Following publication of the original article , the autThe missing author is Elaine Costa, who was part of the team that validated the NAT platform, did the pilot study and analyzed the results.To correct this error, please find Elaine Costa included in the author list of this correction.In addition, please see here for the (corrected) Author Contributions statement:GCM, ACGA, JHC, CMMA, NAF were responsible for patient recruitment and laboratory procedures; DR, MR, SR,EC, EFA validated the NAT platform and did the pilot study; DR, GCM, DTG, AT analyzed the results and wrote first draft of the manuscript; PA, GCM, AGPF, AT, WMM, and MVGL analyzed the results, revised and approved the final version of the manuscript.The authors apologize for any inconvenience caused.


Given the limited evidence of school closure effectiveness in containing the pandemic and the consequences for young people, reopening schools with appropriate measures is essential. This overview aimed to describe the main measures planned for the 2020–2021 academic year within the WHO European Region. A rapid systematic review of scientific databases was also performed. The websites of the government, Ministry of Health, and Ministry of Education of European Region countries were searched through 1 October for official documents about the prevention and management of suspected cases/confirmed cases in primary and secondary schools. To find further suggestions, a rapid systematic review was conducted through 20 October searching Pubmed, Scopus, and Embase. There were 23 official documents. France, Luxembourg, Malta, Ireland, Italy, Portugal, the UK, Spain, and San Marino were considered. Performing the rapid review, 855 records were identified and 7 papers were finally selected. The recommendations mostly agreed. However, there was no consensus on the criteria for the return to school of students that tested positive, and the flexibility between attendance at school and remote education for high-risk children often varied. School closure was commonly considered as the very last resort for COVID-19 control. Studies are required to evaluate the impact of different recommendations during this autumn term. Up to early October 2020, coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) presented a cumulative total of over 34 million cases and over 1 million deaths worldwide. The majority of deaths have been reported in the World Health Organization (WHO) Region of the Americas (55%) and the WHO Region of Europe (23%). In numerous countries, especially in the European Region, the second wave has been greater than the past peaks, partially due to an improvement in surveillance efficiency. Focusing on the European Region, the incidence of new cases is constantly increasing, with France, the Russian Federation, the United Kingdom (UK), Spain, and Israel reporting the greatest number of new cases in the first week of October [In this context, less than 5% of cases in the European Economic Area and the UK have been reported to occur in young people aged 18 years and under . SpecifiAlthough outbreaks in schools have been reported, their detection is extremely difficult because of the poor presentation of symptoms among younger people , and theNotably, strategies less disruptive than school closure must be considered in a context where restrictive distancing policies are enacted for long periods, as school closures can lead to very high costs both in economic and social fields . In partTherefore, given the limited evidence of school closure effectiveness in containing the pandemic and the importance of the consequences of school closure on young people’s lives, it seems essential to implement preventive measures when reopening schools, along with clear strategies to manage potential cases and outbreaks in school settings, in order to reduce the transmission of COVID-19 and keep schools open.In September, with the beginning of the academic year 2020/2021, the vast majority of the countries belonging to the WHO European Region fully reopened schools . Thus, tThe present investigation was directed to all countries included in the European Region of WHO  in orderThe search strategy research was structured using the PICOS strategy, as can be seen in Documents were considered eligible if they reported official detailed guidelines or protocols on the reopening measures to be followed in school settings both to prevent the COVID-19 transmission and to manage suspected/confirmed cases of COVID-19 infection. The authors examined only documents written in English, French, Spanish, Italian, or Portuguese. Only state-level documents and documents referring to the academic year 2020/2021 (or autumn term) were included. Only documents on primary and secondary schools were considered eligible, while information about preschools, colleges, and universities were excluded. News, statements, and question and answer pages were excluded. Two authors (GLM and TS) independently screened the websites of the government, Ministry of Health, and Ministry of Education to identify relevant documents. Disagreements were resolved by consensus. Extracted data for preventives measures included publication date, information about attendance, masks, physical distancing, interactions and behaviors, hand hygiene, ventilation, cleaning and disinfection, physical activity, school transport, and canteens. Extracted data for management measures included publication date, information about the management of students (and staff) with symptoms, and information about the management of students (and staff) who test positive.In order to find further suggestions for preventive and management measures, a rapid systematic review ,17 was cStudies were considered eligible if they reported guidelines, recommendations, or protocols for the reopening of primary and secondary schools. Differently from the search for official documents described above, papers referring to the reopening of schools before the new academic year 2020/2021 were included. Only papers that reported measures concerning the prevention of COVID-19 transmission or the management of suspected/confirmed cases were considered eligible. The authors examined only studies written in English, French, Spanish, Italian, or Portuguese. Commentaries and letters were excluded. Other exclusion criteria were studies on preschools, colleges, and universities and the unavailability of full texts. Authors chose the web application Rayyan of the Qatar Computing Research Institute (QCRI) as a tool for selecting and extracting relevant studies . Three aOverall, due to language restrictions, the countries included in this overview were the following: France, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, Portugal, Spain, the United Kingdom, and San Marino. n = 2) [n = 2) [n = 1) [n = 4) [n = 5) [n = 3) [n = 2) [n = 3) [n = 1) [The number of official documents identified and considered relevant in the present overview was 23. The documents belonged to the following countries: France (n = 2) ,23, Luxe [n = 2) ,25, Malt [n = 1) , Ireland [n = 4) ,28,29,30 [n = 5) ,33,34,35 [n = 3) ,37,38, t [n = 2) ,40, Spai [n = 3) ,42,43, a [n = 1) . These d [n = 1)  and Octo [n = 1) ,34,42,44 [n = 1) ,25 were  [n = 1)  were ava [n = 1) ,39,40, t [n = 1) ,30,34,42 [n = 1) ,43,44. T [n = 1) ,37,39,42 [n = 1) ,44, and Performing the rapid systematic review, a total of 855 records were identified. The study selection process is described in Attendance and remote education: All students are expected to return to school [o school ,39,41,42o school ,35,36,37o school ,26. Someo school ,32,41,42o school ,39. In so school ,24,26,39Masks:Physical distancing: Physical distancing is considered one of the most important preventive measures in all documents. Distances range from a minimum of 1 m to a minimum of 2 m, and usually the distance that should be kept is higher between members of staff and students than between students  and touching face and mask [and mask ,37,41,42and mask ,37, encoand mask ,28,29, aand mask ,28.Hand hygiene: Promotion and reinforcement of hand hygiene practice is strongly encouraged, and it is preferable to use warm water and soap in all countries. It is possible to use hand sanitizer but when hands are visibly dirt use water and soap [and soap ,28,41,42and soap . Hand hyand soap ,39,41,42and soap ,27,28,32and soap ,26,39.Ventilation, cleaning and disinfection: All the countries highlighted the importance of an adequate ventilation of all areas. For instance, ventilation should be ensured before entrance, during break, end of the day [ the day ,41,42, a the day , during  the day . Ventila the day ,41,42 an the day ,26,41,42 the day ,26,27,28 the day ,39,41,42 the day ,39, at l the day ,32 or thPhysical activity at school: Outdoor activities should be preferred [referred ,38,39,42referred ,39, e.g.referred ,28,31,32referred ,37. In areferred ,39, indireferred ,38. Lastreferred ,38.School transports: Masks are mandatory [andatory ,41,42,44andatory  or 6 yeaandatory ,33,41,42andatory  and in Iandatory . Staggerandatory ,28,39, dandatory ,33,36,39andatory ,33,36,39andatory ,33,36. Tandatory ,39. Lastandatory ,28,41.School canteens: School canteens are reopening in all countries. Among the main measures to be followed, it is clarified to wear a mask until sitting [ sitting ,36, keep sitting ,32,41,42 sitting , stagger sitting ,32,36,37 sitting ,36,41,42 sitting ,28,41,42Attendance and remote education: Remote education should be feasible in all educational facilities, as this might prevent potential exposure or transmission among staff and children. In the case of a high incidence of COVID-19 transmission divided classes, supplemented by online lessons should be implemented [lemented . Alternalemented . The guilemented . Insteadlemented , whereaslemented .Masks: Recommendations for the use of masks differ among documents , self-isolate and call healthcare providers to receive instructions and get tested if COVID-19 is suspected. The procedure to follow is comparable to the procedure recommended for students. In some cases, it is specified that school workers have priority access to testing ,39.Confirmed case: In case the student is confirmed to be positive, the return-to-school criteria defined by the countries were mostly different, as reported in All the countries consider the quarantine of close contacts in school (staff and students), except Luxembourg, and report that the school should provide a list of contacts to health authorities, which perform risk assessment, epidemiological investigation, contact tracing, and guide the actions to be followed. When specified, the duration of quarantine can range from 7 days  to 10 4 and 14 dSome documents clarify also the measures that must be taken if more than one case in one classroom is confirmed. In Luxembourg, if the transmission is identified outside school the base scenario remains the same and the involved classroom is quarantined and tested; if the transmission is within school, more restrictive measures should be implemented by a specific committee . In someSuspected case: These documents commonly disagree on measures to be implemented if suspected and confirmed cases occur within schools. For instance, only the German consensus statement requires the presence of a COVID-19 contact person at school [t school . A desigt school , whereast school . The latt school . Moreovet school . None oft school ,48. Thist school . Insteadt school  , while masks were usually not recommended for primary school students (or a risk-based approach was advised). One of the main differences we found was regarding students at high risk due to their medical conditions. Indeed, in some cases there was flexibility between attendance in presence or remote education, while in other cases all students were expected to physically return to school without exceptions. We argue that a one size fits all approach for high-risk children should not be the chosen approach ,52. SeveRegarding the management of suspected and confirmed cases, the official documents mostly agreed. The existence of a specific COVID-19 contact person in the school and the location of the first call to have a telephone triage were among the main differences in the first step to be followed. In addition, the criteria to return to school for suspected and confirmed cases were slightly different among countries . HoweverOverall, the official documentation taken into account in the present overview included the recommendations outlined in the WHO, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), and United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF) document published in September . Indeed,The present work has some limitations that must be acknowledged. Above all, language represented one of the main limitations, as well as the limited sources of information used. Indeed, besides the government, Ministry of Health, and Ministry of Education websites that were searched, additional official documentation might be found in other official websites. In addition, we decided to consider only state-level guidelines, therefore further details and differences that can potentially be highlighted in regional or local guidelines are missing. Similarly, the rapid review of scientific literature cannot provide an immediate and prompt update of recommendations, as scientific publications require a certain amount of time to be peer-reviewed. Moreover, conducting a rapid systematic review may be itself a limitation, with the search being less extensive and comprehensive than a systematic review. Nevertheless, the present paper had the primary aim of providing an overview of the possible guidelines to be implemented for the 2020/2021 academic year reopening and, through a detailed comparison, allowed us to highlight both the commonly shared recommendations and the mainly different recommendations. It also outlined the broad heterogeneity of details that state-level guidelines provide.In conclusion, the present paper showed that the recommendations and guidelines for reopening primary and secondary schools in the 2020/2021 academic year were mostly in agreement considering the measures of prevention and management of suspected and confirmed cases. However, among the differences that were found, this overview also showed that there was no strict consensus on the criteria for the return to school of students that tested positive and, therefore, we suggest that evidence on which criteria are more effective in limiting the transmission should be gathered. Additionally, it is worth noting that the flexibility between attendance at school and remote education for high-risk children varied across countries and papers. In our opinion, special attention should be paid to high-risk children; in particular, a one size fits all approach should not be the chosen approach. Lastly, the fact that school closure was commonly considered as the very last resort for COVID-19 control is extremely important in view of the widespread consequences that have been reported due to school closures in the past months ,11,12,13Further studies are required to evaluate the impact of the different recommendations on controlling COVID-19 transmission in schools during this autumn term, and expert meetings may be useful in order to discuss available evidence. Moreover, we argue that the human factor should be also evaluated along with the effectiveness of the strategies per se. Indeed, suboptimal compliance to hygiene practice has been reported both at the school level   and the


