In the last few decades, health systems research (HSR) has garnered much attention with a rapid increase in the related literature. This study aims to review and evaluate the global progress in HSR and assess the current quantitative trends.Based on data from the Web of Science database, scientometric methods and knowledge visualization techniques were applied to evaluate global scientific production and develop trends of HSR from 1900 to 2012.HSR has increased rapidly over the past 20 years. Currently, there are 28,787 research articles published in 3,674 journals that are listed in 140 Web of Science subject categories. The research in this field has mainly focused on public, environmental and occupational health , health care sciences and services , and general and internal medicine . The top 10 journals had published 2,969 (10.31%) articles and received 5,229 local citations and 40,271 global citations. The top 20 authors together contributed 628 papers, which accounted for a 2.18% share in the cumulative worldwide publications. The most productive author was McKee, from the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, with 48 articles. In addition, USA and American institutions ranked the first in health system research productivity, with high citation times, followed by the UK and Canada.HSR is an interdisciplinary area. Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development countries showed they are the leading nations in HSR. Meanwhile, American and Canadian institutions and the World Health Organization play a dominant role in the production, collaboration, and citation of high quality articles. Moreover, health policy and analysis research, health systems and sub-systems research, healthcare and services research, health, epidemiology and economics of communicable and non-communicable diseases, primary care research, health economics and health costs, and pharmacy of hospital have been identified as the mainstream topics in HSR fields. These findings will provide evidence of the current status and trends in HSR all over the world, as well as clues to the impact of this popular topic; thus, helping scientific researchers and policy makers understand the panorama of HSR and predict the dynamic directions of research. With the approach of 2015, many countries intend to hasten their efforts towards meeting the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), and meanwhile they have already began discussing the post-MDGs health roadmap . Well-fuall organizations, people and actions whose primary intent is to promote, restore or maintain health” [Health systems have existed in some form for over 100 years, when individuals and eventually governments became interested in organizing health systems to protect their population’s health and treat their diseases . However health” . This de health” . The WHO health” ,7. There health” . It is t health” . The “so health” . As such health” ,8.The current surge in activities and researches around health systems is encouraging. Funding has increased in recent years ,11 with Role and Promise of Policy and Systems Research[Sound Choices: Enhancing Capacity for Evidence Informed Health Policy[Systems Thinking for Health Systems Strengthening[HPSR: A Methodology Reader[PLoS Medicine commissioned three articles on the state-of-the-art in HSR [Recent studies also have called for intensified investment, methods development, and capacity building in the assessment and research that accompanies health systems investment, ultimately strengthening the implementation processes. AHPSR have published the  Research, Sound Cth Policy, Systemsngthening, and mosgy Reader in ordert in HSR ,18,19. Tt in HSR . The most in HSR ,20.Overall, high level meetings and community level advocacy groups have highlighted the challenges that lie ahead: the post-MDGs global health agenda, burgeoning non-communicable diseases, achieving universal health coverage, and strengthening fragile health systems in low- and middle-income countries . TherefoThe main purpose of this study is to evaluate the global progress and quantitatively assess the current research trends on HSR. A comprehensive scientometric analysis and substantial discussion of research progress in HSR were provided so that specific attempts were employed in order to i) summarize significant publication patterns in HSR with basic statistics as well as advanced analysis, ii) evaluate research performance from multiple perspectives such as year of publication, subject category, journals, countries/regions, and institutes as well as authors ,23, and As a strictly selected abstract database, Web of Science (WoS), including Science Citation Index Expanded, Social Sciences Citation Index, and Arts and Humanities Citation Index, has long been recognized as the most authoritative scientific and technical literature indexing tool providing data on the most important areas in science and technology research, especially about medicine. Furthermore, the WoS database includes the world’s most important journals in relation to healthcare science, health policy, and systems research. The majority of high quality articles on healthcare science research are indexed by WoS. In addition, as a citation database, WoS provides enough search fields, such as keywords, country, organization, author, and references, which are all very important for literature analysis, especially for scientometric analysis ,25. TherFollowing the best international practices, ‘evaluative scientometrics’ was selected for this study. Scientometrics is a method by which the state of science and technology can be observed through the overall production of scientific literature at a given level of specialization. This tool provides an approach for situating a country in relation to the world, an institution in relation to a country, and individual scientists in relation to their peers. Scientometric indicators are equally suitable for macro-analysis  and micro-studies  . In thisThe term ‘co-author’ is used to denote the appearance of multiple writers simultaneously in one paper, and also reflects the collaboration of different institutes, regions, or countries ,34. The There were 35,819 total HSR-related papers in the Science Citation Index Expanded, Social Sciences Citation Index, and Arts and Humanities Citation Index databases used for this study, distributed over 17 different document types . There wThe publication trends in annual papers in HSR from 1981 to 2012 are shown in Figure Based on the classification of subject categories in the Journal Citation Report of WoS, the publication output data of HSR during the last century was distributed in 140 subject categories. The top 10 productive subject categories are shown in Table HSR was mainly located in the fields of public, environmental and occupational health, health care sciences and services, and general internal medicine as shown in Table Thomson Reuters’ WoS covers research published in more than 12,000 scientific journals and conference proceedings, and is presently one of the most extensive sources of research and development outputs. HSR output was published in 3,674 journals, where the top 10 journals with more than 200 articles are displayed in Table Social Science & Medicine, Health Policy, and Health Affairs. Health Affairs ranked first both in quantity and quality with the highest TLCS, TLCS/t, TGCS, TGCS/t, AGCS, impact factor, and H-index, followed by Social Science & Medicine. Moreover, Health Policy ranked third both in TLCS and TGCS, while Health Policy and Planning had a relative high TLCS/t and TGCS/t. In addition, Medical Care has a high AGCS and impact factor, which reflects the high quality of articles published in it. Since Social Science & Medicine, Health Policy, Health Affairs, and Medical Care published health systems-related papers in the early stages, they constitute the most important journals during the development process of HSR  of articles among the 11 most frequently cited articles, which also exhibited its predominance. In addition, among the top 11 cited papers, USA contributed to 7 and Switzerland 3 articles, respectively, and Brazil, a developing country and an ‘emerging economy’, held 1. The WHO published 3 articles and ranked first among all institutions, which reflects its dominant position in the HSR  from 1900 to 2012 are listed in Table SR Table .To locate the most popular research topics and their trends, the distribution of authors’ keywords and keywords-plus was investigated. As for author keywords analysis, they offer information about research trends from the view of researchers, and they have proved to be important in monitoring the development of science . KeywordExamination of author keywords in this study period revealed that, altogether, 29,480 author keywords were used, among which 21,658 (73.47%) keywords appeared only once, and 3,188 (10.81%) keywords appeared twice. The high percentage of only once author’s keywords probably indicated to the lack of continuity in research and a wide disparity in research focus. Another reason was that these keywords might not be standard or widely accepted by researchers. Author keywords appearing in articles that refer to HSR were calculated, and the top 60 author keywords were used and clustered with VOSviewer from 1900 to 2012  includes health policy and analysis research such as policy design and implementation -50, chalGroup 2 (green) includes epidemiology and economics of communicable diseases, such as HIV, tuberculosis, and malaria, and non-communicable diseases, such as hypertension, diabetes, cancer, obesity, global diseases ,21,97, eGroup 3 (yellow) includes primary care research, training and education -100, quaGroup 4 (blue) includes health economics and health costs, health expenditure control ,113, heaAs supplies of author keywords, we also examined the co-occurrence relationships among the top 60 high frequency keywords-plus and the co-word networks were visualized using VOSviewer Figure . With thSocial Science and Medicine, Health Policy, Health Affairs, and BMC Health Services Research. Hence, these journals are the core journals and play important roles during the knowledge dissemination and exchange in HSR.In this study, we have provided a supplemental evaluation of the status of HSR. Our analysis confirms that papers in HSR have increased rapidly during the last 20 years, and most notably in the last 8 years. In total, there were 28,787 research articles published in 3,674 journals listed in 140 SCI subject categories. Research in the fields of HSR have mainly focused on public, environmental and occupational health, health care sciences and services, and general and internal medicine. All output has been concentrated in several journals such as The HSR output is distributed unevenly by countries, institutes, and authors. OECD countries, especially the G7 countries, have published the majority of articles. In addition, USA, UK, and Canada stand in the core of international collaborative networks. Thus, they promote the creation, transmission, and sharing of knowledge in HSR fields. China, a developing country, also plays an important role in the country’s collaborative network category. Furthermore, American and Canadian institutions, and the WHO have made great advances in paper research production, citation, and cooperation, along with the overall great strengths and good development prospects. Meanwhile, the most frequently cited articles come from the USA and Switzerland, during which American-authored papers had contributed the most to this field. Brazil, a developing country and as an emerging economy, also held one. The WHO published three articles and ranked first among all institutions, reflecting its dominant position in the HSR. McKee M, from the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine published the most articles. However, most of the productive authors are from American institutes, such as University of Michigan. Finally, it could be concluded that the USA and its universities and academic institutions play a dominant role in the production, collaboration, citation, and high quality of articles.HSR is an interdisciplinary area and includes medicine, public-environmental and occupational health, health care sciences and services, pharmacology and pharmacy, economics, sociology, information science and technology, and psychology. Whilst health economics is a central discipline of HSR, the analyses most centrally fell within HSR, including work that focuses on financing. Its current hotspots center on health policy and analysis research, health systems and sub-systems research, healthcare and services research, epidemiology/economics of communicable and non-communicable global diseases, primary care research, health economics and health costs, pharmacy of hospital, and health . Meanwhile, the main topics found from the analysis of keywords-plus are in accordance with authors’ keywords analysis results. Further, ‘meta-analysis’, ‘randomized controlled-trial’, ‘disorders’, ‘schizophrenia’, ‘United States’ ‘physicians’, and ‘women’, which were not in the top author keywords map, but also had significant roles in the keywords-plus map. Hence, these topics are also hot topics in HSR. Furthermore, from the perspective of citation, most researchers that have studied health systems have concentrated on the topics of health outcomes , responsiveness to health systems , leadership and governance , health financing and health expenditure , health services and quality of care , health performance assessment , health information systems , and health workforce. In addition, more and more attention has been paid to the developing countries, especially the ‘emerging economies’ (such as Brazil and China).These findings will provide evidence of the current status and trends in HSR all over the world, as well as clues to the impact of this popular topic, thus helping scientific researchers understand the panorama of HSR, and predict the dynamic directions of research. Therefore, based on these findings, policy makers could understand the status and positions of their countries or institutions, and the directions of HSR all over the world. Thus, they could spell out suggestions for HSR or reform directions. For example, they could develop post-MDG global health agendas, set health systems priorities areas, strengthen fragile blocks of health systems, and learn successful lessons from abroad to achieve universal health coverage. Meanwhile, the process of developing an HSR study begins with identifying the topic of focus – the issue or problem you want to investigate – and the related questions. Hence, with the help of these findings, researchers could select their research directions or topics, cooperative institutions and partners, and even choose academic achievements’ platform exchange. In addition, because HSR is defined by the topics and the questions it addresses rather than the disciplinary perspective or the particular approach to data collection and analysis it adopts, the distribution of research subjects and hot topics will help people to understand the concepts of health systems.The results presented herein can provide evidence about the current status and future trends in HSR, as well as clues to the impact of this hot topic. However, they could not present the research foci of HSR simultaneously from multiple angles. For example, we could not clearly present the research features of journals, countries, institutions, or authors in one knowledge map. Further, we could not show the evolution pathway of HSR from different angles, such as the topic changes with time. Thus, future efforts are needed to describe the features of journals, countries, institutes, and authors, specifically the performance changes of processes in health systems areas.AGCS: average global citation score; AHPSR: Alliance for Health Policy and Systems Research; HSR: Health Systems Research; MDGs: Millennium Development Goals; OECD: Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development; TGCS: total global citation score; TLCS: total local citation score; WHO: World Health Organization’s; WoS: Web of Science.The authors declare that they have no competing interests.LY initiated and designed the study, she also obtained the funding. QY, PHL and ZYL were involved in the data collection and analysis. QY participated in the study design, collected the data, and conducted the data analysis and the writing of the manuscript. PHL contributed to the design and analysis of the data and prepared the manuscript. ZYL contributed to the data analysis and revision of the manuscript. KC, FL, SQC, LYH and TAY edited the paper. All authors were involved in the interpretation of data and have read and given final approval of this paper.Annex S1.Click here for file


