February 7 is National Black HIV/AIDS Awareness Day, an observance intended to raise awareness of human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) and encourage action, such as HIV testing, to reduce the disproportionate impact of HIV/AIDS on blacks or African Americans in the United States. Two of the three goals of the National HIV/AIDS Strategy are to reduce new HIV infections and HIV disparities .Compared with other races and ethnicities, blacks had the highest HIV incidence in 2010, with an estimated rate of 68.9 per 100,000 population, which was nearly eight times the estimated rate of 8.7 among whites . Among bhttp://www.cdc.gov/features/blackhivaidsawareness. Information about blacks and HIV/AIDS is available at http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/risk/racialethnic/aa/index.html.Information about National Black HIV/AIDS Awareness Day is available at


Regarding the paper titled: ‘Empirical evidence of the effect of school gathering on the dynamics of dengue epidemics’ by Carlos M Hernández-Suárez and Oliver Mendoza-CanoCitation: Glob Health Action 2016, 9: 28026 - http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/gha.v9.28026Published in Global Health Action  06 Jan 2016. In the Results and Discussion section, in Figure 5, the legend reads “Cleaning campaign in 2006 started at week 22.” it should say “Cleaning campaign in 2007 started at week 22”.The legend currently reads:Fig. 5. Reported accumulated dengue incidence in the state of Colima for the years 2006–2008. Source: National Center for Epidemic Surveillance. The beginning of the school year is at week 33. Cleaning campaign in 2006 started at week 22. Source: CENAVECE (12).The legend should read:Fig. 5. Reported accumulated dengue incidence in the state of Colima for the years 2006–2008. Source: National Center for Epidemic Surveillance. The beginning of the school year is at week 33. Cleaning campaign in 2007 started at week 22. Source: CENAVECE (12).


Scientific Reports5: Article number: 13746; 10.1038/srep13746published online 09082015; updated: 01272016The Acknowledgements section in this Article is incomplete.“The study has been supported by EU (Marie Curie FP7 project #269140), Academy of Finland (grant #288151 and #265015), EPSRC (grant EP/M029042/1), and Russian Science Foundation (grant no. 14-22-00136). P.G.K. thanks Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation (Grant No. 14.Z50.31.0009). Authors are grateful to Amin Abdolvand for valuable comments on the manuscript.”should read:http://dx.doi.org/10.5258/SOTON/384152).”“The study has been supported by EU (Marie Curie FP7 project #269140), Academy of Finland (grant #288151 and #265015), EPSRC (grant EP/M029042/1), and Russian Science Foundation (grant no. 14-22-00136). P.G.K. thanks Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation (Grant No. 14.Z50.31.0009). Authors are grateful to Amin Abdolvand for valuable comments on the manuscript. The data for this work is accessible through the University of Southampton Institutional Research Repository (


The publisher apologizes for the error. The correct name is: Eva C. Arnspang. The correct citation for the original article is: Arnspang EC, Kulatunga P, Lagerholm BC (2012) A Single Molecule Investigation of the Photostability of Quantum Dots. PLoS ONE 7(8): e44355. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044355.The first author’s name in the text of the Correction notice published on April 9


This article was republished on May 21, 2014, to correct an error in the title of the article.The title should read:Darevskia dahliClonal Diversity and Clone Formation in the Parthenogenetic Caucasian Rock Lizard The citation should read:Darevskia dahli. PLoS ONE 9(3): e91674. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0091674Vergun AA, Martirosyan IA, Semyenova SK, Omelchenko AV, Petrosyan VG, et al. (2014) Clonal Diversity and Clone Formation in the Parthenogenetic Caucasian Rock Lizard Please download this article again to view the correct version. The originally published, uncorrected article and republished, corrected article are provided here for reference.File S1Originally published, uncorrected article.(PDF)Click here for additional data file.File S2Republished corrected article.(PDF)Click here for additional data file.


Acta Cryst. (2014), E70, o133.Erratum to  Acta Cryst. (2014), E70, o133], the conformation of the thiazine ring was reported incorrectly.In the paper by Yennawar & Silverberg [ The authors of Yennawar & Silverberg (2014)


February 7 is National Black HIV/AIDS Awareness Day, an observance intended to raise awareness of human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) and encourage action to reduce the disproportionate impact of HIV/AIDS on blacks in the United States. Compared with other races and ethnicities, blacks had the highest HIV incidence in 2010, with an estimated rate of 68.9 per 100,000 population, nearly eight times the estimated rate of 8.7 among whites  of persons living with HIV, followed by whites (33.0%), and Hispanics (19.3%) (http://www.cdc.gov/features/blackhivaidsawareness. Information regarding blacks and HIV/AIDS is available at http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/risk/racialethnic/aa/index.html.Information regarding National Black HIV/AIDS Awareness Day is available at


Dpy19l2 Knock-Out Mice Indicates That Sun5 Is Not Involved in Acrosome Attachment to the Nuclear Envelope. PLoS ONE 10(3): e0118698. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0118698There is an error in the third author’s name. The correct surname for the third author is: Abi Nahed. The correct given name is: Roland. The correct citation is: Yassine S, Escoffier J, Abi Nahed R, Pierre V, Karaouzene T, Ray PF, et al. (2015) Dynamics of Sun5 Localization during Spermatogenesis in Wild Type and The publisher apologizes for the error.


AbstractLimnatisLimnatisnilotica (LimnatisbacescuiLimnatispaluda (Limnatis leeches are well known species of endoparasitic leeches, Limnatisnilotica was recorded only once in Kazakhstan (nilotica , Limnatispaluda . The firspaluda . The secspaluda . Althougzakhstan .Limnatis from Almaty Province, Kazakhstan are identified as Limnatispaluda. This is the first record of Limnatispaluda from Kazakhstan. Mitochondrial COI and 12S data demonstrated that the present specimens are genetically close to an Israeli specimen identified as Limnatisnilotica. In addition, molecular data suggest that some Limnatis specimens whose DNA sequences have been reported were misidentified. According to the observed phylogenetic relationships, the taxonomic status of the known Limnatis species should be revisited.Specimens of the genus  LimnatisLimnatis: L.nilotica  and was stated to be a cattle leech there  were determined for 2 specimens from Almaty Province. The extraction of genomic DNA and DNA sequencing methods followed Sequences of mitochondrial COI as well as 12S, tRNALimnatis, 10 previously published sequences were obtained from the INSDC for use in molecular phylogenetic analyses Type status:Other material. Occurrence: catalogNumber: Z700; recordedBy: Kanto Nishikawa; individualCount: 1; sex: hermaphrodite; Taxon: scientificName: Limnatispaluda ; Location: country: Kazakhstan; stateProvince: Almaty; verbatimLocality: Suygaty Valley, Almaty Province, Kazakhstan; decimalLatitude: 43.512778; decimalLongitude: 78.9708331; Identification: identifiedBy: Takafumi Nakano; Event: eventDate: 2013-06-21; Record Level: institutionCode: KUZType status:Other material. Occurrence: catalogNumber: Z701; recordedBy: Kanto Nishikawa; individualCount: 1; sex: hermaphrodite; Taxon: scientificName: Limnatispaluda ; Location: country: Kazakhstan; stateProvince: Almaty; verbatimLocality: Suygaty Valley, Almaty Province, Kazakhstan; decimalLatitude: 43.512778; decimalLongitude: 78.9708331; Identification: identifiedBy: Takafumi Nakano; Event: eventDate: 2013-06-21; Record Level: institutionCode: KUZType status:Other material. Occurrence: catalogNumber: Z702; recordedBy: Kanto Nishikawa; individualCount: 1; sex: hermaphrodite; Taxon: scientificName: Limnatispaluda ; Location: country: Kazakhstan; stateProvince: Almaty; verbatimLocality: Suygaty Valley, Almaty Province, Kazakhstan; decimalLatitude: 43.512778; decimalLongitude: 78.9708331; Identification: identifiedBy: Takafumi Nakano; Event: eventDate: 2013-06-21; Record Level: institutionCode: KUZType status:Other material. Occurrence: catalogNumber: Z703; recordedBy: Kanto Nishikawa; individualCount: 1; sex: hermaphrodite; Taxon: scientificName: Limnatispaluda ; Location: country: Kazakhstan; stateProvince: Almaty; verbatimLocality: Suygaty Valley, Almaty Province, Kazakhstan; decimalLatitude: 43.512778; decimalLongitude: 78.9708331; Identification: identifiedBy: Takafumi Nakano; Event: eventDate: 2013-06-21; Record Level: institutionCode: KUZBody firm, muscular, with constant width in caudal direction, dorsoventrally compressed, BL 22.64–36.73 mm, BW 4.47–9.82 mm Fig. 22.Somite I completely merged with prostomium Fig. a. somite333355555Male gonopore in XI b5/b6 Fig. . Female Eyes 5 pairs, in parabolic arc; 1st and 2nd pairs on II + III, 3rd pair on IV (a1 + a2), 4th pair on V (a1 + a2), and 5th pair on VI a2 . In the neighbour-joining tree based on COI sequences, this monophyletic lineage and one sequence obtained from the Afghan L.paluda formed a well-recovered clade (BS = 100%). In addition, the neighbour-joining trees revealed that sequences obtained from L.nilotica collected in Namibia and Croatia do not form a monophyletic group.Neighbour-joining trees generated based on both the COI Fig.  and 12S L.paluda and the Israeli L.nilotica was 0.2%  of teeth on each jaw (the latter species has numerous teeth on each jaw). He also mentioned that the numbers of teeth in L.paluda and L.nilotica never overlapped. L.paluda was at most 45, but that of L.nilotica ranged from 45 to 60. However, L.nilotica possessed 30–50 teeth on each jaw. Based on the specimens collected in Azerbaijam, Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan, L.nilotica bore 38–40 teeth on each jaw. In addition, L.bacescui possessed 50–54 teeth on each jaw . In addition, it is highly likely that L.cf.nilotica of Croatia and Bosnia and L.cf.nilotica of Namibia do not belong to the same species, because those specimens are paraphyletic consistently in the present phylogenetic trees, and the former is highly diverged from the latter (11.9% in COI and 3.9% in 12S). These uncorrected p-distance values are greater than those between L.paluda and the Namibian Limnatis species (7.3–7.4% in COI and 2.8% in 12S) as well as L.paluda and the Balkan Limnatis specimens (9.2–9.7% in COI and 2.8% in 12S).As mentioned above, the taxonomic identities of ioned in , becauseLimnatispaluda analysed in this study have low genetic divergences (0.2–0.5% in COI and 0% in 12S). The COI uncorrected p-distances between the present Kazakhstani specimens and the Israeli specimen are lower than that between the former and the Afghan specimen (0.5%) and that between the latter and the Afghan L.paluda (0.6%). The collection locality in Kazakhstan is ca. 4,000 km from Israel, and ca. 2,000 km from Afghanistan. In contrast, Israel is at most ca. 3,500 km from Afghanistan. Because few DNA sequences of L.paluda are available, it may be difficult to reveal its detailed genetic structure. However, the results of the mitochondrial genetic analyses at least shed light on the discordance between the COI genetic divergence between the Kazakhstani L.paluda and the Israeli specimen and the geographic distance between the collection localities. Limnatis species are endoparasitic leeches that attach to the nasopharyngeal cavities of mammals, they likely achieve long-distance dispersal. Except when they parasitise the mammalian nasopharyngeal cavities, Limnatis species generally inhabit a freshwater environment. One of the routes of the Silk Road passed through the Ili River Depression (Limnatispaluda have possibly dispersed by means of freshwater places along the trade route as stepping stones, and thus human activities may have influenced the distribution of L.paluda. In either case, further taxonomic studies of Limnatis species should be performed to clarify their taxonomic positions. In addition, future molecular studies should elucidate the biogeographical history of Limnatispaluda.It is noteworthy that the specimens of pression , near th


Treatment of juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) has changed dramatically since the introduction of biologics in 1999. Because of more insight in the cytokines involved in JIA the number of available biologic agents increased. Together with the introduction of these new drugs, new insights in the optimal treatment of JIA indicate that earlier and more aggressive therapy is associated with better outcomes. Whether these developments with regard to biologic treatment have resulted in better patients' outcomes in daily practice is not yet reported.To evaluate trends in prescription of biologics and influence on outcomes of Dutch JIA patients that started their first biologic between 1999 and 2010.The Arthritis and Biologicals in Children register  aims to include all JIA patients in the Netherlands who use or used biologic agents since 1999. Patients were divided in time periods according to the year of introduction of first biologic agent. Trends in characteristics of patients before introduction of first biologic and effectiveness of the first biologic were analyzed over a 12 year period.343 non-systemic and 86 systemic JIA patients started at least 1 biologic agent between 1999 and 2010. Etanercept remained biologic of first choice for non-systemic JIA and anakinra has become first choice for systemic JIA. The use of systemic prednisone and synthetic disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (besides methotrexate) prior to biologics decreased. During these 12 years of observation, biologics were prescribed after shorter disease durations; the proportion of patients with less than 1.5 years of disease duration before start of the first biologic agent increased from zero in the years 1999-2001 to 31% in 2008-2010. Disease activity and acquired sequelae at baseline decreased with regard to number of joints with arthritis (median of 18 in 1999-2001 decreased to 5 in 2008-2010), number of joints with limited motion (median of 12 in 1999-2001 decreased to 3 in 2008-2010) and functional disability (CHAQ) scores (median score of 1.8 in 1999-2001 decreased to 1.1 in 2008-2010). In systemic JIA biologics are now being introduced in patients with higher ESR values. These changes resulted in more patients with inactive disease and less joints with limited motion after 3 and 15 months of treatment in all JIA categories.Biologics are prescribed increasingly, are introduced earlier during the disease course and in JIA patients with lower disease activity. These changes are accompanied by better short-term disease outcomes. Etanercept remains biologic of first choice for non-systemic JIA and anakinra has become first choice for systemic JIA.M. Otten Grant/Research Support from: Abbott, Novartis, Roche, Pfizer, Consultant for: Roche, J. Anink: None declared., F. Prince: None declared., M. Twilt: None declared., S. Vastert Consultant for: Novartis, R. Ten Cate Grant/Research Support from: Pfizer, Consultant for: Pfizer, E. Hoppenreijs: None declared., W. Armbrust: None declared., S. Gorter: None declared., P. Van Pelt: None declared., S. Kamphuis Grant/Research Support from: Pfizer, glaxosmithkline, K. Dolman: None declared., J. Swart: None declared., J. Van den Berg: None declared., Y. Koopman-Keemink: None declared., M. Van Rossum: None declared., N. Wulffraat Grant/Research Support from: Pfizer, Novartis, Roche, abbvie, L. Van Suijlekom-Smit Grant/Research Support from: Dutch Board of Health Insurances, Dutch Arthritis Association, Pfizer, Abbott, Consultant for: Roche, Novartis.


Nucleic Acids Res. 2014 Feb;42(3):1831-44. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkt1032The authors would like to apologize for an error in the caption of Figure


Reference 27 is omitted from the last sentence of the second last paragraph of the Methods section. The sentence should read: In addition, as a supplementary analysis, we made these comparisons for estimates from two models reported by Lazer et al., who developed regression models to improve upon GFT estimates .http://dx.doi.org/10.7910/DVN/24823 UNF:5:BJh9WzZQNEeSEpV3EWs+xg== IQSS Dataverse Network [Distributor] V1 [Version].The reference is: Lazer D, Kennedy R, King G, Vespignani A (2014) Replication data for: The parable of Google Flu: Traps in big data analysis. Available: In the "Estimate" column of S2 Table(DOCX)Click here for additional data file.


Nature Communications6: Article number: 7870 10.1038/ncomms8870 (2015); Published: 07282015; Updated: 06222016In Fig. 1b of this Article, the sex of patient 2.1 in family A is incorrect, and should be depicted as male. The correct version of this figure appears below.Figure 1


Correction to:British Journal of Cancer (2016) 114, 88–95; doi:10.1038/bjc.2015.314; published online 10 December 2015British Journal of Cancer, one of the authors identified an error in the spelling of their name. Margreet Lüchtenborg appears correctly in the author list above.Upon publication of the above paper in the


Effect modification of FADS2 polymorphisms on the association between breastfeeding and intelligence: protocol for a collaborative meta-analysis. BMJ Open 2016;6:e010067. This paper has been resupplied with the correct license statement.Hartwig FP, Davies NM, Horta BL,


International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health [http://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/11/11/11879.The authors wish to update the Acknowledgments in their paper published in c Health , doi:10.


In the online version of the article, a space was erroneously omitted from the second author's name. The correct name is Md. Imtaiyaz Hassan. The correct citation is:Shahbaaz M, Hassan MI, Ahmad F (2013) Functional Annotation of Conserved Hypothetical Proteins from Haemophilus influenzae Rd KW20. PLoS ONE 8(12): e84263. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0084263The name and citation are correct on the PDF.


Nature Communications6: Article number: 10224 10.1038/ncomms10224 (2015); Published: 12212015; Updated: 03092016a contain black numerical labels that are incorrect, and light blue labels that are correct. A revised version of Fig. 5, with correct labels in black throughout, appears below.In Fig. 5 of this article, the three dot plots in the first row of panel Figure 5


The following information is missing from the Funding section: This work was supported by Taylor's University through its Postgraduate Research Scholarship Programme to MSWP. The complete, correct funding information is as follows: This work was supported by Exploratory Research Grants Scheme ERGS/1/2012/STG08/TAYLOR/03/2) to YYC, and Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS/2/2010/SKK/TAYLOR/03/1) to YYC. This work was supported by Taylor's University through its Postgraduate Research Scholarship Programme to MSWP. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.


Database 2016 (2016), doi:10.1093/database/baw080The URL present in the abstract of the above article was included by mistake, and this has now been corrected online. The publisher apologizes for this error.


A 9-valent human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine  was licensed for use in females and males in the United States in December 2014 .http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/who/teens/downloads/9vHPV-guidance.pdf).In February 2015, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) recommended 9-valent HPV vaccine as one of three HPV vaccines that can be used for routine vaccination of females and one of two HPV vaccines for routine vaccination of males. ACIP recommendations were published in a March 2015 report . Additio


Additionally, this study was supported by the Grant Agency of the Czech Republic (Project GPP505/12/P647). Daniel Ricard was supported by project CZ.1.07/2.3.00/30.0032 , co-financed by the European Social Fund and the state budget of the Czech Republic.The following information is missing from the Funding section: This study received institutional support from the Czech Academy of Sciences  and the CEKOPOT project (CZ.1.07/2.3.00/20.0204), co-financed by the European Social Fund and the state budget of the Czech Republic. Additionally, this study was supported by the Grant Agency of the Czech Republic (Project GPP505/12/P647). Daniel Ricard was supported by project CZ.1.07/2.3.00/30.0032 , co-financed by the European Social Fund and the state budget of the Czech Republic. Ecohydros S.L. provided support in the form of salaries for authors [AMH], but did not have any additional role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. The specific roles of these authors are articulated in the ‘author contributions’ section.The complete, correct funding statement should read: This study received institutional support from the Czech Academy of Sciences (RVO:60077344,


The publisher apologizes for the error.There is an error in the author name in the correction published on June 27, 2013. The correct name is Adzemovic MZ. The correct citation is: Adzemovic MZ, Zeitelhofer M, Eriksson U, Olsson T, Nilsson I (2013) Imatinib Ameliorates Neuroinflammation in a Rat Model of Multiple Sclerosis by Enhancing Blood-Brain Barrier Integrity and by Modulating the Peripheral Immune Response. PLoS ONE 8(2): e56586. doi:


Nature Communications6: Article number: 10005 10.1038/ncomms10005 (2015); Published: 11242015; Updated: 06072016In the original version of this Article the chemical structures of 2-ketoisovaleric acid and isobutanal in Fig. 3a were incorrect. The correct version of Fig. 3 appears below.Figure 3


The following information was missing from the Funding section: This work was supported in part by the NIH Epi4K Sequencing, Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Core grant number U01NS077303. There was an error in reference 15. The correct reference is: Nature. Advance online publication. doi:10.1038/nature12439 Epi4K Consortium & Epilepsy Phenome/Genome Project (2013). De novo mutations in epileptic encephalopathies.


Correction to:British Journal of Cancer (2016) 114, 723–730; doi:10.1038/bjc.2016.41; published online 22 March 2016Updated online 26 May 2016: This article was originally published under a standard BJC licence, but has now been made available under a CC BY 4.0 licence. The PDF and HTML versions of the paper have been modified accordingly.


Streptococcus, Toronto, Ontario, Canada . The article has been corrected online (http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/21/4/14-0759_article).An incorrect version of the Technical Appendix was provided online for the article Population Structure and Antimicrobial Resistance of Invasive Serotype IV Group B


Nature Communications6: Article number: 6198 10.1038/ncomms7198 (2015); Published: 02052015; Updated: 02012016In Figure 2b of this article, the sets of arrows connecting 'I' and 'M' in the kinetic scheme are inverted. The correct version of Fig. 2 appears below.Figure 2 |


AbstractMononychellus is represented by 28 herbivorous mites. Some of them are notorious pests of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz), a primary food crop in the tropics. With the exception of Mononychellus tanajoa (Bondar), their geographic distribution is not widely known. This article therefore reports observational and specimen-based occurrence data of Mononychellus species associated with cassava. The dataset consists of 1,513 distribution records documented by the International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) between 1975 and 2012. The specimens are held at CIAT’s Arthropod Reference Collection (CIATARC). Most of the records are from the genus’ native range in South America and were documented between 1980 and 2000. Approximately 61% of the records belong to M. tanajoa, 25% to M. caribbeanae (McGregor), 10% to M. mcgregori (Flechtmann and Baker) and 2% to M. planki (McGregor). The complete dataset is available in Darwin Core Archive format via the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF).The genus  This genus includes several species of herbivorous mites that are major pests of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz), most notoriously Mononychellus tanajoa (Bondar). We report 1,513 distribution records of the genus, documented by the International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) between 1975 and 2012. Most of the records (53%) correspond to specimens preserved at CIAT’s Arthropod Reference Collection (CIATARC). Prior to this contribution, only 30 distribution records of Mononychellus were accessible through the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) data portal (accessed 1/13/2014). Accordingly, the CIATARC Mononychellus dataset should facilitate a much better understanding of the genus’ geographic association with cassava.General taxonomic coverage description: Most records were identified to species level (98%) with the help of expert input . Only four species of the genus are reported. Approximately 61% of the records belong to Mononychellus tanajoa, 25% to Mononychellus caribbeanae (McGregor), 10% to Mononychellus mcgregori (Flechtmann and Baker) and 2% to Mononychellus planki (McGregor).PageBreakKingdom:Animalia.Phylum:Arthropoda.Class:Arachnida.Order:Trombidiformes.Family:Tetranychidae.Genus:Mononychellus.Species:Mononychellus caribbeanae, Mononychellus mcgregori, Mononychellus planki, Mononychellus tanajoa.Common name: Cassava Green Mite (for Mononychellus tanajoa), Cassava Green Mite Complex PageBreakGeneral spatial coverage: The Mononychellus specimens and observations of CIATARC are from South America (14 countries) and Central America , which represent the 99% of records, with Colombia and Venezuela are the best represented countries, followed by Brazil and Ecuador .PageBreakSpecimen preservation method: Specimens are preserved as microslide preparations in microscope slide boxes within cabinet drawers maintained at 21.0 ± 0.4 C and 47.6 ± 8.6 relative humidity. They are sorted numerically by species and country of origin.Curatorial unit: 3,510 with an uncertainty of 0 (microslide preparation).Method step description: The dataset integrates two data flows: observational records and specimen-based records, identified either to genus or to species. The former were digitized from field diagnostic forms completed by personnel extensively trained in mite identification. These identifications, however, were likely conducted on site without mounting and preserving samples. Alternatively, these observations may correspond to properly-mounted but lost specimens. In either case, our confidence in the identification of observational records is high to the genus level, but moderate to the species level. On the other hand, specimen-based records belong to verifiable samples properly-preserved at CIATARC following the guidelines of http://www.dane.gov.co/Divipola/ for Colombia, http://www.inec.gob.ec/estadisticas/?option=com_content&view=article&id=80 for Ecuador, etc. [accessed 2013/11/14]). Based on their locality names, we then geocoded the records using Google Maps (https://maps.google.com/), GeoNames (http://www.geonames.org/) or http://www.gbif.org/dataset/785cf038-7b79-4c2f-9e9e-eb940fcd4c0c).All biodiversity data available  was digitized in a Microsoft Excel 2010 spreadsheet adopting the Darwin Core Archive format v1.2 . We updaSampling description: The records in the dataset have been documented in three ways:1) Records from CIAT’s initial field explorations to document pests in cassava  Records documented during the “Cassava Green Spider Mite Biological Control Project,” led by CIAT, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control (CIBC) and Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (EMBRAPA) (n Africa .3) Records from other sources; including field inspections and collections conducted during routine farm visits by CIAT personnel, and from specimens submitted to CIATARC by fellow institutions and researchers .Object name: Darwin Core Archive Mononychellus distribution: data of the CIAT Arthropod Reference Collection of International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT).Character encoding: UTF-8.Format name: Darwin Core Archive format.Format version: 1.0.Distribution:http://www.gbif.org/dataset/785cf038-7b79-4c2f-9e9e-eb940fcd4c0cPublication date of data: 2014-03-14.Language: English.Licenses of use: This dataset [Mononychellus Collection of CIAT Arthropod Reference Collection (CIATARC)] is made available under the Creative Commons Zero (CC0) 1.0.PageBreak


Nature Communications6:8136 doi: 10.1038/ncomms9136 (2015); Published 09182015; Updated 06152016The original version of this Article failed to fully credit the use of the Ocean Data View software in figure 1 and supplementary figure 12, which appears below:http://odv.awi.de, 2016.Schlitzer, R., Ocean Data View,


In Vivo and Assessment of the Specificities of the Anti-Bovine CD1 Antibodies. PLoS ONE 10(3): e0121923. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0121923This article was republished on May 13, 2015, to correct the third and seventh authors’ names. The third author’s given name is Chema and surname is El Messlaki. The seventh author’s given name is Ildiko and surname is Van Rhijn. The correct citation is: Nguyen TKA, Reinink P, El Messlaki C, Im JS, Ercan A, Porcelli SA, et al. (2015) Expression Patterns of Bovine CD1 The publisher apologizes for the errors. Please download this article again to view the correct version. The originally published, uncorrected article and the republished, corrected article are provided here for reference.S1 File(PDF)Click here for additional data file.S2 File(PDF)Click here for additional data file.


There is an error in reference 24. The correct reference is: Obirikorang C, Selleh PK, Abledu JK and Fofie CO (2013) Predictors of Adherence to Antiretroviral Therapy among HIV/AIDS Patients in the Upper West Region of Ghana. ISRN AIDS 2013: 873939.In


Two grant numbers are inadvertently omitted in the Funding section. The correct funding information is as follows:http://www.dfg.de/en/) (DFG BO3790/1-1), DFG (FI1781/1-1) and the following grants from the ESRC (http://www.esrc.ac.uk/) (ES/L010690/1) and (ES/M009203/1). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Authors are funded by the following grants from the DFG (The publisher apologizes for this error.


There is an error in the first author’s name in the article published on September 13, 2013 and in the correction published on December 17, 2015. The correct name is: Uzma Bashir.10.1371/journal.pone.0074018.The correct citation for the article is: Bashir U, Alam MM, Sadia H, Zaidi SSZ, Kazi BM (2013) Molecular Characterization of Circulating Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Genotypes in Gilgit Baltistan Province of Pakistan during 2011–2012 Winter Season. PLoS ONE 8(9): e74018. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0145599. The publisher apologizes for the error.The correct citation for the correction is: Bashir U, Alam MM, Sadia H, Zaidi SSZ, Kazi BM (2015) Correction: Molecular Characterization of Circulating Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Genotypes in Gilgit Baltistan Province of Pakistan during 2011–2012 Winter Season. PLoS ONE 10(12): e0145599. doi:


Haemophilus ducreyi Infections . The online edition of the article is correct, and the online PDF has been corrected (http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/EID/article/22/1/14-0425_article).Some references were cited incorrectly in the print and initial PDF editions of Epidemiology of


There is an error in the title of this paper: “Combing” should be “Combining.” The correct title is: Ecological Change, Sliding Baselines and the Importance of Historical Data: Lessons from Combining Observational and Quantitative Data on a Temperate Reef Over 70 Years.10.1371/journal.pone.0118581The correct citation is: Gatti G, Bianchi CN, Parravicini V, Rovere A, Peirano A, Montefalcone M, et al. (2015) Ecological Change, Sliding Baselines and the Importance of Historical Data: Lessons from Combining Observational and Quantitative Data on a Temperate Reef Over 70 Years. PLoS ONE 10(2): e0118581. doi:


In the Funding section, the grant number from the funder National Science Centre is listed incorrectly. The correct grant number is: 2011/03/D/HS6/05951.


Nature Communications6:6961 doi: 10.1038/ncomms7961 (2015); Published 04242015; Updated 2016The original version of this Article failed to fully credit the use of the Ocean Data View software in figure 3, which appears below:http://odv.awi.de, 2016.Schlitzer, R., Ocean Data View,


The publisher apologizes for the errors.The first and third authors’ names appear incorrectly in the citation. The correct names are: Kanthack TFD and Altimari LR. The correct citation is: Kanthack TFD, Guillot A, Altimari LR, Nunez Nagy S, Collet C, Di Rienzo F (2016) Selective Efficacy of Static and Dynamic Imagery in Different States of Physical Fatigue. PLoS ONE 11(3): e0149654. doi:


Western Journal of Emergency Medicine :786–787. DOI: 10.5811/westjem.2015.6.27582), there were the following errors in the published article:In the Original Research article entitled “Hydrocele of the Canal of Nuck,” published in the October 2015 issue of the 1. On page 786, the following authors should have been included: Phillip Aguiniga, Jason Blake. They are research assistants at the Department of Emergency Medicine, Kern Medical Center, Bakersfield, California.We apologize for this error.


There are errors in the Funding section. The correct funding information is as follows:http://abc.uva.nl/research/nav), the European Union 7th Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement no. 604102 , and the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), SFB 936/Z1 (http://www.sfb936.net). These funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.This work was funded by the Amsterdam Brain and Cognition priority program; grant number: ABC2014-01 (


A reader has brought to our attention that there are errors in references 27, 28, and 29.The correct reference for 27 is: Froeschle JE, Feorino PM, Gelfand HM. A continuing surveillance of enterovirus infection in healthy children in six United States cities. II. Surveillance enterovirus isolates 1960–1963 and comparison with enterovirus isolates from cases of acute central nervous system disease. American journal of epidemiology. 1966;83:455–46910.1002/rmv.326The correct reference for 28 is the same as for reference 31: Kim KS, Hufnagel G, Chapman NM, Tracy S (2001) The group B coxsackieviruses and myocarditis. Rev Med Virol 11: 355–368. doi: The correct reference for 29 is: Modlin JF, Rotbart HA. Group B coxsackie disease in children. Current topics in microbiology and immunology. 1997;223:53–80The authors confirm that all other references are listed correctly.


Adseverin knockdown inhibits osteoclastogenesis in RAW264.7 cellsWENTING QI, YAN GAO, JUN TIAN and HONGWEI JIANGInt J Mol Med 34: 1483–1491, 2014; DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2014.1941All the authors agree to the withdrawal of this manuscript. The retraction has been agreed to as the authors have admitted that the manuscript contains a substantial amount of material from the following study: Hassanpour S, Jiang H, Wang Y, Kuiper JW and Glogauer M: The actin binding protein adseverin regulates osteoclastogenesis. PLoS One 9: e109078, 2014. Thus, this cannot be considered as original work.


CORRECTIONRambam Maimonides Med J 2010;1(2):e0011. doi:10.5041/RMMJ.10011Youdim MBH. Why do we need multifunctional neuroprotective and neurorestorative drugs for Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s disorders? , it was noted that the Acknowledgement regarding the source of the text was not published. The following Acknowledgement has been added:In the following paper: Acknowledgement: This article is reprinted with slight modifications from Youdim MBH. Why Do We Need Multifunctional Neuroprotective and Neurorestorative Drugs for Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s Diseases as Disease Modifying Agents. Exp Neurobiol. 2010;19(1):1–14, under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/).The HTML and PDF versions of the paper have been corrected in the RMMJ.org.il archives.Published: August 31, 2015


Cebus”). The correct citation is: Makedonska J, Wright BW, Strait DS (2012) The Effect of Dietary Adaptation on Cranial Morphological Integration in Capuchins . PLoS ONE 7(10): e40398. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0040398The word “Adaptation” is misspelled in the article title. The correct title is: The Effect of Dietary Adaptation on Cranial Morphological Integration in Capuchins (Order Primates, Genus “


AbstractLasiusalienoflavus Bingham, 1903. This species has hitherto been reported only from the Himalayas, and the present data are also based on specimens collected in the north-western part of the mountain range. Likewise other Himalayan ants, this species also shows restricted distribution, which suggests a rather high degree of endemism (45%) of this group in the Himalayas.The present paper provides a description of the male caste and re-description of the worker and queen castes of the poorly known ant species  Lasius Fabricius, 1804 is hithrto known to comprise 111 extant species and 3 subspecies , Lasiusnearcticus Wheeler, 1906 Lasiusalienoflavus Bingham, 1903, Lasiustalpa Wilson, 1955 and Lasiusfallax Wilson, 1955 forming the flavus-group in a distinct subgenus Cautolasius Wilson, 1955, and provided a key to the Palaearctic species. Lasiussensu stricto from the Palaearctic, describing 17 new species, and updated Wilson's key to the Palaearctic species. Other significant contributions form the Palaearctic region include: Lasius (Dendrolasius) species of East Palaearctic.The genus bspecies . In the bspecies . A revisLasiusalienoflavus Bingham, 1903 from the Himalayas (above 8000 feet) with reports of worker and queen castes. Later on purely morphological grounds Cautolasius and placed Lasiusalienoflavus in it. This subgenus comprises a group of species showing a mixture of characters that put them in a position intermediate between Lasiussensu stricto and Chthonolasius. Subsequently, Lasiusalienoflavus and provided a key to the Himalayan members of the genus. In the discussion part he mistakenly assigned the species to the subgenus Chthonolasius. Recently Lasius from the Himalayas.Lasiusalienoflavus based on fresh material and for the first time provide a description of the male caste.Here we re-describe the worker and queen castes of The specimens were collected by handpicking. The morphological analysis was carried on with the aid of a Nikon SMZ 1500 stereo zoom microscope. All digital images were taken with a MP evolution digital camera and subsequently processed with Auto-Montage software  and Adobe Photoshop CS5. All measurements were recorded in millimeters using oculometer between 50× and 125× to the nearest 0.001 mm and have been rounded to the nearest 0.01 mm (as the average recording error was approximately 0.005 mm). Specimens have been deposited in PUPAC, Punjabi University Patiala Ant Collection, Patiala. – Length of the head measured in full face view in a straight line from the middle of the anterior clypeal margin to the middle of the occipital margin. The head has to be carefully tilted to the position with the real maximumHL. – Maximum width of the head in full face view, behind the eyesHW. – Maximum eye length with eye in full face viewEL. – Diameter of eye measured perpendicularly to transect in EL and across structurally defined ommatidiaEW. – Maximum straight-line length of the scape excluding the basal neck and the condyleSL. – Weber’s length – the length of mesosoma in profile from the margin of neck shield to the posterior margin of propodeal lobesWL. – Maximum width of the petiole from above, in dorsal viewPW. – The length of the gaster in lateral view from the anterior most point of first gastral segment to the posterior most point (excluding sting if present)GL. – Head size – the total of head length and head width divided by hundredHS. – Number of standing hairs projecting > 0.02 mm from dorsal profile of scape i.e. the number of hairs visible when looking at the small diameter of scape under transmitted-light conditions. The always present hairs on distal apex are not counted and the number refers to one scapenHS. – Number of standing hairs projecting > 0.02 mm from extensor profile of one hind tibia. The always present hairs on distal apex are not counted and the number refers to one tibianHHT. – The total outstretched length in profile from anterior clypeal margin to the posterior most point of gaster excluding stingTL. – CI = HL/HW × 100Cephalic Index – EI = EL/HW × 100Eye Index1 = SL/HL × 100 – SIScape Index2 = SL/HW × 100 – SIScape IndexBingham, 1903Lasiusalienoflavus Bingham, 1903 – Lasius (Cautolasius) alienoflavus – Type status:Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: Irfan Gul; sex: 23 workers; Location: country: India; stateProvince: North-West Himalaya; verbatimLocality: Himachal Pradesh: Khajjiar; maximumElevationInMeters: 2100; Event: eventDate: 2010-07-01; Record Level: collectionCode: Insect (Ants)Type status:Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: Irfan Gul; sex: 63 workers; Location: country: India; stateProvince: North-West Himalaya; verbatimLocality: Himachal Pradesh: Kharapathar; maximumElevationInMeters: 2800; Event: eventDate: 2008-08-13; Record Level: collectionCode: Insect (Ants)Type status:Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: Irfan Gul; sex: 20 workers, 2 queens, 1 male; Location: country: India; stateProvince: North-West Himalaya; verbatimLocality: Himachal Pradesh: Manali; maximumElevationInMeters: 1800; Event: eventDate: 2010-06-17; Record Level: collectionCode: Insect (Ants)Type status:Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: Irfan Gul; sex: 3 workers; Location: country: India; stateProvince: North-West Himalaya; verbatimLocality: Himachal Pradesh: Sungri; maximumElevationInMeters: 2600; Event: eventDate: 2008-08-14; Record Level: collectionCode: Insect (Ants)Type status:Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: Irfan Gul; sex: 62 worker; Location: country: India; stateProvince: North-West Himalaya; verbatimLocality: Jammu & Kashmir: Sarthal; maximumElevationInMeters: 3000; Event: eventDate: 2010-06-04; Record Level: collectionCode: Insect (Ants)Type status:Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: Irfan Gul; sex: 105 workers, 3 queens; Location: country: India; stateProvince: North-West Himalaya; verbatimLocality: Uttarakhand: Gangotri; maximumElevationInMeters: 3000; Event: eventDate: 2010-06-04; Record Level: collectionCode: Insect (Ants)Fig. 1Measurements: HL 0.82–0.91; HW 0.75–0.86; EL 0.12–0.15; EW 0.09–0.12; SL 0.70–0.80; WL 0.88–1.04; PW 0.20–0.24; GL 0.61–1.05; HS 0.78–0.88; CI 101–109; EI 15–18; SI1 80–88; SI2 85–95; nHS+nHHT < 8; TL 2.5–2.8. n = 32.Head: Head roughly rectangular in full face view (CI = 101–109); posterior margin of head straight; posterolateral corners rounded; a few setae present closer to posterior margin of head but not reaching the hind margin of eyes and less denser than in Lasiuselevatus Bharti et Gul, 2013; lateral sides of head more-or-less parallel, somewhat narrowing anteriorly; anterior clypeal margin broadly convex, clypeal carina absent; lateral clypeal profile convex; eyes almost round, size larger as compared to other species of the same group (EI = 15–18); mandibles triangular, the masticatory margin with 7 to 8 teeth, rarely 9, including denticles; antennae 12 segmented, scape long, distinctly surpassing the posterior margin of head .Mesosoma and petiole: Mesosoma with weakly convex promesonotal dorsum slightly depressed at the suture; propodeal dome rather hemispheric, as high as mesonotum, posterior slope of propodeum somewhat straight; area between propodeal spiracle and metapleural gland without distinct setae; in frontal view petiole with weakly convex sides and rather straight dorsum, in profile with steep and slightly convex anterior face and straight posterior face; gaster more-or-less ovate.Sculpture and pilosity: Head and mesosoma with shallow micropunctures; in general body smooth and fairly shiny with scattered pilosity; body covered with suberect to erect setae, abundant and longest on gaster; cuticular surface covered with smooth and rather dense pubescence; genae without standing hairs or setae; scape with subdecumbent to decumbent pubescence, a few setae present at the proximal end; hind tibia pubescence smooth, setae are normally present at the proximal end.Colour: The species is light to dark yellow in colour; the masticatory margin dark brownish and the eyes black in colour; pubescence pale-yellow.Fig. 2Measurements: HL 1.12–1.15; HW 1.32–1.37; EL 0.34–0.36; EW 0.26–0.27; SL 1.0–1.02; WL 2.33–2.45; PW 0.24–0.26; GL 2.30–2.70; HS 1.24–1.26; CI 81–84; EI 25–26; SI1 87–89; SI2 73–74; TL 5.7–6.3. n = 2.Resembles the worker, with modifications expected for caste and the following differences: body massive, hairy; lateral sides of head subparallel, narrowing towards the anterior margin; eyes much larger; mesosoma enlarged, dorsally flat, scutum and scutellum at the same level, propodeal declivity very steep; in profile view petiole compressed, in frontal view dorsum emarginate; gaster long and gibbous; setae scattered all over and short; head, mesosoma and gaster dark brown, legs dark yellow in colour.Fig. 3Measurements: HL 0.6; HW 0.7; EL 0.27; EW 0.18; SL 0.48; WL 1.3; PW 0.25; GL 1.7; HS 0.65; CI 86; EI 38; SI1 80; SI2 68; TL 3.6. n = 1.Head: Head roughly squarein full face view (CI = 86); Head broader at the posterior margin, narrowingtowards the anterior margin; posterior margin of head slightly convex; posterolateral corners rounded; Hairsdenser towards the posterior margin of head; lateral sides of head distinctly narrowinganteriorily; eyes very large, bulging beyond head outline in full-frontal view (EI = 38); three prominent ocelli present at the centre; antennae 13 segmented, filiform; scape long, distinctly surpassing the posterior margin of head ; clypeus smooth, without any carina in the middle; anterior clypeal margin broadly convex; lateral clypeal profile convex; mandiblewith an apical tooth and 3 denticles at the centre of masticatory margin.Mesosoma and petiole: Mesosomaenlarged to accommodate flight muscles; pronotum small; scutum smooth; scutellum somewhat raised; declivity steep; in frontal view petiole dorsallyround; gaster lengthened, tapering towards the apex.Sculptureand pilosity: Ingeneral body smooth with scattered pilosity; body covered with suberect toerect setae, abundant and longest on gaster; cuticular surface covered withsmooth and rather dense pubescence abundant towards the apex of gaster, antennaeand legs; Hairs more dense on the posterior margin of head, sparselydistributed over rest of the head; standinghairs or setae on genae sparse; mandibles with a few setae at the apicalportion; a few setae present on the anterior margin of clypeus; small blunthairs thinly present on the eyes; scape with subdecumbent to decumbentpubescence, a few setae present at the proximal end; hind tibia pubescencesmooth, setae are normally present at the proximal end.Genitals: Paramereselongated, roughly triangular, covered with long setae; cuspi with short peg-like teeth and bent towards digiti; digiti straight and long, about 3 timesas long as cuspi with round dorsum; penis valve projecting.Colour: brown with a blackish tinge; eyes black; legs and wings creamy-yellowish; body smooth and somewhat shiny all over.The overall distribution of the species is from the Himalaya but the specimens used for this study have been collected from the North-west range of Himalaya. All the collection areas were forested mountains surrounded by other mountains. The nests were very close to the surface with a depth of 3–5 inches. The soil surrounding the nest was mainly moist and covered by herbs. 23 specimens were collected from Winkler extraction.Lasiusalienoflavus Bingham, 1903 is well marked off from other reports of this genus and is a distinct species. However, it resembles Lasiusflavus (Fabricius) but can be readily distinguished from it by having the apical segment of the maxillary palp longer than the preapical one .


A reference is omitted from the fifth sentence of the last paragraph in the Discussion section.The sentence should read: Our data are entirely consistent with and complementary to a parallel study conducted independently in the Rothstein, Klein, Kreicji, and Lisby laboratories .The reference is: Burgess RC, Sebesta M, Sisakova A, Marini VP, Lisby M, et al. (2013) The PCNA Interaction Protein Box Sequence in Rad54 Is an Integral Part of Its ATPase Domain and Is Required for Efficient DNA Repair and Recombination. PLoS ONE 8(12): e82630. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0082630


Nature Communications6: Article number:798310.1038/ncomms8983 (2015); Published: 08062015; Updated: 02172016.In Fig. 3d in this Article, the graph depicting flow cytometry of the anaerobic culture was inadvertently duplicated from that depicting the KCN-treated culture during the production process. The correct version of Fig. 3 appears below.Figure 3


Correction to:Cell Discovery (2016) 2, 16012; doi:10.1038/celldisc.2016.12; published online 17 May 2016During web production, there was an error in Supplementary information: Supplementary Material was omitted. The files are now installed in the online version of the paper. We apologize for any inconvenience that may have been caused by this error.


The percentage of young adults aged 18–24 years who had never smoked cigarettes increased by more than 10 percentage points from 1999–2001 (65%) to 2011–2012 (76%). The increase was noted for men and for women. For each period, women were more likely than men to have never smoked cigarettes.Sources: Schoenborn CA, Adams PF, Barnes PM, Vickerie JL, Schiller JS. Health Behaviors of Adults: United States, 1999–2001. Vital Health Stat 2004;10(219).Adams PF, Schoenborn CA. Health behaviors of adults: United States, 2002–2004. Vital Health Stat 2006;10(230).Schoenborn CA, Adams PF. Health behaviors of adults: United States, 2005–2007. Vital Health Stat 2010;10(245).Schoenborn CA, Adams PF, Peregoy JA. Health behavior of adults: United States, 2008–2010. Vital Health Stat 2013;10(257).http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhis/quest_data_related_1997_forward.htm.National Health Interview Survey. Data and documentation for 2011 and 2012. Available at


Petunia: the importance of stress severityPhysiological and molecular responses to drought in Jongyun Kim, Anish Malladi, and Marc W. van IerselJournal of Experimental Botany (2012) 63 (18): 6335–6345. doi: 10.1093/jxb/ers28556, 46–51).In the above paper, Figure 1 and a subset of the data in Figure 2 were previously published in a proceedings paper of the Southern Nursery Association Research Conference (Kim J, Malladi A, van Iersel MW. 2011. Physiological responses of petunia to different levels of drought stress. Proceedings of Southern Nursery Association Research Conference


There is an error in the title. The word Fishes has an incorrectly capitalized I. The correct title should be “DNA Barcodes for the Fishes of the Narmada, One of India's Longest River.”The correct Citation should read: Khedkar GD, Jamdade R, Naik S, David L, Haymer D (2014) DNA Barcodes for the Fishes of the Narmada, One of India’s Longest Rivers. PLoS ONE 9(7): e101460. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0101460Additionally, there are errors in


The third author’s name is spelled incorrectly in the correction published on August 11, 2014. The correct name is: K. Suzanne Scherf. The correct citation is: Halliday DWR, MacDonald SWS, Scherf KS, Tanaka JW (2014) A Reciprocal Model of Face Recognition and Autistic Traits: Evidence from an Individual Differences Perspective. PLoS ONE 9(5): e94013. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0094013. The publisher apologizes for the error.


There is an error in reference 25. The correct reference is: Andres B, Ji Q (2008) A new pterosaur from the Liaoning province of China, the phylogeny of the Pterodactyloidea, and convergence in their cervical vertebrae. Palaeontology 51: 453–469.


The correct citation is: Fortini LB, Vorsino AE, Amidon FA, Paxton EH, Jacobi JD (2015) Large-Scale Range Collapse of Hawaiian Forest Birds under Climate Change and the Need for 21st Century Conservation Options. PLoS ONE 10(10): e0140389. 10.1371/journal.pone.0140389. The publisher apologizes for the error.The publisher erroneously omitted the word “for” from the article title. The correct title is: Large-Scale Range Collapse of Hawaiian Forest Birds under Climate Change and the Need for 21


Correction to:British Journal of Cancer (2015) 114, 146–150; doi:10.1038/bjc.2015.421; published online 15 December 2015British Journal of Cancer, one of the authors identified an error in the spelling of their name. V Sivasubramaniam appears correctly in the author list above.Upon publication of the above paper in the


The third author’s name is abbreviated incorrectly in the citation. The correct citation is: Nemeth M, Millesi E, Wagner KH, Wallner B (2014) Effects of Diets High in Unsaturated Fatty Acids on Socially Induced Stress Responses in Guinea Pigs. PLoS ONE 9(12): e116292. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0116292There is an error in affiliation 2 for Karl-Heinz Wagner. Affiliation 2 should be: Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria


Reason for Erratum:Due to a production error the article was erroneously published in Frontiers in Neuroengineering, instead of Frontiers in Neuroscience. This mistake does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way and the publisher apologizes for the error.Old citation:In vivo comparison of the charge densities required to evoke motor responses using novel annular penetrating microelectrodes by Brunton EK, Winther-Jensen B, Wang C, Yan EB, Hagh Gooie S, Lowery AJ, and Rajan R (2015). Front. Neuroeng. 8:5. doi: 10.3389/fneng.2015.00005The original article has been updated.


Consolidation processes, involving synaptic and systems level changes, are suggested to stabilize memories once they are formed. At the synaptic level, dendritic structural changes are associated with long-term memory storage. At the systems level, memory storage dynamics between the hippocampus and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) may be influenced by the number of sequentially encoded memories. The present experiment utilized Golgi-Cox staining and neuron reconstruction to examine recent and remote structural changes in the hippocampus and ACC following training on three different behavioral procedures. Rats were trained on one hippocampal-dependent task only (a water maze task), two hippocampal-dependent tasks , or one hippocampal-dependent and one non-hippocampal-dependent task (a water maze task followed by an operant conditioning task). Rats were euthanized recently or remotely. Brains underwent Golgi-Cox processing and neurons were reconstructed using Neurolucida software . Rats trained on two hippocampal-dependent tasks displayed increased dendritic complexity compared to control rats, in neurons examined in both the ACC and hippocampus at recent and remote time points. Importantly, this behavioral group showed consistent, significant structural differences in the ACC compared to the control group at the recent time point. These findings suggest that taxing the demand placed upon the hippocampus, by training rats on two hippocampal-dependent tasks, engages synaptic and systems consolidation processes in the ACC at an accelerated rate for recent and remote storage of spatial memories. Consolidation is distinguished into two specific components, synaptic, and systems consolidation. Synaptic consolidation occurs shortly after acquisition and refers to changes at the cellular level McGaugh, . SystemsSynaptic consolidation processes involve the induction of signaling cascades and second messenger systems, protein synthesis and gene expression alterations, all of which may be important synaptic pathways in the initiation of long-term memory storage processes Kandel, . Once thThe hippocampus critically contributes to the initial encoding and storage of memory representations , two different hippocampal-dependent tasks  or one hippocampal-dependent and one non-hippocampal-dependent task . Because impaired hippocampal function does not alter OP task performance . Rats received no nesting material and no direct enrichment of any kind in their home cage. Food was restricted until rats reached 90% of their free-feeding baseline, which was maintained throughout the experiment. Prior to behavioral training, rats were given 5 chocolate pellets (45 mg) in their home cage and handled for 5 min daily. Principles of laboratory animal care were followed and all procedures were conducted in accordance with the Canadian Council on Animal Care and protocols approved by the Carleton University Animal Care Committee.Forty-eight Long Evans rats (190–250 g) from Charles River, Quebec were used. Rats were housed individually in clear plastic cages (26 × 20 × 45 cm) and given The WM was located in a room within the animal housing area. The opaque, white, polypropylene pool measured 155 cm in diameter and 60 cm in height. The pool was filled to a depth of 37.5 cm with water that remained at approximately 21°C. The “escape” platform was made from clear Plexiglas and submerged approximately 2 cm below the surface of the water. Visual cues such as posters and geometric shapes were located on the walls around the room. The experimenter remained in the same position throughout all trials.RAM testing was done in a room within the animal housing area, located across the hall from the WM testing room. The maze was positioned 98.5 cm off the floor. Each arm measured 59 cm long and 11 cm wide. The distance between the ends of arms, where food  reward was located, was 32.5 cm. Plastic inserts were placed on the sides of the maze arms to prevent animals from jumping across arms. Visual cues such as posters and geometric shapes were located on the walls around the room. The experimenter remained in the same position throughout all trials.Rats were tested in groups of six using six operant chambers . Each chamber was housed in an insulated box to minimize external noise. Each chamber possessed a pellet dispensing system, two levers separated by a food hopper, a houselight, a grid floor and a three light-panel. OP training took place in a room outside of the animal housing area.n = 24) or remotely . Eight experimental groups resulted (n = 6 in each group): (1) Control:Recent (2) WM:Recent (3) WM/RAM:Recent (4) WM/OP:Recent (5) Control:Remote (6) WM:Remote (7) WM/RAM:Remote (8) WM/OP:Remote.An overview of the behavioral procedure is shown in Figure Rats received 5 training trials per day for 5 days, with a different starting location for every trial within a day and randomized starting locations across days. The hidden platform was located in a fixed location within and across days. Rats were placed in the pool, facing the perimeter, and given a maximum of 60 s to locate the hidden platform. Rats that did not find the hidden platform within 60 s were guided to the platform by the experimenter. All rats remained on the platform for 15 s. Rats then received a 15 s rest period in a holding cage before the next trial. All movement within the pool was tracked using HVS Image 2100 Tracking System . Following the final trial of each day, rats were dried with a towel and placed in a holding cage on a heating pad in the housing room for 10–15 min after which they were returned to the home cage.Rats received one day of pretraining and 4 days of testing on the RAM. On the first trial of pretraining, chocolate pellets were located in the starting area, at the entrance to arms, within the arms as well as in the food holes located at the end of each arm. On trial 2 of pretraining, pellets were located within the arms and in food holes only. Trials 3–5 of pretraining had pellets located only in food holes.Days 2–5 were testing days, where pellets were located in food holes at the ends of 3 of the 5 arms. Baited arms were always the same for an individual rat but differed between rats. Each rat was given 5 trials per day. Trials were a maximum of 5 min each or ended when all food reward had been collected. Rats were placed in a holding cage for 30 s between trials while arms were re-baited. Performance on the maze was manually scored. Sessions were timed, and correct and incorrect arm entries were recorded. An arm entry was defined as all four feet inside an arm.Rats in the WM/OP condition were trained to lever-press for chocolate pellets over 5 days, 30 min per day. Upon pressing the lever to the left of the hopper two times (FR2), the house light extinguished, the panel lights above the lever changed from red to green and the pellet dispenser released one 45-mg chocolate pellet  into the hopper. Presses on the right lever had no programmed consequences. Presses on the left lever were considered correct and presses on the right lever, incorrect. The number of lever presses, the number of times a rat poked its nose into the hopper and locomotor activity were recorded automatically .The Golgi method, originally named the “Black Reaction” was developed by Camillo Golgi in 1873. The invention of the Golgi method marked a huge advancement in the field of neuroscience, largely thanks to Santiago Ramon y Cajal's use of the method. Curiously, and fortunately, the Golgi method stains only a small percentage of cells . Next, brains underwent incubation in 10% (8 h), 20% (8 h), and 30% sucrose (minimum 4 days). 200 μm thick sections were sliced on a vibratome and mounted onto gelatinized slides. Slides were placed in a humidified, dark box for 24 h before staining.Rats were placed into a Decapicone (Braintree) and decapitated. Brains were rapidly removed and hemisected . One hemisphere was placed in Golgi-Cox fixative and stored at room temperature, away from light, for 14 days. Following incubation in Golgi-Cox fixative, brains underwent 3 washes in DH2O (1 min), 28% Ammonium Hydroxide (40 min), DH2O (1 min), Kodak film fix A (40 min), DH2O (2 × 1 min), 50, 70, and 95% ETOH (1 min each), desiccated 100% ETOH (3 × 5 min), desiccated ETOH/Clearene/Chloroform solution (10 min), and desiccated Clearene (2 × 15 min). Slides were coverslipped with generous amounts of Permount mounting medium (Sigma) and placed in a desiccated box to dry for a minimum of 4 days.Slides were immersed in the following solutions: DHThree pyramidal neurons per rat were analyzed from each brain region. Four rats from each behavioral group were examined. All neuron reconstruction was performed by one experimenter who was unaware of the experimental condition. Brain regions were defined according to Paxinos and Watson . The ACCNeurons to be traced were selected at random, but had to meet predetermined criteria for analysis. Neurons had to be entirely impregnated, staining had to be uniform and complete within processes, the neuron had to be relatively isolated from surrounding impregnated cells or obstructions, and the cell body had to be centrally located within the 200 μm section depth . Separate analyses were carried out in the ACC and CA1 of the hippocampus and apical and basal dendrites were analyzed separately. Two-Way ANOVAs in each region for apical and basal dendrites were run with Behavioral group  and Time (Recent or Remote) as the fixed factors and the characteristic of interest  as the dependent variables.Four rats from each behavioral group were examined; three neurons per rat per brain area (ACC and CA1) were analyzed. Thus, resulting in 12 neurons per behavioral condition per brain region . For statistical analysis, the measurements of the three analyzed neurons per rat per brain region were pooled to get one value for each rat  = 112.88, p < 0.001] but no main effect of behavior or time.Figure F = 2.82, p = 0.05] but no main effect of time.Two groups received training on the WM followed by training on the RAM: one assigned to receive a recent WM probe test and one assigned to receive a remote WM probe Figure . The numF = 12.73, p < 0.001] but no main effect of time.Two groups received training on the WM followed by training on the operant task: one assigned to receive a recent WM probe test and one assigned to receive a remote WM probe Figure . The numCell body size in the ACC was analyzed using a Two-Way ANOVA with Behavior  and time (recent or remote) as the independent variables and cell body size as the dependent variable. No main effect of behavior or time was found (data not shown).Cell body size in the CA1 of the hippocampus was analyzed using a Two-Way ANOVA with Behavior  and time (recent or remote) as the independent variables and cell body size as the dependent variable. No main effect of behavior or time was found (data not shown).Figure Number of branches. Figure Apical. A Two-Way ANOVA with Behavioral group  and time (Recent or Remote) as the fixed factors and number of branches as the dependent variable revealed a main effect of behavior  with group WM/RAM displaying the greatest number of branches (16). Fisher's LSD post-hoc analyses revealed group WM/RAM:Recent had significantly greater number of branches compared to groups WM/OP:Remote, Control:Recent, and Control:Remote (p < 0.05). Group WM/RAM:Remote had significantly greater number of branches compared to groups WM Only:Recent, WM/OP:Recent, WM/OP:Remote, Control:Recent, and Control:Remote (p < 0.05). Group WM Only:Remote had significantly greater number of branches compared to group Control:Remote (p < 0.05).Basal. A Two-Way ANOVA with Behavioral group  and time (Recent or Remote) as the fixed factors and number of branches as the dependent variable revealed a main effect of behavior , with group WM/RAM displaying the greatest number of branches (18). Fisher's LSD post-hoc analyses revealed group WM/RAM:Remote had significantly greater number of branches compared to groups from WM Only:Recent, WM Only:Remote, WM/OP:Remote, Control:Recent, and Control:Remote, (p = 0.05). Group WM/OP:Recent had significantly greater number of branches compared to group Control:Recent (p < 0.05).Dendritic Length. Figure Apical. A Two-Way ANOVA with Behavioral group  and time (Recent or Remote) as the fixed factors and dendritic length as the dependent variable revealed a main effect of behavior , with group WM/RAM displaying the greatest dendritic length (1016 μm). Fisher's LSD post-hoc analyses revealed group WM/RAM:Recent had significantly greater dendritic length compared to groups WM/OP:Remote, Control:Recent, and Control:Remote (p < 0.05). Group WM/RAM:Remote had significantly greater dendritic length compared to groups WM/OP:Remote, Control:Recent, Control:Remote (p < 0.05). Group WM/OP:Recent had significantly greater dendritic length compared to group Control:Remote (p = 0.05).Basal. A Two-Way ANOVA with Behavioral group  and time (Recent or Remote) as the fixed factors and dendritic length as the dependent variable revealed a main effect of behavior , with group WM/RAM displaying the greatest dendritic length (839 μm). Fisher's LSD post-hoc analyses revealed group WM/RAM:Recent had significantly greater dendritic length compared to groups WM Only:Recent, WM Only:Remote, WM/OP:Remote, Control:Recent, and Control:Remote (p < 0.05). Group WM/RAM:Remote had significantly greater dendritic length compared to groups WM Only:Recent, WM Only:Remote, WM/OP:Remote, Control:Recent and Control:Remote (p < 0.05).Number of spines. Figure Apical. A Two-Way ANOVA with Behavioral group  and time (Recent or Remote) as the fixed factors and number of spines as the dependent variable revealed a main effect of behavior , with group WM/RAM displaying the greatest number of spines (511). Fisher's LSD post-hoc analyses revealed group WM/RAM:Recent had significantly greater number of spines compared to groups WM Only:Recent, WM Only:Remote, WM/OP:Recent, WM/OP:Remote, Control:Recent and Control:Remote (p < 0.05). Group WM/RAM:Remote had significantly greater number of spines compared to groups Control:Recent and Control:Remote (p < 0.05).Basal. A Two-Way ANOVA with Behavioral group  and time (Recent or Remote) as the fixed factors and number of spines as the dependent variable revealed a main effect of behavior , with group WM/RAM displaying the greatest number of spines (385). Fisher's LSD post-hoc analyses revealed group WM/RAM:Recent had significantly greater number of spines compared to groups WM Only:Recent, WM Only:Remote, WM/OP:Recent, WM/OP:Remote, Control:Recent, Control:Remote (p < 0.05). Group WM/RAM:Remote had significantly greater number of spines compared to groups WM Only:Recent, WM Only:Remote, Control:Recent, and Control:Remote (p < 0.05). Group WM/OP:Recent had significantly greater number of spines compared to groups WM Only:Recent and Control:Recent (p < 0.05).Spine density. Figure Apical. A Two-Way ANOVA with Behavioral group  and time (Recent or Remote) as the fixed factors and spine density as the dependent variable revealed no main effects. Planned Fisher's LSD post-hoc comparisons revealed group WM/RAM:Recent had significantly greater spine density compared to group Control:Recent (p < 0.05).Basal. A Two-Way ANOVA with Behavioral group  and time (Recent or Remote) as the fixed factors and spine density as the dependent variable revealed no main effects. A significant interaction between behavior X time  was found. Fisher's LSD post-hoc comparisons revealed group WM/RAM:Recent had significantly greater spine density compared to groups WM Only:Recent, WM Only:Remote, WM/RAM:Remote, and Control:Recent (p < 0.05). Group WM/OP:Recent had significantly greater spine density compared to group Control:Recent (p < 0.05). Group Control:Remote had significantly greater spine density compared to group Control:Recent (p < 0.05).Summary of ACC findings. Group WM/RAM displayed the greatest and most consistent dendritic complexity in the ACC. At the recent time point, group WM/RAM was the sole group to show significantly increased dendritic complexity in apical dendrites compared to the control group.Figure Number of branches. Figure Apical. A Two-Way ANOVA with Behavioral group  and time (Recent or Remote) as the fixed factors and number of branches as the dependent variable revealed a main effect of behavior  with group WM/RAM displaying the greatest number of branches (38). Fisher's LSD post-hoc analyses revealed group WM/RAM:Recent had significantly greater number of branches compared to every other behavioral group (p < 0.05). Group WM/RAM:Remote had significantly greater number of branches compared to groups WM Only:Recent, WM Only:Remote, WM/RAM:Recent, Control:Recent, and Control:Remote (p < 0.05). Group WM/OP:Recent had significantly greater number of branches compared to group WM/OP:Remote (p < 0.05). Group WM/OP:Remote had significantly greater number of branches compared to groups WM/RAM:Recent, Control:Recent, and Control:Remote (p < 0.05).Basal. A Two-Way ANOVA with Behavioral group  and time (Recent or Remote) as the fixed factors and number of branches as the dependent variable revealed a main effect of behavior  with group WM/RAM displaying the greatest number of branches (16). A significant interaction between behavior X time was found . Fisher's LSD post-hoc analyses revealed group WM/RAM:Remote had significantly greater number of branches compared to groups WM Only:Remote, WM/OP:Recent, Control:Recent, and Control:Remote (p < 0.05). Group WM/OP:Recent had significantly fewer number of branches compared to groups WM/RAM:Remote, WM/OP:Remote (p < 0.05). Group WM/OP:Remote had significantly greater number of branches compared to group WM Only:Remote, WM/OP:Recent, and Control:Recent (p < 0.05).Dendritic length. Figure Apical. A Two-Way ANOVA with Behavioral group  and time (Recent or Remote) as the fixed factors and dendritic length as the dependent variable revealed a main effect of behavior , with group WM/RAM displaying the greatest dendritic length (2259 μm). A significant interaction between behavior X time was found . Fisher's LSD post-hoc analyses revealed group WM/RAM:Recent had significantly greater dendritic length compared to groups WM Only:Recent, WM Only:Remote, WM/OP:Recent, Control:Recent, and Control:Remote (p < 0.05). Group WM/RAM:Remote had significantly greater dendritic length compared to group Contol:Remote (p < 0.05). Group WM/OP:Remote had significantly greater dendritic length compared to groups WM Only:Recent, WM Only:Remote, WM/OP:Recent, Control:Recent, and Control:Remote (p < 0.05).Basal. A Two-Way ANOVA with Behavioral group  and time (Recent or Remote) as the fixed factors and dendritic length as the dependent variable revealed no main effects. Planned Fisher's LSD post-hoc comparisons revealed group WM/OP:Remote had significantly greater dendritic length compared to groups WM Only:Remote and Control:Recent. Group Control:Recent had significantly less dendritic length compared to groups WM Only:Recent and WM/OP:Remote (p < 0.05).Number of spines. Figure Apical. A Two-Way ANOVA with Behavioral group  and time (Recent or Remote) as the fixed factors and number of spines as the dependent variable revealed a main effect of behavior , with group WM/RAM displaying the greatest number of spines (1793). Fisher's LSD post-hoc analyses revealed group WM/RAM:Recent had significantly greater number of spines compared to groups WM Only:Recent, WM Only:Remote, WM/OP:Recent, Control:Recent, and Control:Remote (p < 0.05). Group WM/RAM:Remote had significantly greater number of spines compared to group WM Only:Recent, WM Only:Remote, WM/OP:Reent, Control:Recent, and Control:Remote (p < 0.05). Group WM/OP:Recent had significantly fewer number of spines compared to groups WM/RAM:Recent, WM/RAM:Remote and WM/OP:Remote (p < 0.05). Group WM/OP:Remote had significantly greater number of spines compared to groups WM Only:Recent, WM Only:Remote, WM/OP:Recent, Control:Recent, and Control:Remote (p < 0.05).Basal. A Two-Way ANOVA with Behavioral group  and time (Recent or Remote) as the fixed factors and number of spines as the dependent variable revealed a main effect of behavior , with group WM/RAM displaying the greatest number of spines (647). Fisher's LSD post-hoc analyses revealed group WM/RAM:Recent had significantly greater number of spines compared to group Control:Recent (p < 0.05). Group WM/RAM:Remote had significantly greater number of spines compared to groups WM Only:Remote, WM/OP:Recent, Control:Recent, and Control:Remote (p < 0.05). Group WM/OP:Recent had significantly fewer number of spines compared to groups WM/RAM:Remote and WM/OP:Remote (p < 0.05). Group WM/OP:Remote had significantly greater number of spines compared to groups WM Only:Remote, WM/OP:Recent, Control:Recent, and Control:Remote (p < 0.05).Spine density. Figure Apical. A Two-Way ANOVA with Behavioral group  and time (Recent or Remote) as the fixed factors and spine density as the dependent variable revealed a main effect of behavior , with group WM/RAM displaying the greatest spine density (0.812). Fisher's LSD post-hoc analyses revealed group WM/RAM:Remote had significantly greater spine density compared to groups WM Only:Recent, WM Only:Remote, WM/OP:Recent, Control:Recent, and Control:Remote (p < 0.05).Basal. A Two-Way ANOVA with Behavioral group  and time (Recent or Remote) as the fixed factors and spine density as the dependent variable revealed a main effect of behavior , with group WM/RAM displaying the greatest spine density (0.812). Fisher's LSD post-hoc analyses revealed group WM/RAM:Recent had significantly greater spine density compared to group Control:Recent (p < 0.05). Group WM/RAM:Remote had significantly greater spine density compared to groups WM/OP:Recent and Control:Recent (p < 0.05).Summary of CA1 findings. Group WM/RAM displayed the greatest dendritic complexity in the CA1. Group WM/RAM was the only group to show increased dendritic complexity at the recent time point. Group WM/RAM also showed persistent increases in the dendritic complexity characteristics analyzed as this group was found to have these characteristics significantly increased from the Control group at the remote time point as well. Group WM/OP:Remote consistently showed increases in dendritic complexity at the remote time point.A great deal of human research supports the idea of a time-limited role for the hippocampus in memory storage . Future behavioral studies utilizing one-day training procedures are underway so that early structural changes in the ACC and CA1 can be examined. A one-day training procedure would also help to diminish delay differences between the end of training on a behavioral task and neuron analysis. In the present study, there was a difference in the delay between the end of behavioral training and neuron analysis in rats trained on one or two tasks. Training on the RAM or OP tasks entailed 5 days of training followed by a day of rest then sacrifice. Rats trained on only the WM task had 6 days of rest prior to sacrifice. This difference could influence dynamic dendritic characteristics such as spine density. This difference may become more substantial when examining recent vs. remote time points.Neuron reconstruction data showed robust increases in dendritic complexity in the ACC and CA1 at recent and remote time points in groups trained on two hippocampal-dependent tasks. These results suggest competing hippocampal-dependent memories may result in more pronounced, or accelerated, increases in dendritic complexity in the ACC. Without hippocampal-dependent memories competing for hippocampal processing space, structural changes may be less distinct, or take a longer amount of time to come about. The introduction of a multiple memory behavioral procedure presents an innovative method through which structural changes associated with memory storage can be examined. Introducing variations in the type and number of tasks used during training provides an opportunity to examine and contrast morphological differences throughout the consolidation process, shedding light on the processes underlying remote memory storage.The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.


Aquilegia pubescens and A. canadensis. The correct citation is: Noutsos C, Perera AM, Nikolau BJ, Seaver SMD, Ware DH (2015) Metabolomic Profiling of the Nectars of Aquilegia pubescens and A. canadensis. PLoS ONE 10(5): e0124501. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0124501There is an error in the title. The correct title is: Metabolomic Profiling of the Nectars of The images for Figs Please see the corrected


TP53 in gastric cancer (GC) has been investigated world-widely, but a comparison of mutation spectrum among GCs from various regions in the world are still sparsely documented. In order to identify the difference of TP53 mutation spectrum in GCs in Eastern Europe and in East Asia, we sequenced TP53 in GCs from Eastern Europe, Lujiang (China), and Yokohama, Kanagawa (Japan) and identified the feature of TP53 mutations of GC in these regions.Mutation spectrum of TP53. Mutation patterns were categorized into nine groups: six base substitutions, insertion, deletion and deletion-insertion. Within G:C > A:T mutations the mutations in CpG and non-CpG sites were divided. The Cancer Genome Atlas data  having somatic mutation list of GCs from Whites, Asians, and other ethnicities were used as a reference for our data.In total, 689 tissue samples of GC were analyzed: 288 samples from East European populations , 268 from Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan and 133 from Lujiang, Anhui province, China. DNA was extracted from FFPE tissue of Chinese, East European cases; and from frozen tissue of Japanese GCs. PCR products were direct-sequenced by Sanger method, and in ambiguous cases, PCR product was cloned and up to 8 clones were sequenced. We used No. NC_000017.11(hg38) as the reference sequence of The most frequent base substitutions were G:C > A:T transition in all the areas investigated. The G:C > A:T transition in non-CpG sites were prominent in East European GCs, compared with Asian ones. Mutation pattern from TCGA data revealed the same trend between GCs from White (TCGA category) vs Asian countries. Chinese and Japanese GCs showed higher ratio of G:C > A:T transition in CpG sites and A:T > G:C mutation was more prevalent in Asian countries.The divergence in mutation spectrum of GC in different areas in the world may reflect various pathogeneses and etiologies of GC, region to region. Diversified mutation spectrum in GC in Eastern Europe may suggest GC in Europe has different carcinogenic pathway of those from Asia.The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s41021-022-00257-y. GC inciay/home) . In mostay/home) , are knoay/home) .The time trends and geographic variation reflect the difference in causative factors of GC, such as differences in environmental factors, lifestyle, infection, traditional foods, and salty diet, as well as the genetic structure of individual populations.TP53 mutations, the most prevalent gene mutations found in human tumors, has provided important clues for environmental carcinogenesis [TP53 mutations in various human cancers in specific settings, such as tobacco smoking, UV damage, and aflatoxin exposure [TP53  in aflatoxin B-related hepatocellular carcinoma. These specific mutation spectra are currently being recapitulated as mutation signatures based on next-generation sequencing data, including single base substitution (SBS) 4, SBS 7, and SBS24 corresponding to tobacco, UV, and aflatoxin B, respectively [The spectrum of somatic ogenesis . In the exposure . For exaectively –8.TP53 database was created from voluminous mutation spectrum data in various cancers collected from different populations around the world. The IARC TP53 database by the NCI and other published reports indicated that the TP53 mutation observed in GC mainly involves G:C > A:T transitions [The nsitions .TP53 mutations in GC have mainly been found in Asians, Whites, Blacks, American Indians, Alaskan Natives, and Hawaiian natives.Although there are anecdotal reports on GC mutations from Poland , 11, infTP53 mutations in GC samples from East European countries  and compared these with mutation spectra observed in GC samples from East Asian countries (China and Japan).In this report, for the first time, we characterized considerable numbers of In total, 689 GC tissue samples from three populations worldwide were analyzed: 288 samples from the European population , 268 from Japan, and 133 from China. The clinical profiles of the patients are summarized in Table The pathology archives of GC formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues (FFPE) were collected from three countries in Eastern Europe and Lujiang County, Anhui Province, China. Fresh GC tissues were obtained from the Pathology Department of Kanagawa Cancer Center, Yokohama. DNA was extracted from the FFPEs using the QIAamp DNA FFPE Tissue Kit  , 13, whiTP53 gene sequencing was performed by direct sequencing using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) product amplified using respective primer sets for each exon. Fragments covering exons 2 to 11 and the boundary regions of the TP53 gene were amplified via PCR using the HotStarTaq DNA polymerase (Qiagen). The PCR products were purified with Exo-SAP-IT  and sequenced via the Sanger method using the BigDye Terminator Cycle Sequencing Reaction Kit, ver.3.1 and ABI 3130xL Genetic Analyzer (Thermo Fisher Scientific). PCR products exhibiting multiple bands were sequenced after subcloning them into a pGEM-T Easy vector system . Up to eight clones were sequenced, particularly upon confirming the presence of insertion/deletion mutations. The primers used are listed in Table STP53 reference sequence (Accession No. NC_000017.11(hg38 and GRCh38)). For the DNA samples from FFPEs that were difficult to amplify, and when amplification was not successful, the primer designs were modified to amplify different segments of TP53. The resulting sequences were assigned to the reference sequences. DNA mutations were described according to the international guidelines for gene nomenclature [nclature . In thisTP53 mutation patterns were categorized as follows: G:C > A:T, A:T > G:C, G:C > C:G, G:C > T:A, A:T > C:G, A:T > T:A, deletion, deletion-insertion, insertion, and splice-site mutations in exons 4 to 8. G:C > A:T mutations were subclassified based on their localization in CpG or non-CpG sites. We also grouped TP53 mutations found here according to the following hotspots proposed by Hainaut P [ainaut P : c.524G TP53 mutations was drawn using cBioPortal MutationMapper  [A distribution map of _mapper)  to deterTP53 gene was downloaded for Caucasian (n = 278) and Asian (n = 89) populations from the Stomach Adenocarcinoma  data in cBioPortal. The downloaded dataset included 148 Caucasian and 47 Asian patients with intrasomatic mutations. The percentage of base substitution patterns obtained for each race was determined. Since the nucleotide sequence files were not available, we extracted the patterns of G > A or C > T gene mutations to determine if they were in the CpG region, and the sequences of the mutations were compared against the reference genome (GRCh38) by extracting the sequences before and after the base substitution. Base substitutions at the splice site or region were preferentially classified as splice mutations.Information on somatic mutations except for synonymous mutations in the TP53 mutations. Ninety-six substitution types and sequence contexts were counted for each population. The percentage of each of the 96 substitution types was calculated from the total number of substitutions in each population. The SBS for each population was estimated using Signal  [Substitutions in the coding sequence were determined from the somatic res.com) .This study was a retrospective, anonymous, and non-intervention study, and informed consent from the patients was waived. The research plan was agreed upon by all researchers and approved by the IRB of the Hamamatsu University School of Medicine (G-260 and 20-110), Kanagawa Cancer Center, and the Ethical Committee of the University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Targu-Mures, Romania (Agreement no. 124/28.07.2016).Statistical analyses were performed using the chi-square test, t-test, and Fisher’s exact test with JMP, ver.11.2 test, p = 2 × 10− 5). Japanese patients were older than Chinese patients . There were no significant differences in sex among the three populations  had TP53 mutations, and 404 (59%) were wild-type. The ratios of mutated cases were 29.5% (85/288), 57.1% (76/133), and 46.3% (124/268) in Eastern Europe, China, and Japan, respectively  among the three regions; when the prevalence in Japan and China were combined (as East Asia), the prevalence was greater in East Asia than in Eastern Europe .A total of 689 genomic samples were successfully analyzed for TP53 were relatively evenly distributed among the three groups. Those at CpG sites involved several mutation assemblies, such as R175H and R248W/Q in Eastern Europe and Japan, and R273C/H in China  for the three areas are presented. Mutation-accumulated codons, such as R175H/G, R248W/Q, and R273C/H/P, were observed in each population in five to ten cases    , China (17.8%), and Japan 15.6%) (χ.6% (χ2 tp = 0.04) than in East Asian countries. On the other hand, A:T > G:C showed a significantly higher prevalence in China and Japan than in Eastern Europe, especially in diffuse-type GCs  in the diffuse type of GC in Eastern Europe, in which the prevalence of G:C > A:T at non-CpG sites was significantly higher 30.3%)   [TET genes and methylation erasers were downregulated in mice with gastric inflammation, causing aberrant methylation [TP53 in East Asia, specifically G:C > A:T at CpG sites in GC, reflects the common infectious status of the stomach there. The increased ratio of G:C > T:A in GC in East Asian countries  may also reflect increased oxyradical DNA damage caused by continued inflammation in the stomach. Non-environmental mechanisms may also play a role in the process. A considerable number of G:C > A:T mutations were also found in Eastern European cases, and the issue of whether G:C > A:T mutations at CpG and non-CpG sites are related to the histological type of GC is still an enigma.The higher frequency of G:C > A:T mutations at CpG sites in GC in Asia probably reflects chronic inflammation, specifically, chronic gastritis caused by chronic nfection –27. Chronfection , 29. G:Cnfection –32. Infli (CagA) . Recentlhylation . Thus, tTP53 mutations at CpG and non-CpG sites reminds us of several aspects of environmental gastric carcinogenesis [TP53 mutations at non-CpG sites had a more traditional dietary history, including nitrite, protein, and fat, particularly from animal sources, than in those with mutations at CpG sites. In addition, nitric oxide induced by gastritis may be used to produce N-nitroso compounds [N-Nitroso compounds can also be taken up by the human body through water, drugs, cosmetics, and tobacco. Since a successful experimental model of GC using N-nitroso compounds has been established [N-nitroso compounds [N-Nitroso compounds can generate alkylated guanine adducts, which contribute to G:C > A:T transitions. In contrast, deamination after the nitrosation of guanine and adenine produces xanthine and hypoxanthine, respectively. Hypoxanthine induces A:T > G:C transitional mutations [N-nitroso compounds remains a challenge. The generation of DNA adducts has been attributed to alkylating agents hypothetically [The implication of the difference in ogenesis . The epiompounds . N-Nitroablished , many inompounds . N-Nitroutations . These autations ; howeveretically –42; howeTP53 in understudied populations may encourage us to pursue the etiological varieties of GC in populations worldwide. We were not able to explain the exact causes of A:T > G:C in GC samples from East Asia. Hongyo et al. have already shown this mutation spectrum in their summary tables and stated that A:T > G:C mutations are prevalent in “Oriental” regions but did not expound much on this finding [HPRT locus in CHO-K1 cells [The mutation spectrum of  finding . Lee DH K1 cells . Some enK1 cells , may alsK1 cells –42; howeTP53 mutations, and the sample size was smaller than that generated by the international consortium. As such, hundreds of tumors from Eastern European residents were not compared with those from East Asian residents. It is necessary to confirm our findings by analyzing a large-scale sample set. Second, the designated “Chinese” samples originated from a single institution  only; thus, generalizing our findings in this population for Chinese patients with GC would be inappropriate, considering the extensive variations in environmental exposures for these patients. Third, the FFPE quality may not be perfectly controlled. No central pathological diagnosis was made. Primer coverage was not the same; thus, the detectability of splice site mutations may have differed. Currently, data on somatic mutations in human cancers using next-generation sequencing are accumulating, and the implications of our results may need to be re-evaluated. The mutation spectrum of ARID1A, which is currently the most prevalent mutated gene in all cancers, is also of interest.Our study has several obvious limitations. First, we only studied p = 0.04 in the two groups, East Europe vs. Asian countries). This apparent difference in the mutation spectrum in different histological subtypes is interesting; however, we must be careful in accepting this finding because we did not use a centralized pathological diagnosis system in this study. In each region, the numbers of blocks that were pathologically investigated were very different, and the method of histological subtyping differed among pathologists from each region. A more comprehensive approach, such as Massive Parallel Sequencing accompanied by centralized pathological assessment, will yield greater information.Another problem is the subjective bias of histological typing of GC in these three regions. G:C > A:T mutation prevalence was high (69.6%), especially in the diffuse type of GC in Eastern Europe, in which the ratio of G:C > A:T at non-CpG sites was significantly high (30.3%) . Mutation-distribution maps were created using the cBioPortal mutation mapper . Black dots indicate truncating mutations (nonsense and frameshift mutations). The light purple dot indicates a silent mutation. P53_TAD, TP53 transcriptional activation domain; P53, TP53 DNA-binding domain; P53 tetramer, TP53 tetramer domain.Additional file 2: Supplementary Figure S2.TP53 mutation types in the intestinal and diffuse types of GC samples from Eastern Europe, China, and Japan (exon 4-8). The pie graphs show the percentages of the mutations, including missense (blue), nonsense (orange), and silent mutations (gray), deletions (del) (yellow), deletion-insertion (delins) (light blue), insertions (ins) (light green), and splice site mutations (dark blue) in TP53 in GC samples from Eastern Europe, China, and Japan. The prevalence of silent mutations (gray) in diffuse-type GCs was significantly different between Europe and Asia (P < 0.01). * Statistically significant difference (p < 0.05).Additional file 3: Supplementary Figure S3. Mutation spectra in intestinal and diffuse-type GCs in East Europe, China, and Japan. The TP53 mutations were classified into six types of single nucleotide substitutions, as well as deletions (del), insertions (ins), deletion-insertion (delins), and splice mutations. The G:C > A:T transition was subdivided into G:C > A:T at CpG and non-CpG sites. Each spectrum is shown in the pie graph as follows: G:C > A:T at CpG sites (blue), G:C > A:T at non-CpG sites (orange), A:T > G:C (gray), G:C > C:G (yellow), G:C > T:A (light blue), A:T > C:G (light green), A:T > T:A (dark blue), del (brown), delins (dark gray), ins (light brown), and splice mutations (light navy). The prevalence of G:C > A:T at non-CpG sites (orange) in diffuse-type GCs in Asia was significantly different from that in Eastern Europe (p < 0.05). * Statistically significant difference (p < 0.05).Additional file 4: Supplementary Figure S4. Designations of populations based on TCGA classification. The majority of the data were from the “White” population. The “Asian” population was not defined, especially whether they were only residing in Asia or not. NA, not available.Additional file 5: Supplementary Figure S5. Mutation spectrum of the TP53 gene in GC in each population. Six substitution types are depicted in the bar graph as follows: C > A (light blue), C > G (black), C > T (red), T > A (gray), T > C (yellow-green), and T > G .Additional file 6: Table S1. Primers for PCR amplification of TP53 gene. Table S2. Histological type and TP53 mutation status. Table S3. Mutation distribution in TP53 (exon 4–8). Table S4. Mutation functions of TP53 (exon 4-8) in Eastern Europe, China and Japan. Table S5. Mutation spectrum of TP53 (exon 4–8) in Eastern Europe, China and Japan. Table S6. Hotspot mutation in Eastern Europe, China and Japan.


Scientific Reportshttps://doi.org/10.1038/srep19401, published online 14 January 2016Correction to: This Article contains an error in Equation 15, where the should read:An extra note of caution is warranted regarding the variances


Funding statement. Several fundings were not included. The correct Funding statement appears below.In the published article, there was an error in the “This work was supported by U.K. Research and Innovation Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council Grants BBS/E/I/00001825, BBS/E/I/00007030, BBS/E/I/00007031, BB/S01506X/1, BBS/E/I/00002529, BBS/E/I/00007039, BBS/E/I/00007032, BB/N002598/1 and BB/V019031/1. The authors would also like to acknowledge the Pirbright Flow Cytometry facility and support through the Core capability grant (BBS/E/I/00007039).”The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.


Biol. Open (2020) 9, bio050435 (doi:10.1242/bio.050435)There was an error published in In The authors apologise to readers for the error, which does not impact the results or conclusions of this paper.


Interface Focus12, 20220020. (Published online 12 August 2022). (https://doi.org/10.1098/rsfs.2022.0020)The Funding section of the article ‘Mathematical modelling of oxygen transport in a muscle-on-chip device’, should read as follows:This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement no. 801423. This research was funded in whole, or in part, by the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) (grant nos. EP/R029598/1 and EP/T008806/1). For the purpose of open access, the author has applied a creative commons attribution (CC BY) licence to any author accepted manuscript version arising.