ESC Heart Failure (ESC‐HF) is an open access journal focused on advancing the understanding of heart failure since 2014. It is one of two journals of the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology . ESC‐HF is published by Wiley as its publishing house. The journal's main topics include basic and translational research questions regarding the pathophysiology, electrophysiology, and biology of heart failure; clinical questions regarding the prevention, diagnosis, understanding, and therapy of heart failure; and epidemiological questions regarding the incidence, prevalence, prevention, distribution, and risk factors for heart failure in different populations. The workload regarding submitted journals is distributed between Prof. Stefan D. Anker , the editor‐in‐chief, and the three deputy editors Prof. Stephan von Haehling  for the clinical section, Prof. Zoltán Papp  for the basic science section, and Dr Gábor Földes  for translational research. However, the journal would not be feasible without the help of the many authors and reviewers, editorial board members, associate editors, and especially the editorial office with Monika Diek, Anja Janssen, and Corinna Denecke. This journal relies on all these people to work together, towards the same goal of better understanding heart failure and its treatment.While in 2014, new journal issues were published every 6 months, today every 2 months a new issue is published. Thereby, the number of articles steadily increased over the years—2014, 16; 2015 and 2016, both 41; 2017, 95; 2018, 131; and 2019, 149. This is a ninefold increase of published articles from 2014 until 2019. At the time of this writing in September 2020, the number of submissions in 2020 has reached 926. The journal attracts publications from many different nations. The list of countries where most of the articles originate includes Germany, the United States, Japan, England, Italy, Netherland, Spain, Sweden, France, and Australia.TableTablesIn Web of Science,In 2019, ESC‐HF articles were altogether cited 1276 times.None declared.


Some epidermal alterations in measles has been described, such as keratinocytes apoptotic, parakeratosis, giant-cell formation, intranuclear and cytoplasmic inclusions, dyskeratosis, spongiosis, and intracellular edema. The authors report for the first time in human a case of measles with the presence of multinucleated giant cells in the hair follicle and dyskeratosis in acrosyringium. A 9-year-old boy evolved with headache and fever. Seven days after the onset of symptoms, coughing, an episode of hemoptysis, coryza, and conjunctivitis, followed by a rash that started on the forehead with a cephalophaudal progression. He had no comorbidities or family history.The exanthema was distributed in a cephalocaudal direction, with appearance of pruritic maculopapular lesions, some confluent plaques, more intense on the face and trunk. The physical examination revealed a hypochromic macula, with diffuse erythematosus halo, before the appearance of a rash on the oral mucosa, Koplik's sign , besidesThe skin biopsy showed hyperkeratosis, mild spongiosis, dyskeratosis, focal parakeratosis, and apoptotic keratinocytes. In follicular epithelia, was observed dyskeratosis and multinucleated giant cells . The dysTorres, in 1952,The most common findings are parakeratosis, giant-cell formation, intranuclear and cytoplasmic inclusions, dyskeratosis, spongiosis, and intracellular edema.EwingEpithelial giant cells in the hair follicles were described, in our knowledge, only by Hall et al.None declared.Monique Freire Santana: Approval of the final version of the manuscript; conception and planning of the study; elaboration and writing of the manuscript; obtaining, analysis, and interpretation of the data; critical review of the literature; critical review of the manuscript.Luiz Carlos de Lima Ferreira: Approval of the final version of the manuscript; conception and planning of the study; effective participation in research orientation; critical review of the manuscript.João Gabriel Nogueira de Oliveira: Elaboration and writing of the manuscript; obtaining, analysis, and interpretation of the data.Fábio Francesconi: Effective participation in research orientation; intellectual participation in the propaedeutic and/or therapeutic conduct of the studied cases; critical review of the manuscript.None declared.