Africa's population is growing at the fastest rate and it is estimated that by 2100, 38.5% of the 10.9 billion humans will be leaving in Africa. .The optimal health of a community is a result of a dynamic and fragile equilibrium among several elements such as: health determinants, human competencies, leadership, governance, health system, health delivery, policy and legislation . The cur


We regret any inconvenience or confusion this error may have caused.In the article “Effectiveness of Fresh to You, a Discount Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Market in Low-Income Neighborhoods, on Children’s Fruit and Vegetable Consumption, Rhode Island, 2010–2011,” we inadvertently listed an author affiliation for Sara Gorham incorrectly. Ms. Gorham is affiliated with the Institute for Community Health Promotion, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island. The changes were made to our website on October 16, 2015, and appear online at


A brief summary of the early history of the study of Atlantic Ocean marine fish digeneans is followed by a discussion of the occurrence and distribution of these worms in the Atlantic Ocean and adjacent Eastern Pacific Ocean, using the Provinces of the ‘Marine Ecoregions’ delimited by Spalding et al. (Bioscience 57:573–583,  Fasciola ventricosa Pallas 1774, now recognised as Hirudinella ventricosa  Baird, 1853, a large stomach parasite of large scombrid fishes originally reported from Ambon Island, Indonesia but now reported worldwide  Looss, 1901, originally reported from Danish waters  Nicoll, 1909, Macvicaria soleae  Gibson & Bray, 1982 and Podocotyle angulata Dujardin, 1845 off the Brittany coast, France. Other early workers in the north-eastern Atlantic include Thomas Spencer Cobbold  Stafford, 1904, presumably from a haddock apparently examined at Edinburgh, Scotland. Peter Olsson described many worms from the Scandinavian coasts  Odhner, 1905, Zoogonoides viviparus  Odhner, 1902, Zoogonus rubellus  Odhner, 1902 and Fellodistomum fellis  Nicoll, 1909. Édouard van Beneden illustrated some worms from the Belgian coast  Odhner, 1911 and Otodistomum cestoides  Stafford, 1904.The study of the marine trematode fauna of the world can be said to have started in the Atlantic Ocean basin, although the earliest recognisable post-Linnaean name to be coined for a marine digenean is probably  Pallas, . Other e Müller,  consider Müller,  describe Cobbold  who descDistomum lasium, from off New Jersey, USA, which is now recognised as Zoogonus lasius  Stunkard, 1940. Edwin Linton started describing digeneans from various localities off the North American coast in the late 19th Century  Bartoli, Bray & Gibson, 1989, Opechona pyriforme  Bray & Gibson, 1990, Opecoeloides vitellosus  von Wicklen, 1946, Prosorhynchoides arcuatus  Love & Moser, 1983 and Lintonium vibex  Stunkard & Nigrelli, 1930.Little was done in the Western or Southern Atlantic during the 19th Century. Joseph Leidy  describeLecithaster confusus Odhner, 1905, Hemiurus levinseni Odhner, 1905, Aporocotyle simplex Odhner, 1900, Prosorhynchus aculeatus Odhner, 1905, Hemiurus communis Odhner, 1905, Proctophantastes abyssorum Odhner, 1911 and many more. Other north-eastern Atlantic workers of the early 20th Century are the British workers William Nicoll and Marie Lebour, whose contributions include the recognised species Fellodistomum agnotum Nicoll, 1909, Peracreadium idoneum  Gibson & Bray, 1982, Diphterostomum vividum  Bray & Gibson, 1986, Lepidapedon elongatum  Nicoll, 1910 and Steringotrema ovacutum  Yamaguti, 1953.Modern generic concepts began to be developed in the early 20th Century by Max Lühe and Arthur Looss in the Mediterranean and Teodor Odhner in the Atlantic. An important early work by the latter on Arctic worms Odhner, , was oneHomalometron pallidum Stafford, 1904, Neophasis pusilla Stafford, 1904, Stenakron vetustum Stafford, 1904 and Steganoderma formosum Stafford, 1904, is due to the restudy of Stafford’s material by Max Miller  Overstreet, 1969, Genolopa elongata Manter, 1931, Genolopa minuta Manter, 1931, Proctotrema lintoni Manter, 1931 and Prodistomum menidiae  Bray & Gibson, 1990.No summary of the early work in the Atlantic Ocean would be complete without a mention of the contribution of Harold Manter. Starting in 1925  Odhner, 1911, Stephanostomum dentatum  Manter, 1940, Opechona pyriforme, Lintonium vibex, Lepocreadium areolatum  Stunkard, 1969, Tubulovesicula pinguis  Manter, 1947, Lasiotocus minutus  Thomas, 1959, Neopechona cablei Stunkard, 1980 and others  Dollfus, 1927, Zoogonoides viviparus, Stephanostomum caducum (Looss 1901) Manter, 1934, Monascus filiformis  Looss, 1907, Steringophorus furciger  Odhner, 1905, Derogenes varicus, Steringotrema pagelli, Fellodistomum fellis, Podocotyle reflexa  Odhner, 1905, Aporocotyle simplex, Lepidapedon elongatum, Lecithaster gibbosus  Lühe, 1901, Lecithochirium rufoviride  Lühe, 1901, Hemiurus luehei Odhner, 1905, Lecithocladium excisum  Lühe, 1901, Magnibursatus caudofilamentosa  Gibson & Køie, 1991, Brachyphallus crenatus  Odhner, 1905 and Hemiurus communis Odhner, 1905  and his students, who have used the literature to write over 25,000 lines. The Atlantic and Eastern Pacific Ocean records from this database have been extracted and some further records have been added (by RAB and PED). The locality records have been coded according to Provinces of the ‘Marine Ecoregions’ delimited by Spalding et al.  see Tab, Fig. 1AConsidering the number of records accumulated, it might be considered that we know a good proportion of the fauna, but the effort in different parts of the Ocean has certainly not been even.The following data relating to the 17 regions of the Atlantic Ocean have been collated, along with the five Eastern Pacific regions: the number of species, genera and families in each region, the number of lines in the database per species, genus and family. These latter three parameters give an estimate of the effort in each region Table . The numAs can be seen, the Tropical Northwest Atlantic (12) has the most described species, followed by the Mediterranean Sea (4). In terms of lines per taxon, the Northern European Seas Province (2) is the most studied region, but the Arctic (1), Mediterranean Sea (4) and possibly the Cold Temperate Northwest Atlantic (5) and the Tropical Northwest Atlantic (12), have very similar levels of effort. The effort in the southwestern Atlantic  is considerably less and no records were recovered from the North Brazilian Shelf Province (13). The best known fauna from this region is Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic (47). The south-eastern Atlantic  is the least studied continental coastal zone (with only two records recovered from the Benguela region −50). The two mid-Southern Atlantic Island provinces (15 and 49) have only one record each.The database has in total 9,880 records of 1,274 species in 430 genera and 45 families, of which 8,633 are from the Atlantic Ocean, with 1,125 species in 384 genera and 45 families. About 1,000 species are endemic to the Atlantic Ocean basin, but Lessepsian migrants and other identifications of Indo-West Pacific species confuse the picture.Lepidapedon Stafford, 1904 and other lepidapedids and fellodistomids  and 65 from the Mediterranean Sea (4) and the Warm Temperate Eastern Pacific (45). Considering the relatively few records of identified species in Region 45 (39% records are of unidentified worms), it seems clear that workers in this region, particularly in Chile and Peru, have suffered from a distinct taxonomic deficiency. On the other hand, Regions 12 and 4 are the most thoroughly studied regions and the number of records of unidentified parasites is relatively low (about 3% in both regions).The number of genera and species found in the families in the Atlantic Ocean are listed in Table The most species-rich, and jointly the most widespread, family is the Opecoelidae Ozaki, 1925 Fig. . The thiThe Atlantic is depauperate in some families that are relatively common in the Indo-West Pacific Region: the Gyliauchenidae Fukui, 1929, Enenteridae Yamaguti, 1958, Opistholebetidae Fukui, 1929 and Bivesiculidae Yamaguti, 1934 are notable examples. Other families are seemingly missing from the Atlantic entirely, including the Transversotrematidae Witenberg, 1944 and the Atractotrematidae Yamaguti, 1939.Himasthla tensa Linton, 1940 in the Atlantic cod Gadus morhua L. must also be considered an accidental infection  Odhner, 1902 and Derogenes varicus. Recent studies  Lunaschi, 2003. Lecithochirium genypteri is, however, circum-austral having been originally reported in New Zealand   Bray, Cribb & Barker, 1993   (Pais et al., The effect of man on the distribution of marine digeneans is exemplified by the effects of migration through the Suez Canal, so-called Lessepsian migration. We can be confident that this is changing the fauna, but to what extent it is not yet clear. For example, the herbivorous rabbit fish Our data suggest 1,125 species in 384 genera and 45 families are reported in marine fishes of the Atlantic Ocean basin; almost 1,000 of these species are endemic to the Atlantic Ocean. The geographical region which is most poorly known is the South Eastern Atlantic Ocean, with few reports and, apparently, no current research. The deep-sea of the southern part of the Atlantic Ocean is also virtually un-studied.The discovery of cryptic species in the Atlantic is in its early stages and will, without doubt, alter our understanding of the Atlantic digenean fauna as it has already in parts of the Indo-West Pacific (Miller et al.,


