Pieridae is a large group of butterflies which plays an important role in evolutionary biology and contains many potential pests , was discovered for the first time, which comprises the first record of the genus Belenois in China and the highest altitude record of this species.The family al pests . PieridaB.aurota  is the first record of the genus Belenois from China. The specimen was collected at an altitude of about 3,000 m in Tibet Autonomous Region. Relevant details are presented for the species.The species  Pieridae, which is a cosmopolitan family, includes over 1,000 species in 83 genera  that is distributed in the Oriental and Australian Realms. China is a country with mega-biodiversity, with new taxa and new records of butterflies discovered nearly every year in recent times  has been collected from Tibet Autonomous Region. The migration of the African colonies of this species almost every year has received lots of attention. The biology of B.aurota is also well studied. B.aurota larvae feed on plants of the family Capparidaceae, in particular the genus Capparis. Under some circumstances, the population erupts at local scale and defoliates the entire bush of Capparis; for example, in the Rwenzori National Park in Uganda, it has been a regular pest on C.decidua (Chandra 1985). The specimens collected in this contribution are the first record of the genus Belenois from China.In this contribution, a well-known migratory species Photographs of the adult were taken with an interchangeable lens digital camera Olympus E-M1 with the lens M. ZUIKO DIGITAL ED 60 mm F2.8 Macro. After removal, the abdomen was soaked in 10% potassium hydroxide solution at room temperature for about 24 hours and was dissected under a Nikon SMZ18 microscope. The genitalia preparation was photographed by a Nikon D7500 digital camera attached to the microscope. Final plates were prepared in Adobe Photoshop CC . The specimen examined is deposited in the insect collection, Department of Forest Protection, Beijing Forestry University (BFU), Beijing.1D570FA8-EC16-50B9-8F38-C650FC7A78EFType status:Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: Sixun Ge; individualCount: 1; sex: male; lifeStage: adult; disposition: in collection; Taxon: scientificName: Belenoisaurota ; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Insecta; order: Lepidoptera; family: Pieridae; genus: Belenois; subgenus: Anaphaeis; specificEpithet: aurota; taxonRank: species; verbatimTaxonRank: sp.; scientificNameAuthorship: ; vernacularName: Pioneer White; taxonomicStatus: accepted; Location: country: China; stateProvince: Tibet Autonomous Region; county: Zanda County; locality: East of Diya township; verbatimElevation: 2983 m; verbatimCoordinates: 31°78'83"N, 78°87'88"E; Identification: identifiedBy: Sixun Ge; dateIdentified: 2019; Event: samplingProtocol: sweep net; year: 2019; month: 7; day: 17; habitat: Desolate valley beside the road; Record Level: basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimenMale Belenoisaurota is found both in Asia and Africa, this species is migratory, the migration of the species in South Africa has received considerable attention in previous studies . We are more inclined to recognise this specimen as a stray butterfly based on its location — far from the known distribution area and a single record for several decades.Interestingly, although there has been no official publication of this species in China, we found a specimen labelled “China, Sichuan, Mt. Kintushan, [probably Jinfo Shan in Chongqing] (ohne Datum) [no date], ex coll. A. SCHULTE. Männchen [male].” on a European butterfly website (B.aurota were mainly distributed in areas below 1,800 m, the highest altitude recorded for the distribution of this species being 2,400 m in Nilgiris, India (B.aurota was collected at an altitude of about 3,000 m which is the highest altitude record of this species. Colonies of an undetermined Capparis species were also found around Diya Township (Fig. Capparishimalayensis, which could be a suitable host plant for B.aurota larvae. Due to the existence of the host plant, we believe that our B.aurota specimen, collected in the Diya Township, was highly likely from a local population rather than a stray butterfly.In previous studies, the Himalayan populations of s, India . However


To determine whether location-linked anaesthesiology calculator mobile application (app) data can serve as a qualitative proxy for global surgical case volumes and therefore monitor the impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic.We collected data provided by users of the mobile app “Anesthesiologist” during 1 October 2018–30 June 2020. We analysed these using RStudio and generated 7-day moving-average app use plots. We calculated country-level reductions in app use as a percentage of baseline. We obtained data on COVID-19 case counts from the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. We plotted changing app use and COVID-19 case counts for several countries and regions.A total of 100 099 app users within 214 countries and territories provided data. We observed that app use was reduced during holidays, weekends and at night, correlating with expected fluctuations in surgical volume. We observed that the onset of the pandemic prompted substantial reductions in app use. We noted strong cross-correlation between COVID-19 case count and reductions in app use in low- and middle-income countries, but not in high-income countries. Of the 112 countries and territories with non-zero app use during baseline and during the pandemic, we calculated a median reduction in app use to 73.6% of baseline.App data provide a proxy for surgical case volumes, and can therefore be used as a real-time monitor of the impact of COVID-19 on surgical capacity. We have created a dashboard for ongoing visualization of these data, allowing policy-makers to direct resources to areas of greatest need. Many health-care systems have responded by cancelling or delaying elective surgical procedures.,–Assessing the volume of global surgical care is notoriously difficult. Prior work in this area has relied on estimations based on modelling and labour-intensive retrospective analysis of data from nations where such information is routinely recorded and available.We previously developed a free anaesthesia calculator mobile application (app) for the Android platform, called Anesthesiologist.Our aim is to determine whether utilization of the app, aggregated over the large existing international user base, could serve as a real-time qualitative proxy for surgical case volume, and therefore be used to monitor the impact of, and recovery from, the COVID-19 pandemic.,,,Data collection using the app has been described in previous publications.We also queried the electronic data warehouses of the University of Washington and the Seattle Children’s Hospital for aggregate surgical case counts for the period 1 October 2018 to 18 April 2020, a time period capturing the relevant drops in surgical case volumes associated with holidays in the USA. We used publicly available data to classify World Health Organization (WHO) regions.,We analysed raw data in R using RStudio v3.6.2 ;We performed change point detection in time-series data using the cpm package.The study was reviewed and approved by the Emory University Institutional Review Board (study no. 00082571), and there is a reliance agreement in place with the University of Washington Institutional Review Board. The approval includes a waiver of written informed consent. Participants gave electronic consent anonymously before participating in any data collection. The app is a medical device that falls into the category of enforcement discretion as per the United States Food and Drug Administration.From 1 October 2018 to 30 June 2020, we collected and analysed 4 827 263 data points from 100 099 unique users in 214 countries and territories . ApproxiBox 1India: 12 374; United States of America: 4259; Germany: 4092; Russian Federation: 3630; Indonesia: 3352; Italy: 3304; Mexico: 2888; Pakistan: 2844; Brazil: 2155; Poland: 2052; Turkey: 2003; Egypt: 1709; Algeria: 1679; Spain: 1625; Colombia: 1520; Malaysia: 1353; France: 1267; Ethiopia: 1249; Ukraine: 1218; Nigeria: 1204; Kenya: 1156; Romania: 1136; Philippines: 1112; Iran (Islamic Republic of): 1097; Sudan: 1085; United Republic of Tanzania: 1067; Peru: 1032; Ghana: 1031; Yemen: 1019; Portugal: 1010; Libya: 997; Iraq: 961; United Kingdom: 926; Saudi Arabia: 924; South Africa: 903; Argentina: 732; Cuba: 724; Ecuador: 720; Bangladesh: 705; Democratic Republic of the Congo: 678; Belarus: 628; Viet Nam: 614; Netherlands: 610; Afghanistan: 567; Morocco: 565; Hungary: 561; China: 535; Chile: 507; Czechia: 507; Bolivia : 505; Israel: 468; Nepal: 462; Slovenia: 453; Madagascar: 450; Australia: 446; Croatia: 437; Austria: 436; Cameroon: 434; Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of): 434; Belgium: 420; Uzbekistan: 392; Canada: 389; Bulgaria: 386; Greece: 363; Tunisia: 360; Rwanda: 354; Serbia: 350; Myanmar: 327; Uganda: 315; Kazakhstan: 310; Switzerland: 305; Syrian Arab Republic: 298; Côte d’Ivoire: 297; Dominican Republic: 295; Slovakia: 272; Sweden: 272; Thailand: 270; Jordan: 264; Somalia: 256; Republic of Korea: 245; Mali: 241; Zimbabwe: 236; United Arab Emirates: 230; Georgia: 221; Angola: 220; Bosnia and Herzegovina: 199; Burundi: 198; Lithuania: 197; Zambia: 197; Paraguay: 194; Ireland: 187; Norway: 186; Sri Lanka: 178; Azerbaijan: 175; Lao People's Democratic Republic: 173; Haiti: 161; Lebanon: 161; Kuwait: 154; Cambodia: 146; Liberia: 145; El Salvador: 144; Niger: 142; Latvia: 139; West Bank and Gaza Strip: 138; Taiwan, China: 135; North Macedonia: 130; Mauritius: 129; Papua New Guinea: 124; Chad: 120; Nicaragua: 117; Republic of Moldova: 117; Mozambique: 114; Oman: 112; Senegal: 110; Honduras: 104; Tajikistan: 98; Fiji: 97; Albania: 91; Trinidad and Tobago: 91; Burkina Faso: 90; Guatemala: 90; Turkmenistan: 89; Mongolia: 87; Japan: 85; Qatar: 84; Namibia: 81; Guinea: 78; Guyana: 76; Singapore: 76; China, Hong Kong SAR: 74; Kyrgyzstan: 74; Uruguay: 74; Panama: 73; Denmark: 72; Estonia: 71; Jamaica: 71; Finland: 69; Sierra Leone: 68; Armenia: 67; New Zealand: 67; Congo: 64; Gambia: 62; Malawi: 62; Kosovo: 56; Benin: 55; Costa Rica: 54; Mauritania: 54; Cyprus: 48; Puerto Rico: 45; South Sudan: 45; Bahrain: 39; Botswana: 38; Djibouti: 37; Lesotho: 36; Comoros: 33; Bhutan: 32; Gabon: 31; Togo: 29; Montenegro: 28; Maldives: 26; Luxembourg: 21; Belize: 20; French Réunion: 19; Seychelles: 17; Suriname: 17; Bahamas: 16; Malta: 16; Sao Tome and Principe: 15; Barbados: 14; Iceland: 14; Antigua and Barbuda: 13; Central African Republic: 13; Solomon Islands: 13; Eswatini: 13; Timor-Leste: 12; Equatorial Guinea: 11; Cabo Verde: 10; Tonga: 9; Brunei Darussalam: 8; New Caledonia: 8; Guadeloupe: 7; Guinea-Bissau: 7; China, Macao SAR: 6; Tuvalu: 5; Vanuatu: 5; Aruba: 4; Martinique: 4; Monaco: 4; Anguilla: 3; Cayman Islands: 3; Kiribati: 3; Micronesia (Federated States of): 3; Saint Lucia: 3; Saint Vincent and the Grenadines: 3; American Samoa: 2; Eritrea: 2; French Polynesia: 2; Mayotte: 2; Åland Islands: 1; Andorra: 1; Bermuda: 1; Cook Islands: 1; Curaçao: 1; Dominica: 1; Faroe Islands: 1; Greenland: 1; Grenada: 1; Isle of Man: 1; Liechtenstein: 1; Palau: 1; Saint Martin (French part): 1; Samoa: 1; San Marino: 1; United States Virgin Islands: 1.App: mobile application; SAR: Special Administrative Region.Note: A small number of users (44) had country codes that were not standard ISO 3166 α-2 codes, meaning that their country of origin could not be reliably determined.–We demonstrate in ,We also observed an expected variation in app use by the day of the week, consistent with known data demonstrating that surgical case volumes are highest during the middle of the week and much lower over weekends (data repository).We illustrate the impacts of COVID-19 on app use in We further used this data to illustrate variability in app use relative to counts of COVID-19 cases. Overall, app use declined as COVID-19 cases increased during the study period . We founWe generated a map of the global impact of COVID-19 on app use (available in the data repository),Many people in low- and middle-income countries are already without adequate access to safe anaesthetic and surgical care at baseline.,The benefits and challenges associated with the collection of health-care data using mobile technology have been discussed in previous publications.A specific strength of our work is the practical use of the app from which data were gathered and analysed. Users download and use the app for the clinical care of patients. The app has never been advertised or its use encouraged via notifications or other mechanisms, meaning that use of the app reflects stochastic clinical care events. This same stochasticity highlights a limitation of the work, however; data from individual regions or countries with a small user base reduce the confidence we can assign to the association between app use time-series data and surgical case volume. By excluding many more high- and middle-income countries than low-income countries with zero app use during the relevant periods in our calculation of median app use reduction, we have probably underestimated the global impact of COVID-19 on surgical case volumes.Another important limitation is that the app is used primarily for the care of paediatric cases (about 75% of app uses are for patients aged 12 years and younger), and this predominance may drive greater use of the app in low- and middle-income countries where (i) subspecialty training in paediatric anaesthesia is less prevalent compared with in high-income countries; and (ii) as much as 50% of the population in low- and middle-income countries may be younger than 16 years. Notably, these needs in low- and middle-income countries are not trivial: 1.7 billion children lack adequate access to surgical care and an estimated 85% of children will need surgical care by the age of 16 years.Finally, we acknowledge that many factors may drive changes in patterns of app use, and hence the relationship between app use and surgical case volume for a given country or region. For example, users are more likely to consult the app during emergencies,http://globalcases.info). Longer term, our app could be combined with other data to assist with measurement of global surgical capacity as part of the Global Surgery 2030 initiative. In conclusion, we present a real-time qualitative monitor of the impact of COVID-19 on global surgical volumes, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Combined with other information sources, our app provides governments, global health organizations and philanthropic groups access to data providing markers of recovery – or otherwise – of surgical capacity, as well as the opportunity to direct resources to the areas of greatest need. To ensure the ongoing accessibility of this information, we have developed a near real-time dashboard (