Sphenarium that are widely looked for, collected, accepted as part of the diet, consumed, and marketed.In the state of Michoacán, Mexico, 49 genera and 69 species of edible insects were registered, and they belong to the following orders: Orthoptera: (families) Pyrgomorphidae (2 species) and Acrididae (5); Hemiptera-Heteroptera: Coreidae (1), Corixidae (2), Pentatomidae (2), Membracidae (2), and Aethalionidae (3); Coleoptera: Cerambycidae (1), Cicendelidae (2), Curculionidae (2), Dytiscidae (1), Noteridae (1), Gyrinidae (1), Passalidae (1), Scarabaeidae (1), Tenebrionidae (2), Bostrichidae (1), Buprestidae (1), and Melolonthidae (1); Lepidoptera: Cossidae (1), Danaidae (1), Megathymidae (1), Pieridae (1), Bombycidae (1), Sessidae (1), Noctuidae (1), and Nymphalidae (1); Diptera: Stratiomydae (2); and Hymenoptera: Diprionidae (2), Apidae (10), Formicidae (4), and Vespidae (12). The order Coleoptera presents the highest number of families (12), but the order Hymenoptera has the highest number of genera (18) and species (28), 12 of which belong to the family Vespidae. Among the genera, 75.52% are monospecific, 14.28% are bispecific, 4.08% are trispecific, 4.08% are tetraspecific, and 2.04% are pentaspecific. Their distribution by locality is indicated, and these localities correspond to the municipalities of the state sampled so far; likewise, we report various forms in which they are prepared and the economic importance of, for example, the grasshoppers of the genus  Society currently faces a variety of significant crises. Preexisting quotidian crises  are now accompanied by drastic climate fluctuations caused by global warming, including issues such as rising pollution, unchecked demographic growth, and low crop yield. As a result, to feed an ever-growing world population, insects are an important alimentary resource. Not only do many animals feed on them, but they also have a long culinary history providing food for people in different parts of the world: these animals have been valued by many cultures and for some are the sole protein source available . Being a2. The topography of the state include Sierra Tarasca in the north pertaining to the Eje Volcánico along with numerous volcanoes, such as Zacapú; the main mountain ranges such as the ones of Angangueo in the limits of the Estado de México; Ucareo, Mil Cumbres, and Otzumatlán; the Pico de Orizaba; mount Zirate; the Sierra de Patambán; mount Tancítaro; Sierra de Inguarán; the Paricutín and Jorullo volcanoes; and the northern part of the Río Tepalcatepec basin contained the flatlands of Antunez, Lombardia, and Nueva Italia. Sierras Tarasca and Coalcamán have a subhumid temperate climate, and the mountainsides toward the basins of Tepalcatepec and Balsas and toward the Pacífic are hot humid and the lower part of that basin is semi-dry with a summer rainfall regime. The following rivers are present in the state: Coahuayana, Coire, Coalcamán, Nexpa, Carrizal, and Zacatula; the last one has numerous tributaries in the state, such as the Grande, which also receives water from the Cupatitzio or del Marqués and forms the waterfall known as the Tzaráracua at the south of the city of Uruapán, the Tacámbaro, the Carácuaro, the Cutzamala, the Tuzantla, the Tuxpan, the Zitácuaro, and the Temascaltepec. The river Lerma marks boundaries between Michoacán and the states of Querétaro, Guanajuato, and Jalisco; the closed basins include lakes Cuitzeo, Pátzcuaro, and Zirahuén. The state also has numerous springs of thermal and mineral-medicinal waters. In the Sierra Madre del Sur, the soils are poor and undeveloped, such as the regosols and cambisols; in the Sierra Tarasca, the soils are fertile and derive from volcanic ash (andosols); and in the Balsas basin, the soils are clayey lateritic (acrisol and luvisol) alternating with cambisol. The state is divided into 113 municipalities and 7,716 localities. Of the total area of the state, 33.3% is farmland, 30.4% is rainfed, and 4.9% is irrigated, that is, Michoacán is an agricultural state that produces corn, sorghum, rice, beans, wheat, barley, safflower, sesame, sugar cane, cotton, alfalfa, potatoes, and tomatoes and fruits such as strawberries, melons, avocados, lemons, mangos, apples, watermelons, and bananas. Grasslands compromise 6.7% of the total state area. Bovine cattle are the most important type of livestock, significant of which were the porcine, along with goats, sheep, horses, mules, and donkeys being bred. The total forest area is of 4,320,800; 2,052,800 ha are covered in trees, and of these, 1,733,200 ha has temperate and semicold climate forests and 319,000 medium forests, low forests, and mezquital correspond to 867,600 ha, shrubland to 259,200 ha and the areas that have been cleared so as to be used otherwise represent 1,141,200 ha. Pines, oaks, and firs are exploited for their wood; resin is obtained from pines. Fishing activities in its lakes are also important for its economy; the main species are charal, carp, catfish, frog, white fish, huachinango, tilapia, and sardine  and/or municipal markets.During 2017 and 2019, diverse visits to 48 localities were carried out so as to survey and collect the edible insects. With this in mind, we developed a questionnaire exclusively aimed at the inhabitants of rural areas in which we asked about the insects included in their diet, their common names and hosts, and their gastronomic importance. Edible insects were collected using tweezers and entomological nets ; they were then placed in plastic jars filled with 70% ethanol for their preservation. In all the samples collected, we included the following data: locality name, collection date, collector's name, common name, and type of host . SeveralAfter their collection, insects were brought to the Entomology Laboratory that is part of the Department of Zoology of the Biology Institute, where they were mounted, labeled , and ideIn alphabetical order, the localities sampled were: Ahuiran, Alto Balsas, Angangueo, Aquila, Aranza, Ario de Rosales, Capacuaro, Angahuan, Chauzingo, Charapan, Cherán, Cocucho, Copándaro de Galeana, Cotija, Eronganicuaro, Jerecuaro, Jiquilpan, Juchitán, Jungapeo, La Piedad, Lago de Cuitzeo, Lago de Pátzcuaro, Las Cocinas, Mazamitla, Meseta Tarasca, Morelia, Nahuatzen, Neocupétaro, Pátzcuaro, Pomocuaran, Quinceo, San Francisco Corupo, San Lorenzo, San Pedro Tarimbaro, Sevina, Tacámbaro, Tecomán, Tingambato, Tlalpujahua, Tumbizca, Tupataro, Tuxpan, Uruapan, Zacán, Zamora, Zirahuen, Zitácuaro, and Ziracuaretiro. The collection sites include pine-oak forests, ravines, shrubland, hills, and springs.Table 2.The edible insects reported by the persons interviewed are presented in In this study, we report 6 orders, 31 families, 49 genera, and 69 species.Trichoderes pini are both larvae and pupae are eaten, and, in the genus Cysbister, the larvae and adults are eaten. It is convenient to point out that the larvae are the most digestible in the developmental stage as they possess the smallest quantity of “raw fiber” and that the adults are consumed in very few cases.The order Coleoptera has the highest number of families  Ceramby. In thisPolybia, the consumption of honey is well-known and reproducing adults are consumed in the case of the ants of the genus Atta. A taxonomic synthesis is presented in The order Hymenoptera has the highest number of genera  and specWe also record common or linguistic names, where the edible stage of development and the localities in which the consumption was recorded .Corisella mercenaria, Krizousacorixa femorata, Cybister sp., Suphisellus sp., and Gyrinus parcus), and 92.76% are terrestrial.Five species have an aquatic habit, that is, 7.24% , before being prepared in diverse dishes, are dehydrated in a microwave oven to eliminate excess water and, if they are used in the preparation of a sweet dish, they are placed in a container with sugar and cinnamon, boiled, and then microwaved. With grasshoppers, they make stuffed sweet crepes with a chocolate covering, cheese pie with kiwi and strawberries, rice and milk, pizza, and tacos with tomato sauce. These grasshoppers are also consumed as an appetizer; they are toasted and seasoned with piquing chili or they are cooked so as to be eaten in tacos accompanied by guacamole or sauce. They are also prepared in a sauce made of morita chili, garlic, and tomatillo and are sold in the streets, fried and seasoned with lemon and chili. They are used in the design of delicious gourmet dishes.Detailed below are some forms of preparation used in Michoacán of some of the edible insects recorded. Order Orthoptera encompasses many phytophagous species that are pests, of which some are also predators; in this order, the nymphs and adults of grasshoppers are the Mexican edible insects most sought after, asked for, and commercialized in several states like Tlaxcala and Puebla, and they even have given rise to alimentary industries in Oaxaca. The grasshoppers  are bug species pertaining to the family Pentatomidae that are considered to be a delicacy, where both nymphs and adults are consumed. The best known in the state is Brochyymena tenebrosa; these organisms can be eaten fried or ground to prepare a sauce and they may also be prepared in enchiladas  is considered a delicacy since pre-Hispanic times and it is consumed toasted. The cocopaches (nymphs and adults) are eaten prepared in a sauce of chopped greens  known as “pico de gallo” (rooster's beak).For order Hemiptera, we see the following: The chiladas . The axamayates, beetles, ladybirds, weevils, and picudos. They feed on both live and dead organic matter and, thus, they are important agricultural and forest pests; nevertheless, some of them are used in pest control. In Mexico, members of 22 families, 66 genera, and 119 species are consumed , they are cooked and filled with cheddar or mozzarella cheese, wrapped in a piece of bacon and accompanied by a cherry tomato, presented as sweet brochettes with kiwi, strawberry, and pineapple; as chocolate covered larvae; or as salted brochettes with broccoli, carrots, onions, and green pepper with a yellow dip with garlic; and as Chinese rolls with cream cheese and cucumber in a soy sauce. Depending on which flavor is selected when they are prepared, if it is salty they are fried in olive oil with salt and garlic, and if it is sweet with butter and sugar; and it is important to emphasize that the smell perceived during this preparation process is delightful, and it invites its savoring.In the case of grub worms (cupiches (larvae), huenches, conduchas, or chamas (pupae) are toasted in a comal and are eaten in tacos accompanied by hot sauce. Red and white maguey worms (larvae) are eaten in tacos.For the order Lepidoptera, we see the following: It encompasses the insects known as butterflies and moths, and among them, the edible ones that are most popular are the white and red maguey worms that are distributed in all states of Mexico where this plant grows. The Apis mellifera, while others are involved in pollination and biological control.For order Hymenoptera, we see the following: This order is equally one of the most numerous species, which are known by the common names of wasps, bees, and ants, that are beneficial, and some have been domesticated, as is the case of the bee Apis) are prepared with chantilly cream cheese filled strawberries, the strawberries are cored and filled with the mix of the cheese, cream, and larvae; they can also be added to rum-flamed bananas or to the custard used for filling pies; larvae are added directly to the dishes, giving them a sweet and pine nut like flavor. The reproductive adults of the chicatana ants are consumed fried and roasted and in sauces; another preparation form is to toast them and then grind them in a molcajete with chili, garlic, and salt so as to be eaten in tacos.Bee larvae , grasshopper flour, grasshopper and chinicuil chocolates, and caramelized grasshoppers. She says that the acceptance of these foodstuffs has been growing in Morelia, the capital city of the state, especially in the health sector due to the nutritional virtues of insects that, as we have already mentioned, are widely documented in the scientific literature, both in Mexico and worldwide. This firm also organizes training courses in rural zones where they show how to collect, clean, and prepare them for their sale, so as to ensure that they are innocuous in the processed products. This activity has become the source of income of many persons who are now devoted to collecting grasshoppers for human consumption. This is proof that this activity enables them to obtain a significant income , whose founder, the entrepreneur Janette Lagunas Rayas, has published that the market of insect consumption is growing slowly, but it is nevertheless growing . This cot income , 65, forth flour . Some fath flour . In thisOther insects that have economic importance in diverse ways include the bees known as Uauapu bees . Honey is sold in local and regional markets. Honey is considered a very rich foodstuff both for its flavor as well as for its nutritional properties; it is consumed because people like it and it is considered a privileged foodstuff. The honeycomb is also sold commercially and eaten in sliced pieces, and the larvae are consumed as well . Honey iIn the state of Michoacán, Mexico, 69 species of edible insects in their different stages of development are consumed. The localities in which the greatest number of species are consumed are: Charapan (10 species) Jungapeo (7), Pátzcuaro (6), San Pedro Tarímbaro (6), Neocupétaro (6), and Cherán (6).Anthropo-entomaphagy persists in Michoacán due to its rural population that, despite the influence of miscegenation and the introduction of other alimentary habits, has kept its traditional knowledge about the ecology, distribution, management, and consumption of edible insects as these arthropods have been part of culture since pre-Hispanic times. They have been a significant aspect of Mexican cuisine and diet for centuries. Today, many chefs have incorporated entomophagy into Mexican haute cuisine, developing dishes that, although exotic and expensive to certain social strata, are nevertheless increasingly more acceptable and consumed in different restaurants and markets.However, it must be emphasized that even with the number of species registered in the state, anthropo–entomophagy is not very popular in the big cities and municipal heads; they used to be consumed in rural zones in which they are collected, prepared, and eaten; likewise, we observed that this activity is very much appreciated by the elders and ignored by the young. This is due to the large quantity of modern foodstuffs which the latter tend to consume as part of their diets.Finally, we can say that this pre-Columbian legacy prevails, and we ascertain that edible insects are an essential part of our alimentary culture and an element of identity that generates nutritional, medicinal, and economic benefits to those that practice entomophagy in the Mexican Republic.The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation.Both authors participated in the field research, writing, and final review of the article.The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.


