The scope of our understanding of the evolutionary history between viruses and animals is limited. The fact that the recent availability of many complete insect virus genomes and vertebrate genomes as well as the ability to screen these sequences makes it possible to gain a new perspective insight into the evolutionary interaction between insect viruses and vertebrates. This study is to determine the possibility of existence of sequence identity between the genomes of insect viruses and vertebrates, attempt to explain this phenomenon in term of genetic mobile element, and try to investigate the evolutionary relationship between these short regions of identity among these species.Some of studied insect viruses contain variable numbers of short regions of sequence identity to the genomes of vertebrate with nucleotide sequence length from 28 bp to 124 bp. They are found to locate in multiple sites of the vertebrate genomes. The ontology of animal genes with identical regions involves in several processes including chromatin remodeling, regulation of apoptosis, signaling pathway, nerve system development and some enzyme-like catalysis. Phylogenetic analysis reveals that at least some short regions of sequence identity in the genomes of vertebrate are derived the ancestral of insect viruses.Short regions of sequence identity were found in the vertebrates and insect viruses. These sequences played an important role not only in the long-term evolution of vertebrates, but also in promotion of insect virus. This typical win-win strategy may come from natural selection. The interaction between viruses and animals is quite profound and complex. Precious studies have deeply increased the depth of our understanding of their long-term evolutionary history in terms of genome sequence. Viruses have a highly host-associated life circle. As a result, they infect and occasionally integrate into the germ line cells chromosome and are inherited vertically as host alleles ,2. A groHowever, most of these discoveries were merely addressed in an aspect of virus-host interaction and may narrow our prospective to probe the links between viruses and animals.Here in a broad sense, we aimed at to identify the possible regions identity between the genomes of vertebrates and non-retroviral families of insect viruses and the possible role(s) of the identical sequences in evolution of the corresponding animal(s). Moreover, we reported phylogenetic analysis of these identical sequences. In this paper, we showed that at least some of the sequences identity in vertebrates chromosomes identified here are likely to come from insect viruses and exapted during their long-term evolution.NW_002197778.1] with respective E-values 4e-23 and 1e-14.We screened several hundreds of insect viruses including DNA viruses and RNA viruses against 21 vertebrates. Of interest, dozens of short regions of sequence identity were found between animals and viruses including double stranded DNA viruses and double stranded RNA viruses  of the regions identity as described in Methods.Figure Table A screen of vertebrate genomes has unexpectedly exhumed short regions of sequence identity to insect viruses leading us to speculate about the evolutionary relationship among these sequences. And then phyogenetic comparisons of these sequences identity were performed as described in Methods.Significant blast hits to Adoxophyes orana NPV were sequences from species including mammalian, virus, fungi and bacteria Figure . SequencSequences matching Choristoneura occidentalis granulovirus were all identified in insects Figure . In phylWe identified high-level significant matches to Culex nigripalpus baculovirus in the genomes of plant, mammalian, insect Figure . PhylogeSignificant matches to Cydia pomonella granulovirus are short regions identified in a broad range of lineage genomes including chordate, fungi, insects, vertebrates, protozoa and plant Figure . CuriousMatches to Leucania separata were sequences from different species ranging from fungi, mammalians, bacteria and protozoa as well as insects Figure . InteresIn order to broaden the scope of people's understanding of the interaction between virus and animals, We searched genomes of 21 currently available vertebrates for sequences identity to that of insect viruses with expectation that possible sequences identity may exist, and unearthed lush short regions of sequence identity in diverse animals. The chance matches of the search were ruled out by performing reciprocal BLAST. With sequence length from 28 to 124 bp, most of them are non-functional, however, with exceptional occasions, some are within exon.The mechanism that nucleotide sequences flowed from ancestral insect viruses to vertebrates is still unclear. A possible explanation for the phenomenon is due to genetic mobile element such as virus and phage as well as plasmid. Earlier study shows that viruses move between different biomes and the total number of viruses largely exceeds the number of cells . In our The fate of most acquired nucleotide sequences in the chromosomes of animals has been to undergo deletion due to homologous recombination , howeverNo discussion of short regions of sequence identity would be complete without mention pseudo-genes. Pseudo-gene which is known for non-functional, gene-like sequences due to a high mutation rate is harbored by mammalian genomes . LackingWe have investigated the evolutionary radiation of some of the identified short regions of insect viruses and demonstrated a broad history of interaction between insect viruses and vertebrates. It is interesting to speculate that short regions of identity occurred across a brand species. According to our data, at least some short regions of identity identified in vertebrates are derived from insect viruses. And the initial gene flow from Cydia pomonella to the ancestor of the Mus musculus at least post dated the divergence of Mus musculus and Rattus norvegicus about 10 million years ago. However, due to the limited samples, it is hard for us to know whether some sequences identity of the insect viruses and that of vertebrates shared the same ancestral lineage or not. Since the evolution of some viral sequences is more rapid than that of animals, it may mask any two nucleotide sequences which actually derived from the same ancestor .Our study established that the genetic material derived from insect viruses can flow to vertebrates and play a significant evolutionary role for the development of vertebrates and the survival of the viruses. This win-win strategy may be the result of natural selection.The genomes of non-retroviral families of insect viruses were screened against chromosome assemblies and whole genome shotgun assemblies of 21 vertebrate species in silico approach using BLASTn with the resources of NCBI. Insect viruses sequences with a high-level identity  of matches to vertebrates nucleotide sequences were acquired. Then the acquired animal sequences were used as queries to screen the GenBank non-redundant (nr) database in a reciprocal BLASTn search. Significant matches to retroviruses and non-insect viruses were discarded, while the remaining matches were considered as regions of identity to non-retroviral families of insect viruses.Regions of identity were located in corresponding genome shotgun assemblies of vertebrates precisely. If pseudo-genes were found near regions of identity (i.e. 2000 kb within their 5' and/or 3' ends) distance was calculated between the nearby pseudo- genes and 5'site and/or 3's site of regions of identity.For understanding the distribution and possible origin of sequences identity, BLASTn was run with virus sequences as queries to screen the GenBank non-redundant (nr) database. Significant hits with over 95% identity and blast E-values of 10-7 or lower were identified as regions of sequence identity. And representative sequences were extracted. These nucleotide sequences were aligned using ClustalX program Mammals: Primates (= 5): Callithrix jacchus (white-tufted-ear marmoset); Homo sapiens (human); Macaca mulatta (rhesus macaque); Pan troglodytes (chimpanzee); Pongo abelii (Sumatran orangutan); Rodents (= 2): Mus musculus (laboratory mouse); Rattus norrvegicus (rat)Monotremes (= 1): Ornithorhynchus anatinus (duck-billed platypus) Marsupials (= 1):Monodelphis domestica (opossum) Other Mammals (= 8): Ailuropoda melanoleuca (giant panda); Bos taurus (cattle); Canis lupus familiaris (dog); Equus caballus (horse); Felis catus (cat); Oryctolagus cunniculus (rabbit); Ovis aries (sheep); Sus scrofa (pig) Other Vertebrates (= 4): Danio rerio (zebrafish); Gallus gallus (chicken); Taeniopygia guttata (zebra finch); Xenopus tropicalis (Silurana) (western clawed frog)NC_005137]; Agrotis segetum granulovirus [GenBank:NC_005839]; Helicoverpa armigera NPV G4 [GenBank:NC_002654]; Orgyia pseudotsugata MNPV [GenBank:NC_001875]; Mamestra configurata NPV-A [GenBank:NC_003529]; Cydia pomonella granulovirus [GenBank:NC_002816]; Spodoptera exigua MNPV [GenBank:NC_002169]; Bombyx mori NPV [GenBank:NC_001962]; Bombyx mandarina NPV [GenBank:NC_012672]; Spodoptera frugiperda MNPV virus [GenBank:NC_009011]; Lymantria xylina MNPV [GenBank:NC_013953]; Mamestra configurata NPV-B [GenBank:NC_004117]; Lymantria dispar MNPV[GenBank:NC_001973]; Epiphyas postvittana NPV[GenBank:NC_003083]; Xestia c-nigrum granulovirus [GenBank:NC_002331]; Autographa californica NPV [GenBank:NC_001623]; Helicoverpa armigera NPV NNg1[GenBank:NC_011354]; Pieris rapae granulovirus[GenBank:NC_013797]; Pseudaletia unipuncta granulovirus [GenBank:NC_013772]; Agrotis segetum NPV [GenBank:NC_007921]; Spodoptera litura granulovirus[GenBank:NC_009503]; Chrysodeixis chalcites NPV [GenBank:NC_007151]; Neodiprion abietis NPV [GenBank:NC_008252]; Neodiprion lecontii NPV[GenBank:NC_005906]; Cryptophlebia leucotreta granulovirus [GenBank:NC_005068]; Adoxophyes orana granulovirus[GenBank:NC_005038]; Helicoverpa armigera NPV [GenBank:NC_003094]; Rachiplusia ou MNPV[GenBank:NC_004323]; Phthorimaea operculella granulovirus [GenBank:NC_004062]; Spodoptera litura NPV [GenBank:NC_003102]; Culex nigripalpus NPV [GenBank:NC_003084]; Plutella xylostella granulovirus [GenBank:NC_002593]; Heliothis zea virus 1 [GenBank:NC_004156]; Clanis bilineata NPV [GenBank:NC_008293]; Neodiprion sertifer NPV [GenBank:NC_005905]; Trichoplusia ni SNPV [GenBank:NC_007383]; Choristoneura fumiferana MNPV [GenBank:NC_004778]; Helicoverpa zea SNPV [GenBank:NC_003349]; Euproctis pseudoconspersa NPV [GenBank:NC_012639]; Agrotis ipsilon multiple NPV [GenBank:NC_011345]; Orgyia leucostigma NPV [GenBank:NC_010276]; Helicoverpa armigera granulovirus [GenBank:NC_010240]; Ecotropis obliqua NPV [GenBank:NC_008586]; Anticarsia gemmatalis NPV [GenBank:NC_008520]; Choristoneura occidentalis granulovirus [GenBank:NC_008168]; Adoxophyes honmai NPV [GenBank:NC_004690]; Hyphantria cunea NPV [GenBank:NC_007767]; Antheraea pernyi NPV [GenBank:NC_008035]; Spodoptera litura nucleopolyhedrovirus II [GenBank:NC_011616]; Helicoverpa armigera multiple NPV [GenBank:NC_011615]; Adoxophyes orana NPV [GenBank:NC_011423]; Maruca vitrata MNPV [GenBank:NC_008725]; Plutella xylostella multiple NPV [GenBank:NC_008349]; Leucania separata nuclear polyhedrosis virus [GenBank:NC_008348]Baculoviridae: Choristoneura fumiferana DEF MNPV [GenBank:NC_002520]; Melanoplus sanguinipes entomopoxvirus [GenBank:NC_001993] Ascoviridae: Spodoptera frugiperda ascovirus 1a [GenBank:NC_008361]; Diadromus pulchellus ascovirus 4a [GenBank:NC_011335]; Heliothis virescens ascovirus 3e [GenBank:NC_009233]; Trichoplusia ni ascovirus 2c [GenBank:NC_008518] Polydnaviridae: Hyposoter fugitivus ichnovirus ; Microplitis demolitor bracovirus ; Cotesia congregata virus ; Cotesia congregata bracovirus ; Campoletis sonorensis ichnovirus [GenBank:NC_007985~ NC_008008]; Glypta fumiferanae ichnovirus ; Campoletis sonorensis ichnovirus  Reoviridae: Southern rice black-streaked dwarf virus [GenBank:NC_014708~ NC_014717]; Great Island virus [GenBank:NC_014522~ NC_014531]; Stretch Lagoon orbivirus ; Raspberry latent virus[GenBank: NC_014598~ NC_014607 ]; African horsesickness virus ; Epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus [GenBank:NC_013396~ NC_013405]; Kadipiro virus ; Fiji disease virus [GenBank:NC_007154~ NC_007163]; St Croix River virus [GenBank:NC_005997~ NC_005998]; Operophtera brumata reovirus segment 1 [GenBank:NC_007559]; Mal de Rio Cuarto virus[GenBank:NC_008728~ NC_008737]; Eyach virus [GenBank:NC_003696~ NC_003707]; Aedes pseudoscutellaris reovirus [GenBank:NC_007666~ NC_007674]; Heliothis armigera cypovirus [GenBank:NC_010661~ NC_010670]; Yunnan orbivirus [GenBank:NC_007656~ NC_007665]; Rice ragged stunt virus ; Nilaparvata lugens reovirus [GenBank:NC_003652~ NC_003661]; Trichoplusia ni cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus ; Homalodisca vitripennis reovirus [GenBank:NC_012535~ NC_012546]; Rice gall dwarf virus [GenBank:NC_009241~ NC_009252]; Banna virus ; Rice dwarf virus ; Rice black streaked dwarf virus [GenBank:NC_003728~ NC_003737 ]; Lymantria dispar cypovirus1[GenBank:NC_003016~ NC_003025]; Cypovirus 14 [GenBank: NC_003006~ NC_003015] Birnaviridae: Drosophila x virus  Dicistroviridae: Black queen cell virus [GenBank:NC_003784]; Triatoma virus [GenBank:NC_003783]; Drosophila C virus [GenBank:NC_001834]; Kashmir bee virus [GenBank:NC_004807]; Aphid lethal paralysis virus [GenBank:NC_004365]; Cricket paralysis virus [GenBank:NC_003924]; Rhopalosiphum padi virus [GenBank:NC_001874]; Israel acute paralysis virus of bees [GenBank:NC_009025]; Himetobi P virus [GenBank:NC_003782]; Acute bee paralysis virus [GenBank:NC_002548]; Plautia stali intestine virus [GenBank:NC_003779]; Solenopsis invicta virus 1 [GenBank:NC_006559]; Homalodisca coagulata virus-1 [GenBank:NC_008029] Tetraviridae: Euprosterna elaeasa virus [GenBank:NC_003412]; Boolarra virus ; Pariacato virus chromosome [GenBank:NC_003691~ NC_003692]; Nodamura virus [GenBank:NC_002690~ NC_002691]; Black beetle ; Macrobrachium rosenbergii nodavirus RNA-2 [GenBank:NC_005095]; Flock house virus [GenBank: NC_004146~ NC_004144 ]Entomopoxvirinae: Amsacta moorei entomopoxvirus 'L' [GenBank:ChchNPV: Chrysodeixis chalcites NPV; SfMNPV: Spodoptera frugiperda MNPV; SeMNPV: Spodoptera exigua MNPV; MaviMNPV: Maruca vitrata MNPV; AdorGV: Adoxophyes orana NPV; GflV: Glypta fumiferanae ichnovirus; TnAV-2c: Trichoplusia ni ascovirus 2c; MdBV: Microplitis demolitor bracovirus; HfIV: Hyposoter fugitivus ichnovirus; CcBV: Cotesia congregata bracovirus; CuniNPV: Culex nigripalpus NPV; ChocGV: Choristoneura occidentalis granulovirus; CpGV: Cydia pomonella granulovirus; EcobNPV: Ecotropis obliqua NPV; LsNPV: Leucania separata NPV; PoGV: Phthorimaea operculella granulovirus; CsIV: Campoletis sonorensis ichnovirus; NLRV: Nilaparvata lugens reovirus; FDV: Fiji disease virus; RBSDV: Southern rice black-streaked dwarf virusThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.Conceived the experiment: JL, Designed the experiment: GF; Performed the experiment: GF; Analyzed the data: GF; Wrote the paper: GF; Revised the paper: JL; gave the final approval of the version to be published: JL. Both authors read and approved the final manuscript.


During cellulosic ethanol production, cellulose hydrolysis is achieved by synergistic action of cellulase enzyme complex consisting of multiple enzymes with different mode of actions. Enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose is one of the bottlenecks in the commercialization of the process due to low hydrolysis rates and high cost of enzymes. A robust hydrolysis model that can predict hydrolysis profile under various scenarios can act as an important forecasting tool to improve the hydrolysis process. However, multiple factors affecting hydrolysis: cellulose structure and complex enzyme-substrate interactions during hydrolysis make it diffucult to develop mathematical kinetic models that can simulate hydrolysis in presence of multiple enzymes with high fidelity. In this study, a comprehensive hydrolysis model based on stochastic molecular modeling approch in which each hydrolysis event is translated into a discrete event is presented. The model captures the structural features of cellulose, enzyme properties , and most importantly dynamic morphological changes in the substrate that directly affect the enzyme-substrate interactions during hydrolysis.Cellulose was modeled as a group of microfibrils consisting of elementary fibrils bundles, where each elementary fibril was represented as a three dimensional matrix of glucose molecules. Hydrolysis of cellulose was simulated based on Monte Carlo simulation technique. Cellulose hydrolysis results predicted by model simulations agree well with the experimental data from literature. Coefficients of determination for model predictions and experimental values were in the range of 0.75 to 0.96 for Avicel hydrolysis by CBH I action. Model was able to simulate the synergistic action of multiple enzymes during hydrolysis. The model simulations captured the important experimental observations: effect of structural properties, enzyme inhibition and enzyme loadings on the hydrolysis and degree of synergism among enzymes.The model was effective in capturing the dynamic behavior of cellulose hydrolysis during action of individual as well as multiple cellulases. Simulations were in qualitative and quantitative agreement with experimental data. Several experimentally observed phenomena were simulated without the need for any additional assumptions or parameter changes and confirmed the validity of using the stochastic molecular modeling approach to quantitatively and qualitatively describe the cellulose hydrolysis. Lignocellulosic biomass is a complex matrix of three biopolymers: cellulose (20-50%), hemicellulose 15-35%) and lignin (5-30%) 5-35% and-6, folloHydrolysis of cellulose and hemicellulose into sugar monomers is a critical step in the biochemical conversion of cellulose into ethanol. Cellulose is the most abundant biopolymer on earth with about 100 billion tons produced by terrestrial plants every year . Trichoderma reesei (earlier known as T. viride), comprising endoglucanases EGI, two exoglucanases CBHI and CBHII and β-glucosidase. Cellulase system of T. reesei, a soft-rot fungi, has been extensively studied [T. reesei were assumed as 0.4, 0.8, and 1.6 IU/mg of EG I, CBH I and CBH II respectively [All model simulations were performed for four main classes of cellulase enzymes: Non-processive endoglucanases with CBM, processive CBH I with CBM and processive CBH II with CBM and β-glucosidase. These enzymes are similar to enzyme system of  studied ,3,18,20.ectively . Zhang aectively  calculatectively -68.Data from model simulations were compared with two sets of experimental results from literature to validate the model.T. reesei, provided by Novo Nordisk A/S, Denmark), at various enzyme: substrate loadings at 40 °C in 50 mM citrate buffer (pH 4.8) for 47 h.Experimental details for the experimental data are detailed in Bezerra et al. -47. BrieT. reesei . For model simulations, activity of EG II enzymes used in experiments were assumed to be same as EG I enzyme (0.4 IU/mg protein).For model validation, cellulose conversion results were extracted from Figure th’ enzyme; BC: Bacterial cellulose; BG: β-glucosidase; C: Cellulose fraction of the solid; CBH: Cellobiohydrolases; CBM: Carbohydrate binding module; CBP: Consolidated bioprocessing; CD: Catalytic domain; CGlu: Concentration of glucose (g/L); CG2: Concentration of cellobiose (g/L); CG6+: Concentration of high DP molecules (g/L); CrI: Crystallinity index; DP: Degree of polymerization; DS: Degree of synergism; EF: Elementary fibril; EG: Endoglucanses; Ei: Amount of 'ith' enzyme used per unit of cellulose during hydrolysis (mg/g cellulose); fj: Fraction of hydrolysable bonds for 'jth' microfibril; Gactual: Number of glucose molecules in actual sample; Gsim: Number of glucose molecules simulated in the model; IU: International unit of enzyme activity; MF: Microfibrils; n: Number of microfibrils simulated; Nhij: Number of maximum bonds broken by ith enzyme on jth microfibril; Nhi_max: Maximum number bonds broken by an enzyme per minute; Ninhib: Increment in counter due to inhibition; Ninhib _G2: Increment in counter due to cellobiose encounter/inhibition; Ninhib _G: Increment in counter due to glucose encounter/inhibition; Nnb: Increment in counter when no binding occurs; Nnp: Increment in counter in case of non-productive binding; NNRj: Number of non-reducing end in jth microfibril; NRj: Number of reducing ends in jth microfibril; Nsj: Number of glucose molecules on the surface of elementary fibrils in jth microfibril; NSLj: Number of soluble oligomers produced from jth microfibril; ODE: Ordinary differential equations; R2: Square of the Pearson product–moment correlation coefficient; S: Fraction of solids in the solution; Si: Stability of 'ith' enzyme under current hydrolysis conditions; SMM: Stochastic molecular modeling; T. reesei: Trichoderma reesei; Ui: Activity of 'ith' enzyme (IU/mg enzyme); Vactual: Volume of solution (mL); Wsample: Weight of total solution during hydrolysis (g)∆Cmixed: Cellulose conversion by action of mixture of ‘n’ enzymes; ∆Ci: Cellulose conversion by individual action of ‘iThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.DK developed the model, carried out the process simulations and wrote the paper. GM conceived and designed the study, helped in the development of the model, and reviewed the results and manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.1Graduate Student, Biological and Ecological Engineering, 116 Gilmore Hall, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR-97331. 2Assistant Professor, Biological and Ecological Engineering, 116 Gilmore Hall, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR-97331.This file includes seven sections (A1 – A7) as follow: Section A1: Parameters associated with glucose molecules in the model. This section illustrates the properties associated with glucose molecules in the model. Section A2: Binding and action of endoglucanase and cellobiohydrolase enzymes. This section explains the action pattern of cellulase enzymes on cellulose. Section A3: Values of parameters used for EG I, CBH I and CBH II action. This section provides the values of parameters (such as increment on productive or non-productive binding) used in model simulations. Section A4: Calculations of concentrations of soluble and insoluble sugars. Equations used to calculate concentration of soluble and insoluble sugars during hydrolysis are presented in this section. Section A5: Cellobiose production during hydrolysis of Avicel by CBH I action. This section presents the data from model simulation from hydrolysis of Avicel at various enzyme:substrate ratios. Simulations were performed three times at each condition and standard deviations are provided in the table. Section A6: Endoglucanases action on substrates with different crystallinity. This section illustrates effect of crystallinity on the hydrolysis profile of cellulose by endoglucanases action. Section A7: Effect of enzyme loading on the hydrolysis rate of cellulose. This section presents the data from model simulation from hydrolysis of Avicel at various enzyme loadings .Click here for file


There were multiple errors in the Author Contributions statement. The Author Contributions statement should read: "Conceived and designed the experiments: RKL. Performed the experiments: JMP AMT. Analyzed the data: JMP AMT HJHC ASU. Wrote the paper: RKL."


The terms "PKA" and "EPAC" are not appropriately capitalized in the article title. The correct title is: "Opposing Roles of PKA and EPAC in the cAMP-Dependent Regulation of Schwann Cell Proliferation and Differentiation." The correct Citation is: Bacallao K, Monje PV (2013) Opposing Roles of pka and epac in the cAMP-Dependent Regulation of Schwann Cell Proliferation and Differentiation. PLoS ONE 8(12): e82354. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0082354.


The fourth author was incorrectly omitted from the list of those authors who wrote the paper in the Contributions Statement. The Author Contributions section should read: “Conceived and designed the experiments: EG LHS WLG. Performed the experiments: LHS WLG. Analyzed the data: GCS. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: EG. Wrote the paper: GCS EG."


There was an error in the name of the second author.The correct name of this author is: Michael G. FriskThe correct citation is: Karimi R, Frisk MG, Fisher NS (2013) Contrasting Food Web Factor and Body Size Relationships with Hg and Se Concentrations in Marine Biota. PLoS ONE 8(9): e74695. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0074695The correct version of the Author Contributions section is: Conceived and designed the experiments: RK MGF NSF. Performed the experiments: RK. Analyzed the data: RK MGF. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: MGF NSF. Wrote the paper: RK MGF NSF.


There was an error in the Author Contributions. The correct version of this section is available below.Conceived and designed the experiments: BSC MS AJ AG TJ PGK CW. Performed the experiments: BSC MS AJ CRB AG. Analyzed the data: BSC MS AJ AG TJ PGK CW. Wrote the paper: BSC CRB TJ MS PGK CW.


In Figure 1B, the figures for girls and boys in the primary analysis should be reversed. Please see the corrected version of Figure 1B here: There were multiple errors in the author contributions. The updated author contributions are as follows:Conceived and designed the experiments: AE PBo DE VM CF RL PBh.Performed the experiments: RL PBh. Analyzed the data: VM CF PBo AE DE. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: RL AE PBh DE CF PBo VM. Wrote the paper: RL AE DE CF PBo VM PBh.


There was an error in the Author Contributions section. The second contributions category should read: "Performed the experiments: GC MG MZ; GC and MG contributed equally to this work."


To the Editor: The recent publication by Habibzadeh and Shashok discussed the importance of direct verbatim textual plagiarism (agiarism . Indeed,agiarism . However


CMLLite is a collection of definitions and processes which provide strong and flexible validation for a document in Chemical Markup Language (CML). It consists of an updated CML schema (schema3), conventions specifying rules in both human and machine-understandable forms and a validator available both online and offline to check conformance. This article explores the rationale behind the changes which have been made to the schema, explains how conventions interact and how they are designed, formulated, implemented and tested, and gives an overview of the validation service. There is an on-going need for formal, computable representations of scientific data and documents which are also accessible to humans -3. The cThe strengths and weaknesses of CML have been recently analysed by Dumontier  and we qChemical Markup Language, backed by a controlled vocabulary, has been rather successful in specifying most aspects of chemistry, from small molecules and their connectivity to polymers and crystal structures.Unfortunately, while most elements of this specification can be parsed out using one of the many XML libraries, certain elements do not render themselves to facile interpretation. Consider the sample CML specification of a water molecule [...]. In order to identify the member atoms in a given bond, it is necessary to carry out string processing as an intermediate step. Further, while many of the elements of CML are defined in a controlled vocabulary, the lack of explicit, consistent, and formal axiomatization of the involved concepts gives rise to difficulties in inferring connections between chemical concepts where no such connections are stated explicitly, something that is possible in formal ontology-backed RDF-based information specifications. Although CML specifications have been increasingly evolving to incorporate elements of the Semantic Web, the lack of widespread adoption of the format, and the limited availability of large-scale CML-based chemical knowledge repositories, have somewhat limited CML-assisted federation of the world of chemical data. Furthermore, the implementation of coverage of additional chemical concepts in most chemical representations requires a formal, rigorous representation specification, complicating the incorporation of data represented using domain-specific representation extensions. We believe that an ideal chemical representation would require no specialized wrapper or interpreter, would be generic such as to allow for facile and conflict-free extensions, would be based on a formal ontology, and would be encoded in a machine-understandable  manner and therefore facilitates automated reasoning and data integration.This article addresses these points and describes a system we have built for managing explicit and implicit semantics. It was initially developed during the Chem4Word (C4W) project   thenmolecule@formalCharge: = =sum  +sum ) is missing on a molecule, calculate it by recursively summing its descendants. This is more complex in practice as we have to apply semantics for atoms without formalCharge.)etc.). This article describes how their combination with unit tests and other validation procedures creates strong accessible semantics.CML has thousands of relationships like this, and they are relatively straightforward to implement through procedural code  , Open BaIt is commonly believed that the (perceived) ease of use of a new technology will affect its adoption by communities . A succe• Accessibility for humans• Proven infrastructure• Authoring tools• Reading tools• Editors• Domain libraries• Critical mass of content• Agreed concepts and vocabularies• Critical mass of users.Postel's Law  > 1)can be decomposed into a set of steps which define a set of elements to query over and the query itself:etc.).• ancestor::cml:molecule selects any molecule element of which the current atom is a descendent .• The count(...) > 1 expression forms the query and evaluates the number of atoms left in the set. If this is greater than 1 then multiple atoms in the same ancestor molecule have the same id.The conventions in CMLLite have built-in rules which are generally not explicitly stated in the specification of conventions:• A convention is applied through an element carrying the convention attribute. The convention applies to that element and all its descendants.• The value of the convention attribute MUST be a QName that expands to the URI identifying the convention to be applied.• A convention can require other conventions which must be explicitly specified on appropriate elements.• If no conventions are declared a warning is issued.We do not intend conventions to replace the CML schema and they are not a general schema language.mode-name" > limits subsequent validation to templates with mode = "mode-name". An apply-templates call without a mode will only call those templates without a mode (i.e. not governed by a convention in the document).CMLValidator uses normal XSLT processing rules but makes special use of the mode attribute to allow validation of different conventions within the same document. < apply-templates mode = "The current conventions contain many hundreds of validatorTest and to illustrate them we create a very simple sub-convention: simpleUnit. There is already a mature convention for units using the schema3 elements unitList and unit.  simpleUnit explores a small portion of this.http://www.xml-cml.org/convention/simpleUnit namespace.1 The simpleUnit convention is specified with the 2 The simpleUnit convention MUST be specified on a cml:unitList element using the convention attribute.3 A cml:unitList element MUST contain at least one cml:unit child element.4 A cml:unitList element MAY contain other child elements from the CML namespace or from foreign namespaces.There are no constraints on where in a document the unitList element may appear.We start by creating an exhaustive set of tests against which the validator will be developed. These tests (Appendix B) are independent of the actual implementation of the validator. We can be confident that any validator that passes all these tests is likely to be useful in determining whether any of a wide range of documents is valid or invalid against the simpleUnit convention.Figure We now address the purpose of each of the templates in the validator in detail.Template 1: creates the root report:result elementTemplate 2: match = "*|@*|text" matches any element, attribute or text node when not in simpleUnit mode. The match expressions for the three node types are the most general possible and will therefore be overridden by any more specific matches. This template takes no action but allows recursive traversal to find elements covered by the simpleUnit conventions arbitrarily deep in the input document.Template 3: carries out the same operations as template 2 but only when in simpleUnit mode. Non-CML elements may be interspersed with CML in the text document and will not cause the validator to emit warnings.Template 4: Only elements from the cml namespace will be matched; the element MUST have a convention attribute, with namespace http://www.xml-cml.org/convention/ and the local name simpleUnit. The schema enforces that the value of the convention attribute must be a namespaceRefType.If the element matched is cml:unitList this triggers mode = "simpleUnit" which remains in scope for all descendants.If the element matched is not cml:unitList the validator informs the users that it is an error to specify the simpleUnit convention and apply-templates is called but not in simpleUnit mode.Template 5: matches any cml:unitList element. If this does not have at least one cml:unit child element then an error is reported. Any child nodes are then processed in simpleUnit mode.Template 6: matches any cml:unit element in simpleUnit mode. XSLT rules dictate that it has higher priority than template 7.Template 7: matches any element from the CML namespace in simpleUnit mode. The match is more specific than template 3 but less specific than templates 4, 5 and 6. This will therefore catch any CML namespaced elements other than unitList and unit. The elements matched by this template are covered by rule 4-they are allowed but they are not really part of the convention, hence the output contains information to this effect.This template is primarily for information, not errors-it is therefore appropriate to warn when CML elements might be ignored. Note that the presence of report:info elements in the report document does not mean that the input document is invalid.i.e. they do not overlap .http://www.xml-cml.org/convention/compchem has been developed as part of the Quixote project. It requires that the initialization module contains exactly one molecule and that all the atoms in this molecule MUST have three dimensional coordinates. Rather than create a new convention for molecules it was decided that these requirements were compatible with the molecular convention but required a tightening of some constraints.The compchem convention Some of the rules from the compchem convention are shown below:http://xml-cml.org/dictionary/compchem/).• There MUST be an initialization module which is a module element with a specific value of its dictRef attribute .• molecules MUST declare that they conform to the molecular convention by declaring this in the convention attribute  and tests that an atomArray is present and that all the child atoms of this have 3D coordinates. Note that we do not need to check whether or not the molecule has child molecules or other atomArray children because this will be done by the molecular convention.Following the W3C validation tools   and produces a ValidationReport. If input is an InputStream the program checks that it is well-formed XML (this is not necessary for a xomDoc as it is necessarily well-formed). A xomDoc is built from the InputStream and further processing is identical regardless of input format.1. It is well-formed XML. The control class can takes as input either an 2. The xomDoc conforms to the CML schema3.3. Deprecated constructs are not used. The use of deprecated constructs will give a VALID_WITH_WARNINGS result.4. Any conventions specified in the document are obeyed.5. All the prefixes used in namespaceRefTypes (effectively QNames) have been bound to namespaces and are resolvable URLs.etc. publicly available. The workflow is shown in Figure The final check has been put in place as a reminder to users that sharing information is preferable and they can only "code to the green bar"  by makinhttp://validator.xml-cml.org/validate which returns a ValidationReport. This must then be queried by the user to determine whether the overall validation resulted in VALID, VALID_WITH_WARNINGS or INVALID. Informal feedback from users indicated that it was more useful to send the complete ValidationReport rather than just a ValidationResult as feedback as this would allow the calling tool to do more.The RESTful webservice implementation is accessed by POSTing the XML/CML document to The website is effectively an instance of a tool that uses the RESTful implementation to do the actual validation but then interprets the results and displays them in the most human-user friendly fashion. Figures conventions which can be as rigid or fluid as they wish. The conventions can be rigorously unit tested using CMLValidator.We have developed an approach to extensible semantics for Chemical Markup Language, where we assume that the current schema (schema3) is stable and expressive. There is enough software and data that this approach has been widely deployed and tested, even if it is not yet mainstream. Semantics are defined in the XSD schema, with additional natural language and validated using a unit test approach (Java and .NET). It works in the main fields of chemistry for which CML has been developed . The approach encourages sub-communities in chemistry to create The convention-based approach is intermediate between natural language and formal systems. It relies, in part, on the wider community agreeing the semantics in schema3 . Sub-communities are starting to build their extensions of which the compchem convention being developed by the Quixote project is a prime example.We believe the convention-based approach will help developers to create better software quicker. The tests/conventions define clear, testable APIs and these are essential for any distributed development.The system interoperates fully with RDF-based systems. Many elements  can be algorithmically translated to RDF. A few core elements  can be held in a more atomic form with bespoke semantics and software . By using this mixture of approaches we believe this is a cost-effective approach to interoperability within chemistry for those who wish to interoperate.http://bitbucket.org/cml/cmllite-validator-code and the web-based implementation is available at http://bitbucket.org/cml/cmllite-validator-ws both under an Apache 2.0 licence.The CMLValidator and associated tests are available at The authors declare that they have no competing interests.JAT developed the CMLLite approach, created the CMLValidator and the test corpus, and wrote the manuscript. PMR is the original author of CML, created the test corpus and wrote the manuscript.The attributes in CML are defined in attributeGroups which must have unique names allowing them to be disambiguated within the schema. The attributeGroup defines an attribute, its datatype/allowed values, and the name of the attribute in the document (these do not have to be unique).Element declarations in the schema specify which attributeGroups are allowed on them (which in this case caused polymorphism).Table etc.) of the convention, the validator is run against this test set to verify that its behaviour still conforms to expectations.The documents below are a subset of the documents used to test the behaviour of the simpleUnit convention validator. After every alteration <cml:unitList convention = "conventions:simpleUnit"><cml:unit/></cml:unitList>This produces the following ValidationReport:http://www.xml-cml.org/report/"><report xmlns = "<well-formed-test><valid >xml is well formed</valid></well-formed-test><schema-validation-test><valid>document conforms to the schema</valid></schema-validation-test><convention-validation-test><valid>document conforms to all the conventions specified</valid></convention-validation-test><uris-reachable-test><valid>All appropriate URIs were reachable</valid><valid>all dictRefs are resolvable </valid></uris-reachable-test></report>The subsequent inputs produce exactly the same report and we therefore choose to explain what the document is testing for rather than show the output.(ii)http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><x:p xmlns:x = "<cml:unitList convention = "conventions:simpleUnit"><cml:unit/></cml:unitList></x:p>Tests that simpleUnit convention can be declared on a unitList that is not the root element of the document and is a child of a foreign namespaced element.(iii)<cml:module><cml:unitList convention = "conventions:simpleUnit"><cml:unit/></cml:unitList></cml:module>The simpleUnit convention can be declared on a unitList that is not the root element of the document and is a child of a CML element (module).(iv)<element-in-default-namespace><cml:unitList convention = "conventions:simpleUnit"><cml:unit/></cml:unitList></element-in-default-namespace>Tests that simpleUnit convention can be declared on a unitList that is not the root element of the document and is a child of an element from the default-namespace.(v)http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><x:p xmlns:x = "the unitList need not be the root element<cml:unitList convention = "conventions:simpleUnit"><cml:unit/></cml:unitList></x:p>Test that although CML does not have a mixed content model the unitList can occur within non-CML mixed content.(vi)http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><x:p xmlns:x = "there are multiple instances of the simpleUnitconvention in this document<cml:unitList convention = "conventions:simpleUnit"><cml:unit/></cml:unitList><cml:unitList convention = "conventions:simpleUnit"><cml:unit/></cml:unitList></x:p>Test that there can be multiple disjoint simpleUnit convention declarations in the same document.(vii)<cml:unitList convention = "conventions:simpleUnit"><cml:unit/>http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><x:p xmlns:x = "non cml child-this is fine</x:p></cml:unitList>Tests that the unitList element can contain foreign namespaced elements without giving rise to info reports.(viii)<cml:unitList convention = "conventions:simpleUnit"><element-in-default-namespace/><cml:unit/></cml:unitList>Tests that the unitList element can contain elements from the default namespace without giving rise to info reports.(ix)<cml:unitList convention = "conventions:simpleUnit"><cml:unit>http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><x:p xmlns:x = "non cml child-this is fine</x:p></cml:unit></cml:unitList>Tests that the unit element can contain foreign namespaced elements without giving rise to info reports.(x)<cml:unitList convention = "conventions:simpleUnit"><cml:unit><element-in-default-namespace/></cml:unit></cml:unitList>Tests that the unit element can contain elements from the default namespace without giving rise to info reports.(xi)<cml:unitList convention = "conventions:simpleUnit"><cml:unit/><cml:unit>http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><x:p xmlns:x = "multiple cml:unit elements are allowed</x:p></cml:unit></cml:unitList>Tests that a unitList may contain more than one unit child.The input documents below should all result in a ValidationResult of VALID and the ValidationReport should contain a single info element and MUST NOT contain either error or warning elements. info elements are used to give information about rules in a convention involving the MAY clause. Note that the complete ValidationReport is given for the first example but subsequent examples only contain the error message for brevity.(i)<cml:unitList convention = "conventions:simpleUnit"><cml:unit/><cml:molecule/></cml:unitList>Produces:http://www.xml-cml.org/report/"><report xmlns = "<well-formed-test><valid > xml is well formed </valid></well-formed-test><schema-validation-test><valid > document conforms to the schema </valid></schema-validation-test><convention-validation-test>http://www.xml-cml.org/schema'] [http://www.xml-cml.org/schema'] [<info location = "/*[local-name = 'unitList' and namespace-uri = 'schema'] /*[local-schema'] ">http://www.xml-cml.org/convention/simpleUnit convention and may be ignored by some processors.molecule is not a part of the </info><valid>document conforms to all the conventions specified</valid></convention-validation-test><uris-reachable-test><valid > All appropriate URIs were reachable </valid><valid > all dictRefs are resolvable </valid></uris-reachable-test></report>(ii)<cml:unitList convention = "conventions:simpleUnit"><cml:unit><cml:atom/></cml:unit></cml:unitList>http://www.xml-cml.org/convention/simpleUnit convention and may be ignored by some processors"Produces: "atom is not a part of the (iii)<cml:unitList convention = "conventions:simpleUnit"><cml:unit/><cml:unit><cml:bond/></cml:unit></cml:unitList>http://www.xml-cml.org/convention/simpleUnit convention and may be ignored by some processors"Produces: "bond is not a part of the e.g. order = '1') the test result would be VALID_WITH_WARNINGS because numeric bond orders are deprecated.Note that if the bond specified a numeric bond order ((iv)<cml:unitList convention = "conventions:simpleUnit"><cml:unit>http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><x:p xmlns:x = "this is still going to be processed inunitList mode.<cml:bond/></x:p></cml:unit></cml:unitList>http://www.xml-cml.org/convention/simpleUnit convention and may be ignored by some processors"Produces: "bond is not a part of the (v)http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><x:p xmlns:x = "the unitList need not be the root element<cml:unitList convention = "conventions:simpleUnit"><cml:molecule/><cml:unit/></cml:unitList></x:p>http://www.xml-cml.org/convention/simpleUnit convention and may be ignored by some processors".Produces: "molecule is not a part of the The documents below should all result in a ValidationResult of INVALID. The ValidationReport should contain a single error element and should not contain either info or warning elements.(i)<cml:molecule convention = "conventions:simpleUnit"><cml:unitList><cml:unit/></cml:unitList></cml:molecule>Produces the following ValidationReport:http://www.xml-cml.org/report/"><report xmlns = "<well-formed-test><valid > xml is well formed </valid></well-formed-test><schema-validation-test><valid > document conforms to the schema </valid></schema-validation-test><convention-validation-test>http://www.xml-cml.org/schema'] [<error location = "/*[local-name = 'molecule' and namespace-uri = 'schema'] @*[local-the only valid cml element that can specify the simpleUnit convention is "unitList"</error></convention-validation-test><uris-reachable-test><valid > All appropriate URIs were reachable </valid><valid > all dictRefs are resolvable </valid></uris-reachable-test></report>(ii)http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><x:p xmlns:x = "<cml:molecule convention = "conventions:simpleUnit"><cml:unitList><cml:unit/></cml:unitList></cml:molecule></x:p>Produces: "the only valid cml element that can specify the simpleUnit convention is 'unitList'". (Illustrating that the document is still being correctly traversed.)(iii)<cml:unitList convention = "conventions:simpleUnit"/>Produces: "A unit list MUST contain child cml:unit elements".(iv)<cml:unitList convention = "conventions:simpleUnit"><!-- not valid, a unitList must have at least one unit child --></cml:unitList>Produces: "A unit list MUST contain child cml:unit elements".(v)<cml:unitList convention = "conventions:simpleUnit">http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><x:p xmlns:x = "no unit child of unitList</x:p></cml:unitList>Produces: "A unit list MUST contain child cml:unit elements".(vi)<cml:unitList convention = "conventions:simpleUnit">http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><x:p xmlns:x = "<cml:unit/>This unit is not a direct child of unitListand therefore should cause an error.</x:p></cml:unitList>Produces: "A unit list MUST contain child cml:unit elements".(vii)<cml:unitList convention = "conventions:simpleUnit"><cml:unitList><cml:unit>http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><x:p xmlns:x = "the outer unitList does not have at leastone unit child</x:p></cml:unit></cml:unitList></cml:unitList>Produces: "A unit list MUST contain child cml:unit elements".


Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection of Indian-origin rhesus macaques (RM) has been widely used as a well-established nonhuman primate (NHP) model for HIV/AIDS research. However, there have been a growing number of studies using Chinese RM to evaluate immunopathogenesis of SIV infection. In this paper, we have for the first time reviewed and discussed the major publications related to SIV or SHIV infection of Chinese RM in the past decades. We have compared the differences in the pathogenesis of SIV infection between Chinese RM and Indian RM with regard to viral infection, immunological response, and host genetic background. Given AIDS is a disease that affects humans of diverse origins, it is of importance to study animals with different geographical background. Therefore, to examine and compare results obtained from RM models of Indian and Chinese origins should lead to further validation and improvement of these animal models for HIV/AIDS research. The antAlthough the published data have demonstrated that Chinese RM is a suitable macaque host for studies of HIV disease, more extensive investigations on testing of current HIV vaccine approaches in Chinese RM are needed in order to determine if efficacy of these approaches in humans can be predicted in Chinese RM. These future studies should provide further support for the use of Chinese RM for the investigation of HIV disease.AGM: African green monkey; AID50: 50% animal infectious doses; AIDS: Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome; CCL: Chemokine ligand; CCR5: C-C chemokine receptor 5; CD: Cluster of differentiation; Ch RM: Chinese rhesus macaques; CMV: Cytomegalovirus; CTL: Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte; DC: Dendritic cells; HIV: Human immunodeficiency virus; HLA: Human leukocyte antigen; HMBPP: (E)-4-Hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl pyrophosphate; IFN: Interferon; IL: Interleukin; LN: Lymph node; I.R: Intrarectally; I.V: Intravenously; IVAG: Intravaginally; MHC: Major histocompatibility complex; mtDNA: Mitochondrial DNA; NHP: Nonhuman primate; PMN: Polymorphonuclear neutrophils; SHIV: Simian-human immunodeficiency virus; SIV: Simian immunodeficiency virus; SNP: Specific single nucleotide polymorphisms; TCID50: 50% tissue culture infective dose; TDF: Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate.The authors declare that they have no competing interests.YZ wrote the manuscript. RB collected information for tables. NH, YP and WZH reviewed and edited the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.


Scientific Reports6: Article number: 2721710.1038/srep27217; published online: 06022016; updated: 07042016The original version of this Article contained typographical errors in the spelling of the author Alexandra Christina Isabelle Depelsenaire which was incorrectly given as Alexandra Christina Isobel Depelsenaire. This has now been corrected in the PDF and HTML versions of the Article.


Scientific Reports5: Article number: 1521910.1038/srep15219; published online: 10152015; updated: 12142015The original version of this Article contained typographical errors in the spelling of the author Alice Mado Proverbio which was incorrectly given as C.A. Alice Mado Proverbio. This has now been corrected in the PDF and HTML versions of the Article.


AbstractGraminoids, including grasses, are frequently described in the botanical literature as being wind-pollinated. This paper offers visual evidence for insect pollination of a grass. Three of the bees involved were found to have 100% grass pollen in their pollen sacs. In reviewing the literature for this paper, it was evident that those working with bees are well aware that these insects often pollinate graminoids. It is not clear why this information has not been incorporated into the botanical literature. Eremochloaophiuroides)  Figs , 7 is a es) Figs . The popApismellifera, or honey bees, were introduced to North America by European settlers in the 1700's and are not native to the North American continent. They are now best described as being ubiquitous worldwide. Agricultural necessity has fostered this expansion as bees help to pollinate crops. Their evolutionary and phylogenetic origins appear to be multiple radiations out of Africa, with later expansions to Asia and Europe  (Fagaceae) (Sarcocornia)  , oaks (Fagaceae) , and eveocornia) .Supplementary material 1Climatological Data for Louisiana, June 2013Data type: PDFBrief description: Flat file for June 2013 precipitationFile: oo_6602.pdfNational Oceanic and Atmospheric AdministrationSupplementary material 2Climatological Data for Louisiana, July 2013Data type: PDFBrief description: Flat file for July 2013 precipitationFile: oo_6603.pdfNational Oceanic and Atmospheric AdministrationSupplementary material 3Climatological Data for Louisiana, August 2013Data type: PDFBrief description: Flat file for August 2013 precipitationFile: oo_6600.pdfNational Oceanic and Atmospheric AdministrationSupplementary material 4Climatological Data for Louisiana, September 2013Data type: PDFBrief description: Flat file for September 2013 precipitationFile: oo_6599.pdfNational Oceanic and Atmospheric AdministrationSupplementary material 5Climatological Data for Louisiana, October 2013Data type: PDFBrief description: Flat file for October 2013 precipitationFile: oo_6601.pdfNational Oceanic and Atmospheric AdministrationSupplementary material 6Derived wet summer data from NOAAData type: xlsBrief description: "How-did" converting inches to centimeters across three weather points in Baton Rouge, La., from manual NOAA PDF amalgamationFile: oo_6604.xlsxNOAA and Tim Jones


Scientific Reports6: Article number: 2004810.1038/srep20048; published online: 01282016; updated: 05232016.In the original version of this Article, Affiliation 1 was omitted for Zhiming Ma. This error has now been corrected in the PDF and HTML versions of the Article.


The correct reference is: AntifilariasisCampaign (2013) Annual reports. Ministry of Health, Sri Lanka Available at


Scientific Reports6: Article number: 1953710.1038/srep19537; published online: 01182016; updated: 04202016.The original version of this Article contained typographical errors in the spelling of the author Guodong Yuan, which was incorrectly given as Gongdong Yuan. This has now been corrected in the PDF and HTML versions of the Article.


Scientific Reports5: Article number: 1234910.1038/srep12349; published online: 08262015; updated: 02082016.The original version of this Article contained an error in the spelling of the author Kohei Fujikura, which was incorrectly given as K. Fujikura. This has now been corrected in both the PDF and HTML versions of the Article.


Scientific Reports6: Article number: 21694;10.1038/srep21694 Published online: 02152016; Updated: 05092016The original version of this Article incorrectly listed ‘College of Chemistry and Environment, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou, China, 363000’ as a present address for Bang-Qin Huang rather than Shun-Xing Li.This error has now been corrected in the PDF and HTML versions of the Article.


Scientific Reports5: Article number: 18366;10.1038/srep18366 published online: 12172015; updated: 03302016The original version of this Article contained a typographical error in the spelling of the author Lee D. Roberts, which was incorrectly given as Lee D. Robert. This has now been corrected in the PDF and HTML versions of the Article.


Scientific Reports6: Article number: 20118; 10.1038/srep20118 published online: 01292016; updated: 03102016The original version of this Article contained typographical errors in the spelling of the author Terry G. Coursey, which was incorrectly given as Terry Coursy. This has now been corrected in the PDF and HTML versions of the Article.


Asbestos exposure is related to various diseases including asbestosis and malignant mesothelioma (MM). Among the pathogenic mechanisms proposed by which asbestos can cause diseases involving epithelial and mesothelial cells, the most widely accepted one is the generation of reactive oxygen species and/or depletion of antioxidants like glutathione. It has also been demonstrated that asbestos can induce inflammation, perhaps due to activation of inflammasomes.The oxidation state of thioredoxin was analyzed by redox Western blot analysis and ROS generation was assessed spectrophotometrically as a read-out of solubilized formazan produced by the reduction of nitrotetrazolium blue (NTB) by superoxide. Quantitative real time PCR was used to assess changes in gene transcription.Here we demonstrate that crocidolite asbestos fibers oxidize the pool of the antioxidant, Thioredoxin-1 (Trx1), which results in release of Thioredoxin Interacting Protein (TXNIP) and subsequent activation of inflammasomes in human mesothelial cells. Exposure to crocidolite asbestos resulted in the depletion of reduced Trx1 in human peritoneal mesothelial (LP9/hTERT) cells. Pretreatment with the antioxidant dehydroascorbic acid (a reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger) reduced the level of crocidolite asbestos-induced Trx1 oxidation as well as the depletion of reduced Trx1. Increasing Trx1 expression levels using a Trx1 over-expression vector, reduced the extent of Trx1 oxidation and generation of ROS by crocidolite asbestos, and increased cell survival. In addition, knockdown of TXNIP expression by siRNA attenuated crocidolite asbestos-induced activation of the inflammasome.Our novel findings suggest that extensive Trx1 oxidation and TXNIP dissociation may be one of the mechanisms by which crocidolite asbestos activates the inflammasome and helps in development of MM. Malignant mesothelioma (MM) is a deadly cancer arising from the mesothelium and its etiology usually involves asbestos exposure. MM is aThioredoxin is a small ubiquitously expressed redox active protein that is important for maintaining the reducing milieu of the cell, in part by reducing protein disulfide bonds that occur in response to oxidative processes. During reduction of disulfide bonds Trx1 itself becomes oxidized and in turn reduced by thioredoxin reductase (TR) using electrons from reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH). Trx1 is2 and grown to 80–90% confluency as described previouslyethanesulfonic acid; ARE: Antioxidant response element; zYVAD-fmk: Carbobenzoxy-tyrosyl-valyl-alanyl-aspartyl-[O-methyl]- fluoromethylketone; Chry: Chrysotile asbestos; Croc: Crocidolite asbestos; DHA: Dehydroascorbic acid; DMSO: Dimethyl sulfoxide; DTT: Dithiotreitol; Dox: Doxorubicin; EV: Empty vector; EDTA: Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid; ERK2: Extracellular signal regulated kinase 2; GB: Glass beads; HBSS: Hank’s balanced salt solution; HMGB1: High mobility group box 1; LP9/hTERT (LP9): hTERT- immortalized human peritoneal cell line; HPRT: Hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl transferase; IAA: Iodoacetic acid; LDH: Lactate dehydrogenase; MM: Malignant mesothelioma; MnSOD: Manganese superoxide dismutase; NAC: N-acetylcysteine; NADPH: Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate; NLRP3: NLR family pyrin domain containing 3; PBS: Phosphate-buffered saline; qRT-PCR/qPCR: Quantitative real time PCR; ROS: Reactive oxygen species; shERK2: Short hairpin RNA against ERK2; shCon: Short hairpin RNA non-targeting; SDS PAGE: Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; TBST: TBS-Tween; Trx1: Thioredoxin 1; TXNIP: Thioredoxin interacting protein; TR: Thioredoxin reductase; TBS: Tris-buffered saline.Authors declare no competing interests.JT, performed experiments and wrote the manuscript with the help of AS; CW, performed NAC and inflammasome related studies; MM, performed statistical analysis and made final figures for the publication. MM also provided technical assistance with many experiments; BM, conceived the initial idea and provided intellectual input; NH, provided all the plasmids used in the study and insightful discussion; PS, helped with redox Western blots; AS, conceived the idea, designed experiments, supervised the study, interpreted data, and helped JT in writing the manuscript. All authors have read and approved the manuscript.


There are errors in the Author Contributions. The correct contributions are: Conceived and designed the experiments: ALC CRM RP FG EFS. Performed the experiments: ALC AG. Analyzed the data: ALC CRM RP. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: FC FG EFS. Wrote the paper: ALC CRM RP FG EFS FC.


Nature Communications7, Article number: 11317 10.1038/ncomms11317 (2016); Published: 04282016; Updated: 0526201615.13155/ncomms11317. This has now been corrected in both the PDF and HTML versions of the Article.The original version of this Article contained an error in the doi number, which was incorrectly given as


Scientific Reports6: Article number: 2529710.1038/srep25297; published online: 04292016; updated: 05312016The original version of this Article contained a typographical error in the spelling of the author Genyue Fu, which was incorrectly given as Genyu Fu. This has now been corrected in the PDF and HTML versions of the Article.


Nature Communications 6: Article number: 788610.1038/ncomms8886 (2015); Published: 08072015; Updated: 10072015The original version of this Article contained an error in the phrase ‘single electron spins' in the title. This has now been corrected in both the PDF and HTML versions of the Article.


Nature Communications 7: Article number: 1164110.1038/ncomms11641 (2016); Published: 05182016; Updated: 06242016.The original version of this Article contained an error in the spelling of the author Somenath Bakshi, which was incorrectly given as Somenath Bakhsi. This has now been corrected in both the PDF and HTML versions of the Article.


Nature Communications 6: Article number: 741410.1038/ncomms8414 (2015); Published: 06162015; Updated: 02182016.The authors inadvertently omitted Kimiora L. Ward, who managed and contributed data, from the author list. This has now been corrected in both the PDF and HTML versions of the Article.


Scientific Reports5: Article number: 14570; 10.1038/srep14570published online: 09282015; updated: 10292015The original version of this Article contained a typographical error in the spelling of the author Hoe-Yune Jung which was incorrectly given as Hoe-Youn Jung.This has now been corrected in both the PDF and HTML versions of the Article.


Citation: Inderjit. 2015. Introduction to the Special Issue: The role of soil microbial-driven belowground processes in mediating exotic plant invasions. AoB PLANTS7: plv052; doi:10.1093/aobpla/plv052One of the articles in the special issue  was not included in the previous version of the introduction. A revised version which includes the missing article has been published, and we apologize for the omission.


AbstractCales has been extensively revised recently and divided into two species groups, the noacki- and spenceri-groups The genus Calesmotterni Polaszek, Shih & Ward sp. nov. is described from two females reared from the whitefly Bemisiapongamiae from Taiwan. The species belongs to the spenceri- group, and has a characteristic and unusual antennal clava. A key to the four species currently known from the spenceri-group is provided. CalesCalesnoacki Howard from eggs of Lepidoptera , C.orchamoplati Viggiani & Carver and C.berryi Mottern & Heraty .A series of surveys was undertaken from 2004 to 2014 for the collection of parasitoid host whiteflies, scale insects and aphids in Taiwan. Whiteflies were identified by C.C. Ko, National Taiwan University, where the holotype and paratype are deposited. Collection and rearing methods during this survey are detailed by Morphological terminology and the format for species descriptions follow NTU: National Taiwan UniversityPolaszek, Shih & Ward, 2015sp. n.urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:81A93438-A9A8-45D3-9091-1EB842972CCAType status:Holotype. Occurrence: recordedBy: Y.T. Shih; individualCount: 1; sex: female; previousIdentifications: Bemisiapongamiaeex ; Location: country: TAIWAN; stateProvince: Xindian District; locality: Wulai; locationRemarks: Acer sp.on ; Event: eventDate: 10.xii.2010; Record Level: type: on slide; institutionID: NTUType status:Paratype. Occurrence: recordedBy: Y.T. Shih; individualCount: 1; sex: female; previousIdentifications: Bemisiapongamiaeex ; Location: country: TAIWAN; stateProvince: Xindian District; locality: Wulai; locationRemarks: Acer sp.on ; Event: eventDate: 10.xii.2010; Record Level: type: on slide; institutionID: NTUColour: pale brown; vertex of head and anterior half of mesoscutum orange; posterior half of mesoscutum and scutellum brown; face and legs pale, almost white.Head with transverse sculpture, face ventral to antennae with scattered slender setae Fig. Unknown.Calesmotternisp.n. can be distinguished from other species in the genus by the following combination of characters: antennal clava with several multiporous plate sensilla attached throughout their lengths; each side lobe of mesoscutum with one seta; fore wing with setae rather evenly distributed; a single row of small campaniform sensilla on dorsal surface of basal cell, just posterior to submarginal vein.The species is named for Dr Jason Mottern, formerly of the University of California, Riverside, USA in recognition of his major contribution to our understanding of this unusual genus.TAIWAN: Xindian District, Wulai.Bemisiapongamiae (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae). No parasitoids have been recorded to date from this host (A primary endoparasitoid of his host .Calesmotterni is an unusual species in several ways. Morphologically, the clava shows vestiges of having developed from a 2-segmented condition. This, plus the assumed plesiomorphic state of the wing setation, suggests it may be the most morphologically basal species known in the genus.The single female paratype is identical in all respects to the holotype. Calesmotternisp.n. is the only species of the genus currently known from Taiwan.


Scientific Reports6: Article number: 2928510.1038/srep29285; published online: 07082016; updated: 08192016.The original version of this Article contained a typographical error in the spelling of the author Baoqiang Du which was incorrectly given as Baoqing Du. This has now been corrected in the PDF and HTML versions of the Article.


Correction to:Corrigendum: British Journal of Cancer (2015) 113, 1641–1641; doi:10.1038/bjc.2015.391; published online 1 December 2015British Journal of Cancer, the authors noted that author KM Matula had been placed in the incorrect position on the author listing. The publishers would like to apologise for this mistake. The full and correct author listing is reproduced above.Upon publication of the above corrigendum in the


Scientific Reports5: Article number: 1424510.1038/srep14245; published online: 09182015; updated: 02082016.The original version of this Article contained typographical errors in the spelling of the authors Jaeyune Ryu, Hyoung-Juhn Kim and Jong Hyun Jang, which were incorrectly given as Jae Yoon Ryu, Hyung Juhn Kim and Jong Hyung Jang. These errors have now been corrected in the PDF and HTML versions of the Article.


Scientific Reports6: Article number: 2584410.1038/srep25844; published online: 05162016; updated: 06102016.The original version of this Article contained an error in the spelling of the author Asfa Alli Shaik which was incorrectly given as Alli Shaik Asfa. This has now been corrected in the PDF and HTML versions of the Article.


Nature Communications6, Article number: 7879 10.1038/ncomms8879 (2015); Published: 07292015; Updated: 08282013.The original version of this Article contained a typographical error in the spelling of the author Matthew Gilliham, which was incorrectly given as Matthew Gillham. This has now been corrected in both the PDF and HTML versions of the Article.


Scientific Reports5: Article number: 1399410.1038/srep13994; published online: 09142015; updated: 12162015The original version of this Article contained a typographical error in the spelling of the author Takahiro Masaki which was incorrectly given as Takahiro Masaski.This has now been corrected in the PDF and HTML versions of the Article.


A reference is omitted from the figure caption for The reference is: Forsman J, Van den Bogaard M, Linder C, Fraser D (accepted for publication 2014). Considering student retention as a complex system: a possible way forward for enhancing student retention. European Journal of Engineering Education.


Nature Communications 6: Article number: 723110.1038/ncomms8231 (2015); Published: 06042015; Updated: 08272015.The original version of this Article incorrectly named the author Shuxin Han as Sean Han. This has now been corrected in both the PDF and HTML versions of the Article.


Three authors were omitted from the author contributions section in the “contributed to the writing of the manuscript” sub-section. Please refer to the correct author contributions here:Conceived and designed the experiments: LC GB AB. Performed the experiments: LC GB GLP. Analyzed the data: LC GB FP GLP. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: CD AB GLP. Contributed to the writing of the manuscript: LC FP GB.GLP CD AB


Scientific Reports5: Article number: 1428810.1038/srep14288; published online: 09232015; updated: 12142015Review-only material was inadvertently published with the original version of this Article as Supplementary Movie 1. This has now been removed.


AbstractMyotisalbescens occurs from Mexico southward to Uruguay and Argentina. The species is known for all South American countries except French Guiana and Chile.Myotisalbescens occurs in the Guiana Shield with other four congeners, from which it can be distinguished by external and skull traits. As an aid to future identifications, we provide a key to this assemblage.Based on one specimen recently collected in French Guiana we fill part of the gap in the distribution of the species in South America.  Myotisalbescens was described by Etienne chauve-souris douzième (or chauve-souris brune-obscure) from Paraguay , on 31 July 2011 at an elevation of 42 m. The specimen was caught by hand, inside a hollow log. It is preserved in spirit, with skull prepared separately. The basicranium is broken, which prevented us from taking several measurements, but the rostrum and braincase—structures useful in identifications—are intact.The MHNG 1990.017 is an adult female  collected by M. Dewynter  at Rivière des Cascades, municipality of Montsinery, about 27 km SW of Cayenne, French Guiana  from Paraguarí, Paraguay. This set of specimens covers the entire distribution range of the species, and comprises most  of the morphological variation currently known for M.albescens.This specimen was directly or indirectly compared with more than 3,800 vouchers of New World Measurements are reported in millimetres (mm) and are from adults only. Dimensions were taken using digital callipers accurate to 0.02 mm, and craniodental measurements were taken under binocular microscopes with low magnification . Measurements include forearm length (FA), third metacarpal length (3MC), braincase breadth (BCB), interorbital breadth (IOB), postorbital breadth (POB), breadth across canines (BAC), breadth across molars (BAM), maxillary toothrow length (MTL), length of the upper molars (M1M3), and mandibular length (MAL). These measurements are defined in Type status:Other material. Occurrence: catalogNumber: MHNG 1990.017; occurrenceRemarks: caught by hand, inside a hollow log; sex: female; lifeStage: adult; preparations: Ethanol 70o GL; disposition: in collection; Taxon: scientificName: Myotisalbescens; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Chordata; class: Mammalia; order: Chiroptera; family: Vespertilionidae; genus: Myotis; specificEpithet: albescens; taxonRank: species; scientificNameAuthorship: ; vernacularName: Silver-tipped myotis; nomenclaturalCode: ICZN; taxonomicStatus: accepted; Location: higherGeography: French Guiana; Montsinery; Rivière des Cascades; continent: South America; country: French Guiana; stateProvince: Cayenne; municipality: Montsinery; locality: Cayenne, 27 km SW; verbatimElevation: 42 m; verbatimCoordinates: 04°45'01"N 52°29'08"W; verbatimLatitude: 04°45'01"N; verbatimLongitude: 52°29'08"W; verbatimCoordinateSystem: degrees decimal minutes; Event: eventDate: 2011-07-31Presence of a fringe of hairs along the trailing edge of uropatagium, long and silky pelage with frosted appearance on the dorsum, ears 9–14 mm in length, broad interorbital and postorbital constrictions, and globular braincase.Southern Veracruz, Mexico, southward through Central America to Uruguay and Argentina.Myotis, there is no one single character distinguishing M.albescens from its congeners. However, the species can be easily identified based on the following set of traits: presence of a fringe of hairs along the trailing edge of uropatagium, long and silky pelage with frosted appearance on the dorsum, ears 9–14 mm in length, broad interorbital and postorbital constrictions, and globular braincase. Although this set of traits is not fully present in some specimens, the presence of a fringe of hairs along the trailing edge of the uropatagium has been recorded in 99.4% of the specimens examined (500 out of 503) throughout the entire distribution range of the species, and is useful to distinguish it from all Neotropical species but M.atacamensis  and M.levis . Myotisatacamensis occurs from western Peru to northern Chile  for French Guiana and for all South American countries except Chile, from which the species is possibly absent. Its southernmost record on the west side of the Andes is in the semideciduous forests of north-western Peru  field identification that are likely erroneous. This stresses the importance of vouchered and carefully identified specimens to appropriately record species occurrences in such difficult taxonomic groups as the Neotropical Myotis  of which occur in French Guiana (Although this record does not add any biological information for the species, it is useful to more accurately describe the spectacular biodiversity of French Guiana, and emphasizes its rich biota, which is taxonomically and ecologically highly diversified for bats. Paracou in French Guiana concentrates one of the highest species diversity in the world, with ca. 78 species see . About 1h Guiana .


Scientific Reports6: Article number: 2930910.1038/srep29309; published online: 07072016; updated: 08242016The original version of this Article contained a typographical error in the spelling of the author Amitava Banerjee, which was incorrectly given as Amitava Banarjee. This has now been corrected in the PDF and HTML versions of the Article.


Scientific Reports5: Article number: 15578; 10.1038/srep15578 published online: 10232015; updated: 01202016.The original version of this Article contained a typographical error in the spelling of the author Gal Richter-Levin, which was incorrectly given as Gal Richter-Levine. This has now been corrected in both the PDF and HTML versions of the Article.


AbstractTelotheta Warren found in Ecuador and Bolivia are described. The paper focuses on the morphological description and illustration of the wing pattern and genitalia structures of the typus generis Telothetamuscipunctata Dognin and the newly identified species Telothetaunoi and Telothetafresei. The distinguishing characters of the genera Telotheta and Paromphacodes are also briefly discussed.Two new species of the lophochoristine genus  Geometramuscipunctata. Telothetachlorostigma), discussing the similarity of the species he discovered and Dognin's Geometramuscipunctata, highlighting the differences observed in the colour of the frons, and of the venation of the forewing.A delicate, bluish green moth from Southern Ecuador was described by Telotheta for the first time, presented a comparative morphological characterization and synonymized the two species. Telotheta  with the tribe Lophochoristini. She characterized the male and female genital structures of the monotypical genus Telotheta. The genus-level characteristics of Telotheta include: hind tibia with one pair of  spurs, the absence of the frenulum in females, the absence of usual transverse lines on wings, the absence of fields of modified scales on the male abdominal sternite A3. Pitkin described the female antennae as being filiform or dentate and mentioned the similarity of the genera Oospila Warren, 1897 and Telotheta, while the latter differs from the former by lacking the characteristical lophochoristine abdominal crests, which are composed of specialized, long, erect and curled scales.Telotheta are described below.Two further species of the genus The present study was initiated by attempts to identify moths found in the collections of the Estonian Museum of Natural History  and in the IZBE insect collection which is deposited at the Estonian University of Life Sciences (Tartu). The material is collected by Aare Lindt.Telothetamuscipunctata (see the description of Telothetafresei  below). Moths were mostly photographed prior to investigation of the genital structures using a Canon 300D digital camera, while genital slides were photographed with an Olympus SZ60 microscope and Leica M165C digital camera. The obtained photographs were augmented using Adobe Photoshop Elements v7 in order to improve their resolution.The mounting of emerald green moths is a complicated process and the method that was used required injecting some water into the thorax, followed by keeping the moth in a container with a high air moisture environment for about 2 hours, and finally desiccating the mounted sample at around 60°C for about 12 hours. Palpi, antennae, legs and details of wing venation were measured using an ocular micrometer and binocular microscopes, using 40× magnification. The genital slides of males and females were treated using established procedures , inspectLindt & Viidaleppsp. n.urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:DA996931-3FEE-4EF9-8DEE-E4D6FAE4AE0DType status:Holotype. Occurrence: sex: male; Location: country: Ecuador; stateProvince: Napo; verbatimLocality: Carlos Julio; verbatimElevation: 950 m; verbatimLatitude: 01°15'33"S; verbatimLongitude: 77°49'27"W; decimalLatitude: -1.259167; decimalLongitude: -77.824167; Event: samplingProtocol: UV light sampling; eventDate: 2008-02-10; Record Level: institutionCode: EMNHType status:Paratype. Occurrence: sex: 4 males; Location: country: Ecuador; stateProvince: Napo; verbatimLocality: Carlos Julio; verbatimElevation: 950 m; verbatimLatitude: 01°15'33"S; verbatimLongitude: 77°49'27"W; decimalLatitude: -1.259167; decimalLongitude: -77.824167; Event: samplingProtocol: UV light sampling; eventDate: 2008-02-10; Record Level: institutionCode: EMNH; collectionCode: IZBEHead, thorax and abdomen. Male: The wing span of males is 15–17 mm . The costal edge of the forewing is lined light brown (slightly rosy in Telothetamuscipunctata). The hindwing distal margins are evenly rounded, not slightly angulated at the middle.Male genitalia Type status:Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: Aare Lindt; individualCount: 1; sex: male; Location: country: Ecuador; stateProvince: Pichincha; verbatimLocality: El Transito; verbatimElevation: 1080; verbatimLatitude: 00°18'59"S; verbatimLongitude: 78°54'54"W; Event: samplingProtocol: UV light sampling; eventDate: 2008-02-03; Record Level: institutionCode: ENHMBoth original descriptions by P. Dognin and W. Warren (see Introduction) refer to the pale bluish green moths with large green discal blotches on both wings. The colour of the frons was described as yellowish ochreous by Dognin, and as brick red by Warren.Telothetamuscipunctata has a row of about 20 stout curved setae to the distal margin of valva, and the thorn-like projections of the sternite A8 appear slightly diverging . The forewing costal edge is lined light brown (slightly rosy in Telothetamuscipunctata).ngs Fig.  are densMale genitalia . The aedeagus is about 1.3 mm long. The distal process of the uncus is reduced, the gnathos arms are short hooked. In Telothetafresei the juxta and the transtilla together constitute a long anellar complex. The juxta is broader than in the two other species. The valva is apically bilobed, the apical lobe as in Telothetamuscipunctata (more slender in Telothetaunoi). The dorsal margin of the apical lobe bears about 8-10 scattered, stout, curved setae, and about 20 such setae in a row in Telothetamuscipunctata. The ventral margin of the subapical lobe of the valva is straight. Sternite A8 distal projections are flat and triangularly rounded, completely different from the slender, rigid projections in Telothetamuscipunctata and Telothetaunoi.lia Fig. c. The maTelothetamuscipunctata  and therefore treated as conspecific. Telothetamuscipunctata males by the presence of two rod-like processes to the posterior edge of the last abdominal sternite and females by having a large roundish sclerotization in  the sterigmal area, a membranous bursa copulatrix, provided with a "small signum with two tapered prongs" (Telothetamuscipunctata and Telothetafresei are clear. prongs" : 408. ThTelothetafresei from Ecuador and from Bolivia differ slightly in the shape of the eighth sternite of male abdomen. The sternite has triangular projections to its posterior edge in the populations of Ecuador, and more rounded projections in the  populations from Bolivia. This phenomenon requires further investigation: the differences are slight and, possibly, clinal.The series of This new species is named in honour of the former lutherian pastor in Lääne-Nigula, West Estionia, Theodor Alexander Benedict Frese. His insect collection, consisting of several thousands of mounted and labelled local butterflies, moths and other hexapods, was donated in 1864 to the Eestimaa Provintsiaalmuuseum, the precedor of the Estonian Museum of Natural History. The 150th anniversary of the Museum will be celebrated 2014. The gender is masculine.Telothetafresei is described from Eastern Ecuador and Bolivia.Telothetafresei is collected in tropical forests between about 500 m and 2000 m elevation.Telotheta species are to be separated as follows:The three Telothetamuscipunctata  moths have a slender frons, pale green, semidiaphanous wings and a bicornute sternite A8 in male;Telothetafresei moths have frons broad, both wings similarly pale green, the male sternite A8 flat with two broad projections distally;Telothetaunoi  has frons broad, forewings dark green and dense scaled, and the male sternite A8 bicornute like in Telothetamuscipunctata.


In the Funding section, one grant number from the funder Papes VI/FIOCRUZ/Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPQ) is missing. The grant number is: 407582/2012–6.


Nature Communications 6: Article number: 805610.1038/ncomms9056 (2015); Published: 08202015; Updated: 09232015.In Fig. 5d of this Article, a shaded box was inadvertently placed over the lower part of the panel during the final stages of production. The correct version of the figure appears below.Figure 5


Nature Communications7: Article number: 11826 10.1038/ncomms11826 (2016); Published: 06072016; Updated: 08162016The original version of this Article contained an error in the spelling of the author Frances Eun-Hyung Lee that was incorrectly given as Francis Eun-Hyung Lee. This has now been corrected in both the PDF and HTML versions of the Article.


Scientific Reports5: Article number: 1122810.1038/srep11228; published online: 06102015; updated: 09022015.In the Supplementary Information file originally published with this Article, the primer sequences for cloning the constructs were omitted. This error has now been corrected in the Supplementary Information that now accompanies the Article.


Nature Communications 6: Article number: 786610.1038/ncomms8866 (2015); Published: 07222015; Updated: 02102016.The original version of this Article contained an error in the spelling of the author Edda Kloppmann, which was incorrectly given as Edda Kloppman. This has now been corrected in both the PDF and HTML versions of the Article.


Scientific Reports6: Article number: 2577810.1038/srep25778; published online: 05122016; updated: 07202016The original version of this Article contained a typographical error in the spelling of the author Qingjian Wu, which was incorrectly given as Qingjiang Wu. This has now been corrected in the PDF and HTML versions of the Article.


Scientific Reports5: Article number: 13532; 10.1038/srep13532 published online: 09012015; updated: 05202016.The original version of this Article contained a typographical error in the spelling of the author Karen Vanhoorelbeke, which was incorrectly given as Karen Vanhoorelbeeke. This has now been corrected in the PDF and HTML versions of the Article.


BMC Medical Genomics [Following the publication of the article in Genomics , it was Given names: Herman M.J.Surname: SontropGiven names: Marcel J.T.Surname: ReindersGiven names: Perry D.Surname: MoerlandWe apologize for the inconvenience this may have caused.


Nature Communications6: Article number: 8745 10.1038/ncomms9745 (2015); Published: 10262015; Updated: 11272015The original version of this Article contained an error in the spelling of the author Gilbert Di Paolo, which was incorrectly given as Gilbert D. Paolo. This has now been corrected in both the PDF and HTML versions of the Article.


Nature Communications 6: Article number: 868710.1038/ncomms9687 (2015); Published: 10222015; Updated: 01112016.The original version of this Article contained an error in the spelling of the author Tomislav Ilicic, which was incorrectly given as Tomislav Illicic. This has now been corrected in both the PDF and HTML versions of the Article.


Scientific Reports6: Article number: 2132310.1038/srep21323; published online: 02182016; updated: 04132016Supplementary Datasets 2–5 were inadvertently published with the original version of this Article. These have now been removed.


Nature Communications6: Article number: 888410.1038/ncomms9884 (2015); Published: 12022015; Updated: 01212016.The original HTML version of this Article contained an error in the spelling of the author R. Elizabeth Sockett, which was incorrectly given as Elizabeth R. Sockett. This has now been corrected in the HTML. The PDF version of the Article was correct from the time of publication.


Nature Communications6: Article number:681910.1038/ncomms7819 (2015); Published 04142016; Updated 06142016The original version of this Article contained an error in the spelling of the author Hugh P. Possingham, which was incorrectly given as Hugh P. Posssingham. This has now been corrected in both the PDF and HTML versions of the Article.


Scientific Reports6: Article number: 21817; 10.1038/srep21817 published online: 02242016; updated: 05202016.In Figure 2 of this Article, the upper left graph is a duplication of the upper right graph. The correct Figure 2 appears below as


Scientific Reports6: Article number: 1931910.1038/srep19319; published online: 01132016; updated: 04132016In the original version of this Article, the symbol “In addition, the HTML version of the Article incorrectly listed Venkata Jayasurya Yallapragada, and not Venu Gopal Achanta, as corresponding author.These errors have now been corrected in the PDF and HTML versions of the Article.


Scientific Reports6: Article number: 23499; 10.1038/srep23499 published online: 03232016; updated: 04292016.In the Supplementary Information file originally published with this Article, references 31 and 32 were incorrectly given as references 44 and 45 respectively. These errors have been corrected in the Supplementary Information that now accompanies the Article.


AbstractMilichiidae are often myrmecophilic. We document the first record of a fly from this family interacting with an ant of the genus Polyrhachis. In lowland riparian rainforest in Sabah, Malaysia, we observed a female of the genus Milichia following an ant of the species of P.illaudata, and repeatedly attempting to make close contact. Our observation suggests that the dipteran may have been attempting to feed kleptoparasitically from the Polyrhachis worker, since members of this ant genus often feed on liquid carbohydrate-rich food resources. This is the first time an interaction has been observed between a fly of this family and an ant of this widespread old world tropical genus.Flies in the family  Milichid flies often interact with ants, with either adults feeding kleptoparasitically from foraging ant workers, or larvae feeding on detritus in the nest . Howeverth 2014, in an area of regularly inundated riparian forest 100m from the river  close to the field centre, we observed an ant of the genus Polyrhachis traversing the top of a plastic sheet c. 50 cm in height, which was being used as a vertical barrier to trap amphibians on the forest floor during the field course. The single Polyrhachis worker was being followed closely (c. 3 cm above and behind) by a hovering dipteran, which frequently attempted to make closer contact with the ant, in particular when the ant stopped moving. The ant was not behaving normally, but appeared to be attempting evasion of the dipteran. We observed this for approximately thirty seconds before collecting both ant and dipteran into a plastic container. The dipteran was initially not disturbed by its collection, and continued for some time with attempts to make close contact with the ant. We were unable to directly observe the outcome of these attempts (either kleptoparasitism or oviposition). Both insects were then preserved in 95% ethanol and point mounted for identification. To identify the ant we first used a key to the ant genera of Borneo . To identify the fly we used the key to genera at http://milichiidae.info/content/key-genera-milichiidae, based on that of Field observation and collection was conducted during a field course organised by the Naturalis Biodiversity Center at Danau Girang Field Centre on the lower Kinabatangan river, Sabah, Malaysia. On March 4f Borneo . We thenf Borneo  and finaMeigen, 1830Type status:Other material. Occurrence: individualCount: 1; sex: female; lifeStage: adult; behavior: following an ant; preparations: whole animal point mounted; disposition: In collection; otherCatalogNumbers: DIP 00713; Taxon: scientificName: Milichia; parentNameUsage: Milichiinae; originalNameUsage: Milichia Meigen 1830; Location: higherGeography: Asia; Malaysia; Sabah; Kinabatangan River Floodplain; continent: Asia; country: Malaysia; stateProvince: Sabah; locality: Kinabatangan River Floodplain; verbatimLocality: Kinabatangan River Floodplain ~10km downstream from Lahad Datu - Sandakan road crossing; verbatimElevation: 30 m; verbatimCoordinates: 5.4115, 118.0395; verbatimLatitude: 5.4115; verbatimLongitude: 118.0395; verbatimCoordinateSystem: decimal degrees; decimalLatitude: 5.4115; decimalLongitude: 118.0395; Identification: identifiedBy: Irina Brake; dateIdentified: 13-09-2014; identificationReferences: Brake (2000); identificationRemarks: Milichia females to species.Not possible to assign ; Event: samplingProtocol: Manual collection into plastic pot.; samplingEffort: Single collection event.; eventDate: 2014-03-04; habitat: Riparian lowland rain forest.Walker, 1859Type status:Other material. Occurrence: individualCount: 1; sex: female; lifeStage: adult; behavior: foraging; preparations: whole animal point mounted; disposition: in collection; otherCatalogNumbers: HYM 0003736; Taxon: scientificName: Polyrhachis (Myrma) illaudata Walker 1859; parentNameUsage: Formicinae; Location: higherGeography: Asia; Malaysia; Sabah; Kinabatangan River Floodplain; continent: Asia; country: Malaysia; stateProvince: Sabah; locality: Kinabatangan River Floodplain; verbatimLocality: Kinabatangan River Floodplain ~10km downstream from Lahad Datu - Sandakan road crossing; verbatimElevation: 30 m; verbatimCoordinates: 5.4115, 118.0395; verbatimLatitude: 5.4115; verbatimLongitude: 118.0395; verbatimCoordinateSystem: decimal degrees; decimalLatitude: 5.4115; decimalLongitude: 118.0395; Identification: identifiedBy: Tom M. Fayle; dateIdentified: 2014-06-20; identificationReferences: www.antbase.net; The BORNEENSIS collection at the Institute for Tropical Biology, Universiti Malaysia Sabah; Dorow 1995.; Event: samplingProtocol: Manual collection into plastic pot.; samplingEffort: Single sampling occasion.; eventDate: 2014-03-04Milichia . The ant was identified as belonging to the species Polyrhachisillaudata , and P.beccarii, which is morphologically similar, but much larger than P.illaudata.The dipteran was identified as a female of the genus hia Fig. , in the ata Fig.  in the sMilichiidae being associated with an ant in the genus Polyrhachis. The only other record of an ant in the tribe Camponotini being associated with this family of flies is that of Camponotusacvapimensis, with a fly of the species Milichiasavannaticola being found with the ant, although it was not clear whether the two species were interacting (Formicinae including Lasius (Formica (Milichia female was attempting to feed kleptoparasitically from the P.illaudata ant, since many other species of diptera in this family are known to conduct such attacks, either feeding on regurgitated liquid food or through licking anal secretions (Polyrhachis ants, and indeed other genera in the Camponotini, are known to feed extensively on liquid carbohydrate-rich food sources at extrafloral and floral nectaries, and also to attend homopterans (To our knowledge, this is the first record of a fly in the family eracting . Howeverg Lasius  and Form(Formica . Althougcretions . Polyrhaopterans , and henopterans . Howeveropterans , and so


Scientific Reports6: Article number: 2089810.1038/srep20898; published online: 02162016; updated: 04132016The original version of this Article contained a typographical error in the spelling of the author Josef Andreas Weber, which was incorrectly given as Josef Andreass Weber. This has now been corrected in the PDF and HTML versions of the Article.