There are errors in the Funding section and Acknowledgements section. The complete, correct Funding statement is as follows:No external funding was received for this study. Some resources (supplies and research assistance) were donated by T.S. Talley through California Sea Grant Project A/EA-AR-37, Ocean Discovery Institute, and D.M. Talley and N. Reyns through Environmental and Ocean Sciences at University of San Diego. The statements, findings, conclusions and recommendations are those of the researchers and do not necessarily reflect the views of the aforementioned organizations. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.The complete, correct Acknowledgements section is as follows:We are grateful to the University of California Natural Reserve System, Tijuana River National Estuarine Research Reserve, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Torrey Pines State Park, Ocean Discovery Institute, as well as Mark Page, Steve Schroeter, Andres Deza, and Justin Hoestery for site access and/or use of data. Thanks to the field sampling assistance of Rosa Calvario, Marlem Rivera, Carla Pisbe, Christine Whitcraft, Larisa Chavez, Liz Lopez, Nathalie Reyns’ 2009–2011 Marine Community Ecology classes at University of San Diego, and Paul Detwiler’s 2013 Marine Science class at San Diego Mesa College. We also thank Erik Thuesen and two anonymous reviewers for helpful comments that improved this manuscript.


One of the affiliations of Vladimir Flores was omitted in the original paper.The original paper affiliations were:Melina Rapacioli1, Verónica Palma2and Vladimir Flores1*1Interdisciplinary Group in Theoretical Biology, Department of Biostructural Sciences, Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina2Laboratory of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Chile, Santiago, ChileThe correct affiliations should be:Melina Rapacioli1, Verónica Palma2and Vladimir Flores1, 3*1Interdisciplinary Group in Theoretical Biology, Department of Biostructural Sciences, Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina2Laboratory of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile3Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Cell Biology and Neurosciences “Prof. E. De Robertis” (UBA-CONICET), School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, ArgentinaThe correction does not affect the scientific validity of the results.All authors listed, have made substantial, direct and intellectual contribution to the work, and approved it for publication.The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest


In the course of the millennia, fire, a natural as well as a man-made entity, has been promoting human cultural and technological development. However, just like other powerful forces, fire has two sides: one that is positive or helpful and another that is negative or harmful. Obviously, as human beings survive and prosper better with fire than without it, it follows that possible burn injuries will stay with human beings.th Meeting of the International Society for Burn Injuries (ISBI) held in Edinburgh in 2012. That proposal outlines the ideal state of affairs, and indeed it is also our dream. On the contrary, all over the globe, patients with burn wounds are at present exposed to widely dissimilar conditions stemming from broadly different ethnic cultures, personal economic conditions, national health policies, and local medical traditions, which together end up determining profound dissimilarities in burn care. This inconsistent care is the reason for us launching an open-access journal, Burns & Trauma, as we wish to share on this platform several experiences, different data, various cases, and diverse ideas in a fast and easy way. Doctors, scientists, nurses, therapists, and social workers could improve the care of burn patients, promote the prevention of fire disasters, decrease postburn disabilities, and pursue a common dream: “No Burn Injury” or at least “One World, One Standard”.For a number of well-known reasons, burn injury remains a quite severe social and medical problem. “One World, One Standard” was the proposal as the aim of the 16Burns & Trauma is an open access journal that aims to cover the latest and best achievements in all aspects of burn and trauma research. This new journal will provide a unique platform for the rapid publication of guidelines, original articles, review articles, case reports, letters, commentaries, and thematic issues on scientific research related to burn and trauma research. Themes include but are not limited to emergency medicine, wound healing, tissue engineering, intensive care, nutrition, bioengineering, shock, rehabilitation, immunology, infection, psychology, stem cells, organ damage, injury epidemiology, regeneration, and so on.Burns & Trauma: Antonino Gullo, Zhiyong Sheng, Zhengguo Wang, Xiaobing Fu, David Mackie, Basil A. Pruitt, Ronald G. Tompkins, Yongmin Yu, Ubaldo Armato, Xianchang Li, Xuetao Pei and the whole editorial team. Their suggestions, encouragement, and hard work will promote the growth of this forthcoming journal absolutely.I wish to acknowledge the people who have enthusiastically contributed to the launch of that Burns & Trauma will act as a successful vehicle for sharing our knowledge and thereby significantly contributing to the prevention and the management of burn injuries.I sincerely hope


I felt the world narrowas I looked at her, a frail womantonight thin and grey,lent animus by memory anddesperation and loneliness.She gestured weakly as I came to herand said something, muffled,under the thick, coiled tubingwhich snaked to the maskbound about her face.I took the straps off,and at this early morning hourshe straightened her hair feebly,gazing in the darknessas the machine sputtered and blew.I rapidly ministered to it,pleading for silence.Freed now, she spoke;Dimly, there arose an elegance,rapidity and lucidity,an English accent and gentle wordsspilling out in her deprecating way.She beckoned; I sat,and held her hand.She told me of her time -she was a young woman,on a boat, falling away,journeying overseas, Australia,to a new home far removed.Of a man she had met there, and loved and buried.Of her work -she had thought it very important;Of the children she had borne -how she missed them.For me, for herself,she sketched the arc of her star.Sitting on a precipice, she spoke:What really mattered now, heremostly alone, in the dark,a small hospital roomand drawn curtains, fold-out fabric walls.At times I held that blowing maskagainst her face, to give her the breath,at times I asked a question -but mostly I listenedand held her hand.The machine huffed, disconnected,waiting, in the dark.She smiled as she spoke,sometimes mocking herself,sometimes wry, sometimes happy,on some things she couldn’t speak -we both understood.She held a strength, I knew,found in those who dare reject hubris.My pager interrupted,it was the world interrupting, really,I silenced it -and sat with her and listeneduntil I could no more.Her last words,said with a smile: “I know you’re busy.Thank you for listeningto an old windbag like me.”I told her it was my pleasure -I have always honored teachers.I strapped the mask back onand smiled at her, constrained,buried now, under mask and tubingwith life and machineconnected again, far from equal.She gazed up at me, still and silent.I gave her hand a squeeze,and left into the world of light,and movement,and things to be done.My world had expanded,but it was her last conversation.