The Hiram J. Friedsam Award lecture will feature an address by the 2020 award recipient, Karen Kopera-Frye, PhD, MPA, FGSA, FAGHE. Hiram J. Friedsam was the professor, co-founder, and director of the Center for Studies in Aging and dean of the School of Community Service at the University of Northern Texas. Dr. Friedsam was an outstanding teacher, researcher, colleague, and mentor to students, faculty, and administrators, as well as a past president of AGHE. The purpose of this award is to recognize those who emulate Dr. Friedsam’s excellence in mentorship.


Funding statement. The correct number for BMBF e:bio3 initiative HotSySAPP is 031L0078A. The corrected Funding statement appears below:In the original article, there was an error in the BSi acknowledges the funding by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF). LS and SK received funds within the e:bio3 initiative HotSySAPP (031L0078A). LS acknowledges funding by MERCUR Pr-2013-0010.Author Contributions Statement appears below.Additionally, Roland Wohlgemuth was not included as an author. The corrected SK, LS, TB, KB, EA, RK, and RM performed the experiments. CB, BSi, BSc, MO, and SK wrote the manuscript, which was edited by CB and BSi. CB, RW, and BSi conceived the study. All authors approved the final manuscript.Conflict of Interest statement is as follows:The corrected BSc, RM, MO, KB, RK, EA, and RW were employed by the company Member of Merck Group, Sigma-Aldrich Production GmbH, Buchs, Switzerland.The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.The authors apologize for these errors and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.


Correction to: Cell Death & Disease10.1038/s41419-019-2214-9, published online 16 January 2020In the original published version of the article, there was a mistake in the affiliations:The first affiliation  should read “Division of Hepatobiliopancreatic Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China”This has been corrected in both the PDF and HTML versions of the Article.


At the European scale, the most studied topics were related to the environment, food, chemicals, pigments, protein, feed, and drugs. The highest scientific trends and market opportunities analysis identified bioplastics and biostimulants as top emerging concepts at the European level and agricultural, animalfeed, and bluebiotechnology at the European AA level. A bibliographic database of scientific papers published by authors affiliated worldwide, especially focused in Europe and in the European Atlantic Area, and containing the keywords “microalga(e)” or “phytoplankton” was built. A corpus of 79,020 publications was obtained and analyzed using the Orbit Intellixir software to highlight the evolution of the research domain. Publication rates from 1960 to 2019, organization of the research, collaboration networks between countries and organizations, emerging and fading research concepts, major studied species, and associated concepts, as well as journals publishing microalgae research were considered. As a result, of the 79,020 papers published worldwide, 26,137 included authors from Europe (33% of world production) and 6989 from the European Atlantic Area (AA) . The main worldwide scientific research topics found in this study were  Microalgae, with an estimated number of 30,000 to 1,000,000 species, constitute a vast group of microorganisms extensively studied for their ecological functions in marine and freshwater environments and possible use as a source of feed, food, cosmetics, biofuels, nanomaterials, and pharmaceuticals ,3. SinceIn 2018, the scientific production reached 5747 publications per year in the world, 1806 (31% of the world production) publications per year in Europe, and 509 (28% of the European production) publications per year in the AA. From the results explained above, it can be noted that Europe and the European AA follow roughly the same publication trend as the world trend. An increased interest of the scientific community in microalgae can be noticed since 2005, as demonstrated by the rapid increase in the world and European publication rates and the important inflection of the publication slope, as highlighted by Garrido-Cardenas et al. (2018). These authors estimated that a 15-fold acceleration of the publication rate was observed after 2005 [Concerning European countries, the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Spain, and Italy were the main European countries producing scientific publications in the field of microalgae worldwide, with 5818, 5448, 5248, 4106, and 2925 publications, respectively. The five countries of the European AA  were among the seven that published the most with co-authors in the AA. In this top seven, the U.S. and Germany published 836 and 494 scientific publications, respectively, with co-authors from the European AA. phytoplankton, community, bloom, diatoms, distribution, ecosystem, coastal, chlorophyll, zooplankton, photosynthesis, and primary production. This environment/phytoplankton research domain can be differentiated from the microalgae/high-added-value molecules field that contained less and more recent publications, as previously reported [reported . Feed was the predominant emerging concept for the three geographical areas, with a very high growth factors (GF) compared to the rest of the emerging concepts  [hnology) .The 28 countries of the European Union produced 26,137 publications in the field of microalgae and phytoplankton; these papers are analyzed in detail in this section.Within the European Union, countries producing the largest number of publications are France (5445), Germany (5258), Spain (4100), Italy (2852), Netherlands (2353), the United Kingdom (2030), Sweden (1654), Denmark (1446), Poland (1192), Belgium (1189), Portugal (1164), and Finland (904). In addition, between 400 and 600 scientific publications have been published by Greece (556), the Czech Republic (555), Austria (484), and Ireland (416). The production of scientific publications was lower for Switzerland (348), Croatia (343), Hungary (338), and Estonia (319). Regarding the number of scientific papers published until 2019 for the 15 top publisher countries in Europe, France and Germany were the first to produce an important number of publications in Europe, with 100 publications per year since 1996 and 1997, respectively. Spain reached 100 publications per year in 2001, and the U.S. and Italy produced 100 per year in 2007. The number of scientific publications per country continues to increase each year. The city of Paris produced more than 50 scientific publications per year since 2007 and reached more than 100 publications per year since 2017. Wageningen, Lisbon, Kiel, and Barcelona each produced 50 scientific publications per year since the year 2000.environment, with 8962 publications, dominating the domains related to food and chemicals that contain 4275 and 4271 publications, respectively. These keywords cover very broad topics and more specific markets have fewer publications (less than 2000 publications). For example, many publications have been produced in Europe in the field of pigments (1861), proteins (1847), feed (1818), drug (1474), biofuel (1014), and biotechnologies (892). biostimulant (13), bioplastic (14), vaccines (16), biofertilizers (22), and nanotechnology (59).Hydrobiologia was the top publisher in Europe, with 1162 publications and an impact factor of 2.165. The majority of these journals relate to environmental/phytoplankton research and have impact factors ranging from 1.897 to 4.61 for an average of 2.69. The main journals related to the microalgae/high-added value molecules field are Bioresource Technology and Algal Research, with impact factors of 5.807 and 3.745, respectively.Chlorella sp. is the most published genus with almost twice as many publications as Scenedesmus sp. (733) and Chlamydomonas sp. (641). For each of genera, the corresponding emerging concepts are listed in Chlorella sp., the top emerging concepts were biostimulant and agro industrial waste  species).Chlorella sp. in Following the identification of the top 15 microalgae genera studied in Europe, a detailed study of associated and emerging concepts, scientific consortia working on these genera in Europe, research cities, temporal evolution of publications by country, top journals, citations, and top cited papers was performed. The results of this advanced analysis are presented below for https://www.enhancemicroalgae.eu/). To compare on a global scale, 9% of world publications came from the AA, 15% of world authors were from the AA, and 37% of affiliations working in the field of microalgae were located in the AA. In this section, the AA was compared with Europe for (i) the main concepts and topics of scientific publications, (ii) the national contribution to publications, (iii) the networks of collaborations by city and country, as well as (iv) the main journals and citations in the field of microalgae. The EnhanceMicroalgae project is a transnational and inter-regional Atlantic project that aims to evaluate the potential of the European AA in the microalgae industrial sector  (https:/biofuel (+55 publications), drug (+54), health (+44), and bioremediation (+31). In contrast, research topics such as environment (-58), biogas (-30), protein (-29), and chemicals (-26) were less published in the AA as compared to the European average. Other research fields ranging from +10 to -10 are in line with European research priorities , Italy (325), Germany (322), and France (310), followed by Portugal, the Netherlands, the U.S., Belgium, and the United Kingdom that have published each between 100 and 150 publications on microalgae high added-value molecules since 2017. The major AA cities working in this field are Wageningen, Paris, Rome, Lisbon, Barcelona, Almeria, and Nantes with 85, 66, 64, 63, 58, 57, and 50 publications including at least one co-author in the AA, respectively. As shown in microalgae/biomass/growth/cell/concentration. By dismissing these ubiquitous concepts, a network of 18 clusters was created in which model, treatment, acid, lipid, chemical, energy, nutrient, cultivation, green and carbon were the dominant concepts  are concepts .Regardless of their size, the contribution of each country for publications in the AA, namely, Ireland, the United Kingdom, France, Spain, and Portugal, was compared in this section. The United Kingdom mainly contributed to these publications, as the United Kingdom affiliations were identified in 33% of the publications compared to 25% and 24% for France and Spain, respectively. Portugal produced 15% of the scientific publications in the European Area and Ireland was associated with 5% of the publications .The international scientific collaborations of the European AA were analyzed in this section in order to highlight strong collaborations but also to identify collaborations that could be developed for a better sharing of research at geographical and thematic levels. Marine Ecology Progress Series, Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science, and Journal of Plankton Research with 263, 209, and 193 publications, respectively. As observed in the European database, the journals publishing the highest number of microalgae AA studies are related to environmental/phytoplankton research. The main journals publishing papers related to microalgae/high-added value molecules are Bioresource Technology and Algal Research-Biomass Biofuels and Bioproducts, with impact factors of 5.8 and 3.7, respectively, and Progress in Oceanography (IF 4.27). Despite the dominance of environmental science journals, the two scientific publications with the highest citations in the AA deal with the production of high-added value molecules from microalgae and are entitled “Microalgae for biodiesel production and other applications: A review” and “Biofuels from microalgae-A review of technologies for production, processing and extractions of biofuels and co-products“. These papers were published in 2010 and cited 2610 times and 2124 times, respectively , Germany, Italy, and the Netherlands (particularly from Wageningen).A bibliographic database was built through a literature search performed in February 2019 including all reports published to date. The use of the Scopus database was compulsory to obtain a format compatible with the bibliometric analysis using the Orbit Intellixir software. The keywords “microalgae” and “phytoplankton” were used to list world publications, European publications , and European publications including at at least one author from the Atlantic regions of Portugal, Spain, France, the United Kingdom, and Ireland, as defined in the interregional (Interreg) AA research programs . The keyThe bibliographic database was last updated in February 2019 and it contained 79,020 publications, 111,975 authors, 4446 affiliations, and 931,299 concepts. These references are available on demand to the corresponding author.P being the number of cumulative scientific publications containing the concept at one time.A “concept” designates a word (or group of words) present in the title, summary, or keywords of a publication that can be extracted and identified using a bibliometric software. The occurrence of a concept is the number of documents containing this concept, and co-occurrence the number of documents linking several concepts. The bibliographic database, including references without duplicates, was imported from Scopus (Editor Elsevier) into the Orbit Intellixir bibliometric software and analyzed to quantify the scientific production per year, country, organization, and annual evolution of publication rates. Collaboration networks between countries; public and/or private organizations; as well as major, fading, and emerging research concepts, were graphically represented using the most relevant formats available in the Orbit Intellixir software. Data were analyzed to highlight the latest trends in research topics; identify the most explored research concepts; point out the most studied species; and highlight strengths, opportunities, and collaborations in the research organizations from the European AA. Emerging concepts were defined as concepts that showed the greatest increase in frequency of use in the database over the last 2 years. A manual selection of emerging concepts was performed, as some of them were relevant for our study , whereas others were less . A growth factor (GF) was calculated to highlight the concepts with the highest emergence over the past 2 years (2017-2019). GF was calculated as Equation (1).phytoplankton, community, bloom, diatoms, distribution, ecosystem, coastal, chlorophyll, zooplankton, photosynthesis, and primary production. Focusing at the European AA level in which the Interreg EnhanceMicroalgae project is positioned, the analysis of the 6989 publications revealed that the biofuel, drug, health, and bioremediation topics are more published than at the European average. The major publishers of these AA publications were located in the United Kingdom, France, and Spain, particularly in research poles of Southampton, Vigo, Plouzané, Lisbon, Brest, Nantes, and Plymouth. In contrast, compared to Europe, the AA produced less scientific publications in the field of microalgae-based high added-value molecules (1882 publications), suggesting a scope to extend in term of research, collaboration, and industrial development. The highest scientific trends and market opportunities were highlighted by identifying top emerging concepts such as bioplastics and biostimulants at the European level and agricultural, animal feed, and blue biotechnology at the European AA level. By focusing at the European scale, the most studied topics found in the 26,137 European publications were related to the environment, food, chemicals, pigments, protein, feed, and drugs. Analysis of international cooperation highlighted the strong links and partnerships with the United States, Canada, Norway, and Australia, but identified the possible development of new collaborations with most other countries. Within the European Union, France, Germany, and Spain dominated the scientific productivity, and the most studied and published species were Chlorella sp. and Scenesdesmus sp. A large number of microalgae and cyanobacteria species have received minimal attention, indicating a significant innovation potential for new molecules, new applications, and markets. Finally, this study provides an updated review of quantitative data at three different reading levels, and should allow microalgae stakeholders to guide their investments and projects for future research opportunities and cooperation in the field of microalgae research and bioeconomy.On the basis of the analysis of 79,020 publications at the world, European, and European AA levels, our study aimed to give a relevant overview of microalgae research until 2019, an in-depth analysis of research concepts and collaborations, and a European perspective on emerging topics. Studied microalgae species were also analyzed in detail to highlight their associated concepts, the networks of researchers working in the field, and the potential of development for new applications or new species. The scientific research topics were essentially the same at the world, European, and AA levels, with the main research concepts corresponding to


