AbstractXylographus Mellié  based on type specimens deposited in the Museum of Comparative Zoology (USA), Museum für Naturkunde Berlin (Germany), the Natural History Museum (UK), Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle de la Ville de Genève (Switzerland), Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle (France), Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet (Sweden) and Naturhistorisches Museum Wien (Austria). We designate lectotypes for the following species: Cis fultoni Broun, 1886, Xylographus anthracinus Mellié, 1849, X. bicolor Pic, 1916, X. brasiliensis Pic, 1916, X. ceylonicus Ancey, 1876, X. contractus Mellié, 1849, X. corpulentus Mellié, 1849, X. dentatus Pic, 1922, X. gibbus Mellié, 1849, X. hypocritus Mellié, 1849, X. javanus Pic, 1937, X. lemoulti Pic, 1916, X. longicollis Pic, 1922, X. madagascariensis Mellié, 1849, X. nitidissimus Pic, 1916, X. perforatus Gerstaecker, 1871, X. porcus Gorham, 1886, X. punctatus Mellié, 1849, X. ritsemai Pic, 1921, X. rufescens Pic, 1921, X. rufipennis Pic, 1934, X. rufipes Pic, 1930, X. seychellensis Scott, 1926, X. subopacus Pic, 1929, X. subsinuatus Pic, 1916, X. suillus Gorham, 1886, X. testaceitarsis Pic, 1916 and X. tomicoides Reitter, 1902. We propose the following syn. n. (senior synonym listed first): X. anthracinus = X. testaceitarsis, X. brasiliensis = X. lucasi Lopes-Andrade & Zacaro, X. corpulentus = X. lemoulti and X. richardi Mellié, X. madagascariensis = X. eichelbaumi Reitter, X. rufipennis, X. seychellensis Scott and X. tarsalis Fåhraeus, X. nitidissimus = X. longicollis, X. subsinuatus = X. rufescens. We exclude three species from Xylographus: Cis renominatus, nom. n. , Paratrichapus fultoni , comb. n. and P. javanus , comb. n.We designate lectotypes and propose nomenclatural changes in  Xylographus Mellié  is a genus of minute tree-fungus beetles with 36 described species, occurring in most continental and insular lands of tropical and subtropical regions :We examined 195 type specimens of  Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University MCZ Museum für Naturkunde Berlin MFNB Muséum d’histoire naturelle de la ville de Genève MHNG Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle MNHN The Natural History Museum NHM Naturhistorisches Museum Wien NHMW Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet NHRSXylographus cited by Cis, and the original description of Paratrichapus by Paratrichapus was described as having a 3-3-3 tarsal formula, but after studying its type material and images of microscope slide preparations by Hugh Scott, we observed that it was certainly 4-4-4 as in all other ciids. Xylographus and Paratrichapus are morphologically similar, so we propose the characteristics stated on We used the generic features of Xylographus bostrichoides and Xylographus richardi. And we did not have access to type material of Xylographus scheerpeltzi. In the case of Xylographus bostrichoides, we had at hand several named historical specimens, including those used for its redescription by Xylographus richardi, we had only a named specimen for examination. The description of Xylographus scheerpeltzi is adequately detailed and includes information on the morphology of sclerites of male abdominal terminalia. In all other cases, we had access to the original type series and dissected male abdominal terminalia whenever necessary and possible. The morphology of sclerites of male abdominal terminalia of Ciidae is stable intraspecifically and distinctly varies interspecifically, even between closely related species , subtle variations of male secondary sexual characteristics or based only on females. A single author, Maurice Pic, was responsible for half of the names here recognized as junior synonyms. He is known for having proposed thousands of new names of beetles based mostly on anecdotal descriptions and small type-series. Lack of access to type material was also a great problem. Xylographus seychellensis stating that he did it with some hesitation, because he has not examined possible conspecifics, as Xylographus madagascariensis and Xylographus eichelbaumi, the senior and a junior synonym proposed here, respectively. The same was true to Xylographus lucasi, whose authors  separates individual labels. Data in square brackets were added for clarification. Remarks are provided for some species.A complete list of Xylographus anthracinus Mellié, 1849Xylographus testaceitarsis Pic, 1916, syn. n.PageBreakXylographus bicolor Pic, 1916Xylographus bostrichoides Cis cribatus Lucas, 1849Xylographus bostrichoides var. aubei Mellié, 1849Xylographus brasiliensis Pic, 1916Xylographus lucasi Lopes-Andrade & Zacaro, 2003, syn. n.Xylographus bynoei Blair, 1940Xylographus ceylonicus Ancey, 1876Xylographus contractus Mellié, 1849Xylographus corpulentus Mellié, 1849Xylographus lemoulti Pic, 1916, syn. n.Xylographus richardi Mellié, 1849, syn. n.Xylographus gibbus Mellié, 1849Xylographus globipennis Reitter, 1911Xylographus hypocritus Mellié, 1849Xylographus madagascariensis Mellié, 1849Xylographus eichelbaumi Reitter, 1908, syn. n.Xylographus rufipennis Pic, 1934, syn. n.Xylographus seychellensis Scott, 1926, syn. n.Xylographus tarsalis Fåhraeus, 1871, syn. n.Xylographus nitidissimus Pic, 1916Xylographus longicollis Pic, 1922, syn. n.Xylographus perforatus Gerstaecker, 1871Xylographus porcus Gorham, 1886Xylographus punctatus Mellié, 1849Xylographus ritsemai Pic, 1921Xylographus rufipes Pic, 1930Xylographus scheerpeltzi Nobuchi & Wada, 1956Xylographus subopacus Pic, 1929Xylographus subsinuatus Pic, 1916Xylographus rufescens Pic, 1921, syn. n.Xylographus suillus Gorham, 1886Xylographus tomicoides Reitter, 1902Cis renominatus, nom. n.Xylographus dentatus Pic, 1922, not Cis dentatus Mellié, 1849.Paratrichapus fultoni , comb. n.Cis fultoni Broun, 1886Paratrichapus javanus , comb. n.Xylographus javanus Pic, 1937PageBreakMellié, 1849http://species-id.net/wiki/Xylographus_anthracinusXylographus anthracinusXylographus testaceitarsissyn. n. Type-locality: Mahatsinjo, Madagascar. Pic 1916: 13., Anthracinus Dup. Madagascar.[handwritten] \ Ex-Musæo Mniszech [printed] \ [red label] LECTOTYPE Xylographus anthracinus Mellié [handwritten]”; 2 female paralectotypes (MNHN), labeled: “anthracinus (ex coll. Chev.) [handwritten] \ Mellié vidit [handwritten] \ [yellow label] PARALECTOTYPE Xylographus anthracinus Mellié [handwritten]”; 2 male paralectotypes (MHNG), labeled: “Coll. Melly [printed] \ [yellow label] PARALECTOTYPE Xylographus anthracinus Mellié [handwritten]”.MADAGASCAR: male lectotype (MNHN), here designated, labeled: “Xylographus testaceitarsis Pic 1916, here designated, labeled: “MAHATSINJO près Tananarive [printed] \ Type [handwritten] \ testaceitarsis Pic [handwritten] \ [red label] LECTOTYPE Xylographus testaceitarsis Pic [handwritten]”; 1 male and 3 female paralectotypes (MNHN), labeled: “MAHATSINJO près Tananarive [printed] \ [yellow label] PARALECTOTYPE Xylographus testaceitarsis Pic [handwritten]”.MADAGASCAR: male lectotype (MNHN) of Xylographus anthracinus and the lectotype of Xylographus testaceitarsis. They are males of about the same size and with secondary sexual characteristic similarly developed. We have also dissected and compared sclerites of their abdominal terminalia and noted no difference.There is no morphological difference between the lectotype of Pic, 1916http://species-id.net/wiki/Xylographus_bicolorXylographus bicolor Pic 1916: 13. Type-locality: Mahatsinjo, Madagascar.bicolor Pic [handwritten] \ [red label] LECTOTYPE Xylographus bicolor Pic [handwritten]”.MADAGASCAR: male lectotype (MNHN), here designated, labeled: “MAHATSINJO près Tananarive [printed] \ Type [handwritten] \ http://species-id.net/wiki/Xylographus_bostrichoidesCis bostrichoides : 93. TypCis cribatusXylographus bostrichoidesaubei var. PageBreakaubei, and dozens of specimens that do fit the currently accepted species limits. Xylographus bostrichoides. However, after studying this specimen, we determined it is a member of Scolytinae (Curculionidae) and fits neither the original description by Unfortunately we did not find the type material of Dufour in the MNHN. We have found only specimens used by Pic, 1916http://species-id.net/wiki/Xylographus_brasiliensisXylographus brasiliensis Pic 1916: 13. Type-locality: Rio Verde, Brazil.Xylographus lucasisyn. n. Type-locality: Venda Nova do Imigrante, Espírito Santo, Brazil.Xylographus [handwritten] \ Type [handwritten] \ Brasiliensis Pic [handwritten] \ [red label] LECTOTYPE Xylographus brasiliensis Pic [handwritten]”.BRASIL: female lectotype (MNHN), here designated, labeled: “Bresil. Goyaz. Rio Verde [printed] \ See Xylographus lucasi, the authors did not have access to type specimens of Xylographus brasiliensis and stated that its description was vague (Lopes-Andrade and Lawrence 2003). After we examined the available type of Xylographus brasiliensis, a female located in the MNHN, we observed there is no difference between it and female paratypes of Xylographus lucasi. We have located in the MNHN a male specimen collected in “Goyaz” (which may correspond to the current state of Goiás or to Tocantins), a historical specimen but not from the original type series of Xylographus brasiliensis. We dissected it and compared the sclerites of abdominal terminalia to those of male paratypes of Xylographus lucasi, and they are exactly the same. The species is widespread in the tropical South America and the type localities of both names are within its known range (pers. obs.).In the description of Blair, 1940http://species-id.net/wiki/Xylographus_bynoeiXylographus bynoeiXylographus bynoei Blair Type det. K.G. Blair 1939 [handwritten]”; 2 male and 2 female paratypes (NHM), labeled: “[yellow disc] Paratype [printed] \ N.W. Australia pres. By B. Bynoe, R.N. Surgeon on H.M.S. Beagle. See Stokes, Voyage of Discoveries. 1846 [handwritten]”; 4 female paralectotypes (NHM), labeled: “Australia 44.4 [handwritten] \ [yellow disc] Paratype [printed]”.AUSTRALIA: male holoype (NHM), labeled: “[faded blue disc] N. Holl. [above] 44.4 [below] [handwritten] \ [red disc] Holotype [printed] \ PageBreakAncey, 1876http://species-id.net/wiki/Xylographus_ceylonicusXylographus ceylonicusXylographus ceylonicus Ancey, n. sp. Ceylan  Types [handwritten] \ [red label] LECTOTYPE Xylographus Ceylonicus Ancey [handwritten]”; 6 males, 1 female and 7 specimens of undetermined gender, all paralectotypes (MNHN), labeled: “Xylographus Ceylonicus Ancey, n. sp. Ceylan  Types [handwritten] \ [yellow label] PARALECTOTYPE Xylographus ceylonicus Ancey [handwritten]”; 3 male and 1 female paralectotypes (MNHN), labeled: “CEYLAN [printed] \ type [handwritten] \ Syntypes [handwritten] \ Ceylan Pointe de Galles [handwritten] \ Xylographus ceylonicus Ancey [handwritten] \ [yellow label] PARALECTOTYPE Xylographus ceylonicus Ancey [handwritten]”; 7 paralectotypes of undetermined gender (MNHN), labeled: “Xylographus Ceylonicus Ancey Ceylan [handwritten] \ Ex. Coll. REITTER [printed] \ [yellow label] PARALECTOTYPE Xylographus ceylonicus Ancey [handwritten]”; 2 paralectotypes of undetermined gender (MFNB), labeled: “Xylographus Ceylonicus Ancey Ceylon Ancey Type [handwritten] \ Coll. L.W. Schaufuss [printed] \ [red label] ? SYNTYPUS Xylographus ceylonicusXylographus ceylonicus Ancey [handwritten]”; 2 paralectotypes of undetermined gender (MFNB), labeled: “Xylographus Ceylonicus Ancey Ceylan [handwritten] \ [red label] ? SYNTYPUS Xylographus ceylonicusXylographus ceylonicus Ancey [handwritten]”; 2 paralectotypes of undetermined gender (MFNB), labeled: “Xylographus Ceylonicus Ancey Ceylan [handwritten] \ ex Coll. Hiller [handwritten] \ [red label] ? SYNTYPUS Xylographus ceylonicusXylographus ceylonicus Ancey [handwritten]”.SRI LANKA: male lectotype (MNHN), here designated, labeled: “Mellié, 1849http://species-id.net/wiki/Xylographus_contractusXylographus contractusXylographus Contractus Bresil Lap. Cast. 72 [handwritten] \ [red label] LECTOTYPE Xylographus contractus Mellié [handwritten]”; 1 female paralectotype (MNHN), labeled: “[green disc] Xylographus contractus Bresil [unreadable] 83 [handwritten] \ [yellow label] PARALECTOTYPE Xylographus contractus Mellié [handwritten]”.BRASIL: female lectotype (MNHN), here designated, labeled: “[green disc] PageBreakMellié, 1849http://species-id.net/wiki/Xylographus_corpulentusXylographus corpulentusXylographus lemoultisyn. n. Type-locality: St-Laurent du Maroni, French Guiana. Pic 1916: 4. Xylographus richardisyn. n. Type-locality: Cayenne, French Guiana.Xylographus corpulentus Mellié [handwritten]”; 1 female paralectotype (MNHN), labeled: “[green label] ♀ [handwritten] \ Mellié vidit [handwritten] \ [yellow label] PARALECTOTYPE Xylographus corpulentus Mellié [handwritten]”; 1 female paralectotype (MNHM), labeled: “[green label] ♀ [handwritten] \ Mellié vidit [handwritten] \ Corpulentus Mell. (Coll. Chevrolat) [handwritten] \ [yellow label] PARALECTOTYPE Xylographus corpulentus Mellié [handwritten]”; 1 male and 2 female paralectotypes (MNHN), labeled: “[green disc] Xylographus Corpulentus Perou Lap. Cast. 72 [handwritten] \ [yellow label] PARALECTOTYPE Xylographus corpulentus Mellié [handwritten]”; 1 male paralectotype (MNHN), labeled: “[green disc] Xylographus Corpulentus Kunze Perou T. Cast. 83 [handwritten] \ [yellow label] PARALECTOTYPE Xylographus corpulentus Mellié [handwritten]”; 1 male and 2 female paralectotypes (MNHN), labeled: “[green label] Kunze 19 [handwritten] \ [green label] Cis Corpulentus Kunze Perou [handwritten] \ [yellow label] PARALECTOTYPE Xylographus corpulentus Mellié [handwritten]”.PERU: male lectotype (MNHN), here designated, labeled: “[green label] ♂ [handwritten] \ Mellié vidit [handwritten] \ [red label] LECTOTYPE PageBreakXylographus lemoulti Pic, 1916, here designated, labeled: “NOVEMBRE [printed] \ [green label] GUYANE FRANÇAISE St-LAURENT du MARONI [printed] \ [green label] COLL LE MOULT [printed] \ Type [handwritten] \ [red label] LECTOTYPE Xylographus lemoulti Pic [handwritten]”; 3 male and 2 female paralectotypes (MNHN), labeled: “NOVEMBRE [printed] \ [green label] GUYANE FRANÇAISE St-LAURENT du MARONI [printed] \ [green label] COLL LE MOULT [printed] \ [yellow label] PARALECTOTYPE Xylographus lemoulti Pic [handwritten]”; 2 male and 1 female paralectotypes (MNHN), labeled: “NOVEMBRE [printed] \ GUYANE FRANÇAISE St-LAURENT du MARONI [printed] \ COLL LE MOULT [printed] \ [yellow label] PARALECTOTYPE Xylographus lemoulti Pic [handwritten]”; 1 male paralectotype (MNHN), labeled: “NOVEMBRE [printed] \ GUYANE FRANÇAISE St-LAURENT du MARONI [printed] \ COLL LE MOULT [printed] \ [yellow label] PARALECTOTYPE Xylographus lemoulti Pic [handwritten]”; 3 male and 4 female paralectotypes (MNHN), labeled: “OCTOBRE [printed] \ GUYANE FRANÇAISE St-LAURENT du MARONI [printed] \ COLL LE MOULT [printed] \ [yellow label] PARALECTOTYPE Xylographus lemoulti Pic [handwritten]”; 1 male and 3 female paralectotypes (MNHN), labeled: “JUIN [printed] \ [green label] GUYANE FRANÇAISE St-LAURENT du MARONI [printed] \ [green label] COLL LE MOULT [printed] \ [yellow label] PARALECTOTYPE Xylographus lemoulti Pic [handwritten]”; 1 male paralectotype (MNHN), labeled: “MAI [printed] \ GUYANE FRANÇAISE St-LAURENT du MARONI [printed] \ COLL LE MOULT [printed] \ [yellow label] PARALECTOTYPE Xylographus lemoulti Pic [handwritten]”.FRENCH GUIANA: male lectotype (MNHN) of Xylographus richardi in the Chevrolat collection of MNHN. We located a female specimen from Colombia in the Melly collection of MHNG named as Xylographus richardi. Xylographus corpulentus and Xylographus lemoulti and they are exactly the same. Xylographus corpulentus and Xylographus richardi, stating that they resemble each other “pour la taille et la forme”, with Xylographus richardi being more punctate. We believe the description of Xylographus richardi was based on a female specimen, because the pronotal surface between punctures is described as being finely rugose. We have observed that it is common in female Xylographus species to have pronotal surface distinctly more rugose than that of males. The type of Xylographus corpulentus was described as being black, while the one of Xylographus richardi was described as reddish. It is a common variation found in Xylographus corpulentus, in which teneral adults may be reddish (pers. obs.). Xylographus lemoulti differs from Xylographus richardi in the coloration and pronotal shape, again a consequence of the fact that the description of Xylographus richardi was based in a teneral adult female. The type-localities of Xylographus lemoulti and Xylographus richardi are approximately 200 Km apart and both are in the coast of French Guiana.There are several type specimens of species described by Mellié deposited in historical collections of the MHNG and the MNHN. In the MHNG, these types are in the A. Melly collection, who has a surname similar to that of J. Mellié but shall not be confounded. We did not find type material of Mellié, 1849http://species-id.net/wiki/Xylographus_gibbusXylographus gibbusXylographus gibbus Klg. Mell. Colomb. T. Cast. 72 [handwritten] \ [green label] Cis gibbus Klug [handwritten] \ Xylographus gibbus Reiche \ MUSEUM PARIS COLL. DE MARSEUL 2842-00 [printed] \ [red label] LECTOTYPE Xylographus gibbus Mellié [handwritten]”; 1 male paralectotype (MHNG), labeled: “Gibbus Klug Colombie Klug Mellié [handwritten] \ [yellow label] PARALECTOTYPE Xylographus gibbus Mellié [handwritten]”.COLOMBIA: female lectotype (MNHN), here designated, labeled: “[green disc] PageBreakReitter, 1911Xylographus globipennisSee Mellié, 1849http://species-id.net/wiki/Xylographus_hypocritusXylographus hypocritusHypocritus Dup. Madagascar. [handwritten] \ Ex-Musæo Mniszech [printed] \ [red label] LECTOTYPE Xylographus hypocritus Mellié [handwritten]”; 1 female paralectotype (MNHN), labeled: “Madagascar [handwritten] \ Ex-Musæo Mniszech [printed] \ [yellow label] PARALECTOTYPE Xylographus hypocritus Mellié [handwritten]”.MADAGASCAR: male lectotype (MNHN), here designated, labeled: “Mellié, 1849http://species-id.net/wiki/Xylographus_madagascariensisXylographus madagascariensisXylographus eichelbaumisyn. n. Type-locality: Amani, Tanzania.Xylographus rufipennissyn. n. Type-locality: Gura, Kenya.Xylographus seychellensissyn. n. Type-locality: Mahe, Seychelles.Xylographus tarsalissyn. n. Type-locality: Caffraria (Eastern Cape of South Africa).Madagascariensis Dup. Madagascar.[handwritten] \ Ex-Musæo Mniszech [printed] \ [red label] LECTOTYPE Xylographus madagascariensis Mellié [handwritten]”.MADAGASCAR: male lectotype (MNHN), here designated, labeled: “PageBreakXylographus rufipennis Pic, 1934, here designated, labeled: “[red disc]Type [printed] \ R. E, DENT GURA R, 7500 AUG 1929 [printed] \ Xylographus rufipennis n. sp. [handwritten] \ Pres. By Imp. Inst. Ent B. M. 1934-42. [printed] \ [red label] LECTOTYPE Xylographus rufipennis Pic [handwritten]”; 1 female paralectotype (MNHN), labeled: “R. E, DENT GURA R, 7500 AUG 1929 [printed] \ Xylographus rufipennis n. sp [handwritten] \ ex. British museum [handwritten] \ [yellow label] PARALECTOTYPE Xylographus rufipennis Pic [handwritten]”. SEYCHELLES: male lectotype (NHM) of Xylographus seychellensisXylographus seychellensis, Scott TYPE. ♂. [handwritten] \ Figured specimen [printed] (outline whole vis) [handwritten] \ TYPE [printed] \ [red label] LECTOTYPE Xylographus seychellensis Scott [handwritten]”. SOUTH AFRICA: male lectotype (NHRS) of Xylographus tarsalisXylographus tarsalis FÅHR. Det. Julio Ferrer 1995 [handwritten] \ [green label] Riksmuseum Stockholm [printed]”; 1 male and 1 female paralectotypes (NHRS), labeled: “Caffraria [printed] \ J. Wahlb. [printed] \ [red label] Paralectotype Xylographus tarsalis FÅHR. Det. Julio Ferrer 1995 [handwritten] \ [green label] Riksmuseum Stockholm [printed]”. TANZANIA: female holotype (NHMW) of Xylographus eichelbaumiFomes nigrolachatus [handwritten] \ Amani. Deutsch Ostafr. [handwritten] \ Xylographus eichelbaumi m. Typ. 1907. [handwritten] \ Eichelbaumi Usambara Reitt. [handwritten] \ [red label] HOLOTYPE Xylographus eichelbaumi Reitt. [handwritten]”.KENYA: female lectotype (NHM) of Xylographus madagascariensis and that he described Xylographus seychellensis with some hesitation. If he had examined the known male type of Xylographus madagascariensis, he would have observed that it was just slightly more elongate than the specimens he had at hand, with no other differences. Such a small difference in body elongation is expected to occur in Xylographus species with broad geopraphical distribution , labeled: “type [handwritten] \ [yellow label] PARALECTOTYPE Xylographus nitidissimus Pic [handwritten]”; 4 male and 4 female paralectotypes (MNHN), labeled: “San Thomé [handwritten] \ [yellow label] PARALECTOTYPE Xylographus nitidissimus Pic [handwritten]”.SÃO TOMÉ AND PRÍNCIPE: male lectotype (MNHN) of Xylographus longicollis Pic, 1922, here designated, labeled: “? Dahomey [handwritten] \ Provenance ? [handwritten] \ longicollis n. sp. [handwritten] \ [red label] LECTOTYPE Xylographus longicollis Pic [handwritten]”.BENIN: female lectotype (MNHN) of Xylographus longicollis is a female of Xylographus nitidissimus.We observed that the female lectotype of Gerstaecker, 1871http://species-id.net/wiki/Xylographus_perforatusXylographus perforatusperforatus Gerst.* Sansibar Cooke [handwritten] \ 56743 [printed] \ [blue label] Hist.-Coll. (Coleoptera) Nr. 56743 (1. Ex) Xylographus perforatus Gerst. Sansibar, Cooke Zool. Mus. Berlin [printed] \ [red label] SYNTYPUS Xylographus perforatusXylographus perforatus Gerstaecker [handwritten]”; 2 male and 3 female paralectotypes (MFNB), labeled: “[blue label] Hist.-Coll. (Coleoptera) Nr. 56743 (1.-5. Ex) Xylographus perforatus Gerst. Sansibar, Cooke Zool. Mus. Berlin [printed] \ [red label] SYNTYPUS Xylographus perforatusXylographus perforatus Gerstaecker [handwritten]”; 1 female paralectotype (MNHN), labeled: “Zanzibar, C. Cooke. [printed] \ [blue label] MUSEUM PARIS Collection Léon Fairmaire 1906 [printed] \ Xylographus perforatus Gerst. [handwritten] P. Lesne vid. [printed] \ [yellow label] PARALECTOTYPE Xylographus perforatus Gerstaecker [handwritten]”; 1 female paralectotype (MNHN), labeled: “Zanzibar, C. Cooke. [printed] \ Bragance (Para) M. de Mathan [printed] \ Kein Scolytide [handwritten] \ [yellow label] PARALECTOTYPE Xylographus perforatus Gerstaecker [handwritten]”; 1 male and 1 female paralectotype (MNHN), labeled: “Zanzibar, C. Cooke. [printed] \ Xylographus perforatus Gerst. Zanzib. [handwritten] \ [yellow label] PARALECTOTYPE Xylographus perforatus Gerstaecker [handwritten]”; 1 male and 1 female paralectotypes (MCZ), labeled: “Zanzibar, C. Cooke. [printed] \ [black disc] \ Xylographus perforatus 140 Gerstaecker [printed] \ [yellow label] PARALECTOTYPE Xylographus perforatus Gerstaecker [handwritten]”.TANZANIA: male lectotype (MFNB), here designated, labeled: “[green label] Gorham, 1886http://species-id.net/wiki/Xylographus_porcusXylographus porcusPageBreakCis, porcus [handwritten] \ B.C.A., Col., III (2). Xylographus porcus. [printed] \ [red label] LECTOTYPE Xylographus porcus Gorh. [handwritten]”; 1 male and 2 female paralectotypes (MNHN), labeled: “Teleman, Vera Paz. Champion. [printed] \ Xylographus porcus, Gorh [handwritten] \ [yellow label] PARALECTOTYPE Xylographus porcus Gorh. [handwritten]”; 2 female paralectotypes (MNHN), labeled: “Zapote, Guatemala. G. C. Champion. [printed] \ [yellow label] PARALECTOTYPE Xylographus porcus Gorh. [handwritten]”; 1 male and 2 female paralectotypes (MNHN), labeled: “Pantaleon, 700 ft. Champion. [printed] \ [yellow label] PARALECTOTYPE Xylographus porcus Gorh. [handwritten]”.GUATEMALA: male lectotype (NHM), here designated, labeled: “[purple disc] LECTOTYPE [printed] \ Teleman, Vera Paz. Champion. [printed] \ Type. [printed] \ Mellié, 1849http://species-id.net/wiki/Xylographus_punctatusXylographus punctatusXylographus punctatus Mellie [handwritten]”; 1 male and 3 female paralectotypes (MNHN), labeled: “Nouv. Grenada [handwritten] \ Coll. Chevrolat [handwritten] \ [yellow label] PARALECTOTYPE Xylographus punctatus Mellie [handwritten]”; 1female paralectotype (MNHN), labeled: “Carthagene [handwritten] \ Collect. Chevrolat [handwritten] \ [yellow label] PARALECTOTYPE Xylographus punctatus Mellie [handwritten]”; 1 male paralectotype (MNHN), labeled: “[green disc] Xylographus punctatus Mell. Colomb. T. Cast. 72 [handwritten] \ [pink disc] punctatus [handwritten] \ punctatus Chev. Colombia [handwritten] \ MUSEUM PARIS COLL DE MARSEUL [printed] \ [yellow label] PARALECTOTYPE Xylographus punctatus Mellie [handwritten]”; 1 male paralectotype (MNHN), labeled: “[green disc] Xylographus punctatus Colomb. Lap. Cast. 72 [handwritten] \ [green label] Chevt. Colomb [handwritten] \ [yellow label] PARALECTOTYPE Xylographus punctatus Mellie [handwritten]”.COLOMBIA: male lectotype (MNHN), here designated, labeled: “[green label] ♂ [handwritten] \ Nouv. Grenada [handwritten] \ Coll. Chevrolat [handwritten] \ [red label] LECTOTYPE Pic, 1921http://species-id.net/wiki/Xylographus_ritsemaiXylographus ritsemaiPageBreakRitsemai Pic [handwritten] \ type [handwritten] \ Ceylon. Ancey. [handwritten] \ [red label] LECTOTYPE Xylographus ritsemai Pic [handwritten]”; 1 male paralectotype (MNHN), labeled: “Ritsemai Pic [handwritten] \ type [handwritten] \ [yellow label] PARALECTOTYPE Xylographus ritsemai Pic [handwritten]”.SRI LANKA: male lectotype (MNHN), here designated, labeled: “Pic, 1930http://species-id.net/wiki/Xylographus_rufipesXylographus rufipesXylographus rufipes n. sp. [handwritten] \ [red label] LECTOTYPE Xylographus rufipes Pic [handwritten]”; 1 male paralectotype (NHM), labeled: “Argentina Tucumán 1 Oct. 1929 [printed] \ H. E. Box leg. [printed] \ 2709 [printed] \ Xylographus rufipes, Pic sp. nov.  [handwritten] \ Brit. Mus. 1948-460. [printed] \ [yellow label] PARALECTOTYPE Xylographus rufipes Pic [handwritten]”.ARGENTINA: male lectotype (MNHN), here designated, labeled: “Argentina Tucumán 1 Oct. 1929 [printed] \ H. E. Box leg. [printed] \ 2705 [printed] \ Nobuchi & Wada, 1956http://species-id.net/wiki/Xylographus_scheerpeltziXylographus scheerpeltziPic, 1929http://species-id.net/wiki/Xylographus_subopacusXylographus subopacusPageBreakXylographus subopacus Pic [handwritten]”; 1 female paralectotype (MNHN), labeled: “BELGIAN CONGO. 18 m. S. W. of Elizabethville. 1928. Dr. H. S. Evans. [printed] \ Xylographus subopacus n. sp. [handwritten] \ [yellow label] PARALECTOTYPE Xylographus subopacus Pic [handwritten]”.DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO: female lectotype (NHM), here designated, labeled: “[purple disc] LECTOTYPE [printed] \ BELGIAN CONGO. 18 m. S. W. of Elizabethville. 24.iii.1928. Dr. H. S. Evans. [printed] \ Pres. by Imp. Inst. Ent. Brit. Mus. 1932-147. [printed] \ [red label] LECTOTYPE Pic, 1916http://species-id.net/wiki/Xylographus_subsinuatusXylographus subsinuatus Pic 1916: 4. Type-locality: Madagascar.Xylographus rufescenssyn. n. Type-locality: Bourbon Island (Reunion).subsinuatus Pic [handwritten] \ [red label] LECTOTYPE Xylographus subsinuatus Pic [handwritten]”; 6 males, 3 females, 17 specimens of undetermined gender, all paralectotypes (MNHN), labeled: “MADAGASCAR Plantations du Sambirano COLLECTION LE MOULT [printed] \ [red label] Coll. C [handwritten] \ [yellow label] PARALECTOTYPE Xylographus subsinuatus Pic [handwritten]”.MADAGASCAR: male lectotype (MNHN), here designated, labeled: “MADAGASCAR Plantations du Sambirano COLLECTION LE MOULT [printed] \ [red label] Coll. C [handwritten] \ Type [handwritten] \ Xylographus rufescensrufescens Pic [handwritten] \ [red label] LECTOTYPE Xylographus rufescens Pic [handwritten]”.REUNION: male lectotype (MNHN) of Xylographus rufescens is a small teneral male of Xylographus subsinuatus. We dissected the types and compared the sclerites of abdominal terminalia, which are identical.We observed that the lectotype of Gorham, 1886http://species-id.net/wiki/Xylographus_suillusXylographus suillusXylographus suillus, Gorh. [handwritten] \ B.C.A., Coll., III (2). Xylographus suillus, Gorh. [printed] \ [red label] LECTOTYPE Xylographus suillus Gorh. [handwritten]”; 2 male and 4 female paralectotypes (MNHN), labeled: “Teleman, Vera Paz. Champion. [printed] \ [pink label] In boleti attached to manaca palm [handwritten] \ Xylographus suillus, Gor. [handwritten] \ [yellow label] PARALECTOTYPE Xyloraphus suillus Gorh. [handwritten]”.GUATEMALA: male lectotype (NHM), here designated, labeled: “[purple disc] LECTOTYPE [printed] \ Type. Sp. figured [printed] \ Teleman, Vera Paz. Champion. [printed] \ PageBreakReitter, 1902http://species-id.net/wiki/Xylographus_tomicoidesXylographus tomicoidestomicoides m. 1902 [handwritten] \ [red label] LECTOTYPE Xylographus tomicoides Reitter [handwritten]”.RUSSIA: male lectotype (MNHN), here designated, labeled: “Amur [handwritten] \ Xylographus dentatusCis dentatus Mellié, 1849. Type-locality: Republic of the Congo.dentatus n. sp. [handwritten] \ Cis sp. A. Kompantsev det. 2010 [handwritten] \ [red label] LECTOTYPE Xylographus dentatus Pic [handwritten] \ [green label] Cis renominatus Sandoval-Gómez, Lópes-Andrade & Lawrence nom. n.”; 6 male and 2 female paralectotypes (MNHN), labeled: “Franz. Congo [printed] \ [yellow label] PARALECTOTYPE Xylographus dentatus Pic [handwritten] \ [green label] Cis renominatus Sandoval-Gómez, Lópes-Andrade & Lawrence nom. n.”.REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO: male lectotype (MNHN), here designated, labeled: “Franz. Congo [printed] \ Xylographus dentatus Pic, 1922 is transferred to the genus Cis, but Cis dentatus  becomes a junior secondary homonym of Cis dentatus Mellié, 1849. The replacement name proposed here means “renamed”.comb. n.http://species-id.net/wiki/Paratrichapus_fultoniCis fultoniXylographus fultoni  PageBreakCis fultoni [handwritten] \ Rhopalodontus fultoni Broun. K. Paviour-Smith det. 1966 [handwritten] \ [red label] LECTOTYPE Cis fultoni Broun [handwritten]”; 1 female paralectotype (NHM), labeled: “1614 [handwritten] \ Taieri [printed] \ New Zealand. Broun Coll. Brit. Mus. 1922-482 [printed] \ Cis fultoni [handwritten] \ Rhopalodontus fultoni Broun. K. Paviour-Smith det. 1966 [handwritten] \ [yellow label] PARALECTOTYPE Cis fultoni Broun [handwritten]”.NEW ZEALAND: male lectotype (NHM), here designated, labeled: “1614 [handwritten] \ Taieri [printed] \ New Zealand. Broun Coll. Brit. Mus. 1922-482 [printed] \ comb. n.http://species-id.net/wiki/Paratrichapus_javanusXylographus javanusXylographus javanusrufomarginatus var. Fomes melanopurus Mont. [printed] \ n. sp. diffère de Xylographus ceylonicus Ancey par la forme plus allongée, le thorax moins court, plus fortement rétréci en avant, les élytres sans pli huméral brillant [handwritten] \ [red label] LECTOTYPE Xylographus javanus Pic [printed] \ Paratrichapus javanus  comb. n. Sandoval-Gómez, Lopes-Andrade & Lawrence [handwritten]”; 1 male paralectotype (MNHN), labeled: “F. C. DRESCHER G. Tangkoeban Prahoe 4000.5000 Voet. Preanger. Java 31.x.1934 [printed] \ ex Fomes melanopurus Mont. [printed] \ [yellow label] PARALECTOTYPE Xylographus javanus Pic [printed] \ Paratrichapus javanus  comb. n. Sandoval-Gómez, Lopes-Andrade & Lawrence [handwritten]”; 1female paralectotype (MNHN), labeled: “F. C. DRESCHER G. Tangkoeban Prahoe 4000.5000 Voet. Preanger. Java 22.i.1935 [printed] \ ex Fomes melanopurus Mont. [printed] \ Xylographus javanus n. sp. [handwritten] \ [yellow label] PARALECTOTYPE Xylographus javanus Pic [printed] \ Paratrichapus javanus  comb. n. Sandoval-Gómez, Lopes-Andrade & Lawrence [handwritten]”.INDONESIA: male lectotype (MNHN), here designated, labeled: “F. C. DRESCHER G. Tangkoeban Prahoe 4000.5000 Voet. Preanger. Java 31.x.1934 [printed] \ ex


The coordination polyhedron shows a slightly distorted Archimedean square-antiprismatic geometry. The crystal packing is stabilized by weak C—H⋯O interactions.In the title compound, [Hf(C DOI: 10.1107/S1600536810030400/bg2349Isup2.hkl            Structure factors: contains datablocks I. DOI:  crystallographic information; 3D view; checkCIF report            Additional supplementary materials:


The cation adopts a chair conformation. The crystal structure is stabilized by intermolecular N—H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds.In the complex anion of the title compound, (C DOI: 10.1107/S1600536810047689/bx2322Isup2.hkl            Structure factors: contains datablocks I. DOI:  crystallographic information; 3D view; checkCIF report            Additional supplementary materials:


The metal atoms are linked by the dianions into zigzag chains running parallel to [11The asymmetric unit of the title compound, {[Ni(C DOI: 10.1107/S1600536810045794/rz2513Isup2.hkl            Structure factors: contains datablocks I. DOI:  crystallographic information; 3D view; checkCIF report            Additional supplementary materials:


DOI: 10.1107/S1600536810049081/pk2286Isup2.hkl            Structure factors: contains datablocks I. DOI:  crystallographic information; 3D view; checkCIF report            Additional supplementary materials:


DOI: 10.1107/S1600536811022598/mg2119Isup2.hkl            Structure factors: contains datablock(s) I. DOI:  crystallographic information; 3D view; checkCIF report            Additional supplementary materials:


In the crystal, molecules are linked by N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming C(4) chains propagating in [001].In the title compound, C DOI: 10.1107/S160053681101035X/hb5818Isup2.hkl            Structure factors: contains datablocks I. DOI:  crystallographic information; 3D view; checkCIF report            Additional supplementary materials:


In the crystal, numerous N—H⋯Cl and bifurcated N—H⋯ hydrogen bonds link the components.The asymmetric unit of the title compound, (C DOI: 10.1107/S1600536811049464/hb6519Isup2.hkl            Structure factors: contains datablock(s) I. DOI:  crystallographic information; 3D view; checkCIF report            Additional supplementary materials:


The Zn2+ cation is surrounded by two N atoms and two O atoms from L2−, in a nearly planar configuration, and one methanol O atom, forming a slightly distorted square-pyramidal geometry. The methanol molecule is disordered over two sets of sites in a 0.5:0.5 ratio. In the crystal, O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds link the molecules into chains parallel to [001].In the title complex, [Zn(C DOI: 10.1107/S1600536813016863/jj2167Isup2.hklStructure factors: contains datablock(s) I. DOI: Click here for additional data file.10.1107/S1600536813016863/jj2167Isup3.cdxSupplementary material file. DOI:  crystallographic information; 3D view; checkCIF reportAdditional supplementary materials:


The crystal structure is stabilized by O—H⋯N and N—H⋯N hydrogen bonds, forming a three-dimensional network.In the title compound, [Cu(C DOI: 10.1107/S1600536810050178/bt5405Isup2.hkl            Structure factors: contains datablocks I. DOI:  crystallographic information; 3D view; checkCIF report            Additional supplementary materials:


Therefore the asymmetric unit contains one crystallographically independent half-molecule. The Cd atom adopts a tetrahedral coordination geometry, coordinated by two I atoms and two N atoms from the symmetry-related 4-(2-methylstyryl)pyridine ligands.In the title complex, [CdI DOI: 10.1107/S1600536811037573/bq2302Isup2.hkl            Structure factors: contains datablock(s) I. DOI:  crystallographic information; 3D view; checkCIF report            Additional supplementary materials:


The metal ions are linked by the EG and L ligands, forming two-dimensional coordination networks, which are associated into the three-dimensional structure through O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds.In the title complex, {[Mn(C DOI: 10.1107/S1600536810045411/fk2028Isup2.hkl            Structure factors: contains datablocks I. DOI:  crystallographic information; 3D view; checkCIF report            Additional supplementary materials:


In the crystal, adjacent molecules are linked by N–H⋯Ncyano hydrogen bonds, forming a chain running along [110].In the title compound, C DOI: 10.1107/S1600536813029589/ng5344Isup2.hklStructure factors: contains datablock(s) I. DOI:  crystallographic information; 3D view; checkCIF reportAdditional supplementary materials:


In the crystal structure, molecules pack via weak C—H⋯N and C—H⋯Cl interactions.In the title compound, [MnCl DOI: 10.1107/S1600536811043352/su2330Isup2.hkl            Structure factors: contains datablock(s) I. DOI: 10.1107/S1600536811043352/su2330Isup3.mol            Supplementary material file. DOI:  crystallographic information; 3D view; checkCIF report            Additional supplementary materials:


The hpc ligands bridge adjacent EuIII ions, forming infinite double chains. Adjacent chains are further connected by hpc ligands into sheets. O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds then generate a three-dimensional supramolecular framework.In the title coordination polymer, {[Eu(C DOI: 10.1107/S1600536810048518/hb5735Isup2.hkl            Structure factors: contains datablocks I. DOI:  crystallographic information; 3D view; checkCIF report            Additional supplementary materials:


The dihedral angle between the two Cp rings is 3.20 (17)°. The crystal packing is mainly stabilized by van der Waals forces.In the title molecule, [Fe(C DOI: 10.1107/S1600536811014796/mw2007Isup2.hkl            Structure factors: contains datablocks I. DOI:  crystallographic information; 3D view; checkCIF report            Additional supplementary materials:


The PrIII ions are bridged by the oxalate ligands, forming a layer parallel to (001). O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds connect the layers.In the title complex, [Pr DOI: 10.1107/S1600536812011014/hy2521Isup2.hklStructure factors: contains datablock(s) I. DOI:  crystallographic information; 3D view; checkCIF reportAdditional supplementary materials:


Two Cl atoms complete a distorted square-pyramidal geometry around the metal atom. In the crystal, a C—H⋯Cl interaction connects pairs of molecules into centrosymetric dimers.In the title compound, [CdCl DOI: 10.1107/S1600536811005538/pv2387Isup2.hkl            Structure factors: contains datablocks I. DOI:  crystallographic information; 3D view; checkCIF report            Additional supplementary materials:


O—H⋯O hydrogen-bonding interactions involving the water molecules form infinite chains parallel to [010].In the title compound, [Zn(C DOI: 10.1107/S1600536810050865/dn2633Isup2.hkl            Structure factors: contains datablocks I. DOI:  crystallographic information; 3D view; checkCIF report            Additional supplementary materials:


The coordination sphere around Cu(II) ion can be described as tetragonally distorted octahedral with two perchlorate O atoms occupying the apical positions and four N atoms from two N               1-(2-furylmethyl)ethane-1,2-diamine ligands in the basal plane.In the title complex, [Cu(ClO DOI: 10.1107/S1600536811012232/nk2094Isup2.hkl            Structure factors: contains datablocks I. DOI:  crystallographic information; 3D view; checkCIF report            Additional supplementary materials:


The C atoms of the propan-1-aminium cation are disordered over two sets of sites in a 0.65 (3):0.35 (3) ratio. The crystal structure is stabilized by N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds.In the anion of the title solvated molecular salt, C DOI: 10.1107/S1600536811016850/bt5538Isup2.hkl            Structure factors: contains datablocks I. DOI: 10.1107/S1600536811016850/bt5538Isup3.cml            Supplementary material file. DOI:  crystallographic information; 3D view; checkCIF report            Additional supplementary materials:


The two bpds ligands of the same axial chirality bridge ZnII atoms, generating repeated rhomboidal chains, which are linked by O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds into a ladder structure.In the title compound, {[Zn(C DOI: 10.1107/S1600536810021331/er2078Isup2.hkl            Structure factors: contains datablocks I. DOI:  crystallographic information; 3D view; checkCIF report            Additional supplementary materials:


In the crystal, molecules are linked via O—H⋯O and O—H⋯N hydrogen bonds, forming double-stranded chains propagating along [010].In the title compound, [Sn(CH DOI: Click here for additional data file.10.1107/S1600536813012622/su2595Isup2.hklStructure factors: contains datablock(s) I. DOI:  crystallographic information; 3D view; checkCIF reportAdditional supplementary materials:


DOI: 10.1107/S1600536810023214/pv2294Isup2.hkl            Structure factors: contains datablocks I. DOI:  crystallographic information; 3D view; checkCIF report            Additional supplementary materials:


The anions bridge adjacent TmIII ions into double chains. Adjacent chains are further connected into sheets. O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds involving both coordinated and uncoordinated water molecules generate a three-dimensional supramolecular framework.In the title coordination polymer, {[Tm(C DOI: 10.1107/S1600536811007628/pv2392Isup2.hkl            Structure factors: contains datablocks I. DOI:  crystallographic information; 3D view; checkCIF report            Additional supplementary materials:


Each TMIPA anion bridges three CdII cations, forming polymeric complex sheets parallel to (001). Weak C—H⋯O hydrogen bonding occurs between adjacent sheets.In the crystal structure of the polymeric title complex, [Cd(C DOI: 10.1107/S1600536811054183/xu5394Isup2.hkl            Structure factors: contains datablock(s) I. DOI: 10.1107/S1600536811054183/xu5394Isup3.mol            Supplementary material file. DOI:  crystallographic information; 3D view; checkCIF report            Additional supplementary materials:


The pyridinium NH H atom is disordered over the two ligands. Adjacent mononuclear clusters are linked through N—H⋯O and N—H⋯N hydrogen-bonding interactions, generating layers in the (102) plane.In the title compound, [Nd(NO DOI: 10.1107/S1600536812011397/bt5847Isup2.hklStructure factors: contains datablock(s) I. DOI:  crystallographic information; 3D view; checkCIF reportAdditional supplementary materials:


The chain structure is constructed from square-pyramidally coordinated CuII atoms linked through l-methionate ligands. The chains propagate along the a-axis direction and are linked to perchlorate anions via N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds.The structure of the title compound, {[Cu(C DOI: 10.1107/S1600536811014000/ff2004Isup2.hkl            Structure factors: contains datablocks I. DOI:  crystallographic information; 3D view; checkCIF report            Additional supplementary materials:


Intramolecular N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds help to establish the configuration.In the title compound, [Ni(NO DOI: 10.1107/S1600536810044624/si2301Isup2.hkl            Structure factors: contains datablocks I. DOI:  crystallographic information; 3D view; checkCIF report            Additional supplementary materials:


In the crystal, N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds link the molecules into infinite chains running along the b axis.In the title compound, C DOI: 10.1107/S1600536811050732/bt5725Isup2.hkl            Structure factors: contains datablock(s) I. DOI: 10.1107/S1600536811050732/bt5725Isup3.cml            Supplementary material file. DOI:  crystallographic information; 3D view; checkCIF report            Additional supplementary materials:


The Figure 3 caption does not include the correct legend colors. The corrected Figure 3 caption reads:Figure 3. Diversity measures at the site scale in each estuary: α-site , γ- site (green bars) and β-site (blue bars). Sites: 1 to 10. Significant Spearman correlation (r) between diversity measures at each estuary is included in left corner of graphs. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0065575.g003


Phylogenetic comparison of bacteriophages requires whole genome approaches such as dotplot analysis, genome pairwise maps, and gene content analysis. Currently mycobacteriophages, a highly studied phage group, are categorized into related clusters based on the comparative analysis of whole genome sequences. With the recent explosion of phage isolation, a simple method for phage cluster prediction would facilitate analysis of crude or complex samples without whole genome isolation and sequencing. The hypothesis of this study was that mycobacteriophage-cluster prediction is possible using comparison of a single, ubiquitous, semi-conserved gene. Tape Measure Protein (TMP) was selected to test the hypothesis because it is typically the longest gene in mycobacteriophage genomes and because regions within the TMP gene are conserved.A single gene, TMP, identified the known Mycobacteriophage clusters and subclusters using a Gepard dotplot comparison or a phylogenetic tree constructed from global alignment and maximum likelihood comparisons. Gepard analysis of 247 mycobacteriophage TMP sequences appropriately recovered 98.8% of the subcluster assignments that were made by whole-genome comparison. Subcluster-specific primers within TMP allow for PCR determination of the mycobacteriophage subcluster from DNA samples. Using the single-gene comparison approach for siphovirus coliphages, phage groupings by TMP comparison reflected relationships observed in a whole genome dotplot comparison and confirm the potential utility of this approach to another widely studied group of phages.TMP sequence comparison and PCR results support the hypothesis that a single gene can be used for distinguishing phage cluster and subcluster assignments. TMP single-gene analysis can quickly and accurately aid in mycobacteriophage classification. Mycobacterium tuberculosis and the nonpathogenic M. smegmatis. Mycobacteriophages are the most studied of all bacteriophages with 2,413 mycobacteriophages isolated, more than 344 genomes fully sequenced (http://phagesdb.org/) and approximately 223 full phage genome sequences available on GenBank, making the analysis of these phages a model for bacteriophage research. The number of mycobacteriophages isolated and sequenced in recent years has led to the identification of genetic relationships and subsequent assignment of phages into 17 clusters and 30 subclusters based on whole genome comparison  for 74 of the 79 phages included: Acadian (B5) , Adephagia (K1) , Airmid (A5) , Angelica (K1) , Arbiter , Ares (B2) , Avani (F2) [JQ809702], Babsiella (I1) , Backyardigan (A4), Baka (J) , Barnyard (H2) , Benedict (A5) , Bongo (M) , BPs (J), Brujita (I1) , Bxz2 (A3) , Charlie (N) , Che12 (A2), Che9c (I2), Che9d (F2), ChrisnMich (B4) , Colbert (B1), Cooper (B4) , Corndog (O) , CrimD (K1) , Cuco (A5) , Daisy (B3) , DaVinci (A6) , DotProduct (F1) , Eagle (A4) , Faith1 , Firecracker (O), Fruitloop (F1), Gladiator (A6), Gumball (D1) , Halo (G) , Hammer (A6), Harvey (B1) , Hedgerow (B2) , HelDan (A3) , Henry (E) , Hertubise (B1) , Hope (G) , island3 (I1) , JC27 (A1) , JHC117 , JoeDirt (L1) , Konstantine (H1) , Kostya (E) , KSSJEB , Larva (K5) , LeBron (L1) , LHTSCC (A4) , Lilac (E) , LittleE (J) , MacnCheese (K3) [JX042579], Omega (J) , PBI1 (D1) , Phlyer (B3) , Pipefish (B3) , Pixie (K3) , PLot (D1) , Predator (H1) , Redi (N) , RedRock (A2) , Rey (M) , RockyHorror (F1) , Rumpelstiltskin (L2) , Switzer , TM4 (A1) , Trixie (A2) , UPIE (L1) , Yoshi (F2) . Five mycobacteriophage genomes for the 79-phage comparison were downloaded from http://phagesdb.org, and included Archie (L2), Catdawg (0), Frederick (B4), Kratio (K) and Xerxes (N). The genomes from phagesdb.org were unannotated; therefore, DNA Master (http://cobamide2.bio.pitt.edu) was used to auto-annotate the genomes and identify TMP and MCP. For the 247-mycobacteriophage comparison, genomes included the previous 79 along with 157 sequences from GenBank and 11 sequences from the phagesdb.org website. The sequences from phagesdb.org included Bernardo, Hawkeye, HotShotFirst, JAMaL, Mendokysei, Mosby, Odin, Pegleg, Squirty, TA17A, and Whirlwhind. Fasta files of whole genome sequences were downloaded from the http://phagesdb.org website and TMP sequences were identified by Blast searches of the genomes. The 157 mycobacteriophage TMP sequences gathered from GenBank were as follows (cluster) [GenBank Accession number]: 244 (E) [DQ398041], ABU (B1) [JF704091], Adjutor (D1) [EU676000], Aeneas (A1) [JQ809703], Akoma (B3) [JN699006], Alice (C1) [JF704092], Alma (A9) [JN699005], Anaya (K1) [JF704106.1], Angel (G) [NC_012788.1], AnnaL29 (A1) [JN572060], Ardmore (F1) [NC_013936.1], Athena (B3) [JN699003], Ava3 (C1) [JQ911768], Avrafan (G) [JN699002.1], BarrelRoll (K1) [JN643714.1], Bask21 (E) [JF937091.1], Bethlehem (A1) [AY500153], BigNuz (P) [JN412591.1], BillKnuckles (A1) [JN699000], Blue7 (A6) [JN698999], Boomer (F1) [NC_011054.1], BPBiebs31 (A1) [JF957057], Bruns (A1) [JN698998], Butterscotch (D1) [FJ168660], Bxb1 (A1) [AF271693], Bxz1 (C1) [AY129337], Cali (C1) [EU826471], Catera (C1) [DQ398053], Chah (B1) [FJ174694], Che8 (F1) [NC_004680.1], Cjw1 (E) [AY129331], Courthouse (J) [JN698997.1], D29 (A2) [AF022214], Dandelion (C1) [JN412588], DD5 (A1) [EU744252], DeadP (F1) [JN698996.1], DLane (F1) [JF937093.1], Doom (A1) [JN153085], Dori (Singleton) [JN698995.1], Drago (F1) [JN542517.1], Drazdys (C1) [JF704116], Dreamboat (A1) [JN660814], DS6A (Singleton) [JN698994.1], Elph10 (E) [JN391441.1], EricB (A6) [JN049605], ET08 (C1) [GQ303260.1], Euphoria (A1) [JN153086], Eureka (E) [JN412590.1], Fang (B1) [GU247133], Flux (A4) [JQ809701], Gadjet (B3) [JN698992], George (A5) [JF704107], Ghost (C1) [JF704096], Giles (Q) [NC_009993.2], GUmbie (F1) [JN398368.1], Ibhubesi (F1) [JF937098.1], ICleared (A4) [JQ896627], IsaacEli (B1) [JN698990], JacAttac (B1) [JN698989], Jasper (A1) [EU744251], JAWS (K1) [JN185608.1], Jebeks (P) [JN572061.1], Jeffabunny (A6) [JN699019], Kamiyu (B3) [JN699018], KBG (A1) [EU744248], Kikipoo (B1) [JN699017], KLucky39 (B1) [JF704099], Kugel (A1) [JN699016], L5 (A2) [Z18946], Lesedi (A1) [JF937100], Liefie (G) [JN412593.1], LinStu (C1) [JN412592], Llij (F1) [NC_008196.1], Lockley (A1) [EU744249], LRRHood (C1) [GQ303262.1], Marvin (S) [JF704100.1], MeeZee (A4) [JN243856], Microwolf (A3) [JF704101], MoMoMixon (C1) [JN699626], Morgushi (B1) [JN638753], Mozy (F1) [JF937102.1], MrGordo (A1) [JN020140], Murdoc (B1) [JN638752], Museum (A1) [JF937103], Mutaforma13 (F1) [JN020142.1], Myrna (C2) [EU826466], Nappy (C1) [JN699627], Nigel (B4) [EU770221], Nova (D1) [JN699014], Oline (B1) [JN192463], Oosterbaan (B1) [JF704109], Optimus (J) [JF957059.1], Orion (B1) [DQ398046], OSmaximus (B1) [JN006064], Pacc40 (F1) [NC_011287.1], PackMan (A9) [JF704110], Patience (Singleton) [JN412589.1], Peaches (A4) [GQ303263.1], Perseus (A1) [JN572689], PG1 (B1) [AF547430], Phaedrus (B3) [EU816589], Phipps (B1) [JF704102], Pio (C1) [JN699013], Pleione (C1) [JN624850], PMC (F1) [NC_008205.1], Porky (E) [NC_011055.1], Puhltonio (B1) [GQ303264.1], Pukovnik (A2) [EU744250], Pumpkin (E) [GQ303265.1], Qyrzula (B2) [DQ398048], Rakim (E) [JN006062], Ramsey (F1) [NC_011289.1], RidgeCB (A1) [JN398369], Rizal (C1) [EU826467], Rockstar (A3) [JF704111], Rosebush (B2) [AY129334], Saintus (A8) [JN831654], Scoot17C (B1) [GU247134], ScottMcG (C1) [EU826469], Sebata (C1) [JN204348], Send513 (R ) [JF704112.1], Serendipity (B1) [JN006063], SG4 (F1) [JN699012.1], Shaka (A4) [JF792674], Shauna1 (F1) [JN020141.1], ShiLan (F1) [JN020143.1], SirDuracell (E) [JF937106.1], SirHarley (D1) [JF937107], SkiPole (A1) [GU247132], Solon (A1) [EU826470a], Spud (C1) [EU826468], Stinger (B4) [JN699011], Taj (F1) [JX121091.1], TallGrassMM (B1) [JN699010], Thibault (J) [JN201525.1], Thora (B1) [JF957056], ThreeOh3d2 (B1) [JN699009], Tiger (A5) [JX042578], Timshel (A7) [JF957060], TiroTheta9 (A4) [JN561150], Toto (E) [JN006061], Troll4 (D1) [FJ168662], Turbido (A2) [JN408460], Tweety (F1) [NC_009820.1], Twister (A10) [JQ512844], U2 (A1) [AY500152], UncleHowie (B1) [GQ303266.1], Violet (A1) [JN687951], Vista (B1) [JN699008], Vix (A3) [JF704114], Vortex (B1) [JF704103], Wally (C1) [JN699625], Wee (F1) [NC_014901.1], Wildcat (Singleton) [NC_008206.1], Wile (A4) [JN243857], Yoshand (B1) [JF937109], Zemanar (B4) [JF704104].Seventy-nine full genomes were collected from GenBank representing a large extent of diversity of phages infecting Mycobacterium spp. The phage genome, TMP and MCP sequences were collected from GenBank and from An additional 24 TMP sequences from coliphages were used which included HK578 [NC_019724], mEp213 [NC_019720], vB_EcoS_Rogue1 [NC_019718], HK446 [NC_019714], HK140 [NC_019710], mEp235 [NC_019708], mEp043 c-1 [NC_019706], mEpX2 [NC_019705], HK630 [NC_019723], HK633 [NC_019719], HK225 [NC_019717], mEp234 [NC_019715], HK629 [NC_019711], mEpX1 [NC_019709], mEp237 [JQ182730], JL1 [NC_019419], HK022 [NC_002166], lambda [NC_001416], JK06 [NC_007291], T1 [NC_005833], HK97 [NC_002167], N15 [NC_001901], and Escherichia phages ADB-2 [NC_019725], and HK75 [NC_016160].http://tree.bio.ed.ac.uk/software/). The confidence interval of percent clustered and subclustered phage based on TMP comparison of 247 sequences was determined using a Confidence Interval for Proportions with an alpha level of 0.05 (95% confidence level).Gepard  was usedBacillus cereus PBC1 phage as outgroup. In order to infer a phylogeny the neighbor-joining method was used and the phylogeny bootstrapped 10,000 times to assess nodal support. A 50% majority-rule consensus tree was obtained using Paup* 4.0 [http://www.genealogicalsorting.org) [For the alignment-free phylogeny, feature frequency profiles  were useaup* 4.0  and annoaup* 4.0 ) metric aup* 4.0 . The gening.org) .The authors have no competing interests to declare.KCS, DPB, JHG and SHB were responsible for the design and coordination of the research. KCS conducted the laboratory research. SHB drafted the manuscript, JHG drafted figures and edited extensively. KCS, ECN, JNBF, JHG and DPB participated in genomic and gene analysis. All authors contributed to editing of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.