Scientific Reports5: Article number: 13012; 10.1038/srep13012published online: 08172015; updated: 10292015In the original version of this Article, Klaus Leifer was incorrectly listed as being affiliated with ‘Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden’. The correct affiliation is listed below:Department of Engineering Sciences, Division of Applied Materials, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.This error has now been corrected in both the HTML and PDF versions of the Article.


When he introduced the paradigmatic “lexical” method of deriving personality trait terms from the dictionary, he therefore sought to exclude all trait terms with ostensive normative content. This approach had a profound effect upon the field, and researchers are still today working on how to optimally purge personality of normative content , thereby attaining “coherence” of body, mind, and spirit, unconditional well-being, potential access to other minds, and “direct self-aware perception of what is real and true without misunderstanding as a result of preconceptions, prejudices, fears, desires, and conflicts” (p. 325). Cloninger  and the Higgs field within which particles acquire mass, and he claims, furthermore, that the unpredictability  of quantum physical events is “another way of talking about freedom” (p. 73) and that “the thought of gifted people involves intuitive leaps or quantum jumps, not deductive algorithms”  cooperativeness, or communion, which incorporates compassion, empathy, helpfulness, acceptance of others, and acting on moral principles rather than self-interest, and (3) self-transcendence, which incorporates a sense of unity underlying the universe and connecting the self with the world around it, intuitive apprehension of relationships that cannot be explained rationally or observed objectively, and experiences of flow, absorption, and self-forgetfulness. These aspects of character correspond, respectively, to the person's relation to the self, to others, and to the universe. As such, they undoubtedly refer to basic aspects of our intentional engagement with the world. But the model does not take different worldviews into account. Self-transcendence, in particular, appears conflated with spiritual self-transcendence—that is, self-transcendence through spirituality. Self-transcendence, in a more general sense, can be understood as the pursuit of meaning and identity through participation in, and selfless contribution to, something larger than the self, whether this is a divine or spiritual reality, a community of persons or sentient beings, or an ideological ideal (Schwartz, Cloninger et al.  model dihow, different worldviews can be reconciled with ethical self-transcendence, selfless love, genuine happiness, tolerance, creativity, autonomy, and experiences of wonder, beauty, and awe. It is, I suggest, unlikely that there is one ultimate path of character development suitable for all persons. Cloninger's (More generally, I suggest that character can be understood in terms of the interaction between the three proposed dimensions and the person's worldview, and that researchers therefore need to investigate how different worldviews facilitate and inhibit the development of character. Because character is an intrinsically normative concept, what counts as character is partly an empirical question—character is what turns out to produce desirable psychological, moral, and social consequences. We might ask, for example, if, and if so ninger's , p. 29 oninger's , 2013.The author declares that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.


RoNeuro Institute, an academic excellence research and diagnosis center for the neurological diseases, came true, managing to treat over 3000 patients, most of them representing difficult cases in Romania and abroad. The existence of not only some remarkable professionals but also the latest technologies in the field, which were used for the first time in Romania, as for example the eye-tracking system, in the process of evaluating the cognitive performances, has made possible its fully deserved assertion in the elite medical world. In less than one year, the dream of the Foundation for the Study of Nanoneuroscience and Neuroregeneration, Society for the Study of Neuroprotection and Neuroplasticity (SSNN), together with the Romanian Society of Neurology (RSN) and “Iuliu Haţieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy in Cluj-Napoca, under the aegis of the European Federation of NeuroRehabilitation Societies (EFNRS) and the World Federation for NeuroRehabilitation (WFNR), the scientific and exceptional educational medical event, RoNeuro Brain Days, which hosted the 5th edition of the European Teaching Course on NeuroRehabilitation, and which took place in the period 1-4 of June 2015, in Cluj-Napoca, the location being “Gheorghe Marinescu” Amphitheatre in “Iuliu Haţieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, has managed to bring together professionals in the field of medicine and world scientific researches, from countries such as Germany, USA, Austria, Italy, Ukraine and Romania.Organized by the Prof. Dafin F. Mureşanu, MD, President of the Romanian Society of Neurology (RSN) and President of the Society for the Study of Neuroprotection and Neuroplasticity (SSNN), affirmed.“We would like to develop rehabilitation in Romania in a modern, interdisciplinary context, in which the neurologist, the specialist in physical medicine and recovery medicine, the psychologist, logopedist, kinesiotherapist, ergotherapist and medical assistant work together as a team and generate the optimum result for the patient. We would also try to bring a neurorehabilitation component in the field, in the near future, a curriculum being already developed at the European level. Neurorehabilitation represents an interdisciplinary growing field in Europe. Many national societies are born under our sight, but certainly, the leaders are still the national societies in Germany, Italy, Holland, Austria. Romania is active in this field with the help of the two neurorehabilitation societies”, “There are some factors and the lifestyle is the most important. Hypertension, atrial fibrillation, dyslipidemia, diabetes, physical inactivity, obesity, smoking, exaggerated alcohol or central nervous system stimulant substances consumption, intellectual overstrain, stress, hormonal dysfunctions, brain trauma, are reasons which can generate an early brain aging”, Prof. Dafin F. Mureşanu, MD, declared. Premature brain aging and brain regeneration have been the main preoccupations of the elite of neurologists who took part in the event in Cluj. RoNeuro Brain Days, which drew the attention to the positive effects of the treatment with neurotrophic factors in patients with this type of brain injuries. According to these data, the treatment significantly improves the patients’ quality of life. In this complex study, coordinated by Prof. Dafin F. Mureşanu, 25 top neurosurgeons and neurologists have taken part, mostly from Romania, who have treated and monitored 7.769 patients on a period of 5 years, in 10 neurosurgery departments in Romania. The greatest retrospective traumatic brain study in the last decade has been presented in “This study has been a real challenge for neurology in general and especially for neurosurgery. The results have shown an obvious improvement of the health state of the patients who suffer from brain injuries, which are mostly produced due to road accidents, to which the new treatment had been applied in the first 48 hours from the accident”, Prof. Fafin F. Mureşanu, MD, commented.RoNeuro Brain Days, another event took place, The Congress of the European Society for Clinical Neuropharmacology (ESCNP), which is one of the elite societies of world medicine, whose president elected last year, is Prof. Dafin F. Mureşanu, MD. In addition, Prof. Mureşanu continues the projects of his predecessor, Prof. Johannes Thome, MD, from Germany, a scientific society whose purpose is the promotion of education and acquiring a high level of knowledge and understanding in the field of clinical neuropharmacology. The society supports the research activity in neuropharmacology, the development of scientific standards, counseling regarding the best methods and techniques to interpret the results but also maintaining the collaboration with the national and international societies, governmental organizations, professional associations, as well as other types of groups, societies, institutions, etc., which contribute in the development of the clinical neuropharmacology field. During During the event, the following works and papers were presented: Prof. Dafin F. Mureşanu, MD, Romania - Advances in neurorehabilitation fundamentals - an update, Results from a large retrospective cohort trial in TBI, Pharmacological support in traumatic brain and spinal cord injury, The role of neurotrophic factors in brain protection and recovery after stroke; Prof. Albert Ludolph, MD, Germany - ALS genotypes and phenotypes; Prof. Heinrich Binder, MD, Vienna, Austria - The forgotten autonomous system in early rehabilitation, What’s the meaning of early rehabilitation in neurodegenerative diseases?; Prof. Ovidiu Băjenaru, MD, Romania - Neurorehabilitation strategy in patients with focal dystonia, Brain cholesterol: implications in the treatment of neurological diseases; Prof. Amos D. Korczyn, MD, Israel – Disease course modification in Parkinson’s disease, Vascular Parkinsonism, Medically unexplained symptoms in neurology.Moreover, other works were also presented: Prof. Johannes Vester, MD, Germany – Is there a chance for clinical research in neurorehabilitation within the framework of evidenced-based medicine? Classic and new approaches; Prof. Gelu Onose, MD, Romania – Propaedeutics for rehabilitation in the central nervous system traumatology (postacute/ subchronic stages); Prof. Adriana Sarah Nica, MD, Romania – Nutritional care of neurological disabled patients; Prof. Mihaela Baciuţ, MD, Romania - The benefit of high-end neurological therapy in maxillofacial surgery; Prof. Tudor Lupescu, MD, Romania – Symptomatic treatment in diabetic neuropathy; Prof. Vitalie Lisnic, MD, Republica Moldova - Impairment of the central nervous system in demyelinating polyneuropathies: neurophysiological, clinical and neuroimaging aspects, Atypical forms of chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, etc. What has already become a tradition is the care of the organizers for the variety and diversity of the actions auxiliary to the scientific ones, which have also been surprising on this event. And, it could not have been otherwise, since it was for example a moment, which was aptly chosen from the works of some illustrious classical music composers, such as Verdi, Rossini, Leoncavallo, Bizet, Offenbach, Lehar, from a bunch of immortal canzonets or traditional Russian or Jewish music, a moment which entirely belonged to the members of the National Opera in Cluj, who are young but very talented, impressing and completing the exceptional scientific congress. Executive EditorAssoc. Prof. Dr. Eng. Victor Lorin Purcarea