Computer Vision Syndrome (CVS) has become a real problem during the past couple of years, as it appears in individuals due to prolonged computer, cell phone and tablet use. In addition, different associations, such as the Ontario Association of Optometrists (OAO) has recommended regular breaks, when looking at digital screens. It is already known that prolonged computer, cell phone and tablet usage may cause dry eyes, neck and shoulder pain, headaches, etc. All these eye problems may have as outcomes itchy eyes, blurred eyes and many other eye problems.In order to prevent these eye problems, a rule has been established by OAO, and that is, to look away from the screen every 20 minutes, for 20 seconds, and focus on something that is located 20 feet away. Consequently, optometrists advice adult individuals to close their eyes and daydream for 20 seconds. At the same time, children are recommended to look away and daydream on occasion, because, by doing so, they may prevent CVS, which includes affections, such as eye strain and burning eyes. The following tips are offered to prevent and reduce eye problems of kids: the height and setting of the computer should be checked; the glare on the computer screen should be checked, meaning that windows or other light sources should not be visible in the monitor; the amount of lighting in the room should be reduced to match the computer screen; continuous blinking is recommended.Provided that taking short 20 seconds breaks at every 20 minutes is almost impossible during a regular eight-hour work day, when most of the people spend their entire time staring into a screen, a Social Marketing campaign should also be implemented in Romania, with the aim to raise the awareness regarding this emergent modern “disease” by bonding, bridging and linking the social issues and behavior change, and ensuring, in fact, a balance. Most of the times, Social Marketing campaigns are elaborated to assess a behavior change in a population, but are not going to be successful if certain strategies are not implemented. For instance, the determinants of a successful adopted health behavior depend on immediate environment conditions that encompass peers, local community, significant others and family, on wider social context elements such as societal norms, cultural symbolism, structural issues and social and economic conditions, and, in addition, on personal characteristics, with a specific interest in individual particularities, as goals, aspirations, self-efficacy, education, symbolic needs and skills.Fig. 1. In conclusion, I strongly believe that the efficient application of Social Marketing principles takes the shape of the Social Marketing’s Value Triad, as illustrated in In Ophthalmology, it is acknowledged the fact that value is expressed subjectively and “is in the eye of the beholder”. Basically, it is important to refer to values because they are beliefs, ideas, experiences, emotions, and motivate actions and transcend to specific actions and situations. Assist. Prof. Gheorghe Consuela-Mădălina, PhD,Philologist, Authorized translator


This study explored the global cyberspace security issues, with the purpose of breaking the stereotype of people’s cognition of cyberspace problems, which reflects the relationship between interdependence and association. Based on the Apriori algorithm in association rules, a total of 181 strong rules were mined from 40 target websites and 56,096 web pages were associated with global cyberspace security. Moreover, this study analyzed support, confidence, promotion, leverage, and reliability to achieve comprehensive coverage of data. A total of 15,661 sites mentioned cyberspace security-related words from the total sample of 22,493 professional websites, accounting for 69.6%, while only 735 sites mentioned cyberspace security-related words from the total sample of 33,603 non-professional sites, accounting for 2%. Due to restrictions of language, the number of samples of target professional websites and non-target websites is limited. Meanwhile, the number of selections of strong rules is not satisfactory. Nowadays, the cores of global cyberspace security issues include internet sovereignty, cyberspace security, cyber attack, cyber crime, data leakage, and data protection. Association rules, reflecting the interdependence and correlation between one thing and others, are one of the critical research methods in the data mining of graphic patterns . In otheRegarding the mining issues of association rules, Psychology was used to confirm the five personality traits, meta traits, and the hypothetical relationship between self-esteem and the legal network terminology network . AlthougAssociation-rule mining includes mining frequent item-sets and discovering strong association rules . Mining When association rules are mined from frequent item-sets, the method of using the “support-confidence” model has been recognized by most researchers. In recent years, Based on the association rules of the Apriori algorithm in data mining, global cyberspace security was studied, to seek the focus of current cyberspace issues and to provide a path reference for future cyberspace governance . The proIt is essential to select appropriate target websites, thus ensuring the validity of the keywords database. Meanwhile, this study focused on target websites of global cyberspace security, which were divided into two types, professional and non-professional, to consider the comprehensiveness of data coverage.Professional websites include internet sovereignty, data breach, cyber attacks, and rogue software, involving multiple aspects of cyberspace security. However, non-professional websites are based on the information content published by mainstream news media. Although the content is relatively small compared to professional websites, it involves rich information about global cyberspace security.In the implementation of the first stage, professional websites and non-professional news websites were selected explicitly in global cyberspace security as the databases for lexicon selection. The ratio of the selected lexicon is generally maintained in a range of 1:1. A total of 15 target professional websites See  and 25 nThe process of the first stage requires collecting lexicons to determine the necessary ones for the second stage of Python in the above website data crawler. As the basis for word segmentation, if the lexicons are not correctly selected, it is easy to miss critical data mining in the later analysis. This study selected 89 lexicons related to cyberspace security to cover all aspects of global cyberspace security, thus providing high-quality data for later association rules mining. The selected lexicons are listed as follows:Cyberspace governance, cyberspace security, system security, information dissemination security, information content safety, internet ecosystem, cyber infrastructure security, application security (application system security), Internet security, Internet of things security, transaction security, database security, mobile security, risk management, risk assessment, information disclosure, communication technology, cyber technology, cyber protocol security, cyber running security, local area cyber (cyber security inspection), computer viruses, information alterations (loss), media security, and environmental security, equipment security, cyber security inspection, communication cyber, global governance, artificial intelligence, security strategy, cyber attacks, cyber security vulnerability, cyber law, information security, cyber threat, strategic proposition, cyber supervision, coordination mechanism, emergency management, social cyber, monitoring and early warning, cyber risk, cyber crime, security specification, security prevention, data protection, business secret, cosmopolitan web, data service, security framework, data breach, security event, security threat, cyber intrusion, and cyber security crisis, international cooperation, security system, information technology, encryption technology, cyber pattern, ICANN, cyber competitiveness, cyber deterrence theory, cyber self-management, Internet governance, cyberspace sovereignty, national safety, information infrastructure, cyber-culture, cyber terror, cyber governance, fundamentals of cyber security, cyberspace protection, international cyber cooperation, personal information protection, critical information infrastructure, multi-stakeholders, digital economic cooperation, personal privacy protection, digital divide and poverty, international internet system, cyber ecological governance, internet governance, cyber rules, cyber laws, cyber sovereignty, and cyber monitoring.Association rules are similar to the implication expression of X ⟹ Y, where X and Y are disjoint subsets, that is, X∩Y = Ø . The strFor a given X ⟹ Y, the higher the confidence, the greater the probability that Y is included in the transaction of X. Certainly, confidence can also estimate the conditional probability of Y at a given X . For exaApriori algorithm of a mining association rule is based on two core theories: the subsets of frequent item-sets are frequent item-sets, and the supersets of infrequent item-sets are infrequent item-sets . FrequenHowever, the Apriori algorithm uses an Iterative Method . First, The Apriori algorithm is used to find frequent k-item-sets, setting the minimum support to 50%. First, a candidate frequent 1-item-set is generated, including all five data and calculating the corresponding support. Secondly, pruning is performed after the calculation. Since the support of {cyber crime} 1-item-set is only 25%, it has to be cut off. Therefore, the final frequent 1-item-set, {cyber attacks, data breach, data protection, and artificial intelligence}, is linked to generate the candidate frequent 2-item-set, {cyber attacks, data breach), {cyber attacks, data protection}, {cyber attacks, artificial intelligence}, {data breach, data protection}, {data breach, artificial intelligence}, and {data protection, artificial intelligence}, with a total of six groups. The first round of iteration ends at this point.In the second round of iteration, the scanned data set is used to calculate the support of the candidate frequent 2-item-set, and then the item-sets are removed . The supData Breach ⟹ Artificial Intelligence^Data Protection.Data Protection ⟹ Data Breach^Artificial Intelligence.Artificial Intelligence ⟹ Data Breach^Data Protection.Data Breach^Data Protection ⟹ Artificial Intelligence.Data Breach^Artificial Intelligence ⟹ Data Protection.Data Protection^Artificial Intelligence ⟹ Data Breach.For the frequent item-set of {data breach, data protection, and artificial intelligence}, the subsets are {data breach}, {data protection}, {artificial intelligence}, {data breach, data protection}, {data breach, artificial intelligence}, and {data protection, artificial intelligence}. The rules are as follows:Therefore, based on the data mining of global professional and non-professional target websites, the Apriori algorithm is used to analyze association rules. Combining this association rule with a series of attributes can present the specific information content of cyberspace security on global professional and non-professional target websites, which marks the completion of mining association rules for transaction databases at the third stage.The specific presentation of global cyberspace security issues is based on the association rule of the Apriori algorithm. The confidence formula of conf (I1->I3^I2) = support /support (I1) is used to calculate the confidence of each rule. Then the minimum confidence and minimum support are compared to mine the strong rules corresponding to the data .However, the value of the corresponding rule can be analyzed through a series of attributes of association rules. (1) Support representing the support of the union of the former and the latter items ; (2) ConAfter the statistic of word segmentation and word frequencies of professional and non-professional target websites involved in global cyberspace issues, the Apriori algorithm is used to mine association rules and set threshold based on word frequency results. As a result, a series of association rules greater than the minimum support, and minimum confidence is obtained. Meanwhile, the patterns of LHS and RHS of association rules show the relationship among different word frequencies . The rulMeanwhile, the rule has an essential attribute of support, which indicates the frequency of rules occurring in this data set. The larger the threshold is, the more frequently the rule occurs . If bothMeanwhile, the lifts of LHS and RHS of 32 strong rules higher than the threshold are both greater than one, indicating the positive correlation of word frequency between the two items. “International rule-making ⟹ information technology” and “international cooperation and cyber attacks ⟹ Information technology” have the highest lifts, which are 8.55296 and 8.51475, respectively. Information technology is mentioned most frequently by international rule-making, international cooperation, and cyber attacks in the field of global cyberspace security. Moreover, the leverages of LHS and RHS of the 32 strong rules are both more than zero, showing that the word frequency cohesion between the two items is higher than expected. The strong rules with the closest relationship are “cyberspace governance ⟹ cyber sovereignty,” “cyber sovereignty ⟹ cyberspace security” and “cyberspace security and cyberspace governance ⟹ cyber sovereignty,” the values of which are 0.11173, 0.10966, and 0.10807, respectively. Results show that cyberspace governance, cyber sovereignty, and cyberspace security in global cyberspace security have been mentioned and concerned frequently. However, “cyberspace security and security governance ⟹ cyber sovereignty” has the highest conviction among the 32 strong rules, which is 22.71992, the same as the maximum value of lift. The independence of “cyberspace security and security governance” and “cyber sovereignty” is strong and closely related, which are mentioned almost simultaneously.When any word frequency of “cyber sovereignty” or “artificial intelligence and cyber sovereignty” appears, cyberspace security has a high probability of appearing. When the word frequencies of “cyberspace security and information technology,” “national security and cyberspace governance,” “personal information protection,” and “security threats and cyber attacks” appear as LHS, “information security” frequently appears as RHS. After the appearance of “cyberspace security and information technology,” “national security and cyberspace governance,” “personal information protection,” or “security threats and cyber attacks,” “information security” occurs, with the probabilities of 86.2, 85.3, 85.2, and 84.4%, respectively.Therefore, after comparing the Top 10 rules with the highest confidence and Top 10 rules with the highest support of global target professional websites, this study can obtain the following conclusions.Firstly, although “cybercrime and international cooperation ⟹ Internet governance” does not appear in the Top 10 rules of support, it has the fifth-highest confidence. As long as cybercrime and international cooperation are mentioned in global professional target websites, there is a high probability of “Internet governance” appearing. Moreover, “cyber sovereignty ⟹ cyberspace security” rank high in both the Top 10 support rules and the Top 10 confidence rules, which mean cyber sovereignty and cyberspace security are often mentioned by the international community in global professional target websites. Meanwhile, cyberspace sovereignty is mentioned as information about cyberspace security.The lifts of LHS and RHS of 27 strong rules higher than the threshold are both greater than 1, indicating the negative correlation of word frequency between the two items, and the relationship of mutual promotion is not significant. Moreover, the leverages of LHS and RHS of the 27 strong rules are both more than zero, showing that the word frequency cohesion between the two items is higher than expected. The strong rules with the closest relationship are “Cyber sovereignty ⟹ Internet governance,” “Cyber attacks ⟹ Artificial intelligence,” and “Cyber attacks ⟹ Cyber crime,” the values of which are 0.11166, 0.09816, and 0.07866, respectively. Results show that the international community generally pays attention to artificial intelligence, cyber sovereignty, cyber attacks, cyber crime, and Internet governance in the non-professional websites of global cyberspace security issues. “Cyber sovereignty ⟹ Internet governance” has the highest conviction among the 27 strong rules, which is 3.44828, while the maximum lift is the same as the maximum value of confidence. The independence of cyber sovereignty and Internet governance is strong and closely related, which are mentioned almost simultaneously.Therefore, this study compared the strong rules of professional and non-professional websites as a whole. Firstly, cyber sovereignty is widely concerned by people. Among professional websites, the strong rule of “cyber sovereignty ⟹ cyberspace security” has the highest support, with the support of about 13.5%. In non-professional websites, “Internet sovereignty ⟹ Internet governance” is the tenth rule order by support, with the support of about 13.6%. Secondly, from the perspective of confidence, the word frequency of cyber sovereignty is usually accompanied by cyberspace security, cyberspace governance, artificial intelligence, and information technology in professional websites. Finally, based on confidence, the word frequency of cyber sovereignty is only accompanied by Internet governance in non-professional websites. For the same LHS, there are more diverse RHS in professional websites, but it is single in non-professional websites, showing that cyber sovereignty has been studied more comprehensively in professional websites.1. 2. Through analyzing the data mining accuracy in global professional and non-professional target websites, namely, the ratio of the number of websites with cyberspace security to the total number of websites, the following can be found.According to the statistics of word segmentation on the data mining of global target websites, the word frequency results can be generated into the word cloud of professional and non-professional target websites. If the word cloud appears more frequently in cyberspace, the larger the font size of the word, the more pronounced the problem will be. Data breach, cyber sovereignty, Internet governance, information security, cyberspace security, national security, data protection, and cybercrime repeatedly appear in target professional websites, showing that the word frequencies involved in cyberspace security issues are professional and in-depth. However, the word frequencies of cyber sovereignty, cyber attacks, cybercrime, internet governance, security threat, computer virus, cyberspace security, cyber threat, artificial intelligence, and emergency management appear frequently in target non-professional websites. It shows that the mainstream news sites of the international community have only reported extensively on cyber security issues, lacking detailed and in-depth understanding.Through comparing the word frequencies that often appear in target professional and non-professional websites, although the perspective of cyberspace security issues is different, the two types of websites focus on cyber sovereignty, cyber attacks, cyberspace security, Internet governance, national security, data breaches, and cyber threat.Through sorting the word frequencies of global professional and non-professional target websites, the Top 10 strong rules of cyberspace security words with high frequency were obtained. If the proportion of word frequencies of the first 10 words is larger, the higher the ranking of the word is, the more frequently it is presented in global target websites, and the more it will be valued and recognized.The frequent words of the Top 10 strong rules of global professional and non-professional target websites are compared to find that the frequent words of professional target websites are more evenly distributed. In contrast, those of the non-professional websites are unevenly distributed with cyber attacks in a dominant position.Moreover, the word frequencies of global non-professional target websites are relatively broad, which are not as specific and accurate as that of professional websites. When presenting news related to cyberspace security, non-professional websites tend to use a single word frequency of cyber attacks. Conversely, professional websites use more specific and comprehensive words, adopting data breach, cyber sovereignty, information security, Internet governance, cyberspace security, and cyber attacks.There are differences in cultural traditions and ideologies in different countries on the global Internet, which have pervaded the whole cyberspace. Moreover, cyberspace security issues have attracted worldwide attention. This study analyzed association rules based on the Apriori algorithm. Besides, the association rules were studied by selecting 15 professional target websites and 22,493 web pages, of which 15,661 websites are related to cyberspace security, accounting for 69.6% of the total target professional websites. A total of 25 non-professional target websites and 33,603 web pages are selected. Among them, 735 websites mention cyberspace security, accounting for 2% of the total number of non-professional websites. According to the threshold set by Python, the minimum support is 0.01, and the minimum confidence 0.05, with a total of 181 strong rules mined.The 32 strong rules for the professional target website and 27 strong rules for the non-professional website are listed above. Moreover, the other strong rules are not analyzed due to their low importance and low research value. The two types of target websites cover China, America, Britain, Germany, France, India, and other developed and developing countries on the Internet. The results reflected the interdependence and correlation among global cyberspace security issues.After the word clouds of global professional and non-professional target websites are compared, professional websites focus on the Top 10 high-frequency words containing a data breach, cyber sovereignty, information security, Internet governance, cyberspace security, cyber-attacks, cybercrime, data protection, national security, and cyber threat. Global non-professional websites, namely the mainstream news website of the international community, focus on the Top 10 high-frequency words of cyber attacks, cyber sovereignty, Internet governance, cybercrime, cyberspace security, artificial intelligence, data breach, national security, data protection, and cyber threats.The limitation of the work lies in the limited number of data mining samples due to different language restrictions for global professional and non-target websites, which leads to an insufficient selection of strong rules. In future research, the following aspects will be completed: breaking through the language bottleneck, highlighting the number of selected data with strong rules, and taking mainstream countries as the target samples. A single country will be taken as a sample to analyze professional and non-professional websites involving cyber security issues. After concluding, the focus on cyber security issues between countries will be compared.Through comparing the word frequencies, the professional and non-professional target websites focused on cyber sovereignty, cyber attack, cyberspace security, Internet governance, national security, data leakage, and cyber threats. After sorting the word frequencies of global target professional websites and non-professional websites separately, the high word frequencies of the Top 10 strong rules of professional websites were data breach, cyber sovereignty, information security, Internet governance, cyberspace security, cyber attacks, cyber crime, data protection, national security, and cyber threats. Meanwhile, the high word frequencies of the Top 10 strong rules of non-professional websites were cyber attacks, cyber sovereignty, Internet governance, cyber crime, cyberspace security, artificial intelligence, data breach, national security, data protection, and cyber threats. Therefore, the focuses of current global cyberspace security issues were cyber sovereignty, Internet governance, cyberspace security, cyber attacks, cyber crime, national security, cyber threat, and data protection.From an industry perspective, the first level of focus referred to data breach and cyber sovereignty. The second was Internet governance, information security, cyberspace security, architectural security, data protection, cyber crime, and cyber attacks. The third referred to cyber threat, artificial intelligence, application security, security threat, physical cyber security, and cyber risk. The fourth refers to security strategy, information technology, multi-stakeholder, Internet security, risk assessment, infrastructure security, and international cooperation.In terms of the international community, the first level included cyber sovereignty and cyber attacks. The second included Internet governance, cybercrime, data protection, security threats, data breach, cyberspace security, emergency management, national security, security strategy, and security system. The third includes computer viruses, cyber risks, artificial intelligence, information security, international cooperation, ICANN, risk assessment, security incidents, trade secrets, and infrastructure security. The fourth includes Internet security, global governance, cyber monitoring, communication technology, cyber law, cyber technology, and system security.Based on this level analysis, this study sorted out the security issues in global cyberspace, and summarized the specific security problems in cyberspace. It showed that the global cyberspace security issues were different from the identification of the international community. For the global governance of cyberspace security, effective and targeted governance solutions can be proposed according to this study, which is conducive to building a community with a shared future in cyberspace and constructing an Internet governance system.The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation.The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by Zhejiang University and Dalian University of Foreign Languages Ethics Committees. The patients/participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study.ZL designed the study, conceived the analysis question and conducted the analysis; XL and LZ conducted the analysis also and critically revised the manuscript content; and RT is the organizer of the project and responsible for sorting out the contact data and connecting with other researchers.The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.


In the published article, there was an error in affiliations 1 and 2. Instead of “Roche Pharmaceutical Research & Early Development”, it should be “Roche Pharma Research & Early Development”.Conflict of Interest section. Author ownership interests were omitted from the Conflict of Interest.In the original article, there was an error in the A correction has been made to the Conflict of Interest section:The authors declare that this study received funding from F Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd. The funder had the following involvement with the study: study design, generation of the molecules tested in the study, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, and editorial support for the preparation of this manuscript. All authors are employees of F Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd. Authors JS, SC, TF, AR, MBi, LF, TN, AS, MLC, CK, PU, and MBa hold stock/stock options for F Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd and authors JS, SC, TF, VG-N, MP, TN, AS, CK, PU, and MBa hold patents related to the TCB technologies reported in the manuscript.The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.


Scientific Reports 10.1038/s41598-019-40025-7, published online 13 March 2019Correction to: In this Article, the authors neglected to include some professional collaborations that may be perceived as potential conflicts of interest. The Competing Interests section should read:“In their capacity as Government of Canada research scientists, MP.P. and K.A.G. have had recent or ongoing collaborations with the following institutions that have the potential to be financially affected by the findings of this study: British Columbia Centre for Aquatic Health Sciences, British Columbia Salmon Farmers Association, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Centre for Aquaculture Technologies Canada, Centre for Coastal Health, Cermaq Canada, Freshwater Fisheries Society of British Columbia, Grieg Seafood, Mowi Canada West, New Jersey Division of Fish and Wildlife, Northwest Indian Fisheries Commission, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Okanagan Nation Alliance, Pacific Salmon Commission, United States Geological Survey, and the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife. These institutions did not provide financial support for this study, participate in its experimental design, contribute to data collection, analysis, interpretation, preparation of the manuscript, or decision to publish. All authors declare they have no commercial interests with relevance to this work.”


Specifically, the work institute should have been featured as ‘Department of Neurosurgery, The Third People's Hospital of Pingdu City’ and the zip code should have been presented as ‘266753’. The corrected author affiliation details for this paper are shown below.1, SHOUKE GENG2 and YUANLI DA3BAOSHAN LI1Department of Neurosurgery, The Third People's Hospital of Qingdao, Qingdao, Shandong 266041; 2Department of Neurosurgery, The Third People's Hospital of Pingdu City, Qingdao, Shandong 266753; 3Department of Neuro-Rehabilitation, The Third People's Hospital of Qingdao, Qingdao, Shandong 266041, P.R. ChinaAll the authors agree to this Erratum, and the Editor apologizes to the authors for the inconvenience caused.


A challenging frontier in modern statistical physics is concerned with systems with a small number of degrees of freedom, far from the thermodynamic limit. Beyond the general interest in the foundation of statistical mechanics, the relevance of this subject is due to the recent increase of resolution in the observation and in the manipulation of biological and man-made objects at micro- and nano-scales. The peculiar feature of small systems is the role played by fluctuations, which cannot be neglected and are responsible for many non-trivial behaviors. The study of fluctuations of thermodynamic quantities, such as energy or entropy, goes back to Einstein, Onsager, and Kubo; more recently, interest in this matter has grown with the establishment of new fluctuation–dissipation relations, which hold even in non-linear regimes, and of the so-called stochastic thermodynamics. Such a turning point has received a great impulse from the study of systems that are far from thermodynamic equilibrium, due to very long relaxation times, as in disordered systems, or due to the presence of external forcing and dissipation, as in granular or active matter. Applications of the thermodynamics and statistical mechanics of small systems range from molecular biology to micro-mechanics, including, among others, models of nano-transport, of Brownian motors, and of  self-propelled organisms.entropy production and stochastic thermodynamics (8);heat transport and entropy in nonlinear chains and long-range systems (4);granular and other dissipative systems (2);phase transitions and large deviations in probabilistic models (2);coarse-graining techniques (2);ferromagnetic models (2).In this special issue, we collect 20 contributions, spanning the above mentioned subjects. In particular, the main addressed topics are as follows:In , the stoIn , the intIn , the posIn , the proIn , the autIn , a magneIn , two intIn , a stochIn , transpoIn , a multiIn , the effIn , the relIn , the intIn , the traIn , an examIn , a stochIn , a systeIn , spatialIn , the autIn , the spi


Raymond Victor Downing was born on 16 February 1949 in Massachusetts, USA. He was the second of three children born to Harry and Ebba Downing. He was brought up in the Plymouth Brethren church in Auburn, Massachusetts, and lived in Massachusetts for his early childhood. In 1967, he went to Tufts University, and in 1975, received his Doctor of Medicine (MD) from New York Medical College. Afterwards, Raymond completed his residency in Family Medicine at the University of Tennessee Hospital and worked in Tennessee for 7 years. He met Dr Janice Armstrong, also a family physician, during his stay in Tennessee and they married in October 1977. There they had two children: Elizabeth and Timothy.In 1985, they moved with their two young children to Sudan to work in a refugee settlement clinic. From there, in 1989, they moved to Tanzania to work in a Mennonite Mission Hospital. Four years later in 1994, they moved again to Kenya, and began working at Friends Lugulu Hospital in western Kenya. In 2005, Raymond and Janice joined the Department of Family Medicine, Moi University in Webuye, Bungoma County., and worked with other colleagues to design the first family medicine training programme in the country. In 2016, Raymond retired from Moi University, and shortly afterwards joined the medical team at Dreamland Mission Hospital, where he worked until his death.Such a Time of It They Had and Global Health Means Listening. He was a devout Christian, a family medicine physician, mentor, author, teacher, brother, father, husband, colleague and a great friend.Raymond was also a prolific writer and has written several books and essays on global health and medicine, which include his thoughts on death and dying. His most recent titles include Raymond passed away comfortably on Monday, 20 January 2020, in the evening at his home in Kimili, western Kenya surrounded by his entire family. He leaves behind his wife, Janice Armstrong; two sisters, Mary-Ellen Welsher and Nancy Kline; and two children, Elizabeth and Timothy Downing. He would certainly be missed.


We regret any confusion or inconvenience this error may have caused.In the article, Oral Health and COVID-19: Increasing the Need for Prevention and Access, the degree designations were omitted for Jane A. Weintraub, DDS, MPH. The author byline was corrected on August 14, 2020, and the article appears online at


Parameters of water diffusion in white matter derived from diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), such as fractional anisotropy (FA), mean, axial, and radial diffusivity , and more recently, peak width of skeletonized mean diffusivity (PSMD), have been proposed as potential markers of normal and pathological brain ageing. However, their relative evolution over the entire adult lifespan in healthy individuals remains partly unknown during early and late adulthood, and particularly for the PSMD index. Here, we gathered and analyzed cross-sectional diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) data from 10 population-based cohort studies in order to establish the time course of white matter water diffusion phenotypes from post-adolescence to late adulthood. DTI data were obtained from a total of 20,005 individuals aged 18.1 to 92.6 years and analyzed with the same pipeline for computing skeletonized DTI metrics from DTI maps. For each individual, MD, AD, RD, and FA mean values were computed over their FA volume skeleton, PSMD being calculated as the 90% peak width of the MD values distribution across the FA skeleton. Mean values of each DTI metric were found to strongly vary across cohorts, most likely due to major differences in DWI acquisition protocols as well as pre-processing and DTI model fitting. However, age effects on each DTI metric were found to be highly consistent across cohorts. RD, MD, and AD variations with age exhibited the same U-shape pattern, first slowly decreasing during post-adolescence until the age of 30, 40, and 50 years, respectively, then progressively increasing until late life. FA showed a reverse profile, initially increasing then continuously decreasing, slowly until the 70s, then sharply declining thereafter. By contrast, PSMD constantly increased, first slowly until the 60s, then more sharply. These results demonstrate that, in the general population, age affects PSMD in a manner different from that of other DTI metrics. The constant increase in PSMD throughout the entire adult life, including during post-adolescence, indicates that PSMD could be an early marker of the ageing process. Parameters of water diffusion in white matter derived from diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), such as fractional anisotropy (FA), mean, axial, and radial diffusivity  are well-established markers of normal brain maturation –5 and agMore recently, peak width of skeletonized mean diffusivity (PSMD) , a new pTen independent data sets coming from cross-sectional cohort studies were gathered in the present study, namely, MRi-Share, BIL&GIN, SYS, LIFE-Adult, 1000 BRAINS, UKBiobank, ASPSF, OATS, LBC1936, MAS (see acronym definition in http://www.psmd-marker.com)  . This orker.com) , 24, usiDue to previously reported non-linear effects of age on DTI metrics , 3, 8, wFor each of the five DTI metrics and each age category, we performed an analysis of variance including “age” as the main effect, and “sex,” total intracranial volume (TIV), and “Cohort” as confounding factors. The Cohort effect was included in order to account for apparent large differences in DTI metric average values across cohorts contributing to the same age category data set see , 25–28, For each of the five DTI metrics and each age category, we also performed an analysis of variance including “Sex” and “TIV” as main factors and “Cohort” as confounding factors.All statistical analyses were performed using the JMP Pro Software .The evolution of PSMD across the adult life is different from that of the other metrics (This apparent specific lifespan profile of PSMD was confirmed by the quantitative estimates of the effects of age on PSMD and other DTI metrics provided by the between-cohort ANOVA (see p < 10−4) in all cases but RD (p = 0.53).Amplitude of sex effects on DTI metric average values were found to be quite variable across the various cohorts for the different age categories , mean FA values were higher and diffusivity values were lower when averaged over the white matter skeleton than when averaged over the entire white-matter compartment. However, the cross-subject variability measured as the CV of the mean DTI metrics decreased only marginally (a fraction of a percent for CVs ranging from 2% to 4%) when mean values were computed over the white matter skeleton rather than the whole white matter. In contrast, the CV of PSMD decreased markedly  when its computation was performed on the white matter skeleton rather than on than the global white-matter mask. This demonstrates the importance of choosing a measure of MD dispersion values over a white matter skeleton for controlling between subject variability.In the present work, we restricted the analysis to classical DTI metrics as only two of the contributing cohorts had high angular resolution and/or multi-shell acquisition schemes that could be used for estimating advanced white-matter microstructural parameters with more sophisticated models . Here, D2 = 6.7 × 10−3 for the sex effect to be compared with 7.6 × 10−2 for the age effect), which could explain the mixed findings in the literature, and suggests further investigations are required in order to understand their biological origins. TIV effects on DTI parameters are not well established in the literature. In our study, we found that TIV was positively correlated with all DTI parameters except for RD. Similar to sex, TIV effects when significant were very small . Here again additional investigations are needed to understand the origins of these effects.Mixed results have been reported regarding the impact of sex and TIV on DTI measures ) in a sample of healthy individuals aged 60 to 80 years drawn from the ASPF cohort The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation, to any qualified researcher.The 10 cohort studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by the following ethic committees: Comité de Protection des Personnes Sud-Ouest (MRi-Share), Comité d’Ethique de Basse-Normandie (BIL&GIN), Research Ethics Committee of the Chicoutimi Hospital (SYS), Ethics committee of the University of Duisburg-Essen (1000BRAINS), Ethics board of the Medical Faculty of the University of Leipzig (LIFE), North West Multi-center Research Ethics Committee (UKBiobank), Ethics Committee of the Medical University Graz (ASPS), Ethics committees of the Australian Twin Registry, University of New South Wales, University of Melbourne, Queensland Institute of Medical Research and the South-Eastern Sydney and Illawarra Area Health Service (OATS), Multi-Centre Research Ethics Committee for Scotland and the Lothian Research Ethics Committee (LBC1936), Ethics Committee of the University of New South Wales (MAS). The participants provided written informed consent to participate in these studies.Study conception: BM and SD. Data collection: GB, CT, SC, ZP, TP, RS, PS, HB, NK, JT, ID, AW, AV, and BM. Data analysis: GB, LPe, SC, JS, YP, LPi, PS, WW, NA, MB, SM, AW, MD, and BM. Drafting: GB, AT, and BM. Revising the manuscript: LPe, CT, SC, JS, ZP, YP, TP, RS, LPi, PS, WW, NA, ID, MB, JW, SM, AW, AV, MD, SD, and BM).www.jpnd.eu: Australia, National Health and Medical Research Council, Austria, Federal Ministry of Science, Research and Economy; Canada, Canadian Institutes of Health Research; France, French National Research Agency; Germany, Federal Ministry of Education and Research; Netherlands, The Netherlands Organization for Health Research and Development; United Kingdom, Medical Research Council. This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement No 643417. This project has also received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement No 640643.GB has been supported by an EU-ERC starting grant . AT is supported by a grant from the Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale (DIC202161236446). SC was supported by the Initiative and Networking Fund of the Helmholtz Association and the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program under Grant Agreement 785907 (Human Brain Project SGA2). The BRIDGET project is supported by the Fondation Leducq (Transatlantic Network of Excellence on the Pathogenesis of SVD of the Brain) and is an EU Joint Program -Neurodegenerative Disease Research (JPND) project. The project is supported through the following funding organizations under the aegis of JPND—The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.


The correct affiliations are as follows: Barbara Saracino11 Department of Political and Social Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy, 13 Department of Sociology, Università di Trento, Trento, ItalyInformation is missing in the captions for Figs


Noriko Nishikawa, of the medical division staff, for assistance with data collection.”Subsequently to the publication of the above article, the authors have noted that the Abstract and the Acknowledgements contained errors and an omission, respectively, and wish to correct these points for the record. First, in the Abstract, on p. 191, the pair of consecutive sentences beginning on line 16 should have read as follows (changes highlighted in bold and in the subsequent parentheses): “In the non-fatty liver group, the odds ratio (OR) for hypertension was 1.73 . In the fatty liver group, the OR for each Mets-related diseases were as follows: Dyslipidemia, 0.64 ; impaired glucose tolerance, 0.57 ; chronic kidney disease, 0.58 ; and Mets by Japanese criteria, 0.63 . . Secondly, in the Acknowledgements section, “Noriko” should have been properly acknowledged as follows: “The authors thank all the members of the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Fukuchiyama City Hospital. The authors would also like to thank The authors apologize for these errors, and for any inconvenience caused.