AbstractBALA – BArthropods from the Laurisilva of the Azoresiodiversity of  (1999-2004) and BALA2 projects (2010-2011) from 18 native forest fragments in seven of the nine Azorean islands .In this contribution we present detailed distribution and abundance data for arthropod species identified during the Arachnida, Chilopoda and Diplopoda represent the most remarkable cases of new island records, with more than 30% of the records being novelties. This study stresses the need to expand the approaches applied in these projects to other habitats in the Azores, and more importantly to other less surveyed taxonomic groups (e.g. Diptera and Hymenoptera). These steps are fundamental for getting a more accurate assessment of biodiversity in the archipelago.Of the total 286 species identified, 81% were captured between 1999 and 2000, a period during which only 39% of all the samples were collected. On average, arthropod richness for each island increased by 10% during the time frame of these projects. The classes  BALA I project – BArthropods from the Laurisilva of the Azoresiodiversity of  (BALA II project (2010-2011).In 1999 a group of researchers from the University of the Azores and the University of Lisbon started a long-term (1999-2004) standardized sampling program to inventory the arthropod biodiversity in native forest remnants of the Azores - the e Azores . More reAraneae, Opiliones, Pseudoscorpionida, Diplopoda, Chilopoda and Insecta . As a consequence, several new endemic taxa were described for the archipelago , 1584 km to the east (southern Europe) and 2150 km to the west (northern America) of the nearest mainland. It comprises nine main islands and some small islets, all of volcanic origin, and is located at the triple junction of the Eurasian, African and American tectonic plates. The nine islands are divided into three groups: the western group (Corvo and Flores isls.), the central group , and the eastern group (São Miguel and Santa Maria isls)  and some were sampled twice in that period totalling 123 samples; about 29 of those sites were resampled from 2010 to 2011 using the same protocol . Along each transect, arthropods from the soil (mainly epigean) and herbaceous vegetation were surveyed with pitfall traps, while arthropods from woody plants were sampled using a beating tray. Pitfall traps consisted of plastic cups with 4.2 cm diameter and 7.8 cm height. Thirty pitfall traps were set up per transect. Half of the traps were filled with a non-attractive ethylene glycol preservative solution (antifreeze solution), and the remaining with a general attractive solution, a modified version of Turquin . Two woody plant specimens of the most abundant species (up to three species when available) were sampled in each square. For each selected plant, a branch was chosen at random and a beating tray placed beneath. The tray consisted of a 1 m wide and 60 cm deep cloth inverted pyramid, with a plastic bag at the vertex. Five beatings were made using a stick for each plant individual sampled.Araneae, Opiliones, Pseudoscorpionida, Diplopoda, Chilopoda and Insecta  were assigned to morphospecies through comparison with a reference collection. Various taxonomists  checked the assignment to morphospecies, performed species identifications and supplied additional ecological information. The taxonomic nomenclature follows the most recent list of Azorean arthropods .All specimens are deposited in the Entomological Collection Dalberto Teixeira Pombo at the University of the Azores , under the curation of Paulo A. V. Borges  and Zopheridae  the first three letters refer to island name ;ii) the following two letters refer to fragment name ;iii) the following three characters refer to the sampling transect; andCallunavulgaris, CL = Clethraarborea, ER = Ericaazorica, FR = Frangulaazorica, IL = Ilexperadoazorica, JU = Juniperusbrevifolia, LA = Laurusazorica, MC = Morellafaya, MS = Myrsineafricana, PI = Picconiaazorica, PT = Pittosporumundulatum, VA = Vacciniumcylindraceum.iv) the next letter refers to the sampling technique: P - pitfall, B - canopy beating; for pitfall samples (P) TU – Turquin and ET – ethylene glycol; for canopy samples (B) the next two letters refer to the plant sampled: CA = For the geographical location of transects within reserves (UTM coordinates) see Suppl. material Species Diversity and Richness” V.4.Accumulation curves were obtained using the software “http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/chthonius-ischnocheles-10257/IntroducedCOR; FLO*; FAI; PIC; GRA; SJG*; TER; SMG; SMRAlso present: MAD; CAN http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/chthonius-tetrachelatus-10380/IntroducedCOR; FLO*; FAI; PIC; GRA; SJG; TER; SMG; SMRAlso present: MAD; CAN Beier, 1930http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/neobisium-maroccanum-10482/IntroducedFLO; FAI; PIC; GRA; SJG*; TER*Biogeographical Realm: Palearctichttp://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/homalenotus-coriaceus-8096/NativeFLO*; FAI*; PIC*; TER*; SMG; SMR*Biogeographical Realm: PalearcticMeade, 1861http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/leiobunum-blackwalli-7831/NativeFLO*; FAI*; PIC*; GRA; SJG*; TER*; SMG*Biogeographical Realm: Western PalearcticWunderlich, 1989http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/gibbaranea-occidentalis-6895/Azores endemicFLO; FAI; PIC*; GRA; SJG*; TER*; SMG; SMRBiogeographical Realm: Western Palearctic (Macaronesia)http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/mangora-acalypha-7972/IntroducedFLO; FAI; PIC; GRA; SJG*; TER; SMG; SMRAlso present: MAD; CAN http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/cheiracanthium-erraticum-6898/IntroducedFLO; FAI*; PIC*; GRA; SJG*; TER; SMG; SMR*Biogeographical Realm: PalearcticWunderlich, 2008http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/cheiracanthium-floresense-7719/Azores endemicFLO*Biogeographical Realm: Western Palearctic (Macaronesia)Wunderlich, 2008http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/cheiracanthium-jorgeense-7720/Azores endemicSJG*Biogeographical Realm: Western Palearctic (Macaronesia)Blackwall, 1859http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/clubiona-decora-7726/NativeCOR; FLO*; FAI*; PIC*; GRA; SJG*; TER; SMG*; SMR*Also present: MAD; CAN L. Koch, 1866http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/clubiona-genevensis-7717/IntroducedFAI; PIC*; GRA; TER; SMG; SMRBiogeographical Realm: PalearcticWestring, 1851http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/clubiona-terrestris-7716/IntroducedFLO*; FAI*; PIC*; GRA; TER*; SMG; SMR*Biogeographical Realm: Western Palearctichttp://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/altella-lucida-7692/IntroducedSJG*; TERBiogeographical Realm: Western PalearcticWunderlich, 1992http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/emblyna-acoreensis-7699/Azores endemicCOR; FLO; FAI; PIC*; GRA; SJG; TERBiogeographical Realm: Western Palearctic (Macaronesia)http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/lathys-dentichelis-7083/NativeCOR; FLO*; FAI*; PIC; SJG*; TER; SMG; SMRAlso present: MAD; CAN )http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/nigma-puella-7653/IntroducedCOR; FLO; FAI; PIC*; GRA; SJG*; TER; SMG; SMRAlso present: MAD; CAN )C. L. Koch, 1838http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/dysdera-crocata-7212/IntroducedCOR; FLO; FAI; PIC; GRA; SJG*; TER; SMG; SMRAlso present: MAD http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/acorigone-acoreensis-7081/Azores endemicFLO*; FAI*; PIC*; SJG*; TER; SMG*; SMR*Biogeographical Realm: Western Palearctic (Macaronesia)Wunderlich, 2008http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/acorigone-zebraneus-7753/Azores endemicSJG*Biogeographical Realm: Western Palearctic (Macaronesia)http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/agyneta-decora-7739/IntroducedFLO*; SJG*; TERBiogeographical Realm: PalearcticWunderlich, 2008http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/agyneta-depigmentata-6947/Azores endemicFLO*Biogeographical Realm: Western Palearctic (Macaronesia)Wunderlich, 1992http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/agyneta-rugosa-7740/Azores endemicFAI*; SJG; SMGBiogeographical Realm: Western Palearctic (Macaronesia)http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/canariphantes-acoreensis-12410/Azores endemicFAI; PIC; SJG*; TERBiogeographical Realm: Western Palearctic (Macaronesia)Crespo & Bosmans, 2014http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/canariphantes-junipericola-12407/Azores endemicFLO*Biogeographical Realm: Western Palearctic (Macaronesia)Crespo & Bosmans, 2014http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/canariphantes-relictus-12412/Azores endemicSMR*Biogeographical Realm: Western Palearctic (Macaronesia)Blackwall, 1833http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/erigone-atra-7096/IntroducedCOR; FLO; FAI; PIC; GRA; SJG*; TER; SMG; SMRAlso present: MAD; CAN Emerton, 1882http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/erigone-autumnalis-7758/IntroducedFLO*; FAI; PIC; GRA; SJG*; TER; SMG; SMRAlso present: CAN http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/erigone-dentipalpis-7759/IntroducedFLO*; FAI; PIC; GRA; SJG; TER; SMG; SMRAlso present: MAD; CAN http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/lessertia-dentichelis-7773/IntroducedSMG*Also present: MAD; CAN http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/meioneta-fuscipalpa-7742/IntroducedCOR; FLO; FAI; PIC; GRA; SJG; TER; SMG; SMRAlso present: MAD http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/mermessus-bryantae-7755/IntroducedFAI; PIC*; GRA; SJG*; TER; SMGBiogeographical Realm: Nearctichttp://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/mermessus-fradeorum-7756/IntroducedFLO; FAI; PIC; GRA; TER; SMG; SMRBiogeographical Realm: Cosmopolitanhttp://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/mermessus-trilobatus-7757/IntroducedSJG*; TER*; SMG*Biogeographical Realm: Holarctichttp://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/microlinyphia-johnsoni-7150/IntroducedFAI; PIC; SJG; TER; SMGAlso present: MAD; CAN )Wunderlich, 1992http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/minicia-floresensis-7215/Azores endemicFLO; PIC; SJG*; TER*; SMG*Biogeographical Realm: Western Palearctic (Macaronesia)http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/neriene-clathrata-7772/IntroducedFAI; SJG; TER*; SMGBiogeographical Realm: Holarctichttp://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/oedothorax-fuscus-7763/IntroducedCOR; FLO*; FAI*; PIC; GRA; SJG*; TER; SMG*; SMRBiogeographical Realm: Western Palearctic; Mediterraneanhttp://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/palliduphantes-schmitzi-7743/NativeCOR; FLO; FAI; PIC; GRA; SJG*; TER; SMG; SMR*Also present: MAD )http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/pelecopsis-parallela-7769/IntroducedFAI*; PIC; SJG; TER; SMGBiogeographical Realm: PalearcticWunderlich, 2008http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/porrhomma-borgesi-7734/Azores endemicPIC*; TER*; SMG*Biogeographical Realm: Western Palearctic (Macaronesia)http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/prinerigone-vagans-7761/IntroducedFLO; PIC; GRA; TER; SMG; SMRAlso present: MAD; CAN Wunderlich, 1992http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/savigniorrhipis-acoreensis-7160/Azores endemicFLO*; FAI; PIC; SJG*; TER; SMG; SMRBiogeographical Realm: Western Palearctic (Macaronesia)Crespo, 2013http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/savigniorrhipis-topographicus-7061/Azores endemicSJG*Biogeographical Realm: Western Palearctic (Macaronesia)http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/tenuiphantes-miguelensis-7084/NativeFLO*; FAI*; PIC*; GRA; SJG*; TER; SMG; SMR*Also present: MAD )http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/tenuiphantes-tenuis-7161/IntroducedCOR; FLO; FAI; PIC; GRA; SJG; TER; SMG; SMRAlso present: MAD; CAN http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/walckenaeria-grandis-7213/Azores endemicFLO*; PIC*; SJG*; TER; SMGBiogeographical Realm: Western Palearctic (Macaronesia)Simon, 1883http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/pardosa-acorensis-7712/Azores endemicCOR; FLO; FAI; PIC; GRA; SJG*; TER; SMG; SMRBiogeographical Realm: Western Palearctic (Macaronesia)http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/ero-furcata-7752/IntroducedCOR; FLO*; FAI*; PIC; GRA; SJG*; TER; SMG*; SMRAlso present: MAD; CAN Blackwall, 1859http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/oecobius-navus-7963/IntroducedFAI; PIC; SJG; TER; SMG; SMRAlso present: MAD; CAN; CVP Wunderlich, 2008http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/orchestina-furcillata-7958/Azores endemicSMG*Biogeographical Realm: Western Palearctic (Macaronesia)Wunderlich, 1992http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/pisaura-acoreensis-7082/Azores endemicFLO; FAI; PIC*; GRA; SJG*; TER; SMG; SMRBiogeographical Realm: Western Palearctic (Macaronesia)http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/macaroeris-cata-7152/NativeCOR; FLO; FAI; PIC*; GRA; SJG*; TER; SMG; SMRAlso present: MAD; CAN ; Romania)http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/macaroeris-diligens-7736/NativeCOR; FAI; TER; SMG; SMR*Also present: MAD; CAN )Wunderlich, 2008http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/neon-acoreensis-7790/Azores endemicFLO; FAI; PIC*; SJG*; TER; SMG; SMRBiogeographical Realm: Western Palearctic (Macaronesia)http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/pseudeuophrys-vafra-7701/IntroducedCOR; FLO; FAI; PIC; GRA; SJG; TER; SMG; SMRAlso present: MAD http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/metellina-merianae-7965/IntroducedFLO*; FAI; PIC; GRA; SJG; TER; SMG; SMRAlso present: MAD http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/sancus-acoreensis-7971/Azores endemicFLO; FAI; PIC; SJG*; TER; SMG; SMRBiogeographical Realm: Western Palearctic (Macaronesia)http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/cryptachaea-blattea-7774/IntroducedCOR; FLO; FAI; PIC; GRA; TER; SMG; SMRAlso present: CAN Simon, 1883http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/lasaeola-oceanica-7751/Azores endemicCOR; FLO; FAI*; PIC*; GRA; SJG*; TER; SMG; SMRBiogeographical Realm: Western Palearctic (Macaronesia)http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/neottiura-bimaculata-7778/IntroducedPIC; GRA; SJG; TER; SMG; SMRBiogeographical Realm: Holarctichttp://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/rhomphaea-nasica-7766/IntroducedFLO; PIC; GRA; TER; SMGAlso present: MAD Wunderlich, 1992http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/rugathodes-acoreensis-7698/Azores endemicFLO; FAI; PIC; GRA; SJG*; TER; SMG; SMRBiogeographical Realm: Western Palearctic (Macaronesia)http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/steatoda-grossa-7691/IntroducedCOR; FLO; FAI; PIC; GRA; SJG; TER; SMG; SMRAlso present: MAD; CAN Hahn, 1831http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/theridion-melanurum-9697/IntroducedPIC*; SMG*; SMR*Also present: MAD Schmidt, 1956http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/theridion-musivivum-7703/NativeCOR; FLO; FAI; PIC*; GRA; TER; SMG; SMRAlso present: MAD; CAN; CVP )Canestrini, 1873http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/xysticus-cor-7922/NativeCOR; FLO; FAI*; PIC; GRA; SJG*; TER; SMG; SMR*Biogeographical Realm: PalearcticSimon, 1875http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/xysticus-nubilus-7737/IntroducedFLO*; FAI; PIC; GRA; SJG*; TER; SMG; SMRAlso present: MAD; CAN Pekár & Cardoso, 2006http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/zodarion-atlanticum-7786/IntroducedFAI; PIC; GRA; TER*; SMGBiogeographical Realm: Palearctichttp://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/oxidus-gracilis-8134/IntroducedCOR; FLO*; FAI*; PIC; GRA; TER*; SMG; SMR*Also present: MAD; CAN Latzel, 1884http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/brachydesmus-superus-8136/IntroducedFLO*; FAI; PIC; SJG; TER*; SMG; SMRAlso present: MAD; CAN; CVP Porat, 1871http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/polydesmus-coriaceus-8146/IntroducedCOR; FLO*; FAI; PIC; GRA; SJG*; TER; SMG; SMRAlso present: CAN http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/blaniulus-guttulatus-8151/IntroducedCOR; FLO; FAI; PIC; GRA; SJG; TER; SMG; SMR*Also present: MAD http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/choneiulus-palmatus-8152/IntroducedFLO*; PIC*; GRA; SJG*; TER; SMG; SMR*Also present: MAD; CAN http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/nopoiulus-kochii-8153/IntroducedFLO*; GRA; SMG; SMR*Also present: MAD; CAN http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/proteroiulus-fuscus-8154/IntroducedFLO*; FAI; TER*; SMG; SMR*Also present: MAD; CAN http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/brachyiulus-pusillus-8156/IntroducedFLO; FAI; GRA; TER; SMG; SMRAlso present: MAD; CAN http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/cylindroiulus-latestriatus-8159/IntroducedCOR; FLO*; FAI; SMG; SMRBiogeographical Realm: Afro-tropical; Australian; Nearctic; Orientalhttp://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/cylindroiulus-propinquus-8161/IntroducedCOR; FLO; FAI; PIC; GRA; SJG*; TER; SMG; SMRBiogeographical Realm: Palearctichttp://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/ommatoiulus-moreletii-6874/IntroducedCOR; FLO; FAI; PIC; GRA; SJG; TER; SMG; SMRAlso present: MAD; CAN Verhoeff, 1900http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/haplobainosoma-lusitanum-8162/IntroducedFAI*; PIC; TER*; SMG*; SMR*Biogeographical Realm: PalearcticNewport, 1844http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/lithobius-pilicornis-pilicornis-13445/NativeCOR; FLO; FAI; PIC; GRA; SJG; TER; SMG; SMRAlso present: MAD; CAN http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/cryptops-hortensis-8171/NativeCOR; FLO; FAI*; PIC; GRA; SJG; TER*; SMGAlso present: MAD; CAN Bergsoe & Meinert, 1866http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/geophilus-truncorum-8174/NativeFLO; FAI; PIC*; GRA; SJG*; TER*; SMG*; SMRAlso present: MAD http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/strigamia-crassipes-8177/NativeFLO*; TER*; SMG*Biogeographical Realm: Western Palearctichttp://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/dilta-saxicola-8352/NativeCOR; FLO; FAI; PIC; GRA; SJG; TER; SMG; SMRBiogeographical Realm: Easternern PalearcticMendes, Gaju, Bach & Molero, 2000http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/trigoniophthalmus-borgesi-8350/Azores endemicFAI*; PIC*; SJG*; TER; SMG*; SMRBiogeographical Realm: Western Palearctic (Macaronesia)Linnaeus, 1761http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/cloeon-dipterum-8286/NativeFAI; PIC; GRA; SJG; TER; SMG; SMRAlso present: MAD; CAN http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/zetha-vestita-7095/NativeFLO*; FAI; PIC*; SJG; TER; SMG; SMR*Also present: MAD; CAN; CVP http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/conocephalus-chavesi-8303/Azores endemicPIC; TER; SMGBiogeographical Realm: Western Palearctic (Macaronesia)De Geer, 1773http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/gryllus-bimaculatus-8305/IntroducedCOR; FLO; FAI; PIC; GRA; SJG; TER; SMG; SMRAlso present: MAD; CAN; CVP http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/euborellia-annulipes-8315/IntroducedCOR; FLO; FAI; PIC; GRA; SJG; TER; SMG; SMRAlso present: MAD; CAN; CVP Linnaeus, 1758http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/forficula-auricularia-8316/IntroducedCOR; FLO; FAI; PIC; GRA; SJG; TER; SMG; SMRAlso present: MAD; CAN http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/valenzuela-burmeisteri-7098/NativeFLO*; FAI*; SJG*; TER*; SMG*; SMR*Also present: MAD; CAN http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/valenzuela-flavidus-8351/NativeCOR; FLO; FAI*; PIC*; GRA; SJG*; TER; SMG; SMRAlso present: MAD; CAN McLachlan, 1899http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/ectopsocus-briggsi-8349/IntroducedCOR; FLO; FAI*; PIC; GRA; SJG; TER; SMG; SMRAlso present: MAD; CAN http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/ectopsocus-pumilis-8331/IntroducedSMG; SMR*Biogeographical Realm: CosmopolitanEnderlein, 1906http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/ectopsocus-strauchi-8333/NativeCOR; FLO; FAI*; PIC*; GRA; TER; SMG; SMRAlso present: MAD; CAN; CVP Meinander, 1975http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/elipsocus-azoricus-7156/Azores endemicCOR; FLO*; FAI*; PIC*; GRA; SJG*; TER*; SMG; SMRBiogeographical Realm: Western Palearctic (Macaronesia)Badonnel, 1963http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/elipsocus-brincki-8348/Azores endemicCOR; FLO*; FAI*; PIC*; GRA; SJG; TER*; SMG; SMR*Biogeographical Realm: Western Palearctic (Macaronesia)http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/bertkauia-lucifuga-8346/NativeFAI*; TER; SMGAlso present: MAD http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/lachesilla-greeni-8334/IntroducedTER*; SMG; SMR*Also present: MAD http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/peripsocus-milleri-8341/NativeFAI*; SJG*; TER*; SMGAlso present: MAD; CAN http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/peripsocus-phaeopterus-8342/NativePIC*; SJG*; TER*; SMG; SMRAlso present: CAN http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/peripsocus-subfasciatus-8343/NativeFAI*; TER*; SMG; SMRBiogeographical Realm: Holarctichttp://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/atlantopsocus-adustus-6897/NativeFLO*; FAI*; PIC*; GRA; TER; SMG; SMRAlso present: MAD; CAN )http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/trichopsocus-clarus-7158/NativeCOR; FLO; FAI*; PIC*; GRA; SJG; TER; SMG; SMRAlso present: MAD; CAN Enderlein, 1905http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/lepinotus-reticulatus-8362/IntroducedTER*Also present: MAD; CAN http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/brachysteles-parvicornis-7079/NativePIC*; GRA; TER*; SMG*; SMRAlso present: CAN )http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/buchananiella-continua-7214/IntroducedFLO; FAI; PIC; SJG*; TER; SMG; SMR*Also present: MAD; CAN http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/orius-laevigatus-laevigatus-13520/NativeFLO; FAI; PIC; GRA; SJG; TER; SMG; SMRAlso present: CAN http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/acyrthosiphon-pisum-8553/NativeFLO*; FAI; PIC; GRA; SJG; TER; SMG; SMRAlso present: MAD http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/amphorophora-rubi-8560/NativeFLO*; GRA; TERAlso present: MAD; CAN Koch, 1854http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/aphis-craccivora-8555/NativeCOR; FLO; FAI; PIC; TER; SMG; SMRAlso present: MAD; CAN; CVP http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/aulacorthum-solani-8576/NativeFLO; FAI*; TER; SMG; SMRAlso present: MAD; CAN; CVP http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/cavariella-aegopodii-8590/IntroducedFLO; SJG*; TER; SMG; SMRBiogeographical Realm: Cosmopolitanhttp://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/dysaphis-plantaginea-8602/IntroducedFLO; FAI; GRA; TER; SMG; SMRAlso present: MAD; CAN Hille Ris Lambers, 1947http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/longiunguis-luzulella-8613/IntroducedSJG*Biogeographical Realm: Western Palearctichttp://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/myzus-cerasi-8641/IntroducedFLO*; TERAlso present: MAD; CAN http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/neomyzus-circumflexus-8644/IntroducedFLO*; TER; SMGAlso present: MAD http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/pseudacaudella-rubida-8653/NativeFLO*; PIC; TER; SMG*; SMRBiogeographical Realm: Nearctichttp://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/rhopalosiphoninus-latysiphon-7155/IntroducedFLO*; FAI*; PIC*; GRA; SJG*; TER*; SMG; SMR*Also present: MAD; CAN http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/rhopalosiphum-oxyacanthae-8659/IntroducedFLO; FAI; PIC; GRA; SJG*; TER; SMG; SMRAlso present: MAD http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/rhopalosiphum-padi-8662/IntroducedCOR; FLO; PIC; GRA; SJG; TER; SMG; SMRAlso present: MAD; CAN http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/rhopalosiphum-rufiabdominale-8663/IntroducedCOR; FLO; FAI; PIC*; GRA; SJG; TER*; SMG; SMRAlso present: MAD http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/toxoptera-aurantii-8672/IntroducedFLO; FAI; PIC*; GRA; SJG; TER; SMG; SMRAlso present: MAD; CAN; CVP http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/uroleucon-erigeronense-8673/IntroducedSJG*; TER*; SMG*; SMR*Biogeographical Realm: Eastern Palearctic; Near East; Nearctic; Neotropical; North Africa; Orientalhttp://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/philaenus-spumarius-8400/IntroducedTER; SMGAlso present: CAN http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/anoscopus-albifrons-8403/NativeFLO*; FAI*; PIC; GRA; SJG*; TER; SMG; SMRAlso present: MAD; CAN Quartau & Borges, 2003http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/aphrodes-hamiltoni-8404/Azores endemicFLO*; FAI*; PIC*; GRA; SJG*; TER*; SMG*; SMR*Biogeographical Realm: Western Palearctic (Macaronesia)Ribaut, 1941http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/eupteryx-azorica-6899/Azores endemicCOR; FLO; PIC; GRA; SJG; TER; SMGBiogeographical Realm: Western Palearctic (Macaronesia)Fieber, 1866http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/opsius-stactogalus-8414/NativeCOR; FLO*; FAI; PIC; GRA; SJG; TER; SMRAlso present: CAN Remane & Asche, 1979http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/cixius-azofloresi-8420/Azores endemicCOR; FLOBiogeographical Realm: Western Palearctic (Macaronesia)Remane & Asche, 1979http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/cixius-azomariae-8417/Azores endemicSMRBiogeographical Realm: Western Palearctic (Macaronesia)Remane & Asche, 1979http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/cixius-azopifajo-azofa-13516/Azores endemicFAIBiogeographical Realm: Western Palearctic (Macaronesia)Remane & Asche, 1979http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/cixius-azopifajo-azojo-13518/Azores endemicSJGBiogeographical Realm: Western Palearctic (Macaronesia)Remane & Asche, 1979http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/cixius-azopifajo-azopifajo-13517/Azores endemicPICBiogeographical Realm: Western Palearctic (Macaronesia)Lindberg, 1954http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/cixius-azoricus-azoricus-13532/Azores endemicFAI; SJG; TER; SMG*Biogeographical Realm: Western Palearctic (Macaronesia)Remane & Asche, 1979http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/cixius-azoricus-azoropicoi-13519/Azores endemicPICBiogeographical Realm: Western Palearctic (Macaronesia)Remane & Asche, 1979http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/cixius-azoterceirae-7099/Azores endemicTERBiogeographical Realm: Western Palearctic (Macaronesia)Lindberg, 1954http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/cixius-insularis-8419/Azores endemicSMGBiogeographical Realm: Western Palearctic (Macaronesia)http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/geotomus-punctulatus-8440/NativeFAI*; GRA; TER; SMG; SMRAlso present: MAD; CAN http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/megamelodes-quadrimaculatus-8427/NativeFLO*; FAI*; PIC; GRA; SJG*; TER; SMG*; SMRAlso present: MAD )http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/anoecia-corni-8629/IntroducedFLO; PIC; SJG*; TER; SMG; SMRAlso present: MAD; CAN )http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/cyphopterum-adcendens-7089/NativeCOR; FLO; FAI; PIC; GRA; SJG; TER; SMG; SMR*Biogeographical Realm: Western Palearctichttp://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/cinara-juniperi-7078/NativeCOR; FLO*; FAI*; PIC; SJG*; TER; SMG; SMRAlso present: MAD http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/beosus-maritimus-8446/NativeFLO; FAI; TER; SMRAlso present: MAD; CAN http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/gastrodes-grossipes-grossipes-13559/IntroducedTER*Biogeographical Realm: Palearctichttp://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/heterogaster-urticae-8449/NativePIC; TER*; SMGAlso present: MAD http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/kleidocerys-ericae-7157/NativeCOR; FLO; FAI; PIC; GRA; SJG*; TER; SMG; SMR*Also present: MAD; CAN http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/microplax-plagiata-8451/NativeSMR*Also present: CAN Horváth, 1990http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/nysius-atlantidum-7085/Azores endemicFLO; FAI; GRA; TER; SMG; SMR*Biogeographical Realm: Western Palearctic (Macaronesia)Schilling, 1829http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/nysius-ericae-ericae-13521/NativeCOR; FLO; FAI; PIC; GRA; SJG; TER; SMG; SMRAlso present: MAD; CAN http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/plinthisus-brevipennis-8452/NativeFAI*; PIC; GRA; SMG; SMRAlso present: MAD Fieber, 1864http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/plinthisus-minutissimus-7151/NativeFAI*; TERBiogeographical Realm: Western Palearctichttp://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/scolopostethus-decoratus-7097/NativeFLO; FAI*; PIC; GRA; TER; SMG; SMRBiogeographical Realm: Palearctichttp://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/loricula-coleoptrata-8458/NativeFAI; SMG*; SMRBiogeographical Realm: Western Palearctichttp://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/loricula-elegantula-8445/NativeFLO; PIC*; GRA; SMG*; SMRBiogeographical Realm: Western Palearctichttp://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/campyloneura-virgula-8460/NativeFLO; FAI; PIC; GRA; SJG*; TER; SMGBiogeographical Realm: Nearctichttp://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/closterotomus-norwegicus-8461/NativeFLO; FAI; PIC; TER; SMR*Also present: MAD; CAN http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/heterotoma-planicornis-8462/NativeFAI; PIC; GRA; TER; SMG; SMRBiogeographical Realm: Nearctichttp://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/monalocoris-filicis-8465/NativeCOR; FLO; FAI; PIC; GRA; SJG; TER; SMG; SMRBiogeographical Realm: Holactic; Afro-tropical; Northern Asia http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/polymerus-cognatus-8474/NativeCOR; FLO*; FAI; PIC; GRA; SJG; TER; SMG; SMRBiogeographical Realm: Nearctichttp://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/polymerus-vulneratus-8475/NativePIC*; TERBiogeographical Realm: NearcticRemane, 1962http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/nabis-pseudoferus-ibericus-13443/NativeCOR; FLO; FAI; PIC; GRA; SJG; TER; SMG; SMRAlso present: MAD; CAN http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/nezara-viridula-8482/IntroducedCOR; FLO; FAI; PIC; GRA; SJG; TER; SMG; SMRAlso present: MAD; CAN; CVP http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/acizzia-uncatoides-8547/IntroducedPIC; GRA; TER*Also present: CAN http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/cacopsylla-pulchella-8527/IntroducedPIC*Biogeographical Realm: Western PalearcticHodkinson, 1981http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/strophingia-harteni-7087/Azores endemicCOR; FLO; FAI*; PIC*; GRA; SJG*; TER*; SMG; SMR*Biogeographical Realm: Western Palearctic (Macaronesia)http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/empicoris-rubromaculatus-8483/IntroducedPIC; TER*; SMG; SMRAlso present: MAD; CAN http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/saldula-palustris-8471/NativeTER; SMGAlso present: MAD; CAN http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/acalypta-parvula-8491/NativeFLO; FAI; PIC; TER; SMGAlso present: MAD; CAN )Hodkinson, 1990http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/trioza-laurisilvae-7090/NativeFLO*; FAI*; PIC; GRA; SJG*; TER*; SMG; SMR*Also present: MAD; CAN )Priesner, 1919http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/aeolothrips-collaris-8269/NativeFAI; PIC; SJG; TER; SMG; SMRAlso present: MAD; CAN Bagnall, 1914http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/aeolothrips-gloriosus-8271/NativeFAI; PIC; GRA; SJG; TER; SMG; SMRBiogeographical Realm: PalearcticHood, 1941http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/eurythrips-tristis-8370/IntroducedSJG*; TER*Biogeographical Realm: Nearctichttp://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/hoplandrothrips-consobrinus-8371/IntroducedSJG*; TER; SMGAlso present: MAD; CAN http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/hoplothrips-corticis-7086/NativeFLO; FAI; PIC; GRA; SJG; TER; SMG; SMRBiogeographical Realm: Cosmopolitanhttp://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/hoplothrips-ulmi-8382/IntroducedFLO*; FAI; SJG*; TER; SMG*Also present: MAD http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/nesothrips-propinquus-8383/IntroducedFAI; PIC; SJG; TER; SMG; SMRAlso present: MAD; CAN Haliday, 1836http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/aptinothrips-rufus-8365/IntroducedFLO; FAI; PIC; GRA; SJG; TER; SMG; SMRAlso present: MAD; CAN http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/ceratothrips-ericae-8366/NativeFAI; PIC; SJG; TER; SMG; SMRAlso present: MAD http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/heliothrips-haemorrhoidalis-7080/IntroducedFLO; FAI; PIC; GRA; SJG; TER; SMG; SMRAlso present: MAD; CAN; CVP http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/hercinothrips-bicinctus-7092/IntroducedFAI; PIC; GRA; SJG; TER; SMG; SMRAlso present: MAD; CAN Bagnall, 1915http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/isoneurothrips-australis-8387/IntroducedTER; SMG; SMRAlso present: MAD; CAN Haliday, 1836http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/thrips-atratus-8392/NativeFAI; PIC; SJG; TER; SMG; SMRAlso present: MAD Schrank, 1776http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/thrips-flavus-8394/NativeFAI; PIC; SJG; TER; SMG; SMRAlso present: MAD Tjeder, 1948http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/hemerobius-azoricus-6862/Azores endemicFLO*; FAI*; PIC; GRA; SJG; TER*; SMG; SMRBiogeographical Realm: Western Palearctic (Macaronesia)http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/anobium-punctatum-7571/IntroducedCOR; FLO; FAI; PIC; GRA; TER; SMG; SMRAlso present: MAD; CAN http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/aspidapion-radiolus-chalybeipenne-13444/NativeCOR; FLO; FAI; SJG; TER; SMG; SMRAlso present: MAD; CAN Schilsky, 1888http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/acupalpus-dubius-7371/NativeFLO; FAI; GRA; SJG*; TER; SMG; SMRAlso present: MAD http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/acupalpus-flavicollis-7306/NativeFAI*; TERBiogeographical Realm: Palearctichttp://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/amara-aenea-7366/IntroducedCOR; FLO; FAI; PIC; GRA; SJG; TER; SMG; SMRAlso present: MAD; CAN; CVP http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/anisodactylus-binotatus-7367/IntroducedCOR; FLO; FAI; PIC; GRA; SJG; TER; SMG; SMRAlso present: MAD Colas, 1938http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/calathus-lundbladi-7354/Azores endemicSMGBiogeographical Realm: Western Palearctic (Macaronesia)Borges & Serrano, 