Intelligent materials are claimed to overcome current drawbacks associated with the attainment of high standards of life, health, security and defense. Membrane-based sensors represent a category of smart systems capable of providing a large number of benefits to different markets of textiles, biomedicine, environment, chemistry, agriculture, architecture, transport and energy. Intelligent membranes can be characterized by superior sensitivity, broader dynamic range and highly sophisticated mechanisms of autorecovery. These prerogatives are regarded as the result of multi-compartment arrays, where complementary functions can be accommodated and well-integrated. Based on the mechanism of “sense to act”, stimuli-responsive membranes adapt themselves to surrounding environments, producing desired effects such as smart regulation of transport, wetting, transcription, hydrodynamics, separation, and chemical or energy conversion. Hopefully, the design of new smart devices easier to manufacture and assemble can be realized through the integration of sensing membranes with wireless networks, looking at the ambitious challenge to establish long-distance communications. Thus, the transfer of signals to collecting systems could allow continuous and real-time monitoring of data, events and/or processes. Under the effect of one or more external stimuli—ocedures .Based on the “sensing-to-action” sequence, stimuli-responsive membranes can offer attractive solutions to numerous applications in the field of textiles, biomedicine, environment, agro-food, water treatment, agriculture, architecture, transport and energy ,3,4.Conceptually, the membrane is considered as a semi-permeable interface able to block the passage of some species while other substances are transported from one phase to another, under steady or unsteady conditions. The transport can be controlled through different mechanisms depending on the membrane feature-types, stream chemistry, and process engineering ,6,7,8. Unquestionably, in the last years the membrane science has gained a leadership in traditional areas such as separation, purification, chemical and energy conversion, by-products reduction, development of artificial organs, and so on .However, it is quite surprising how the way of perceiving the concept of membrane has been progressively changed, leading to an emerging and always more expanding area of research, wherein membrane and sensor technologies are vigorously examined in an attempt to mimic the behavior of natural systems, which are regarded as “multi-reservoirs of intricate and miniaturized smart functional architectures” ,12,13,14In this frame, many efforts have been done so far in order to make the membranes adaptable, self-maintaining and self-healing like objects, animals and vegetables broadly distributed in nature. Thus, it is not difficult to imagine how transport, wetting, transcription, hydrodynamics, and chemical or energy conversion can be triggered through artificial membranes having a flat, tubular or spherical configuration ,17,18,19A major success is realized when the control of the matter occurs on nano and microscale ,21,22. I2 and O2, is surely an attractive challenge for application in packaging, where prolonged freshness, quality monitoring, safety and harmless shipping/storage represent important prerogatives.Undoubtedly, the creation of interactive and ultra-smart membranes will bring substantial changes in technology, economy, lifestyle and society. It is enough to imagine the advantages arising from the use of intelligent membranes in architecture, agriculture, textiles, pharmaceutical, food and beverage industries. The ability of membranes to stop the air permeability and change the water transmission rate, depending on the direction of heat flow and relative humidity, is expected to promote the development of smart and energy-saving constructions over seasonal time, but also to make textiles comfortable and adaptable to extreme activities and environmental conditions. The smart regulation of vapors and gases, including COBiotechnology is another area where intelligent membranes are in great demand for human health, defense and security. Stimuli-responsive membranes, working as reservoirs of target molecules for targeted therapies or against harmful agents, represent the focus of many current membrane-based studies as well as membranes working like chemical valves and of interest for selective bio-separations, ion-transport and molecular capture. Membranes capable of detecting, stopping and/or quickly destroying contaminants and dangerous chemical or biological compounds could come into play in military, aerospace, biomedicine, water treatment or environmentally hazardous compartments as well.Also, smart membranes perform a fascinating function when used for self-cleaning and self-healing purposes. Combining morphological features with sensing chemical elements, it is possible to save original properties and integrity of the membranes, taking advantage of preventing fouling phenomena, dirty/soil adhesion or damage in the structure and/or chemistry. Optimistically, the future is the miniaturization of adaptive materials and nanosensors in membranes with a major ambition to connect the latter to wireless networks in order to transfer/store signals and data, establishing long-distance communications. It is evident that the achievement of this target could fully revolutionize the lifestyle of everyone and especially that of sportsmen, astronauts, babies, soldiers and the sick. The integration of conductive wearing membranes in textiles appears to be, for example, a viable route towards the fabrication of comfortable electronic devices, enabling to detect in real-time vital functions such as breathing, cardiac frequency, sweat, temperature, blood, and posture .Future prospects involve highly motivated membrane technologists working on the creation of membranes such as complex arrays where new properties can be accommodated for, giving varied smart responses to direct inputs arising from the surrounding environment and, therefore, provide benefits without sacrificing performance. Then, the dream may come true ….


There is no affiliation indicated for the first author, Wang Nguitragool. Wang Nguitragool is affiliated with: Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine and Genetics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand. The publisher apologizes for this error, which was introduced during the typesetting process.


Frontiers in Psychology, 2015, Vol. 6, Art. 192), on page 6, Figure In the article “Bayesian reasoning with ifs and ands and ors,” by Nicole Cruz, Jean Baratgin, Mike Oaksford, and David E. Over (The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.


This study was conducted to assess the relation between allergic rhinitis (AR), acute rhinosinusitis (ARS) and chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) and environment, comorbidity and ethnicity.A posted GA2LEN screening questionnaire was sent to all those in a random sample of Dutch population (n=16700) in three different areas.The prevalence of ARS is significantly related to AR, a doctor’s diagnosis of CRS, urticaria, eczema, smoking, gender, ethnicity and age. The prevalence of CRS is significantly related to AR, a doctor’s diagnosis of CRS, urticaria, adverse response to painkiller, smoking, ethnicity, asthma and age. The prevalence of AR is significantly related to a doctor’s diagnosis of CRS, urticaria, eczema, adverse response to painkillers, smoking, occupation, ethnicity, asthma, age, CRS and ARSSome environmental factors, comorbidity and ethnicity are positively or negatively related to AR, ARS and CRS. Place of residence in the Netherlands is not related to the prevalence of these diseases.


Scientific Reports6: Article number: 1876410.1038/srep18764; published online: 01082016; updated: 08192016.In the original version of this Article, there was an error in Affiliation 1 which was incorrectly given as ‘Department of Health Management, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China’. The correct affiliation is listed below:‘Department of Health Management, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China’.This error has now been corrected in the PDF and HTML versions of the Article.


