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e483fb65-43b7-41de-bbb0-c62ec8341002 | Companion planting
Companion planting in gardening and agriculture is the planting of different crops in proximity for any of
a number of different reasons, including weed suppression, pest control, pollination, providing habitat for
beneficial insects, maximizing use of space, and to otherwise increase crop productivi... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 15, "from": 1}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Companion planting - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20250905161045+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20250905161045+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "versi... | [0.04119518,0.064284,-0.21348761,-0.009424908,0.013094026,-0.021197395,0.013572826,-0.010773566,0.035102457,-0.011235624,0.019517409,-0.04353872,0.06487126,0.04445314,-0.021248613,0.018257214,-0.02496917,-0.044939928,0.00074110134,0.0070880624,0.00047068976,-0.009490894,0.019119706,-0.025836853,0.038541794,0.0302779,-0... |
6f980c40-a25a-469d-8ee3-bcebaba60c19 | forest gardens in Asia, and thousands of years ago in Mesoamerica. The technique may allow farmers to
reduce costly inputs of artificial fertilisers and pesticides.
Traditional practice
History
Companion planting was practiced in various forms by the indigenous peoples of the Americas prior to the
arrival of Europeans.... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 29, "from": 12}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Companion planting - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20250905161045+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20250905161045+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "vers... | [0.07276378,0.046936937,-0.1994336,0.0054574786,0.0004628438,-0.02635499,-0.015834916,-0.006816422,0.01929576,0.011999964,0.01491493,-0.025050115,0.08370127,0.036796663,0.003856638,-0.01784591,-0.0151978545,5.5809225e-05,0.012739773,0.0244057,-0.033791743,0.035798497,0.014993086,0.013671718,0.016487282,-0.0059474176,-0... |
dc834d8d-e489-4d4b-996a-1f7db607691e | (allelopathic) to other plants nearby.
[7]
Theophrastus reported that the bay tree and the cabbage plant
enfeebled grapevines.
[8][9]
Pliny the Elder wrote that the "shade" of the walnut tree (Juglans regia) poisoned
other plants.
[10][9]
In China, mosquito ferns (Azolla spp.) have been used for at least a thousand y... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 34, "from": 25}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Companion planting - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20250905161045+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20250905161045+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "vers... | [0.102135025,0.025710601,-0.20129365,0.027877778,0.028562063,-0.030308334,-0.065943755,0.027446067,0.022887476,-0.011170406,0.06640895,0.015520814,0.09249146,0.04613497,-0.042510785,-0.028476665,-0.03612155,0.002328411,0.03460674,0.010834815,-0.056304663,0.0040252157,-0.020094182,0.0054803877,0.03057725,0.08682932,-0.0... |
954f5237-4f79-4493-a676-c56d577db431 | they block light from plants that would compete with the rice.
[11]
20th century
More recently, starting in the 1920s, organic farming and horticulture have made frequent use of
companion planting, since many other means of fertilizing, weed reduction and pest control are
forbidden.
[12]
Permaculture advocates similar... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 51, "from": 36}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Companion planting - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20250905161045+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20250905161045+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "vers... | [0.057531867,0.08419162,-0.1839527,0.012829299,-0.014297915,-0.019005438,-0.013179325,-0.0030926818,0.023655158,-0.020034166,0.0676368,-0.015865529,0.0769847,0.036896534,-0.003592895,7.5463955e-05,-0.021348853,-0.019172264,-0.012523955,0.04037737,-0.03243379,0.04266655,-0.0090839425,-0.042964637,0.0062495316,0.06162652... |
d49eb1c3-4e77-430f-a112-3ec2ffe6289b | cabbage family (Brassicaceae) are traditionally claimed to grow well with celery, onion family plants (Allium),
and aromatic herbs, but are thought best not grown with strawberry or tomato.
[14][15]
In 2022, agronomists recommended that multiple tools including plant disease resistance in crops,
conservation of natural... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 63, "from": 49}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Companion planting - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20250905161045+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20250905161045+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "vers... | [0.046825852,0.0377419,-0.16678643,0.031768147,0.058309454,-0.020598121,-0.056437753,-0.013139186,0.023220947,-0.003433511,0.06063929,-0.03182521,0.100244455,0.009707197,-0.0076551037,-0.0049665365,-0.028703224,-0.032608427,0.02899176,0.05404702,0.008319,-0.0062652095,0.024343004,-0.01708404,0.0027823297,0.06456577,-0.... |
2342d372-89a7-4b29-b96c-95541d43842d | or using field trials.
[17]
Multiple interactions between companion plants, target crops, weeds, pests, and beneficial insects such as
parasitoids and predators of the pests make a multitrophic approach necessary.
[16] | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 65, "from": 60}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Companion planting - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20250905161045+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20250905161045+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "vers... | [0.014094369,0.054181274,-0.18496485,0.012913234,0.06840406,-0.0013323465,-0.019525014,-0.016919758,0.023479078,0.010602935,0.060051028,-0.031896077,0.10226938,0.02744007,-0.05062284,-0.015212126,-0.0025199968,-0.06831262,0.050328363,0.03641641,-0.057477325,0.006587074,0.020772023,-0.005033559,0.018528428,0.03907807,-0... |
d76edf26-5f39-4531-a1d9-f657d3d15da1 | Mechanisms
Companion planting can help to increase crop productivity through a variety of mechanisms, which may
sometimes be combined. These include pollination, weed suppression, and pest control, including by
providing habitat for beneficial insects.
[18]
Companion planting can reduce insect damage to crops, whether ... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 86, "from": 67}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Companion planting - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20250905161045+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20250905161045+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "vers... | [0.0197684,0.044913698,-0.19782569,-0.004317101,0.043319803,-0.039083034,0.004115042,0.009587888,0.048174627,-0.008685842,0.026693974,-0.034851655,0.07754408,0.020730203,-0.004281898,0.03769971,-0.03315654,-0.05556736,0.016193017,0.0064329356,0.012035936,0.0053790566,0.025450181,-0.025919674,0.053679302,0.04648744,0.01... |
f86983d9-ef2e-4a3a-9112-705c3cad5cbb | or otherwise increase productivity
[19]
Nutrient provision
Root nodules of legumes fix nitrogen,
assisting the growth of nearby plants.
Legumes such as clover provide nitrogen compounds to neighbouring plants such as grasses by fixing
nitrogen from the air with symbiotic bacteria in their root nodules. These enable t... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 92, "from": 82}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Companion planting - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20250905161045+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20250905161045+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "vers... | [0.046296235,0.06664575,-0.17930186,0.010420402,0.033126075,-0.047122385,-0.039697684,0.04191578,0.010132159,-0.034266144,0.021840354,-0.002620151,0.07988154,0.027646419,0.040967386,0.054903686,-0.03156256,-0.050653763,0.04738815,0.037457746,-0.030354436,0.044056553,0.04670212,-0.045630965,0.031090738,0.07666931,-0.023... |
44e27dc5-799e-41cc-b06c-77b732512a27 | Trap cropping
Trap cropping uses alternative plants to attract pests away from a main crop. For example, nasturtium
(Tropaeolum majus) is a food plant of some caterpillars which feed primarily on members of the cabbage
family (brassicas);
[24]
some gardeners claim that planting them around brassicas protects the food ... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 111, "from": 94}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Companion planting - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20250905161045+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20250905161045+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "ver... | [0.032098398,0.057706643,-0.21022892,-0.0073906425,0.057495452,-0.00798263,-0.022682453,0.00010152586,0.037534,-0.012865651,0.036043737,0.022515344,0.12208086,0.017299091,-0.028425714,-2.6884882e-05,-0.03772893,-0.03337018,0.023460248,0.037274882,0.003716481,0.0067743575,0.03447909,-0.0059274756,-0.020798786,0.03193283... |
af632787-7e95-4952-9c60-5695c9ce6673 | even "decoy-plants" coloured green.
[27]
Pests find hosts in stages, first detecting plant odours which induce
it to try to land on the host plant, avoiding bare soil. If the plant is isolated, then the insect simply lands on
the patch of green near the odour, making an "appropriate landing". If it finds itself on the... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 123, "from": 109}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Companion planting - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20250905161045+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20250905161045+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "ve... | [0.027869381,0.052591793,-0.22419411,-0.006048239,0.054762788,0.0039224643,-0.033744015,0.01687407,0.01773833,-0.030736515,0.018932221,-0.04201476,0.09996682,0.059360154,-0.025500664,-0.026542347,0.000923316,-0.08227012,0.038494498,0.010322284,0.003267526,-0.009300171,0.038554393,-0.022767067,0.00624297,0.043148488,-0.... |
50e48f8c-83eb-4157-bcbd-d50af10ecd31 | clover (which allowed a good crop). Simple decoys of green cardboard worked just as well as the live
ground cover.