1993http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/cedrorum-azoricus-azoricus-13442/Azores endemicTER; SMRBiogeographical Realm: Western Palearctic (Macaronesia)Borges & Serrano, 1993http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/cedrorum-azoricus-caveirensis-13453/Azores endemicPICBiogeographical Realm: Western Palearctic (Macaronesia)http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/laemostenus-complanatus-7362/IntroducedFLO; FAI; PIC; GRA; SJG; TER; SMG; SMRAlso present: MAD; CAN http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/ocys-harpaloides-7335/NativeCOR; FLO; FAI; PIC; GRA; SJG; TER; SMG; SMRAlso present: MAD http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/paranchus-albipes-7350/IntroducedCOR; FLO; FAI; PIC; GRA; SJG; TER; SMG; SMRAlso present: MAD; CAN Tarnier, 1860http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/pseudanchomenus-aptinoides-6831/Azores endemicPIC; SMGBiogeographical Realm: Western Palearctic (Macaronesia)De Geer, 1774http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/pseudoophonus-rufipes-7373/IntroducedCOR; FLO; FAI; PIC; GRA; SJG; TER; SMG; SMRAlso present: MAD http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/pterostichus-aterrimus-aterrimus-13452/NativePIC*; SJG; TERAlso present: MAD http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/pterostichus-vernalis-7348/IntroducedFAI; PIC; GRA; SJG; TER; SMGBiogeographical Realm: Palearctichttp://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/stenolophus-teutonus-7368/NativeCOR; FLO; FAI; GRA; SJG; TER; SMG; SMRAlso present: MAD; CAN Borges, Serrano & Amorim, 2004http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/trechus-terrabravensis-7345/Azores endemicTERBiogeographical Realm: Western Palearctic (Macaronesia)Israelson, 1985http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/crotchiella-brachyptera-7879/Azores endemicPIC; TER; SMG; SMRBiogeographical Realm: Western Palearctic (Macaronesia)http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/chaetocnema-hortensis-7888/IntroducedFLO; FAI; PIC; GRA; SJG; TER; SMG; SMRAlso present: MAD http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/epitrix-hirtipennis-7886/IntroducedPIC; GRA; TER; SMG; SMRBiogeographical Realm: Nearctichttp://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/psylliodes-marcidus-7916/NativeFLO; FAI; PIC; GRA; TER; SMG; SMRAlso present: MAD Israelson, 1986http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/atlantocis-gillerforsi-7674/Azores endemicFLO; PIC; TER*; SMG; SMRBiogeographical Realm: Western Palearctic (Macaronesia)http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/clitostethus-arcuatus-7638/IntroducedGRA; SJG; TER; SMG; SMRAlso present: MAD; CAN Linnaeus, 1758http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/coccinella-undecimpunctata-undecimpunctata-13471/IntroducedCOR; FLO; FAI; PIC; GRA; SJG; TER; SMG; SMRBiogeographical Realm: Holarctichttp://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/lindorus-lophanthae-7649/IntroducedFLO; GRA; SJG*; TER; SMG; SMRAlso present: MAD; CAN http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/rodolia-cardinalis-7648/IntroducedCOR; FLO; PIC; GRA; SJG; TER; SMG; SMRAlso present: MAD; CAN; CVP http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/sericoderus-lateralis-7672/IntroducedCOR; FLO; FAI; PIC; GRA; SJG; TER; SMG; SMRAlso present: MAD; CAN; CVP http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/calacalles-subcarinatus-6896/Azores endemicCOR; FLO; FAI*; PIC; GRA; SJG*; TER; SMG; SMRBiogeographical Realm: Western Palearctic (Macaronesia)Israelson, 1985http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/caulotrupis-parvus-7942/Azores endemicSMRBiogeographical Realm: Western Palearctic (Macaronesia)http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/coccotrypes-carpophagus-7872/IntroducedFAI; PIC*; GRA; TER; SMG; SMRAlso present: MAD; CAN Machado, 2009http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/drouetius-borgesi-borgesi-13569/Azores endemicTERBiogeographical Realm: Western Palearctic (Macaronesia)Machado, 2009http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/drouetius-borgesi-centralis-13568/Azores endemicFAI; PIC; GRA; SJGBiogeographical Realm: Western Palearctic (Macaronesia)Machado, 2009http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/drouetius-borgesi-sanctmichaelis-13566/Azores endemicSMGBiogeographical Realm: Western Palearctic (Macaronesia)http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/gymnetron-pascuorum-7951/IntroducedFAI; TER; SMRAlso present: MAD; CAN http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/orthochaetes-insignis-7946/NativeFLO; FAI*; TER; SMRBiogeographical Realm: PalearcticGyllenhal, 1834http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/otiorhynchus-cribricollis-7907/IntroducedCOR; FLO; FAI; PIC; GRA; SJG; TER; SMG; SMRAlso present: MAD; CAN http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/otiorhynchus-rugosostriatus-7912/IntroducedFLO*; FAI; PIC; SJG*; TER; SMG; SMRAlso present: MAD Bright, 1987http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/phloeosinus-gillerforsi-7163/Azores endemicFLO; PIC; SJG*; TER*; SMGAlso present: CAN )Hustache, 1936http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/pseudechinosoma-nodosum-6827/Azores endemicFLO; FAI*; PIC; SJG*; TER*; SMG; SMRBiogeographical Realm: Western Palearctic (Macaronesia)http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/pseudophloeophagus-aenopiceus-7949/NativeFLO; FAI; PIC; GRA; SJG; TER; SMG; SMRAlso present: MAD Wollaston, 1854http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/pseudophloeophagus-tenax-7094/NativeCOR; FLO; FAI; PIC; GRA; SJG; TER; SMG; SMRAlso present: MAD )Gyllenhal, 1834http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/sitona-discoideus-7925/IntroducedFLO; FAI; GRA; SJG; TER*; SMG; SMRAlso present: MAD; CAN Nijima, 1909http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/xyleborinus-alni-7920/IntroducedFLO; FAI; PIC; GRA; SJG; TER; SMG; SMRAlso present: MAD http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/sitophilus-oryzae-7910/IntroducedFLO; FAI; PIC; GRA; SJG; TER; SMG; SMRAlso present: MAD; CAN; CVP http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/dryops-algiricus-7545/NativeFLO; TER; SMG; SMRBiogeographical Realm: Palearctichttp://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/dryops-luridus-7546/NativeCOR; FLO; FAI*; GRA; TER*; SMG; SMRAlso present: MAD; CAN http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/agabus-bipustulatus-7393/NativeFLO; PIC; SJG; TERAlso present: MAD Crotch, 1867http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/agabus-godmani-7395/Azores endemicFLO; FAI; PIC; GRA; SJG; TER; SMGBiogeographical Realm: Western Palearctic (Macaronesia)Régimbart, 1891http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/hydroporus-guernei-7411/Azores endemicCOR; FLO; FAI; PIC; SJG; TER; SMG; SMRBiogeographical Realm: Western Palearctic (Macaronesia)Tarnier, 1860http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/aeolus-melliculus-moreleti-13463/IntroducedFLO; FAI; GRA; SJG; TER; SMG; SMRBiogeographical Realm: Neotropicalhttp://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/alestrus-dolosus-7551/Azores endemicFLO; FAI*; PIC*; TER; SMG; SMRBiogeographical Realm: Western Palearctic (Macaronesia)Platia & Borges, 2002http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/athous-pomboi-6826/Azores endemicSMRBiogeographical Realm: Western Palearctic (Macaronesia)http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/cercyon-haemorrhoidalis-7400/IntroducedFLO; FAI; PIC; GRA; SJG; TER; SMG; SMRBiogeographical Realm: HolarcticReitter, 1877http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/cartodere-bifasciata-7673/IntroducedFAI; GRA; TER*; SMG; SMRAlso present: MAD http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/cartodere-nodifer-7165/IntroducedFLO; FAI; PIC; GRA; SJG*; TER; SMG; SMRAlso present: MAD; CAN http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/cartodere-satelles-9639/IntroducedTER*; SMR*Also present: MAD Israelson, 1984http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/metophthalmus-occidentalis-7663/Azores endemicFAI; GRA; SMG; SMRBiogeographical Realm: CosmopolitanKellner, 1846http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/catops-coracinus-7091/NativeFAI*; GRA; SJG*; TER*; SMG*Biogeographical Realm: Cosmopolitanhttp://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/rhizophagus-ferrugineus-7068/IntroducedTER*Also present: CAN http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/typhaea-stercorea-7676/IntroducedFLO; FAI; PIC; GRA; TER; SMG; SMRAlso present: MAD; CAN; CVP http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/carpophilus-fumatus-7562/IntroducedCOR; FLO; FAI; PIC; GRA; SJG; TER; SMG; SMRAlso present: MAD; CVP http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/carpophilus-hemipterus-7580/IntroducedFAI; GRA; SJG; TER; SMG; SMRAlso present: MAD; CAN; CVP http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/epuraea-biguttata-7616/IntroducedFLO*; FAI; PIC; GRA; SJG; TER; SMG; SMRAlso present: MAD; CAN http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/meligethes-aeneus-7606/IntroducedFLO; FAI; PIC; SJG; TER; SMG; SMRAlso present: MAD; CAN http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/stelidota-geminata-7618/IntroducedFLO; FAI*; PIC*; GRA; SJG*; TER*; SMR*Biogeographical Realm: Neotropicalhttp://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/stilbus-testaceus-7480/NativeFLO; FAI; GRA; SJG; TER; SMG; SMRAlso present: MAD; CAN http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/ptenidium-pusillum-7320/IntroducedFLO; FAI; PIC; TER; SMG; SMRAlso present: MAD; CAN http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/onthophagus-taurus-7532/IntroducedCOR; FLO; FAI; PIC; GRA; SJG; TER; SMG; SMRBiogeographical Realm: PalearcticWollaston, 1854http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/anaspis-proteus-7855/NativeCOR; FLO; FAI; PIC; GRA; SJG; TER; SMG; SMRAlso present: MAD; CAN )http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/cryptamorpha-desjardinsii-7620/IntroducedCOR; FLO; FAI; PIC; GRA; SJG; TER; SMG; SMRAlso present: MAD; CAN Nybom, 1948http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/limnephilus-atlanticus-8582/Azores endemicCOR; FLO*; FAI; PIC*; SJG; TER*; SMG*Biogeographical Realm: Western Palearctic (Macaronesia)http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/eudonia-luteusalis-8816/Azores endemicFLO; FAI; PIC; SJG; TER; SMG; SMRBiogeographical Realm: Western Palearctic (Macaronesia)Warren, 1905http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/scoparia-coecimaculalis-8821/Azores endemicFLO*; FAI; PIC; GRA; SJG; TER; SMG; SMRBiogeographical Realm: Western Palearctic (Macaronesia)Warren, 1905http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/scoparia-semiamplalis-8822/Azores endemicFLO; FAI; PIC; SJG; TER; SMG; SMRBiogeographical Realm: Western Palearctic (Macaronesia)Rebel, 1940http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/brachmia-infuscatella-8738/Azores endemicFAI; PIC; SJG; TER; SMR*Biogeographical Realm: Western Palearctic (Macaronesia)Pinker, 1971http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/ascotis-fortunata-azorica-13542/Azores endemicCOR; FLO; FAI; PIC; GRA; SJG; TER; SMG; SMRBiogeographical Realm: Western Palearctic (Macaronesia)http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/cyclophora-azorensis-8745/Azores endemicCOR; FLO; FAI; PIC; GRA; SJG; TER; SMG; SMRBiogeographical Realm: Western Palearctic (Macaronesia)http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/cyclophora-puppillaria-granti-13543/Azores endemicSMRBiogeographical Realm: Western Palearctic (Macaronesia)http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/nycterosea-obstipata-8749/NativeFLO; FAI; PIC; GRA; SJG; TER; SMG; SMRAlso present: MAD; CAN; CVP Warren, 1905http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/xanthorhoe-inaequata-8750/Azores endemicCOR; FLO; FAI; PIC; GRA; SJG; TER; SMG; SMRBiogeographical Realm: Western Palearctic (Macaronesia)http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/caloptilia-schinella-8753/IntroducedCOR; FAI; PIC; SJG; TER; SMG; SMRAlso present: MAD; CAN http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/micrurapteryx-bistrigella-8754/Azores endemicFLO; PIC; SJG; TER*Biogeographical Realm: Western Palearctic (Macaronesia)Stainton, 1856http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/phyllocnistis-citrella-8759/IntroducedFLO; FAI; PIC; GRA; SJG; TER; SMG; SMRAlso present: MAD; CAN http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/agrotis-ipsilon-8763/NativeCOR; FLO; FAI; PIC; GRA; SJG; TER; SMG; SMRAlso present: MAD; CAN; CVP http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/autographa-gamma-8765/NativeCOR; FLO; FAI; PIC; GRA; SJG; TER; SMG; SMRAlso present: MAD; CAN http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/chrysodeixis-chalcites-8766/NativeCOR; FLO; FAI; PIC; GRA; SJG; TER; SMG; SMRAlso present: MAD; CAN; CVP http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/mesapamea-storai-8778/Azores endemicCOR; FLO; FAI; PIC; GRA; SJG; TER; SMGBiogeographical Realm: Western Palearctic (Macaronesia)http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/mythimna-unipuncta-8780/NativeCOR; FLO; FAI; PIC; GRA; SJG; TER; SMG; SMRAlso present: MAD; CAN http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/phlogophora-interrupta-8761/Azores endemicFLO; FAI; PIC; GRA; SJG; TER; SMG; SMRBiogeographical Realm: Western Palearctic (Macaronesia)http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/xestia-c-nigrum-8792/NativeCOR; FLO; FAI; PIC; GRA; SJG; TER; SMG; SMRAlso present: MAD http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/hipparchia-azorina-occidentalis-13545/Azores endemicCOR; FLOBiogeographical Realm: Western Palearctic (Macaronesia)http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/hipparchia-miguelensis-8798/Azores endemicSMGBiogeographical Realm: Western Palearctic (Macaronesia)http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/oinophila-v-flava-8833/IntroducedFLO; FAI; PIC*; TER; SMGAlso present: MAD; CAN http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/opogona-sacchari-8838/IntroducedCOR; FAI; PIC; GRA; SJG*; TER; SMG; SMRAlso present: MAD; CAN; CVP http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/rhopobota-naevana-8858/IntroducedFLO*; FAI*; PIC; GRA; SJG*; TER*; SMG*; SMR*Biogeographical Realm: HolarcticRebel, 1940http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/argyresthia-atlanticella-8859/Azores endemicCOR; FLO; FAI; PIC; GRA; SJG; TER; SMG; SMRBiogeographical Realm: Western Palearctic (Macaronesia)Azorean Arthropod biodiversity - towards a more complete knowledgeArthropoda. A pool of a total of 1215 species and subspecies was surveyed, representing 53% of the whole arthropod fauna known from the Azores  and Zopheridae  . With exception of the millipede Ommatoiulusmoreletii, the centipede Lithobiuspilicornispilicornis and the opilion Leiobunumblackwalli  had a lesser impact in increasing our knowledge about biodiversity  or replicating the sampling at a different time  expanding the standardized survey of Azorean arthropods to other habitat types, mostly man-modified, an already on-going task for some of the islands see e.g. ;b) selecting study areas along a comprehensive environmental gradient where an optimal sampling strategy will be applied in order to sample the entire arthropod communities (All Taxa Biodiversity Inventory - ATBI). ATBIs are intensive sampling efforts to identify and record all living species that exist within a given area and simultaneously create a common and standardized biodiversity database ;c) finishing the identification of many morphospecies. Good progress has been made with Staphylinidade , but other taxa need further effort to reach proper identification;Hymenoptera and Diptera, which is clearly incomplete (Taxonomic Impediment) has prevented advances in the knowledge for many diverse groups in the Azores, including these two.d) increase sampling and update the current list of Azorean complete . The shoFauna Europaea (PESI (e) contributing to the validation and updating of the pan-European checklists programs, including Europaea  and PESIea  for the 152 transects in eighteen protected areas and seven Azorean islands.File: oo_114229.xlsxBorges et al.Supplementary material 2Appendix 2 - Metadata from Appendix 1Data type: Text in pdfBrief description: METADATA from Appendix 1 – Detailed data on the distribution and abundance of the studied speciesFile: oo_114225.pdfBorges et al.Supplementary material 3Appendix 3 - Sites UTM coordinatesData type: Sites coordinatesBrief description: UTM coordinates , altitude (meters) and supporting project of the studied transects in the Azores. Transect code according to island, reserve and transect number (see text)File: oo_114224.xlsxBorges et al.Supplementary material 4Appendix 4. Complete list of new records per island.Data type: OccurrencesBrief description: The complete list of new records per island.File: oo_114227.xlsxBorges et al.Supplementary material 5Appendix 5 -Abundance dataData type: Abundance dataBrief description: Detailed abundance for each species in each of the 18 protected areasFile: oo_114228.xlsxBorges et al.


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AbstractStegodoncf.orientalis) and locally  extinct taxa were also present. The identification of Axisaxis in Khok Sung, a chital currently restricted to the Indian Subcontinent, represents the first record of the species in Southeast Asia. Three reptilian taxa: Crocodyluscf.siamensis, Python sp., and Varanus sp., are also identified. Faunal correlations with other Southeast Asian sites suggest a late Middle to early Late Pleistocene age for the Khok Sung assemblage. However, the Khok Sung mammalian fauna is most similar to that of Thum Wiman Nakin, dated to older than 169 ka. The Khok Sung large mammal assemblage mostly comprises mainland Southeast Asian taxa that migrated to Java during the latest Middle Pleistocene, supporting the hypothesis that Thailand was a biogeographic pathway for the Sino-Malayan migration event from South China to Java.The fluviatile terrace deposits of Khok Sung, Nakhon Ratchasima province, have yielded more than one thousand fossils, making this the richest Pleistocene vertebrate fauna of Thailand. The excellent preservation of the specimens allows precise characterization of the faunal composition. The mammalian fauna consists of fifteen species in thirteen genera, including a primate, a canid, a hyaenid, proboscideans, rhinoceroses, a suid, cervids, and bovids. Most species correspond to living taxa but globally (PageBreak Ailuropoda (giant panda) and/or Stegodon (extinct proboscidean), also called “Ailuropoda–Stegodon faunal complex”. This faunal association is a characteristic of the long period ranging from the Early to Late Pleistocene  and islands (Sundaic) Fig. . The fosMalaysia , and TriMalaysia , all regMalaysia , 2001. SHomo sp.  was excavated Fig.  for the. The Khoaultima . The Khoaultima . Howeveraultima . Some remyda sp. , and a gawanicus . The mamly known . In thisPageBreakfossils were additionally searched, using the water spraying technique to remove covered sediments on the surface of the fossiliferous layer  Fig. . Fossilsyer Fig. . UnfortuDepartment of Mineral Resources(DMR) (Bangkok). Individual fossils are catalogued with the collection (DMR), locality (KS), and unique specimen number, respectively. The comparative material is from the recent and fossil vertebrate collections housed at the following natural history museums and institutes:All fossil specimens are housed at the Khok Sung local museum (Nakhon Ratchasima) and at the Université de Poitiers  Institut International de Paléoprimatologie et de Paléontologie Humaine: Evolution et Paléoenvironnements, iPHEPInstitute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology IVPPNatural History Museum Prague NHMPMuseum Wien  Naturhistorisches NMWMuséum National d’Histoire Naturelle  Zoological collection of mammals and birds, MNHN-ZMO Dubois collection, Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Histoire RMNH DUBNatural History Museum  Mammal collection, Thailand THNHM-MZoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences ZINZoologische Staatssammlung München ZSMThe dental nomenclature follows PageBreakIn the case of measurements of stegodontid cheek teeth, the methods and parameters used for molar and ridge dimensions were given in Fig. laminar frequency (LF) were calculated, using the formula proposed by All specimens were measured using digital callipers to the nearest 0.01 mm. The tooth dimensions for all mammals were measured at the base of the crown along the anterior-posterior margins for the maximum length (L) and from the labial (incisors and canines)/buccal (premolars/molars) to lingual margins for the maximum width (W). 2> 0.93) and cervids (r2> 0.95)  because it has the smallest influence of sample sizes and emphasizes faunal resemblances  = (Nc / N1) × 100, where Nc is the number of identified taxa shared by two faunas and N1 is the number PageBreakof identified taxa in the smaller of the two faunas (Unweighted Pair-Group Method with Arithmetic Mean (UPGMA) as cluster algorithms for our analysis because the dendrogram represents higher values of cophenetic correlation coefficient than the others.We compared differences in species compostion of Southeast Asian large mammal fauna during the Middle Pleistocene, using an analysis of the faunal similarity. According to unequal sampling conditions for our data, we applied two criteria for undertaking this analysis: localities are disqualified when they have fewer than 10 taxa identified at the species level and taxa are excluded when their appearances are still doubtful (i.e. poor taxonomic description or identification). We therefore selected Simpson’s mblances , 1960. W indices . The Simds e.g., . The foro faunas . A higheo faunas . We seleTaxon classificationAnimaliaPrimatesCercopithecidaeA right tibia, DMR-KS-05-04-04-1.The right tibia is complete Fig.  and elonHylobates and all arboreal cercopithecoids) is characterized by more rounded borders of the trochlear surface and a convex proximal border of the medial malleolus joining the trochlear surface (Hylobates (gibbon), Presbytis (surili), and Macaca (macaque). We suggest here to make a distinction between these genera based on the ratios of the greatest length of the tibia to the length or width of the proximal tibia (GL/Bp or GL/Dp). Based on these indices, the Khok Sung tibia falls within the range of recent Macaca , the caput femoris is round, and the upper border of the neck is long and flat , DMR-KS-05-03-28-14; a left DP4 (anterior part), DMR-KS-05-03-19-7; a left M2, DMR-KS-05-03-29-1 (posterior part); a right M3, DMR-KS-05-03-22-19 (posterior part); a fragmentary tusk, DMR-KS-05-03-15-2; a left dp3 (anterior part), DMR-KS-05-04-01-8; two mandibles with m3—DMR-KS-05-03-08-1 (right) and DMR-KS-05-03-08-2 (left); a right humerus fragment , DMR-KS-05-03-10-5; a left humerus, DMR-KS-05-03-10-6; two ulna fragments —DMR-KS-05-03-09-7 and DMR-KS-05-03-10-2; a femoral head fragment, DMR-KS-05-03-10-3; a right femur, DMR-KS-05-03-10-4; a right tibia fragment , DMR-KS-05-03-10-3; a right fibula, DMR-KS-05-03-00-124; two pelvis fragments—DMR-KS-05-03-10-11 (right) and DMR-KS-05-03-10-12 (left); five vertebrae—DMR-KS-05-03-17-11, DMR-KS-05-03-10-7, DMR-KS-05-03-09-18, DMR-KS-05-03-10-1, and DMR-KS-05-03-28-20; a sacrum fragment, DMR-KS-05-03-10-8; two ribs—DMR-KS-05-03-10-13 and DMR-KS-05-03-10-14; three rib fragments—DMR-KS-05-03-09-6 (body), DMR-KS-05-03-09-45 (body), and DMR-KS-05-03-09-4 (head and neck).Upper dentition: both fragments of DP4  preserves three posterior ridges with a small cingulum Fig. . Two antDMR-KS-05-03-22-19 (M3) preserves only three posterior ridges with a cingulum Fig. . The ridPageBreakStegodontrigonocephalus in its more medial-laterally than the dorso-ventrally compressed cross-section. The macroscopic distinctive features in cross-section are similar to Stegodonsompoensis (A fragmentary tusk (DMR-KS-05-03-15-2) contains dentine (outer and inner layers), cementum, and a pulp cavity Fig. . It is smpoensis  but showPageBreakLower dentition: DMR-KS-05-04-01-8 (dp3) is heavily worn and comprises three preserved ridges and an anterior cingulum  are moderately well-preserved Tab. . The comStegodon . The antPostcranial remains: postcranial elements include two humeri s on molars, V-shaped valleys between ridges on molars , and step-like worn surface reliefs on the enamel layer  represent a total ridge number of ten , different from the ridge formula (×11× for this species) given by Stegodonorientalis therefore ranges from ten to eleven. The m3 of Stegodonorientalis commonly has a total number of twelve ridges . According to the fact that only a few comparative specimens of the m3 of Stegodonorientalis are complete with the total ridge number of twelve, some of them  display a total of 11 ridges . In Stegodonorientalis, the number of ridges on the m3 thus ranges from eleven to twelve. Stegodoninsignis has a total number of ridges ranging from eleven to thirteen  . But it differs from Stegodoninsignis in having more delicately folded enamel, more pronounced curvature of the crown, and V-shaped valleys (between the two ridges) slightly less filled by cements. The ridge sizes of Khok Sung lower third molar are almost comparable to those of Stegodonorientalis and Stegodoninsignis, but are distinctly larger than other derived Stegodon species from Indonesia  . Anothersia Tab. . We thusTaxon classificationAnimaliaProboscideaElephantidaeA fragmentary tusk, DMR-KS-05-03-22-1; a posterior fragment of a right lower molar, DMR-KS-05-03-17-12.Upper tusk: DMR-KS-05-03-22-1 is a short fragmentary tusk. The dorsal side is partially broken away  by a more rounded cross-section, a larger diameter, and a radiate fracture pattern with the development of concentric incremental lines  is distinguished from DMR-KS-05-03-15-2 . The lo and left (p3–m3) tooth rows, DMR-KS-05-03-00-126; a partial mandible, DMR-KS-05-03-31-28; a fragmentary nasal bone, DMR-KS-05-03-00-56; a left scapula, DMR-KS-05-03-00-58; a left humerus, DMR-KS-05-03-31-3; a right metacarpus II, DMR-KS-05-03-28-29; a metacarpus III, DMR-KS-05-03-22-49; a right metacarpus IV, DMR-KS-05-04-05-15; a left tibia, DMR-KS-05-03-00-52; a right calcaneus, DMR-KS-05-04-27-19; a left astragalus, DMR-KS-05-03-26-23.A left P2, DMR-KS-05-03-00-128; a left P3, DMR-KS-05-03-22-17; a left M1, DMR-KS-05-03-00-129; a left M3, DMR-KS-05-03-00-127; a mandible Upper dentition: P2  preserves both sides of cheek tooth rows (right p2–m3 and left p3–m3), but most of its symphysis and entire ramus are broken off  is short and robust, bending downward and narrowing anteriorly towards the tip , because its anterior part is pointed rather than rounded  assigned to ondaicus .Rhinoceros  and Indian (Rhinocerosunicornis) rhinoceroses  are notably typical of Asian rhinoceroses. The two small alveoli corresponding to the lost central incisors are autapomorphic of inoceros . Our obsoceroses . This fed as far . In the  p2 Fig. . The lat are notaRhinocerosunicornis or Rhinocerossondaicus due to heavy wear. In addition, there is a significant size overlap between these two species (PageBreakmolar rows provide a better distinction (little overlap in size) than those of isolated teeth. The lengths and widths of the cheek teeth on the mandible DMR-KS-05-03-00-126 fall almost within the range of Rhinocerossondaicus, with the exception of some specimens  that fit well with the larger-sized Rhinocerosunicornis  and outside of the ranges for Rhinocerosunicornis  is nearly square in outline and displays a flattened ectoloph and a well developed crochet, medifossette, and posterior fossette  is strongly compressed laterally and preserves a partial mandibular ramus and body with worn cheek teeth, except for the m3 which is unbroken , as well as its larger size than that of Rhinocerossondaicus. These upper molar features are characteristic of Rhinocerosunicornis   to nicornis . For the-13 Tab.  are compTaxon classificationAnimaliaArtiodactylaSuidaeMüller, 1838A left maxillary fragment with P3–M2, DMR-KS-05-04-19-2; two left M2—DMR-KS-05-04-19-5 and DMR-KS-05-03-18-23 (posterior portion); two right M3—DMR-KS-05-04-03-4 and DMR-KS-05-04-19-4 (anterior portion); two mandible with two tooth rows—DMR-KS-05-03-15-1  and DMR-KS-05-04-19-1 ; a left posterior fragment of m3, DMR-KS-05-04-19-3; a right humerus, DMR-KS-05-03-26-8.Upper dentition: DMR-KS-05-04-19-2 is a maxillary tooth row preserving a slightly worn P3 to M2  are distinct and the protofossa is present. Upper molars are unworn to slightly worn and exhibit distinct main  and accessory  cusps. The posterior cingulum on the M2 is more developed than on the M1   Tab. . The Khobarbatus . The lowteriorly .Susscrofa from Susbarbatus only based on the cheek teeth because both species overlap in size ) or “verrucosic” (Susbarbatus) type  on the talonid. The pentapreconulid on the m3 is small or absent in Susbarbatus  type . Similarus) type , 1997. Tbarbatus . For othsscrofa . HoweverSusbarbatus according to those described features. We also suggest that Pleistocene Susbarbatus probably shows evidence of sexual size dimorphism because the female specimen DMR-KS-05-04-19-1 is markedly smaller than the male specimen DMR-KS-05-03-15-1, as seen in the recent population.The female mandible (DMR-KS-05-04-19-1) and other isolated teeth are assigned to PageBreakTaxon classificationAnimaliaArtiodactylaCervidaeFour crania—DMR-KS-05-04-18-50 (with two antlers), DMR-KS-05-03-00-30 , DMR-KS-05-03-18-X9 (with pedicles), and DMR-KS-05-03-27-1 (with pedicles); two right complete antlers—DMR-KS-05-03-31-30 and DMR-KS-05-03-22-4; a nearly complete left antler, DMR-KS-05-04-4-1; five right fragmentary antlers—DMR-KS-05-03-18-21, DMR-KS-05-03-19-82, DMR-KS-05-03-28-22, DMR-KS-05-06-22-2, and DMR-KS-05-03-28-1; eight left fragmentary antlers—DMR-KS-05-03-00-12, DMR-KS-05-03-19-81, DMR-KS-05-03-22-2, DMR-KS-05-03-24-1, DMR-KS-05-04-09-1, DMR-KS-05-03-19-13, DMR-KS-05-03-26-21, and DMR-KS-05-03-08-17; two left fragmentary maxilla—DMR-KS-05-03-28-6 (with M1–M3) and DMR-KS-05-03-08-31 ; a right P4, DMR-KS-05-04-01-3; a left M1, DMR-KS-05-04-28-5; a left M2, DMR-KS-05-03-14-5; thirteen right mandibles—DMR-KS-05-03-14-2 (with m3), DMR-KS-05-03-20-1 (with p4–m3), DMR-KS-05-03-20-2 (with m2 and m3), DMR-KS-05-03-22-7 (with m2 and m3), DMR-KS-05-04-03-1 (with p2–m3), and DMR-KS-05-03-27-3 (with m2 and m3), DMR-KS-05-03-19-1 (with p2–m3), DMR-KS-05-03-22-8 (with m2 and m3), DMR-KS-05-04-01-1 (with p2–m3), DMR-KS-05-03-24-4 (with m2), DMR-KS-05-03-26-12 (with m2 and m3), DMR-KS-05-04-7-10 , and DMR-KS-05-03-26-10 (with p2–m1); eight left mandibles—DMR-KS-05-03-18-22 (with p2), DMR-KS-05-03-22-6 (with m1–m3), DMR-KS-05-03-27-22 (with p3-m2 sockets and broken m3), DMR-KS-05-04-09-2 , DMR-KS-05-03-00-102 (with p4 and m1), DMR-KS-05-03-19-2 (with m1–m3), DMR-KS-05-03-23-1 (with p2 and p3 roots and p4–m3), and DMR-KS-05-03-29-1 (with p2-m3); a left m1, DMR-KS-05-04-28-6; three m2—DMR-KS-05-03-25-4 (right), DMR-KS-05-03-00-104 (left), and DMR-KS-05-03-22-11 (left); four left m3—DMR-KS-05-04-9-4, DMR-KS-05-03-22-9, DMR-KS-05-04-01-2, and DMR-KS-05-03-08-33; three right fragmentary humeri —DMR-KS-05-03-13-4, DMR-KS-05-04-11-32, and DMR-KS-05-03-17-17; six metacarpi—DMR-KS-05-03-18-2 (right), DMR-KS-05-03-19-3 (right), DMR-KS-05-03-22-28 (right), DMR-KS-05-03-08-2 (right), DMR-KS-05-04-30-20 , and DMR-KS-05-03-19-37 (left); a right fragmentary femur, DMR-KS-05-03-27-4 ; three metatarsi—DMR-KS-05-03-26-3 (right), DMR-KS-05-03-29-30 (left), and DMR-KS-05-03-15-14 (left).Crania and upper dentition: four crania are almost complete, lacking only the anterior portions   between the main beam and the brow tine, and a well-developed burr   Fig. . The spela) Fig. . The craeam Fig. . The speeam Fig.  and DMR-eam Fig.  preserveles Fig. . The basles Fig. . The laturr Fig. . A smallurr Fig. . The maiurr Fig. . The skuAxis, characterized by well-developed styles, medial cristae (more distinct on the P4), and posterolingual fossettes  to nearly complete (lacking only the ascending ramus and coronoid process) individuals   Fig. . But the-27 Fig. . The bac-27 Fig. , but abs-27 Fig. . The pos-27 Fig. .PageBreakPostcranial remains: postcranial bones include isolated humeri , we thus demonstrate some dental morphological variation within species. The m3 of Axisaxis appears more morphologically variable than the other molars, such as the more or less developed posterior talonids and the presence/absence of PageBreakback fossae. The cheek teeth of extant Axisaxis are relatively similar to those of Axisporcinus . However, Axisaxis differs from Axisporcinus in having less developed anterior cingulids on the lower molars and the presence of back fossae on the m3. Recent Axisaxis represents an intermediate size between Axisporcinus and two cervid species (Panoliaeldii and Rusaunicolor)  Tab. . Axisaxons Figs  and 18.Axisaxis from Khok Sung are smaller than those of Axisshansius from Anhui and Yunnan (China) and of Axisjavanicus from Ngandong and Buitenzorg in Java and Carnul Cave in India, but are larger than those of Axislydekkeri from Trinil H. K. (Java)  Figs  and 18. porcinus  are muchCambodia . The exiTaxon classificationAnimaliaArtiodactylaCervidaePageBreakdistal part), DMR-KS-05-03-00-119 , DMR-KS-05-03-19-2 , and DMR-KS-05-08-16-1 ; three left metatarsi—DMR-KS-05-03-25-8, DMR-KS-05-03-28-17, and DMR-KS-05-03-15-15.A cranium with a right partial antler, DMR-KS-05-04-20-4; a right P2, DMR-KS-05-03-15-11; two left M1—DMR-KS-05-03-00-24 and DMR-KS-05-03-00-25; six M2—DMR-KS-05-03-00-23 (right), DMR-KS-05-03-30-5 (right), DMR-KS-05-04-3-4 (right), DMR-KS-05-03-30-6 (left posterior lobe), DMR-KS-05-03-27-7 (left), and DMR-KS-05-04-3-5 (left); five M3—DMR-KS-05-03-27-6 (right), DMR-KS-05-04-9-1 (right), DMR-KS-05-04-8-3 (right), DMR-KS-05-03-00-22 (left), and DMR-KS-05-04-9-2 (left); two left mandibles—DMR-KS-05-03-27-2 (with p2–m3) and DMR-KS-05-04-9-5 (with p2–m2); a right i1, DMR-KS-05-03-29-2; a right scapula, DMR-KS-05-06-24-4; a left humerus, DMR-KS-05-04-11-35; a right fragmentary humerus, DMR-KS-05-03-18-1 ; three radii—DMR-KS-05-03-31-10 (right), DMR-KS-05-04-11-3 (right), and DMR-KS-05-03-19-16 (left); a right metacarpus, DMR-KS-05-03-24-2; two right femora—DMR-KS-05-03-27-11 and DMR-KS-05-03-17-36; five fragmentary femora—DMR-KS-05-04-05-38 , DMR-KS-05-03-28-20  . The foramina ovale of DMR-KS-05-04-20-4 are more circular and open more anteriorly than those of Axis. The right partial antler contains a half of the slender main beam, but lacks a brow tine entirely . The antler surface is smooth and the burr is poorly developed in relation to the ontogenetic stages. The preserved shed antler shows a typical character of Panoliaeldii, whose main beams strongly project and curve laterally  Fig.   Fig. , differeely Fig. . The divlly Fig. .P2 exhibits a prominent medial crista which divides the fossette into two islands Fig. . The sepMandibles and lower dentition: Two mandibles   Fig. . Lower mds) Fig. . The m3 ds) Fig. . The shaPostcranial remains: postcranial bones include a scapula  suggested that placement of the Eld’s deer in the genus Panolia is an acceptable alternative based on mtDNA analysis . However, we suggest that some isolated teeth of cervids from Thum Wiman Nakin  due to their larger sizes. Our identification thus confirms the existence of Panoliaeldii in Thailand during the late Middle Pleistocene.The shed antler of the Eld’s deer, ion Tab.  and scation Tab.  and 22, an Nakin  reveal aTaxon classificationAnimaliaArtiodactylaCervidaePageBreaka left M3, DMR-KS-05-03-31-1; two right mandibles—DMR-KS-05-03-31-2 (with m2) and DMR-KS-05-03-13 (with p4–m3); two left mandibles—DMR-KS-05-03-00-101 (with p3–m3) and DMR-KS-05-03-27-4 (with m3); a right m1, DMR-KS-05-03-00-5; a left fragmentary humerus, DMR-KS-05-03-15-43 ; three right fragmentary radii—DMR-KS-05-03-25-9 , DMR-KS-05-03-19-14 , and DMR-KS-05-03-26-19 ; a left metacarpus, DMR-KS-05-03-17-26; six fragmentary femora—DMR-KS-05-03-19-7 , DMR-KS-05-03-12-2 , DMR-KS-05-04-11-2 , DMR-KS-05-03-26-5 , DMR-KS-05-04-30-9 , and DMR-KS-05-04-19-10 ; a right tibia, DMR-KS-05-03-28-16; a right metatarsus, DMR-KS-05-03-19-11Three right antlers—DMR-KS-05-03-20-11 (nearly complete specimen), DMR-KS-05-03-26-2 (fragment), and DMR-KS-05-03-28-23 (fragment); a right M1, DMR-KS-05-03-22-10; two left M2—DMR-KS-05-04-9-3 and DMR-KS-05-04-3-3; PageBreakPageBreakAntlers: DMR-KS-05-03-20-11 is a nearly complete antler, slightly broken at the middle part of the main beam . The divergent angle between the main beam and brow tine ranges from 50° to 90°. The shed antlers of Rusaunicolor are different from those of Axisaxis in having slightly rougher surfaces, more divergent insertion relative to the frontal orientation, a shorter main beam, and a smaller angle between the main beam and the brow tine, and in lacking small-ornamented tines or knobs on the brow tine , Rusamarianna (Philippine deer), Rusatimorensis (rusa), and Rusaalfredi (Prince Alfred’s deer).According to Leslie (2011), we regard here Rusaunicolor are characterized by its typical three tines and forked beams at the tip, similar in shape to those of Axisporcinus but much more robust. The sambar deer shares a similar dental morphology with the Eld’s deer. But it differs from Panoliaeldii as well as Axisaxis in being larger-sized and in having more developed anterior cingulids on lower molars. The sambar deer is much larger than Axisaxis  probably do not belong to Rusaunicolor according to their smaller sizes. The taxonomic revision of fossil cervids from Thum Wiman Nakin would lead to the recognition of either higher or lower diversity of cervids in Southeast Asia during the Middle Pleistocene.Antlers of xis Figs  and 22. lor Tab. . As demolor Tab.  and 22, kai Phet , Phnom Lkai Phet , and Ma kai Phet  , DMR-KS-05-03-23-2; a right M3, DMR-KS-05-03-29-6; a right mandible with m1–m3, DMR-KS-05-03-9-1; two left mandibles—DMR-KS-05-04-9-1  and DMR-KS-05-04-29-1 (with m3); a left i2, DMR-KS-05-03-15-12; a right i3, DMR-KS-05-03-23-4; a right p2, DMR-KS-05-04-01-6; a right m1, DMR-KS-05-03-15-10; a right m2, DMR-KS-05-03-29-7; two m3—DMR-KS-05-04-28-4 (right broken posterior lobe) and DMR-KS-05-03-24-5 (left); a left humerus, DMR-KS-05-03-20-2(1).Upper dentition: DP3 (DMR-KS-05-03-29-8) is molariform and elongated, characterized by well-developed anterior and posterior cingula, buccal styles, and medial fossettes, a slightly-developed entostyle, and a reduction of the anterior lobe width and height compared to the posterior lobe  and i3 (DMR-KS-05-03-23-4) are spatulate and small, compared to other species of  m3 Fig. . The ant m3 Fig. . The pos m3 Fig. . The pos m3 Fig. . The entPostcranial remains: a humerus, DMR-KS-05-03-20-2(1), preserves the shaft and distal part . We attribute this humerus to Bossauveli according to the proportional correlation with the extant specimens  collected from Khok Sung, we identify these fossils on the basis of dental features.Southeast Asian large bovids are accurately identified by differences in cranial features , although they show sexual and ontogenetic variation in morphology. Lacking the cranial remains, it is difficult to make a distinction within the species of MNHN-ZMO-1940-51 and MNHN-ZMO-10801), the cheek teeth of koupreys are similar to those of other species of Bos, characterized by having hypsodont crowns, well-developed styles and stylids, a horse shoe-shaped infundibulum (anterior and posterior fossettes), and bifurcated or trifurcated entostyles depending on the wear stage. Among Southeast Asian PageBreakPageBreakPageBreaklarge bovids, it differs from Bosjavanicus (banteng) and Bosgaurus (gaur) in having a more developed postprotocristid on the p3 and p4, a metacentric chromosome-shaped molar in relation to the middle wear stage, a single large medial fossette on the upper molars, a flat lingual surface of the entostyle on the moderately to heavily worn molars. The M1 and M3 of Bossauveli are almost more square and rectangular in outline, respectively, compared to those of other Bos species. Bossauveli is usually smaller than Bosgaurus and Bubalusarnee , but is often comparable in size to Bosjavanicus   . Howevers (zebu) . These aTaxon classificationAnimaliaArtiodactylaBovidaeA left horn core, DMR-KS-05-03-26-22; a right DP2, DMR-KS-05-03-20-4; two right P2—DMR-KS-05-03-19-27 and DMR-KS-05-04-03-3; a right DP3, DMR-KS-05-03-20-3; a right DP4, DMR-KS-05-03-17-3; a right M1, DMR-KS-05-03-00-20; a right M3, DMR-KS-05-03-17-1; a right mandible with m1–m3, DMR-KS-05-03-00-1; a left mandible with p2–m3, DMR-KS-05-04-3-1; a left i1, DMR-KS-05-03-00-27; two left m2—DMR-KS-05-03-19-26 and DMR-KS-05-03-16-1; two humeri—DMR-KS-05-05-1-1 (right) and DMR-KS-05-03-00-62 (left); a right metacarpus, DMR-KS-05-03-26-27; two left femora—DMR-KS-05-03-9-2 and DMR-KS-05-04-30-1 .Horn core: a single horn core (DMR-KS-05-03-26-22) is small, curved upward  is small and elongated, characterized by three main cones  and a well-developed metastyle  to  forward .Bosgaurus are also observed. The cheek teeth of Bosgaurus are distinguished from Bossauveli and Bosjavanicus by having two separate fossettes on the P2, more developed metaconids and more anteroposteriorly constricted PageBreakpostprotocristids on the p3 and p4, and more robust cheek teeth , similar to those of Bosjavanicus. But the entostyle is not bifurcated, when the molar is extremely worn, as seen on the specimen DMR-KS-05-03-00-20 , in Khok Sung.Mandibles and isolated teeth of eth Figs . The ent-20 Fig. . This chion Figs . We elucPageBreakTaxon classificationAnimaliaArtiodactylaBovidaeA nearly complete cranium associated with a right mandible, DMR-KS-05-03-20-1; a cranium with a right tooth row (P3–M3), DMR-KS-05-03-21-1; a partial cranium with two tooth rows (P3–M1), DMR-KS-05-03-16-3; a partial cranium with a right tooth row (P3–M3), DMR-KS-05-03-11-1; three horn cores—DMR-KS-05-03-16-2 (right), DMR-KS-05-03-31-6 (right), and DMR-KS-05-03-19-28 (left); a left P2, DMR-KS-05-03-18-14; a left DP3, DMR-KS-05-03-00-103; two right P3—DMR-KS-05-03-22-14 and DMR-KS-05-04-05-3; a right DP4, DMR-KS-05-04-29-8 (broken anterior lobe); two P4—DMR-KS-05-03-18-13 (right) and DMR-KS-05-03-18-9 (left); four M1—DMR-KS-05-03-31-5 (right), DMR-KS-05-03-18-12 (right), DMR-KS-05-03-18-6 (left), and DMR-KS-05-03-22-13 (left); five M2—DMR-KS-05-03-00-2 (right), DMR-KS-05-03-25-21 (right), DMR-KS-05-03-18-5 (right), DMR-KS-05-03-16-2(1) (left), and DMR-KS-05-03-18-7 (left); four M3—DMR-KS-05-03-00-7 (right), DMR-KS-05-03-22-12 (left), DMR-KS-05-03-14-1 (left), and DMR-KS-05-03-18-10 (left); a right mandible with p2–m1, DMR-KS-05-03-20-2; three left mandibles—DMR-KS-05-03-10-3 (with p2–m3), DMR-KS-05-03-20-10 (with p2–m1), and DMR-KS-05-03-20-20 (with m1 and m2); a right i1, DMR-KS-05-03-18-8; a right i2, DMR-KS-05-03-22-15; a left i3, DMR-KS-05-03-00-106; a right i4, DMR-KS-05-03-16-3; a right p3, DMR-KS-05-03-14-4; a left dp4, DMR-KS-05-03-00-4; a right p4, DMR-KS-05-03-19-6; four m1—DMR-KS-05-03-25-3 (right), DMR-KS-05-03-18-18 (right), DMR-KS-05-03-00-105 (left), and DMR-KS-05-03-00-3 (left); two m2—DMR-KS-05-03-27-12 (right) and DMR-KS-05-03-25-2 (left); two m3—DMR-KS-05-03-18-11 and DMR-KS-05-04-29-2 (left posterior lobe); eleven thoracic vertebrae—DMR-KS-05-04-1-11 (T3), DMR-KS-05-04-1-26 (T4), DMR-KS-05-04-1-13 (T5), DMR-KS-05-04-1-14 (T6), DMR-KS-05-04-1-15 (T7), DMR-KS-05-04-1-16 (T8), DMR-KS-05-04-1-12 (T9), DMR-KS-05-04-1-17 (T10), DMR-KS-05-04-1-18 (T11), DMR-KS-05-04-1-19 (T12), and DMR-KS-05-04-1-20 (T13); four lumbar vertebrae—DMR-KS-05-04-1-24 (L1), DMR-KS-05-04-1-23 (L2), DMR-KS-05-04-1-22 (L3), and DMR-KS-05-04-1-21 (L4); two humeri—DMR-KS-05-03-31-1 (right) and DMR-KS-05-03-31-8 (left); two scapulae—DMR-KS-05-03-26-2 (right) and DMR-KS-05-02-20-4 (left); three ulnae and radii—DMR-KS-05-03-00-61 (right), DMR-KS-05-03-31-2 (right) and DMR-KS-05-03-31-9 (left); a right metacarpus, DMR-KS-05-03-26-3(1); a pelvis, DMR-KS-05-04-1-25; two femora—DMR-KS-05-04-1-1 (right) and DMR-KS-05-04-1-2 (left); a right fragmentary femur, DMR-KS-05-03-20-8 ; three tibiae—DMR-KS-05-4-1-11 (right), DMR-KS-05-04-1-3 (left), and DMR-KS-05-03-20-9 (left); two fourth tarsal bones—DMR-KS-05-04-1-7 (right) and DMR-KS-05-04-1-5 (left); three metatarsi—DMR-KS-05-04-1-8 (right), DMR-KS-05-04-1-6 (left), and DMR-KS-05-03-28-30 (left); a left astragalus, DMR-KS-05-04-1-4; a left phalanx I, DMR-KS-05-04-1-9; a left phalanx II, DMR-KS-05-04-1-10.PageBreakCrania and upper dentition: DMR-KS-05-03-20-1 is undeformed and nearly complete . The horn cores are subtriangular in cross-section base, becoming subrounded toward the apex  Fig. . Anotherlus Fig. .Three isolated horn cores  but are more robust than most species of Bos   is well-developed, often separating into two or three islands with wear  Tab. . Howeverear Fig. . The infeli Fig. . In occleli Fig. . The smaeli Fig. .Mandibles and lower dentition: five mandibles: DMR-KS-05-03-20-1  were found separately. The articulated skeletons show a typical character of Bubalusarnee whose postcranial bones are more massive and thicker than those of Bos  and third molar features are more informative for the species identification than others . However, tooth dimensions are informative to make an ongoing distinction among the Khok Sung large bovids. The largest bovid in this locality is Bubalusarnee, followed by Bosgaurus and Bossauveli, respectively, similar to the size tendency of their recent population A left M2, DMR-KS-05-03-18-16; three m3—DMR-KS-05-04-05-4 (right), DMR-KS-05-03-27-5 (left), and DMR-KS-05-03-28-10 (left posterior fragment).PageBreakonly a posterior lobe  because they are comparable in size and morphology to the extant specimens , but is smaller than Capricornismilneedwardsi. In addition, it differs from Capricorniscrispus in having more developed metastylid and entostylid and a presence of PageBreakback fossettes on the slightly worn m3 and from Capricornismilneedwardsi in having less developed metastylid and posthypoconulidcristid on the m3.We assign these isolated teeth from Khok Sung to ens Fig. . Among cCapricornissumatraensis from Khok Sung is smaller than that from the Late Pleistocene of Lang Trang in Vietnam   . HoweverPageBreakTaxon classificationAnimaliaSquamataBoidaeFour trunk vertebrae—DMR-KS-05-03-00-21, DMR-KS-05-03-00-16 (two attached vertebrae), and DMR-KS-05-04-28-12.Vertebrae are almost complete and represent a large-sized snake  and fossil  python vertebrae. According to the fact that the species-level distinction based on the vertebral morphology is poorly known, we therefore assign these vertebrae to Python sp.These four vertebrae are attributed to the family PageBreakTaxon classificationAnimaliaSquamataVaranidaeTwo trunk vertebrae—DMR-KS-05-03-08-36 and DMR-KS-05-03-29-36.The vertebra DMR-KS-05-03-08-36 is more complete than the specimen DMR-KS-05-03-29-36 , an oval-shaped cotyle, a short neural spine, and an absence of the zygosphenes and zygantra (Varanus sp. is reported from the Middle Pleistocene of Phnom Loang (Varanuscf.komodoensis (larger) and Varanussalvator, are described from the Middle Pleistocene of Trinil H. K.  and fossil  specimens. Identifying these vertebrae more precisely to the species-level, more detailed morphological comparisons need to be made in the future.We assign these two vertebrae to the the family  condyle . The Khozygantra . Varanusom Loang . Two varil H. K. . The KhoTestudines, an extinct gharial , and a spotted hyaena (Crocutacrocutaultima), have been previously described from Khok Sung by Testudines is the most diverse group of non-mammalian taxa in the locality (22% of the fauna). In addition, other vertebrates such as birds and fish are tentatively observed. A single fragmentary cervical vertebra of the bird order Galliformes is also present  and reptilian (Batagurcf.trivittata) species in the Khok Sung fauna are no longer present in the region but occur far away from Thailand or even from Southeast Asia. Moreover, two taxa, Stegodoncf.orientalis and Gavialiscf.bengawanicus were present PageBreakin the locality but became globally extinct later. The Khok Sung vertebrate fauna totally contains 19 of 27 identified taxa that are currently present in Thailand , the absence of medium- and small-sized mammal remains is likely due to taphonomic conditions and/or fossil collecting methods. Similarly to most of the Middle and Late and Tab. .Stegodonorientalis and its co-occuring species, Rhinocerossondaicus, Rhinocerosunicornis, Susbarbatus, Axisaxis, Panoliaeldii, Rusaunicolor, Bossauveli, Bosgaurus, Bubalusarnee, and Capricornissumatraensis.Past records and recent distribution patterns of large mammalian species present in Khok Sung are revealed in this work. Paleontological sites in Southeast Asia as well as South China are examined for the Early, Middle, and Late Pleistocene, compared with the modern distribution patterns. We only focus on mammalian taxa assigned to the species-level, including Stegodon  and Keo Leng (northern Vietnam) caves  and Vie., Daxin ). Anothecalities . During nce Fig. . The twonce Fig. , 2010 innce Fig. , 2015 innce Fig. , 2014. Sm) caves . Perhapsm) caves . The numcalities . Althougene Fig. , the PlePalaeoloxodon is reported from several Middle Pleistocene localities in mainland Southeast Asia . Palaeo Vietnam , 2006, sHolocene . The cauElephasmaximus is known from the late Middle Pleistocene of Thum Wiman Nakin (northeastern Thailand)   , 2001, aVietnam) . The IndVietnam) . Those aVietnam) . HoweverVietnam) . It is pRhinocerossondaicus is reported from the upper part of the Irrawaddy Formation, near Pauk Township in central Myanmar   sensu . Accordi species , so therPageBreaknone are reported from Trinil H. K.  is known from the caves of Thum Wiman Nakin and Thum Prakai Phet  in northern Thailand  have never been previously recorded from Thailand but were present in mainland Southeast Asia, at least in Khok Sung, during the late Middle Pleistocene   Fig. . Its habka) Fig. . The Pleistocene . The locPanoliaeldii are collected from the caves of Thum Wiman Nakin and Kao Pah Nam , northern Thailand , 2010. TPanoliaeldii is restricted to the Indochinese province  , Bosjavanicus (banteng), Bosgaurus (gaur), and Bubalusarnee . Bantengs, gaurs, and koupreys presumably shared a common ancestor at 2.6 Ma (Plio-Pleistocene) and their lineages split in a short period of time  based on the molecular estimations of divergence times  yielded remains of these bovid species (cf.) , 2010. OThe historical distribution of koupreys during the last century is restricted to Cambodia, southern Laos, southeastern Thailand, and western Vietnam . They bePageBreakscapes seem to have caused the reduction of large bovid population in several areas during the past decade. The koupreys is more widely distributed during the Pleistocene than today . The advocated cause for the local extinction of serows is possibly related to the unfavorable climatic conditions. The drier and cooler climate that occurred after 81 ka in Java  of the Indochinese subregion  and on the island of Sumatra  Fig. 4747. Capri in Java  probablyPageBreakof the family level referred to “indet.” and the species level designated “sp.” are herein excluded from our comparisons. The Khok Sung large mammalian assemblage yields most extant and some extinct taxa, which are characteristic of the Ailuropoda-Stegodon assemblage. Compared to other Thai Pleistocene faunas, the Khok Sung mammalian assemblage shares 10 ten species with Thum Wiman Nakin , Ursusthibetanus (Asiatic black bear), Pongopygmaeus (orang-utan), Muntiacusmuntjak (Southern red muntjac), and Tapirusindicus  are absent in Khok Sung. The paleoenvironments of Khok Sung corresponded to a floodplain near the river channel (Elephasmaximus and Capricornissumatraensis) are found in the locality, these fossils  were transported from the surrounding upland forests by the river.The Khok Sung assemblage shares at least one similar archaic mammal taxon such as  channel . The absThe degree of the faunal similarity also depends on the number of identified taxa for each site. We further analyse the relationships between the geographic regions and faunas in Southeast Asia, using the Simpson coefficient of faunal similarity Tab.  performePageBreakPageBreakWiman Nakin according to the Simpson’s index  Fig. . Within dex Tab. . This isOverall, this analysis suggests initially that the differences in species composition and distribution do not follow a trend of the latitudinal gradient north to south, but show spatial and time variability of large mammalian fauna in Southeast Asia. The main problems of mammalian fauna comparisons in Southeast Asia are likely due to the poorly-known species diversity and/or the imprecisely chronological determination in several localities.PageBreakKhok Sung is possibly different, slightly older or younger, from those three localities according to some of the compositional dissimilarity. Two early Late Pleistocene sites: Nam Lot  present in Khok Sung are possibly geographical remnants of the former Siva-Malayan fauna that survived until the late Middle Pleistocene as they occurred earlier in Java. Otherwise, these vertebrates possibly appeared either firstly or repeatedly  in Thailand during the late PageBreakMiddle Pleistocene. Several cyclic occurrences of high amplitude glacial periods , Macacanemestrina (pig-tailed macaque), Pantheratigris (tiger), Dicerorhinussumatrensis (Sumatran rhinoceros), Helarctosmalayanus (sun bear), Capricornissumatraensis, Bubalusarnee, Susscrofa, and Susbarbatus. The Khok Sung mammalian assemblage consists of at least 4 of forest dwelling mammals: Capricornissumatraensis, Bubalusarnee, Susbarbatus, and Elephas sp.  may indicate the faunal exchange from Indonesia to the mainland Southeast Asia  subsequently in Java  that evidently continued to exist up until today in Thailand.The Khok Sung mammalian assemblage supports that Thailand was a biogeographic gateway of the Sino-Malayan migration event as the mainland forested faunal association replaced the earlier Siva-Malayan fauna ( in Java . The gla


Pilot and Feasibility Studies. These articles were erroneously published in volume number 4, which is listed with a publication date of 2018. However, these articles were published in final form in the year 2017.An error occurred during the publication of a number of articles in Provided below are the actual publication dates and the correct citation for each affected article. Please note that the citation refers to volume number 4 with the year as 2018.Article: 10.1186/s40814-017-0168-1Publication date: 27 July 2017.Pilot and Feasibility Studies (2018) 4:26. 10.1186/s40814-017-0168-1Correct citation: Gunn et al. Article: 10.1186/s40814-017-0167-2Publication date: 20 July 2017.Pilot and Feasibility Studies (2018) 4:24. 10.1186/s40814-017-0167-2Correct citation: Smith et al. Article: 10.1186/s40814-017-0161-8Publication date: 20 July 2017.Pilot and Feasibility Studies (2018) 4:22. 10.1186/s40814-017-0161-8Correct citation: Cruickshank et al. Article: 10.1186/s40814-017-0166-3Publication date: 20 July 2017.Pilot and Feasibility Studies (2018) 4:23. 10.1186/s40814-017-0166-3Correct citation: Cadogan et al. Article: 10.1186/s40814-017-0169-0Publication date: 20 July 2017.Pilot and Feasibility Studies (2018) 4:25. 10.1186/s40814-017-0169-0Correct citation: Mitchell et al. Article: 10.1186/s40814-017-0170-7Publication date: 18 July 2017.Pilot and Feasibility Studies (2018) 4:21. 10.1186/s40814-017-0170-7Correct citation: Price et al. Article: 10.1186/s40814-017-0171-6Publication date: 17 July 2017.Pilot and Feasibility Studies (2018) 4:20. 10.1186/s40814-017-0171-6Correct citation: Davies et al. Article: 10.1186/s40814-017-0158-3Publication date: 17 July 2017.Pilot and Feasibility Studies (2018) 4:18. 10.1186/s40814-017-0158-3Correct citation: Best et al. Article: 10.1186/s40814-017-0165-4Publication date: 14 July 2017.Pilot and Feasibility Studies (2018) 4:19. 10.1186/s40814-017-0165-4Correct citation: Schick et al. Article: 10.1186/s40814-017-0160-9Publication date: 10 July 2017.Pilot and Feasibility Studies (2018) 4:17. 10.1186/s40814-017-0160-9Correct citation: Arikawa et al. Article: 10.1186/s40814-017-0157-4Publication date: 7 July 2017.Pilot and Feasibility Studies (2018) 4:16. 10.1186/s40814-017-0157-4Correct citation: Kemp et al. Article: 10.1186/s40814-017-0163-6Publication date: 7 July 2017.Pilot and Feasibility Studies (2018) 4:15. 10.1186/s40814-017-0163-6Correct citation: Lennox et al. Article: 10.1186/s40814-017-0162-7Publication date: 6 July 2017.Pilot and Feasibility Studies (2018) 4:12. 10.1186/s40814-017-0162-7Correct citation: Huberty et al. Article: 10.1186/s40814-017-0152-9Publication date: 6 July 2017.Pilot and Feasibility Studies (2018) 4:10. 10.1186/s40814-017-0152-9Correct citation: Armor et al. Article: 10.1186/s40814-017-0164-5Publication date: 6 July 2017.Pilot and Feasibility Studies (2018) 4:13. 10.1186/s40814-017-0164-5Correct citation: Cooper et al. Article: 10.1186/s40814-017-0154-7Publication date: 6 July 2017.Pilot and Feasibility Studies (2018) 4:11. 10.1186/s40814-017-0154-7Correct citation: Shepherd et al. Article: 10.1186/s40814-017-0156-5Publication date: 6 July 2017.Pilot and Feasibility Studies (2018) 4:8. 10.1186/s40814-017-0156-5Correct citation: Jadczak et al. Article: 10.1186/s40814-017-0153-8Publication date: 6 July 2017.Pilot and Feasibility Studies (2018) 4:9. 10.1186/s40814-017-0153-8Correct citation: Heckman et al. Article: 10.1186/s40814-017-0150-yPublication date: 6 July 2017.Pilot and Feasibility Studies (2018) 4:7. 10.1186/s40814-017-0150-yCorrect citation: Twohig et al. Article: 10.1186/s40814-017-0159-2Publication date: 6 July 2017.Pilot and Feasibility Studies (2018) 4:14. 10.1186/s40814-017-0159-2Article: 10.1186/s40814-017-0147-6Correct citation: Thabane and Lancaster Publication date: 21 June 2017.Pilot and Feasibility Studies (2018) 4:5. 10.1186/s40814-017-0147-6Correct citation: Joseph et al. Article: 10.1186/s40814-017-0148-5Publication date: 21 June 2017.Pilot and Feasibility Studies (2018) 4:6. 10.1186/s40814-017-0148-5Correct citation: Leach et al. Article: 10.1186/s40814-017-0155-6Publication date: 20 June 2017.Pilot and Feasibility Studies (2018) 4:4. 10.1186/s40814-017-0155-6Correct citation: Stone and Ndagijimana Article: 10.1186/s40814-017-0151-xPublication date: 17 June 2017.Pilot and Feasibility Studies (2018) 4:3.Correct citation: Jones 10.1186/s40814-017-0151-xArticle: 10.1186/s40814-017-0149-4Publication date: 15 June 2017.Pilot and Feasibility Studies (2018) 4:2. 10.1186/s40814-017-0149-4Correct citation: Nguyen et al. Article: 10.1186/s40814-017-0145-8Publication date: 9 June 2017.Pilot and Feasibility Studies (2018) 4:1. 10.1186/s40814-017-0145-8Correct citation: Learmonth and Motl Since this error was detected, the journal has resumed publication in the 2017 volume, volume number 3. In 2018, the journal will resume publication in volume number 4. The publisher apologizes for any confusion caused by this error.