In this period, I could not start this editorial without wishing all of you a Happy New Year.This is also the opportunity for me to warmly thank, for their confidence, our authors, readers, reviewers, members of the editorial board, sponsors, as well as members of MDPI AG in Basel, Beijing, and Wuhan.Pharmaceuticals at the end of January, I was told that the job would be challenging and exciting. It was true, but I got a great deal of support from the scientific and administrative teams of MDPI AG. That allowed us to accumulate excellent results during the past year. Visibility of Pharmaceuticals increased from 458,383 full-text views in 2014 to 608,080 in 2015, a jump of almost 30%. Three Special Issues have been successfully completed. They were dedicated to mitochondrial target-based drug discovery [When I was offered the position of Editor-in-Chief of In 2015, eight distinguished scientists joined the Editorial Board: Jean Pierre Bazureau , Tien L. Huang , Joachim Jose , Christopher W. K. Lam , Viktor P. Lozitsky , Louis M. Mansky , Suzanne Peyrottes , and Maria Emilia de Sousa . Annie Mayence  acts as a new associate editor.Pharmaceuticals has affirmed its status of international scientific journal by sponsoring a series of events among which:23. Jahrestagung der Arbeitsgemeinschaft Radiochemie/Radiopharmazie, Erlangen, Germany;èmes Journées Franco-Belges de Pharmacochimie, Spa, Belgium;291st joint European Conference on Therapeutic Targets and Medicinal Chemistry, Münster, Germany;23rd National Meeting on Medicinal Chemistry, Salerno, Italy;11° Encontro Nacional de Quimica Organica/4° Encontro de Quimica Terapeutica, Porto, Portugal;Ricai 2015: 35th Interdisciplinary Meeting of Anti-infective Chemotherapy, Paris, France.Pharmaceuticals was the proud organizer of the First International Electronic Conference of Medicinal Chemistry [The journal was also present at the 250th American Chemical Society National Meeting and Exhibition in Boston, MA, USA. In addition, last but not least, hemistry . Membershemistry .Pharmaceuticals. We are also proud to let you know that the journal will organize a competition awarding one travel grant [No time for napping; in 2016 we must confirm the promising results obtained during 2015. Increasing the visibility of our journal will remain one of our main goals. We are already working in that direction, and we are pleased to announce that the Second International Electronic Conference on Medicinal Chemistry  will takel grant . It will


An old saying states that ‘’children are not little adults” and this certainly holds true for celiac disease, as there are many peculiar aspects regarding its epidemiology, diagnosis, clinical presentations, associated diseases, and response to treatment in pediatric compared to adult populations, to such an extent that it merits a description of its own. In fact, contrary to the past when it was thought that celiac disease was a disorder predominantly affecting childhood and characterized by a malabsorption syndrome, nowadays it is well recognized that it affects also adult and elderly people with an impressive variability of clinical presentation. In general, the clinical guidelines for diagnosis recommend starting with specific serologic testing in all suspected subjects, including those suffering from extraintestinal related conditions, and performing upper endoscopy with appropriate biopsy sampling of duodenal mucosa in case of positivity. The latter may be omitted in young patients showing high titers of anti-transglutaminase antibodies. The subsequent management of a celiac patient differs substantially depending on the age at diagnosis and should be based on the important consideration that this is a lifelong condition. In fact, in a substantial number of cases, both in adults and children, the disease remains clinically silent and the only manifestation is the associated disease/s [i.e., endocrinologists, rheumatologists, orthopedists etc., who need to be aware of this association [The number of conditions possibly associated with CD is extensive enough to justify active screening for most of them, with an estimated prevalence of 30.1% in adulthood and 20.7% in childhood . The mosisease/s ,63 for wociation . Here bevice versa.Surely, diabetes mellitus type I is the most frequent autoimmune disease associated with CD , with a An increased prevalence of autoimmune thyroid diseases, namely Hashimoto’s and Graves’ diseases, has been described in adults and to a greater extent in children with CD, although the rate varies amongst studies ,80,81,82i.e., Sjögren’s syndrome [Other than type 1 diabetes and thyroid autoimmune diseases, further endocrine conditions, such as Addison’s disease  and primsyndrome , systemisyndrome , and juvsyndrome , skin disyndrome , hepaticsyndrome , neurolosyndrome , cardiolsyndrome  and idiosyndrome , althougsyndrome . Similarsyndrome , has beesyndrome . Here beSjogren’s syndrome is an autoimmune exocrinopathy characterized by dry eyes, dry mouth, and circulating antibodies against intracellular proteins. The association between Sjogren’s syndrome and CD was first described in 1965 . Since tSelective IgA deficiency is one of the most frequent immunologic disorders associated with CD, with a reported frequency of 1:39 in populations of both adult and childhood CD , compareOther than gluten ataxia, a wide range of neurological and psychiatric disorders, such as peripheral neuropathy, epilepsy, headaches, dementia, depression, autism, and schizophrenia has been reported in association with CD, both in childhood and adulthood, although the risk seems higher in adulthood . In partThe relationship between dermatomyositis and CD has been suggested, both in young adult and adults ,119, witPossible conditions associated with CD, mainly in childhood, include elevated serum aminotransferases, without any specific histological changes that promptly reverse after a course of GFD, now known as “celiac hepatitis” , as wellObviously, this problem affects only CD in adulthood, where the association of infertility in both women and men  is recogFollowing the established association with some genetic disorders, namely Down’s, Turner, and Williams syndrome, CD screening is highly recommended for these conditions. The prevalence of CD in Down’s syndrome patients, indeed, ranges from 4% to 18%, according to several studies performed in both the USA and Europe ,134,135,Pending a better understanding of its pathogenesis ,2, the tThe term complicated CD encompasses a spectrum of different conditions, namely refractory CD (RCD), ulcerative jejunoileitis (UJI), and enteropathy-type-associated T cell lymphoma (EATL), which represent a biological continuum and are estimated to affect only a few cases in the adult CD population ,3,163. TIn conclusion, despite previous evidence that adult CD carries a twofold increase in all-cause mortality, and 60-fold increase in non-Hodgkin lymphoma compared with the general population , a recenTaken together, these findings highlight how different CD in children appears compared to CD in adults. First, the disease seems more common in children than in adults ,178 prob


July 2015 marks the 25th anniversary of the passage of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), signed into law on July 26, 1990, by President George H.W. Bush. ADA prohibits discrimination against persons with disabilities in all areas of their everyday lives, such as work, school, transportation, communication, recreation, and access to state and local government services. When first enacted, ADA defined a disability as a “physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more of the major life activities.”.http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/disabilityandhealth/.For more information on disability research and surveillance and state and national disability programs and resources, access the CDC’s Disability and Health Branch, available at


Objectives: Considering the increasing prevalence of depression in modern societies and the positive effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on depression, this study aims to investigate the omega-3 and omega-6 content of various foodstuffs, prescribed or prohibited by Iranian Traditional Medicine (ITM).Materials and Methods: Firstly, reliable sources of Iranian Traditional Medicine were reviewed in order to identify the prescribed and prohibited foodstuffs for depressed patients. Afterwards, according to the online database of United States Department of Agriculture , the ratio of linoleic acid to alpha linolenic acid  was identified in each foodstuff. Finally, the ratios of omega-6 to omega-3 were compared between seven food groups of vegetables, fruits, dry goods, high protein products, dairies, breads, and spices.Results: Based on the resources of Iranian Traditional Medicine, the following foods are prescribed for depressed patients: basil, coriander, spinach, lettuce, squash, peppermint, dill, chicory, celery, beet, quince, cucumber, watermelon, grape, peach, pomegranate, banana, apple, currant, pistachio, dried fig, almond, egg, chicken, lamb, trout, milk, bread without bran, saffron, oregano, and coriander seeds. On the other hand, cabbage, eggplant, onion, garlic, broad beans, lentils, beef, whole wheat bread, and mustard are prohibited. It should be noted that omega-3 content in some prescribed foods is more than that of the prohibited ones.Conclusion: The present study showed that mint, basil, spinach, lettuce, squash, lamb, saffron, oregano, cucumber, pistachio, milk, and also wild trout can be considered as medicinal foods for depressed patients. Recently, a great deal of attention has been paid to the use of therapeutic methods for depression, based on Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM)  as a CAM involves several non-pharmacological treatments, among which food therapy is the most notable. Although the effectiveness of different diets, such as the Mediterranean diet, in preventing depression . It should be noted that the values of linoleic acid and alpha linolenic acid are considered relative to the amount of omega-6 and omega-3, respectively. In the next step, the ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 was determined for each of the foodstuffs in seven food groups, including vegetables, fruits, dry goods, high protein products, dairies, breads, and spices. Finally, in each of the aforementioned groups, the obtained ratios were compared with each other. At first, reliable ITM texts including Kamel al-Sanaat al-Tibbyyah, Al-Qanun fi al-Tibb and Zakhireh Kharazmshahi were reviewed for prescribed and prohibited foods in depression. Given to the positive impacts of polyunsaturated fatty acids on depressed patients and for investigating omega-3 content of the foodstuffs, in the next step the amounts of omega-3 and also omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids for each of the foodstuffs were collected from the USDA database , in the vegetables group, the ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 in mint, spinach, basil, lettuce, and squash is less in comparison with all the prohibited vegetables. However, this does not apply to coriander, dill, chicory, celery, and beet, which are prescribed in this group  was higher than those of lamb (3:1) and beef (2:1). Therefore, based on our findings, beef and lamb are preferable to trout, with regard to their omega-3 content. Since the approximate ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 in wild trout is 2:1, this contradiction could be related to selecting framed trout instead of wild trout in this study.Recent studies show the negative effect of non-bran grain consumption on depression (Jacka, 2010On the other hand, modern medicine databases have reported the antidepressant effect of garlic (Dhingra and Kumar, 2008In the present study, we studied only the USDA database for polyunsaturated fatty acids values, while reports by other resources were neglected. Because this database is one of the most valuable and well-known resources in this domain, the obtained results are most likely reliable.Other limitation of this study is that the effects of other nutrients have not been considered. Omega-3 is only one of the effective nutrients for depression management and there are many other nutrients that have positive effect on depression. Therefore, it is not possible to confirm the antidepressant effects of foodstuffs only by relying on their fatty acids content. As the final point, mint, basil, spinach, lettuce, squash, lamb, saffron, oregano, cucumber, pistachio, milk, and also wild trout can be considered as medicinal foods for depressed patients. On the other hand, cabbage, eggplant, onion, broad beans, lentils, beef, and mustard do not have such effect. By definition, medicinal foods not only provide the required nutrients, but also promote the health status of an individual (Esfahani et al., 2011As previously mentioned, polyunsaturated fatty acids are only part of the nutrients affecting depression and nutrients are only part of the effective ingredients in a foodstuff. Accordingly, research on the effects and amounts of other nutrients in the studied foodstuffs would be helpful in achieving more accurate results. Moreover, it would be advantageous to design observational or interventional studies based on the main findings of this study.


PLoS Biology, volume 2, issue 3:In Table of ContentsPage iiiThis photograph was used on the March 2004 Table of Contents, where Adam Lazarus, who generously supplied the image, should have been acknowledged. We apologize for this omission.


Scientific Reports 10.1038/s41598-022-22323-9, published online 17 October 2022Correction to: The original version of this Article contained an error in the Funding section.“This work is funded by Pusan National University Research Grant 2020. The funder had no role in study design, data collection, software development, data analysis, data interpretation, writing of the report, or decision to submit the paper.”now reads:“This work was supported by a 2-Year Research Grant of Pusan National University. The funder had no role in study design, data collection, software development, data analysis, data interpretation, writing of the report, or decision to submit the paper.”The original Article has been corrected.


The development of nanomaterials with different shapes and sizes and which are utilized as effective materials for energy and environmental applications constitutes a challenge for researchers ,2,3,4,5.This Special Issue also collected various research articles addressing catalysis, which is used in different applications; for example, Boyu Li, et al.  reported


Movement is fundamental to life, shaping population dynamics, biodiversity patterns, and ecosystem structure. In 2008, the movement ecology framework :19052–19059, 2008) introduced an integrative theory of organismal movement—linking internal state, motion capacity, and navigation capacity to external factors—which has been recognized as a milestone in the field. Since then, the study of movement experienced a technological boom, which provided massive quantities of tracking data of both animal and human movement globally and at ever finer spatio-temporal resolutions. In this work, we provide a quantitative assessment of the state of research within the MEF, focusing on animal movement, including humans and invertebrates, and excluding movement of plants and microorganisms. Using a text mining approach, we digitally scanned the contents of  De motu animalium 384-322 BC) and mechanistic  perspectives  by Marshall et al. ) Methods section—or any other section except for tables.The dictionary analyses showed high precision at identifying the papers associated with each MEF component, taxonomic group, tracking device, software, and type of statistical method . Only  analyzedThe topic analysis showed general consistency . The word intrusion approach is not an exhaustive assessment of topic interpretability, but it allows putting our results into perspective: some topics have a clear and easy interpretation and some others are really hard to interpret. In ecology, topic models have been recently used to identify themes in ecology  and asseEach stage of the text mining approach  assumed that there were no changes in the terms used in the literature to refer to the same concepts over the decade 2009–2018. While this assumption is likely to be false, it would be reasonable to expect that there have not been drastic changes in terminology within a single decade. We recommend that future studies also embrace text mining techniques, since the number of publications and the rate of publications are only expected to increase. For studies encompassing a longer time frame, it could be more useful to use the methods and criteria described here as a starting point—rather than the exact keywords or model parameters—and either train the algorithms over a decade and validate over others, or train a different algorithm for each time period. In any case, the validation process, which requires manual verification of a sample of papers, is key to support the findings; here, they returned high precision for identifying movement papers and high accuracy for each dictionary. In retrospect, we also encourage using version control when calibrating algorithms and keywords to keep track of the development process and get better performance in a more efficient way.In the article introducing the MEF , technolOur results showed a steady growth in the use of R. The same pattern in reported R usage was observed in the field of ecology globally . AccordiIn parallel, there has been substantial progress in the number and sophistication of quantitative methods for the study of movement , 60 and https://rociojoo.github.io/mov-eco-review/survey-about-movement-ecology.html). Respondents (32 out of 33) indicated that technology and methods to collect and analyze data were the features that revolutionized the field in the last decade—this has been coined the ‘biologging revolution’ [www.IcarusInitiative.org, accelerometers, multisensor loggers) will also be driving the field in the following decade.The results obtained here were consistent with the perspectives of movement ecologists who answered a limited survey in the winter and spring of 2019 , we would have expected to find an increase in the study of the internal state, motion, and navigation, as well as in the percentage of studies addressing other components of the MEF in combination with external factors. Research on internal state showed a small growth over the years, which could be due to an increase in the number of studies investigating the links between energetic conditions and behavior within tracks , or the Addressing all of the components of the MEF requires interdisciplinary efforts involving researchers from ecology, biology, neuroscience, physics, statistics, and geographic information science, among others , 35. TheOverall, the topic analysis revealed both the fragmentation of the movement ecology community based on taxonomic groups, and the potential for synergies across taxonomic groups. In particular, we were able to quantitatively categorize topics clearly associated to specific taxa, notably in the aquatic realm . Humans (two topics about sports and activity patterns) and birds (one topic about migration) were also strongly associated to given topics, further reinforcing a pattern of study of large, easy to tag fauna that work as model species. On the other hand, the majority of topics did not show fidelity to any taxon, which suggests their potential for generalization—and integration—across taxa, for instance using shared methods or devices. Among these, two groups of topics can be identified, dealing with subject areas  and technological and methodological concerns , both of which lay the foundations for further interdisciplinary research and knowledge transfer.Integrated research also requires overcoming communication difficulties , 65, devThe progress made in terms of tools for data collection, processing, and analysis needs to be shared with the community to foster a better and more integral understanding of movement in all of its aspects. In this respect, the FAIR principles  , 72 offeBy congregating the community around the R environment, most movement researchers can communicate over the same programming language, share codes, and move towards transparency, collaboration, and reproducibility. In an era with large volumes of data and much dependency on software for the analyses, reproducibility in science also requires open code . On theImprovements in technological devices to track animals and humans have generated high volumes of movement data from a range of species, providing greater information on their movement paths, physiology, and the environment they experience. However, there has been little change in the degree to which studies address different components of the MEF, while there are also distinct groups of research topics that are predominantly linked to the species studied , the methods used and their application. Developments in statistical methods and software tools have facilitated data processing and analysis. These aspects have been clear drivers of movement research in the 2009–2018 decade and will likely continue to drive the field, allowing to explore new research questions and improve our understanding of evolutionary, physiological, and life-history causes and consequences of movement. To make that possible, there should be strong commitments towards transparency, reproducibility, and interdisciplinary collaboration practices in the community.https://rociojoo.github.io/mov-eco-review/, serving as the manuscript’s Supplementary Information page. It contains an Introduction (to the website) and the abstract (section 1), a description of Data collection and processing (section 2), Data analysis with a description of methods and layout of results (section 3), the description and results of the Survey about movement ecology (section 4), and details on the R session used for these analyses. The R codes are available in a GitHub repository https://github.com/rociojoo/mov-eco-review, and links to specific R codes are provided in the text of the website.Additional file 1—Companion website: This is the companion website for the manuscript, Fig. 1: Time line of movement articles, with the number of articles published in the y-axis, and the years in the x-axis. There is an increasing trend in the number of articles going to almost 1200 papers in 2018. In this time line, we also highlighted events in the history of movement studies: The philosophical study of movement , the mechanistic study of movement , Quantitative analysis of movement , the introduction of movement as a framework , a Biotelemetry and biologging issue in JAE, and a movement ecology special feature in PNAS (both in 2008), the GPS in animal ecology theme issue in PTRSB (2010), the start of the Movement Ecology journal (2013), the movement ecology virtual issue in JAE (2015), and the collective movement ecology issue in PTRSB (2018).Fig. 2: Graphical representation of the algorithm to identify movement papers. First, define KEYWORDS for Web of Science and search. Get results on N papers. Then do quality control, consisting of selecting a random sample n (n = 100) from N, reading the abstracts, determining if they are from movement studies and computing a precision metric. If precision is greater than 0.8 and N is greater than 5000, we stop. Else, we edit keywords and do it all over again.Fig. 3: Proportion of papers in each year studying each of the five most commonly studied taxonomic groups. The years are in the x-axis, the proportion of papers in each year in the y-axis, and dots of different colors (one per class) correspond to the value of proportion for each year. In all years from 2009 to 2018, mammals (orange) were the most studied group, followed by fish (sky blue) , birds (green), humans (blue), and insects (dark orange). Only from 2012 there were more studies concerning humans than those of insects.Fig. 4: Number of species studied in each year for the five classes with most studied species . More species have been studied in the last years in general.Fig. 5: Proportion of papers in each year using the five most commonly used tracking devices. The years are in the x-axis, the proportion of papers in each year in the y-axis, and dots of different colors (one per device) correspond to the value of proportion for each year. GPS (orange) showed an increasing trend and was the most used device in movement papers in all years. Radio telemetry (sky blue), showed a decreasing trend, and started in 2009 with the same proportion of studies as GPS, and ended in 2018 in third place, below accelerometer (green). In contrast, accelerometer was in fifth position in 2009 and increased its popularity over the years. Acoustic telemetry (yellow) and satellite technology (blue) were tied in fourth place in 2018.Fig. 6: Proportion of papers in each year using the five most commonly used software. The years are in the x-axis, the proportion of papers in each year in the y-axis, and dots of different colors (one per software) correspond to the value of proportion for each year. R (orange) showed an increasing trend, starting at the last position of the five in 2009, and ending in first place in 2018 (with 0.7 of studies using it). The other four software showed decreasing trends over the years. ArcGIS (sky blue), SPSS (yellow), Matlab (green), and SAS (blue), ended up in second, third, fourth, and fifth positions, respectively, in 2018.Fig. 7: Proportion of papers in each year mentioning each type of statistical method. The years are in the x-axis, the proportion of papers in each year in the y-axis, and dots of different colors (one per type of method) correspond to the value of proportion for each year. Generic methods (orange) were the most popular throughout 2009-2018, while movement (sky blue), spatial (green), time series (yellow), social (blue), and spatiotemporal (dark orange), remained in second, third, fourth, fifth, and sixth position, respectively, throughout the decade.Fig. 8: Proportion of papers in each year focusing on each component of the MEF. The years are in the x-axis, the proportion of papers in each year in the y-axis, and dots of different colors (one per component) correspond to the value of proportion for each year. In all years from 2009 to 2018, external factors (orange) were the most studied component, followed by internal state (sky blue), motion (green), and navigation (blue).Fig. 9: Bar plots of the proportion of papers studying each taxonomical group for each component of the MEF. The number of papers where taxonomical groups were identified by our algorithm for each component are indicated in the figure: 3475 for external factors, 2141 for internal state, 1106 for motion, and 368 for navigation. In all components, mammals were the most studied. For external factors, fish and birds were the second and third most studied groups, respectively. For internal state, they were birds and fish, in that order. For motion, fish and humans. And for navigation, fish and insects, followed closely by birds.Fig. 10: Topic analysis. A: Word clouds of each topic based on beta values. The area occupied by each word in each wordcloud is proportional to beta. In topic 1, the largest words are individual, behavior, movement, dispersal, population. In topic 2, model, data, movement, time, estimate, method. In topic 3, habitat, movement, landscape, selection. In topic 4, animal, data, behavior, study. In topic 5, range, home, movement, site, size, population, individual, kilometer. In topic 6, movement, fish, habitat, tag, shark. In topic 7, forage, prey, behavior, dive, seal. In topic 8, speed, behavior, animal, movement, swim, body. In topic 9, fish, behavior, tag, river, acoustic. In topic 10, behavior, human, signal, sensor, activity, motion. In topic 11, activity, behavior, time, temperature, day. In topic 12, bird, migration, flight, migratory, wind. In topic 13, player, distance, play, speed, train. In topic 14, female, male, sex, activity, behavior, sex, age. In topic 15, turtle, whale, nest, behavior, breed, adult. B: Bar plots of proportion of papers studying each taxonomical group for each topic. Regarding dispersal (n = 345 papers), the most studied groups were mammals, human and amphibians. For movement models (n = 200), they were mainly mammals and humans. In habitat selection (n = 535), most studies pertained mammals. In detection and data (n = 134), also a majority of mammals. In home ranges (n = 233), it was mostly birds, followed by mammals. In aquatic systems (n = 384), an overwhelming majority of fish. In foraging in marine megafauna (n = 323), it was mostly birds, followed by mammals. In biomechanics (n = 268), insects, fish and mammals were the most studied groups. In acoustic telemetry (n = 290), fish were the most studied, followed by mammals. In experimental designs (n = 227), humans and mammals were the most studied groups. In activity budgets (n = 191), mammals were the most studied, followed by fish. In migration (n = 146), birds were the most studied group. In sports (n = 122), almost all studied involved humans. In human activity patterns (n = 106), it was humans, followed by mammals. In breeding ecology (n = 159), it was mostly reptiles, followed by mammals, birds, and fish.


In “Predictors of Health Information–Seeking Behavior: Systematic Literature Review and Network Analysis” :e21680) the authors noted three errors.1. In the originally published article, Reference 11 was incorrectly published as follows:Cole C. Looking for information: a survey of research on information seeking, needs, and behavior (4th edition). Donald O. Case and Lisa M. Given. Bingley, UK: Emerald Group Publishing, 2016. 528 pp. $82.95 (hardcover). (ISBN: 9781785609688). J Asso Inf Sci Technol 2016 Dec 21;68(9):2284-2286. [doi: 10.1002/asi.23778]The correct reference is a book and has been updated as follows:Case DO, Given LM. Looking for information: a survey of research on information seeking, needs, and behavior (4th edition). Bingley, UK: Emerald Group Publishing; 2016.2. The in-text citation for reference 11 incorrectly mentioned the year as 2002 in the following sentence:Other known models from the information science perspective include the Comprehensive Model of Information Seeking, which looks at information carrier characteristics, antecedents, and information-seeking actions [10] and the book by Case in 2002 about the research on information-seeking needs and behaviors [11].The correct year for the current edition of the book is 2016 and the sentence has been updated as follows:Other known models from the information science perspective include the Comprehensive Model of Information Seeking, which looks at information carrier characteristics, antecedents, and information-seeking actions [10] and the book by Case in 2016 about the research on information-seeking needs and behaviors [11].3. In affiliations 1 and 2 of the originally published article, the city was incorrectly mentioned as 'The University of Sydney'. This has been corrected to 'Sydney,' and the correct list of affiliations is as follows:1*, BPharm, MPhil, GCertEdStud (Higher Ed); Parisa Aslani1*, BPharm, MSc, PhD, GCertEdStud (Higher Ed); Edward Joseph Luca2, BA, MBA; Carl Richard Schneider1*, BN, BPharm, PhD, PGCert (Higher Ed)Ardalan Mirzaei1School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia2The University of Sydney Library, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia*these authors contributed equallyThe correction will appear in the online version of the paper on the JMIR Publications website on June 3, 2022, together with the publication of this correction notice. Because this was made after submission to PubMed, PubMed Central, and other full-text repositories, the corrected article has also been resubmitted to those repositories.


Thanks for your observations and for giving us a chance to reply to the letter you received about our paper entitled: “The relationship between body mass index and preeclampsia: A systematic review and meta-analysis”. In the following, the authors have tried to answer the issues raised as much as possible:The quality assessment was done by the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale, 27 articles with a quality score of Many statistical tests, such as Begg and Mazumdar (1994), can be used to check publication bias. In this article, we report the p-value and a plot in the results section, which seems to be sufficient , Figure 5). Egger et al. proposed a test for the asymmetry of the funnel plot. The power of this method to detect bias will be low with small numbers of studies. Begg and Mazumdar proposed testing the interdependence of variance and effect size using Kendall's method. This bias indicator makes fewer assumptions than that of Egger et al. .Pubmed and Scopus databases for English and SID for Persian articles had good coverage for our search, no search results for additional articles were found on Web of Sciences. Using the Web of Sciences is not obligatory in search of all meta-analysis studies. In our investigation, there were neither any articles in the Web of Sciences nor in PubMed and Scopus databases.Subgroup analysis were done according to mild and severe preeclampsia . To pool the results of articles, there were alternative, fixed effect models, (when heterogeneity is not significant) and random effect models (when heterogeneity is significant) (5).Effect size was defined by the researcher as mean BMI with a 95% confidence interval (CI), when we use CI there is the sample size in its formula (mean Effect size can be defined as mean difference, or SMD, WMD, OR, RR, if we use SMD it would lead to an increase in missing values, SMD is computed when mean, SD, and sample size are available in both cases and control groups, but when we define mean BMI as effect size, it is not necessary we have mean, SD, and sample size in both groups.Consequently, the results of this article, according to pooled results of 16 high-quality articles, are valid to cite.1 M.D., Mohammad Rafiei2 Ph.D., Mostafa Rezaei Tavirani3 Ph.D., Kourosh Sayehmiri4 Ph.D., Majid Dousti4 Ph.D.Morteza Motedayen1Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.2Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran.3Proteomics Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.4Psychosocial Injuries Research Center, Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran.