabic lexical semantics and definition modeling
- Building reverse dictionaries and semantic search systems
- Supporting digital lexicography and curriculum development

---

## License and Availability

This dataset is released openly under the **CC BY 4.0 license** to promote reproducible research and broader access to high-quality Arabic lexical resources.  
The dataset is publicly available at: [https://huggingface.co/datasets/riotu-lab/MURAD](https://huggingface.co/datasets/riotu-lab/MURAD)

---

## Citation

If you use MURAD in your work, please cite the following paper:

**APA:**

```
Sibaee, S., Alhabashi, Y., Sibai, N., Farouk, Y., Ammar, A., AlHalawani, S., & Boulila, W. (2026). MURAD: A Large-Scale Multi-Domain Unified Reverse Arabic Dictionary Dataset. arXiv preprint arXiv:2601.21512.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.21512
```

**BibTeX:**

```
@misc{sibaee2026murad,
      title={MURAD: A Large-Scale Multi-Domain Unified Reverse Arabic Dictionary Dataset}, 
      author={Serry Sibaee and Yasser Alhabashi and Nadia Sibai and Yara Farouk and Adel Ammar and Sawsan AlHalawani and Wadii Boulila},
      year={2026},
      eprint={2601.21512},
      archivePrefix={arXiv},
      primaryClass={cs.CL},
      url={https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.21512}, 
}
```