Otidea previously reported in China are mainly distributed in the northeast, northwest and southwest regions of China, but the species diversity of Otidea in north China is not very clear. In this study, newly collected Otidea specimens from northern China and some herbarium specimens deposited in three important Chinese fungus herbaria  were studied using morphological and phylogenetic methods. The internal transcribed spacers of the nrDNA (ITS), the nrRNA 28S subunit (nrLSU), the translation elongation factor 1-alpha (tef1-α), and the second largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (rpb2), were employed to elucidate the phylogenetic relationships between Otidea species. Results identified 16 species of Otidea, of which seven new species are described, namely O.aspera, O.cupulata, O. filiformis, O.khakicolorata, O. parvula, O.plicara and O.purpureobrunnea. Otidea bicolor and O. pruinosa are synonymized as O. subpurpurea. Two species, O. mirabilis and O. nannfeldtii, are being reported for the first time in China. The occurrence of O. bufonia, O. leporina and O. onotica are confirmed by molecular data in China.Species of genus  Otidea (Pers.) Bonord. , with O. onotica (Pers.) Fuckel as the type species, was established in the mid-19th century [Otidea species are considered to form ectomycorrhizae with both broad leaf and conifer trees [Otidea species are mainly based on the morphological characteristics studied in work before 2006 [Otidea species. Molecular techniques have revolutionized phylogenetics and species delimitation of Otidea [Otidea by Harmaja [Otidea species in Europe (c. 32 accepted species) and North America (c. 14 accepted species) have been comprehensively and systematically studied in recent years [The genus  century . The gen century ,4,5. Otier trees ,4, and aer trees ,7,8,9,10ore 2006 ,15,16,17f Otidea ,23,24,25nt years ,22.Otidea species. However, only a few taxonomic works focus on this genus, and about a quarter of Chinese Otidea species are not supported by molecular evidence [Otidea species are reported in China, including 17 native species and seven known species originally described from Europe and/or North America.China has a huge temperate area in the northern hemisphere and likely has diverse evidence ,27,28,29Otidea were collected. On the bases of these new collections and some of herbarium specimens deposited in three important Chinese fungus herbaria , we recognized seven species and two records new to China based on both morphological examination and molecular analysis. Also, both O. bicolor W.Y. Zhuang & Zhu L. Yang, and O. pruinosa Ekanayaka, Q. Zhao & K.D. Hyde were conspecific with O. subpurpurea W.Y. Zhuang. Our aim in this paper is to describe and illustrate these new species and new records and to synonymize O. bicolor and O. pruinosa as O. subpurpurea. Molecular data for some known species existing in China are additionally provided.During our investigation of fungal resources in northern China since 2017, many apothecia of the genus http://www.colorhexa.com/, accessed on 30 January 2022). Microscopic characteristics were observed in thin sections of dry specimens mounted in 5% KOH and Melzer’s reagent [m and Wm indicate the average ascospore length and width for the measured ascospores, respectively. Q is used to represent length/width ratio of a ascospore in side view and Qm represents average Q of all specimens. The number of populations that the statistics are based on is indicated by n.Fresh specimens were collected and photographed in the field from the Shanxi and Hebi provinces, as well as Beijing, China. The specimens were dried and deposited in the BJTC  and the HSA . Other specimens were studied from the HMAS , HKAS  and HMJAU . Macroscopic characteristics were recorded from fresh specimens. Standardised color values matching the described colour were taken from ColorHexa (tef1-α), and RPB2-Otidea6F/RPB2-Otidea7R and fRPB2-7cF/fRPB2-11aR [rpb2), respectively. PCRs were performed in 50 μL reactions containing 4 μL DNA template, 2 μL of per primer (10 μM), 25 μL 2× Master Mix , and 17 μL ddH2O. PCR reactions were performed as follows: for the ITS gene: initial denaturation at 94 °C for 3 min, followed by 35 cycles at 94 °C for 30 s, 56 °C for 45 s, 72 °C for 1 min, and a final extension at 72 °C for 10 min; for the nrLSU gene: initial denaturation at 94 °C for 4 min, followed by 35 cycles at 94 °C for 30 s, 55 °C for 45 s, 72 °C for 1 min, and a final extension at 72 °C for 10 min; for the tef1-α gene: initial denaturation at 94 °C for 3 min, followed by 35 cycles at 94 °C for 30 s, 60 °C for 45s, 72 °C for 1min, and a final extension at 72 °C for 10 min; for the rpb2 gene: initial denaturation at 94 °C for 3 min, followed by 10 cycles (including denaturation) at 94 °C for 30 s, annealing temperature started at 62 °C  for 45 s and extension at 72 °C for 1 min, then followed by 30 cycles at 94 °C for 35 s, 55 °C for 45 s, 72 °C for 1 min, and a final extension at 72 °C for 10 min. The PCR products were sent to Beijing Zhongkexilin Biotechnology Co., Ltd.  for purification, sequencing, and editing. The newly generated sequences were assembled and edited using SeqMan  with generic-level identities for sequences confirmed via BLAST queries of GenBank.Herbarium specimens were crushed by shaking for 30 s at 30 Hz 2–4 times  in a 1.5 mL tube together with one 3 mm diameter tungsten carbide ball, and total genomic DNA was extracted using the modified CTAB method . The folOtidea were used in the molecular phylogenetic analyses. The detail information about them is provided in Otidea. Two datasets were assembled for this study. Dataset I (ITS/nrLSU) and datasets II (ITS/nrLSU/tef1-α/rpb2) contained the backbone species and all phyloclades of Otidea, which were used to infer the phylogenetic status of Chinese Otidea species of the genus Otidea. The taxa Monascella botryosa Guarro & Arx and Warcupia terrestris Paden & J.V. Cameron were selected as outgroups. The ITS, nrLSU, tef1-α and rpb2 sequences were respectively aligned using the MAFFT v.7.110 online program under the default parameters [tef1-α and rpb2 were excluded because of the alignment difficulty. To examine the conflict among topologies with maximum likelihood (ML), separate single-gene analyses were conducted. Alignments were concatenated using SequenceMatrix v1.7.8 [A total of 730 sequences from 283 collections of rameters , and manrameters . Ambiguorameters  before tx v1.7.8  and are rpb2, whereas the best model for tef1-α was the SYM + I+G model. Two independent executions of four chains were conducted: 3,485,000 for ITS/nrLSU and 765,000 for the ITS/nrLSU/tef1-α/rpb2 datasets. Markov chain Monte Carlo generations were conducted using the default settings and sampled every 100 generations. The temperature value was lowered to 0.20, burn-in was set to 0.25, and the program was automatically stopped as soon as the average standard deviation of split frequencies reached below 0.01. A 50% majority-rule consensus tree was constructed. Clades with a bootstrap support (BS) ≥ 70% and a Bayesian posterior probability (PP) ≥ 0.95 were considered as significantly supported [Maximum likelihood (ML) analyses of the two datasets were carried out using RAxML 8.0.14  with allupported ,43. All upported .Monascella botryosa and Warcupia terrestris). The dataset had an aligned length of 1363 characters (551 bp from ITS and 812 bp from nrLSU), of which 647 were constant, 716 were variable, and 609 of these variable sites were informative. ML and BI analyses yielded similar tree topologies. Only the tree inferred from the ML analyses is shown . A total of 10 clades were recognized in the two-gene phylogram, which is consistent with Olariaga et al. [Otidea specimens were nested in six clades: O. bufonia-onotica, O. formicarum, O. leporina, O. cantharella, O. alutacea, and O. platyspora clade  contained 528 sequences from 51 species, including 93 novel sequences the two genes from Chinese collections, and four from the outgroups  Boud., O. subpurpurea, O. mirabilis Bolognini & Jamoni, O. onotica and O. brevispora (W.Y. Zhuang) Olariaga & K. Hansen. The three new species are respectively described as O. filiformis, O.cupulata and O.purpureobrunnea in this study. It is interesting that the sequences from the type specimens of O. bicolor and O. pruinosa fall into the clade of O. subpurpurea and shared 98.87–99.84% similarity in the ITS region, which implied they may be conspecific, although they have some difference in apothecial color. Fortunately, we borrowed the type specimens of these three species for observation and research. We thought that they should be conspecific and formally synonymized O. bicolor and O. pruinosa in this study.In the O. formicarum clade, seven Chinese specimens were clearly placed in two well supported clades. One of clades corresponds to O. nannfeldtii Harmaja, marking the first time it is discovered in China. The other one is a new species described as O.khakicolorata in this study. In the O. leporina clade and O. cantharella clade, the Chinese specimens were identified as the previously known species, O. leporina (Batsch) Fuckel and O. propinquata (P. Karst.) Harmaja, respectively. In the O. alutacea clade, seven Chinese collections were clearly placed into three well supported clades, represented by the known species O. alutacea (Pers.) Massee and two new species described as O. parvula and O.aspera in this paper. In the O. platyspora clade, the two Chinese collections formed a distinct clade with high evidential support, which was described as O.plicara in this study.In the O. bicolor and O. pruinosa are conspecific with O. subpurpurea, we performed a further phylogenetic analysis based on the four-gene dataset II. This dataset II does not include sequences from seven confirmed known species, namely O. bufonia, O. mirabilis, O. onotica, O. nannfeldtii, O. leporina, O. propinquata and O. alutacea. Dataset II (ITS/nrLSU/tef1-α/rpb2) contained 501 sequences from 49 species, including 73 novel sequences these four genes from Chinese collections, and 8 from the outgroups (M. botryosa and W. terrestris). The dataset had an aligned length of 4400 characters , of which 2456 were constant, 1854 were variable, and 1753 of these variable sites were informative. ML and BI analyses yielded similar tree topologies. Only the tree inferred from the ML analysis is shown . A total of 10 clades were recognized in the four-gene phylogram, which is consistent with Hansen and Olariaga [O. bicolor, O. pruinosa and O. subpurpurea clustered into a clade with high support values , indicating that they are indeed the same species, and O. bicolor and O. pruinosa are placed in synonymy as O. subpurpurea in the taxonomy section below. Compared with the two-gene tree phylogram , which may be due to the fact that these species have a lower support value between them.The species of Olariaga . Similarhylogram , the 10 Otidea from China were described and illustrated here.Based on our phylogenies and morphological data, a total of seven new species, a known species, and two new records of Otideaaspera L. Fan & Y.Y. Xu, sp. nov. .Holotype: China. Shanxi Province, Jiaocheng County, Pangquangou National Nature Reserve, HaoJiagou, alt. 1800m, in the mixed forest dominated by textura angularis, 100–150 µm thick, cells thin walled, hyaline to pale brown, 11–28 × 8–20 µm. Medullary excipulum of textura intricata, 300–500 µm thick, hyphae 3–10 µm wide, sometimes slightly swollen, thin to thick walled, septate, hyaline to light brown. Subhymenium c. 50–120 µm thick, visible as a brown zone of densely arranged cylindrical to swollen cells. Paraphyses septate, straight to slightly curved, of uniform width or slightly enlarged at the apices to 3–4.7 µm wide, without or rarely with 1–2 low notches. Asci 150–200 × 9–13 µm, 8-spored, unitunicate, cylindrical, hyaline, long pedicellate, arising from croziers, non-amyloid, ascospores released from an eccentric split at the apical apex. Ascospores ellipsoid to slightly subfusoid, inequilateral, with two large guttules, sometimes only with one big guttule, smooth, hyaline, (12–) 12.8–15 (–15.5) × (5.8–) 6.5–7.5 (–8) µm . Receptacle surface with warts, 50–80 µm high, formed by short, fasciculate, hyphoid hairs, of 5–7 subglobose to elongated cells, constricted at septa, 6–13 µm wide. Resinous exudates absent to scarce. Basal mycelium of 2–5 µm wide, septate, hyaline to pale brown hyphae, smooth, unchanged in KOH, smooth, turning yellow in MLZ.Saprobic on soil. Apothecia solitary or caespitose in nature, 30–45 mm high, 25–60 mm wide, initially ear-shaped, then expanding and sometimes becoming irregularly ear-shaped or shallowly to deeply cup-shaped, sometimes elongated on one side or obconical, split, stipitate. Hymenium surface greyish yellow (#fbe8c5) to light brown (#baab98) when fresh, ochre brown (#a87832) when dry, subsmooth. Receptacle surface pale yellow (#fafad2) to yellowish brown (#b5a27f) when fresh, slightly hygrophanous, pale whitish ochre (#c8b99f) when dry, finely warty. Stipe 5–12 × 4–8 mm. Basal tomentum and mycelium white. Apothecial section 600–900 µm thick. Ectal excipulum of Other materials examined: China. Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Daqinggou National Nature Reserve, on the broad-leaved woodland, 24 August 2005, Tolgor Bau (HMJAU 4166).Otidea aspera is diagnosed by the combination of the stipitate, broadly ear shaped to cup-shaped, greyish yellow to light brown hymenium, pale-yellow to yellowish-brown receptacle surface, ellipsoid to slightly subfusoid ascospores and straight to slightly curved paraphyses. Otidea aspera and O. parvispora have comparable apothecia color, however O. parvispora differs from O. aspera by the smaller ascospores ((11.0–) 11.5–13.0 × 5.0–6.5 µm) and shorter asci. DNA analysis showed that O. aspera shared less than 93.39% ITS sequence similarity with other Otidea species. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that the sequences of O. aspera were grouped into an independent clade with a strong support value .Holotype: China. Shanxi Province, Jiaocheng County, Pangquangou Township, Badaogou valley, alt. 2200m, on soil in mixed forest of textura angularis, 80–110 µm thick, cells thin walled, brownish, 10–25 × 8–22 µm. Medullary excipulum of textura intricata, 500–700 µm thick, hyphae 3.5–10 µm wide, sometimes slightly swollen, thin to slightly thick walled, septate, hyaline to light brown. Subhymenium c. 60–100 µm thick, visible as a brown zone, of densely arranged cylindrical to swollen cells, with scattered brown resinous exudate at septa. Paraphyses septate, curved to hooked of uniform width or slightly enlarged at the apices to 2.6–4.2 µm wide, without or rarely with 1–2 low notches, sometimes forked near the apex. Asci 150–200 × 8–11 µm, 8-spored, unitunicate, cylindrical, hyaline, long pedicellate, arising from croziers, non-amyloid, ascospores release from an eccentric split at the apical apex. Ascospores ellipsoid to slightly subfusoid, inequilateral, with two large guttules, sometimes with only one big guttule, smooth, hyaline, (12–) 12.5–15 (–15.5) × (6–) 6.5–7.4 (–7.9) µm . Receptacle surface with low warts, 25–45 µm high, formed by short, fasciculate, hyphoid hairs, of 3–4 subglobose to elongated cells, constricted at septa, 6–11 µm wide, sometimes with a gelatinous sheath. Resinous exudates abundant on the outer surface, dark brown, partly dissolving and converting into small particles in MLZ, entirely dissolving and turning bright yellow in KOH. Basal mycelium of 3–6.5 µm wide, septate, hyaline to pale brown hyphae, bright yellow in KOH, with abundant, very small, irregularly, brown, resinous exudates on the surface, dissolving and turning bright yellow in KOH, unchanged in MLZ.Saprobic on soil. Apothecia gregarious or caespitose in nature, 25–40 mm high, 15–50 mm wide, initially ear-shaped, soon expanding, becoming broadly ear-shaped or deeply cup-shaped, split, often broader above, margin sometimes lobate, stipitate. Hymenium surface dark orange brown (#734a12) to dark purple brown (#4d282d) when fresh, and usually with bluish-lilaceous shades, gray ochraceous brown (#37290e) when dry, subsmooth. Receptacle surface yellowish brown (#a1805f) to brown (#8a6660) when fresh, slightly hygrophanous, surface with shallow wrinkles, dark brown (#261600) when dry, furfuraceous. Stipe 5–10 × 5–7 mm. Basal tomentum and mycelium whitish to grayish yellow (#c6cbac). Apothecial section 900–1200 µm thick. Ectal excipulum of Larix sp., 6 September 2018, L.J. Guo, LH 406 (HSA 406).Other materials examined: China. Shanxi Province, Jiaocheng County, Pangquangou Township, Badaogou Valley, alt. 1800m, on soil under Otidea cupulata is recognized by the stipitate, broadly cup-shaped, dark-orange-brown to dark-purple-brown hymenium, yellowish-brown to brown receptacle surface, ellipsoid to subfusoid ascospores, forked or notched paraphyses, and furfuraceous receptacle surface. The forked paraphyses is rarely found in other species in the O. bufonia-onotica clade. Several species in the O. bufonia-onotica clade are similar to O. cupulata in apothecial shape and color, including O. bufonia, O. filiformis, O. mirabilis, and O. olivaceobrunnea Harmaja, but O. bufonia can be distinguished by its distinctly narrowly fusoid ascospores, the presence of hyphae with striate resinous exudates in the medullary excipulum, and resinous exudates of the ectal excipulum that does not turn bright yellow in KOH. Otidea filiformis differs in its apothecia with pinkish shades, distinctly narrowly fusoid ascospores, unenlarged and curved to hooked paraphyses, and higher warts (40–75 µm) on the receptacle surface. Otidea mirabilis differs by having purple to lilaceous-bluish shades on the receptacle surface and narrowly fusoid ascospores (Qm = 2.1–2.3). Otidea olivaceobrunnea can be separated by its olive-brown hymenium and wider ascospores (14–17 × 8–8.5 µm). Four species  have more or less bluish or lilaceous shades on apothecia that resembles that of O. cupulata. However, O. purpureogrisea is distinguished by its ear-shaped apothecia, dark-purple-brown to purple-gray receptacle surface, and the resinous exudate in the ectal excipulum turning amber and brown in KOH. Otidea purpureobrunnea is distinguished by its grayish-purple-brown to dark-purple-brown receptacle surface and mostly smooth basal mycelium. Otidea simithii differs in having typically narrower, ear-shaped apothecia, and resinous exudates of the ectal excipulum that does not turn bright yellow in KOH. Otidea subpurpurea in having smaller ascospores (9–12 × 4.5–6 µm) and lilac to purplish receptacle surface.Notes: O. cupulata, which are noted to belong to an unnamed taxon related to O. bufonia and O. subpurpurea by Parslow et al. [O.cupulata. Final confirmation requires morphological observation of these two specimens.In the two-gene phylogenetic tree , two spew et al. . RegrettOtidea filiformis C.L. Hou, Y.Y. Xu & H. Zhou, sp. nov. .Holotype: China. Beijing City, Huairou District, Sunshanzi Village, alt. 770m, on soil in mixed forest of textura angularis, 75–110 µm thick, cells thin walled, brown, 10–35 × 7–26 µm. Medullary excipulum of textura intricata, 400–500 µm thick, hyphae 4–10 µm wide, sometimes slightly swollen, thin to thick walled, septate, hyaline to light brown, without resinous exudates. Subhymenium ca. 75–100 µm thick, visible as a brown zone of densely arranged cylindrical to swollen cells, with scattered brown resinous exudate at septa. Paraphyses septate, curved to hooked of uniform width at the apices to 2–3 µm wide, without or with a low notch. Asci 140–175 × 10–14 µm, 8-spored, unitunicate, cylindrical, hyaline, long pedicellate, arising from croziers, non-amyloid, ascospores released from an eccentric split at the apical apex. Ascospores narrowly fusoid, narrowed at both ends, inequilateral, with two large guttules, sometimes only with one big guttule, smooth, hyaline, (12.5–) 13–14.5 (–15) × (6–) 6.5–7 (–7.3) µm . Receptacle surface with broad conical warts, 40–75 µm high, formed by short, fasciculate, hyphoid hairs, of 6–7 subglobose to elongated cells, constricted at septa, 6–10 µm wide. Resinous exudates abundant on the outer surface, dark yellow brown, partly dissolving and converting into small particles in MLZ, partially dissolving and turning yellowish brown in KOH. Basal mycelium of interwoven, 3–6 µm wide, septate, hyaline to pale brown hyphae, turning yellow in KOH, with abundant small, regularly arranged, spheroid, pale brown, resinous exudates, partly dissolving in KOH, unchanged in MLZ.Saprobic on soil. Apothecia gregarious or caespitose in nature, 15–55 mm high, 15–55 mm wide, initially ear-shaped, soon expanding, becoming shallowly or deeply cup-shaped, split, margin sometimes lobate, sessile or shortly stipitate, regular or sometimes undulate in the margin. Hymenium surface yellowish brown (#b19461) to ochre yellow (#cd9575) with pinkish shades, sometimes with brown spots or stains when fresh, margin dark brown when bruised, gray brown (#321f15) when dry, subsmooth. Receptacle surface yellowish brown (#b19461) to orange brown (#967059) when fresh, slightly hygrophanous, dark brown (#321f15) when dry, furfuraceous to finely warty. Stipe not well developed. Basal tomentum and mycelium whitish to pale brown (#dccdbf). Apothecial section 800–1000 µm thick. Ectal excipulum of Betula platyphylla Suk., 22 August 2019, J.Q. Li L482 (BJTC L482); China. Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Balinyou Banner, Saihanwula Nature Reserve, on soil in mixed forest of Larix gmelinii (Rupr.) Kuzen. and Betula platyphylla Suk., 2 September 2008, T.Z. Liu, H.M. Zhou & C. Sun 3858 (HMAS 188468).Other materials examined: China. Hebei Province, Chicheng County, Dahaituo nature reserve, alt. 1640m, on soil under Otidea filiformis diagnosed by the combination of yellowish-brown to ochre-yellow apothecia, sometimes with brown spots or stains, narrowly fusoid ascospores, uniform width, narrow paraphyses (≤3 µm) and basal mycelium with abundant spheroid, pale brown, resinous exudates. Otidea bufonia and O. mirabilis are similar to O. filiformis in apothecia color and ascospore shape. Otidea bufonia differs from O. filiformis in having the longer ascospores (12–) 13–16.5 (–18) × 6–7.5 (–8) µm, and brown striate exudates on some hyphae of the medullary excipulum. O. mirabilis differs in dark-brown apothecia, purple to lilaceous-bluish shades on the receptacle surface and biflabellate crystal-like exudates in the medullary excipulum. The apothecia of Otidea korfii Pfister, F. Xu & Z.W. Ge, O. olivaceobrunnea and O. saliceticola Cartabia, M. Carbone & P. Alvarado also have brown tones. Otidea korfii is distinguished from O. filiformis by its ear-shaped apothecia, olivaceous brown receptacle surface, ellipsoid to broadly ellipsoid bigger ascospores (14.5–17 × 6.5–9 μm), resinous exudate of the ectal excipulum dissolving in MLZ and smooth basal mycelium. Otidea olivaceobrunnea differs from O. filiformis in olive-brown hymenium, ellipsoid ascospores. Otidea saliceticola differs in pale alutaceous-greyish hymenium surface, dark brown receptacle surface, wider ascospores (14–15 × 7.5–8 μm) with low Q value of 1.75–1.87.Notes: O. filiformis were grouped into an independent clade with a strong support value (O. filiformis shared less than 95.88% ITS sequence similarity with other Otidea species. These supported the erection of the new species. One Finnish collection (MCVE 29372) identified as O. bufonia by Carbone et al. [O. filiformis clade with strong support values in our phylogenetic trees .Holotype: China. Shanxi Province, Ningwu County, Guancen Mountain, Dashidong Forest Farm, alt. 2200m, among moss under coniferous forest dominated by textura angularis, 70–120 µm thick, cells thin walled, brown, 10–25 × 6–20 µm. Medullary excipulum of textura intricata, 250–500 µm thick, hyphae 3.5–8 µm wide, sometimes slightly swollen, thin to slightly thick walled, septate, hyaline to light brown. Subhymenium ca. 60–90 µm thick, visible as a yellowish-brown zone, of densely arranged cylindrical to swollen cells. Paraphyses septate, curved to hooked, of uniform width at the apices, 2.5–3.7 µm wide, without notch. Asci 150–180 × 8.5–11 µm, 8-spored, unitunicate, cylindrical, hyaline, long pedicellate, arising from croziers, non-amyloid, ascospores released from an eccentric split at the apical apex. Ascospores ellipsoid, sometimes slightly inequilateral, with two large guttules, smooth, hyaline, (8.5–) 9–10 (–10.5) × (4.5–) 5–6 (–6.5) µm . Receptacle surface with broadly conical warts, 30–40 µm high, formed by hyphoid hairs, of 2–5 subglobose to elongated cells, constricted at septa, 6–10 µm wide, sometimes with a gelatinous sheath. Resinous exudates abundant on the outer surface, yellow brown to dark brown, partly dissolving into amber drops in MLZ, turning reddish brown to dark reddish brown in KOH. Basal mycelium of 3–5.5 µm wide, septate, hyaline to pale-brown hyphae, unchanged in KOH, smooth or with little resinous exudates on the surface, partly dissolving in MLZ, and partly dissolving and more slowly in KOH.Saprobic on soil. Apothecia solitary or gregarious in nature, 15–25 mm high, 5–8 mm wide, narrowly long ear-shaped, margin rounded, split, sessile or sub-stipitate. Hymenium surface khaki (#ca9a67) to pale ochre (#c08649) when fresh, yellowish ochre(#e3c57f) when dry, subsmooth. Receptacle surface concolorous with hymenium when fresh, slightly hygrophanous, dark reddish brown (#8c5738) when dry, furfuraceous. Warts absent or very low. Stipe, if present, very short. Basal tomentum and mycelium whitish to grayish whitish (#e7e2d9). Apothecial section 500–800 µm thick. Ectal excipulum of Otidea khakicolorata is characterized by khaki to pale-ochre, long, narrowly ear-shaped apothecia, small ascospores and resinous exudates on the ectal excipulum turning reddish brown in KOH. Otidea nannfeldtii and O.khakicolorata share similar apothecia shape and the reaction of the resinous exudate in the ectal excipulum and basal mycelium in MLZ and KOH, but O. nannfeldtii can be distinguished by an ochre to orangish-ochre hymenium surface with pink tones, higher warts (45–85 µm) on the apothecial outer surface, medullary excipulum of textura intricata differentiated into two parts, and relatively bigger ascospores ((9–) 9.5–10.5 (–11.5) × 5.5–6.5 (–7) µm). Otideakhakicolorata is phylogenetically close to O. nannfeldtii; however, they are separated by a low support value .Holotype: China. Shanxi Province, Jiaocheng County, Guandi Mountain, Pangquangou National Nature Reserve, alt. 2000m, on soil in the mixed forest dominated by textura angularis, 70–120 µm thick, cells thin walled, pale brown, 9–24 × 7–20 µm. Medullary excipulum of textura intricata, 80–160 µm thick, hyphae 3–7 µm wide, sometimes slightly swollen, thin to thick walled, septate, hyaline to light brown. Subhymenium c. 50–80 µm thick, visible as a brown zone, of densely arranged cylindrical to swollen cells, with scattered brown resinous exudate at septa. Paraphyses septate, bent to curved, sometimes straight, of uniform width or slightly enlarged at the apices, 2.5–4.5 µm wide, sometimes with 1–2 notches near the apex. Asci 150–200 × 10.5–13.5 µm, 8-spored, unitunicate, cylindrical, hyaline, long pedicellate, arising from croziers, non-amyloid, ascospores released from an eccentric split at the apical apex. Ascospores ellipsoid, slightly inequilateral, with two large guttules, sometimes with only one big guttule, smooth, hyaline, (12.5–) 13–15.5 (–16) × (6.5–) 6.8–8 (–8.6) µm . Receptacle surface with low warts, 30–50 µm high, formed by short, fasciculate, hyphoid hairs, of 5–6 subglobose to elongated cells, constricted at septa, 5–10 µm wide. Resinous exudates absent. Basal mycelium of 2.5–5 µm wide, septate, hyaline to pale brown hyphae, smooth, unchanged in KOH, turning yellow in MLZ.Saprobic on soil. Apothecia gregarious to caespitose in nature, 8–15 mm high, 5–13 mm wide, initially narrowly to broadly ear-shaped, margin rounded, then expanding and sometimes becoming irregularly ear-shaped or cup-shaped, split, stipitate, or sessile. Hymenium surface pale whitish ochre (#ffffed) to ochre yellow (#b39a7f) when fresh, pale ochre brown (#c2a461) when dry, subsmooth. Receptacle surface pale ochre (#d7c498) to orangish ochre (#dba35e) when fresh, hygrophanous, light yellowish brown (#d7c498) when dry, furfuraceous. Stipe 3–7 × 3–5 mm. Basal tomentum and mycelium white. Apothecial section 500–700 µm thick. Ectal excipulum of Picea wilsonii, 7 September 2017, J.Z. Cao, Cao170803 (BJTC FM210-B).Other materials examined: China. Shanxi Province, Jiaocheng County, Guandi Mountain, Pangquangou National Nature Reserve, alt. 2000m, on soil in the mixed forest dominated by Otidea parvula is easily recognized by the stipitate, irregularly ear-shaped or cup-shaped, small, pale-whitish-ochre, ochre-yellow to orangish-ochre apothecia, straight to bent paraphyses and furfuraceous receptacle surface. Otidea parvula and O. adorniae Agnello, M. Carbone & P. Alvarado are somewhat similar in the color of the apothecia, but O. adorniae differs in its larger apothecia and smaller ascospores (11.8 × 6.4 µm). Otidea parvula and O. parvispora (Parslow & Spooner) M. Carbone, Agnello, Kautmanová, Z.W. Ge & P. Alvarado have the highest ITS sequence similarity of 96%, but upon examination of the phylogenetic tree  11.5–13.0 × 5.0–6.5 µm).Notes: tic tree , they doOtidea plicara L. Fan & Y.Y. Xu, sp. nov. .Holotype: China. Shanxi Province, Jiaocheng County, Guandi Mountain, Badaogou valley, alt. 2000m, on soil in the mixed forest dominated by textura angularis, 60–100 µm thick, cells thin walled, brown, 11–34 × 9–28 µm. Medullary excipulum of textura intricata, 300–500 µm thick, hyphae 3–7.5 µm wide, sometimes slightly swollen, thin walled, septate, hyaline to light brown. Subhymenium ca. 80–130 µm thick, visible as a yellowish-brown zone. Paraphyses septate, curved to hooked, usually enlarged at the apices, 3.5–5.5 µm wide at apex, 2–3 µm below. Asci 160–220 × 10–14 µm, 8-spored, unitunicate, cylindrical, hyaline, long pedicellate, arising from croziers, non-amyloid, ascospores released from an eccentric split at the apical apex. Ascospores ellipsoid, sometimes slightly inequilateral, with one to two large guttules, smooth, hyaline, (12.5–) 13.5–16 (–17) × (6–) 6.5–8 (–8.5) µm . Receptacle surface with hyphoid hairs, 50–80 µm long, of 3–6 ovoid or subglobose to elongated cells, constricted at septa, 4–9 µm wide. Resinous exudates absent. Basal mycelium of interwoven, 2.5–6 µm wide, septate, hyaline to pale brown hyphae, unchanged in KOH, smooth, turning yellow in MLZ.Saprobic on soil. Apothecia solitary or gregarious in nature, 15–28 mm high, 12–42 mm wide, initially spoon-shaped or broadly ear-shaped, soon expending, in the end almost deeply cup-shaped, often broader above, margin entire, with a small fold on the apothecia, seemingly spilt yet not split, stipitate. Hymenium surface pale greyish brown (#6f6a61) to dark brown (#665856), margin yellow ochre (#837050) when fresh, when dry becoming slightly lighter but dull, light brown (#ab9876), subsmooth. Receptacle surface dark reddish brown (#7c6052) when fresh, slightly hygrophanous, pale ochre brown (#a48e6a) when dry, finely furfuraceous, wrinkle veined at the base. Stipe 8–15 × 5–8 mm. Basal tomentum and mycelium abundant, white to pale cream (#f1f9ed). Apothecial section 650–1000 µm thick. Ectal excipulum of Picea wilsonii Mast., 7 September 2017, J.Z. Cao, Cao170855 (BJTC FM262-B).Other materials examined: China. Shanxi Province, Jiaocheng County, Guandi Mountain, Badaogou Scenic Area, alt. 2000m, on soil in the mixed forest dominated by Otidea plicara is characterized by greyish-brown to dark-brown, stipitate, rarely split, deeply cup-shaped apothecia, small ascospores, enlarged paraphyses and the lack of resinous exudates on the ectal excipulum and basal mycelium. Macroscopically, Otidea apophysata (Cooke & W. Phillips) Sacc. and O. platyspora Nannf. have similar apothecial shape and color to O. plicara, but O. apophysata can be distinguished by the larger ascospores (20–24.5 × 9–11 µm) and frequently branched paraphyses. Otidea platyspora can be distinguished by split apothecia and larger ascospores (18–22 × (9.5–)10.5–12 µm). DNA analyses showed that O. plicara shared less than 92% similarity in ITS sequence with other species of Otidea. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that the sequences of O. plicara were grouped into an independent clade with a strong support value .Holotype: China. Shanxi Province, Qinshui County, Tuwo Township, Shangwoquan Village, alt. 1200m, on soil under textura angularis, 80–120 µm thick, cells thin walled, brownish, 13–33 × 7–26 µm. Medullary excipulum of textura intricata, 500–900 µm thick, formed of loosely woven cylindrical to slightly swollen thin-walled hyphae, 4.5–11 µm wide, septate, hyaline to light brown, with brown resinous exudates at septa. Subhymenium c. 100–150 µm thick, visible as a brown zone, of densely arranged cylindrical to swollen cells, with scattered brown resinous exudate at septa. Paraphyses septate, curved to hooked, a few curved, sometimes forming a coil or helix, of the same width or often enlarged at the apices, 3.5–5 µm wide, 2–3.3 µm below, sometimes with 1–2 notches, or with an obvious bulge near the apex. Asci 140–190 × 8.5–15 µm, 8-spored, unitunicate, cylindrical, hyaline, long pedicellate, arising from croziers, non-amyloid, ascospores released from an eccentric split at the apical apex. Ascospores ellipsoid to slightly subfusoid, inequilateral, with two large guttules, sometimes with only one big guttule, smooth, hyaline, (12.5–) 13–15 (–15.5) × (6–) 6.5–7 (–7.5) µm . Receptacle surface with broad conical warts, 35–60 µm high, formed by short, fasciculate, hyphoid hairs, of 2–5 subglobose to elongated cells, constricted at septa, 6–13 µm wide. Resinous exudates abundant on the outer surface, yellow brown to dark brown, partly dissolving into particles in MLZ, entirely dissolving and turning yellow in KOH. Basal mycelium of 3.5–6 µm wide, septate, hyaline to pale brown hyphae, turning yellow in KOH, mostly smooth, a few with very small, spheroid, pale-brown, resinous exudates, dissolving in KOH, partially dissolving in MLZ.Saprobic on soil. Apothecia gregarious to caespitose in nature, 25–55 mm high, 50–80 mm wide, initially ear shaped, soon expanding, becoming broadly ear shaped or deeply cup shaped, often elongated on one side, split, margin sometimes lobate, stipitate or sessile. Hymenium surface ochraceous brown (#804618), grayish purple (#5e4f5f) to purple brown (#39242f) when fresh, gray brown to dark brown (#3e2c1c) when dry, subsmooth. Receptacle surface grayish purple brown (#816e71) to dark purple brown (#483131) when fresh, sometimes partly dark yellow brown, slightly hygrophanous, some apothecia with shallowly wrinkled, dark brown (#492615) when dry, furfuraceous to finely warty. Stipe 5–10 × 4–8 mm. Basal tomentum and mycelium whitish to pale brown (#dccdbf). Apothecial section 900–1300 µm thick. Ectal excipulum of Quercus sp., 25 August 2020, H. Liu 1079 (BJTC FM1061).Other materials examined: China. Shanxi Province, Qinshui County, Tuwo Township, Shangwoquan Village, alt. 1200m, on soil under Otidea purpureobrunnea is characterized by the stipitate, broadly ear-shaped to cup-shaped, grayish-purple to purple-brown apothecia, ellipsoid to slightly subfusoid ascospores, paraphyses enlarged at the apices, with 1–2 notches or an obvious bulge and smooth basal mycelium. Similar to O. purpureobrunnea, the apothecia of O. bufonia, O. cupulata,O. mirabilis, O. purpurea, O. purpureogrisea, O. smithii, and O. subpurpurea all have some purple tones, but Otidea bufonia differs in its fusoid ascospores, the presence of hyphae with striate resinous exudates in the medullary excipulum, resinous exudates of the ectal excipulum not turning bright yellow in KOH, and in having abundant resinous exudates on the basal mycelium. Otidea mirabilis differs by having fusoid ascospores, resinous exudates of the ectal excipulum that do not turn bright yellow in KOH and when present, biflabellate, crystal-like exudates in the medullary excipulum. Otidea purpurea and O. subpurpurea are easily distinguished by the obviously smaller spores . Otidea purpureogrisea is distinguished by the purple-gray tone of the receptacle surface near the base and resinous exudates of the ectal excipulum turning amber in MLZ and turning brown in KOH. Otidea smithii is distinguished by typically narrower, ear-shaped apothecia, relatively shorter ascospores (12–14 × 6–7.5 µm) with a lower Qm value (1.9–2), and resinous exudates of the ectal excipulum not turning bright yellow in KOH. For a comparison with O. cupulata see under that species below.Notes: O. purpureobrunnea and O. filiformis are grouped together with a low support value , as well as its basal mycelium with abundant spheroid, pale brown, resinous exudates. DNA analysis showed that O.purpureobrunnea shared less than 94.53% similarity in its ITS sequence with O. filiformis. These indicate that they are two different species.Phylogenetic analyses revealed that rt value , but O. Otidea subpurpurea W.Y. Zhuang, Mycologia Montenegrina 10: 238 (2007).Holotype: China, Yunnan Province, Kunming City, Kunming Institute of Botany, alt. 1980m, 8 October 2005, Z.L. Yang 4602, (HKAS 49443); Isotype (HMAS 97530).Otidea bicolor W.Y. Zhuang & Zhu L. Yang, Mycotaxon 112: 35 (2010).= Holotype: China, Yunnan Province, Kunming City, Heilongtan Park, 16 August 2008, Z.L. Yang 5156, (HKAS 54453); Isotype (HMAS 188415).Otidea pruinosa Ekanayaka, Q. Zhao & K.D. Hyde, Fungal Diversity 87: 130 (2017).= Holotype: China, Yunnan Province, Kunming City, Xishan Scenic Area, 15 September 2012, T. Guo 617, (HKAS 81819).Materials examined: China, Yunnan Province, Kunming City, Kunming Institute of Botany, alt. 1980m, 9 October 2005, Z.L. Yang 4602, (HKAS 49443); Isotype (HMAS 97530). China, Yunnan Province, Kunming City, Heilongtan Park, 16 August 2008, Z.L. Yang 5156, (HKAS 54453); Isotype (HMAS 188415). ibid., (HKAS 54449). China, Yunnan Province, Kunming City, Xishan Scenic Area, 15 September 2012, T. Guo 617, (HKAS 81819).Otidea bicolor, O. pruinosa and O. subpurpurea are highly similar species. In fact, previous scholars have also noticed the phenomenon that the type sequences of the three species are clustered together [O. pruinosa, O. bicolor, and O. subpurpurea share high sequence similarity . We performed morphological observation on these type specimens and found that there was no obvious difference in microscopic features. The reaction of the resinous exudate in the ectal excipulum and basal mycelium in MLZ and KOH are also the same. Although the receptacle surface of O. bicolor and O. subpurpurea is purplish in tint when fresh, the receptacle surface of O. pruinosa is without a purplish tint [Otidea pruinosa is proposed as a new species because of receptacle surface with pruinose, but we found a similar granulate on the surface of dry specimens of O. bicolor and O. subpurpurea. In addition, phylogenetic analyses based on the two-gene and four-gene datasets also confirmed that they represent the same species, so here we formally treat O. bicolor and O. pruinosa as synonyms of O. subpurpurea. The sequence from ZMU124 (label as O. bufonia) from Guizhou province of China grouped with O. subpurpurea with a high support value . ( (2001). .Larix principis-rupprechtii and Betula sp.Habitat: on soil under mixed forest of Distribution: Known from the northeast, northern, northwest and southwest regions of China.Materials examined: China, Yunnan Province, Jingdong County, Ailao Mountain, Xujiaba Village, alt. 2500m, 24 August 1994, M. Zang, 12389 (HKAS 28129). China, Gansu Province, Wudu County, Liangshui Town, Gongba River Beach, alt. 2600m, 11 July 1996, M.S. Yuan, 2213 (HKAS 30708). China, Sichuan Province, Hongyuan County, Kangle Town, alt. 3400m, 19 August 1998, M.S. Yuan, 3433 (HKAS 33633). China, Jilin Province, Fusong County, Songjiang River, 19 August 2000, M.S. Yuan, 4725 (HKAS 37272). China, Xinjiang Autonomous Region, Jimusa’er, alt. 1700m, 1 August 2003, W.Y. Zhuang & Y. Nong, 4657 (HMAS 83568). China, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Chifeng City, Baiyin Aobao National Nature Reserve, 2 August 2013, Tolgor Bau (HMJAU 26926). China, Shanxi Province, Jiaocheng County, Guandi Mountain, Shanshui Village, alt. 1800m, 8 September 2017, J.Z. Cao, CAO170863 (BJTC FM292). China, Shanxi Province, Jiaocheng County, Pangquangou Nature Reserve, alt. 2100m, 28 August 2018, H. Liu, LH234 (HSA 234).O. mirabilis is confirmed in China based on morphological and DNA evidence in this study. Olariaga et al. [O. mirabilis occur in China using nrLSU sequences from two Chinese collections in GenBank . ( (1976). .Larix principis-rupprechtii.Habitat: on soil under mixed forest of Distribution: Known in northern China and northwest China.L. principis-rupprechtii Mayr, 25 August 2017, X.Y. Yan, YXY170836 (BJTC FM168); ibid., X.Y. Yan, YXY170837 (BJTC FM169); ibid., X.Y. Yan, YXY170838 (BJTC FM170). China, Shanxi Province, Jiaocheng County, Guandi Mountain, Pangquangou Nature Reserve, alt. 2000m, 6 September 2017, J.Z. Cao, CAO170829 (BJTC FM236); ibid., J.Z. Cao, CAO170836 (BJTC FM243). China, Xinjiang Autonomous Region, Jimusa’er, alt. 1700m, 1 August 2003, W.Y. Zhuang & Y. Nong, 4655 (HMAS 83573).Materials examined: China, Shanxi Province, Ningwu County, Guancen Mountain, Qiuqiangou Village, alt. 2100m, on soil under O. nannfeldtii in China is first confirmed based on molecular and morphological evidence. Otidea nannfeldtii is originally described in Europe, and also reported from North America [Notes: The occurrence of  America . Before Otidea species. Nine species are added to this genus by this study. A total of 31 species is thus recorded in this huge country currently. Of these species, 27 species are supported by morphological and molecular data, but four species (O. cochleata (L.) Fuckel, O. purpurea (M. Zang) Korf & W.Y. Zhuang, O. smithii, O. tianshuiensis J.Z. Cao, L. Fan & B. Liu) still lack DNA evidence. Compared to the records from the continents of Europe (c. 32 accepted species) and North America (c. 14 accepted species), more studies of this large and widely distributed temperate fungal group in China are needed. From the present point of view, the Otidea species is widely distributed in the southwest and northern regions of China. Four species, O. alutacea, O. bufonia, O. mirablilis, and O. onotica, are widely distributed and are often encountered in the wild. So far, almost no Otidea species have been reported from south-central China and east China, which also have abundant forest resources, so it is necessary to investigate fungal resources in these regions in the future.Otidea in the studyKey to species of 1. Apothecia entire-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------21. Apothecia split-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3O. propinquata2. Apothecia broadly cup-shaped, ochre brown to reddish brown, with abundant resinous exudates on basal mycelium and ectal excipulum, ascospore lenth > 18 µm--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------O. plicara2. Apothecia deeply cup-shaped, with a small fold, pale greyish brown to dark brown, ectal excipulum and basal mycelium without resinous exudates, ascospore lenth ≤17 μm-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3. Apothecia long, narrowly ear-shaped-------------------------------------------------------------43. Apothecia cup-shaped or broadly ear-shaped---------------------------------------------------6O. khakicolorata4. Apothecia khaki to pale ochre, receptacle surface with warts of 30–40 µm high, ascospores (8.5–) 9–10 (–10.5) × (4.5–) 5–6 (–6.5) µm ------------------------------------4. Apothecia cinnamon brown or yellowish ochre to brown, receptacle surface with warts of 45–85 µm high---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5O. nannfeldtii5. Ascospore length < 12 µm, resinous exudates of the ectal excipulum turning reddish brown in KOH------------------------------------------------------------------------------O. leporina5. Ascospore length > 12 µm, resinous exudates of the ectal excipulum turning yellowish reddish grey heterogeneous drops in KOH----------------------------------------------6. Apothecia pale yellow, yellowish brown, ochraceous yellow, ochre orange------------76. Apothecia brown, dark brown, dark reddish brown or purple brown-------------------10O. parvula7. Apothecia small-sized (<1.5cm), ascospores (12.5–) 13–15.5 (–16) × (6.5–) 6.8–8 (–8.6) µm---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------7. Apothecia big-sized (>2cm)---------------------------------------------------------------------------8O. asperior8. Resinous exudates of the ectal excipulum and basal mycelium absent----------8. Resinous exudates of the ectal excipulum and basal mycelium present------------------9O. brevispora9. Hymenium light yellow to ochraceous yellow, often with pink tones, ascospore length < 11 µm-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------O. onotica9. Hymenium yellow to dull yellow, ascospore length > 11 µm----------------------O. alutacea10. Resinous exudates of the ectal excipulum and basal mycelium absent-------10. Resinous exudates of the ectal excipulum and basal mycelium present----------------11O. filiformis11. Apothecia yellowish brown, without purple tones-------------------------------11. Apothecia yellowish brown to dark brown, or purple brown, with purple to lilaceous-bluish tones--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1212. Ascospores narrowly fusoid-----------------------------------------------------------------------1312. Ascospores ellipsoid to slightly subfusoid-----------------------------------------------------14O. bufonia13. Receptacle surface mostly without purple tones, medullary excipulum with striate exudates covering some hyphae------------------------------------------------------------------O. mirabilis13. Receptacle surface strikingly purple-violaceous (fresh); medullary excipulum without, or rarely with flabellate crystal-like exudates, forming cross-like aggregates---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------O.subpurpurea14. Ascospore length <12 µm-----------------------------------------------------------14. Ascospore length >12 µm---------------------------------------------------------------------------15O. purpureobrunnea15. Receptacle surface with purple tones, grayish purple brown to dark purple brown, basal mycelium smooth, or with a few pale brown resinous exudates---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------O. cupulata15 Receptacle surface without purple tones, yellowish brown to brown, basal mycelium with abundant resinous exudates ----------------------------------------------------------Temperate China is surely rich in


Tonialhttp://orcid.org/0000-0002-7570-72411Helen C. Ferreirahttp://orcid.org/0000-0003-0268-96171Fabiana B. Nerbasshttp://orcid.org/0000-0001-9936-01851Fundação Pró-Rim, Joinville, SC, Brasil.2Universidade da Região de Joinville - Univille, Escola de Medicina,Joinville, SC, Brasil.Should read: 1,2Viviane Calice-Silvahttp://orcid.org/0000-0002-9696-05292Bruna C. Tonialhttp://orcid.org/0000-0002-7570-72412Pedro Eugênio Deboni Daudthttps://orcid.org/0000-00029676-82542Izabel Ribeirohttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-3522-72321Helen C. Ferreirahttp://orcid.org/0000-0003-0268-96171Fabiana B. Nerbasshttp://orcid.org/0000-0001-9936-01851Fundação Pró-Rim, Joinville, SC, Brasil.2Universidade da Região de Joinville - Univille, Escola de Medicina,Joinville, SC, Brasil.


Erratum zu:Pathologe 202110.1007/s00292-021-00986-xIn Abb.


Nature Communications 10.1038/s41467-019-10096-1, published online 03 May 2019.Correction to: In the Acknowledgements section of this article the grant numbers relating to the Ministry of Education, Singapore given for Yih-Cherng Liou were incorrectly given as R-154-000-637-511 and A15-114 and should have been MOE2017-T2-1-131 and R-154-000-A15-114. The original article has been corrected.


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