[27]
Weed suppression
Several plants are allelopathic, producing chemicals which inhibit the growth of other species. For example,
rye is useful as a cereal crop, and can be used as a cover crop to suppres... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 131, "from": 120}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Companion planting - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20250905161045+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20250905161045+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "ve... | [0.062132534,0.036889933,-0.1735593,0.03909594,0.010192841,-0.05162207,-0.021538261,0.035968423,0.04488084,-0.01765815,0.0568028,-0.0035163567,0.12878643,0.024024418,0.0043974244,0.024641791,-0.04849976,-0.042246357,0.051865984,0.0014545736,-0.05527983,0.0064341994,0.0154902395,-0.05077283,0.02610442,0.08390693,-0.0371... |
8bac586c-b0ee-417c-a3a9-81d0921c2962 | https://galeapps.gale.com/apps/auth?userGroupName=&sid=GVRL&origURL=https%3A%2F%2Fgo.gale.
com%2Fps%2Fi.do%3Fp%3DGVRL%26u%3D%26id%3DGALE%7CCX3408100055%26v%3D2.1%26i
t%3Dr%26sid%3DGVRL%26asid%3D54515a57&prodId=GVRL) from the original on 13 July 2021.
Retrieved 17 August 2019.
10. Tilley, Elizabeth; Ulrich, Lukas; Lüthi... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 863, "from": 853}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Compost - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20250905160259+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20250905160259+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "version": "1.... | [-0.010461167,0.0070814453,-0.19320188,-0.050622046,0.096961446,-0.0042440696,0.00025742032,0.039777018,0.016299425,-0.029356942,0.021906242,0.02752168,0.090145424,0.0036003282,0.023471128,-0.048993807,0.0047471374,-0.0011992224,-0.03192709,-0.00805588,0.0017596936,-0.034939107,-0.030481022,-0.06972112,0.043543983,0.01... |
abcdd2d9-f672-47df-b4e2-50325ca01d78 | Pest suppression
Companion planting of
cornflowers among cabbages
helps the parasitoid wasp
Microplitis mediator (shown) to
control cabbage moth.
Some companion plants help prevent pest insects or pathogenic fungi from damaging the crop, through
their production of aromatic volatile chemicals, another type of allelop... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 154, "from": 133}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Companion planting - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20250905161045+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20250905161045+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "ve... | [0.048461877,0.016592836,-0.19405125,-0.008462575,0.037824072,-0.027740745,-0.05357321,0.019633692,0.05556124,-0.008046855,0.020808164,-0.020823615,0.11012756,0.04417559,-0.014997196,0.006708993,-0.026905663,-0.051189575,0.004330087,0.02776117,-0.027381266,-0.04467933,0.016125873,-0.025643501,0.028904228,0.059064142,-0... |
90dda4c1-ce1b-440d-89d2-43c9f8780bd4 | other's pests: it is popularly believed that the onion smell puts off carrot root fly, while the smell of carrots
puts off onion fly.
[19][1]
Some studies have demonstrated beneficial effects. For instance, cabbage crops can be seriously damaged
by the cabbage moth. It has a natural enemy, the parasitoid wasp Microplit... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 167, "from": 152}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Companion planting - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20250905161045+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20250905161045+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "ve... | [0.017740091,0.0459616,-0.19087927,0.009278068,0.06147604,-0.011375658,-0.06184412,0.015315394,0.048780885,0.0018533177,0.031896036,-0.02420835,0.09332054,0.039256476,-0.03227204,-0.0030559392,-0.010896039,-0.05915963,0.040379565,0.037395794,-0.00697366,-0.053078566,0.05208714,-0.038921073,0.016908115,0.07735846,-0.065... |
c9a02e7c-3dea-42c1-b714-e864b3be6c41 | [34]
Not all combinations of
target and companion are effective; for instance, clover, a useful companion to many crop plants, does not
mask Brassica crops.
[35]
However, effects on multi-species systems are complex and may not increase crop yields. Thus, French
marigold inhibits codling moth, a serious pest whose lar... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 172, "from": 163}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Companion planting - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20250905161045+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20250905161045+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "ve... | [0.015130231,0.07062087,-0.16806486,0.01774814,0.0055355243,-0.0019340444,-0.019221097,-0.011932878,0.046137094,-0.007943995,0.014788659,-0.014043181,0.09364712,0.022233918,0.010765839,0.041043524,-0.0058856965,-0.012404923,0.053257376,0.046253793,0.00078736176,0.009357547,0.03737568,-0.00062307285,0.025172666,0.096976... |
311ad0f8-47d1-4070-954a-470ef1f17858 | Predator recruitment
Spearmint attracts the
mirid bug Nesidiocoris
tenuis, an active predator
that helps to suppress
crop pests.
[37]
Companion plants that produce copious nectar or pollen in a vegetable garden (insectary plants) may help
encourage higher populations of beneficial insects that control pests.
[38]
Som... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 192, "from": 174}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Companion planting - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20250905161045+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20250905161045+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "ve... | [0.0036680656,0.020715464,-0.20373753,0.006092823,0.05436619,-0.01995304,-0.03711196,-0.015044941,0.031158108,0.0067885905,0.0047280523,0.013282827,0.08452821,0.0029459016,-0.030387571,0.021534016,-0.010264005,-0.050778307,0.050491974,0.035440035,-0.03391178,-0.007924122,0.039436717,-0.027566334,0.01885131,0.08385989,-... |
d09d4af9-49ee-41fa-96eb-b9802230065f | with parsley among a target crop of collard greens helped to suppress aphid pests (Brevicoryne brassicae,
Myzus persicae), even though it also cut down the numbers of parasitoid wasps. Predatory insect species
increased in numbers, and may have predated on the aphid-killing parasitoids, while the reduction in aphids
ma... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 203, "from": 192}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Companion planting - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20250905161045+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20250905161045+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "ve... | [0.037213042,0.03114308,-0.20163989,-0.03236559,0.030860491,-0.010973399,-0.05776802,0.013101484,0.044297114,-0.0003163463,0.04276588,-0.038868297,0.113349274,0.0019740295,0.026551014,-0.009637097,0.0050691273,-0.044859093,0.023195978,-0.0010304892,-0.015097078,-0.037092797,0.04512047,-0.0494244,0.01734338,0.062760875,... |
eb70248f-013a-4cd5-84af-8aa30f6f65d3 | Dordrecht: Springer. pp. 15–37. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-4093-1_2 (https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4
020-4093-1_2). ISBN 978-1-4020-4092-4.
8. Theophrastus, Enquiry into Plants, Book IV, XVI, 5
9. Aliotta, Giovanni; Mallik, Azim U.; Pollio, Antonino (2008). "Historical Examples of Allelopathy and
Ethnobotany from the Med... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 273, "from": 262}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Companion planting - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20250905161045+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20250905161045+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "ve... | [0.021979257,0.018854097,-0.1464732,-0.060947236,0.038115215,-0.01692024,0.020481983,0.0169316,0.013264186,-0.012160868,-0.0024134456,0.0005847695,0.122121446,-0.0025132573,0.029708603,-0.04074418,-0.03017214,-0.05529003,-0.025876798,0.091043085,-0.02418506,0.039361697,-0.04325152,-0.023544874,0.028441627,-0.0018888059... |
6b0cd839-4ffa-4434-9bfc-6d5efaa396b8 | Some crops are grown under the protective shelter of different kinds of plant, whether as wind breaks or for
shade. For example, shade-grown coffee, especially Coffea arabica, has traditionally been grown in light
shade created by scattered trees with a thin canopy, allowing light through to the coffee bushes but
prote... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 220, "from": 205}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Companion planting - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20250905161045+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20250905161045+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "ve... | [0.0400977,0.053185143,-0.20809923,0.0027496868,0.003051028,-0.01619397,-0.029527273,-0.035837155,0.0051565203,-0.05396935,0.058723778,-0.031764634,0.053732436,0.032221504,-0.0006575015,0.008506527,-0.015904011,-0.034167733,0.042951908,0.009725212,-0.04537241,0.02960042,0.009634729,-0.045557186,-0.0072521847,0.02828307... |
a8caa6fb-e4ff-4cb2-81ea-b38d9cb9ff2e | than normal.
[42]
Forest gardening, where companion plants are intermingled to simulate an ecosystem, emulates the
interaction of plants of up to seven different heights in a woodland.
[43]
See also
Intercropping
Chaos gardening
Ecological facilitation
Vegan organic gardening
List of beneficial weeds
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[3]
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[3][13]
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doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0213071 (ht... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 392, "from": 384}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Companion planting - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20250905161045+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20250905161045+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "ve... | [0.019024746,0.04776408,-0.20853639,0.053952903,0.018078009,-0.028583566,-0.05490413,0.02894054,0.052493017,-0.0077439793,-0.003800206,0.02017016,0.08007916,0.032866757,-0.050865132,0.010143487,-0.021763712,-0.008198098,-0.004105999,0.014498307,-0.034129053,-0.013884407,-0.009204297,-0.01755056,0.054247923,0.06772581,-... |
818b56a2-fef8-42b6-b1a0-451334f33c01 | 36. Laffon, Ludivine; Bischoff, Armin; Gautier, Hélène; Gilles, Florent; Gomez, Laurent; Lescourret, Françoise;
Franck, Pierre (6 October 2022). "Conservation Biological Control of Codling Moth (Cydia pomonella):
Effects of Two Aromatic Plants, Basil (Ocimum basilicum) and French Marigolds (Tagetes patula)" (http
s://w... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 403, "from": 394}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Companion planting - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20250905161045+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20250905161045+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "ve... | [0.015167461,0.049320165,-0.20248823,-0.026218152,0.049285617,-0.025158968,-0.053615734,-0.023023179,-0.005445367,-0.01869027,-0.0061878623,0.010060333,0.021605419,-0.010796431,-0.03943474,-0.049005974,0.009753274,-0.068100296,0.011290233,0.047650434,-0.020137666,0.0063822125,-0.026356757,-0.028301092,0.048546508,0.046... |
143dc7e3-3500-45c4-9416-4e6dfda10907 | mint volatiles" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7005881). Scientific Reports. 10 (1).
Springer: 2078. Bibcode:2020NatSR..10.2078R (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020NatSR..10.2078
R). doi:10.1038/s41598-020-58907-6 (https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41598-020-58907-6). ISSN 2045-
2322 (https://search.worldca... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 412, "from": 403}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Companion planting - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20250905161045+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20250905161045+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "ve... | [0.025900597,-0.006461113,-0.21601401,-0.01738499,0.08317087,-0.036357805,-0.08958293,-0.021633798,0.026629016,-0.06544934,0.02991249,0.049749684,0.061617363,-0.00932971,0.0047060596,-0.041915637,-0.0153523,-0.07833861,-0.0072845295,-0.010382002,-0.01868636,-0.04041858,-0.048125666,-0.07262173,0.058611996,-0.004849501,... |
bbf11e31-54fc-4d8c-ba77-1d039d198383 | ry_plants.htm) from the original on 17 April 2014. Retrieved 11 February 2013.
39. Saldanha, Alan V.; Gontijo, Lessando M.; Carvalho, Rayana M.R.; Vasconcelos, Cristina J.; Corrêa, Alberto
S.; Gandra, Robert L.R. (2019). "Companion planting enhances pest suppression despite reducing
parasitoid emergence". Basic and App... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 420, "from": 411}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Companion planting - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20250905161045+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20250905161045+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "ve... | [0.023031358,0.042157784,-0.20149179,-0.022816636,0.0630628,0.005440916,-0.0217793,0.01117548,0.004343701,-0.044666056,0.037042577,0.0025044172,0.10066988,0.009862557,-0.009292497,-0.016596045,0.00833147,-0.06490663,-0.010997235,0.02046666,0.01549489,-0.0046650264,0.0150625575,-0.019854229,0.056049008,0.03845394,-0.044... |
39a65138-c744-442f-ab88-0ab733185b35 | (https://nationalzoo.si.edu/migratory-birds/ecological-benefits-shade-grown-coffee). Smithsonian.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20190501075420/https://nationalzoo.si.edu/migratory-birds/ec
ological-benefits-shade-grown-coffee) from the original on 1 May 2019. Retrieved 1 May 2019.
41. Winston, Edward; Op de Laa... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 428, "from": 419}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Companion planting - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20250905161045+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20250905161045+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "ve... | [-0.0033999812,0.033260476,-0.2169639,-0.040944796,0.043859825,0.041757215,-0.04604968,0.005716646,-0.012988149,-0.024742072,0.010851712,0.0010955186,0.10264462,0.013961788,0.029991958,-0.0052798204,-0.016829334,-0.052441478,-7.808053e-05,0.03229529,-0.0018594558,-0.0012065755,0.012046838,-0.04348855,0.05069537,0.01581... |
92a530b7-ae61-4dd1-9408-711e09da4980 | 43. McConnell, Douglas John (1992). The Forest-Garden Farms of Kandy, Sri Lanka (https://books.google.co
m/books?id=G3QPo7lThXsC&q=The%20forest-garden%20farms%20of%20Kandy%2C%20Sri%20Lank
a.&pg=PA1). Food & Agriculture Org. p. 1. ISBN 978-9251028988. Archived (https://web.archive.org/
web/20210809080832/https://books.g... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 436, "from": 430}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Companion planting - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20250905161045+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20250905161045+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "ve... | [0.009810737,0.08672268,-0.22838482,0.0038514251,0.004499221,0.0007444909,-0.025099305,-0.0050974092,-0.0035705797,-0.013047454,0.0026093149,-0.030953541,0.045356147,-0.019950276,0.026619527,0.03241414,-0.03946724,0.01713728,-0.008472371,-0.0015298917,-0.030034564,0.042021643,-0.013988693,-0.0060006874,0.039140854,0.03... |
1e322dfd-ef7b-451c-95ee-8a717f699e16 | Community-level composting in a rural area in
Germany
Composter made from a hollow log
Compost
Compost is a mixture of ingredients used as plant
fertilizer and to improve soil's physical, chemical, and
biological properties. It is commonly prepared by
decomposing plant and food waste, recycling organic
m... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 21, "from": 1}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Compost - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20250905160259+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20250905160259+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "version": "1.10.... | [0.015993882,0.057553932,-0.19791597,-0.03710834,0.051447928,-0.03522478,-0.0072931014,0.056144252,0.0051533375,-0.037051547,-0.014359839,-0.034388293,0.054193925,-0.009605353,-0.05625538,0.02273086,-0.017763328,-0.009276847,0.020457104,0.040321823,-0.012440403,0.055533823,0.062097978,-0.03934584,0.049719263,0.07875011... |
a531051f-80af-4f98-a4a6-f4cccc6cf14b | a soil conditioner, increasing the humus or humic acid
contents of the soil, and introducing beneficial microbes
that help to suppress pathogens in the soil and reduce soil-
borne diseases.
At the simplest level, composting requires gathering a mix of green waste (nitrogen-rich materials such as
leaves, grass, and f... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 38, "from": 18}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Compost - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20250905160259+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20250905160259+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "version": "1.10... | [0.049798414,0.06734463,-0.19083622,-0.01266226,0.08294275,-0.046471614,-0.008738925,0.05103592,0.009312296,-0.038713075,0.015707681,-0.02722423,0.044401627,0.07006618,-0.029572243,-0.006907682,-0.0057641827,-0.05244361,0.023893736,0.059720412,-0.0056837755,-0.0017620735,0.047126975,-0.026576214,0.044128355,0.059747785... |
8530cb10-07cd-4548-9d8d-7cb556316bf2 | org/web/20151018085550/http://www.ccme.ca/files/Resources/waste/compost_quality/compostgdlns_134
0_e.pdf) (PDF). CCME Documents. 2005. Archived from the original (http://www.ccme.ca/files/Resources/
waste/compost_quality/compostgdlns_1340_e.pdf) (PDF) on 18 October 2015. Retrieved 4 September
2017. | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 1166, "from": 1163}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Compost - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20250905160259+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20250905160259+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "version": "... | [0.016180493,-0.018247865,-0.15667117,-0.06481344,0.051003646,0.02736193,0.042000934,0.058599804,0.016953653,-0.048348844,-0.039349668,-0.05294985,0.042040322,-0.02513858,-0.0005138084,-0.04112208,0.018350288,-0.07102702,0.0076003796,0.07719326,0.009624987,-0.042486418,-0.016826699,-0.045094833,0.07114314,0.015361408,-... |
896cd58c-434b-4395-9a8e-025750c03f05 | windrows
.
[1][3]
Fungi
,
earthworms, and other detritivores further break up the organic material. Aerobic bacteria and fungi manage
the chemical process by converting the inputs into heat, carbon dioxide, and ammonium ions.
Composting is an important part of waste management, since food
and other compostable mate... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 57, "from": 32}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Compost - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20250905160259+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20250905160259+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "version": "1.10... | [0.038593348,0.050960835,-0.18528566,-0.041533235,0.07057933,-0.008625307,-0.05108271,0.04903552,-0.0016200914,-0.009197586,0.018429413,-0.04346814,0.06779896,0.053767912,-0.030549861,-0.05292126,-0.018702567,-0.06284541,0.04203866,0.08466837,-0.029112274,-0.0146624595,0.04696657,-0.017316557,0.03286938,0.059773285,0.0... |
6d3869ab-cb53-4f42-b567-694db704f3d0 | stream reclamation, wetland construction, and landfill cover.
Composting is an
aerobic
method of decomposing organic solid wastes,
[8]
so it can be used to recycle organic
material. The process involves decomposing organic material into a humus-like material, known as compost,
which is a good fertilizer for plants.
... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 67, "from": 52}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Compost - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20250905160259+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20250905160259+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "version": "1.10... | [0.049698982,0.0409115,-0.18360113,-0.027129877,0.057898913,-0.019622516,-0.012952525,0.045698192,-0.0004309479,-0.028693877,0.016144523,-0.046535335,0.07289978,0.01876733,-0.02696834,-0.032338556,-0.015979469,-0.07515839,0.00092840625,0.07688648,-0.050699435,-0.03018031,0.05227317,-0.03555754,0.046455916,0.061004467,-... |
7aa87bce-df09-4b56-b926-64b08f9f90dc | Home compost barrel
Compost bins at the Evergreen State
College organic farm in Washington
Materials in a compost pile
Food scraps compost heap
Nitrogen is needed to grow and reproduce more organisms to
oxidize the carbon.
[3]
High nitrogen materials tend to be green
[1]
and wet.
[3]
They can also include colourful f... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 99, "from": 69}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Compost - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20250905160259+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20250905160259+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "version": "1.10... | [0.019097675,0.07567268,-0.19514912,-0.015188721,0.069435716,-0.013024564,-0.01638956,0.032339964,-0.028047785,-0.02969521,-0.025371173,-0.0087773,0.037915595,0.014180218,-0.020501914,-0.042763863,-0.0078014005,-0.060923144,0.028358664,0.06894795,-0.011920962,0.0030138302,0.04425931,-0.02702117,0.036030453,0.079349175,... |
64a4f86a-df15-4f9f-a607-bdaab19de352 | oxygen and the right moisture level. The air/water balance is critical
to maintaining high temperatures 130–160 °F (54–71 °C) until the
materials are broken down.
[9]
Composting is most efficient with a carbon-to-nitrogen ratio of about
25:1.
[10]
Hot composting
focuses on retaining heat to increase the
decompo... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 122, "from": 98}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Compost - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20250905160259+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20250905160259+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "version": "1.1... | [0.054189812,0.00807427,-0.2079332,0.00891332,0.047847487,-0.004474715,0.016175503,0.01205646,-0.0073977774,-0.013269479,0.013824664,-0.037319515,0.06761659,0.041671257,0.0011024607,-0.0043550325,0.0007480078,-0.03905398,0.063678354,0.07493446,-0.020296304,-0.038476482,0.06321088,-0.05527963,-0.0017594278,0.099714786,-... |
9b76f61c-692b-4a8b-bd8b-202b97e7a41c | depending upon species.
[3]
Composting is an ongoing and dynamic
process; adding new sources of carbon and nitrogen consistently, as
well as active management, is important.
Organisms can break down organic matter in compost if provided
with the correct mixture of water, oxygen, carbon, and nitrogen.
[3]
They fall i... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 143, "from": 118}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Compost - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20250905160259+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20250905160259+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "version": "1.... | [0.048169505,0.032788783,-0.15560986,-0.0143638,0.080507584,-0.030767666,-0.029535709,0.02855882,0.0074219517,-0.018455878,-0.0028917454,-0.027548812,0.045948334,0.029511295,-0.036417015,-0.06827067,0.0069838697,-0.068244785,0.045307368,0.10761265,-0.028968347,-0.00780697,0.07331846,-0.057970695,0.02786947,0.09587801,-... |
59ef9d8f-d6ef-4603-b2ca-804c63e83b21 | Mamluk
and
Ottoman
times. The majority of the samples fell within the latter periods.
[21]
However, the
study's ability to precisely determine the original construction date remains uncertain, as the results could
also reflect subsequent agricultural modifications that affected exposure to sunlight.
[19]
Myanmar
Ja... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 189, "from": 176}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Terrace (earthworks) - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20250905161447+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20250905161447+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "... | [0.051615193,-0.009660086,-0.20376314,-0.014737132,-0.0046937354,0.02043975,0.04566172,-0.021400327,0.051842228,0.005399992,0.03684831,-0.0046680896,0.08675335,0.033327237,-0.017351145,-0.04310812,0.05033045,-0.017591828,0.021522267,0.05776412,-0.012846558,-0.010507468,-0.049524106,-0.031932447,0.018570704,0.04374851,-... |
e0ad36d1-34ce-4e31-a7c2-2d010fda5062 | Three year old household compost
spores being resilient.
[15]
Thermophilic bacteria thrive at higher temperatures, reaching 40–60 °C
(104–140 °F) in typical mixes. Large-scale composting operations, such as windrow composting, may
exceed this temperature, potentially killing beneficial soil microorganisms but also pas... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 181, "from": 158}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Compost - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20250905160259+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20250905160259+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "version": "1.... | [0.034167532,0.04153928,-0.19531934,-0.021186251,0.043586817,-0.026207557,-0.016116332,0.07459726,0.025478944,-0.029877301,-0.012850539,-0.021939684,0.027103359,0.041283105,-0.037822153,-0.019571953,0.0030514386,-0.060406502,0.06466317,0.07546575,-0.00859143,-0.035186015,0.03489881,-0.04172949,0.019740667,0.10111329,-0... |
4ef2a883-1206-433a-999a-cc71b28b0d14 | lignin
in woody material.
[3]
Protozoa contribute to biodegradation of organic matter and consume inactive bacteria, fungi, and micro-
organic particulates.
[16]
Ants create nests, making the soil more porous and transporting nutrients to different areas of the
compost.
[3]
Beetles such as
grubs
feed on decaying veg... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 217, "from": 176}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Compost - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20250905160259+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20250905160259+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "version": "1.... | [0.06773338,0.043918308,-0.171465,-0.029210284,0.05388158,-0.019239869,-0.073666416,0.02052487,0.013362264,-0.015376624,-0.004401714,-0.0017641374,0.043497186,0.059514157,-0.033621226,-0.016306017,-0.013665312,-0.07653215,0.0411383,0.0795021,0.009807187,0.005023184,0.049920622,-0.028262474,0.06667851,0.07319792,0.00275... |
3bf47531-53c7-477e-910c-6f60bbe790b8 | [3]
Millipedes
break down plant material.
[3]
Rotifers
feed on plant particles.
[3]
Snails
and
slugs
feed on living or fresh plant material.
[3]
They should be removed from compost before
use, as they can damage plants and crops.
[3]
Sow bugs
feed on rotting wood and decaying vegetation.
[3]
Springtails
feed on... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 238, "from": 205}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Compost - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20250905160259+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20250905160259+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "version": "1.... | [0.045328274,0.020724503,-0.186187,-0.028165799,0.05953495,-0.025132531,-0.043816492,0.043999664,0.003181846,-0.02398094,-0.0016427444,-0.007864252,0.03401418,0.043022554,-0.055716585,-0.032549124,0.014930465,-0.06450604,0.038042665,0.09504265,-0.0025700573,-0.00504022,0.041613784,-0.07148685,0.017273167,0.09653111,-0.... |
56e165fd-2828-4c8f-b793-21662eb27462 | 60 °C (122 to 140 °F).)
3. Cooling phase (also called Mesophilic II)
4. Maturation phase: As the supply of high-energy compounds
dwindles, the temperature starts to decrease.
Semicomposting is the degradation process that handles volumes of organic waste lower than that
recommended for composting and therefore d... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 246, "from": 235}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Compost - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20250905160259+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20250905160259+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "version": "1.... | [0.03224171,0.019858094,-0.17819253,-0.034045406,0.05080948,-0.012248627,-0.02902726,0.031047983,-0.010689188,-0.028732035,-0.008867641,-0.016472675,0.033065952,0.0070965476,-0.0042068446,-0.08392549,0.018115837,-0.0655619,-0.005434248,0.1004867,-0.056011356,-0.009736508,0.0022718722,-0.07226375,0.03589453,0.09393274,0... |
663f03ca-2507-437d-9d5b-6524c077ecd9 | The time required to compost material relates to the volume of material, the particle size of the inputs (e.g.
wood chips
break down faster than branches), and the amount of mixing and aeration.
[3]
Generally, larger
piles reach higher temperatures and remain in a thermophilic stage for days or weeks. This is hot com... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 264, "from": 248}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Compost - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20250905160259+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20250905160259+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "version": "1.... | [0.07793581,0.06746076,-0.18729196,-0.051239885,0.021004677,-0.017069638,0.04944525,0.028373664,-0.0057063415,-0.026319588,-0.03346789,-0.032861527,0.04738664,0.017167665,-0.002315824,-0.044779114,0.040770262,-0.08731564,0.0076333983,0.08916989,0.012555905,-0.0007566035,0.033628948,-0.06952764,-0.0019380176,0.043409444... |
e97a96cb-002b-4a96-994c-3988fb0f59a2 | of the moisture level.
Cold composting is a slower process that can take up to a year to complete.
[21]
It results from smaller piles,
including many residential compost piles that receive small amounts of kitchen and garden waste over
extended periods. Piles smaller than 1 cubic metre (35 cu ft) tend... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 283, "from": 261}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Compost - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20250905160259+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20250905160259+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "version": "1.... | [0.09017379,0.06406499,-0.17822507,-0.037881073,0.022477653,0.018518675,0.021083422,0.053194635,0.027194628,-0.039798636,-0.028164597,-0.029297141,0.028567702,0.004500507,-0.05447164,-0.024300395,0.02318204,-0.07032798,0.06849121,0.06598551,-0.022059873,-0.03857034,0.042933967,-0.045556404,-0.011062852,0.10326574,-0.01... |
843b015b-9008-49b3-95ad-0c04cd6a9eef | risk, as these temperatures kill pathogens and even make
oocysts
unviable.
[24]
The temperature at which a
pathogen dies depends on the pathogen, how long the temperature is maintained (seconds to weeks), and
pH.
[25]
Compost products such as compost tea and compost extracts have been found to have an inhibitory eff... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 305, "from": 279}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Compost - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20250905160259+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20250905160259+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "version": "1.... | [0.047557585,0.051841106,-0.21079148,-0.0019426388,0.038686417,-0.0071555614,-0.0014709193,0.04602243,0.042446755,-0.025626851,0.016685903,-0.0005618465,0.063758075,-0.006219133,-0.038200952,-0.008557659,-0.0007034905,-0.056051403,0.025602039,0.05353188,-0.017818015,-0.026804907,0.029313684,-0.06486642,0.0063191582,0.0... |
c130c723-4aa8-487d-904e-95af5c56ae93 | suppression.
[26]
When turning compost that has not gone through phases where temperatures above 50 °C (122 °F) are
reached, a mouth mask and gloves must be worn to protect from diseases that can be contracted from
handling compost, including:
[28]
Aspergillosis
Farmer's lung
Histoplasmosis – a fungus that grows i... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 320, "from": 303}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Compost - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20250905160259+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20250905160259+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "version": "1.... | [0.046636682,0.040578775,-0.21672031,-0.022078153,0.022322046,0.006554092,0.020041391,0.06595455,0.06428477,-0.04155692,-0.026938202,-0.008309514,0.032578357,-0.007997999,0.021701872,-0.020623356,0.0054714265,-0.064530045,0.034772154,0.080928616,-0.0067403223,-0.0051367255,0.053420965,-0.05424407,-0.010776973,0.0522715... |
3e3f3ae5-b7af-4f82-a32f-ac680e4e53e2 | A large compost pile is steaming with the
heat generated by thermophilic
microorganisms.
Compost adds organic matter to the soil and increases the nutrient content and biodiversity of microbes in
soil.
[29]
Composting at home reduces the amount of green waste being hauled to dumps or composting
facilities. The reduced... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 339, "from": 322}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Compost - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20250905160259+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20250905160259+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "version": "1.... | [0.020230487,0.085178964,-0.16592117,-0.03911724,0.05701627,0.0064345053,-0.025941152,0.06478361,0.023447936,-0.05032484,0.0020800377,-0.03213097,0.08770623,0.057383254,-0.022281814,-0.03846775,-0.010073527,-0.034402516,0.0393408,0.08799723,-0.02802714,-0.028916584,0.03738844,-0.07078031,0.012901252,0.09623681,0.006710... |
98d0657f-d191-47a4-a2cb-8dfd303c2099 | neighborhood composting project.
[31][32]
The two broad categories of organic solid waste are green and brown.
Green waste is generally considered a source of nitrogen and includes
pre- and post-consumer food waste, grass clippings, garden
trimmings, and fresh leaves.
[1]
Animal carcasses, roadkill, and
butcher... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 356, "from": 336}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Compost - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20250905160259+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20250905160259+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "version": "1.... | [0.040262412,0.060923405,-0.17341709,-0.04241815,0.04104592,-0.0142424945,-0.047130037,0.015310424,0.0036853477,-0.0037794716,0.007034996,-0.043571867,0.061891202,0.054713767,-0.033547483,-0.018276567,-0.034497358,-0.030679477,0.053079225,0.10352231,-0.029461803,-0.026669653,0.054364108,-0.06365703,0.035397407,0.048522... |
8680a586-e303-4013-a3d7-439284560c7c | source, and bedding as the carbon source. Straw and sawdust are common bedding materials. Nontraditional
bedding materials are also used, including newspaper and chopped cardboard.
[1]
The amount of manure
composted on a livestock farm is often determined by cleaning schedules, land availability, and weather
condition... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 372, "from": 356}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Compost - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20250905160259+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20250905160259+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "version": "1.... | [0.048505068,0.103188045,-0.18547109,-0.04655754,0.022338081,0.007822257,-0.04104615,0.02679267,-0.016127024,-0.028759927,-0.0049811024,-0.055328637,0.05511856,0.038900763,-0.019606762,-0.0048257047,0.012997919,-0.026917197,0.055360917,0.05855156,-0.053055014,0.0035583952,0.07396164,-0.05588588,0.045901205,0.03830036,-... |
4a57fcc8-14bd-4d3e-b618-19986e3083bd | the composting process since it is a nutrient-rich organic material. Nitrogen, which serves as a building block
for important plant amino acids, is found in solid human waste.
[38][39]
Phosphorus, which helps plants
convert sunlight into energy in the form of ATP, can be found in liquid human waste.
[40][41]
Solid hum... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 384, "from": 370}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Compost - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20250905160259+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20250905160259+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "version": "1.... | [0.05612993,0.08122849,-0.15900187,-0.04836797,0.051424433,0.0011628456,-0.022634398,0.071584724,0.036251172,-0.031532466,0.0013034479,-0.014637484,0.07199577,0.022759935,-0.080569476,-0.04462782,-0.0024157576,-0.03421618,0.011909545,0.0683678,-0.029509524,-0.035100155,0.037712187,-0.04165908,0.002735347,0.08140161,0.0... |
fae7b2dd-5be7-43bb-afef-0e8fec451634 | Backyard composter
significant health risks.
[42]
In the case of large sewage treatment facilities that collect wastewater from a
range of residential, commercial and industrial sources, there are additional considerations. The composted
sewage sludge, referred to as biosolids, can be contaminated with a variety of me... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 408, "from": 386}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Compost - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20250905160259+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20250905160259+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "version": "1.... | [0.051562484,0.079504445,-0.16247623,-0.04631043,0.04816769,0.027579896,-0.03404753,0.071646795,0.042276092,-0.040984306,0.015664553,-0.0015742905,0.059083175,0.01737876,-0.0753367,-0.04597695,-0.0072801607,-0.06826837,0.037776906,0.05993492,-0.02763851,-0.05538459,0.04859481,-0.06721397,0.02474123,0.081929706,0.012660... |
db79638c-1eee-4662-bd5b-ca9f1b882959 | pathogens, such as
parasitic worm
eggs.
[47]
Animal carcasses may be composted as a disposal option. Such material is rich in nitrogen.
[48]
Human composting is a process for the final disposition of human remains in which microbes convert a
deceased body into compost. In the early 21st century, a form of human compo... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 422, "from": 403}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Compost - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20250905160259+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20250905160259+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "version": "1.... | [0.042784184,0.065991275,-0.17400944,-0.0651984,0.061906017,-0.0049801446,-0.015164635,0.056756932,0.009893836,-0.034834072,-0.0017565539,-0.023026112,0.06215746,0.029845534,-0.03303408,-0.08370199,-0.001439316,-0.034422427,0.034146845,0.073774375,-0.013914549,-0.008730341,0.04269847,-0.023053939,0.04355547,0.078766145... |
1bc77c96-ef78-44fd-b10c-4a36fd5a17fd | allow fresh air to be injected under pressure, with the exhaust being extracted
through a biofilter, with temperature and moisture conditions monitored
using probes in the mass to allow maintenance of optimum aerobic
decomposition conditions.
This technique is generally used for municipal scale organic waste pr... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 432, "from": 421}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Compost - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20250905160259+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20250905160259+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "version": "1.... | [0.02369547,0.05423066,-0.19391985,-0.05515309,0.07048891,-0.023232829,0.028408967,0.054604176,-0.008099874,-0.049160734,0.034029152,-0.028225342,0.08071491,0.013645193,-0.03330076,-0.06937653,0.00068278745,-0.08481294,0.0023231064,0.03228679,-0.028437186,-0.026573654,0.005299653,-0.020752577,0.021433456,0.051145244,0.... |
71b452d6-08fe-41ba-8523-1e2749e9221b | [52]
In recent years, smaller scale in-vessel composting has been
advanced. These can even use common roll-off waste dumpsters as the vessel. The advantage of using roll-off
waste dumpsters is their relatively low cost, wide availability, they are highly mobile, often do not need
building permits and can be obtained b... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 443, "from": 430}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Compost - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20250905160259+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20250905160259+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "version": "1.... | [0.007975397,0.084254116,-0.18471639,-0.07703808,0.048578076,-0.01233837,0.042342838,0.053685855,0.0024378155,-0.056589127,0.001292074,-0.020316677,0.054544847,-0.014598638,-0.023097012,-0.053763103,0.0039916793,-0.07326168,0.025740262,0.076323375,-0.0021443164,-0.02907915,0.012602617,-0.033037625,0.006011706,0.0627613... |
94206297-79ec-44e1-88c8-394fab841739 | small, simple systems to very large, capital intensive, industrial installations.
[53]
Animal remains
Human bodies
Composting technologies
Industrial-scale composting
In-vessel composting
Aerated static-pile composting | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 447, "from": 440}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Compost - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20250905160259+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20250905160259+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "version": "1.... | [0.02524889,0.07943475,-0.1899851,-0.07184057,0.029474769,0.010944503,0.03603897,0.02646336,0.013020362,-0.042438876,-0.024634609,-0.012030731,0.065730914,0.0027832515,-0.006117216,-0.06912518,0.014605122,-0.025264053,0.008442409,0.08536878,0.01715708,-0.013874411,0.025500437,-0.042674784,0.01843979,0.09938705,-0.00183... |
b8a5c182-546a-49a3-a393-20094b0452b2 | Windrow turner used on maturing piles at
a biosolids composting facility in Canada.
Maturing windrows at an in-vessel
composting facility.
An almost completed
hügelkultur bed; the bed does
not have soil on it yet.
Aerated static piles offer process control for rapid biodegradation, and work well for facilities processi... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 470, "from": 449}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Compost - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20250905160259+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20250905160259+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "version": "1.... | [0.057121787,0.06335509,-0.19214003,-0.054828316,0.034877226,-0.008533156,0.028071737,0.041452758,-0.009819971,-0.038464744,-0.0063106734,-0.01459202,0.08065086,0.020763254,-0.027663348,-0.062574126,0.017870072,-0.040191222,0.0304783,0.021694312,0.011276344,-0.017323729,0.037498455,-0.014839934,0.024907053,0.056733437,... |
f27207e7-e31c-464f-beaf-06f9bbb92faf | [54]
The practice of making raised garden beds or mounds filled with
rotting wood is also called
Hügelkultur
in German.
[55][56]
It is in
effect creating a nurse log that is covered with soil.
Benefits of Hügelkultur garden beds include water retention and
warming of soil.
[55][57]
Buried wood act... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 491, "from": 464}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Compost - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20250905160259+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20250905160259+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "version": "1.... | [0.02989772,0.07880849,-0.18140517,-0.06766498,0.017673748,0.015102511,0.026063131,0.008403209,0.026985427,-0.066636264,-0.029100664,-0.02384383,0.10187592,0.026305318,-0.037813053,-0.043446597,0.011501794,-0.041265458,-0.0076264557,0.055847697,-0.064735346,0.014945306,0.0057121576,-0.058376722,0.004463632,0.075156756,... |
e3b2f889-8b7c-48d0-9bed-63a0e2a06ca2 | aerobic
conditions.
[59]
Most composting toilets use no water
for flushing and are therefore called "dry toilets".
In many composting toilet designs, a carbon additive such as sawdust, coconut
coir, or peat moss is added after each use. This practice creates air pockets in
the human waste to promote aerobic decomposi... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 501, "from": 486}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Compost - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20250905160259+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20250905160259+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "version": "1.... | [0.025095124,0.060711276,-0.18845734,-0.05157417,0.037863232,0.020776367,0.04131458,0.045124568,0.019203361,-0.06424043,-0.00049594295,-0.026904,0.10300422,0.032084752,-0.053083815,-0.026136803,0.01051079,-0.088343754,-0.01097182,0.060868617,-0.063455455,-0.03496994,0.0068400376,-0.068444155,0.011352693,0.07642752,0.01... |
be5a37c7-b1c9-49c2-91f8-eec67fd65380 | humus-like end product that can be used to enrich soil if local regulations
allow this. Some composting toilets have urine diversion systems in the toilet bowl to collect the urine
separately and control excess moisture. A vermifilter toilet is a composting toilet with flushing water where
earthworms are used to promot... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 514, "from": 500}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Compost - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20250905160259+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20250905160259+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "version": "1.... | [-0.009589721,0.105950184,-0.18479308,-0.05391869,0.05201235,-0.018238038,-0.02199346,0.03995851,0.04397879,-0.02445688,-0.004114044,-0.0018681565,0.07789971,0.04723375,-0.07572463,-0.032055017,0.011415388,-0.05619075,0.0016168205,0.047819305,-0.038797513,0.014061107,-0.0009642554,-0.012577051,0.03919119,0.036342,-0.00... |
5a8bdc6a-f3ba-4cf0-bfca-02c657eaa8ac | Composting toilet at Activism Festival
2010 in the mountains outside Jerusalem
Compost used as fertilizer
contain reduced levels of contaminants and a higher saturation of
nutrients than the organic materials before vermicomposting.
[61]
Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae are able to rapidly
consume large amo... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 534, "from": 516}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Compost - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20250905160259+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20250905160259+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "version": "1.... | [0.023426471,0.057705633,-0.21569143,-0.038026635,0.047350194,-0.00935375,-0.057423685,0.05223147,-0.013672277,-0.047270596,0.018466922,-0.008601079,0.08519112,0.03762409,-0.047141366,-0.014132493,0.027032655,-0.072844505,0.012907985,0.04298169,-0.018602094,0.011683829,0.03915823,-0.020806054,0.03346849,0.062693596,0.0... |
1055dc93-aa66-4e4e-941c-dbd988ef4a93 | applied to food waste, including noncompostable items.
Carbohydrate is transformed into lactic acid, which dissociates
naturally to form lactate, a biological energy carrier. The
preserved result is therefore readily consumed by soil microbes
and from there by the entire soil food web, leading to a significant
increase... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 549, "from": 532}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Compost - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20250905160259+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20250905160259+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "version": "1.... | [0.07317256,0.062400848,-0.17267698,-0.03977594,0.0826541,-0.02010359,-0.022019072,0.08895862,-0.026192829,-0.0703556,0.022253057,-0.020063436,0.10288013,0.04372072,-0.03557923,-0.02249619,0.00048378322,-0.049779646,0.018896537,0.080492176,-0.028613059,-0.0067082234,0.015359641,-0.03293431,-0.0065325233,0.05260585,0.00... |
7d87000f-6b4f-48ff-9473-5e13235595f8 | untreated waste breaks down anaerobically in a landfill, producing landfill gas that contains methane, a
potent
greenhouse gas
. The methane produced in an anaerobic digester can be used as
biogas
.
[64]
On open ground for growing wheat, corn, soybeans, and similar
crops, compost can be broadcast across the ... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 565, "from": 549}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Compost - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20250905160259+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20250905160259+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "version": "1.... | [0.026342984,0.091508426,-0.18055727,0.008178987,0.03874688,-0.012913435,-0.021578899,0.06458159,-0.018689556,-0.03404651,0.054930326,-0.03515385,0.07973733,0.036762968,-0.008466174,-0.012865823,-0.03013813,-0.037360635,0.05770555,0.091096215,-0.048894115,-0.04960159,0.028134573,-0.05922152,0.018747354,0.049047414,0.00... |
2c37fadf-2b82-4cd6-a16e-09d0b58767d1 | rates over 4 tons/acre may not be affordable. This results from an
over-emphasis on "recycling organic matter" than on "sustainable
nutrients." In countries such as Germany, where compost distribution and spreading are partially subsidized
in the original waste fees, compost is used more frequently on open ground o... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 575, "from": 564}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Compost - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20250905160259+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20250905160259+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "version": "1.... | [0.06348584,0.09689034,-0.18834865,0.015058291,0.033562668,-0.008846257,-0.010926999,0.054939378,0.04171349,-0.019492775,0.040444177,-0.05188765,0.052378595,-0.013595657,-0.013626575,-0.007964476,-0.022751387,-0.045345414,0.040809628,0.10143937,-0.015566076,0.003781788,-0.00010764948,-0.03437307,-0.0009810352,0.0720329... |
e35e6699-43ea-4b4e-bdfb-2cd2f30cb886 | seedlings reach a certain stage of growth, they are transplanted in the field. Compost may be part of the mix
used to grow the seedlings, but is not normally used as the only planting substrate. The particular crop and
the seeds' sensitivity to nutrients, salts, etc. dictates the ratio of the blend, and maturity is imp... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 581, "from": 575}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Compost - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20250905160259+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20250905160259+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "version": "1.... | [0.06999323,0.06298105,-0.20550035,0.017162485,0.0023006524,-0.0006271772,0.006550876,0.021946905,0.044577,-0.037191603,0.038080607,-0.02420665,0.06135884,0.011651632,-0.031452455,0.0013458809,0.02242591,-0.066517666,0.060960982,0.016710976,-0.04356335,-0.014160054,0.0012332607,-0.036446743,0.0066554626,0.041998077,-0.... |
d98cb30a-16d1-4486-88ec-4263dbf0387c | Gallery
Love-lies-bleeding
(A. caudatus)
Green amaranth (A. hybridus)
Seabeach amaranth
(A. pumilus), an amaranth on
the Federal Threatened species
List
Red-root amaranth (A.
retroflexus)—from Thomé,
Flora von Deutschland,
Österreich und der Schweiz
1885
Spiny amaranth (A. spinosus)
Green amaranth (... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 735, "from": 701}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Amaranth - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20250905161303+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20250905161303+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "version": "1... | [0.07278914,0.028153732,-0.16777432,-0.0071759783,0.052018024,-0.028217698,-0.048901916,0.01456491,0.032255154,0.014588288,0.014101583,0.07123414,0.0836622,-0.0017688124,-0.034218356,-0.05074335,-0.05434481,-0.03218002,-0.023759339,-0.016922351,-0.067156956,-0.011935327,0.026424637,0.0069770403,0.06663601,0.061921597,-... |
cc8093d0-ae8b-47e5-9c80-aff37ee6c2af | Compost can be added to soil,
coir
, or
peat
, as a
tilth
improver, supplying humus and nutrients.
[67]
It provides
a rich growing medium as absorbent material. This material contains moisture and soluble minerals, which
provide support and nutrients. Although it is rarely used alone, plants can flourish from mixe... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 606, "from": 583}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Compost - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20250905160259+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20250905160259+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "version": "1.... | [0.042501364,0.05431775,-0.17226066,-0.05416774,0.042866122,-0.02772978,-0.007867781,0.036722448,0.023247784,-0.05141056,0.041116368,-0.019629758,0.0680257,0.04387,-0.047836658,0.016501857,0.0050022122,-0.058058966,0.058070946,0.04740853,-0.08035825,-0.0059258714,0.04370414,-0.04341163,0.02855215,0.0369135,-0.012962233... |
a5a68122-b8b0-409a-b712-b88987bd0bd2 | possible presence of
phytotoxins
in immature compost that may inhibit germination,
[68][69][70]
and the
possible tie up of nitrogen by incompletely decomposed lignin.
[71]
It is very common to see blends of 20–30%
compost used for transplanting seedlings.
Compost can be used to increase plant immunity to dise... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 629, "from": 600}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Compost - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20250905160259+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20250905160259+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "version": "1.... | [0.032951757,0.072085604,-0.18824771,-0.025892759,0.06282201,0.004998922,-0.020508884,0.05355433,0.043880317,-0.0649827,0.022710055,-0.010038655,0.07700489,0.024945825,-0.07621537,-0.012269557,5.562635e-05,-0.07325999,0.019517917,0.05224028,-0.025200173,-0.041102327,0.009520368,-0.058192648,0.0321599,0.063774906,-0.022... |
3f997fcf-907a-418f-a90e-12210d2e9e59 | regrowth.
[74]
Aerated compost tea brews faster and generates more microbes, but has potential for human
pathogen regrowth, particularly when one adds additional nutrients to the mixture.
[74]
Field studies have shown the benefits of adding compost teas to crops due to organic matter input, increased
nutrient availabi... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 653, "from": 627}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Compost - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20250905160259+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20250905160259+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "version": "1.... | [0.026324391,0.07148226,-0.1905663,-0.016615571,0.057898723,-0.027628044,0.006270633,0.06358564,0.06504107,-0.06027325,0.03312824,-0.010976085,0.076713175,0.0124506485,-0.062168915,-0.013654724,-0.022289809,-0.06920711,-0.009600696,0.06290935,-0.0201616,-0.00890951,0.02392231,-0.06736154,0.023744138,0.0721822,-0.047936... |
f8cb455a-923b-45e7-99f4-35aa7408dd2d | E. coli
and
Salmonella
.
[74]
Compost extracts are unfermented or non-brewed extracts of leached compost contents dissolved in any
solvent.
[74]
Compost is sold as bagged potting mixes in garden centers and other outlets.
[76][67]
This may include
composted materials such as manure and peat but is also like... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 675, "from": 646}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Compost - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20250905160259+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20250905160259+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "version": "1.... | [0.02003072,0.072774865,-0.18969704,-0.03393369,0.047643524,-0.03197597,-0.018852163,0.036248613,0.021393843,-0.07997893,0.02014475,-0.011674023,0.0841068,0.019681063,-0.05887898,-0.0355766,0.0093866745,-0.07220426,0.02119822,0.056299176,-0.029871376,-0.024679653,0.030940235,-0.05426138,0.038323652,0.044979215,0.010795... |
73806b73-2b9a-4131-893e-f05ae9aaee8d | wetland construction
, and
landfill
cover.
[79]
The temperatures generated by compost can be used to heat greenhouses, such as by being placed around the
outside edges.
[80]
Compost tea
Compost extract
Commercial sale
Other | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 678, "from": 667}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Compost - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20250905160259+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20250905160259+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "version": "1.... | [0.007343258,0.0574304,-0.21019042,-0.036929686,0.047832575,0.011695315,-0.022514472,0.05641046,0.007972106,-0.044637132,0.049769238,-0.011711682,0.068748035,0.052388147,-0.017357659,-0.01375593,-0.039669156,-0.056928746,0.024288325,0.07431307,-0.05150446,-0.05449335,0.018885018,-0.059223965,0.0200416,0.05168927,0.0049... |
e6356205-08f0-478a-80dd-5750c690daac | ISBN 978-1904871316.
4. Thompson, Al (18 December 2012). "Container Gardening Offers Many Benefits" (http://santamariatime
s.com/lifestyles/home-and-garden/container-gardening-offers-many-benefits/article_4745482c-48d7-
11e2-824f-0019bb2963f4.html). Santa Maria Times. Retrieved 1 January 2013.
5. Note: SIP simply means... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 102, "from": 95}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Container garden - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20250905160114+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20250905160114+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "versi... | [0.021822156,0.10569631,-0.17880517,-0.005000825,0.012840053,0.0059337467,0.0035280182,-0.051112298,-0.013142698,-0.013100101,0.03320239,0.0010948266,0.105521224,0.00083793164,-0.012417103,-0.039338958,-0.026366763,-0.041947585,0.003911032,0.036862507,-0.015234361,0.012798214,-0.07548642,-0.064626694,0.006678617,0.0245... |
541c48ec-2b73-4fc3-9b8a-bd6f7eb7ce16 | A kitchen compost bin is used to
transport compostable items to an
outdoor compost bin.
There are process and product guidelines in Europe that date to the
early 1980s (Germany, the Netherlands, Switzerland) and only more
recently in the UK and the US. In both these countries, private trade
associations within the ind... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 704, "from": 680}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Compost - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20250905160259+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20250905160259+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "version": "1.... | [0.03891655,0.083844274,-0.16727805,-0.056948032,0.065122455,0.016051266,0.0018338431,0.05129442,0.0380567,-0.05094789,-0.01744935,-0.022458661,0.08009203,-0.0109200645,-0.008886715,-0.049572162,-0.02325746,-0.050693452,0.00036203608,0.021583779,0.006618889,0.0017880753,-0.02620173,-0.0769017,0.03397118,0.06258227,0.03... |
7c10333b-a542-4055-ab51-6db267a44748 | according to these federal protocols for pathogen and vector control,
even though the application to non-sludge materials has not been
scientifically tested. An example is that green waste composts are
used at much higher rates than sludge composts were ever anticipated
to be applied at.
[85]
U.K guideli... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 723, "from": 703}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Compost - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20250905160259+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20250905160259+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "version": "1.... | [0.031667996,0.10489243,-0.17686321,-0.035901114,0.09392175,0.033411622,-0.014662865,0.055836048,0.065872975,-0.04712164,0.014035219,-0.03466691,0.09740513,0.02061527,-0.04912801,-0.043710694,0.0053112344,-0.080466695,-0.0012933519,0.04202612,0.0050062877,-0.028966354,-0.0014187179,-0.067547865,0.014907062,0.024369452,... |
46a2e15d-0480-4165-ae94-f0985b70c9d3 | since it was not proven scientifically to be possible, and mostly because the concept was a marketing stunt in
the first place. After this, composting emphasis shifted back to recycling organic wastes previously destined
for landfills. There are no bonafide quality standards in America, but the USCC sells a seal called... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 742, "from": 723}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Compost - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20250905160259+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20250905160259+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "version": "1.... | [0.020737007,0.10013001,-0.17053068,-0.045265034,0.07880441,0.033636633,-0.019688092,0.025903132,0.04160452,-0.037446924,0.0055446685,-0.026951937,0.102225885,-0.01879296,-0.0058720717,-0.05907804,0.008239017,-0.084387444,-0.009629843,0.07851526,-0.029356722,-0.00581056,-0.004338013,-0.06739716,0.006655243,0.02335685,-... |
bd52d0d4-eeb9-45fc-91ea-6c3d96cde050 | Ordinance
).
[94][95]
The USA is the only Western country that does not distinguish sludge-source compost from green-composts,
and by default 50% of US states expect composts to comply in some manner with the federal EPA 503 rule
promulgated in 1984 for sludge products.
[96]
There are health risk concerns about PFASs (... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 754, "from": 739}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Compost - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20250905160259+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20250905160259+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "version": "1.... | [0.04682126,0.089757495,-0.18508814,-0.040867615,0.061092604,0.056482043,-0.004566347,0.057118464,0.058615442,-0.04997161,0.0050177695,0.012826898,0.08013478,-0.012306659,-0.032267276,-0.019968444,-0.037295707,-0.061645843,-0.001147193,0.018551419,-0.044096664,-0.03392943,-0.019324932,-0.07868582,0.037170965,0.09247275... |
79b28e35-e272-4cee-883d-2104c8ee4523 | Compost basket
Composting dates back to at least the early Roman Empire and was mentioned
as early as
Cato the Elder
's 160 BCE piece
De Agri Cultura
.
[99]
Traditionally,
composting involved piling organic materials until the next planting season, at
which time the materials would have decayed enough to be ready fo... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 782, "from": 756}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Compost - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20250905160259+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20250905160259+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "version": "1.... | [0.045911152,0.07728409,-0.19395238,-0.048861135,0.03893231,-0.033793896,-0.010564999,0.02882053,0.0064739585,-0.013733246,-0.050927293,-0.044819616,0.08464091,0.025361013,-0.019487739,-0.062140174,-0.013736279,-0.03058848,-0.005088519,0.073233165,-0.005896172,0.017786326,0.032682426,-0.04024052,0.028649725,0.03916329,... |
7150ea6e-d561-45df-a94d-d6fc2dfa2795 | who was appointed on behalf of the government in Mexico and supported the
country in 1950–1958 to set up a large humus organization in the fight against
erosion and
soil degradation
.
[102]
Sir Albert Howard
, who worked extensively
in
India
on sustainable practices,
[100]
and
Lady Eve Balfour
were also major p... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 815, "from": 781}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Compost - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20250905160259+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20250905160259+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "version": "1.... | [0.03131099,0.09570619,-0.18157081,-0.030615335,0.081421,-0.01760445,-0.02405136,0.029426353,0.045455284,-0.010544146,-0.04464887,-0.050154563,0.07220998,0.020244634,-0.013773923,-0.00647121,-0.011535381,-0.040419996,-0.0433536,0.06761772,-0.026926797,0.014189617,0.040692043,-0.06447121,0.06400265,0.034263503,0.0027578... |
132ea0cd-ffd2-44d7-a130-9cddd479adb5 | List of sustainable agriculture topics
List of organic gardening and farming topics
1. "Reduce, Reuse, Recycle - US EPA" (https://www.epa.gov/recycle/composting-home). US EPA. 17 April
2013. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170208003610/https://www.epa.gov/recycle/composting-h
ome) from the original on 8 Februar... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 825, "from": 813}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Compost - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20250905160259+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20250905160259+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "version": "1.... | [0.028865421,0.043721203,-0.1857905,0.009855124,0.05189324,-0.022895977,-0.006713576,-0.0054998063,0.010878569,-0.003589309,0.030501543,-0.040758394,0.03762925,0.032760315,-0.0369986,-0.012753243,-0.047868654,-0.022504685,-0.030362094,0.041174248,-0.02995631,0.03832846,0.018604854,-0.059457812,0.08210897,0.06175552,-0.... |
6f6da83e-c4d0-410d-a20c-32d5bbebd776 | 3. "The Science of Composting" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160217221013/http://web.extension.illinois.
edu/homecompost/science.cfm). Composting for the Homeowner. University of Illinois. Archived from the
original (http://web.extension.illinois.edu/homecompost/science.cfm) on 17 February 2016.
4. "Do Biodegradable I... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 836, "from": 827}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Compost - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20250905160259+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20250905160259+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "version": "1.... | [0.0011127582,0.03158287,-0.17189868,-0.04036174,0.09192257,-0.011316915,0.011262977,0.020734357,-0.0070583397,-0.019587174,-0.0053386637,-0.02319735,0.06519265,0.05255358,0.008406034,-0.044512123,-0.029226564,-0.07426859,-0.011421977,0.09178012,-0.01628369,-0.009742539,-0.021148376,-0.04662383,0.062865995,0.033009555,... |
cda9941b-259d-4282-9172-d15d4d3559f2 | able-management-food/composting). Sustainable Management of Food. US EPA. 12 August 2015.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20190415103259/https://www.epa.gov/sustainable-management-fo
od/reducing-impact-wasted-food-feeding-soil-and-composting) from the original on 15 April 2019.
Retrieved 13 July 2021.
6. "Compost... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 845, "from": 835}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Compost - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20250905160259+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20250905160259+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "version": "1.... | [0.0017428559,0.01655058,-0.19461495,-0.013581944,0.076718844,0.02184976,-0.021830505,0.037426505,0.027651016,-0.025885273,0.029652022,-0.01948987,0.07887424,0.035584006,0.007446639,-0.009309699,-0.023719864,-0.0492305,-0.022151368,0.07155957,-0.008724903,0.0013229261,0.029823732,-0.04104697,0.060556192,0.020877987,0.0... |
d35dadda-fbbf-42fc-8651-1d415c53b9d5 | 8. Masters, Gilbert M. (1997). Introduction to Environmental Engineering and Science (https://books.google.
com/books?id=3BhSAAAAMAAJ&q=Human+waste+can+also+be+added+as+an+input+to+the+composti
ng+process+since+human+waste+is+a+nitrogen-rich+organic+material). Prentice Hall.
ISBN 9780131553842. Archived (https://web.ar... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 854, "from": 844}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Compost - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20250905160259+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20250905160259+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "version": "1.... | [0.0055282516,0.0351963,-0.21660207,-0.045782357,0.03742487,-0.0319529,-0.032771032,0.023477824,-0.036328048,-0.03683238,-0.007429278,0.0580135,0.07658135,-0.017128576,0.027164306,-0.039475247,0.013622576,-0.020240841,-0.018774651,0.053213924,-0.045552462,-0.05492334,-0.033772588,-0.04947399,0.10441192,0.043946274,-0.0... |
bf9313a2-3f4d-4dc2-a52f-2f3d1e78fd2f | Retrieved 18 July 2014.
External links
University of Illinois Container Gardening Guide (http://urbanext.illinois.edu/containergardening/)
Container Vegetable Gardening (https://web.archive.org/web/20141012195018/http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/
depts/hort/hil/hil-8105.html) | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 108, "from": 104}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Container garden - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20250905160114+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20250905160114+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "vers... | [-0.03491846,0.08540625,-0.1650251,-0.05396754,0.0563711,0.005347775,0.011304576,0.026906045,0.009991488,-0.028135978,0.036452126,-0.0066692643,0.08574763,-0.007166149,0.047197383,-0.053488385,-0.004105062,-0.00039182618,-0.034661822,0.030821629,-0.010670802,-0.019034814,-0.010251294,-0.032753035,0.07005012,0.046654917... |
6e4b1396-2899-4708-8bd8-a38eb36c0301 | eawag.ch/en/department/sandec/publications/compendium/) from the original on 22 October 2019.
Retrieved 1 April 2018.
11. Haug, Roger (1993). The Practical Handbook of Compost Engineering (https://books.google.com/books?i
d=MX_jbemODmAC&q=ammonium+phosphate+compost&pg=PA249). CRC Press.
ISBN 9780873713733. Archived (ht... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 872, "from": 862}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Compost - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20250905160259+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20250905160259+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "version": "1.... | [0.047567885,0.024752963,-0.19461425,-0.053759404,0.04861066,-0.022917202,-0.012980309,0.044264004,0.025068536,-0.024296567,-0.0060332017,-0.0016520104,0.05913503,0.00062843476,0.009123147,-0.052596286,0.010013971,-0.07080061,-0.032808326,0.030141566,-0.021180442,-0.061257828,-0.011509052,-0.0837838,0.08666498,0.048093... |
d4645309-e7c4-4286-a3b5-303708426345 | www.klickitatcounty.org/SolidWaste/fileshtml/organics/compostCalc.htm) on 17 November 2011.
13. "Compost Physics - Cornell Composting" (https://compost.css.cornell.edu/physics.html#:~:text=Compos
t%20heat%20is%20produced%20as,microbial%20breakdown%20of%20organic%20material.&text=Comp
ost%20managers%20strive%20to%20keep... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 878, "from": 871}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Compost - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20250905160259+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20250905160259+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "version": "1.... | [0.017228888,0.019839793,-0.19362134,-0.011468585,0.05036615,-0.0555876,-0.026244655,0.026564008,0.0042443634,-0.066646926,-0.008011818,-0.011290878,0.08792834,0.05805067,-0.0013374299,-0.057040144,0.0004386004,-0.050198715,-0.027274465,0.05079187,-0.007549326,-0.00754176,-0.002537963,-0.04920887,0.042834602,0.06361688... |
68580f7c-5584-4024-8686-ee95ed464071 | 14. Marchant, Roger; Franzetti, Andrea; Pavlostathis, Spyros G.; Tas, Didem Okutman; Erdbrűgger, Isabel;
Űnyayar, Ali; Mazmanci, Mehmet A.; Banat, Ibrahim M. (1 April 2008). "Thermophilic bacteria in cool
temperate soils: are they metabolically active or continually added by global atmospheric transport?" (http
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48faaf3e-c2ab-4365-b6fd-8e7e4337b234 | 13 July 2021. Retrieved 29 April 2021.
15. Zeigler, Daniel R. (January 2014). "The Geobacillus paradox: why is a thermophilic bacterial genus so
prevalent on a mesophilic planet?" (https://doi.org/10.1099%2Fmic.0.071696-0). Microbiology. 160 (Pt 1):
1–11. doi:10.1099/mic.0.071696-0 (https://doi.org/10.1099%2Fmic.0.0716... | {"loc": {"lines": {"to": 898, "from": 888}}, "pdf": {"info": {"Title": "Compost - Wikipedia", "Creator": "Chromium", "ModDate": "D:20250905160259+00'00'", "Producer": "Skia/PDF m139", "CreationDate": "D:20250905160259+00'00'", "IsXFAPresent": false, "PDFFormatVersion": "1.4", "IsAcroFormPresent": false}, "version": "1.... | [0.01958237,0.07400054,-0.18557936,-0.008251114,0.08820828,0.03394288,-0.010761271,0.018591486,-0.0063605504,-0.03619501,0.036719687,0.01743515,0.07465425,0.038830142,-0.0024706335,-0.062362935,-0.019694962,-0.035620302,0.037283085,0.08299159,-0.06255298,-0.008264381,-0.0040171994,-0.046991978,0.05181342,0.09060899,-0.... |
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