Correction to: BMC Pediatrhttps://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-017-0844-6Following the publication of article by Cauble et al. , typograThe paper lists the Deierlein equation as:The correct Deierlein equation is:The paper lists the Lingwood equation as:The correct Lingwood equation is:


Following publication of the original article , the autThe Funding section originally read:This work was funded by Grants #82070034, #81970033, #31900424, #81570026, #81670002 and #3167188 from the NSFC; Grants #2017JJ2402, #2019JJ50760 from the Hunan Natural Science Foundation; Grant #20K142 from open Foundation of Hunan College Innovation Program and Grants #2018zzts813, #2018zzts812, #2019zzts327, #2019zzts1008 from the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of Central South University.The Funding section should read:This work was funded by Grants #82070034, #81970033, #31900424, #81670002 and #31671188 from the NSFC; grants #2020JJ4776, #2020JJ4688, #2019JJ50760 from the Hunan Natural Science Foundation; grant #20K142 from open Foundation of Hunan College Innovation Program and grants #2019zzts327, #2019zzts1008 from the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of Central South University.The original article  has been


Objective: This study aims the perspectives of older adults on their sexual well-being. For this purpose, a qualitative research was carried out, which analyzes older adults’ perspectives on indicators of sexual well-being in Portugal and Romania. Methods: Forty seven older participants aged 65 to 91 years, were interviewed. Participants lived in the community. All the interviews went through content analysis. Results: Preliminary results of content analysis generated 5 themes for the Romanian sample: Supportive relationship ; positive financial situation ; good health ; education ; and family support ; and five themes for the Portuguese sample: Supportive relationship ; demonstration of love ; sharing joint activities ; positive attitude and good humor ; and open communication ; Conclusions: This study highlighted the perspectives of Portuguese and Romanian older adults concerning sexual well-being. For both samples, showing a supportive relationship with a partner was the more frequent theme. Keywords: Content analysis; cross-national; older adults; qualitative study; sexual well-being.


The authors of “Treatment Adherence and Secondary Prevention of Ischemic Stroke Among Discharged Patients Using Mobile Phone- and WeChat-Based Improvement Services: Cohort Study” :e16496) noticed several errors in their published article. The following corrections have been implemented:In the Abstract, the sentence:Of the platform registry participants, 88.9%  adhered to inputting information into WeChat for 8-96 weeks.Has been corrected to:Of the platform registry participants, 89.7%  adhered to inputting information into WeChat for 8-96 weeks.This change does not impact the findings of the paper.The following additional changes have also been made within the manuscript. The caption of Figure 3 has been corrected from “Untitled.” to:Synchronous web terminal of the WeChat information platform part 1.Figure 4 was formerly captioned:Synchronous web terminal of the WeChat information platform.This has been revised to:Synchronous web terminal of the WeChat information platform part 2.Figure 6 was formerly captioned:Flowchart of the study design. PUSH: Peking University Shougang Hospital; PUTH: Peking University Third Hospital; ITT: intention-to-treat.This has been revised to:Selection bias analysis of the WeChat platform registry population. DM: diabetes mellitus; HLP: hyperlipidemia; HP: hypertension; TIA: transient ischemic attack.Figure 7 was formerly captioned:Selection bias analysis of the WeChat platform registry population. DM: diabetes mellitus; HLP: hyperlipidemia; HP: hypertension; TIA: transient ischemic attack.This has been revised to:Participants' usage of the WeChat-based modules.Figure 8 was formerly captioned:Participants' usage of the WeChat-based modules.This has been revised to:Survival functions: Kaplan-Meier analysis of the rate of endpoint events during the 1-year follow-up.Finally, Figure 9 was formerly captioned:Survival functions: Kaplan-Meier analysis of the rate of endpoint events during the 1-year follow-up.This has been revised to:Demographics of the participants with good and poor adherence.The correction will appear in the online version of the paper on the JMIR website on April 29, together with the publication of this correction notice. Because this was made after submission to PubMed, PubMed Central, and other full-text repositories, the corrected article has also been resubmitted to those repositories.


There is an error in the Competing Interests statement. The correct Competing Interests statement is as follows: Co-author K. Nakayama is a co-founder and shareholder of Cyfuse Biomedical KK. and an inventor/ developer designated on the patent for the Bio-3D printer. Patent title: Method for Production of Three-Dimensional Structure of Cells; patent number: JP4517125. Patent title: Cell Structure Production Device; patent number: JP5896104. The other authors have declared that no competing interests exist. This does not alter the authors' adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.


Prevalence of mental health conditions, sensory impairments and physical disability in people with co-occurring intellectual disabilities and autism compared with other people: a cross-sectional total population study in Scotland. BMJ Open 2020;10:e035280. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-035280.Dunn K, Rydzewska E, Fleming M, This article was previously published with an error. The funding information in the published article was incomplete. The updated funding information is stated below:This work was supported by the UK Medical Research Council, grant number: MC_PC_17217) and the Scottish Government via the Scottish Learning Disabilities Observatory.


The following information is missing from the Data Availability statement: The plasmids described in this study are available from Addgene:plasmid pBDC, Addgene ID: 135188plasmid pBDK, Addgene ID: 135190plasmid pCNA, Addgene ID: 135191plasmid pSNA, Addgene ID: 135192plasmid pSNK, Addgene ID: 135193There is an error in S2 Table(DOCX)Click here for additional data file.


The online article and PDF will be updated in due course.In this research article by Dagens and colleagues (BMJ 2020;369:m1936, doi:


Metformin blunts muscle hypertrophy in response to progressive resistance exercise training in older adults: A randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, multicenter trial: The MASTERS trial. Aging Cell. 2019; 18:e13039. c mean (SD) were incorrect. The correct data is shown as follow:In Table In addition, related measures presented in Appendix S2 under Supporting Information have been updated online.The authors would like to apologize for the inconvenience caused.


Correction to: BMC Infect Dis (2020) 20:897https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-020-05605-3Following publication of the original article , the autThe incorrect caption is: "Admission early in the epidemic versus later in the epidemic".The correct caption is: "Multivariate analysis of risk factors for death versus hospital discharge".The original article  has been


Scientific Reports 10.1038/s41598-019-56360-8, published online 27 December 2019Correction to: In the original version of this Article, Parastoo Mojtahed Zadeh-Ardabili and Sima Kianpour Rad were omitted as equally contributing first authors. Therefore, the below equal contribution statement has been added:“These authors contributed equally: Parastoo Mojtahed Zadeh-Ardabili and Sima Kianpour Rad.”In addition, the author contribution statement has been updated from:Designing of experiments: Abolfazl Movafagh, Parastoo Mojtahed Zadeh-Ardabili and Sima Kianpour Rad; Consultation: Abolfazl Movafagh; Experimental works: Parastoo Mojtahed Zadeh-Ardabili and Sima Kianpour Rad; Acquisition of data: Sima Kianpour Rad; Analysis and interpretation of data: Sima Kianpour Rad; Drafting of manuscript: Parastoo Mojtahed Zadeh-Ardabili, Sima Kianpour Rad and Soheila Kianpour Rad; Critical revision: Sima Kianpour Rad and Abolfazl Movafagh. All authors contributed toward data analysis, drafting and critically revising the paper, and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work.to:Parastoo Mojtahed Zadeh-Ardabili and Sima Kianpour are considered as first authors in this publication. Designing of experiments: Abolfazl Movafagh, Parastoo Mojtahed Zadeh-Ardabili and Sima Kianpour Rad; Consultation: Abolfazl Movafagh; Experimental works: Parastoo Mojtahed Zadeh-Ardabili and Sima Kianpour Rad; Acquisition of data: Sima Kianpour Rad; Analysis and interpretation of data: Sima Kianpour Rad; Drafting of manuscript: Parastoo Mojtahed Zadeh-Ardabili, Sima Kianpour Rad and Soheila Kianpour Rad; Critical revision: Sima Kianpour Rad and Abolfazl Movafagh. All authors contributed toward data analysis, drafting and critically revising the paper, and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work.These errors have now been corrected in the PDF and HTML versions of the paper.


The online version has been amended.This paper by Weedon and colleagues (BMJ 2021;372:n214, doi:


Additionally, focal mechanism solutions of the main Mw 6.5 and its biggest triggered aftershock Mw 5.2 events were acquired. Such datasets could provide a basis for further seismology analysis, including seismic tomography, source mechanism analysis, and further seismic hazard analysis in the Ambon and Seram islands. This paper and its dataset are a companion for a published article in the Tectonophysics under the title “Source Mechanism and Triggered Large Aftershocks of the Mw 6.5 Ambon, Indonesia Earthquake” This article presents earthquake catalogs of the 2019 Ambon aftershocks compiled from regional the Agency for Meteorology, Climatology, and Geophysics of Indonesia (BMKG) and local seismic networks deployed in  The second sheet includes the velocity model used in locating the aftershocks in The first dataset contains station coordinates and velocity model for determining the hypocenter location of 2019 Ambon aftershocks. This is a Microsoft Excel worksheet consisting of two sheets. The first sheet contains the coordinates of the eleven local seismographic stations used for monitoring the 2019 Ambon aftershocks A: YEAR; B: MONTH; C: DAY: date type variables indicating the date for each earthquake.D: HOUR; E: MINUTE; F: SECOND: date type variables indicating the time for each earthquake.G: LONGITUDE; H: LATITUDE: double type variables  indicating the location (longitude and latitude) for each event.I: DEPTH: double type variable  indicating the depth of each individual earthquake.J: MAGNITUDE: double type variables indicating the reported magnitudes  for the included earthquakes. The type of the magnitude is ML  for regional BMKG catalog K,L,M: UNCERTAINTY: double type variables indicating the calculated uncertainty  for each event. This information is only available for aftershock catalog determined using local seismic network The second Microsoft Excel file in the Mendeley Data repository includes earthquake catalogs of 2019 Ambon aftershocks. The files contain a total of 1009 and 1764 earthquakes taken from BMKG catalog A–I: similar with the format of the aftershock catalog mentioned earlier.J: MAGNITUDE: double type variable  indicating the final considered moment magnitude for each earthquake included.K: Strike 1; L: Dip 1; M: Rake 1; N: Strike 2; O: Dip 2; P: Rake 2: these columns represent the two nodal planes for the focal mechanism solution for each earthquake; each column contains a number for each mentioned individual parameter .Q: SOURCE: string variables indicating the source of the focal solutions.The third file in the repository is the focal mechanism of the 2019 Ambon aftershock main event and its biggest M 5.2 triggered event. The focal solutions of the main M 6.5 event were taken from Global CMT http://ds.iris.edu/ds/nodes/dmc) under the network codes II, IU, G, IC, dan RM. This file consists of two tables, i.e. represent each focal solution plane. Each table consists of four columns: X and Y location, seismic moments, and rake of each node. The header describes the reference point (X=0 km and Y=0 km) used in the inversion scheme.The fourth Microsoft Excel file is the slip model of the main 2019 Ambon earthquake derived using teleseismic data. The teleseismic dataset of the M 6.5 event was gathered from the Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology (IRIS) Data Management Center (DMC) (2o and 128.60o and latitudes between −3.70o and −3.30o and occurred between October 18th to December 15th, 2019 were considered during the dataset compilation. During this monitoring period, 1009 and 1764 events were compiled from the BMKG 2019 Ambon aftershocks located in the spatial region spanning longitudes between 128.15Focal mechanism solutions of the 2019 Ambon main event and its largest M 5.2 triggered event were obtained from gCMT The related article has been submitted to the Tectonophysics under the title “Source Mechanism and Triggered Large Aftershocks of the Mw 6.5 Ambon, Indonesia Earthquake”.DPS, ADN, AM, AAR and SR: Conceptualization, Methodology, Software; ZZ, SW, NTP and AP: Writing-Original draft preparation; AL, DK, AA, YH and AWB: Visualization, Software and Validation; HAS: Software, Slip Model.The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships which have or could be perceived to have influenced the work reported in this article.


Coleoptera: Cucujidae) is a small insect family with only about 70 species. Most of the species are distributed in Holarctic, Oriental and/or Australasian realms, while in South America, only six species have been recorded, including a single one known from Peru.The flat bark beetles  and Cusco and Junín (P.nicaraguae) Regions of Peru, based, in part, on data collected through the iNaturalist citizen science database. Habitats of both species are presented in photographs for the first time. A country-level checklist to Cucujidae species currently known from South America is provided.Two cucujid beetle species,  Coleoptera: Cucujidae) form a small insect family which includes five genera and almost 70 species and is distributed worldwide, except for Africa, Antarctica, most of the oceanic islands and the greater part of the Arctic  fall within the tropical and subtropical climatic zones, with a mainly temperate climate in the southern regions. The western part of the continent is characteristically arid , while a cold, polar climate is present only in southern regions of Argentina and Chile . As a coPalaestesabruptus from Peru  in a photo published on the iNaturalist website . The iNaturalist site allows observers from around the world to post images of organisms on the website, while others provide identifications. Although the observer of the Palaestesabruptus photograph  was unable to send the material for study, he provided information that allowed RJ to contact Mr. Pavel Udovichenko, an insect dealer in Russia, who had additional material of this species. Subsequently, two male specimens were received from this seller. Moreover, Mr. Andrey Azarov sent us a pair of Palaestesnicaraguae adults for study. These specimens are currently deposited in the first author’s collection (RJC). Three further specimens from Peru were examined by JM from loan material from the Florida State Collection of Arthropods, Gainesville, Florida, USA (FSCA), provided by the late Michael Thomas.This project was prompted from viewing a single male The specimens examined in this study were identified, based on the original species descriptions  and by cSharp, 189964FD53F4-FE8A-5EB8-8A94-53CE3A5B658EType status:Other material. Occurrence: sex: 2 males; lifeStage: adult; Taxon: higherClassification: Animalia; Arthropoda; Insecta; Coleoptera; Cucujidae' Palaestes; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Insecta; order: Coleoptera; family: Cucujidae; genus: Palaestes; specificEpithet: abruptus; Location: higherGeography: South America; Peru; Pasco Region; Oxapampa Province; Pozuzo District; Pozuzo; continent: South America; country: Peru; countryCode: PE; stateProvince: Pasco Region; county: Oxapampa Province; municipality: Pozuzo District; locality: Pozuzo; verbatimElevation: 750-1430 m; Identification: identifiedBy: Radomir Jaskuła; dateIdentified: 2020-12; identificationReferences: Sharp 1899; identificationRemarks: Pictures of type material were used to confirm identification; Event: eventDate: 2019-11; year: 2019; month: 11; habitat: mountain rain forest; eventRemarks: col. Alexander Sokolov; Record Level: collectionID: RJC ; ownerInstitutionCode: RJC/CUC-0008; RJC/CUC-0009; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimenSmall beetles with strongly flattened bodies; body length (measured from the top of clypeus to the end of elytra) of two studied Peruvian males: 14.7 mm ; ownerInstitutionCode: RJC/CUC-0010; RJC/CUC-0011; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimenType status:Other material. Occurrence: sex: male; lifeStage: adult; associatedOccurrences: NCBI BioSample ID: SAMN10963593; associatedSequences: MK614522GenBank: No. ; Taxon: kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Insecta; order: Coleoptera; family: Cucujidae; genus: Palaestes; specificEpithet: nicaraguae; Location: higherGeography: South America; Peru; Cusco Region; Sancurtambo; Santa Isabel; Cosnipata [Kosñipata] Valley Rain Forest Alt. 5525 ft.; continent: South America; country: Peru; countryCode: PE; stateProvince: Cusco Region; locality: Cosnipata [Kosñipata] Valley Rain Forest Alt. 5525 ft.; Identification: identifiedBy: Mengjie Jin; dateIdentified: 2019; identificationReferences: Sharp 1899; identificationRemarks: Pictures of type material were used to confirm identification; Event: eventDate: 1951-12-14; year: 1951; month: 12; day: 14; eventRemarks: col. F Woytkowski; Record Level: collectionID: FSCA ; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimenType status:Other material. Occurrence: sex: male; lifeStage: adult; Taxon: higherClassification: Animalia; Arthropoda; Insecta; Coleoptera; Cucujidae' Palaestes; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Insecta; order: Coleoptera; family: Cucujidae; genus: Palaestes; specificEpithet: nicaraguae; Location: higherGeography: South America; Peru; Cusco Region; Sancurtambo; Santa Isabel; Cosnipata [Kosñipata] Valley Rain Forest Alt. 5525 ft.; continent: South America; country: Peru; countryCode: PE; stateProvince: Cusco Region; locality: Cosnipata [Kosñipata] Valley Rain Forest Alt. 5525 ft.; Identification: identifiedBy: Mengjie Jin; dateIdentified: 2019; identificationReferences: Sharp 1899; identificationRemarks: Pictures of type material were used to confirm identification; Event: eventDate: 1951-12-14; year: 1951; month: 12; day: 14; eventRemarks: col. H. L. Dozier; Record Level: collectionID: FSCA ; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimeType status:Other material. Occurrence: sex: female [genitalia dissected]; lifeStage: adult; Taxon: higherClassification: Animalia; Arthropoda; Insecta; Coleoptera; Cucujidae' Palaestes; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Insecta; order: Coleoptera; family: Cucujidae; genus: Palaestes; specificEpithet: nicaraguae; Location: higherGeography: South America; Peru; Cusco Region; Quiroz; Rio Paucartambo; continent: South America; country: Peru; countryCode: PE; stateProvince: Cusco Region; locality: Quiroz, Rio Paucartambo; Identification: identifiedBy: John W.M. Marris; dateIdentified: 2020-12; identificationReferences: Sharp 1899; identificationRemarks: Pictures of type material were used to confirm identification; Event: eventDate: 1933-11-23; year: 1933; month: 11; day: 23; Record Level: collectionID: FSCA ; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimenSmall beetles with strongly flattened bodies; body length (measured from the top of clypeus to the end of elytra) from 10.2 mm . The specimens from Peru share the following distinctive characteristics: head, mandibles and prothorax orange-brown, scutellum orange-brown, legs with femorae orange-brown and tibiae and tarsi black, tarsal claws brown-orange and elytra with black colouration extending apically from about the basal 1/3 to 2/5. The only notable difference is that, in the specimens from Peru, the antennomeres dark brown to black, except for the last two apical segmenta, which are red-brown. In contrast, the holotype has three apical segments that are red-brown.The Peruvian specimens match closely with the holotype of Previously, this species was known only from Nicaragua . The locP.abruptus, the larvae and adults of P.nicarague are presumed to live under the bark of dead trees, where they most probably prey on small insects and larvae. There are no published accounts of the ecology and biology specifically for P.nicaraguae.As noted for Coleoptera: Cucujidae) of South America has never been intensively studied and only a few papers have focused on the insect family in South America. For Palaestes Perty, 1830, original species descriptions were provided by P.freyreissi (described as Cucujus), by P.bicolor, by P.mandibularis and P.freyersi (both noted as Cucujus) and by P.dejeani (described as Cucujus) from Brazil  , one from Venezuela  and one from Ecuador (T.macclarini). Two species of Palaestes: P.nigriceps Waterhouse, 1880 and P.tenuicornis Waterhouse, 1880, were erroneously recorded from Peru by loci typici (and the only currently known locations) for these species are in Ecuador, from Chiguinda and Sarayacu [Sarayaku], respectively, as stated by Palaestes) and three species of Cucujidae in Peru, but later stated that only P.tenuicornis was present. P.nigriceps from Peru by P.tenuicornis. They also recorded P.freyreissi  and P.nigriceps from South America, but absent from Peru (P.freyreissi are published in the GBIF database (www.gbif.org).The flat bark beetle fauna ( [1827])  and by Wrom Peru . In addiP.abruptus and P.nicaraguae from South America, as well as the first confirmed data for the genus Palaestes from Peru. Discovery of one of these species was possible thanks to the data collected through the iNaturalist database, which confirms the high value of citizen science in studying biodiversity. Summarising all data mentioned above, we can conclude that the flat bark beetle fauna of South America comprises one subfamily (Platisinae), two genera  and at least eight species  has not been recorded from Brazil for almost one hundred years.This paper provides the first records of es Table , Fig. 5.Cucujidae in South America and for the genus Palaestes over its wider distributional range . Most of the published distribution information for Palaestes is from the original species descriptions, the most recent of which dates back to 1899. Since that time, the only publications discussing Palaestes were reliant on the same locality data as given in the descriptions . It is highly likely that further, targeted collecting in appropriate habitats will yield new taxa. This likelihood is emphasised by the recent discovery (the first specimen was collected in 1997) and description of the new genus, Thesaurus, with three new species from South America. It is remarkable that, despite more than 220 years of collecting on the continent, these relatively large and distinctive beetles had evaded discovery. Similarly, the state of taxonomy of Palaestes species is overdue for revision and there are no keys or modern identification aids available for the genus. The identifications of the two species recorded here are based solely on the original descriptions and photographs of the type material. Examination of existing collection material and detailed, critical analysis of the genus will likely show that new species are present. Both species, recorded here, have been identified as species otherwise known only from localities in Central America, separated by more than 2000 km in a straight line and crossing major geographical barriers. Hopefully, with more emphasis given to surveying for these beetles across Central and South America, more will be revealed about the ecology and biology of both the larvae and adults, as well as providing more information on the range of these distinctive and remarkable beetles.The two new species records, reported here, highlight the poor state of knowledge of ons viz. . Various


The family Tortricidae includes approximately 11,500 species of small moths, many of which are economically important pests worldwide. A large number of tortricid species have been inadvertently introduced into North America from Eurasia, and many have the potential to inflict considerable negative economic and ecological impacts. Because native species behave differently than introduced species, it is critical to distinguish between the two. Unfortunately, this can be a difficult task. In the past, many tortricids discovered in North America were assumed to be the same as their Eurasian counterparts, i.e., Holarctic. Using DNA sequence data, morphological characters, food plants, and historical records, we analyzed the origin of 151 species of Tortricidae present in North America. The results indicate that the number of Holarctic species has been overestimated by at least 20%. We also determined that the number of introduced tortricids in North America is unexpectedly high compared other families, with tortricids accounting for approximately 23–30% of the total number of moth and butterfly species introduced to North America. This suggests that introduced tortricids have a greater potential of becoming economically important pests than moths in other families, and why distinguishing Holarctic from introduced species is critical to American agriculture.Acleris ferrumixtana , stat. rev.; Acleris viburnana , stat. rev.; Acleris pulverosana , stat. rev.; Acleris placidana , stat. rev.; Lobesia spiraeae , stat. rev.; and Epiblema arctica Miller, 1985, stat. rev. Cydia saltitans , stat. rev., is determined to be the valid name for the “jumping bean moth,” and Phiaris glaciana , comb. n., is placed in a new genus. We determine that the number of Holarctic species has been overestimated by at least 20% in the past, and that the overall number of introduced species in North America is unexpectedly high, with Tortricidae accounting for approximately 23–30% of the total number of Lepidoptera species introduced to North America.In support of a comprehensive update to the checklist of the moths of North America, we attempt to determine the status of 151 species of Tortricidae present in North America that may be Holarctic, introduced, or sibling species of their European counterparts. Discovering the natural distributions of these taxa is often difficult, if not impossible, but several criteria can be applied to determine if a species that is present in both Europe and North America is natively Holarctic, introduced, or represented by different but closely related species on each continent. We use DNA barcodes (when available), morphology, host plants, and historical records (literature and museum specimens) to make these assessments and propose several taxonomic changes, as well as future areas of research. The following taxa are raised from synonymy to species status:  Lymantria dispar , Erebidae) being among the most notorious. Examples of important lepidopteran pests that have been introduced recently to new regions around the globe include the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Noctuidae), a native of the New World that has spread to much of Africa and Asia ), a native of Europe that was inadvertently introduced to the wine-growing regions of Argentina, Chile, and California )DNA barcode sequences were obtained from BOLD. All records for a particular taxon, usually at the genus level, were selected with the option “include Public” records. Records were filtered to exclude contaminants, records with stop codons, and records flagged as misidentifications or errors. Only sequences ≥400 bp were used because of random alignment issues with shorter sequences. Sequences were aligned in BOLD using the BOLD amino acid-based HMM Aligner, and neighbor-joining trees were constructed in BOLD using the Kimura 2 Parameter (K2P) distance model.The “revised status” of each taxon was determined by examining how the specimens clustered in the distance tree, the identity and origin of the specimens, the specimens themselves , the relevant literature, and additional statistics in BOLD. In many cases, the average and maximum p-distance for each of BOLD’s Barcode Index Numbers (BINs) and the p-distance between the nearest neighbors were examined; these are reported in the results when relevant. We did not use a specific percentage cut-off for species delimitation. We also did not rely exclusively on BOLD’s BIN assignments, although in most cases, the placement of more than one taxon in a single BIN or the splitting of one taxon into multiple BINs did indicate there was an issue, either with the taxonomy or identifications. In some cases, the DNA data was completely ambiguous, either due to a lack of data, too many potential misidentifications, or the apparent sharing of DNA barcodes across multiple taxa.Each of the following species accounts includes five components: (1) the previously concluded status of the species with regards to its biogeographic origin (“Previous status”), usually as listed in Pohl et al. ; (2) ourFamily TORTRICIDAESubfamily TORTRICINAEAcleris forsskaleana Previous status: Introduced from EuropeRevised status: No changeSupported by DNA in BOLD: YesBINs: BOLD:AAA8796A. forsskaleana group into a single BIN (BOLD:AAA8796) with representatives from North America  and Europe . Many of the specimens from both continents share identical barcodes. Acleris forsskaleana was first recorded from North America by Klots  pattern or genitalia between the two. DNA barcodes indicate that C. cespitana is not present in North America. It is not known if North American C. cespitana and O. baccatana in BIN BOLD:AAA7669 are indeed the same species or if barcodes are not sufficient to separate taxa in this group. If they are synonyms, C. instrutana would be the senior name, with Sericoris poana Zeller, 1875 being an additional junior synonym.Heinrich  synonymiArgyroploce aquilonana Karvonen, 1932Previous status: HolarcticRevised status: No changeSupported by DNA in BOLD: YesBINs: BOLD:AAB9941A. aquilonana, with specimens from Canada , Greenland, and Finland. Jalava and Miller [Olethreutes aquilonanus) from the Ogilvie Mountains in the Yukon, which was the first North American record. They also synonymized this taxon with Olethreutes kononenkoi, extending the distribution of A. aquilonana into Russia. Nedoshivina [There is a single BIN (BOLD:AAB9941) in BOLD representing d Miller  reportedoshivina  records Argyroploce externa Previous status: HolarcticRevised status: No changeSupported by DNA in BOLD: YesBINs: BOLD:AAI3239A. externa are placed in a single BIN (BOLD:AAI3239) with representatives from Europe  and Canada . Jalava and Miller [Olethreutes dalecarlianus” in North America, from the Ogilvie Mountains in the Yukon and Wellington, British Columbia. This name was synonymized under the Palearctic Argyroploce externa by Nedoshivina [Specimens of d Miller  reportedoshivina , making Hedya atropunctana Previous status: HolarcticRevised status: No changeSupported by DNA in BOLD: YesBINs: BOLD:ABZ7645H. atropunctana are placed in a single BIN (BOLD:ABZ7645) that includes specimens from Europe  and a single specimen from Alaska. Jalava and Miller [Hedya atropunctana (which was previously placed in Metendothenia).In BOLD, sequences of d Miller  reportedd Miller  lists mad Miller  reviewedHedya ochroleucana Previous status: Holarctic Revised status:Hedya ochroleucana ; North American cryptic spp. (Nearctic)Supported by DNA in BOLD: YesBINs: BOLD:AAC0586 (Europe); BOLD:ACE9334 (British Columbia); BOLD:AAC0585 H. ochroleucana are placed in three BINs in BOLD: BOLD:AAC0586 contains specimens from Europe , and the other two BINs  contain specimens from North America. The North American BINs are separated by 3.10% (p-dist), and both are separated from the European BIN by 7.35% (p-dist).Specimens of Hedya ochroleucana was described from Germany. DNA barcode data indicate that it is Palearctic, and that specimens identified as this species from North America represent different taxa. Three closely related taxa, currently considered synonyms, are described from North America: nimbatana Clemens, 1860, from Massachusetts; contrariana Walker, 1863, from Nova Scotia; and consanguinana Walsingham, 1879, from California. It is uncertain whether these North American names are indeed all synonyms, or to which of the North American BINs the names should be applied.Hedya nubiferana Previous status: Introduced from EuropeRevised status: No changeSupported by DNA in BOLD: YesBINs: BOLD:AAA4552A single BIN (BOLD:AAA4552) in BOLD contains nearly 100 specimens from the U.S., Canada, and Europe. The majority of specimens share a single identical barcode. This species was first reported from North America in 1913 from Nova Scotia and in 1914 from British Columbia . It is cHedya salicella Previous status: Introduced from EuropeRevised status: No changeSupported by DNA in BOLD: No (no specimens from North America in BOLD)BINs: BOLD:AAD6484H. salicella (BOLD:AAD6484), represented only by specimens from Europe . Sabourin et al. [BOLD contains a single BIN with sequences of n et al.  reportedAncylis comptana Previous status: HolarcticRevised status:Ancylis comptana ; North American cryptic sp. (Nearctic)Supported by DNA in BOLD: YesBINs: BOLD:AAB2712 (North America); BOLD:AAB2713 ; BOLD:ABX5131 ; BOLD:ADI5033 A. comptana are placed in four main BINs in BOLD; there are other single specimens placed in other BINs that are likely misidentified. BOLD:AAB2712 contains specimens from the U.S.  and Canada . The other three BINs contain specimens from Europe: BOLD:AAB2713 Austria, Finland, Italy, United Kingdom); BOLD:ABX5131 ; and BOLD:ADI5033 .Specimens of Ancylis comptana was described from Germany. Although the European representatives of this species in BOLD fall into three separate BINs, these form a single cluster separate from the North American BIN. Thus, it appears that A. comptana is restricted to the Palearctic, and there is a separate unrecognized species in North America. Numerous junior synonyms of A. comptana from North America are currently associated incorrectly with that species, and it is likely that one of these would apply to the Nearctic populations . However, more extensive research is needed to determine the taxonomic status of this group in North America and to examine the multiple BINs in Europe. Ancylis are notoriously difficult to identify, and there are many serious taxonomic issues to resolve in this genus.Ancylis unguicella Previous status: HolarcticRevised status: No changeSupported by DNA in BOLD: YesBINs: BOLD:AAB3498Ancylis. They determined that A. unguicella is Holarctic, with a distribution that includes Western Europe east to Siberia and Japan in the Palearctic, and from Alaska and British Columbia east to Ontario and south to Colorado in the Nearctic [The BIN assignment listed here is from Gilligan et al. , who resNearctic .Ancylis uncella Previous status: Holarctic Revised status: No changeSupported by DNA in BOLD: YesBINs: BOLD:AAA7191A. uncella is from Gilligan et al. [Ancylis uncella was previously thought to be a Palearctic taxon, but Gilligan et al. [A. carbonana, making it Holarctic. This species is distributed from Europe east to Siberia and Japan in the Palearctic and across southern Canada and the northeastern U.S. in the Nearctic [The BIN assignment for n et al. , who resn et al.  determinNearctic .Eucosmomorpha albersana Previous status: Palearctic Revised status: PalearcticSupported by DNA in BOLD: YesBINs: BOLD:AAF2360E. albersana in BOLD are placed in a single BIN (BOLD:AAF2360) representing Austria, Finland, Germany, The Netherlands, and Norway. This species was included by Pohl et al. [E. nearctica. We are unaware of any valid records of the European E. albersana from North America.Sequences of l et al.  as introl et al. ,128, Mill et al.  subsequeEnarmonia formosana Previous status: Introduced from EurasiaRevised status: No changeSupported by DNA in BOLD: YesBINs: BOLD:AAC5227Enarmonia formosana sequences are placed in a single BIN in BOLD (BOLD:AAC5227), which contains specimens from the U.S., Canada, and Europe. Enarmonia formosana is widely distributed from Western Europe and northern Africa to Asia Minor, Russia, and Siberia [ Siberia . The fir Siberia ; it was  Siberia . The “ch Siberia .Rhyacionia buoliana Previous status: Introduced from EuropeRevised status: No changeSupported by DNA in BOLD: YesBINs: BOLD:AAD1611 ; BOLD:ACE8290 (France and Spain)R. buoliana are placed in two BINs. BOLD:AAD1611 contains specimens from Europe , Canada (Ontario), and the U.S. (Maryland). BOLD:ACE8290 contains specimens from France and Spain. These BINs form a single cluster and are less than 1% (p-dist) different, indicating that they represent a single species.Specimens of Rhyacionia buoliana was first recorded in North America in 1913 in New York [New York . It was New York . The “EuNew York .Spilonota ocellana Previous status: Introduced from EurasiaRevised status: No change; possible cryptic species in CanadaSupported by DNA in BOLD: YesBINs: BOLD:ABZ4399 ; BOLD:AAA6641 (Canada)S. ocellana in BOLD are placed in two BINs: BOLD:ABZ4399, with specimens from Europe and North America, and BOLD:AAA6641, with specimens from Canada . It is not known if this second BIN represents a possible cryptic species or genetic variation.Sequences of Spilonota ocellana was introduced to the Nearctic likely before 1840, with the first report from Massachusetts in 1841 [ in 1841 . It beca in 1841 . This is in 1841 .Spilonota laricana Previous status: Introduced from EuropeRevised status: No change; possible cryptic species in EuropeSupported by DNA in BOLD: YesBINs: BOLD:AAA7738 ; BOLD:AAA7739 (Finland)S. laricana are placed in two BINs in BOLD: BOLD:AAA7738 contains specimens from Europe  and Canada , while BOLD:AAA7739 contains specimens from Finland. These BINs are separated by 4.1% (p-dist).Sequences of S. ocellana [Historical records of this species in North America likely refer to ocellana ; thus itEucosma cana Previous status: Palearctic Revised status: Holarctic or Introduced?Supported by DNA in BOLD: YesBINs: BOLD:AAB4296E. cana in BOLD are placed in a single BIN (BOLD:AAB4296) with representatives from Europe  and Canada, which includes records from Cape Breton Highlands National Park in Nova Scotia, Sable Island National Park in Nova Scotia, Forillon National Park in Quebec, and Gros Morne National Park in Newfoundland. Records from Canada date back to as early as 2009. This is the first report of E. cana in North America.Specimens of Eucosma hohenwartiana Previous status: HolarcticRevised status: No changeSupported by DNA in BOLD: No (no specimens from North America in BOLD)BINs: BOLD:AAB4295E. hohenwartiana in BOLD are placed in a single BIN (BOLD:AAB4295), with all of the specimens from Europe. Ferris et al. [Sequences of s et al.  recordeds et al.  were unaPelochrista adamantana Previous status: HolarcticRevised status: NearcticSupported by DNA in BOLD: YesBINs: BOLD:AAF2211P. adamantana with sequence data in BOLD are from the U.S., and are placed in a single BIN (BOLD:AAF2211). This species has been listed as potentially Holarctic in some checklists because of the statement in the original description that it was described from “ex Lapponia (?),” which could refer to Lapland in Finland. However, it has been excluded from European checklists since Rebel [The three specimens of ce Rebel  determince Rebel  appendedce Rebel  were unaPelochrista medullana Previous status: Introduced from EuropeRevised status: Not established in North AmericaSupported by DNA in BOLD: No (misidentifications and/or DNA barcodes do not separate species)BINs: BOLD:AAE7175P. medullana are placed in a single BIN (BOLD:AAE7175), along with specimens identified mostly as P. caecimaculana and a few other Pelochrista species from Europe. It is likely that the mixed species assignments to this BIN are the result of misidentifications. Pelochrista medullana was introduced into western North America for the biological control of Centaurea species (knapweed). This species was released in Idaho, Montana, Oregon, and British Columbia, but there is no evidence that it established in these locations [In BOLD, two specimens labeled as ocations ,136.Epiblema simploniana Previous status: HolarcticRevised status:Epiblema simploniana ; Epiblema arctica Miller, 1985, stat. rev. (Nearctic); other potential cryptic speciesSupported by DNA in BOLD: YesBINs: BOLD:ACO4599 ; BOLD:ACO4600 ; BOLD:AAF2136 ; BOLD:AAF2135 ; BOLD:ACJ7207 E. simploniana and its former junior synonym, E. arctica, are placed in five different BINs in BOLD: BOLD:ACO4599 contains specimens identified as E. arctica from the Ogilvie Mountains in the Yukon Territory, Canada; BOLD:ACO4600 contains specimens identified as E. arctica from the British Mountains in northwestern Yukon; BOLD:AAF2136 contains specimens identified as E. simploniana from Finland and Norway; BOLD:AAF2135 contains specimens labeled as E. simploniana from Finland; and BOLD:ACJ7207 contains specimens labeled as E. simploniana from Austria and Italy.Sequences of E. arctica from specimens collected in Alaska. He later [E. arctica was conspecific with E. simploniana, a Palearctic species recorded from the mountains of Central Europe, Scandinavia, western Russia, Siberia, and Mongolia [E. arctica in the Nearctic and E. simploniana in the Palearctic. In addition, we found what appear to be subtle but consistent morphological differences between E. arctica and E. simploniana that could be used to separate the two taxa (unpublished). Further research is necessary to determine why there are two separate BINs for E. arctica and three separate BINs for E. simploniana; this could indicate the possibility of one or more cryptic species in this group. Regardless, there is sufficient evidence to elevate E. arctica Miller, 1985, stat. rev., back to species status and restrict the distribution of E. simploniana to the Palearctic.Miller  describeHe later  determinMongolia . DNA barEpiblema sticticana Previous status: Palearctic Revised status: Holarctic or Introduced?Supported by DNA in BOLD: YesBINs: BOLD:AAC0719E. sticticana from Europe. It appears that this taxon is either Holarctic or newly introduced to North America.Specimens of this species are placed in a single BIN (BOLD:AAC0719) with representatives from Europe  and a single specimen from Canada. The specimen from Canada was collected in Gros Morne National Park in Newfoundland in 2009. It shares a 100% identical DNA barcode with 15+ specimens identified as Notocelia rosaecolana Previous status: Introduced from EuropeRevised status: No changeSupported by DNA in BOLD: YesBINs: BOLD:AAC1134 N. rosaecolana in BOLD are placed in a single BIN (BOLD:AAC1134) with representatives from Europe , Canada , and the U.S. . There is little genetic variation in this BIN, and many specimens share nearly identical DNA barcodes. A single specimen from the United Kingdom is placed in a separate BIN by itself (BOLD:AAC1135), but the DNA sequence is short and likely accounts for placement of this specimen.Specimens of N. rosaecolana, N. trimaculana, or both species were introduced to North America. The earliest record is from Smith [Eucosma suffusana (a junior synonym of N. trimaculana) from New Jersey. Various other publications refer to N. trimaculana or N. rosaecolana as being the introduced taxon. Miller et al. [N. rosaecolana is the only species of the two present in North America, and that prior literature records referring to N. trimaculana were likely incorrect.There has been a long history of attempting to determine if the European om Smith , who repr et al.  resolvedNotocelia cynosbatella Previous status: Introduced from EuropeRevised status: No change; potential cryptic species and/or misidentificationsSupported by DNA in BOLD: YesBINs: BOLD:AAC3245 (Canada); BOLD:AAC9709 (Europe); BOLD:AAC3246 (Europe and Canada)N. cynosbatella are placed in three separate BINs in BOLD: BOLD:AAC3245 contains specimens from Canada ; BOLD:AAC9709 contains specimens from Europe ; and BOLD:AAC3246 contains specimens from Europe and Canada. The last BIN also contains some specimens labeled as N. illotana. BINs are separated by 2.4–3.4% (p-dist).Sequences of N. cynosbatella in North America from specimens collected near Vancouver, British Columbia in 1978. Pohl et al. [Notocelia cynosbatella is very similar to N. illotana, which is native to North America. Although Mutuura [N. illotana, or that DNA barcodes in BOLD are not sufficient to separate these two species. It is also possible that there are cryptic species in this group.Mutuura  documentl et al.  list the Mutuura  providesGypsonoma parryana Previous status: HolarcticRevised status: No changeSupported by DNA in BOLD: No (misidentifications and/or DNA barcodes do not separate species)BINs: BOLD:AAB1285Gypsonoma, including G. parryana, G. nitidulana, G. fasciolana, G. salicicolana, and G. nebulosana. The sequences cluster into several groups, but it is not clear if many of the specimens in this BIN are misidentified or if these DNA data are not sufficient to separate out species. Pohl et al. [The BIN BOLD:AAB1285 contains specimens identified as several different species of l et al.  list thil et al. .Gypsonoma nitidulana Previous status: HolarcticRevised status: PalearcticSupported by DNA in BOLD: No (misidentifications and/or DNA barcodes do not separate species)BINs: BOLD:AAB1285G. parryana, G. nitidulana, G. fasciolana, G. salicicolana, and G. nebulosana). It is not known if many of these are misidentifications or if DNA barcodes are not able to separate species in this group.Sequences of this species are placed in BIN BOLD:AAB1285, along with sequences of the previous taxon and several other species Previous status: Introduced from EuropeRevised status: No changeSupported by DNA in BOLD: YesBINs: BOLD:AAB0379G. aceriana in BOLD are placed in a single BIN (BOLD:AAB0379) with specimens from Europe  and Canada. This species was first reported from North America in western Washington by Miller and LaGasa [G. aceriana that were collected in southwestern British Columbia as early as 1980. Subsequent collecting by LaGasa and Humble et al. [Sequences of d LaGasa . Severald LaGasa  reportede et al.  confirmeCrocidosema plebejana Zeller, 1847Previous status: HolarcticRevised status:Crocidosema plebejana ; potentially several other species, none with a Holarctic distributionSupported by DNA in BOLD: YesBINs: BOLD:AAA7083 ; BOLD:ABY9664 (Africa); BOLD:ACE9795 ; BOLD:AAA7084 C. plebejana in BOLD are separated geographically into several BINs. BOLD:AAA7083 contains specimens only from Australia; BOLD:ABY9664 contains specimens only from Africa; BOLD:ACE9795 contains specimens from Europe and Egypt; and BOLD:AAA7084 contains specimens from California, Texas, and Costa Rica. There is seemingly no regional overlap in the BOLD data, suggesting that each of these BINs might be a separate taxon. Distance between BINs varies from 1.4% (p-dist) between BOLD:AAA7083 and BOLD:ACE9795 to 4.3% (p-dist) between BOLD:AAA7084 and the other three BINs.Sequences of Crocidosema plebejana was originally described from Europe, and an additional 13 names, described from various parts of the world, are currently considered synonyms, including several from the New World. Some other species described from Hawaii and South America are closely related [C. plebejana is currently treated as a cosmopolitan species, it has been suggested that several of the synonyms are valid species [C. synneurota Meyrick  as a valid species and suggested other potential changes. The DNA data in BOLD suggest that at least populations on each continent might be separate taxa. Similarly, Lincango [C. plebejana, and the specimens of C. plebejana from Europe did not group with those from South America. Moreover, there is extreme variation in both male and female genitalia. A more comprehensive molecular analysis is necessary to clarify the identity of the species involved. For now, we believe C. plebejana should be restricted to the Palearctic, and that none of the taxa involved in this complex are Holarctic in distribution. related ,144. Alt species . Razowsk species  resurrecLincango  in a mulCrocidosema lantana Busck, 1910Previous status: Holarctic?Revised status: Neotropical; introduced elsewhere for biocontrolSupported by DNA in BOLD: Yes BINs: BOLD:AAH5763 C. lantana in BOLD are placed in a single BIN (BOLD:AAH5763), with specimens from Costa Rica, Jamaica, Australia, Madagascar, and Kenya.The sequences of Lantana [Crocidosema lantana has been introduced to Kenya [C. lantana is found in Florida.This species was introduced to Hawaii from Mexico in 1902 to control Lantana . It was Lantana . Crocidoto Kenya , and is Rhopobota naevana Previous status: HolarcticRevised status: No changeSupported by DNA in BOLD: YesBINs: BOLD:AAA9812In BOLD, the nearly 700 sequences representing this species fall into a single BIN (BOLD:AAA9812), with representatives from Canada, Europe, Japan, Pakistan, and the U.S. There is no evidence of any cryptic taxa.This species is most likely Holarctic, being recorded from North America as early as 1863 and 1869 based on junior synonyms described from Hudson Bay, Canada and Massachusetts. Gillespie and Gillespie  state thEpinotia trigonella Previous status: HolarcticRevised status: No changeSupported by DNA in BOLD: YesBINs: BOLD:AAB2504E. trigonella fall into a single BIN from Europe  and Canada . Sequences are clustered into three groups, with one consisting of mostly specimens identified as E. indecorana from Finland and Norway. Two specimens from Alaska identified as E. trigonella are placed in other BINs and most likely misidentified.Specimens identified as jasperana Brown, 1980 [E. trigonella. Aarvik [E. indecorana and E. trigonella as separate species, and Karsholt et al. [E. indecorana clustering separately from those of E. trigonella.DNA data support a Holarctic distribution for this species. Pohl et al.  include wn, 1980 , describ. Aarvik  treats Et et al.  follow tEpinotia solandriana Previous status: HolarcticRevised status: Holarctic?Supported by DNA in BOLD: No (sequence clustering is ambiguous)BINs: BOLD:AAA6716E. solandriana in BOLD are placed a single BIN (BOLD:AAA6716). However, sequences within this BIN are divided into two distinct clusters, with one representing North America  and the other representing Europe . This clustering of sequences could suggest that the European and North American populations represent different species, but more study is needed to determine the genetic variability of this species.Sequences of Epinotia solandriana is currently considered to be Holarctic [olarctic ,149. Marolarctic  suggesteEpinotia abbreviana Previous status: Introduced from EuropeRevised status: No changeSupported by DNA in BOLD: No (no specimens from North America in BOLD)BINs: BOLD:AAE1784Epinotia abbreviana is represented in BOLD with specimens from Europe placed in a single BIN (BOLD:AAE1784). This species was first recorded from North America by Dang [E. abbreviana reared from St. John’s, Newfoundland in 1981 and 1988. by Dang , who docEpinotia nisella Previous status: Holarctic Revised status: No changeSupported by DNA in BOLD: YesBINs: BOLD:ABZ1141 ; BOLD:AAA7530 ; BOLD:AAA7528 E. nisella is placed in three BINs: BOLD:ABZ1141 containing specimens from Austria and Germany; BOLD:AAA7530 containing specimens from Europe and Alaska; and BOLD:AAA7528 containing specimens rom Canada and Alaska. Mutanen et al. [In BOLD, n et al.  providesE. cinereana). Epinotia nisella has a long list of synonyms, owing to its variable forewing pattern. This species is currently distributed throughout Europe and Russia to China and Japan, and has even been recorded from Iceland [Mutanen et al.  resolved Iceland . In NortEpinotia cinereana Previous status: HolarcticRevised status: No changeSupported by DNA in BOLD: YesBINs: BOLD:AAA7532 ; BOLD:AAA7529 ; BOLD:ABX4876 E. cinereana represented in BOLD are placed in three BINs: BOLD:AAA7532 containing specimens labeled as E. cinereana from Europe; BOLD:AAA7529 containing specimens labeled as E. criddleana from Canada; and BOLD:ABX4876 containing specimens labeled as E. cinereana from Europe and E. criddleana from Canada. Mutanen et al. [The specimens of n et al.  provide E. nisella. They determined (based on morphology) that the North American E. criddleana is a junior synonym of E. cinereana, resulting in a Holarctic distribution. Epinotia cinereana is widely distributed across Europe, with scattered records through Russia to Japan and China [Mutanen et al.  resolvednd China . In Nortnd China .Epinotia columbia Previous status: HolarcticRevised status: Nearctic; potential cryptic species in North AmericaSupported by DNA in BOLD: YesBINs: BOLD:AAF0407 ; BOLD:AAE1754 (Canada)Epinotia columbia is represented in BOLD with two BINs: BOLD:AAF0407 contains specimens from California and British Columbia, and BOLD:AAE1754 contains specimens from Canada . Both are separated from the BIN containing E. crenana (former senior synonym) from Europe (BOLD:AAE1756). It is not known which BIN represents E. columbia, although it was described from British Columbia, and the historic distribution has been limited to western North America. Thus, it is likely that BOLD:AAE1754 represents an undescribed cryptic species.columbia with E. crenana based on similarities in genitalia. In his unpublished Master’s thesis, R. L. Brown [E. columbia back to species status; this change was formalized by J. Brown [E. columbia includes much of Canada west to British Columbia, Arizona, Nevada, Utah, and along the Pacific Coast to southern California [E. crenana.Heinrich  synonymiL. Brown  elevatedJ. Brown  in the tlifornia . There iEpinotia nanana Previous status: Introduced from EuropeRevised status: No changeSupported by DNA in BOLD: YesBINs: BOLD:AAA8628 ; BOLD:ACF5528 (Europe)E. nanana fall into two BINs in BOLD. BOLD:AAA8628 contains specimens from Canada , the U.S. (Connecticut), and Europe . BOLD:ACF5528 contains specimens from other locations in Europe . Both BINs cluster together and are separated by only 1.09% (p-dist). As such, it is likely they represent a single taxon with some geographic structuring.Sequences of Epinotia nanana was originally described from Germany, and in the Palearctic, it is widely distributed across Europe, ranging into Siberia and Mongolia [E. nanana by Heinrich [Eucosma domonana  was described from Framingham, Massachusetts, and Epinotia piceafoliana  was described from Essex County Park, New Jersey. The first record of E. nanana in western North America is from a single specimen collected in British Columbia at some point prior to 1965 [E. nanana established in British Columbia.Mongolia . The firHeinrich . Eucosma to 1965 . This spEpinotia medioplagata Previous status: HolarcticRevised status: No changeSupported by DNA in BOLD: No (no specimens from outside North America in BOLD)BINs: BOLD:AAB6354BOLD contains sequences of specimens from the U.S. and Canada placed in a single BIN (BOLD:AAB6354). There are no specimens from the Palearctic represented in BOLD. However, this species is also recorded from Magadan Region in the Russian Far East , and wasEpinotia cruciana Previous status: HolarcticRevised status: No change; potential cryptic speciesSupported by DNA in BOLD: YesBINs: BOLD:ABX2894 (Canada); BOLD:ACE9994 ; BOLD:AAC2644 E. cruciana fall into three BINs: BOLD:ABX2894 contains specimens from Canada ; BOLD:ACE9994 contains specimens from Canada  and two specimens from Italy; and BOLD:AAC2644 contains specimens from Europe  and much of Canada. The first BIN containing specimens only from Canada is more distant (2.2% p-dist) from the other two BINs, which are only separated by 1.2% (p-dist). It is likely that one or both of the BINs containing specimens from Europe represent the true E. cruciana.Sequences of Epinotia cruciana ssp. alaskae was described from Alaska; cockleana was described from western Canada; direptana was described from Hudson Bay, Canada; E. cruciana ssp. lepida was described from New Hampshire; and vilisana was described from Hudson Bay, Canada. This species was described from Sweden and has at least 15 junior synonyms, several of which are from North America . EpinotiEpinotia seorsa Heinrich, 1924Previous status: Holarctic?Revised status: NearcticSupported by DNA in BOLD: No (this species not present in BOLD)BINs: N/AE. seorsa includes western Canada  and California [blanchardi [The known distribution of lifornia . There alifornia  includedanchardi  as a junEpinotia salicicolana Kuznetsov, 1968Previous status: Introduced?Revised status: Holarctic or Introduced?Supported by DNA in BOLD: No (no specimens from North America in BOLD)BINs: N/AEpinotia salicicolana was described from the Kuril Islands in the Russian Far East and has been also recorded from Korea, Japan, China, and Taiwan [www.efauna.bc.ca). Pohl et al. [d Taiwan ,155. It l et al.  listed tDichrorampha vancouverana McDunnough, 1935Previous status: HolarcticRevised status: No changeSupported by DNA in BOLD: YesBINs: BOLD:AAC1223D. vancouverana are placed in a single BIN, BOLD:AAC1223, with specimens from Europe  and Canada . As the name suggests, D. vancouverana was described from Vancouver Island, British Columbia. Miller [D. vancouverana was the same species as the European D. gueneeana  and synonymized the two names.Sequences of . Miller  recognizTortrix politana from Austria (now a junior synonym of Lathronympha strigana). Guenee [Dichrorampha (now vancouverana) in Europe as politana; however, this was clearly a misidentification. Obraztsov [gueneeana as a replacement name for Guenee’s misidentified politana. Because Guenee’s reference to politana was simply a misidentification, it is likely that Obraztsov’s gueneeana is invalid, because this was assigned as a replacement name and was not a new species description. Regardless, the species previously referred to as D. gueneeana in Europe can now be correctly referred to as the Holarctic D. vancouverana.The taxonomic history of this species is somewhat confusing. Denis and Schiffermüller  describe. Guenee  referredbraztsov  assignedDichrorampha sedatana Previous status: HolarcticRevised status: Holarctic?Supported by DNA in BOLD: No (misidentifications and/or DNA barcodes do not separate species)BINs: BOLD:AAA8637 ; BOLD:AAA8636 Dichrorampha sedatana can be problematic to separate from similar species such as D. aeratana, D. acuminatana, D. plumbana, and D. dana based only on wing pattern. A genitalic dissection is necessary to confirm identity in this group, and even then, identification is difficult due to variation. The majority of Dichrorampha in BOLD are not dissected, and thus, species identifications are sometimes questionable, especially when multiple species are assigned to the same BIN. Sequences of D. sedatana in BOLD are placed in two BINs. BOLD:AAA8636 contains specimens labeled as D. sedatana from Canada and specimens labeled as D. acuminatana from Europe. BOLD:AAA8637 contains specimens labeled as D. sedatana from Europe, specimens labeled as D. aeratana from Europe and Canada, and specimens labeled as D. tarmanni from Italy. Relatively low genetic diversity in both BINs suggests that multiple names in each BIN are a result of misidentifications, or that multiple species within this group share nearly identical DNA barcodes. It is not possible to determine the status of these taxa without extensive examination of the specimens from this group represented in BOLD.Dichrorampha sedatana is currently treated as Holarctic [D. sedatana specimens identified in Europe seem to be different from those identified in North America . However, the BOLD data are currently not sufficient to support this conclusion because of apparent issues with species identifications. Pohl et al. [D. plumbana  for North American populations is erroneous.olarctic . It has l et al.  noted thDichrorampha odorata Brown and Zachariades, 2007Previous status: Introduced?Revised status: Probably native to southern Florida/CaribbeanSupported by DNA in BOLD: No (this species not present in BOLD)BINs: N/AThis species was described from Jamaica in 2007, but was found in Florida in 2014 feeding on weeds. There is no evidence it is introduced, and thus, it is probably native to the region and simply not detected in Florida until recently. This species is not represented in BOLD.Dichrorampha petiverella Previous status: Introduced from EuropeRevised status: No changeSupported by DNA in BOLD: YesBINs: BOLD:AAC9827D. petiverella in BOLD are placed in a single BIN (BOLD:AAC9827) representing Europe  and North America .Specimens of D. petiverella is also present in Ontario, Quebec, and Washington. Pohl et al. [Roberts  documentl et al.  recordedDichrorampha acuminatana Previous status: Introduced from EuropeRevised status: No changeSupported by DNA in BOLD: No (misidentifications and/or DNA barcodes do not separate species)BINs: BOLD:AAA8637 ; BOLD:AAA8636 D. sedatana for a discussion of the DNA data for this group of species. Dichrorampha acuminatana was first discovered in North America in 2001 in Washington County, Maine [See y, Maine . This spy, Maine , and they, Maine  recordedDichrorampha montanana Previous status: Introduced from EuropeRevised status: No change; cryptic species in EuropeSupported by DNA in BOLD: YesBINs: BOLD:AAE0714 ; BOLD:AAE0715 Dichrorampha montanana is represented in BOLD in two BINs: BOLD:AAE0715 contains specimens from Europe , and BOLD:AAE0714 contains specimens from Europe  and Canada (Newfoundland). It is assumed that BOLD:AAE0714 is the “true” D. montanana because it contains a specimen from Canada that was verified via dissection. Huemer [D. montanana for the first time from North America with specimens from Newfoundland that were confirmed via genitalic dissection.. Huemer  stated t. Huemer  recordedDichrorampha aeratana Previous status: Palearctic Revised status: Introduced from EuropeSupported by DNA in BOLD: No (misidentifications and/or DNA barcodes do not separate species)BINs: BOLD:AAA8637 ; BOLD:AAA8636 D. sedatana for a discussion of the DNA data for this group of species. Sabourin [D. aeratana from North America with specimens first collected in 1992 in Vermont. Sabourin [See Sabourin  reportedSabourin  also repGrapholita molesta Previous status: Introduced from AsiaRevised status: No changeSupported by DNA in BOLD: YesBINs: BOLD:AAB0523G. molesta fall into a single BIN (BOLD:AAB0523) with a worldwide distribution. The earliest records of G. molesta in North America are from Washington, D.C., where it was apparently introduced in flowering cherry from Japan in 1912 or 1913 [In BOLD, specimens of  or 1913 . It has Grapholita delineana Walker, 1863Previous status: Introduced from AsiaRevised status: No changeSupported by DNA in BOLD: No (no specimens from North America in BOLD)BINs: BOLD:AAY2279 ; BOLD:ABW6517 (South Korea)G. delineana in BOLD are placed in two BINs: BOLD:AAY2279 contains specimens from Pakistan and Japan, and BOLD:ABW6517 contains a single specimen from South Korea. It is possible the South Korean specimen is misidentified.Specimens of Grapholita delineana is a native of East Asia that spread into Europe, Asia Minor, Transcausasia, and North America with the commercial production of hemp [G. delineana to be present in hemp fields in eastern Colorado in 2017–2018, and it is likely that this species will continue to spread with expanded industrial hemp production. of hemp ,165. The of hemp ,165. Cra of hemp  found G.Grapholita aureolana Previous status: HolarcticRevised status: No changeSupported by DNA in BOLD: YesBINs: BOLD:AAE7252Grapholita aureolana fall into a single BIN in BOLD (BOLD:AAE7252), with specimens from Europe  and Canada. Pohl et al. [Sequences of l et al.  were theCydia coniferana Previous status: Introduced from EuropeRevised status: No change; potential cryptic species in western North AmericaSupported by DNA in BOLD: YesBINs: BOLD:AAC6167 (Europe and Canada); BOLD:AAC6168 (western U.S.)Cydia coniferana is represented in BOLD by sequences that fall into two BINs: BOLD:AAC6167 contains specimens from Europe  and Canada (Ontario), and BOLD:AAC6168 contains specimens from the western U.S. .This species was first reported from North America by Schaffner  for seveC. coniferana did establish in eastern North America, with one specimen collected in 2015 from Peterborough in Central Ontario represented in BOLD. It is likely that the populations in the Pacific Northwest and elsewhere in western North America (New Mexico) represent a cryptic species. There are also records of this species from the Russian Far East [C. coniferana. Based on the DNA sequence data, it seems that a population of Far East ; these aCydia nigricana Previous status: Introduced from EuropeRevised status: No change; potential cryptic species in North AmericaSupported by DNA in BOLD: YesBINs: BOLD:AAA7614 (Europe and Canada); BOLD:AAE7682 (North America)C. nigricana in BOLD are placed into two separate BINs: BOLD:AAA7614 contains specimens from Europe  and Canada , and this BIN likely represents the true C. nigricana, which was described from Great Britain; the second BIN (BOLD:AAE7682) contains specimens from only North America , and represents either a group of misidentified specimens or a potential cryptic species. There are two junior synonyms of C. nigricana that were described from the U.S. , and it is possible that one or both of these names could be applied to specimens in BOLD:AAE7682. Cydia nigricana was introduced from Europe, and first found in North America in eastern Canada in 1893 and in British Columbia in 1933 [Sequences of  in 1933 .Cydia pomonella Previous status: Introduced from EuropeRevised status: No changeSupported by DNA in BOLD: YesBINs: BOLD:AAA3532C. pomonella in BOLD are placed into a single BIN (BOLD:AAA3532) that consists of specimens collected throughout the world. There is no evidence of any cryptic species. The earliest record of C. pomonella in North America is a report of wormy apples and pears in the vicinity of Boston in 1819 [Sequences of  in 1819 . The “coCydia saltitans , stat. rev.Previous status: IntroducedRevised status: Neotropical; not present in the U.S.Supported by DNA in BOLD: YesBINs: BOLD:AAA0992Cydia deshaisiana Lucas, 1858 in most modern publications. Although this name was published by Lucas in November, 1858 [deshaisiana is a nomen nudum. The behavior of this insect (“jumping seeds”) had actually been described a year earlier by Westwood in 1857 [Carpocapsa saltitans [The name for the “Mexican jumping bean” moth has traditionally been cited as er, 1858 , his acc in 1857 , althougaltitans ,172.C. saltitans, unless we simply use the June 7, 1858 date when the paper was first read and assume it was published in the next issue of the Proceedings in July. Regardless, the correct name for the “Mexican jumping bean” moth is Cydia saltitans , stat. rev.Determining the exact date this description was published is difficult. The Proceedings of the Entomological Society of London were published on an irregular basis, most often quarterly. Wheeler  listed dC. saltitans appears to be restricted the northern states of Sinoloa and Sonora in Mexico.The only specimens in BOLD are from Costa Rica in (BOLD:AAA0992), and there is no evidence of this species occurring north of Mexico. “Mexican jumping beans” are routinely imported into the U.S. and adult moths eventually emerge from the seeds. However, there are no records of this species being found in the wild in the U.S., and the distribution of Cydia cornucopiae Previous status: Holarctic?Revised status: No changeSupported by DNA in BOLD: No (no specimens from North America in BOLD)BINs: BOLD:AAF7704This species was first reported from North America in Alaska by Ferris et al. . It is oThaumatotibia leucotreta Previous status: IntroducedRevised status: Not established in North AmericaSupported by DNA in BOLD: YesBINs: BOLD:AAE7729This species is native to Africa. A single male specimen was found in a pheromone trap in Ventura County, California in July, 2008 . AlthougConiostola isabelae Razowski and Landry, 2008Previous status: Neotropical Revised status: No changeSupported by DNA in BOLD: No (this species not present in BOLD)BINs: N/AThis species was described from the Galapagos Islands. Razowski and Becker  reportedSubfamily CHLIDANOTINAEAuratonota dispersa Brown, 1990Previous status: Exotic, not established Revised status: No changeSupported by DNA in BOLD: No (insufficient records in BOLD)BINs: BOLD:AAJ9640This species is native to Central America, e.g., Guatemala to Panama . It has Determining whether a species is natively Holarctic or a relatively recent immigrant to North America from Eurasia is often difficult, even with the assistance of DNA data. Based on an established set of criteria, we evaluated 151 species of Tortricidae putatively documented from North America and hypothesize their origin. A summary of the data is presented in The overall number of tortricids introduced to North America is similar to those recently reported by other authors, e.g., Pohl et al. . A totalThe overall importance of introduced taxa cannot be overstated, and the environmental and economic costs from invasive species continue to increase. Hence, it is critically important to recognize these pests and distinguish them from species that are natively Holarctic. Based on the entire order Lepidoptera, the superfamily Tortricoidea has the third highest number of economically important species , trailing only Noctuoidea, with 1034 pests, and Pyraloidea, with 748 pests . Further


There is an error in the Competing Interests statement. The correct Competing Interests statement is as follows: Co-author K. Nakayama is a co-founder and shareholder of Cyfuse Biomedical KK. and an inventor/ developer designated on the patent for the Bio-3D printer. Patent title: Method for Production of Three-Dimensional Structure of Cells; patent number: JP4517125. Patent title: Cell Structure Production Device; patent number: JP5896104. The other authors have declared that no competing interests exist. This does not alter the authors’ adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.


Bathytoshialata, Dasyatismarmorata, Dasyatispastinaca, Dasyatistortonesei, Himanturauarnak, Pteroplatytrygonviolacea and Taeniuragrabata. Papaconstantinou (2014) listed four species of Dasyatidae occurring in Greece . However, the marbled stingray (D.marmorata) was not amongst them. Here, the presence of D.marmorata was examined for the first time in Greece.Currently, seven dasyatid species have been described in the Mediterranean Sea: D.marmorata in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea. A juvenile male stingray was captured in February 2019, during an onshore survey in Maliakos Gulf, located in the central Aegean Sea, Greece. The ray was examined at the Fisheries laboratory of the Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (HCMR) in Athens and was identified as D.marmorata. Morphological characters were recorded and DNA barcoding was applied to confirm the species identification. The combination of the two methods verified the occurrence of the marbled ray in the Greek waters. This is the first record of D.marmorata from the Aegean Sea.The present study provides updated information on the geographical distribution of  Dasyatidae have been described in the Mediterranean Sea, which is the result of considerable updating of species occurrence in the region; for example, the roughtail stingray, valid as Dasyatiscentroura Mitchill, 1815, that was previously reported inhabiting the Mediterranean Sea, is now considered to be solely distributed along the Western coasts of the Atlantic Ocean, whereas its closely related species, the brown stingray Bathytoshialata Garman, 1880, occupies the Mediterranean and the eastern coasts of Africa  for males and females, respectively and the gestation period lasts around three to four months, with litter size of two to four embryos   Fig. . The occea) Fig. . The spe2 (1.5 mM), 200 μM of each deoxyribonucleotide triphosphate , 0.5 μl (300 μM) of each primer, 1 U GoTaq G2 Flexi polymerase (Promega) and 14.5 μl molecular grade water. Subsequently, the PCR product was sequenced commercially .Genomic DNA was extracted using the Chelex resin protocol . DNA barhttp://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi) and the BOLD database .The sequence was compared with those available in GenBank using the standard nucleotide BLAST (blastn) against the nucleotide collection (nr/nt) database A39C719A-0311-5D12-B498-3FA2DAB02AE9Type status:Other material. Occurrence: occurrenceRemarks: collected dead in fishing nets; recordedBy: Stefanos Kavadas; individualCount: 1; sex: male; lifeStage: juvenile; reproductiveCondition: non-reproductive; preparations: whole animal, photographs, DNA extract; associatedSequences: MT044303GenBank: ; Taxon: kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Chordata; class: Chondrichthyes; order: Myliobatiformes; family: Dasyatidae; genus: Dasyatis; taxonRank: species; vernacularName: marbled stingray; Location: continent: Europe; waterBody: Aegean Sea; country: Greece; countryCode: GR; municipality: Central Greece; locality: Maliakos Gulf; verbatimLatitude: 38.882326; verbatimLongitude: 22.592301; verbatimCoordinateSystem: decimal degrees; Identification: identificationID: 371208; identificationReferences: Cyclostomata from the North-eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean. Iglesias 2013"."Rays of the world. Last et al. 2016". "Chondrichthyans and ; identificationRemarks: blue blotches on pectoral fins, disc length vs. disc width; Event: samplingProtocol: trammel net; samplingEffort: 27 sampling hours; eventDate: 2019-02-09T09:00+0200; startDayOfYear: 39; endDayOfYear: 40; year: 2019; month: February; day: 9; habitat: muddy bottom; fieldNumber: 1902MLGT/T1H1/CM1; Record Level: type: By-catch entanglement; language: en; rightsHolder: Hellenic Centre for Marine Research; institutionCode: HCMR; basisOfRecord: Dead specimenThe collected specimen was a juvenile male measuring 330 mm in total length, 160 mm in disc length and 188 mm in disc width and weighing 171.8 g . Additionally, twenty six morphological characters were also recorded Table  and the D.marmorata (1.5 times) than that from D.pastinaca (1.8-2 times) (MT044303). The barcode search on GenBank produced clear top matches with 100% similarity to Dasyatismarmorata records reported in the database. Additionally, BOLD comparisons showed similar matching rates. The molecular results obtained verified the macroscopic identification of the species.Morphological measurements were expressed as percentage of DW as previously proposed for sting rays  and are 2 times) b. PrevioD.marmorata, collected in Greek waters, extending its distribution further into the Eastern Mediterranean Sea. Morphological measurements and molecular tools were combined to identify the species in the studied area. This is consistent with recent records of D.marmorata along the Turkish coast (Bilecenoglu in D.marmorata). Species records from the latest book of fish fauna in Greece do not include the marbled ray , in collaboration with the Fisheries Research Institute . Priority should be given to rare and vulnerable species occurring in the Eastern Mediterranean, to improve their conservation and restrict further biodiversity loss. Furthermore, this study highlights the utility of DNA barcoding in assisting species identification and its role to accurately determine the occurrence and distribution of species.


Comparison of different surgical approaches for pediatric cataracts: complications and rates of additional surgery during long-term follow-upIn the article Figure 1 for:Replace


Colorectal carcinoma (CRC) is among the most common cancers with high morbidity and mortality among all malignancies, and the most common CRC is colon adenocarcinoma (CA).Overall, we obtained genome‐wide sequencing data from a cancer genome atlas of 319 patient cohorts . Lili Yan: Data curation . Yang Lu: Software . Dongfeng Liu: Methodology . Jia Niu: Writing‐original draft . Liyong Yin: Writing‐review & editing .


The online version has been amended.In this paper by Harriet Forbes and colleagues (BMJ 2021;372:n628, doi: