Bolbelasmusunicornis  is critically reviewed throughout its range with emphasis on the Czech Republic and Slovakia. The species has been reliably recorded from 377 localities in 19 countries. New records are given from 152 localities of Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Moldova, Poland, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Turkey, and Ukraine. For Germany, the species is recorded for the first time in 54 years. The occurrence of the species in Switzerland is confirmed by two historical specimens from Zürich. The only known historical specimen labelled “Kaukasus” is given, which could originate from Russia, where this species has not been recorded before . All published faunistic data from across the range are presented here in full, in several cases supplemented by details subsequently obtained by the author. Distribution maps are compiled separately for the Czech Republic and Slovakia, and for the entire range. A separate map is also available for Hungary, where approximately one-third of the known localities are located. Statistical data concerning the flight activity of adults, seasonal dynamics for part of the distribution area, details of records and notes on the bionomy and ethology of the species are provided. Possible feeding strategies for adults and larvae of B.unicornis are discussed, as well as current knowledge of the natural history of various representatives of the subfamily Bolboceratinae. A monitoring method for the species is proposed.The distribution of  Bolbelasmusunicornis  is a European species of earth-borer beetle extending into the western Asian part of Turkey with the centre of distribution in the Pannonian Basin . For this reason, it has been listed as a species of special conservation in many European countries. At the instigation of Slovakia, it has been included in Annexes II and IV of the Habitat Directive of the European Union (species in need of strict protection). As very few faunistic records are known from most countries, each new record is critically important to increase our knowledge to implement appropriate conservation strategies for the species. For more than 50 years the species has not been recorded in France, Slovenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Albania, and Moldova. It is probably extinct in France, Switzerland, Poland, and the Czech Republic.Schrank, 789 is a Scarabaeusunicornu by S.aeneas by th century, the species was often confused with Scarabaeusquadridens Fabricius, 1781 from India and later synonymised with it . Nothing is known about the immature stages and the diet of adults and larvae. However, some authors assumed that both adults and larvae feed on hypogeous fungi . In the congeneric species B.gallicus  and B.brancoi Hillert & Král, 2016, this ability has also been recorded in larvae ; Given its secretive lifestyle and lack of knowledge of effective collecting methods, the distribution and bionomy of gi e.g., . Adults,Bolbocerodema Nikolajev, 1973 is considered here to be a subgenus of the genus Bolbocerosoma Schaeffer, 1906, in accordance with Bolboceratinae as a subfamily of Geotrupidae is consistent with The nomenclature used in this research follows PP – Přírodní památka , PR – Přírodní rezervace (= Nature Reserve), and NPR – Národní přírodní rezervace . The abbreviation FSLG means flying slowly low above the ground. The following acronyms are used for time zones: CEST – Central European Summer Time, and EEST – Eastern European Summer Time. The abbreviation representing a collector/observer (see list below) with no further details mentioned means the collector and depository are identical (leg. and coll.). All details regarding observations of adults of B.unicornis (in particular their flight activities) were provided by the listed participants of these observations. The material has been identified by the author, the curators of the collections, or the observers and collectors listed.Faunistic records from the Czech Republic and Slovakia are divided into paragraphs beginning with a number representing the code of the faunistic square that refers to the Central European grid for mapping fauna and flora Fig. . For othThe following systems are used to transliterate cited literature and geographical or personal names in the Cyrillic and Armenian scripts: BGN/PCGN 2013 Agreement for Bulgarian, BGN/PCGN 1947 System for Russian, BGN/PCGN 2005 Agreement for Serbian, BGN/PCGN 2019 Agreement for Ukrainian, and BGN/PCGN 1981 System for Armenian.For the distribution map of the Czech Republic and Slovakia, the records are divided into three time periods: the records before 1960, records between 1960–1999, and records after 1999 Fig. , 18. TheStatistics on flights of adults were compiled for eight localities (seven Slovak and one Serbian), for which detailed data were available Tables –8. A tabThe graph of seasonal dynamics was generated with data obtained from countries of the Pannonian Basin for which data on a minimum of 30 specimens were available Fig. .The dates of Panzer’s works are adopted from ABC Attila Balázs, Čamovce, SlovakiaABZ Andrii Ivanovych Bachynskyi (Андрій Іванович Бачинський), Zalishchyky, UkraineADW Alexander Dostal, Vienna, AustriaAGB András Gór, Biatorbágy, HungaryAHB Adam Hergovits, Bratislava, SlovakiaAKB Attila Kotán, Budapest, HungaryAMK András Máté, Kecskemét, HungaryAPC Alexandru-Mihai Pintilioaie, Comănești, RomaniaAPE Attila Pál, Érd, HungaryAPO Antonín Peutlschmid, Olomouc, Czech RepublicARC Adrian Ruicănescu, Cluj-Napoca, RomaniaASH Aleš Sedláček, Hranice, Czech RepublicASK Artur Anatoliiovych Shekhovtsov (Артур Анатолійович Шеховцов), Kharkiv, UkraineAUP Ákos Uherkovich, Pécs, HungaryBBO Boris Bubeník Sr., Ostrava, Czech RepublicBCK Csaba Bán, Kecskemét, HungaryBJN Jiří Brestovanský Jr., Neratovice, Czech RepublicBJO Boris Bubeník Jr., Ostrava, Czech RepublicBKL Bence Krajcsovszky, Lábatlan, HungaryBMP Marek Bunalski, Poznań, PolandBSP † Svatopluk Bílý, Prague, Czech RepublicBVK Bohdan Mykolaiovych Vasko (Богдан Миколайович Васько), Kyiv, UkraineCBE Csaba Bartha, Eger, HungaryCBK Csaba Bíró, Kecskemét, HungaryCKZ Csaba Kutasi, Zirc, HungaryCMI Cosmin-Ovidiu Manci, Iași, RomaniaCSB Csaba Szabóky, Budapest, HungaryCSS Csaba Szinetár, Szombathely, HungaryCVK Csaba Vadász, Kecskemét, HungaryCWP Christian Wieser, Pischeldorf, AustriaDCO Dan Čagánek, Otrokovice, Czech RepublicDHH David Hrebeň, Havířov, Czech RepublicDHP David Horák, Prostějov, Czech RepublicDJP Daniel Juřena, Prostějov, Czech RepublicDKC Denis Keith, Chartres, FranceDKP David Král, Prague, Czech RepublicDPB Dragan Pavićević (Драган Павићевић), Belgrade, SerbiaDPS Dmytro Protopopov (Дмитро Протопопов), Semyhiria, UkraineDRW Dominik Rabl, Vienna, AustriaDVB Dalibor Všianský, Brno, Czech RepublicDVH Dušan Vacík, Hranice, Czech RepublicDVZ Daniel Vít, Zlín, Czech RepublicEJB Eduard Jendek, Bratislava, SlovakiaFKD Ferenc Klecska, Dunaharaszti, HungaryFPT Filip Pavel, Týniště nad Orlicí, Czech RepublicFSB Filip Štrba, Bratislava, SlovakiaFSP František Štěpánek, Přerov, Czech RepublicFTK Florian Theves, Weingarten (Baden), GermanyFTR Filip Trnka, Rychnov nad Kněžnou, Czech RepublicFTV Filip Trojan, Velké Němčice, Czech RepublicGAB Ádám Gór, Biatorbágy, HungaryGPB Gergely Petrányi, Budapest, HungaryGML Geoffrey Miessen, Liège, BelgiumGSB Győző Szél, Budapest, HungaryHDO Hryhorii Mykolaiovych Demydov (Григорій Миколайович Демидов), Odessa, UkraineHMS Heinz Mitter, Steyr, AustriaHTR Hennadii Tarasenko (Геннадій Тарасенко), Rzhyshchiv, UkraineIIB Ionuț Ștefan Iorgu, Bucharest, RomaniaIJN Ivo Jeniš, Náklo, Czech RepublicIMO Ivo Martinů, Olomouc, Czech RepublicIMP Ivan Marvan, Pardubice, Czech RepublicIPO Ivan Paloušek, Olomouc, Czech RepublicIRB Imre Retezár, Budapest, HungaryITV Ilja Trojan, Velké Němčice, Czech RepublicJAH † Josef Adámek, Hradec Králové, Czech RepublicJBB Jan Bezděk, Brno, Czech RepublicJCM Josef Chybík, Modřice, Czech RepublicJDB János Dobos, Budapest, HungaryJDC Jiří Dvořák, Čelčice, Czech RepublicJHH Jiří Hájek, Hrobce, Czech RepublicJHL Jan Helešic, Lužice (near Hodonín), Czech RepublicJHM Jaromír Hanuš, Moravské Budějovice, Czech RepublicJHP Jiří Hanzlík, Přerov–Popovice, Czech RepublicJJP † Josef Jurčíček, Prague, Czech RepublicJKB Ján Kodada, Bratislava, SlovakiaJKJ Jaroslav Kaláb, Jinačovice, Czech RepublicJKO Jindřich Kuja, Olomouc, Czech RepublicJKP Josef Krošlák, Plzeň, Czech RepublicJKV Josef Kadlec, Varnsdorf, Czech RepublicJMB József Muskovits, Budapest, HungaryJMD † Jaroslav Máslo, Dolní Radechová, Czech RepublicJMH Jan Matějíček, Hradec Králové, Czech RepublicJPH Jan Pelikán, Hradec Králové, Czech RepublicJPP Jiří Plecháč, Pecka, Czech RepublicJRC Jindřich Ryšavý Jun., České Budějovice, Czech RepublicJRS Jaroslav Resl, Sněžné (near Nové Město nad Metují), Czech RepublicJSP Jan Schneider, Prague, Czech RepublicJST József Sár, Teklafalu, HungaryJSU Jiří Spružina, Ústí nad Labem, Czech RepublicJTK Jaroslav Turna, Kostelec na Hané, Czech RepublicJVP † Jan Vitner, Prague, Czech RepublicJZJ Jaroslav Žák, Jezernice, Czech RepublicKBB Karol Bucsek, Bratislava, SlovakiaKDO Karel Doležel, Olomouc, Czech RepublicKFW Katrin Fuchs, Vienna, AustriaKHE Krisztián Harmos, Eger, HungaryKLP Jiří Klícha, Prague, Czech RepublicKPH Karel Pils, Hlohovec, SlovakiaKPL Krzysztof Pałka, Lublin, PolandKPV † Karel Poláček, Vysoké Mýto, Czech RepublicKRU Květoslav Resl, Uherský Brod, Czech RepublicKVB Klára Varga Bánné, Kecskemét, HungaryKVM Kirill Vladimirovich Makarov (Кирилл Владимирович Макаров), Moscow, RussiaKVS Václav Křivan, Štěměchy, Czech RepublicLAB László Ádám, Budapest, HungaryLEN Ladislav Ernest, Nymburk, Czech RepublicLFI Lucian Fusu, Iași, RomaniaLHI Lucian Hănceanu, Iași, RomaniaLKK Ladislav Kandrnál, Kunovice (near Uherské Hradiště), Czech RepublicLKM Ľudevít Kašovský, Martin, SlovakiaLMB Levente Erik Moharos, Budakeszi, HungaryLMN Ladislav Miško, Nové Zámky, SlovakiaLMO Luboš Mazal, Olomouc, Czech RepublicLMT Ladislav Mencl, Týnec nad Labem, Czech RepublicLNB László Nádai, Budapest, HungaryLRL Luciano Ragozzino Lerma, ItalyMBO Michal Bednařík, Olomouc, Czech RepublicMBF Marco Bastianini, Follonica, ItalyMBP Milan Brabec, Prague, Czech RepublicMHP Marcel Hájek, Plzeň, Czech RepublicMJR Martin Jagelka, Rohožník, SlovakiaMKJ Martin Kejzlar, Jevíčko, Czech RepublicMKY Mark Yuriyevich’ K’alashyan (Մարկ Յուրիևիչ Քալաշյան), Yerevan, ArmeniaMLB Márk Lukátsi, Budapest, HungaryMLS Miloš Lošťák, Šumperk, Czech RepublicMNB Martin Němec, Brno, Czech RepublicMNR Milan Nikodým, Roztoky (near Prague), Czech RepublicMOB Oto Majzlan, Bratislava, SlovakiaMPK Michal Pikner, Kněžpole (near Uherské Hradiště), Czech RepublicMPN Miloš Popović (Милош Поповић), Niš, SerbiaMPP Milan Sláma, Prague, Czech RepublicMPV Milan Pilarčík, Velké Pavlovice, Czech RepublicMRM Miklós Ringler, Munich, GermanyMRV Milan Ryšavý, Vlkoš (near Přerov), Czech RepublicMSB Milan Štrba, Bratislava, SlovakiaMSN Marko Šćiban (Марко Шћибан), Novi Sad, SerbiaMSZ Miloslav Šanda, Žatec, Czech RepublicMTM Maximilian Teodorescu, Măgurele, RomaniaMTS Milan Trubačík, Staré Město (near Uherské Hradiště), Czech RepublicMVP Martin Volf, Prague, Czech RepublicMYP Vladislav Malý, Prague, Czech RepublicMZB Miroslav Zúber, Bradlec, Czech RepublicMZK Miroslav Ihorovych Zaika (Мирослав Ігорович Заїка), Kyiv, UkraineMZP Zdena Martinová & Zdeněk Znamenáček, Prague, Czech RepublicNKB Naďa Kazdová, Brno, Czech RepublicNPB Norbert Pometkó, Budapest, HungaryOHS Oliver Hillert, Schöneiche bei Berlin, GermanyOKO Oleksandr Oleksandrovych Kolomeichuk (Олександр Олександрович Коломейчук), Odessa, UkraineOMB † Ottó Merkl, Budapest, HungaryOSD Oleksandr Oleksiiovych Sukhenko (Олександр Олексійович Сухенко), Dnipro, UkraineOSO Ondřej Sabol, Ostrava–Nová Bělá, Czech RepublicOVK Oleksii Vasyliuk (Олексій Василюк), Kyiv, UkrainePCB Petr Čechovský, Brno, Czech RepublicPFS Péter Farkas, Ságvár, HungaryPIL Pavel Imríšek, Louny, Czech RepublicPJH Josef Pavlas, Havířov, Czech RepublicPJL Pavel Jáchymek, Luhačovice, Czech RepublicPKB Péter Kovács, Budapest, HungaryPKG Peter Kurina, Gajary, SlovakiaPMB Peter Mihálik, Bratislava, SlovakiaPPB Petr Pacholátko, Brno, Czech RepublicPSZ Petr Středulínský, Zlín, Czech RepublicPVP Petr Včelička, Prague, Czech RepublicPZW Petr Zábranský, Vienna, AustriaRCP † Radek Červenka, Prague, Czech RepublicRCR Roman Cséfalvay, Rohovce–Kyselica, SlovakiaREE Róbert Enyedi, Eger, HungaryRFO † Rostislav Fornůsek, Olomouc, Czech RepublicRGM Rudolf Gabzdil, Michalovce, SlovakiaRHB Roman Hergovits, Bratislava, SlovakiaRHK Rostyslav Pavlovych Herasymov (Ростислав Павлович Герасимов), Kyiv, UkraineRKP Radim Klíč, Prostějov, Czech RepublicRMU Robert Machálek, Uherské Hradiště, Czech RepublicRPM Riccardo Pittino, Milan, ItalyRSG Roland Štefanovič, Galanta, SlovakiaRSP Radim Šigut, Paskov, Czech RepublicRVO † Radovan Veigler, Olomouc, Czech RepublicRZJ Renata Žáková, Jezernice, Czech RepublicSBP Sándor Bérces, Pomáz, HungarySBS Stoyan Beshkov, Sofia, BulgariaSDP Stanislav Doležal, Plzeň–Božkov, Czech RepublicSIB Sándor Ilniczky, Budapest, HungarySKP Jiří Skýpala, Prague, Czech RepublicSPP Serge Peslier, Perpignan, FranceSRB Richard Schnürmacher, Bratislava, SlovakiaSRL Stefan Rabl, Lengenfeld, AustriaSTK Serhii Vasylovych Tsykal (Сергій Васильович Цикал), Kyiv, UkraineSZM Stefano Ziani, Meldola, ItalyTBK Torsten Bittner, Weißenberg, GermanyTDB Tamás Deli, Békéscsaba, HungaryTDS Tibor Danyik, Szarvas, HungaryTGK Tomáš Grulich, Dolní Studénky–Králec, Czech RepublicTKB † Tibor Kovács Sr., Bátonyterenye–Kisterenye, HungaryTKG Tibor Kovács Jr., Gyöngyös, HungaryTKH Tomáš Kopecký, Hradec Králové, Czech RepublicTKK Tamás Kiss, Kecskemét, HungaryTNB Tamás Németh, Gödöllő, HungaryTSH Tibor Spevár, Hlohovec, SlovakiaTVP Tomáš Vendl, Prague, Czech RepublicVDP Václav Dongres, Plzeň, Czech RepublicVGG † Vadim Gennad’yevich Grachëv (Вадим Геннадьевич Грачёв), Moscow, RussiaVJP Vojtěch Jiříček, Prostějov, Czech RepublicVKK Vitalii Volodymyrovych Kavurka (Віталій Володимирович Кавурка), Kyiv, UkraineVKS Vítězslav Kubáň, Šlapanice, Czech RepublicVLP Jaromír Vališ, Přerov, Czech RepublicVMP Vlastimil Mihal, Přerov, Czech RepublicVPB Vilmos Polonyi, Budapest, HungaryVRH Vladislav Řebíček, Hradištko, Czech RepublicVSI Valentin Szénási, Isaszeg, HungaryVSK Vasyl Musiiovych Serhiienko (Василь Мусійович Сергієнко), Kyiv, UkraineVSM Viktor Viktorovych Strenada (Віктор Вікторович Стренада), Mykolaiv, UkraineVTH Vladimír Thomka, Humenné, SlovakiaVTO Viacheslav Anatoliiovych Trach (Вячеслав Анатолійович Трач), Odessa, UkraineVUB Viorel Ungureanu, Buzău, RomaniaVVO Vladimír Vyhnálek, Olomouc, Czech RepublicVZO Vladimír Zeman, Olomouc, Czech RepublicWBW Wolfgang Barries, Vienna, AustriaWHS Walter Heinz, Schwanfeld, GermanyYHS Yurii Mykolaiovych Geriak (Юрій Миколайович Ґеряк), Sambir, UkraineYKL Yurii Vasylovych Kanarskyi (Юрій Васильович Канарський), Lviv, UkraineYKO Yevhenii Vitaliiovych Khalaim (Євгеній Віталійович Халаїм), Odessa, UkraineYSK Yurii Yevhenovych Skrylnyk (Юрій Євгенович Скрильник), Kharkiv, UkraineZBB Zoran Božović (Зоран Божовић), Batajnica, SerbiaZBP Zsófia Mocskonyi Bércesné, Pomáz, HungaryZCP Zdeněk Čermák, Prostějov, Czech RepublicZDP † Zdeněk Doležal, Plzeň, Czech RepublicZKB Zoltán Körmendy, Budapest, HungaryZKM Zdeněk Kraus, Mikulovice (near Znojmo), Czech RepublicZLB Zdeněk Laštůvka, Brno, Czech RepublicZVP Zdeněk Vancl, Police nad Metují, Czech RepublicBNMS Brukenthal National Museum, Sibiu, RomaniaBZLA Biologiezentrum Linz, AustriaCMZCCroatian Natural History Museum, Zagreb, CroatiaCUIR Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, Iași, RomaniaETHZ Entomological collection of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zürich, SwitzerlandFGBI Franziskaner Gymnasium Bozen, Bolzano, ItalyFMNHFinnish Museum of Natural History LUOMUS, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FinlandGANM “Grigore Antipa” National Museum of Natural History, Bucharest, RomaniaGUNU Nizhyn Gogol State University, Nizhyn, UkraineHNHMHungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest, HungaryIECAInstitute of Entomology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech RepublicIZCMInstitute of Zoology of the Academy of Sciences of Moldova, Chișinău, Republic of MoldovaJHIS Jovan Hadži Institute of Biology of the Research Centre of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Ig, SloveniaLKKA Landesmuseums für Kärnten, Klagenfurt am Wörthersee, AustriaMCASMuseo Civico Archeologico e di Scienze Naturali “Federico Eusebio", Alba, ItalyMCZRMuseo Civico di Zoologia, Rome, ItalyMFSNMuseo Friulano di Storia Naturale, Udine, ItalyMHKC Museum of Eastern Bohemia in Hradec Králové, Hradec Králové, Czech RepublicMHNGMuséum d’histoire naturelle de Genève, Geneva, SwitzerlandMIZPMuseum and Institute of Zoology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, PolandMJMC Muzeum jihovýchodní Moravy ve Zlíně, Zlín, Czech RepublicMKPC Muzeum Komenského v Přerově, Přerov, Czech RepublicMMBCMoravian Museum, Brno, Czech RepublicMNBG Leibniz-Institut für Evolutions- und Biodiversitätsforschung, Museum für Naturkunde, Berlin, GermanyMMGH Mátra Museum of the Hungarian Natural History Museum, Gyöngyös, HungaryMMSHMóra Ferenc Museum, Szeged, HungaryMNFI Natural History Museum “La Specola”, Florence, ItalyMNHNMuséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris, FranceMNSA Museum Niederösterreich, Sankt Pölten, AustriaMPGU Moscow Pedagogical State University, Moscow, RussiaMSNB Museo di Scienze Naturali dell’Alto Adige, Bolzano, ItalyMSNGMuseo Civico di Storia Naturale “Giacomo Doria”, Genoa, ItalyMSNMMuseo Civico di Storia Naturale, Milan, ItalyMTDG Senckenberg Naturhistorische Sammlungen, Museum für Tierkunde, Dresden, GermanyMUSEMuseo delle Scienze, Trento, ItalyMZLUBiological Museum, Lund University, Lund, SwedenMZSFMusée zoologique de l’université et de la ville de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, FranceNHMBNaturhistorisches Museum Basel, SwitzerlandNHMDNatural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DenmarkNHMK State Natural History Museum of V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, Kharkiv, UkraineNHMLNatural History Museum, London, United KingdomNHMU National Science and Natural History Museum of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, UkraineNHMWNaturhistorisches Museum Wien, Vienna, AustriaNMAGNaturmuseum Augsburg, GermanyNMBENaturhistorisches Museum Bern, SwitzerlandNMCM National Museum of Ethnography and Natural History, Chișinău, Republic of MoldovaNMEGNaturkundemuseum Erfurt, GermanyNMPCNational Museum, Prague, Czech RepublicNMSBNational Museum of Natural History, Sofia, BulgariaPMSLSlovenian Museum of Natural History, Ljubljana, SloveniaRBINRoyal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels, BelgiumRMNH Naturalis Biodiversity Centre (formerly Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie), Leiden, NetherlandsSDEISenckenberg Deutsches Entomologisches Institut, Müncheberg, GermanySIZKI. I. Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, UkraineSMLU State Museum of Natural History, Lviv, UkraineSMNKStaatliches Museum für Naturkunde Karlsruhe, GermanySMNSStaatliches Museum für Naturkunde Stuttgart, GermanySMOCSilesian Museum, Opava, Czech RepublicSNMS Slovak National Museum–Natural History Museum, Bratislava, SlovakiaTLMFTiroler Landesmuseum Ferdinandeum, Innsbruck, AustriaTMLS Tekovské múzeum v Leviciach, Levice, SlovakiaUMJGUniversalmuseum Joanneum, Graz, AustriaVMHS Vihorlatské múzeum Humenné, SlovakiaZFMKZoologishes Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Bonn, GermanyZMNU Zoological Museum of the Taras Shevchenko National University, Kyiv, UkraineZMPC Západočeské muzeum v Plzni, Plzeň, Czech RepublicZINR Zoological Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, RussiaZSMGStaatliche Naturwissenschaftliche Sammlungen Bayerns, Zoologische Staatssammlung, Munich, GermanyZUDH Department of Nature Conservation, Zoology and Game Management, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, HungaryGEOTRUPIDAE Latreille, 1802Family: Bolboceratinae Mulsant, 1842Subfamily: BOLBELASMINI Iablokoff-Khnzorian, 1977Tribe: Bolbelasmus Boucomont, 1911Genus: Bolbelasmus Boucomont, 1911Subgenus: Bolbelasmus (Bolbelasmus) unicornis Species: Published data5354: “Kummer” [= Hradčany near Mimoň], 1 ♂ flying in the evening, no other data .her data . This sp7067: Hovorany, 6.v.1941, Jan Roubal leg.  labelled as Bolbelasmusunicornis, with black specimens of the same species, correctly labelled as Odonteusarmiger, have been found in the Hudeček’s collection in MKPC; no specimens of B.unicornis were discovered in this collection .? her data , 1930; Bher data . These t6870: “Ungarisch Hradisch” [= Uherské Hradiště] env., Morava River valley, no other data ; Čejč env., “Mansonova step” [= so-called “Manson’s steppe”], 48°55'32.1"N, 16°58'46.6"E, ca. 210 m a.s.l., 20.vi.1986, 1 ♀ FSLG after sunset, PCB; 17.vi.1988, 1 ♀ FSLG after sunset, PCB; 21.vi.1988, 2 ♀♀ FSLG after sunset, VKS; 27.vi.1988, 8 spec. FSLG after sunset , VKS; 29.vi.1988, 2 spec. FSLG after sunset, VKS; 19.vi.1989, 1 ♀ FSLG after sunset, JTK; 16.vi.1995, 1 ♂ FSLG after sunset, VKS  , 24.v.1985, 2 spec., RFO ; 17.vii.1990, 1 ♂ and 1 ♀, 5.v.1992, 1 ♂, MTS , 103 m a.s.l., 5.vii.1975, plant materials alluviated by flooded Danube and Ipeľ rivers, 1 ♀, VKS leg. et coll., 1 ♂, PPB leg., coll. VKS .7781: “Plachti[n]ce” , 5.vi.1938, [Rudolf] Schwarz leg. , SKP leg., coll. SPP , LMT (er), LMT .7494: Slanská Huta env., 48°34'54.8"N, 21°28'31.7"E, 600 m a.s.l., 24.vii.1972, 1 ♀ crawling on the ground after sunset, ZLB obs. + photo – see Fig. ZLB pers. comm., 2022).7596: Ladmovce, 9.viii.1982, 2 ♂♂ excavated from their burrows from a depth of 8 cm, and 1 ♀ from a depth of ca. 20 cm, LMT , A. Macková leg. , 132–133 m a.s.l., 31.vii.2009, 1 ♀, at UV light, KBB leg., coll. DVH; 18.viii.2014, 1 ♀, at light, KBB obs.; 20.viii.2014, 1 ♂ and 1 ♀ FSLG after sunset, AHB and RHB obs.; 27.viii.2014, 2 ♀♀ FSLG after sunset, AHB obs.; 5.ix.2014, 3 ♂♂ and 2 ♀♀ FSLG after sunset, PKG and RHB obs.; 3.vi.2015, 11 ♂♂ and 4 ♀♀ flying slowly 10–20 cm above the ground after sunset, AHB and RHB obs.; 5.vi.2015, 5 ♂♂ and 1 ♀ flying slowly 10–20 cm above the ground after sunset, PKG and RHB obs.; 7.vi.2015, 4 ♂♂ FSLG after sunset, AHB obs.; 26.viii.2015, 2 ♀♀ flying slowly ca. 0.5 m above the ground at 20.20 and 20.30 CEST, DJP obs.; 28.viii.2015, 1 ♀ flying ca. 10–20 cm above the ground at 20.27 CEST, AHB obs.; 29.v.2016, 7 spec. FSLG after sunset, together with ca. 15 spec. of Od.armiger, EJB, MSB and RHB obs.; 7.vi.2016, 11 spec.  FSLG at 21.25–21.45 CEST, AHB and RHB obs. , DJP, FSB, MSB and PKG obs. ; Bratislava – Podunajské Biskupice, Kopáč Island, PR Kopáčsky ostrov, ca. 48°5'41.97"N, 17°9'43.14"E, 132 m a.s.l., 13.vi.2006, 1 ♀, Malaise trap, MOB leg., coll. VKS; 30.v.2016, 2 ♂♂, and 3 ♀♀ FSLG after sunset, together with ca. 15 spec. of Od.armiger, EJB and RHB obs.; 7.vi.2016, 1 spec. FSLG after sunset, MSB obs.; 23.vi.2016, 2 ♂♂ FSLG at 21.32 and 21.38 CEST, MSB obs.; 1.vii.2016, 2 ♂♂ FSLG at 21.27 and 21.43 CEST, MSB obs.; 19.vii.2016, 4 spec. FSLG after sunset, EJB and JKB obs.; 20.vii.2016, 7 spec. FSLG after sunset, EJB and JKB obs.; ca. 48°5'39.5"N, 17°9'42.3"E, and 48°5'43.8"N, 17°9'30.4"E, 14.viii.2016, 7 spec. FSLG after sunset, DJP, ITV and VKB obs.; ca. 48°5'45.8"N, 17°9'41.9"E, 19.v.2018, 1 ♂ and 1 ♀ FSLG after sunset, MRV and VMP obs.; 9.vi.2018, 7 ♂♂ and 9 ♀♀ FSLG after sunset, together with ca. 20 spec. of Od.armiger, JHP, MRV and VMP obs.; 14.vii.2018, 1 ♂ and 4 ♀♀ FSLG after sunset, JRC and MRV obs.7869–7969: “Štefánikovce” [= Rovinka near Dunajská Lužná], ca. 130 m a.s.l., May 1949, tens of spec. observed during the day sitting on the tops of the grass blades above the water on a flooded steppe meadow (after the flood), Josef Marvan obs., 2 spec. (♂ and ♀) leg., coll. IMP.7969: Bratislava – Čunovo, PR Ostrovné lúčky , TSH obs.7772: Šoporňa, [ca. 122 m a.s.l.], July 1952, 1 ♂, Kotek leg., coll. MHKC.7373: Modrovka, [ca. 170 m a.s.l.], 15.vii.1979, 1 ♀, Mrklovský leg., coll. Ladislav Bojčuk deposited in MHKC.7074: Trenčín – Zlatovce [env.], June 1926, [Rudolf] Čepelák leg., 1 ♂ and 1 ♀ in coll. Josef Gottwald deposited in NHMB, 2 ♀♀ in coll. Paolo Luigioni deposited in MCZR, 1 ♂ in coll. Zdeněk Tesař deposited in SNMS, 1 ♂ in coll. MIZP; Trenčín – Zlatovce [env.], June 1926, 1 ♀, collector not specified, coll. TLMF; [Trenčín –] Zlatovce [env.], no other data, 2 ♀♀ in coll. Zdeněk Tesař deposited in SNMS; June 1931, L[adislav] Korbel leg., 1 ♂ in coll. JJP, 1 ♀ in coll. Ladislav Daněk deposited in MHKC; June 1935, 1 ♂ and 1 ♀ (ex coll. Johann Peter Wolf), “col. Kardasch” [= Gregor Kardasch leg.], coll. ETHZ.7174: “Trencsen Ungarn” , undated, 1 ♂ and 1 ♀ (ex coll. Engelbert Pawlik) in coll. NMPC, 1 ♂ and 1 ♀ in coll. FMNH, 2 spec. in coll. ZSMG, 1 spec. in coll. MTDG, 2 ♀♀ (ex coll. P. Franck) in coll. MIZP, 1 ♀  in coll. SMNS; Trenčín, no other data, 3 spec. in coll. NHMW, 1 ♂ in coll. MNBG, 1 spec in coll. SZM; “Trencin Slow.” , no other data, 1 ♀ in coll. Leopold Mader deposited in MNSA; “Trenčín, Tchécoslovaquie” , undated, 1 ♂ and 1 ♀,“coll. J[oseph] Clermont”, coll. Jacques Baraud deposited in MNHN; “Slovakia Trenčín”, 2.vii.[year not specified], no other data, 1 ♀ in coll. MHKC; Trenčín, undated, [Rudolf] Čepelák [leg.], 6 ♂♂ and 5 ♀♀ in coll. Leopold Mader deposited in MNSA, 5 ♂♂ and 4 ♀♀ in coll. SNMS, 3 ♂♂ and 5 ♀♀ in coll. MHNG, 2 ♂♂ and 3 ♀♀ in coll. MNBG, 3 ♂♂ and 1 ♀  in coll. SDEI, 2 ♂♂ and 2 ♀♀ in coll. Henri Coiffait deposited in MNHN, 3 ♂♂ and 1 ♀ (ex coll. Johann Peter Wolf) in coll. ETHZ, 3 ♂♂ and 1 ♀ in coll. MHKC, 2 ♂♂ (ex coll. Sten Stockmann) in coll. FMNH, 1 ♂ and 1 ♀ in coll. MIZP, 1 ♂ and 1 ♀ in coll. SMNS, 1 ♂ in coll. RBIN, 1 ♂ in coll. Ladislav Daněk deposited in MHKC, 1 ♀ in coll. Jacques Baraud deposited in MNHN, 1 ♂ in coll. Georg Frey deposited in NHMB, 1 ♂ and 1 ♀ in coll. Vladimír Zoufal deposited in MMBC, 1 ♀ in coll. Emil Jagemann deposited in MMBC, 2 spec. in coll. ZSMG, 1 ♂ (ex coll. Antonio Porta) in coll. MSNM, 1 spec. (head and pronotum missing) in coll. RMNH, 2 ♂♂ in coll. LEN, 1 ♂ in coll. DKC, 1 ♀ in coll. VKS; Trenčín, undated [most likely late 1920s/early 1930s], Z. Zeman leg., 1 ♀ in coll. SMNS, 1 ♂ in coll. VKS; Trenčín, undated, 1 ♂, V[ilém] Steidl [leg.], coll. MIZP; Trenčín, undated, [Ladislav] Krejcárek [leg.], 2 ♂♂ and 1 ♀ in coll. TMLS  in coll. NHMB, 1 ♂ in coll. FMNH; Trenčín, 1931, 3 ♂♂ and 3 ♀♀, [Rudolf] Čepelák [leg.], coll. Paolo Luigioni deposited in MCZR; Trenčín, May 1931, Dr A[lois] Richter leg., 1 ♀ in coll. NMPC, 1 ♀ in coll. MJMC; “Trencsin” [= Trenčín], undated, 1 spec., S. Kardasch [leg.], coll. SMNK; Trenčín, June 1935, 1 spec., G[regor] Kardasch [leg.], coll. SMNK; Trenčín, 1936, 2 spec., [Rudolf] Čepelák [leg.], coll. SMNK; Trenčín, June 1936, 1 ♂ and 1 ♀, [Rudolf] Čepelák [leg.], coll. VKS; Trenčín, July [19]36, 1 ♂ in coll. Jan Volák deposited in MHKC.TMLS see , 1 ♀ in 7274: [Považský Inovec Mts], Inovec [hill env.], 1 ♂, [Ladislav] Krejcárek [leg.], coll. Josef Gottwald deposited in NHMB.7674: Nitra [env.], 1950, no other data, 1 ♂ in coll. MHKC.8177: Štúrovo env., Belianské kopce hills, “Hegyfarok” [= Modrý vrch], 47°49'8.09"N, 18°39'32.4"E, ca. 150 m a.s.l., 20.viii.2005, 1 spec., at light after midnight, 1.ix.2005, 1 spec., at light after midnight, 14.vi.2006, 2 spec., at light, 15.vi.2006, 1 spec., at light, 15.vi.2007, 1 spec., at light, 29.vii.2008, 2 spec., at light, 30.vii.2008, 1 spec., VVO obs.; Modrý vrch, PR Vŕšok, 47°49'6"N, 18°39'33"E, ca. 150 m a.s.l., 22.v.2014, 1 ♂, at light, OSO obs.; 47°49'13.5"N, 18°39'21.5"E, ca. 195 m a.s.l., 4.vi.2015, 1 ♀ at UV light at 21.30–0.30 CEST and 1 ♀ at UV light (the same trap) at 1.15 CEST (5.vi.2015), OSO obs. ; 6.vi.2015, 1 ♂ FSLG after sunset, anonymous observer from the Czech Republic obs. (moreover 1 spec. of Och.integriceps in the light trap was observed); 47°49'9.54"N, 18°39'26.4"E, ca. 170 m a.s.l., 27.v.2015, 1 spec. FSLG after sunset, and 1 spec. at light, two anonymous observers from the Czech Republic obs.8078: Zalaba, 47°58'8.8"N, 18°42'29.2"E, ca. 150 m a.s.l., June 1975, 1 spec. crawling on the ground on a sandy slope sparsely covered with black locust trees (Robiniapseudoacacia) at ca. 19.00 CEST, JAH.8178: Bajtava, 16.vi.2006, 1 spec., at light, VVO obs.; Kamenica nad Hronom, Čierna hora hill  on a path, ONV obs., 5 ♂♂ and 3 ♀♀ flying ca. 30–100 cm above the ground at 19.52–20.07 CEST, together with 1 ♂ of Od.armiger, DJP and ONV obs.  on a path, DJP, JCM and IMO obs., 1 ♂ flying relatively quickly ca. 1 m above the ground at 19.43 CEST and 1 ♂ flying very slowly ca. 10 cm above the ground at 19.47 CEST, DJP and IMO obs.  and at light (3 spec.), OSO obs.; Kamenica nad Hronom env., ca. 530 m NNE of the hilltop of Čierna hora hill, 47°50'26"N, 18°43'50.7"E, 180 m a.s.l., 30.v.2011, 1 ♀ FSLG after sunset, small steppe hillside near an oak forest, FSP obs.; Kováčov, [110 m a.s.l.], 8.viii.1965, 1 ♂, K[arel] Poláček leg., coll. MHKC; Chľaba, 11.vi.1985, 1 ♂ and 1 ♀ J. Hladný leg., coll. JZJ.ill Fig. , ca. 47°bs. Fig. , and 15 bs. Fig. , 1 spec 8178–8278: “Parkaň” [= Štúrovo], [ca. 110 m a.s.l.], 1934, no other data, 1 ♀ in coll. MHKC; 1940, no other data, 1 ♂ in coll. MHKC; Štúrovo, July 1967, 1 ♀, collector unknown, coll. ASH.8179: Chľaba env., Močiar (the site near the confluence of the Danube and Ipeľ rivers), 47°49'14.53"N, 18°50'52.72"E, 110 m a.s.l., 12.vi.2014, 1 ♂ FSLG at 21.40 CEST, together with 2 ♀♀ of Od.armiger, OSO obs.7785: Cerová vrchovina Mts, Hajnáčka – Buková env., ca. 48°13'51.39"N, 19°58'26.32"E, 1.vi.1978, 1 ♂ crawling on the ground in the afternoon in sunlight, IJN leg. [storage of the specimen unknown]; Cerová vrchovina Mts, Hajnáčka – Buková env., “circular pasture under vággon” , 23.vi.1990, 1 ♀ flying at 21.28 CEST, JVP leg., ex original coll. JVP, currently in coll. NMPC; Hajnáčka – western edge of the village, 48°12'48.2"N, 19°56'52.1"E, ca. 275 m a.s.l., 7.vi.2010, 1 ♀ FSLG after sunset, together with more spec. of Od.armiger and Och.chrysomeloides, PVP obs.; 8.vi.2010, 1 spec. FSLG after sunset, together with more spec. of Od.armiger and Och.chrysomeloides, PVP obs.; Hajnáčka – Buková env., steppe hillside , 48°13'37.24"N, 19°58'23.73"E, 340–390 m a.s.l., 27.v.2008, 5 ♀♀ FSLG at 21.10–21.35 CEST, 22 °C, no wind, together with 20 spec. of Od.armiger and 19 spec. of Och.chrysomeloides, DJP and FSP obs.  ♂ crawling on the T-shirt spread out on the ground near the edge of the forest, under an oak tree (Quercuscerris) at 19.55 CEST, 1 ♂ flying relatively quickly and zigzag ca. 1 m above the ground and 3 ♀♀ flying slowly ca. 0.5 m above the ground at 21.10–1.40 CEST, 21 °C, no wind to light air, together with 20 spec. of Od.armiger and 14 spec. of Och.chrysomeloides, DJP, KDO and PJL obs. , RCR obs.; 8.vii.2015, 9 ♂♂ and 6 ♀♀ FSLG after sunset (ca. 21.11 CEST), RCR obs.; 29.vi.2017, 4 ♂♂ and 8 ♀♀ FSLG after sunset (ca. 21.07 CEST), RCR obs.; Hajnáčka, Lapos, 48°13'32.37"N, 19°57'50.58"E, ca. 350 m a.s.l., 24.vii.2020, 12 ♂♂ and 9 ♀♀ FSLG at 21.05–21.30 CEST, 15 °C, RCR obs.7785–7885: Cerová vrchovina Mts, Gemerský Jablonec, 48°12'0.44"N, 19°59'24.31"E, 250–265 m a.s.l., steppe hillside with shrubbery of Prunusspinosa and Rosacanina on the hilltop, 4.vii.2009, 1 ♂ a 3 ♀♀ FSLG at 21.30–21.50 CEST, FPT and JPH obs. , DJP obs. ; Jestice – Kökényes, 48°12'45.84"N, 20°2'50.77"E, 250 m a.s.l., 23.vi.2020, 1 ♂ flying after sunset, ABC obs.; 6.vii.2020, 1 ♂ and 1 ♀ flying after sunset, ABC obs.; Jestice – Ivánkúta env., 48°12'30.9"N, 20°5'5.37"E, 254 m a.s.l., 7.vi.2015, 2 ♂♂ FSLG at 20.25 CEST, edge of an oak forest, RCR obs.7489: Slovak Karst, “Rakaťa” [= Rakyta Cottage] env., 48°35'29.7"N, 20°34'01.45"E, ca. 540 m a.s.l., 5.vii.1988, 1 ♀ excavated from its burrow, DKP . In addition to the already known localities, Published data“Gallia”, no other data .“Alsace”, no other data .Grand Est, Bas-Rhin, Strasbourg, ca. 140 m a.s.l., “in coll. Dr Puton – Jules Bourgeois pers. comm.”, no other data , which, according to Denis Keith (pers. comm.), is dubious and probably based on mislabelled material. The site (a mountainous area) does not meet the known requirements of the species and its occurrence here seems to be highly improbable. The same applies to the Mont Cenis specimen from the Abeille de Perrin’s collection in the MNHN.For France, Published dataBaden-Württemberg, Markgräflerland, Neuenburg am Rhein – Grißheim, “Grißheimer Trockenaue”, , 2.vi.1967, 1 ♂, at light, Hans Messmer leg., photo + coll. Richard Disch (rd Disch .Bavaria (Bayern), “Bavaria”, no other data  – these records will be published with additional details at a later date .Bavaria (Bayern), Upper Bavaria (Oberbayern), Ingolstadt, [ca. 370 m a.s.l.], 9.ix.[18]92, 1 spec. Dr K[arl] Daniel [leg.], “Fundortverwechslung” [= locality mistaken], coll. ZSMG . The new records presented from Baden represent the first known data on the species’ occurrence in Germany after 54 years , Basel, undated, 1 spec., Ed. Bernoulli leg. (lli leg. .Republic and Canton of Ticino (Repubblica e Cantone Ticino), no other data, Villa [leg.] , “Tigurini” [= Zürich], undated, 2 ♀♀, collector unknown, “Mus. Drews.” , coll. NHMD , no other data , 1 ♂, [Flaminio] Baudi [di Selve] [leg.], and 1 ♂, L. Carrara [leg.], no other data, coll. MNFI , no other data,  – this specimen, labelled “92", is still in the Bertolini’s collection deposited in MUSE; ? Provincia autonoma di Trento, Torcegno env., “in the mountains above Torcegno”, undated, 3 spec., together with Od.armiger, [Giovanni] Costesso leg., coll. Stefano de Bertolini ; Venezia Tridentina, no other data , 1 ♀ at actinic light at 21.15 CEST , 10.ix.2018, 1 ♂ in flight at 20.15 CEST , 12.x.2018, 1 ♀ in flight at 20.00 CEST, 15.v.2019, 1 ♂ and 1 ♀ in flight at 21.15 CEST , 16.v.2019, 2 ♂♂ and 1 ♀ in flight at 21.00–21.15 CEST (air temperature 17 °C), 1 ♀ crawling on the ground at 21.20 CEST, 24.v.2019, 5 ♂♂ in flight at 21.20–21.35 CEST , 26.v.2019, 1 ♂ in flight at 21.20–21.35 CEST , 1.vi.2019, 1 ♂ and 2 ♀♀, in flight at 21.40 CEST , 6.vi.2019, 2 ♂♂ and 1 ♀, in flight at 21.00–21.20 CEST , 7.vi.2019, 2 ♂♂ in flight at 21.35 CEST , Paolo Glerean and Gabriele Stefani obs. (ani obs. .Tuscany (Toscana), no other data, coll. Dr L[ucas] von Heyden , coll. SDEI.“Italia, Sella [it is not clear whether it is a geographical name or the name of a person]”, no other data, 1 ♂ in coll. Piedmont (Piemonte), “Pedem.”, , no other data, 1 ♂ in coll. RBIN; “Pedemt.” [= Piedmont], no other data, 3 ♂♂ and 1 ♀ in coll. Maurice Pic deposited in MNHN; “Pedemont.” [= Piedmont], no other data, 1 ♂ and 1 ♀ (ex coll. Christian Drewsen) in coll. NHMD, 1 ♂ (ex coll. Carl Gustaf Thomson) in coll. MZLU, 1 spec. in coll. NHMW; “Pedemont.” [= Piedmont], undated, L[éon Marc Herminie] Fairm[aire] [leg.], 1 ♂ and 1 ♀ (ex coll. Fredrik Wilhelm Mäklin) in coll. FMNH; “Alp. Pedemont.” [= Alpes Pedemontium], undated, 2 ♂♂ and 1 ♀, [Vittore] Ghiliani [leg.], coll. NHMD; “Piémont” [= Piedmont], undated, 1 ♂ in coll. Elzéar Abeille de Perrin deposited in MNHN, 1 ♀ in coll. Antoine Boucomont deposited in MNHN, 1 ♀ in coll. Jacques Baraud deposited in MNHN, 1 ♂ in coll. NMPC, 1 ♀, in coll. Alfonz Gspan deposited in PMSL, 1 ♂  in coll. NHML; “Piemont” [= Piedmont], no other data, 1 ♂ and 1 ♀ in coll. MNBG, 1 ♂ and 1 ♀ in coll. RBIN; “Piemont” [= Piedmont], “coll. Rottenberg”, 1 ♀ in coll. SDEI; “Piemont” [= Piedmont], “coll. [Carl] Felsche”, 1 spec. in coll. MTDG; “Piemonte” [= Piedmont], “colezz. Alzona” [= coll. Alzona], 1 ♀ in coll. MSNM; Città metropolitana di Torino, Rivarossa, [ca. 285 m a.s.l.], no other data, 1 ♀ in coll. Leopold Mader deposited in MNSA; “Turin” [= Torino], no other data, 1 ♂ and 2 ♀♀ in coll. Sylvain Augustin de Marseul deposited in MNHN, 1 ♂ and 1 ♀ in coll. NHMD, 1 spec. in coll. ZSMG; Torino, 25.vii.[year not specified], no other data, 1 ♂ in coll. Georg Frey deposited in NHMB; Torino, “alluvioni Po” [= alluvial materials of the Po river], ca. 230 m a.s.l., 1871, 1 ♀, L. Fea leg., coll. MSNG; Torino, no other data, 1 ♂ in coll. FMNH, 1 spec. in coll. NHMW; Borgofranco d’Ivrea, [ca. 250 m a.s.l.], undated, 1 ♂, L. Demarchi leg., coll. MSNG; Provincia di Alessandria, Lerma, ca. 300 m a.s.l., May 1995, 1 ♂, in the morning accidentally dug up from the soil in the orchard; 8.iv.2014, 1 ♂, in the morning accidentally dug up from the soil in the orchard; 4.v.2014, 1 ♂ in the morning on the ground and 1 ♀ at UV light at 21.30 CEST, after several days of rain; 11.v.2014, 1 ♀, accidentally dug up from the soil in the garden at 16.00 CEST; 3.viii.2014, 1 ♀ flying around the light at 21.30 CEST; 16.v.2015, 1 ♂, at UV light at 21.30 CEST, rain in the morning and the day before, very wet, 17 °C; 17.v.2015, 1 ♂, at UV light at 21.15 CEST, wet, 17 °C; 20.vi.2015, 1 ♀, at UV light at 22.00 CEST, heavy rainfall in previous days, vegetation and soil heavily saturated with water, 17 °C; 21.vi.2015, 1 ♀, at UV light at 22.00, wet, 17 °C; 29.vi.2015, 1 ♀, at UV light at 21.50 CEST, 23 °C, LRL obs. (see obs. see .Lombardy (Lombardia), Provincia di Varese, Casorate Sempione, ca. 280 m a.s.l., October 1958, 1 ♂, at light, A. Bilardo leg., ex original coll. Giovanni Mariani, currently deposited in coll. RPM . Records from Sicily  , which is evident both from the drawing of the specimen and from its description; in addition, this specimen was allegedly lost . This study presents new records from the third known locality with a recent occurrence of the species in Italy (Lerma).In the collection of Zdeněk Tesař deposited in m Sicily  refer to898) see . Benasso898) see  is apparPublished dataMazovian Voivodeship (Województwo mazowieckie), Warsaw – Saska Kępa, 80–85 m a.s.l., undated, 2 spec., Antoni Waga leg. , Opole County, Złotniki, ca. 155 m a.s.l., undated, 1 ♀, Ludwik Fryderyk Hildt leg. (ldt leg. .Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship (Województwo świętokrzyskie), Kielce County, Chęciny, 1 spec., no other data, , Lublin env., no other data, Baumgarten leg. , Wadowice County (Powiat wadowicki), “Wadowice, Hal.” , 1 ♀, undated, Smolik [leg.], DJP det., coll. NMBE.Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship (Województwo świętokrzyskie), Kielce County, “Góry Stokrzyskie [env.], Gałęzice, [Mt.] Góra Ostrówka” , July 1921, 1 ♂, J. Czarnocki [leg.], “Polonia, [coll.] Sz[ymon] Tenenbaum”, coll. MIZP , Linz, Scharlinz, ca. 250 m a.s.l., 25.v.1936, 1 ♂, [Johann] Wirthumer leg., coll. BZLA , no other data ; Groß-Enzersdorf – Mühlleiten env., 48°10'34"N, 16°33'6.6"E, 159 m a.s.l., 24.vi.2019, 1 ♂ flying up to 0.5 m above the ground at 21.40 CEST, meadow adjacent to the forest, 22 °C, gentle breeze, ADW obs. + photo , no other data, coll. Dr Lucas von Heyden , with no further details , Villach, Teufelsgraben, 1 spec. with no other data , Grazer Bergland, Hörgas [near Gratwein-Straßengel], undated, 1 ♂ [10.6 mm], G[ustav] Wallaberger Sr. leg., coll. UMJG , J. Gunczy obs., photo Gernot Kunz , “Nied. Oesterr.” [= Niederösterreich], no other data, 1 ♂ in coll. NMBE; Melk, undated, 23 spec. in coll. NHMW, 1 ♂ and 1 ♀  in coll. Georg Frey deposited in NHMB, 1 ♂  in coll. MHNG  in coll. Georg Frey deposited in NHMB  in coll. MHNG;  “Donau-Auen”, undated, 1 ♂ and 1 ♀, F[ranz] Blühweiss leg., 1 ♂ and 1 ♀, Fr. Reiss leg., ex original coll. Rudolf Petrovitz, currently in coll. MHNG;  Donauauen, no other data, 1 ♀ in coll. TLMF, 10 spec. in coll. NHMW;  Donauauen, undated, 1 ♀, F[ranz] Blühweiss [leg.], coll. MNBG; “Marchfeld, Oberweiden”, no other data, 1 ♀ in coll. MNBG; Oberweiden, Steppe [= steppe], 7.viii.1959, 1 ♀, J[osef] Gusenleitner leg., coll. BZLA.MHNG cf. ; Wachau,NHMB cf. ; “Umg. WVienna (Wien), “Wien” [= Vienna], no other data, 2 ♀♀ in coll. Vladimír Zoufal deposited in MMBC, 1 spec. in coll. MTDG, 1 ♀ in coll. BZLA; “Wien” [= Vienna], undated, 1 ♂, J[osef] Moser leg., coll. BZLA; “Vienne” [= Vienna], no other data, 1 ♂ and 1 ♀ in coll. Albert Sicard deposited in MNHN; “Wien Umg.,” [= Vienna env.], no other data, 1 ♂ in coll. Leopold Mader deposited in MNSA; “Wien, Umgebg.” [= Vienna env.], undated, 1 ♀, F. Schade [leg.], coll. Jaroslav Matoušek deposited in MMBC; “Wien Umgebgebung”, undated, 2 ♂♂, A[dolf] Hoffmann leg., coll. TLMF; “Umg. Wien” [= Vienna env.], undated, Ad[olf] Hoffmann [leg.], 1 ♀ (ex coll. P. Franck) in coll. MIZP, 1 ♂ in coll. SMNS, 1 ♀ in coll. Alfonz Gspan deposited in PMSL; “Hochwasser bei Wien” [= flood near Vienna], no other data, 1 ♀ (ex coll. Adolf Hoffmann) in coll. Jan Roubal deposited in SNMS; Vienna, Donau [= Danube river], Hochwasser [= flood], undated, 1 ♂  in coll. MHNG; Vienna, “Donauüberschwemmung” [= flooded Danube river], September 1920, 1 spec., R. F. Lang [leg.], coll. NHMW; Vienna env., undated, 1 ♀, Carl Mandl [leg.], coll. Georg Frey deposited in NHMB; Vienna env., undated, 1 ♂, Matuschka [leg.], ex original coll. Josef Breit (Vienna), currently in coll. Georg Frey deposited in NHMB; Vienna, “Inundationsgebiet” [= inundation area of the Danube river], undated, 3 spec.  in coll. NHMW, 1 ♂  in coll. Georg Frey deposited in NHMB; Vienna, Prater, no other data, 1 spec. in coll. NHMW.CommentIn Austria, this species is known from six of the nine Austrian states. A recent attempt to rediscover the species at suitable sites along the Traun River in Upper Austria  was unsuPublished dataWestern Transdanubia (Nyugat-Dunántúl), Vas County, “Molna-Szecsőd” [= Molnaszecsőd], 10.vi. [turn of the 19th and 20th century], ca. 180 m a.s.l., 1 spec. inside the digestive system of Cuculuscanorus, Ernő Csiki obs. , Komárom-Esztergom County, “Szőny” [a part of the current Komárom city], 6.viii.1901, 2 spec. inside the digestive system of Upupaepops, Ernő Csiki obs. ; Komárom-Esztergom County, Csolnok, no other data ; Oroszlány env., Majkpuszta, Majki-hegy, 14.vi.1997, 1 ♀, at light. CKZ ; Fejér County, Adony, no other data .iki obs. ; Komáromiki obs. ; Komáromher data , 28.v.18ght. CKZ ; Fejér Cher data , 1 ♂, unSouthern Transdanubia (Dél-Dunántúl), Somogy County, Fonyód, ca. 140 m a.s.l., undated, 1 ♂, Viktor Stiller leg., coll. HNHM ; Somogy County, Ordacsehi, Csehi-berek, 21.vii.2004, György Rozner leg. ; Somogy County, Balatonföldvár, no other data ; Somogy County, Balatonvilágos – Balatonaliga, 1.viii.1980, collector unknown, 1 spec. in coll. HNHM ; Somogy County, Szenna, 9.vi.1998, György Rozner leg. ; Tolna County, Hőgyész, 46°30'38"N, 18°25'55"E, 24.vii.1994, 1 spec. at light, collector not specified ; Tolna County, Bátaapáti env., Nagy-mórágyi-völgy [valley], Quercetum, 15.vii.2004, 1 ♀, OMB leg., coll. HNHM ; Baranya County, Sellye, finding in truffle (Tuber sp.), no other data ; Baranya County, “Szabolcs” [= Pécs – Szabolcs or Mecsekszabolcs] env., “Szarvasnóta”, ca. 46°8'8"N, 18°15'46"E, beginning of June 1880, 1 ♂ and 1 ♀, the female was digging a hole into the ground at the edge of a forest footpath like Copris, and it seemed that the male was helping her with this work, Dr Ernő Kaufmann leg. , Veszprém County, Pápa env., no other data , June 1895, 1 ♀, Ferenc Wachsmann leg., coll. HNHM ; Veszprém County, Balatonalmádi, 5.ix.1940, 1 ♂, Ernő Csiki leg., coll. HNHM ; Veszprém County, Vászoly env., Öreg-hegy, 250–290 m a.s.l., 3.vii.1999, 1 spec., IRB leg. ; Veszprém County, Paloznak 17.viii.1961, Frigyes Novák leg., coll. HNHM ; Pest County, Buda hills (Budai-hegység), no other data ; Pest County, “Kis-Szent-Miklós” or “Őrszentmiklós” [= Őrbottyán – Őrszentmiklós], 1876, dry oak forest on the hill, 1 spec. on the ground in the grass in the evening , Karoly Sajó leg. ; Pest County, Pilis hegység, no other data ; Pest County, Szigetszentmiklós, 6.vi.1954, 1 ♀, Miklós Nattán leg., coll. HNHM ; Pest County, Dabas, no other data ; Pest County, Táborfalva env., shooting and training area, , 11.vii.2012, 1 spec., at light, SIB obs. ; Pest County, Gödöllő env., no other data ; Pest County, Gödöllő, 55 Erdőszél Street, , 2005, no other data, VSI leg., ; 47°29'11.48"N, 19°23'19.52"E, 3.vi.1972, 1 spec., IRB leg. ; Pest County, Isaszeg, no other data ; 1908, 1 ♀, 1909, 1 ♀, June 1917, 1 ♂, Hugó Diener leg., coll. HNHM ; June 1929, 1 spec., Hugó Diener leg., coll. HNHM , 17.vi.2002, 1 spec., at light, SIB obs., 19.vi.2004, 1 spec., at light, SIB obs., 29.v.2005, 1 spec., at light, SIB obs. ; Pest County, Biatorbágy, 27.vi.1999, 1 ♂, at light, AGB leg., coll. HNHM ; Pest County, Nagykovácsi env., Julianna-major, 10.vi.1985, 1 spec., at light, 18.vii.1985, 1 spec., at light, Dezső Szalóki leg. , 8.vi.1991, 2 ♀♀, on Glomusmacrocarpum, Cynodonto-Festucetum, LAB leg., coll. HNHM ; Buda [currently western part of Budapest], “Graberl” [a historical excursion destination in the Buda surroundings], 13.v.1798 (!), 1 spec., Tóbiás Koy leg. ; Budapest env., Kamaraerdő, 25.iv.1920, 1 ♂ and 30.v.1922, 1 ♀, Hugó Diener leg., coll. HNHM ; [Budapest –] Rákos, no other data ; Budapest – Cinkota, no other data ; Budapest – Mártonhegy, 17.iii.1949, 1 ♂, József Szőcs leg., coll. HNHM ; Budapest – Nagytétény, undated, 1 ♂, Sebő Endrődi leg., coll. HNHM ; Budapest – Rákosszentmihály, 15.viii.1930, 1 ♂, at light, Jenő Győrffy leg., coll. HNHM ; Budapest – Szépvölgy, 23.vi.1975, OMB leg. , Csongrád-Csanád County, Szeged – Kiskundorozsma env., Nagyszék, 16.–23.vi.1989, 1 spec., pitfall trap with ethylene glycol, Béla Gaskó leg., coll. MMSH ; Békés County, Dombegyház env., Trianon border mound, 46°18'17.54"N, 21°8'43.38"E, 99 m a.s.l., 9.vi.2013, 1 ♂, pitfall trap on a narrow strip of grass with loess soil, TDS and TDB leg., coll. HNHM ; Bács-Kiskun County, “Peszér” [= Kunpeszér] env., no other data , Heves County, Mátra Mts, Galyatető, 10.vii.1959, Sándor Szabó leg. .abó leg. ; Borsod-Northern Great Plain (Észak-Alföld), Hajdú-Bihar County, “Debreczen” [= Debrecen] env., ca. 1860–1880, 1 spec., József Török leg. , Győr-Moson-Sopron County, Győr – Likócs env., ca. 47°42'52.5"N, 17°41'45"E, 2019, 115 m a.s.l., pitfall traps, no other data , Fejér County, Csór, ca. 150 m a.s.l., 21.v.2014, 1 ♀, at light on a steppe, MPK leg., coll. DCO; 28.v.2016, 1 ♂, at light, DVZ obs.; Fejér County, Csákberény, Bucka hill, 47°20'51.65"N, 18°21'35.32"E, 230 m a.s.l., 11.vi.1987, 1 spec., at light, CSB obs.; Fejér County, Gánt env., Köves-völgy [valley], 47°24'19.94"N, 18°22'47.67"E, 280 m a.s.l., 14.vi.2019, 1 ♀ flying after sunset, VSI obs.; Fejér County, Nagykarácsony, 46°52'49.4"N, 18°43'27.1"E, 150 m a.s.l., 2.vi.2021, 2 ♂♂ and 1 ♀ FSLG after sunset, 17–18 °C, light breeze, TDS obs.; Fejér County, Adony env., 47°5'17.2"N, 18°49'10.3"E, 120 m a.s.l., 1.vi.2021, 10 spec. FSLG after sunset, 11–15 °C, no wind, TDB and TDS obs.; Komárom-Esztergom County, Környe, no other data, 1 ♂ in coll. RBIN; Komárom-Esztergom County, Esztergom env., Kis-Strázsa-hegy hill, 47°44'59.210"N, 18°44'35.07"E, 210 m a.s.l., 23.iv.2006, 1 spec., at light (mercury-vapor lamp), VPB; Komárom-Esztergom County, Kesztölc env., 47°43'13.4"N, 18°47'43.3"E, 17.x.2014, 260 m a.s.l., 1 ♀ excavated from its burrow from a depth of 60 cm, loess steppe with abundant occurrence of Lethrusapterus , TVP ; Komárom Esztergom County, Máriahalom env., 47°37'28.3"N, 18°41'21.68"E, 190 m a.s.l., 31.vii.2020, 1 ♀, at light, BKL obs. + photo (DJP det.); Veszprém County, Nagyvázsony env., 47°1'40.73"N, 17°42'38.62"E, 315 m a.s.l., 12.vi.2009, 1 ♀ flying ca. 10 cm above the ground after sunset, KLP; 16.vi.2016, 3 ♂♂ FSLG after sunset, JHH, JPP, JSUMSZ, MPV and PIL obs.; Veszprém County, Vászoly env., Öreg-hegy, 250–290 m a.s.l., 3.vii.1999, 1 spec., IRB leg., coll. SZM; Veszprém County, Örvényes, 46°55'8.3"N, 17°48'26.07"E, 150 m a.s.l., 16.vi.2019, 1 ♀ flying after sunset, forest pasture, VSI obs.; Veszprém County, Felsőörs, Öreg-hegy, 47°0'57.59"N, 17°58'52.72"E, 214 m a.s.l., 7.viii.2018, 1 ♂, dead near the light in a garden, FKD obs. + photo (DJP det.); Veszprém County, Bakony Mts, Litér, [ca. 200 m a.s.l.], 14.vii.2014, 1 ♀, IRB leg., coll. GML.Southern Transdanubia (Dél-Dunántúl), Somogy County, Balatonendréd, 46°50'52"N, 17°59'18"E, 174 m a.s.l., 11.v.1989, 1 ♀ excavated from its burrow together with 1 ♂ of Od.armiger, VRH; Somogy County, Ságvár, Jaba-völgy [valley], 46°49'28.29"N, 18°2'32.93"E, 180 m a.s.l., 25.ix.2017, 1 ♀ crawling on the ground, PFS obs. + photo (DJP det.); Somogy County, Balatonvilágos – Balatonaliga, 10.vi.1983, 1 spec., at light, SIB obs.; Baranya County, Zselic Mts, Mozsgó, ca. 150 m a.s.l., 27.vii.2017, 1 ♂, at light, MRM; Baranya County, Drávaszabolcs, 4/c Köztársaság tér Street, 45°48'20.95"N, 18°12'43.74"E, 91 m a.s.l., 28.vi.2020, 1 ♀ dead under the lamp, JST; Baranya County, Villányi-hegység Mts, Nagyharsány env., Szársomlyó hill, ca. 145 m a.s.l., 22.v.1977, 1 ♂, at light., AUP; Baranya County, Erdősmecske, ca. 240 m a.s.l., 18.viii.2012, 1 spec., 31.vii.2016, 1 spec., 27.v.2017, 1 spec., REE obs.Central Hungary (Közép-Magyarország), Pest County, Zsámbék, June 2016, 1 ♀, students of Department of Zoology, Charles University, Prague leg., coll. DKP deposited in NMPC; Pest County, Biatorbágy, 47°27'54.501"N, 18°51'0.515"E, ca. 190 m a.s.l., 24.vii.2021, 1 ♂, at light, GAB obs. + photo (DJP det.); Pest County, Nagymaros env., Rigó-hegy hill, 47°46'31.63"N, 18°56'11.65"E, ca. 300 m a.s.l., 21.iv.2019, 1 ♂, night sweeping, TNB leg., coll. HNHM; Pest County, Szentendre – Izbég env., 47°41'47.61"N, 19°1'40.06"E, 195 m a.s.l., 9.vi.2014, 1 spec., at light (mercury-vapor lamp), GBP and APE obs.; Pest County, Pócsmegyer env., 47°43'44.5"N, 19°6'25.7"E, 110 m a.s.l., 11.viii.2006, 1 spec., 20.vi.2008, 1 spec., 18.vi.2010, 1 spec., pitfall traps without attractant, SBP and ZBP leg., 16.ix.2014, 1 ♀, pitfall trap, SBP leg. [storage of the specimens unspecified]; Pest County, Pomáz env., Szamár-hegy hill, 47°39'28.7"N, 18°58'43.06"E, ca. 185 m a.s.l., 2.vii.2019, 1 ♂ flying after sunset, VSI obs.; Pest County, Pomáz, Majdánpola, 47°38'27.7"N, 19°0'18.61"E, 190 m a.s.l., 1.viii.2019, 1 ♂ at light (mercury-vapor lamp), SIB obs., 1 m FSLG after sunset, VSI leg., coll. HNHM; Pest County, Budakeszi env., Hosszú-dűlő, 200 m a.s.l., 5.vi.1991, 2 ♂♂ and 1 ♀, Cynodonto-Festucetum, on Glomusmacrocarpum, LAB leg., coll. GML (pair) and JMB (1 ♂); Pest County, Budakeszi, 5.vi.2013, 1 spec., 6.vii.2014, 1 spec., 19.vii.2014, 1 spec., 26.vii.2014, 1 spec., 3.vi.2015, 1 spec., 28.v.2016, 1 spec., 4.vi.2018, 1 spec., all at light, SIB obs.; Pest County, Budakeszi, gliding airport, ca. 200 m a.s.l., 5.vii.1991, 1 spec., LNB leg., coll. SZM; Pest County, Budakeszi, Farkas-hegy env., gliding airport, 47°28'39.7"N, 18°54'50"E, ca. 200 m a.s.l., 6.v.2018, 2 ♂♂ flying after sunset, TNB obs. (1 ♂ in coll. HNHM); 23.v.2019, 1 m flying after sunset, 12.vi.2019, 1 ♀, night sweeping, 17.vi.2019, 1 ♂, night sweeping, 27.vi.2019, 1 ♂, night sweeping, 2.vii.2019, 1 ♀ flying after sunset, TNB obs., 22.ix.2019, 1 spec., TNB obs., 47°28'55.2"N, 18°55'6.25"E, 18.vi.2018, 2 ♂♂ and 1 ♀ flying after sunset, 20.vi.2018, 4 ♀♀ flying after sunset, 5.vii.2018, 2 ♂♂ and 3 ♀♀ flying after sunset, 10.vii.2018, 2 ♂♂ flying after sunset, 12.ix.2018, 1 ♂ excavated from its burrow, TNB leg., coll. HNHM; Pest County, Budakeszi – Nagyszénászug, ca. 47°29'11.6"N, 18°55'26.3"E, ca. 230 m a.s.l., 18.vi.2018, 1 spec., 9.vi.2019, 3 spec. in a private garden, LMB obs.; Pest County, Budaörs env., Farkas-hegy, 47°28'27.29"N, 18°56'40.42"E, ca. 335 m a.s.l., 8.vi.2019, 1 spec., OMB obs.; 22.vi.2021, 1 ♂ FSLG after sunset, VSI obs.; Pest County, Törökbálint, Nagy-Mező, 47°25'31.01"N, 18°57'31.04"E, 216 m a.s.l., 18.vi.2019, 1 ♀ flying after sunset, VSI obs.; Budapest, Tétényi-fennsík env., 47°25'2.309"N 18°58'59.332"E, 180 m a.s.l., 6.viii.2021, 1 ♂, at light, MLB obs. + photo, DJP det.; Budapest, “Pest” [currently eastern part of Budapest], no other data, 2 spec in coll. MNHN; Újpest [currently part of Budapest], undated, 1 ♂, Robert Meusel [leg.], coll. Jože Staudacher deposited in PMSL; Budapest, no other data, 7 spec. in coll. NHMW, 2 ♂♂ and 1 ♀  in coll. Georg Frey deposited in NHMB, 1 ♂  in coll. Jacques Baraud deposited in MNHN, 1 ♂ in coll. MNBG, 1 ♂ in coll. DKC; Budapest, undated, [Hugó] Diener [leg.], 2 ♂♂ and 1 ♀  in coll. Georg Frey deposited in NHMB, 3 spec. in coll. ZSMG, 1 spec. in coll. SMNK, 1 ♂ in coll. DKC; Budapest, Ofen [= Buda], undated, [E.] Merkl [leg.], 2 ♂♂ and 2 ♀♀ (ex coll. Stöcklein) in coll. Georg Frey deposited in NHMB; “Buda-Pesth” [= Budapest], undated, 1 ♂ and 1 ♀, E. Merkl leg., coll. NMPC; Budapest, 1890, “coll. O. Leonhard”, no other data, 2 ♂♂ in coll. SDEI; Budapest, 1895, 1 ♂ and 1 ♀, [Hugó] Diener [leg.], coll. SDEI; Budapest, 1899, 2 ♀♀, [Hugó] Diener [leg.], coll. MSNG; Budapest, Hármashatárhegy Airfield, 47°33'11.133"N, 18°58'29.279"E, 276 m a.s.l., 7.vi.2019, 1 spec., NPB obs.; Pest County, Dunakeszi, gliding airport, 47°36'51.79"N, 19°8'55.91"E, 125 m a.s.l., 10.vi.2019, 1 ♀ flying after sunset, VSI obs.; Pest County, Bugyi env., Nemes-ürbő, ca. 47°10'55.9"N, 19°11'24.7"E, 92 m a.s.l., 7.vii.2018, 3 spec., Hunor Győrfy obs.; Pest County, Bugyi, Ürbőpuszta, 47°9'52.47"N, 19°10'21.22"E, 91 m a.s.l., 10.vi.2019, 1 ♂ flying after sunset, VSI obs.; Pest County, Tatárszentgyörgy env., Ordító, ca. 47°2'13.8"N, 19°17'40.2"E, ca. 95 m a.s.l., 5.vii.1999, 4 spec., AMK obs.; Pest County, Tatárszentgyörgy env., Rohanka-dűlő, 47°3'48.05"N, 19°20'26.47"E, 98 m a.s.l., date not available [end of 20th or beginning of 21st century], 1 spec. flying after sunset, AMK obs.; Pest County, Tatárszentgyörgy env., Szabad-rét, ca. 47°3'14.07"N, 19°18'1.37"E, 94 m a.s.l., 29.vi.2018, 1 spec., CVK obs.; Pest County, Tatárszentgyörgy env., Széna-dűlő, ca. 47°1'42.25"N, 19°17'26.7"E, ca. 100 m a.s.l., 21.vi.1998, 3 ♀♀, AMK obs.; Pest County, Nagytarcsa env., Küdői-hegy hill, 47°32'21.43"N, 19°19'11.77"E, 230 m a.s.l., 8.vi.2003, 1 ♂ and 2 ♀♀, at light (mercury-vapor lamp), VSI obs. (1 spec. in coll. HNHM), 47°32'13.92"N, 19°19'10.72"E, 21.iv.2006, 1 ♀, at light (mercury-vapor lamp), VSI obs., 47°31'59.96"N, 19°19'22.96"E, ca. 250 m a.s.l., 19.vi.2018, 1 ♂, night sweeping, VSI leg., coll. HNHM, 1 ♀, at UV light, SIB obs., 47°32'17.59"N, 19°19'16.03"E, 18.vi.2013, 1 ♂ and 2 ♀♀, at light (mercury-vapor lamp), 25.vii.2019, 1 ♀, at UV light, VSI obs.; Pest County, Csomád, Öreg-hegy, 47°39'29.88"N, 19°12'38.05"E, 15.vi.2002, 1 ♂ and 1 ♀, at light (mercury-vapor lamp), VSI obs. (♂ in coll. HNHM); Pest County, Gödöllő, 55 Erdőszél Street, 47°36'11.3"N, 19°23'23.6"E, 250 m a.s.l., 15.vi.2004, 1 ♂, at light (mercury-vapor lamp), VSI leg., coll. HNHM, 5.viii.2004, 1 ♀, 7.viii.2004, 1 ♀, at light (mercury-vapor lamp), VSI obs.; Pest County, Gödöllő env., Faház-tető hill, 47°37'10.12"N, 19°25'8.94"E, 255 m a.s.l., 19.v.2004, 1 m and 2 ♀♀, at light (mercury-vapor lamp), VSI obs. (1 f in coll. HNHM), 47°37'5.81"N, 19°25'9.68"E, 26.vi.2017, 1 ♀, at light (mercury-vapor lamp), VSI, TNB and AKB obs.; Pest County, Gödöllő env., Perőc-oldal, 47°34'5.754"N, 19°20'8.424"E, ca. 250 m a.s.l., 30.vi.2019, 1 ♀, Csanád Szénási leg., coll. HNHM; Pest County, Váckisújfalu, Szélesek, 47°42'40.24"N, 19°19'36.32"E, 180 m a.s.l., 24.vii.2018, 1 ♀ flying after sunset, VSI obs.; Pest County, Pest County, Galgamácsa env., Ecskendi Forest, Ördög-árok area, 47°44'20.32"N, 19°25'17.34"E, 235 m a.s.l., 5.vi.2015, 1 ♀, at light (marcury-vapor lamp), VSI obs.; Pest County, Domonyvölgy, Bárányjárás, 47°37'23.8"N, 19°24'1.94"E, 220 m a.s.l., 21.v.2004, 1 ♂ and 1 ♀, at light (mercury-vapor lamp), VSI obs. (1 spec. in coll. HNHM); Pest County, Gödöllő - Máriabesnyő env., 47°35'38.59"N, 19°24'4.82"E, ca. 190 m a.s.l., 13.vi.2013, 1 ♂, ZKB obs. + photo (DJP det.); Pest County, Isaszeg, 29 Erdő Street, 47°31'23.412"N, 19°23'33.87"E, 19.vi.2003, 1 ♂, at light, VSI obs.; Pest County, Isaszeg env., Szarkaberki-völgy [valley] 47°32'14.86"N, 19°22'11.26"E, ca. 210 m a.s.l., 27.vi.2019, 2 ♂♂ and 1 ♀ flying after sunset, VSI obs., 1 ♂, at UV light, SIB leg., coll. HNHM; 23.vi.2020, 10 spec. SIB obs.; 1.vii.2020, 1 spec., at light, SIB obs.; Pest County, Isaszeg env., Kőmalmi tölgyes, 47°33'51.65"N, 19°25'48.93"E, ca. 250 m a.s.l., 9.v.2004, 1 ♀, at light (mercury-vapor lamp), VSI leg., coll. HNHM; Pest County, Dabas, 20.v.2012, 1 spec., at light, SIB obs.; Pest County, Pécel, 5.vi.2018, 1 spec., at light, SIB obs.; Pest County, Pécel env., 47°29'49.85"N, 19°22'56.56"E, ca. 200 m a.s.l., 12.vi.2010, 1 ♂, at light (mercury-vapor lamp), JDB obs.; Pest County, Pécel env., Trianoni-emlékmű, 47°28'28.86"N, 19°22'10.78"E, ca. 255 m a.s.l., 15.iv.2015, 1 spec., LNB obs.; Pest County, Csévharaszt, 24.vi.2004, 1 spec., at light., SIB obs.; Pest County, Albertirsa env., Golyófogó-völgy [valley], 47°15'52.86"N, 19°37'59.73"E, 150 m a.s.l., 1.vii.2019, 2 ♂♂ flying after sunset, SIB and VSI obs., 2 ♀♀, at UV light, SIB obs. (1 ♀ in coll. HNHM); Pest County, Tóalmás, Boldogkáta-puszta, 47°30'22.77"N, 19°42'2.44"E, 110 m a.s.l., 28.vi.2019, 1 ♂ and 1 ♀ flying after sunset, VSI obs. (♀ in coll. HNHM), 1 spec., at light, SIB obs.; Pest County, Tápióbicske, Gombai-patak [stream] bank, 47°22'12.5"N, 19°38'43.6"E, 120 m a.s.l., 3.vii.2019, 1 ♂ flying after sunset, VSI obs.; Pest County, Tápióbicske, Felső-Tápió [stream] bank, 47°23'58.92"N, 19°41'25.29"E, 111 m a.s.l., 20.vii.2020, 1 ♂ flying after sunset, VSI obs.Southern Great Plain (Dél-Alföld), Bács-Kiskun County, Kunpeszér env., Alsó-Peszéri-rétek, ca. 47°3'50.129"N, 19°17'57.59"E, 93 m a.s.l., 8.vi.1996, 2 ♂♂, 23.vi.1998, 1 spec., 10.vi.2002, 2 ♂♂ and 1 ♀, at light, AMK obs.; Bács-Kiskun County, Kunpeszér env., Peszéri-erdő forest, ca. 100 m a.s.l., 6.vi.1998, 6 spec., 21.vi.1999, 3 spec., 30.vi.1999, 2 ♂♂, 11.vii.1999, 1 spec., AMK obs.; 26.vi.2018, 2 spec., at light, REE obs.; 28.vi.2018, 3 spec., at light, REE and CVK obs.; 4.vii.2018, 4 spec., 5.vii.2018, 7 spec., at light, REE obs.; 6.vii.2018, 1 spec., CVK obs.; 9.vii.2020, 1 spec., 13.vii.2020, 1 spec., at light, REE obs.; 22.vii.2020, 1 spec., 29.vii.2020, 1 spec., 30.vii.2020, 5 spec., 31.vii.2020, 2 spec., 8.viii.2020, 1 spec., 16.viii.2020, 10 spec., 18.viii.2020, 7 spec., 19.viii.2020, 6 spec., 20.viii.2020, 8 spec., Botond Kozma obs.; Bács-Kiskun County, Kunadacs env., Hungarian meadow viper Conservation Centre, ca. 47°1'27.807"N, 19°17'21.286"E, ca. 100 m a.s.l., 29.vi.2018, 1 spec., Vadász Csaba obs.; Bács-Kiskun County, Kunadacs env., Hetvenholdas, ca. 47°0'56.34"N, 19°16'54.34"E, ca. 97 m a.s.l., 27.ix.2016, 1 ♀ FSLG after sunset, AMK obs.; Bács-Kiskun County, Kunadacs, Nagy-erdő forest, date not available [21st century], 1 spec. caught after sunset, AMK obs.; Bács-Kiskun County, Kunadacs, Peregi-dűlő, ca. 46°57'0.4"N, 19°17'29.4"E, 95 m a.s.l., 6.vi.2006, 1 spec., AMK obs.; Bács-Kiskun County, Kunadacs env., Szabadszállási-legelő, ca. 46°56'6"N, 19°18'15"E, 94 m a.s.l., 9.vi.2006, 1 spec., AMK obs.; Bács-Kiskun County, Páhi, Páhi-rétek, ca. 100 m a.s.l., 10.vii.2020, 3 spec., CBK and REE obs.; Bács-Kiskun County, Kiskunhalas env., pasture, 46°24'10.97"N, 19°30'33.08"E, 122 m a.s.l., 7.vi.2021, 2 ♂♂ and 1 ♀, at light just after sunset, together with 1 ♀ of Od.armiger, TKK obs. + photo (DJP det.); Bács-Kiskun County, Kecskemét – Hunyadiváros, 46°55'6.114"N, 19°42'43.794"E, 115 m a.s.l., 29.vi.2021, 1 ♀, at light, BCK and KVB obs. + photo (DJP det.).Northern Hungary (Észak-Magyarország), Nógrád County, Kozárd, village area, 47°54'53.31"N, 19°37'7.07"E, 180 m a.s.l., 28.vii.2020, 1 ♀, at light , KHE obs.; Nógrád County, Kozárd env., Majorsági-hegy hill, 47°54'59.87"N, 19°36'37.52"E, ca. 240 m a.s.l., 1.viii.2020, 1 ♀ flying after sunset, KHE obs.; Nógrád County, Kozárd env., Pohánka hill, 47°54'56.21"N, 19°37'29.88"E, 225 m a.s.l., 29.vii.2020, 1 ♂ and 1 ♀ flying after sunset, KHE obs.; Nógrád County, Bátonyterenye – Kisterenye, Váci Mihály Street, 48°0'32.22"N, 19°49'46.48"E, 190 m a.s.l., 28.v.1978, 1 ♂ FSLG after sunset, TKB and TKG obs.; Heves County, Tarnalelesz env., Pataji-far, 48°7'32.66"N, 20°9'32.12"E, 475 m a.s.l., 9.vi.2016, 1 ♂, in the grass during the day, shrubby edge of an oak forest (Quercuscerris), CBE obs.CommentBolbelasmusunicornis has been recorded several times as food for some birds  in several localities of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, including two Hungarian, two Slovak, and one Romanian locality , “Carniolia, Bolbocerasquadridens Fabr.”, undated, 1 ♂, Ferdinand Joseph Schmidt leg., coll. F. J. Schmidt deposited in PMSL, Savo Brelih revid. , “Leonhard” [= Lenart v Slovenskih goricah], no other data, 1 spec. J. N. Spitzy leg. et coll. , Moslavina , no other data [19th century] , Osijek-Baranja County, Osijek env., no other data [19th century], Vukas [leg.] , “Dalmatia”, no other data, 1 ♀ in coll NMPC; “Dalmat.” [= Dalmatia], no other data, 1 ♀ in coll. NMPC.Commentth century. The only recent record (Gradište) is given by MMBC and NMPC are presented in this study.In Croatia, the species is known only from four old records from the 19Published dataZFMK , Zavidovići env., Gostović river valley, no other data, Károly Kendi leg.  or Republika Srpska (Република Српска), Babin potok [river], no other data, 1 spec. in coll. René Mikšić [currently deposited in CMZC] (in CMZC] .CommentOnly four old records from Bosnia and Herzegovina have been published. No recent findings are known.Published dataVojvodina (Војводина), Srem District (Сремски округ), Mt. Fruška gora (Фрушка гора), village of Vrdnik (Врдник), June 2016, 1 ♀, at light, collector unknown, coll. DKP deposited in NMPC , Mala Ivanča (Мала Иванча) env., Grkovo (Грково), Trešnja Forest (Шума Трешња), 14.v.1986, 1 ♀ dug up beneath a hazel shrub together with Tuber fungi DPB leg. et coll. , Bor District (Борски округ), Đerdap National Park (Национални парк Ђердап), 6 km WSW of Tekija (Текија), 27.–28.v.2014, 2 ♂♂ and 1 ♀, collector not specified, coll. DKP [deposited in NMPC] , Srem District (Сремски округ), Inđija (Инђија) env., Krčedin (Крчедин), 19.viii.2006, 2 ♂♂, at light, steppe meadow near the Danube river, LMN leg., coll. RSG and VVO; 45°10'04.5"N, 20°08'15.4"E, 98 m a.s.l., 1.vii.2013, 1 ♂, at light at 21.25 CEST, ZBB obs. + photo , MSN obs. + photo , Bor District (Борски округ), Leskovo (Лесково) env., 44°18'17.28"N, 21°56'54.96"E, ca. 400 m a.s.l., 20.vi.2020, 1 ♂ crawling on the ground near the road at 18.42 CEST, MPN obs. + photo  FSLG at 20.35–21.00 CEST, steppe hillside  near an oak-beech forest, DHH (22 spec.), RKP (16 spec.), ZCP (11 spec.), TGK (1 spec.), and PSZ (1 spec.) leg., coll. OSD, DHH, DJP, DKP, GML, LMO, MBF, PSZ, RKP, TGK, VJP and ZCP , IMO (7 spec.), MKJ (2 spec.) leg. et coll., 4 ♂♂ and 3 ♀♀ in coll. GML , Sauk, 10.vi.1958, 1 spec., 10.–20.vi.1961, 1 spec., Xhelo Murraj leg. , Sălaj County, Zalău env., 3.viii.1973, 1 ♀, forest, collector unknown, coll. OHS , Suceava County, “Mihoweny” [= Mihoveni], 1 ♂ with no other data .Muntenia, Giurgiu County, Comana, no other data, Arnold Lucien Montandon leg., Jules Bourgeois det. , Tulcea County, Babadag [env.], [100–200 m a.s.l.], 1989–2000, no other data , Sibiu County, “Transsylv. Alpen” [= Transsilvanische Alpen ], “R.Turm Paſs” [= Roter-Turm-Pass (Pasul Turnu Roșu)], 350–450 m a.s.l., 1917, 1 ♂ and 1 ♀, Dr Maertens [leg.], coll. MNBG; Cluj County, Suatu, ca. 46°46'39"N, 23°58'24"E, ca. 365 m a.s.l., August 1997, 1 ♀, at light, steppe hillside with sparsely scattered oak trees, ARC , Bacău County, Comănești , July 2004, 1 ♂, dead inside the collector’s house (probably attracted by the light), APC; 31.vii.2010, 1 ♀, at light, APC; 8.viii.2011, 1 ♂, Barber pitfall trap, APC leg., coll. CMI; Iași County, Hârlău env., Pîrcovaci env., 47°28'28.29"N, 26°47'22.17"E, 240 m a.s.l., 24.vi.2021, 1 ♀, LHI obs. + photo (DJP det.); Iași County, Iași – Rediu, Iazul Tăutești, 47°13'33.4"N, 27°28'06.7"E, 120 m a.s.l., 28.vii.2021, 3 ♀♀, at light, MJR leg., coll. PKG; Iași County, Iași – Miroslava, Valea lui David, 47°11'38"N, 27°28'2.114"E, ca. 90 m a.s.l., 9.vii.2021, 2 ♀♀, together with 1 ♂ of Od.armiger, LHI obs. + photo (DJP det.); Iași County, Bârnova Forest , 4.vii.2005, 1 ♂, found accidentally on the ground during the day, LFI leg., coll. CUIR  env., Kulhavá skála hill env., 44°42'11.47"N, 21°43'41.49"E, 357 m a.s.l., 1.vi.2012, 1 elytron on a path going through a pasture, BJN; Caraș-Severin County, Svatá Helena (Sfânta Elena), 44°40'29.8"N, 21°42'35"E, 325 m a.s.l., 18.vi.2017, 1 ♀ FSLG after sunset, ZCP, 44°40'57.73"N, 21°42'19"E, 350 m a.s.l., 23.vi.2017, 4 spec. FSLG after sunset, ZCP obs. (1 ♂ leg. et coll.); Caraș-Severin County, Mehadia, undated [19th century], 1 ♀, “ex. coll. [Otto] Staudinger”, coll. MTDG; Mehedinți County, Tisové Údolí , ca. 44°32'36.7"N, 22°10'20.4"E, ca. 420 m a.s.l., 28.v.2008, 1 ♂ flying slowly up to 0.5 m above a path crossing a forest-steppe meadow at 21.45 EEST (= 40 min after sunset), JKV.Muntenia, “Bukarest” [= Bucharest], undated, 1 ♂, V[ladimír] Zoufal leg., coll. Vladimír Zoufal deposited in MMBC; Teleorman County, Poroschia, [ca. 40 m a.s.l.], no other data, 1 ♀ in coll. GANM; Buzău County, Măgura, Mănăstirea Ciolanu [= Ciolanu Monastery], 5.vii.2014, 1 ♂, at light (160 W mercury-vapor lamp), beech forest, VUB.Dobruja (Dobrogea), Tulcea County, Agighiol, 12.vi.1993, 1 ♀, Ioana Matache leg., coll. GANM; Tulcea County, Babadag [env.], [100–200 m a.s.l.], 20.vi.1958, 1 ♂, 20.vi.1968, 1 ♂, Nicolae Săvulescu leg., coll. GANM; 11.vii.1985, 1 ♂, at light (mercury-vapor lamp), foot of a forest-steppe loess hill, JHM leg., coll. VKS , 44°48'55.47"N, 28°41'23.15"E, 110 m a.s.l., 6.vi.2016, 1 spec., IIB, 44°49'04.0"N, 28°40'57.9"E, 140 m a.s.l., 10.vi.2016, ca. 30 spec. FSLG after sunset, MVP obs. ; Constanța County, Băneasa – Canaraua Fetei, ca. 44°3'13.28"N, 27°40'15.07"E, ca. 115 m a.s.l., 17.vii.1965, 1 ♂, Nicolae Săvulescu leg., coll. GANM; Constanța County, Albești env., Hagieni Forest, ca. 50 m a.s.l., 20.vi.1964, 1 ♀, collector unknown, coll. GANM; Constanța County, Hagieni, ca. 50 m a.s.l., 18.vi.1995, 1 ♀, at light, CWP leg., coll. LKKA.CommentFor Romania, which can be considered one of the countries at the centre of the species’ distribution, surprisingly small amounts of data have been published. New records from 22 Romanian localities are presented here.Published dataCălărași District (Raionul Călărași), Bularda near Dereneu, ca. 165 m a.s.l., 16.vi.1931, 3 ♂♂ and 4 ♀♀, Nicolai Zubowsky leg., coll. N. Zubowsky deposited in NMCM , Dănceni, ca. 170 m a.s.l., 31.v.1929, 1 ♂, Nicolai Zubowsky leg., coll. N. Zubowsky deposited in NMCM (City of Chișinău (Municipiul Chișinău), Chișinău, [ca. 100 m a.s.l.], 20.v. and 10.vii.[between 1900–1915], no other data , Chișinău, 20.iv.1912, 1 ♀, Nicolai Zubowsky leg., Valeriu Derjanschi det., coll. Rodion Stepanov (box No. 10) deposited in NMCM.Anenii Noi District (Raionul Anenii Noi), Hîrbovăț env., Hîrbovăț Forest, ca. 285 m a.s.l., June 1970, 1 ♂, Rodion Stepanov leg., Valeriu Derjanschi det., coll. R. Stepanov (box No. 28) deposited in IZCM (for incomplete data on this record see CommentThe first known record from Moldova (Chișinău) is mentioned by Published data“Gubernia podolska”  .“Volhynien” , undated, 2 spec., prof. Bresser leg.  – this rIvano-Frankivsk Oblast (Івано-Франківська область), Chornohora (Чорногора) [mountain range], 9.viii.1939, 1 ♂, collector unknown, coll. SIZK (? ll. SIZK  – the naTernopil Oblast (Тернопільська область), Ternopil Raion (Тернопільський район), Zboriv (Зборів), 19.viii.1937, 1 ♀; collector unknown, coll. SIZK , Bukovina (Буковина), Chernivtsi Raion (Чернівецький район), Chernivtsi (Чернівці), 4 spec. with no other data , Vinnytsia Raion (Вінницький район), Vinnytsia (Вінниця) env., August 1928, 1 ♂, caught in flight in the evening, collector unknown , Odessa Raion (Одеський район), Odessa (Одеса), 1827–1831, no other data ; Rozdilna Raion (Роздільнянський район), 4 km NW of Butsynivka (Буцинівка) village, 4.vi.2011, 1 ♀, at UV light, YKO leg., coll. VTO .her data , Odessa her data , 2001, “her data ; Odessa Kyiv Oblast (Київська область), Kiyv (Київ), old town, May 1839, 4 spec. under a dead dog, June 1870, 1 spec. on a grassy path, Johann Heinrich Hochhuth leg. ; Obukhiv Raion (Обухівський район), Hryhorivka (Григорівка), 6.vi.1928, 1 ♂, collector unknown, coll. Ye. M. Savchenko deposited in NHMU , Zvenyhorodka Raion (Звенигородський район), Talne (Тальне), 1 ♂ with no other data ; Cherkasy Raion (Черкаський район), Kaniv (Канів) env., Kaniv Nature Reserve (Канівський природний заповідник), no other data , Novhorod-Siverskyi Raion (Новгород-Сіверський район), Novhorod-Siverskyi (Новгород-Сіверський) env., 51°59'N, 33°16'E, 18.vii.2003, 1 spec., I. V. Porokhniach leg., coll. GUNU , Shostka Raion (Шосткинський район), Matskove (Мацкове) env., ca. 51°28'48"N, 33°53'24"E, ca. 150 m a.s.l., 28.vii.2018, 1 spec., MZK , Lubny Raion (Лубенський район), Lubny (Лубни), [ca. 160 m a.s.l.], July (year and nummber of specimens not specified), Kruhlik [leg.], coll. Provincial Museum of Poltava ( Poltava .Dnipropetrovsk Oblast (Дніпропетровська область), Synelnykove Raion (Синельниківський район), Raivka (Раївка), 1.viii.2000, 1 spec., A. M. Sumarokov leg. , Mukachevo Raion (Мукачівський район), “Schönb Ungarn” , [ca. 190 m a.s.l.], “coll. Kirsch”, undated, 1 ♂, coll. MTDG.Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast (Івано-Франківська область), Kosiv Raion (Косівський район), Pistyn (Пістинь), [ca. 400 m a.s.l.], undated, 1 ♂,“A. St?kl” [the third letter is illegible] leg., coll. SMLU.Ternopil Oblast (Тернопільська область), Chortkiv Raion (Чортківський район), “Torskie, pow[iat] Zaleszcz[yki]” , [ca. 250 m a.s.l.], 27.vi.[19]33, 1 ♂, collector unknown, coll. MIZP; Dniester Canyon National Nature Park (Національний природний парк «Дністровський каньйон»), Chortkiv Raion (Чортківський район), Horodok (Городок), 48°38'18.96"N, 25°50'11.04"E, ca. 140 m a.s.l., 6.vii.2018, 6 ♂♂ and 2 ♀♀ FSLG after sunset, steppe meadow on the terrace of the Dniester (Дністер) river, YKL, YHS and ABZ leg. coll. YKL and YHS , Bukovina (Буковина), Chernivtsi Raion (Чернівецький район), “Czernowitz” [= Chernivtsi (Чернівці)], no other data, 1 ♂ in coll. Georg Frey deposited in NHMB, 1 ♂ and 2 ♀♀  in coll. Georg Frey deposited in NHMB, 2 ♂♂ and 3 ♀♀ in coll. ZMNU, 1 ♂ and 2 ♀♀ in coll. UMJG.Vinnytsia Oblast (Вінницька область), “Киевская г[уберния], Сквирский у[езд]” , “Ильинцы” [= Illintsi (Іллінці)], 14.vi.[year not specified], [ca. 215 m a.s.l.], 1 ♀, collector not specified, coll. ZINR (probably one of the two specimens mentioned by Odessa Oblast (Одеська область), Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi Raion (Білгород-Дністровський район), Karolino-Buhaz (Кароліно-Бугаз), Studentska (Студентська) railway station, ca. 46°9'56.34"N, 30°33'24.58"E, 22 m a.s.l., 15.vi.2017, 1 ♂ crawling on the ground, OKO.Kyiv Oblast (Київська область), Bila Tserkva Raion (Білоцерківський район), “Hałajki, Kijow[ska] g[ubernia]” , [ca. 190 m a.s.l.], [probably 19th Century], no other data, 1 ♂ in coll. MIZP; Bucha Raion (Бучанський район), Muzychi (Музичі), ca. 160 m a.s.l., 18.vii.2006, 1 ♂, at light, M. Nesterov leg., coll. SIZK; “Kiew” [= Kyiv (Київ)], undated, 1 ♀ in Hartmann [leg.], coll. NMPC; “Kieff” [= Kyiv (Київ)], May [19]05, 1 ♂, Shelushko [leg.], coll. ZINR; Fastiv Raion (Фастівський район), Novosilky (Новосілки), ca. 180 m a.s.l., 21.vii.2012, 1 ♀, M. Nesterov leg., coll. SIZK; Obukhiv Raion (Обухівський район), Mali Dmytrovychi (Малі Дмитровичі), 50°12'59"N, 30°32'29"E, ca. 160 m a.s.l., 17.vii.2010, 1 ♂, at light, together with 1 ♂ of Od.armiger, VSK leg., coll. KLP; 29.v.2014, 1 ♂ and 1 ♀, at light, RHK; 25.v.2016, 1 ♂, 28.v.2016, 1 ♀, 13.vi.2020, 1 ♂ and 2 ♀♀, at light, STK; Obukhiv Raion (Обухівський район), Rzhyshchiv (Ржищів), Taras Shevchenko Park (Парк імені Тараса Шевченка), 49°57'58.1"N, 31°02'39.5"E, 112 m a.s.l., 18.ix.2021, 1 ♀ crawling on the ground at 16:22 EEST, HTR obs. + photo (DJP det.); Obukhiv Raion (Обухівський район), Rzhyshchiv (Ржищів) env., area of the Ecological Research Centre “Hlyboki Balyky (Глибокі балики)”, 49°57'44.082"N, 31°7'8.094"E, ca. 150 m a.s.l., 18.vi.2021, 1 ♀, at light OVK obs. + photo + recorded an audio track of its stridulation (DJP det.); 49°57'43.729"N, 31°7'9.782"E, 19.vi.2021, 1 ♂, together with 1 ♂ and 2 ♀♀ of Od.armiger, OVK obs. + photo (DJP det.); Myronivka Raion (Миронівський район), Tulyntsi (Тулинці), ca. 150 m a.s.l., 9.vi.2020, 1 ♀, at light, STK; Myronivka Raion (Миронівський район), Velykyi Bukryn (Великий Букрин) env., 49°57'13"N, 31°18'8"E, 155 m a.s.l., 27.vi.2009, 1 ♀, at light, VSK.Cherkasy Oblast (Черкаська область), Cherkasy Raion (Черкаський район), Kaniv (Канів) env., Kaniv Nature Reserve (Канівський природний заповідник), 49°43'12"N, 31°31'19"E, ca. 200 m a.s.l., 20.vi.1984, 6 spec. excavated from their burrows, steppe slope in a hornbeam forest, KVM and VGG leg., coll. MKY and MPGU.Kirovohrad Oblast (Кіровоградська область), Oleksandriia Raion (Олександрійський район), Semyhiria (Семигір’я) env., 49°0'29.52"N, 32°54'21.24"E, 135 m a.s.l., 2.vii.2020, 1 ♂, at light, DPS obs. + photo , Dnipro Raion (Дніпровський район), Dnipro (Дніпро) [Dnipropetrovsk until 19 May 2016], Tunelna Balka tract (Тунельна балка) , research area of the Institute of Grain Crops of NAAS of Ukraine (Інститут зернових культур НААН України), 48°22'58.2"N, 35°02'01.7"E, 143 m a.s.l., June 1978, remains of a dead specimen (elytra) on the ground near the greenhouse, OSD leg. et coll. , Oryahovo (Оряхово), no other data (her data .Ruse Province (Област Русе), Vetovo (Ветово), no other data (her data .Razgrad Province (Област Разград), Razgrad (Разград) env., 16.v.1905, in the barracks area, number of specimens not specified, Andrey Markovich leg, 13.vi.1907, in the vineyards, number of specimens not specified, Andrey Markovich leg. (ich leg. .Pleven Province (Област Плевен), Pleven (Плевен), April [year and collector not specified] (ecified] .Sofia Province (Софийска област), Gorna Malina (Горна Малина) – “ДЗС” , ca. 650 m a.s.l., 7.vii.1969, 2 ♂♂ and 1 ♀ excavated from the soil from a depth of ca. 10 cm on a pasture (northern slope), collector not specified , Shumen (Шумен), ca. 200 m a.s.l., 1914, 2 ♂♂, Hanuš leg., coll. MYP (oll. MYP .Burgas Province (Област Бургас), “Michurin (Мичурин)” [= Tsarevo (Царево)], 29.–30.vi.1982, 1 ♂, at light., BSP , Dulovo (Дулово) env., Karakuz forest (гора Каракуз) , 14.vi.1952, 1 ♀, P[encho Stefanov] Drenski leg., coll. NMSB , Dimovo (Димово) env., steppe meadow near the Archar (Арчар) river, 43°45'28.7"N, 22°44'51.1"E, 110 m a.s.l., 26.vi.2010, 3 ♂♂ and 2 ♀♀ FSLG after sunset just before a storm, together with several spec. of Och.chrysomeloides, no wind, 26 °C, ASH , Oreshak (Орешак) env., 43°17'50.67"N, 27°53'47.29"E, 300 m a.s.l., 6.vii.2020, 1 ♀ flying up to 0.5 m above the grass at ca. 22.00 EEST, forest-steppe clearing in an oak forest, MTM obs. + photo , Edirne Province, ca. 15 km E of Edirne , 27.iii.[19]88, 1 ♀, WHS leg., coll. DKP deposited in NMPC ( in NMPC .Published dataAegean Region (Ege Bölgesi), Denizli Province, Denizli env., [Çürüksu River valley], “Goundely” [= Goncalı] [railway station env.], ca. 200 m a.s.l., May [19]26, 1 ♂, [Hans] Kulzer leg., coll. ZSMG , Aydın Province, [Büyük Menderes River valley], “Bereketli (Denizli)” [= Bereketli near Nazilli], ca. 80 m a.s.l., 5.vii.1965, 1 ♂, [Helio] Pierotti and [Antonello] Perissinotto leg., DJP det. (2021), coll. Helio Pierotti deposited in MSNG – this record was published under a misidentification as Bolbelasmustauricus Petrovitz, 1973  (see Only the three records mentioned above are known for Turkey. A record from Osmaniye Province (Kadirli) reported by 895) see .Great BritainPublished dataEast of England, Cambridgeshire, marshes between Peterborough and Wisbech, beginning of summer 1807, 1 ♂ and 1 ♀, plant materials alluviated by flooded River Nene, together with 2 ♂♂ and 3 ♀♀ of Od.armiger, William Skrimshire leg. . Bolbelasmusunicornis was included in checklists, catalogues, and monographs dealing with the scarabaeoid fauna of several countries as follows: France .Figure B.unicornis is Warsaw (Poland), while the northernmost locality with a recent record is Novhorod Siverskyi (northern Ukraine). The southernmost historical locality is Denizli (southwestern Turkey), while the southernmost recent localities are Babin Kal (Serbia) and Oreshak (Bulgaria). The westernmost historical locality is Mulhouse , while the westernmost recent localities are Bruchsal  and Lerma . The easternmost locality with a recent record of the species is Kocherezhky (Ukraine), which is also the easternmost known point of occurrence of the species.The northernmost known historical locality of B.unicornis spend most of their time underground. Above-ground activity is limited to short flight periods after sunset. Exceptionally, adults have been observed crawling on the ground during daylight hours (see Faunistic records). Flight statistics from each site are shown in Tables B.gallicus, only 5% of the 830 individuals found were females . The average duration of flights was of 25 minutes, with the minimum and maximum limits of 4 and 63 minutes, respectively. The average air temperature during flights was 21 °C with limits of 14 and 26 °C. However, it is likely that the beetles are able to fly at lower temperatures, as has been observed, for example, in the Australian bolboceratine Blackburniuminsigne , adults of which have been found flying to lights at 4–6 °C . Similarly, flights of adults of Odonteusarmiger were observed during rain (Ivo Jeniš and Ilja Trojan pers. comm.). Adults of B.unicornis usually fly very slowly at a height of 20–50 cm above the ground, sometimes literally hovering in the same spot. However, in windy conditions they have been observed to fly faster and also at greater heights, ca. 1–2 m above the ground. Individuals flying quickly around a pile of logs at the edge of a forest were observed by the author near the village of Hajnáčka in southern Slovakia (see Faunistic records). This phenomenon was also observed in Od.armiger (Ilja Trojan and Ivo Jeniš pers. comm.): adults of this species were flying around the fallen oak trunk and piles of wet logs after sunset. When disturbed, the flying specimens of B.unicornis either immediately fell into the grass and buried themselves or accelerated their flight, increasing the height from the ground and flying away. This also applies to disturbances caused by too strong light source, e.g., from a headlamp. During flights, most beetles show light-aversion and avoid light sources; the individuals that were attracted to light were single cases only. These were mostly long-distance flights that occurred later in the night. Very rarely a few individuals did fly to the illuminated canvas just after sunset when it was not yet completely dark . In most Czech and Slovak localities, adults of B.unicornis were flying together with Od.armiger and Och.chrysomeloides or O.integriceps . When excavating adults, sometimes two to three individuals were found in a single burrow, even of the same sex  in North Carolina, but he never found specimens of the same sex in the same burrow. On several occasions, individuals of B.unicornis, Od.armiger, and Och.chrysomeloides (or O.integriceps) have been found together in a single burrow  together with sporocarps of Tuber sp. in the Belgrade District of Serbia. These findings support earlier hypotheses about the mycetophagy of the species  stored a mass of sporocarps of ectomycorrhizal basidiomycete Rhizopogonpachyphloes in their burrows, and Rh.nigrescens. In the European species Od.armiger, Rh.luteolus, partially decayed, together with two individuals of Anoplotrupesstercorosus , and another individual feeding on a sporocarp of Glomusmicrocarpum. Furthermore, these authors reported that near burrows dug by adults of Od.armiger kept in captivity, sporocarps of Endogonelactiflua were found. In contrast, adults of the genus Eucanthus, for example, probably do not ingest any food at all  feed on sporocarps of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi  were repeatedly found under dry horse and cow dung in the Far East of Russia, in cavities covered with white mould, thus suggesting that the adults are mycetophagous; no burrows were observed under the dung. In Australia, dissections of bolboceratines and analysis of their faeces were carried out mainly by Blackbolbus, Blackburnium, Bolboleaus and Bolborhachium species contained large quantities of spores of various species of hypogeous fungi , as well as immature unidentified sporocarp tissue, unidentified ascomycetes, or glomeralean hyphae and spores with varying quantities of soil. These authors also reported that only six of 120 specimens of bolboceratines collected while in flight , and only 34 of 114 bolboceratines collected from burrows had food in their intestines. It is likely that the beetles feed only intermittently and possibly spend protracted periods without a meal. In many cases, their burrows may serve to provide them only with shelter until their next foray. In several genera, B.unicornis, it was not possible to dissect the individuals to determine the intestinal contents due to its strict protection in all EU countries. In the burrows of some Australian species of the genera Blackbolbus, Blackburnium, Bolborhachium, and Elephastomus, pieces of sporocarps of Scleroderma sp., Hysterangium sp., and unspecified hypogeous fungi of the families Hymenogasteraceae and Clathraceae have been found, but with no eggs or larvae present in the vicinity  have been found on the sporocarps of hypogeous fungi . Scleroderma sporocarps found in burrows of Blackbolbusfrontalis  were inhabited by numerous nitidulid beetles identified as Thalycrodesmixtum Kirejtshuk & Lawrence, 1992, and two sporocarps identified as Hysterangium sp. found in soil close to a burrow of Blackbolbusfrontalis were infested with nematodes. Mycetophagy of adults of the genus Ochodaeus, representatives of which were collected together with B.unicornis, was also recently confirmed  measured 7.2 × 5.9 mm and 8.1 × 6.5 mm. The largest female of B.anneae measured 15.1 mm in length, while the largest female of B.recticorne measured 18.8 mm in length. According to Blackburniumreichei  weighed 45–56% as much as the females that laid them and measured 9.5–10.5 × 7.5–9.0 mm. On the other hand, the eggs of the North American bolboceratine Odonteusdarlingtoni are not so large compared to the adults: they measure ca. 2.4 × 1.5 mm, whereas the adults are ca. 10 mm in length , nevertheless, according to B.gallicus fixes its giant egg to the ceiling of a small egg-shaped brood cell using soil mixed with its own excreta. All the cells found by Rahola Fabra were empty, which means that they did not contain anything that could provide food for the future larvae. Similarly, Od.armiger contained no provision, but in a few cases he found pieces of unspecified fungi or humus in the burrows. Also, Od.armiger. The fact that the brood cells did not contain any material collected by females differs from what Bolboceratinae, where females lined their brood cells with material brought in from outside  that could be a food for the larva. In two species of the genus Bolborhachium the brood cells were filled with fine black humus, perhaps mixed with fungi  is unlikely to account for all (if any) of their weight gain. As the contents of the larval intestine were hygroscopic, perhaps larvae ingest salts and/or humic and fulvic acids that enable them to absorb water  where the head and mandibles are strongly sclerotised and the legs well developed with strong tarsal claws, the larvae of all known bolboceratines are degenerate. According to Blackbolbushoplocephalus  provides the most extreme example of degeneration known to date. Its immobility and vestigial appendages  suggested it was a non-feeding, resting stage. Importantly, though, the mandibles of the second instar (judging from its exuvia) were equally feeble and consistent with a no-feeding hypothesis . Odonteusdarlingtoni, O.liebecki , and Bolbocerosomafarctum  feed on humus, carefully sifting it from a provision of humus-rich sand filling the lower ends of burrows. This is consistent with earlier observations by Robert J. Sim, who assumed that females of Odonteussimi  lay their eggs in humus formed into an elongated mass at the lower ends of the burrows , while the food of larvae could be fine soil humus and/or soil bacteria. The previous hypothesis that the larvae of B.unicornis feed on sporocarps of hypogeous fungi , the period between discovery of an egg and hatching of the larva was 15–35 days. According to Houston, duration of the larval stage in Bolborhachiumrecticorne ranged from 63 to 95 days (n = 6) and for one Blackburniumreichei larva, it was 44 days. One larva of Bolboleaushiaticollis pupated 81 days after being found while another (hatched from an egg) survived for at least 13 months before dying. Based on the Houston’s data, development from egg to adult in Bolborhachiumrecticorne could require 129–159 days or more. As newly emerged adults remained in their natal cells for at least 30 days while their integuments harden and darken, total development time (egg to active adult) might require 6 months or more, according to Houston. Bolboleaushiaticollis, mature larvae enter a dormant stage, thereby extending the development time even further. Blackbolbushoplocephalus that remained dormant for 105 days before pupating.Life cycles have been documented for only a few bolboceratine species , 2016. HB.unicornis is similar, it is very likely that only adults, both old and newly emerged, overwinter. This assumption is supported by numerous records where both old, dark-coloured individuals with heavily abraded teeth of fore tibiae and fresh, pale-coloured individuals with sharp protibial teeth have been recorded at the beginning of the season (pers. obs.). Some bolboceratines have overlapping generations. For example, in the genus Odonteus, eggs, larvae, pupae, and adults have been observed together in a single branching burrow , sandy-loess substrate , gravelly-sandy-loess substrate , loess substrate  or limestone substrate . Characteristic habitats are steppe or forest-steppe pastures at the edges of oak forests , of oak-beech or beech forests , oak-hornbeam or hornbeam forests , and of shrub zones . In the Kiskunság National Park it occurs in the Pannonic sand dune thicket  , while further south the species occurs in areas of more extensive forest cover . In eastern Ukraine (Dnipro City) the species occurs in sparse oak forest  . Occurreest Fig. . Also, test Fig. . Other tRobiniapseudoacacia or Ailanthusaltissima in steppe and forest-steppe habitats. Furthermore, the extensive removal of shrubs such as Crataegus sp., Rosacanina, Corylusavellana, and trees  and taller herbaceous plants, as well as too intensive sheep grazing seem to have negative effects on the presence of B.unicornis , Odonteusarmiger, Ochodaeuschrysomeloides, O.integriceps, Gymnopleurus spp., Carabusmontivagus Palliardi, 1825, C.scabriusculus Olivier, 1795, Capnodistenebrionis , Perotislugubris , Ptosimaundecimmaculata , Sphenoptera spp., and Agrilusalbogularis Gory, 1841 (observations by many collectors including the author).The B.unicornis has been recorded varies between 20 and 800 m a.s.l. The average altitude of all known localities for which it could be at least approximately determined (n = 351) is 220 m a.s.l. It is therefore a species of lowland and lower hills.The elevation of the sites where Vespacrabro Linnaeus, 1758), as reported by The most effective method for monitoring this species is to capture adults during their flights after sunset with a net using a flashlight, preferably a headlamp, in suitable microhabitat. This collecting method was employed as early as the 1920s by Rudolf Čepelák see . The effAlternatively, during the day, one may find the beetles in their burrows, which are indicated by small piles of excavated soil at the entrances . These push-ups are similar to those of some large ground-nesting bees but the push-ups of the bees are conical, composed of uniformly loose soil about a central entrance, whereas the soil pushed up by the earth-borer beetles tends to form an irregular pile of lumps Figs , 15E, F.Light trapping appears to be ineffective to capture this species cf. also , as the Bolbelasmusunicornis is also difficult to find due to the fact that observable activity of adults (flights and digging underground tunnels with push-ups) occurs only after heavy rains, when the soil is damp and loose enough for the beetles to burrow easily. During the dry periods, when the soil is hard, and also in winter, the beetles are buried deeper in the ground and show no above-ground activity, making it very difficult to find them.B.unicornis from the diary of the excellent Czech coleopterist Rudolf Čepelák , Ľutov (Pálenice hill), and certainly from Trenčín southwards everywhere on the south-eastern slopes.The area of Malá hora is sparsely covered with grass, which reaches 40–50 cm in places. If it is a quiet evening (no wind), preferably without moonlight, at 9 pm they start flying about 20–30 cm above the ground. In my right hand I have a net with a handle about 10 cm long, not white but dark, and in my left hand a torch. I bend down and suddenly hear ‘zzzzz...’. If I feel it’s very close, I shine the torch and immediately catch it with the net. If I miss, it falls into the grass, where I would look for it vainly. It flies like a bee collecting pollen. If the grass is cut, they fly quite fast, likeGeotrupes. The flights continue until ca. 9.30 pm. Sometimes I hear it on the ground, stridulating like a longhorn beetle. And then we see: the female digging a hole and the male removing away the excavated soil. I dug a hole to see what they were looking for, but all I found were healthyOrnithogalumorGageabulbs.”