In the crystal, O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds are observed between the coordinated carboxylate O atoms and the solvent water molecule.In the title compound, [Cu(C DOI: 10.1107/S1600536812020193/jj2130Isup2.hklStructure factors: contains datablock(s) I. DOI:  crystallographic information; 3D view; checkCIF reportAdditional supplementary materials:


Each oxalate ligand bridges two CdII atoms, generating a zigzag chain structure propagating along [100]. The packing of the structure is consolidated by non-classical C—H⋯O hydrogen-bonding interactions.In the title complex, [Cd(C DOI: 10.1107/S1600536810040341/wm2410Isup2.hkl            Structure factors: contains datablocks I. DOI:  crystallographic information; 3D view; checkCIF report            Additional supplementary materials:


The dihedral angles between the piperidine groups and the NCN chelate rings are 51.5 (1) and 52.3 (1)°.In the mononuclear title complex, [Ti(C DOI: 10.1107/S1600536810053262/hg2762Isup2.hkl            Structure factors: contains datablocks I. DOI:  crystallographic information; 3D view; checkCIF report            Additional supplementary materials:


The diacetate and 4,4′-bipyridine ligands also lie across inversion centers. The bridging ligands form layers parallel to (11via O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds between the coordinated water molecules and the carboxylate O atoms, giving a three-dimensional supramolecular architecture.In the title compound, [Cd(C DOI: 10.1107/S1600536811031400/zs2132Isup2.hkl            Structure factors: contains datablock(s) I. DOI:  crystallographic information; 3D view; checkCIF report            Additional supplementary materials:


Complex molecules are connected by C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds into a three-dimensional network.In the title compound, [Ho(NO DOI: 10.1107/S1600536812012445/is5078Isup2.hklStructure factors: contains datablock(s) I. DOI:  crystallographic information; 3D view; checkCIF reportAdditional supplementary materials:


In the crystal, a two-dimensional framework parallel to (010) is formed by N—H⋯O and O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds.In the title compound, [Zn(C DOI: 10.1107/S1600536811012992/nk2096Isup2.hkl            Structure factors: contains datablocks I. DOI:  crystallographic information; 3D view; checkCIF report            Additional supplementary materials:


The molecule has approximate C               2 point symmetry. The dihedral angles between the phenyl and benzene rings on either side of the ligand are 64.56 (14) and 65.61 (13)°.In the title compound, [FeCl DOI: 10.1107/S1600536811053773/lh5395Isup2.hkl            Structure factors: contains datablock(s) I. DOI:  crystallographic information; 3D view; checkCIF report            Additional supplementary materials:


II atom in the mononuclear title compound, [Ni(C10H10NS2)(NCS)(C18H15P)], exists within a S2PN donor set that defines a distorted square-planar geometry. A significant asymmetry in the Ni—S bond lengths support the less effective trans effect of SCN− over PPh3.The Ni DOI: 10.1107/S1600536811050550/bt5724Isup2.hkl            Structure factors: contains datablock(s) I. DOI:  crystallographic information; 3D view; checkCIF report            Additional supplementary materials:


The sulfonate groups doubly bridge symmetry-related NiII centers, forming polymeric chains along the a axis.In the title polymeric complex, [Ni(C DOI: 10.1107/S1600536810020325/bh2285Isup2.hkl            Structure factors: contains datablocks I. DOI:  crystallographic information; 3D view; checkCIF report            Additional supplementary materials:


The Schiff base ligand acts as a chelating ligand and coordinates to the ZnII atom via two N atoms.In the title compound, [ZnBr DOI: 10.1107/S1600536812027997/bt5947Isup2.hklStructure factors: contains datablock(s) I. DOI:  crystallographic information; 3D view; checkCIF reportAdditional supplementary materials:


The 4-pybpy ligand, having a twofold rotation axis, functions in a bridging coordination mode, connecting the CoII ions into a corrugated chain along [In the title complex, [Co(CHO DOI: 10.1107/S1600536811021118/hy2424Isup2.hkl            Structure factors: contains datablock(s) I. DOI:  crystallographic information; 3D view; checkCIF report            Additional supplementary materials:


The molecules are packed as two monomeric molecules with one acetone solvent molecule sitting at the centre.The title compound, [Rh(C DOI: 10.1107/S1600536812008148/hg5181Isup2.hklStructure factors: contains datablock(s) I. DOI:  crystallographic information; 3D view; checkCIF reportAdditional supplementary materials:


DOI: 10.1107/S1600536811036373/vm2118Isup2.hkl            Structure factors: contains datablock(s) I. DOI: 10.1107/S1600536811036373/vm2118Isup3.cml            Supplementary material file. DOI:  crystallographic information; 3D view; checkCIF report            Additional supplementary materials:


The CoII atom, in an octahedral enviroment, is coordinated by four N atoms from two 2-methylsulfanyl-4-(pyridin-2-yl)pyrimidine ligands and two Cl atoms.The asymmetric unit of the title compound, [CoCl DOI: 10.1107/S1600536811030881/vm2113Isup2.hkl            Structure factors: contains datablock(s) I. DOI:  crystallographic information; 3D view; checkCIF report            Additional supplementary materials:


A two-dimensional polymer is generated, lying parallel to (100), within which there are water–carboxylate O—H⋯O hydrogen-bonding interactions.In the structure of the title complex, [Cs(C DOI: 10.1107/S1600536813029395/wm2781Isup2.hklStructure factors: contains datablock(s) I. DOI: Click here for additional data file.10.1107/S1600536813029395/wm2781Isup3.cmlSupplementary material file. DOI:  crystallographic information; 3D view; checkCIF reportAdditional supplementary materials:


Each 1,10-phenanthroline ligand displays a bidentate chelating coordinating mode and the 4-sulfonatobenzotriazolide ions act as μ2-bridges, linking different Zn2+ cations into a chain along the b axis. The crystal structure is consolidated by C—H⋯O hydrogen-bonding interactions.In the title complex, [Zn(C DOI: 10.1107/S160053681104743X/pv2482Isup2.hkl            Structure factors: contains datablock(s) I. DOI: 10.1107/S160053681104743X/pv2482Isup3.cdx            Supplementary material file. DOI:  crystallographic information; 3D view; checkCIF report            Additional supplementary materials:


The two aromatic rings make a dihedral angle of 77.4 (1)°. In the crystal, the molecules are linked by N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming C(4) chains propagating in [010].In the molecular structure of the title compound, C DOI: 10.1107/S1600536811047271/bt5712Isup2.hkl            Structure factors: contains datablock(s) I. DOI: 10.1107/S1600536811047271/bt5712Isup3.cml            Supplementary material file. DOI:  crystallographic information; 3D view; checkCIF report            Additional supplementary materials:


A three-dimensional network is generated by intermolecular N—H⋯O and O—H⋯O hydrogen-bonding interactions involving the cation, the complex anion and the lattice water molecule.In the title compound, (C DOI: 10.1107/S1600536813022058/mw2113Isup2.hklStructure factors: contains datablock(s) I. DOI:  crystallographic information; 3D view; checkCIF reportAdditional supplementary materials:


The Mo6+ centre adopts a highly distorted octahedral geometry, being surrounded by four chloride and two terminal oxide groups. The oxide ligands are mutually cis.In the title compound, (C DOI: 10.1107/S1600536810023950/sj5018Isup2.hkl            Structure factors: contains datablocks I. DOI:  crystallographic information; 3D view; checkCIF report            Additional supplementary materials:


The complex molecule has an inversion center lying at the mid-point of the Cu—Cu bond.The binuclear title compound, [Cu DOI: 10.1107/S1600536811029837/hy2450Isup2.hkl            Structure factors: contains datablock(s) I. DOI:  crystallographic information; 3D view; checkCIF report            Additional supplementary materials:


The five-membered chelate ring is puckered on the C—C bond. In the title compound, [RuCl DOI: 10.1107/S1600536811022227/hb5901Isup2.hkl            Structure factors: contains datablock(s) I. DOI:  crystallographic information; 3D view; checkCIF report            Additional supplementary materials:


The CoII atom occupies a special position on a twofold rotation axis. In the crystal, molecules are linked via weak C—H⋯Br interactions. In the title complex, [Co(C DOI: 10.1107/S160053681104459X/br2176Isup2.hkl            Structure factors: contains datablock(s) I. DOI:  crystallographic information; 3D view; checkCIF report            Additional supplementary materials:


The amide N atom is a hydrogen-bond donor to the uncoordinated carboxylate O atom. The geometry at the five-coordinate Sn atom is trans-C3SnO2 trigonal-bipyramidal.In the title polymeric complex, [Sn(C DOI: 10.1107/S1600536810026978/xu2796Isup2.hkl            Structure factors: contains datablocks I. DOI:  crystallographic information; 3D view; checkCIF report            Additional supplementary materials:


One of the coordinated nitrate anions is disordered over two set of sites in a 0.85:0.15 ratio.The crystal structure of the title compound, [Cu(NO DOI: 10.1107/S1600536811005290/nc2216Isup2.hkl            Structure factors: contains datablocks I. DOI:  crystallographic information; 3D view; checkCIF report            Additional supplementary materials:


The asymmetric unit comprises one nickel cation, two thiocyanate anions and two actonitrile molecules. In the crystal, the NiII cations are connected by bridging thiocyanate anions into a three-dimensional coordination network.In the title compound, [Ni(NCS) DOI: 10.1107/S1600536811004132/im2264Isup2.hkl            Structure factors: contains datablocks I. DOI:  crystallographic information; 3D view; checkCIF report            Additional supplementary materials:


In the crystal, the almost symmetrically bridging μ2-C=N-R ligand (neglecting the different atomic radii of Fe and Pt) is strongly bent towards the Fe(CO)3 fragment, with a C=N-R angle of only 121.1 (4)°.The title compound, [FePt(C DOI: 10.1107/S1600536812004023/fi2121Isup2.hklStructure factors: contains datablock(s) I. DOI:  crystallographic information; 3D view; checkCIF reportAdditional supplementary materials:


An intramolecular O—H⋯N hydrogen bond is present between the quinazoline and hydroxy groups. In the crystal, molecules are stacked along the b-axis direction.In the molecule of the title compound, C DOI: 10.1107/S1600536814019990/gg2141Isup2.hklStructure factors: contains datablock(s) I. DOI: Click here for additional data file.10.1107/S1600536814019990/gg2141Isup3.cmlSupporting information file. DOI: Click here for additional data file.10.1107/S1600536814019990/gg2141fig1.tif17 16 2 . DOI: 17H16N2OS with atom labels and 50% probability displacement ellipsoids for nonhydrogen atoms.A molecule of CClick here for additional data file.10.1107/S1600536814019990/gg2141fig2.tifb . DOI: b axis.Crystal structure packing viewed down the 1022918CCDC reference:  crystallographic information; 3D view; checkCIF reportAdditional supporting information:


Scientific Reports5: Article number: 1278410.1038/srep12784; published online: 08052015; updated: 10052015In this Article, Fig. 6H is a duplication of Supplementary Figure 4. The correct Fig. 6H appears below as


Scientific Reports5: Article number: 12437; 10.1038/srep12437 published online: 07202015; updated: 01202016.Chapitre 13: L’orbite et ses muscles. In Optique Physiologique. Tome Troisième: l’Espace Visuel  28–41 ’. The correct reference is listed below:This Article contains errors in Reference 40 which was incorrectly given as ‘Le Grand, Y. Chapitre 13: L’orbite et ses muscles. In Optique Physiologique. Tome premier : la dioptrique de l’œil et sa correction.  153–163 .Le Grand, Y.


The C—O bond length of 1.3157 (13) Å shows double-bond character, indicating charge delocalization within the NCO plane of the iminium ion. In the crystal, C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds between H atoms of the cations and O atoms of neighbouring ethyl sulfate anions are present, generating a three-dimensional network.In the title salt, C DOI: 10.1107/S2056989015020678/hb7521Isup2.hklStructure factors: contains datablock(s) I. DOI: Click here for additional data file.10.1107/S2056989015020678/hb7521Isup3.cmlSupporting information file. DOI: Click here for additional data file.10.1107/S2056989015020678/hb7521fig1.tif. DOI: The structure of the title compound with displacement ellipsoids at the 50% probability level.Click here for additional data file.10.1107/S2056989015020678/hb7521fig2.tifac . DOI: ac view).C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds (black dashed lines) between H atoms of the cations and oxygen atoms of the ethyl sulfate ions (1434493CCDC reference:  crystallographic information; 3D view; checkCIF reportAdditional supporting information:


The full contentscan be found at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.13352/full. Nuclearhormone receptors are one of the eight major pharmacological targets into which theGuide is divided, with the others being: G protein‐coupled receptors, ligand‐gatedion channels, voltage‐gated ion channels, other ion channels, catalytic receptors,enzymes and transporters. These are presented with nomenclature guidance and summaryinformation on the best available pharmacological tools, alongside key references andsuggestions for further reading. The Concise Guide is published in landscape formatin order to facilitate comparison of related targets. It is a condensed version ofmaterial contemporary to late 2015, which is presented in greater detail andconstantly updated on the website www.guidetopharmacology.org, superseding datapresented in the previous Guides to Receptors & Channels and the Concise Guide toPHARMACOLOGY 2013/14. It is produced in conjunction with NC‐IUPHAR and provides theofficial IUPHAR classification and nomenclature for human drug targets, whereappropriate. It consolidates information previously curated and displayed separatelyin IUPHAR‐DB and GRAC and provides a permanent, citable, point‐in‐time record thatwill survive database updates.The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2015/16provides concise overviews of the key properties of over 1750 human drug targets withtheir pharmacology, plus links to an open access knowledgebase of drug targets andtheir ligands ( The authors state that there are no conflictsof interest to declare.Nuclear hormone receptors are specialisedtranscription factors with commonalities of sequence and structure, which bind ashomo‐ or heterodimers to specific consensus sequences of DNA (response elements) inthe promoter region of particular target genes. They regulate (either promoting orrepressing) transcription of these target genes in response to a variety ofendogenous ligands. Endogenous agonists are hydrophobic entities which, when bound tothe receptor promote conformational changes in the receptor to allow recruitment (ordissociation) of protein partners, generating a large multiprotein complex.Two major subclasses of nuclear receptors withidentified endogenous agonists can be identified: steroid and non‐steroid hormonereceptors. Steroid hormone receptors function typically as dimeric entities and arethought to be resident outside the nucleus in the unliganded state in a complex withchaperone proteins, which are liberated upon agonist binding. Migration to thenucleus and interaction with other regulators of gene transcription, including RNApolymerase, acetyltransferases and deacetylases, allows gene transcription to beregulated. Non‐steroid hormone receptors typically exhibit a greater distribution inthe nucleus in the unliganded state and interact with other nuclear receptors to formheterodimers, as well as with other regulators of gene transcription, leading tochanges in gene transcription upon agonist binding.Selectivity of gene regulation is brought aboutthrough interaction of nuclear receptors with particular consensus sequences of DNA,which are arranged typically as repeats or inverted palindromes to allow accumulationof multiple transcription factors in the promoter regions of genes.TRs,nomenclature as agreed by theNC‐IUPHARSubcommittee on Nuclear Hormone Receptors [41]) are nuclear hormone receptors of the NR1A family, with diverse rolesregulating macronutrient metabolism, cognition and cardiovascular homeostasis. TRsare activated by thyroxine (4T) and thyroid hormone (triiodothyronine). Onceactivated by a ligand, the receptor acts as a transcription factor either as amonomer, homodimer or heterodimer with members of the retinoid X receptor family.NH‐3 has been described as anantagonist at TRs with modest selectivity for TRβ[111]. Thyroid hormone receptors  Minireview: cracking themetabolic code for thyroid hormone signaling. J. Clin. Invest.122: 3035‐43 [PMID:22945636]Brent GA. (2012) Mechanisms of thyroid hormoneaction. et al. (2006)International Union of Pharmacology. LIX. The pharmacology and classification of thenuclear receptor superfamily: thyroid hormone receptors. Pharmacol.Rev.58: 705‐11 [PMID:17132849]Flamant F et al. (2011) Roleof thyroid receptor β in lipid metabolism. Biochim. Biophys. Acta1812: 929‐37 [PMID:21194564]Pramfalk C et al. (2011) Thethyroid hormones and their nuclear receptors in the gut: from developmental biologyto cancer. Biochim. Biophys. Acta1812: 938‐46 [PMID:21194566]Sirakov M et al. 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(2007) Retinoic acid in thedevelopment, regeneration and maintenance of the nervous system. et al. (2006) Functionof retinoid nuclear receptors: lessons from genetic and pharmacological dissectionsof the retinoic acid signaling pathway during mouse embryogenesis. Annu. Rev.Pharmacol. Toxicol.46: 451‐80 [PMID:16402912]Mark M PPARs, nomenclature as agreed by theNC‐IUPHARSubcommittee on Nuclear Hormone Receptors[101]) are nuclear hormone receptors of the NR1C family, with diverse rolesregulating lipid homeostasis, cellular differentiation, proliferation and the immuneresponse. PPARs have many potential endogenous agonists , including Δ12,14‐PGJ215‐deoxy‐, prostacyclin (2PGI), many fatty acids and their oxidation products, lysophosphatidic acid(LPA) [98], 13‐HODE, 15S‐HETE, Paz‐PC, azelaoyl‐PAF and leukotriene B4(4LTB). Bezafibrate acts as anon‐selective agonist for the PPAR family [159]. These receptors also bindhypolipidaemic drugs (PPARα) and anti‐diabetic thiazolidinediones (PPARγ), as well asmany non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs, such as sulindac and indomethacin. Once activated bya ligand, the receptor forms a heterodimer with members of the retinoid X receptorfamily and can act as a transcription factor. Although radioligand binding assayshave been described for all three receptors, the radioligands are not commerciallyavailable. Commonly, receptor occupancy studies are conducted using fluorescentligands and truncated forms of the receptor limited to the ligand binding domain.Peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptors. Agonists with mixedactivity at PPARα and PPARγ have also been described .As with the estrogen receptor antagonists, manyagents show tissue‐selective efficacy  PPAR‐γas a therapeutic target in cardiovascular disease: evidence and uncertainty.J. Lipid Res.53: 1738‐54 [PMID:22685322]Huang JV et al. (2006)International Union of Pharmacology. 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UVI3003[109] and HX 531 [37] have been described as apan‐RXR antagonists. These receptors form RXR‐RAR heterodimers and RXR‐RXR homodimers. Retinoid X receptors  Proteinkinases and the proteasome join in the combinatorial control of transcription bynuclear retinoic acid receptors. Trends Cell Biol.17: 302‐9 [PMID:17467991]Bour G et al. (2011) Themolecular physiology of nuclear retinoic acid receptors. From health to disease.Biochim. Biophys. Acta1812: 1023‐31 [PMID:20970498]Duong V et al. (2006)International Union of Pharmacology. LXIII. Retinoid X receptors. Pharmacol.Rev.58: 760‐72 [PMID:17132853]Germain P et al. (2010)Retinoid X receptors: common heterodimerization partners with distinct functions.Trends Endocrinol. Metab.21: 676‐83 [PMID:20674387]Lefebvre P Nat. Rev.Neurosci.8: 755‐65 [PMID:17882253]Maden M. (2007) Retinoic acid in thedevelopment, regeneration and maintenance of the nervous system. et al. 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(2010)Structural overview of the nuclear receptor superfamily: insights into physiology andtherapeutics. Annu. Rev. Physiol.72: 247‐72 [PMID:20148675]Huang P et al. (2010)Structure of Rev‐erbalpha bound to N‐CoR reveals a unique mechanism of nuclearreceptor‐co‐repressor interaction. Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol.17: 808‐14 [PMID:20581824]Phelan CA et al. (2010)Minireview: steroidogenic factor 1: its roles in differentiation, development, anddisease. Mol. Endocrinol.24: 1322‐37 [PMID:20203099]Schimmer BP Mol. Cell. Endocrinol.334: 3‐13 [PMID:20615454]Sladek FM. (2011) What are nuclear receptorligands? et al. (2010) Nuclearreceptor Rev‐erbalpha: a heme receptor that coordinates circadian rhythm andmetabolism. Nucl Recept Signal8: e001 [PMID:20414452]Yin L et al. (2011) Role ofnuclear receptor SHP in metabolism and cancer. Biochim. Biophys.Acta1812: 893‐908 [PMID:20970497]Zhang Y et al. 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(2011) What are nuclear receptorligands? nomenclature asagreed by theNC‐IUPHARSubcommittee on Nuclear Hormone Receptors [7]) have yet to be officially paired with an endogenous ligand. COUP‐TF‐like receptors International Union of Pharmacology. LXVI. Orphan nuclear receptors.Pharmacol. Rev.58: 798‐836 [PMID:17132856]Benoit G et al. (2006)Overview of nomenclature of nuclear receptors. Pharmacol. Rev.58: 685‐704 [PMID:17132848]Germain P et al. (2010)Structural overview of the nuclear receptor superfamily: insights into physiology andtherapeutics. Annu. Rev. Physiol.72: 247‐72 [PMID:20148675]Huang P et al. (2011) Coupd'Etat: an orphan takes control. Endocr. Rev.32: 404‐21 [PMID:21257780]Lin FJ Mol. Cell. Endocrinol.334: 3‐13 [PMID:20615454]Sladek FM. (2011) What are nuclear receptorligands? nomenclatureas agreed by theNC‐IUPHARSubcommittee on Nuclear Hormone Receptors [7]) have yet to be officially paired with an endogenous ligand. 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(2011) What are nuclear receptorligands? nomenclature asagreed by theNC‐IUPHARSubcommittee on Nuclear Hormone Receptors [7]) have yet to be officially paired with an endogenous ligand. Dax‐like receptors International Union of Pharmacology. LXVI. Orphan nuclear receptors.Pharmacol. Rev.58: 798‐836 [PMID:17132856]Benoit G et al. (2008)Molecular basis of endocrine regulation by orphan nuclear receptor Small HeterodimerPartner. Endocr. J.55: 253‐68 [PMID:17984569]Chanda D et al. (2012)Ligand‐independent actions of the orphan receptors/corepressors DAX‐1 and SHP inmetabolism, reproduction and disease. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol.130: 169‐79 [PMID:21550402]Ehrlund A et al. (2011) Roleof DAX‐1 (NR0B1) and steroidogenic factor‐1 (NR5A1) in human adrenal function.Endocr Dev20: 38‐46 [PMID:21164257]El‐Khairi R et al. (2006)Overview of nomenclature of nuclear receptors. Pharmacol. Rev.58: 685‐704 [PMID:17132848]Germain P et al. (2010)Structural overview of the nuclear receptor superfamily: insights into physiology andtherapeutics. Annu. Rev. Physiol.72: 247‐72 [PMID:20148675]Huang P et al. (2010)The role of the orphan receptor SF‐1 in the development and function of the ovary.Reprod Biol10: 177‐93 [PMID:21113200]Mlnynarczuk J Mol. Cell. Endocrinol.334: 3‐13 [PMID:20615454]Sladek FM. (2011) What are nuclear receptorligands? et al. (2011) Role ofnuclear receptor SHP in metabolism and cancer. Biochim. Biophys.Acta1812: 893‐908 [PMID:20970497]Zhang Y nomenclatureas agreed by theNC‐IUPHARSubcommittee on Nuclear Hormone Receptors ) are nuclear hormone receptors of the NR3 class, with endogenousagonists that may be divided into 3‐hydroxysteroids (estrone and 17β‐estradiol) and3‐ketosteroids . These receptorsexist as dimers coupled with chaperone molecules  and immunophilinFKBP52:FKBP4, Q02790), which are shed onbinding the steroid hormone. Although rapid signalling phenomena are observed, the principal signallingcascade appears to involve binding of the activated receptors to nuclear hormoneresponse elements of the genome, with a 15‐nucleotide consensus sequenceAGAACAnnnTGTTCT  as homo‐ orheterodimers. They also affect transcription by protein‐protein interactions withother transcription factors, such as activator protein 1 (AP‐1) and nuclear factorκB (NF‐κB). Splice variants of each of thesereceptors can form functional or non‐functional monomers that can dimerize to formfunctional or non‐functional receptors. For example, alternative splicing of PR mRNAproduces A and B monomers that combine to produce functional AA, AB and BB receptorswith distinct characteristics [150].Steroid hormone receptors  has been described. Humanorthologues of 7TM 'membrane progestin receptors' , initially discovered in fish , appear to localize tointracellular membranes and respond to 'non‐genomic' progesterone analoguesindependently of G proteins [137].A 7TM receptor responsive to estrogen activity regulatesdiverse physiological processes R,R‐THC exhibits partialagonist activity at ERα. Estrogen receptors may beblocked non‐selectively by tamoxifen and raloxifene and labelled by3H]17β‐estradiol[and 3H]tamoxifen.3H]dexamethasone. Mutations in AR underlietesticular feminization and androgen insensibility syndromes, spinal and bulbarmuscular atrophy (Kennedy's disease).


The correct name is: Vera Lúcia Garcia Calich. The correct citation is: Ersching J, Basso AS, Calich VLG, Bortoluci KR, Rodrigues MM (2016) A Human Trypanosome Suppresses CD8+ T Cell Priming by Dendritic Cells through the Induction of Immune Regulatory CD4+ Foxp3+ T Cells. PLoS Pathog 12(6): e1005698. doi:


The other five-membered ring adopts a twisted conformation with the twist being about the methine–methylene C—C bond. The seven-membered ring is based on a twisted boat conformation. No specific interactions are noted in the the crystal packing.The lactone ring in the title molecule, C DOI: 10.1107/S2056989015002510/tk5358Isup2.hklStructure factors: contains datablock(s) I. DOI: Click here for additional data file.10.1107/S2056989015002510/tk5358Isup3.cmlSupporting information file. DOI: Click here for additional data file.10.1107/S2056989015002510/tk5358fig1.tif. DOI: A molecule showing atom labels and 50% probability displacement ellipsoids for non-H atoms.1047797CCDC reference:  crystallographic information; 3D view; checkCIF reportAdditional supporting information:


Scientific Reports6: Article number: 20842; 10.1038/srep20842 published online: 02162016; updated: 04292016.In this Article, the Figure labels were omitted from Figure 5b. The correct Figure 5b appears below as


The complex cation consists of two inversion-related [Co(C21H24N4)]2+ moieties bridged by a pair of fluoride ligands. The CoII cation is six-coordinated in a distorted octahedral geometry and forms a +II high-spin state. In the crystal, the complex cation and the BF4− anion are connected by C—H⋯F hydrogen bonds, forming a three-dimensional network. An intramolecular C—H⋯F hydrogen bond is also observed.Reaction of Co(BF DOI: 10.1107/S1600536814021631/is5368Isup2.hklStructure factors: contains datablock(s) I. DOI: Click here for additional data file.10.1107/S1600536814021631/is5368Isup3.docSupporting information file. DOI: Click here for additional data file.10.1107/S1600536814021631/is5368fig1.tif. DOI: Perspective view of the complex showing 50% displacement ellipsoids. Hydrogen atoms are omitted for clarity.1027138CCDC reference:  crystallographic information; 3D view; checkCIF reportAdditional supporting information:


Nucl. Acids Res. (2007) 35 (5): e29 doi: 10.1093/nar/gkl1134The panels were inadvertently duplicated in Figure


The 4H-pyran ring fused with the naphthalene ring system has a flattened boat conformation. In the crystal, N—H⋯N hydrogen bonds generate chains along the b-axis direction. Further N—H⋯N hydrogen bonds link these chains into sheets parallel to (010). The crystal packing also features C—H⋯π interactions. The crystal studied was an inversion twin with a 0.557 (16):0.443 (16) domain ratio.In the title compound, C DOI: 10.1107/S2056989015011159/sj5465Isup2.hklStructure factors: contains datablock(s) I. DOI: Click here for additional data file.10.1107/S2056989015011159/sj5465Isup3.cmlSupporting information file. DOI: Click here for additional data file.10.1107/S2056989015011159/sj5465fig1.tif. DOI: View of the title compound with the atom-numbering scheme. Displacement ellipsoids for non-H atoms are drawn at the 50% probability level.Click here for additional data file.10.1107/S2056989015011159/sj5465fig2.tifa . DOI: a axis, with hydrogen bonds drawn as dashed lines.Crystal packing of the title compound viewed along the Click here for additional data file.10.1107/S2056989015011159/sj5465fig3.tifb . DOI: b axis.A view of the packing showing molecules stacked along the 1405640CCDC reference:  crystallographic information; 3D view; checkCIF reportAdditional supporting information:


Nature Communications6: Article number: 7347 10.1038/ncomms8347 (2015); Published 06122015; Updated 09082015This Article contains an error in


In the anion, the sulfonic acid group is deprotonated and the dihedral angle between the planes of the carboxylic acid group and the benzene ring is 12.41 (11)°. In the crystal, the anions are linked into inversion dimers by pairs of O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, which generate R22(16) loops. The dications link the anion dimers into [10-2] chains via N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds.In the title molecular salt, C DOI: 10.1107/S1600536814022673/hb7296Isup2.hklStructure factors: contains datablock(s) I. DOI: Click here for additional data file.10.1107/S1600536814022673/hb7296Isup3.cmlSupporting information file. DOI: Click here for additional data file.10.1107/S1600536814022673/hb7296fig1.tif. DOI: View of the asymmetry unit of (I) showing displacement ellipsoids at the 50% probability level. Symmetry code: (i) 2–x, –y, 1–z.Click here for additional data file.10.1107/S1600536814022673/hb7296fig2.tif. DOI: The hydrogen-bonded chain of (I).1029402CCDC reference:  crystallographic information; 3D view; checkCIF reportAdditional supporting information:


Nature Communications6: Article number: 7868 10.1038/ncomms8868 (2015); Published: 07282015; Updated: 09182015The image in Supplementary Figure 1


The publisher apologizes for this error. The correct citation is: Kory Westlund J, D’Mello SK, Olney AM (2015) Motion Tracker: Camera-Based Monitoring of Bodily Movements Using Motion Silhouettes. PLoS ONE 10(6): e0130293. doi: