Research attention has been drawn to honey’s nutritional status and beneficial properties for human health. This study aimed to provide a bibliometric analysis of honey’s antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. The research advancements within this field from 2001 to 2022 were addressed using the Scopus database, R, and VOSviewer. Of the 383 results, articles (273) and reviews (81) were the most common document types, while the annual growth rate of published manuscripts reached 17.5%. The most relevant topics about honey’s antimicrobial and antioxidant properties were related to the agricultural and biological sciences, biochemistry, and pharmacology. According to a keyword analysis, the most frequent terms in titles, abstracts, and keywords were honey, antimicrobial, antioxidant, bee, propolis, phenolic compounds, wound, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and polyphenols. A trend topic analysis showed that the research agenda mainly encompassed antioxidants, pathogens, and anti-infection and chemical agents. In a co-occurrence analysis, antioxidants, anti-infection agents, and chemistry were connected to honey research. The initial research focus of this domain was primarily on honey’s anti-inflammatory and antineoplastic activity, wound healing, and antibacterial agents. The research agenda was enriched in the subsequent years by pathogens, propolis, oxidative stress, and flavonoids. It was possible to pinpoint past trends and ongoing developments and provide a valuable insight into the field of honey research. Honey is a natural product produced by bees. It has been used since ancient times as a food and in various therapeutic applications. It contains several chemical components beneficial to human health, which depend to a large extent on the botanical origin of the plants and the geographical area. Moreover, those two characteristics are used for certification and authenticity. Thus, a significant variability is observed in the physicochemical properties of honey, such as the moisture, pH, free acidity, and electrical conductivity, as well as the content of chemical substances such as organic acids, proteins, amino acids, vitamins, and phenolic compounds. For many years, honey and other beekeeping products such as propolis, pollen, royal jelly, bee venom, and wax have been recognized as bioactive products, with their therapeutic effects extending to a wide range of diseases and infections by pathogens, parasites, and viruses. The action of honey and beekeeping products is mainly due to antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulation factors ,4,5,6,7.Honey research has also extended to more contemporary and complex medical issues. In nutrition science, the consumption of honey and its association with the gut microbiome has recently been studied, since the gut microbiome plays an essential role in chronic diseases. The presence of honey polyphenols may enhance alterations in the balance between pathogenic and beneficial microbial populations in the gut microbiome, providing a beneficial effect .Polyphenols of honey and beekeeping products were also studied for their role in strengthening the human immune system, concerning their contribution to the mitigation of COVID symptoms and the reduction of patient recovery periods. Supplementation of honey with standard pharmaceuticals, such as opinavir/ritonavir tablets, arbidol, chloroquine phosphate, hydroxychloroquineoroseltamivir with or without azithromycin, chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine, or oseltamivir corticosteroids showed promising outcomes in various clinical studies .In addition to polyphenols, honey also contains several carbohydrates, specifically oligosaccharides, and a beneficial role was highlighted in terms of their consumption. Non-digestible oligosaccharides have been studied for their prebiotic effect on the gut microbiome. Specific types of honey may benefit gut microbial populations, offering various nutritional benefits to human health, related to reducing infection and inflammation, as well as obesity, only in animal models ,22.Currently, bibliometric analyses for honey in the Scopus database are rare. By entering the keyword “honey” and scanning the database for bibliometric studies, 13 review documents and bibliometric analyses were collected. Six review studies referred to honey, specifically to applications of beekeeping products, their clinical trials and the results of their applications, to bee therapy in general, and the antioxidant properties of beekeeping products in relation to the environment and medicinal plants. The cultural significance of bees in human culture, the presence of chemical contaminants in honey products, and finally, the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers by dressing with honey were also investigated ,26,27,28The existing bibliometric studies, of which only three were conducted using the CSIRO database, investigated various topics around honey and bee products, such as the use of beekeeping products in medicine or the honey itself from 2011 to 2020, honey consumption, and the collapse phenomenon of bee colonies. Likewise, pesticide presence in bee products and honey, the mortality of bees, as well as issues of authenticity and the development of technological methods to determine the origin of honey were studied ,31,32,33The aim of this research was the scientific records of honey’s antimicrobial and antioxidant properties in the Scopus database, from its inception and over the entire available period, as well as mapping of the research frontiers and the research trends in the above topics with modern bibliometric techniques. Additionally, with the help of bibliometric indicators, it is possible to capture the evolution of a scientific object over the years, its research extensions, and the new methods and research protocols it has employed, as well as the revision and integration of further information and fields. Finally, this is the first time that the topic of the antimicrobial activity of honey has become a research theme for bibliometric analysis.The following research questions (R.Q.) offer academics and decision-makers a perspective on the content and topics addressed in the literature. RQ1: What revisions have occurred in the literature on the antimicrobial activities of honey? RQ2: What have been the most influential research articles, authors, and manuscripts from those published in Scopus? RQ3: What are the most important topics discussed in the research field of honey, concerning its antioxidant and antimicrobial properties?This study contributes to the scientific literature, while the bibliometric indexes of this research outline the research production on the antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of honey. Scientific manuscripts cover the period up to the present literature (till 12 November 2022), when research attention on honey and its health benefits was expanded into the nutrition and pharmaceutical domains. Thus, this research aimed to assess the trends and frontiers in the specific health benefits of honey using the Scopus database, various bibliometric indicators, and visualizing the respective scientific literature. An additional goal of this bibliometric study was to reveal the disciplines engaged with honey’s antimicrobial and antioxidant activity, which topics appeared over time, and how they evolved. Moreover, highlighting the primary research streams and presenting the current achievements, ongoing challenges, and trending issues is also accomplished with the aid of bibliometric tools.For the above research, a search was performed in the Scopus database. It includes 1.7 billion cited references and covers nearly 2500 serial titles from approximately 7000 publishers in top-level subject fields: life, social sciences, physical sciences, and health sciences. Additionally, the Scopus database offers many advantages such as diversification, the flexibility of research fields, and an advanced document analyzer mechanism. This mechanism is based on Boolean Syntax for retrieving documents using combining keywords with various Boolean operators ,35,36,37After a preliminary application of various combinations, the phrase “antimicrobial antioxidant honey” was used, with a time range from the initial date of Scopus to 12/11/2022 and with language selection in English, and the following search details: TITLE-ABS-KEY  AND  OR LIMIT-TO  OR LIMIT-TO  OR LIMIT-TO  OR LIMIT-TO ) AND ). Research documents, reviews, manuscripts from conference proceedings and conference reviews, and book chapters were included.Moreover, the obtained manuscripts were recorded in the Microsoft Excel program by year, subject area, document type, and institutional affiliation. Visual depiction of keywords plus was also realized in this bibliometric research, and specifically, word dynamics and word trends of keywords plus are illustrated. The VOS Viewer program was applied to visualize the results and create a bibliographic map. We performed a co-authorship analysis using the full counting method, assigning the same weight to each co-authorship link. The full counting method was further used in the co-occurrence analysis of the keywords in the manuscript title, abstract, and text. The bibliometric analysis was developed by executing the following steps: research criteria, study questions, and analysis approach selection ; bibliometric data selection and analysis using the bibliometric software; and through generating networks, visualization figures, and interpretation of the results .Research articles (273) and reviews (81) were the most common document types published for “antimicrobial and antioxidant and honey” of the 383 manuscripts .The top ten institutions that published research documents for the abovementioned keywords were also identified. The Università Politecnicadelle Marche and the King Abdulaziz University were the most productive institutions, followed by the University of Rzeszów, the Karadeniz Technical University, and the University of Belgrade-Serbia. Moreover, five European countries, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, Brazil and Thailand, were ranked among the top ten productive research organizations .Considering the top ten productive authors, only Giamieri F had a two-digit number of published documents, namely 11. The number of manuscripts produced by the other authors ranged from five to nine. Battino M. had the best score, with a 70 h-index from the Università Politecnicadelle Marche, Ancona, Italy. In contrast, Oses, S.M., with a 16 h-index from Universidad de Burgos, Burgos, Spain, was the author with the lowest score. The h-index of the authors is also documented in Two manuscripts appeared in 2001 and are considered the initial efforts to document honey’s antimicrobial and antioxidant properties indexed in the Scopus database. The first research paper  highlighThe list of the ten most productive countries includes countries from five continents. Asia had in total of 120 documents, namely: India (32), Turkey (31), Malaysia (30), and Saudi Arabia (27). Italy (28), Poland (28), and Spain (25) represented Europe with 81 records, while Egypt (21) was the only country from Africa. The top ten most productive countries list includes USA and Brazil, with 22 and 26 published manuscripts, respectively. https://www.nationmaster.com/nmx/ranking/honey-production-fao (accessed on 15 January 2023)). In the present bibliometric analysis, some countries lagged behind in honey production even though they were on the list of high research production in absolute numbers of documents, such as Italy, Poland, S. Arabia, and Egypt.The list of the most productive countries in terms of their research performance partially coincided with the most productive countries in terms of honey production. Countries such as Turkey, Brazil, India, and America are in the top ten honey producers, and Spain is in 13th place . Greece, Serbia, and Poland also belong to this cluster. The second cluster (blue color) includes three countries, Turkey, Iran, and Italy. The green cluster encompasses more countries, namely, eight: Australia, Malaysia, Pakistan, Egypt, USA, India, Saudi Arabia, and China. The purple cluster has three countries, Spain, Italy, and Ecuador. Only one country, Argentina, exists in the fifth cluster (orange).https://www.scimagojr.com/comparecountries.php?ids=sa&ids=eg&ids=pt&ids=br&ids=it (accessed on 15 January 2023)).Notably, the above five countries dedicated significant research efforts to chemistry and life sciences from October 2021 to September 2022, as indicated in the index produced by Nature about the collaboration of countries. In accordance with the Scimago Journal & Country Rank regarding the country comparison, it was appropriate to consider additional metrics for collaboration and international research initiatives stemming from these countries. Thus, Italy had the biggest h-index 1.2 k, followed by Brazil (h index 690), Portugal (h-index 559), Saudi Arabia (h-index 478), and Egypt 349(h-index). Regarding the percentage international collaboration, in the last two years, Saudi Arabia was the leading country, followed by Egypt, Portugal, Italy, and Brazil. Since 2009 all these countries have increased their collaboration networks and international research streams ; biochemistry, genetics, and molecular biology (13.7%); pharmacology, toxicology, and pharmaceutics (12.9%); and medicine (12.4%). Furthermore, as shown in Molecules (15), Antibiotics (12), Lwt (12), Food Chemistry (10), and Foods (10). The list of the most relevant journals included the Journal of Agricultural Research (10), Applied Sciences (6), Evidence Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine (6), Food and Chemical Toxicology (6), and Food Research International (6).Considering the relevant sources, the scientific journals that published a double-digit number of articles included Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, and the highest was 13.1 (2021) for the journal Food Chemistry. The many research areas of these sources include organic chemistry, medicinal chemistry, natural products, natural antibiotics, bee management, and advances in research into antibiotics and related bioactive therapeutic agents.The above scientific journals have a high scientific impact and cover various multidisciplinary research topics. In particular, the lowest citation score was 3.2 (2021) for the Journal of the American College of Nutrition [The top ten most cited articles referring to the antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of honey are listed in utrition . It is wThe most cited document addressed honey’s composition and nutritional contribution, while the second highest discussed the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities when utilizing reactive oxygen species . The thiContinuing with the other most influential documents, we identified manuscripts that focused on correlating the botanical origin of honey with characteristics such as its color, total phenolic, flavonoid, ascorbic acid, amino acid, protein, and carotenoid contents. Honey’s antimicrobial capacity was also tested against Gram-positive and -negative bacteria, showing miscellaneous sensitivity results. The correlation between the chemical components of honey, such as phenolic content and hydrogen peroxide, influenced the general antimicrobial activity of the honeys, as documented in the following article from the list presented in The following article presented an extensive literature review of the beneficial properties of honey in human health and recorded, in addition to its known antimicrobial and antioxidant properties, beneficial effects on cardiovascular function, the respiratory system, the fight against cancerous tumors, and the fight against diabetes . SubsequIn the present bibliometric analysis, four articles also used a questionnaire. The first survey investigated the acceptance of an innovative product consisting of honey and propolis among 69 consumers. The content of the above product with honey and propolis at 0.5% was characterized as unpleasantly resinous and bitter. Finally, the composition at rates of 0.5% and 0.3% of propolis were chosen as suitable potential combinations for commercial exploitation . A similSubsequently, when two manuscripts cite a third, they have a relationship and should be grouped in a visualization map. The bigger the node size (author), the more productive the author. The distance between the nodes in the visualizing network is proportional to their subject-relatedness. Node distance in the network map represents their subject relatedness. The thickness of the lines between the network nodes illustrates the bibliographic coupling strength between the authors .Author’s scientific links and international collaboration have mutual benefits for the productivity of the authors, for the global impact of their institutions, and for the scientific standing of the countries. Thus, international authorship and diversification of affiliations in research papers can elevate authors’ scientific impact and increase their publishing activity and prestige .The minimum number of manuscripts per author was set as four. Therefore, only 16 of 1730 authors were considered for inclusion in the visualization network. In particular, three clusters are shown, the blue with three authors (cluster 3), the red with seven authors (cluster 1), and the green with six authors (cluster 2). The respective number of documents for each group was 13, 34, and 43. Osés, Sandra M was the leading author for total link strength (2606) in the red cluster. His research focused on honey, botany, stingless bees, spray drying, and drug formulation ,66. GiamThe following figure  correspoThe above word clouds show that the most frequent keywords occurred more than ten times in titles, abstracts, and keywords. There was a high level of similarity among the most frequent words: honey, antimicrobial, antioxidant, bee, propolis, and phenolic compounds. “Pollen”, “wound”, “antibacterial”, “anti-inflammatory”, “chemical”, “polyphenols”, and “manuka honey” were also words that appeared in the collected manuscripts. As expected, the search keywords antimicrobial, antioxidant, honey; the respective stemming terms; and their derivatives prevailed in the word clouds.E. coli, Clostridioides difficile strains, and Mycobacterium abscessus [Research into the properties of manuka honey began in the early 90s and has continued ever since. Studies on the beneficial properties of this honey have expanded in many areas of medicine, pharmacology, and immunology. In addition, the antimicrobial activity of manuka honey and its mechanism of action have been investigated against various pathogens, such as bscessus ,72,73,74In the following figures, word dynamics and trends of Keywords plus are depicted. Keywords plus are produced automatically and include words or phrases derived from an article’s citation list, yet they do not necessarily exist in the title. Furthermore, Keywords plus provide a detailed picture of a manuscript’s scientific content and research depth, and their implementation in bibliometric analysis has become popular .Staphylococcus aureus, Eschericia coli, and anti-infective agent”.The dynamics of ten keywords since 2001 are represented in Escherichia coli) and Gram-positive coccus (Staphylococcus aureus), which also shows the research diversity recorded concerning pathogenic microorganisms [The term with the most significant dynamic and an escalating upward trend in terms of its use was “honey”, which was also a search term. In the year 2001, it appeared three times, and in the year 2022, it occurred 291 times. For the rest of the terms, it is noticeable that until the year 2009, they all had single-digit appearance numbers, while recent years ranged from 87 (anti-infective agent) to 133 (non-human). The dynamics of terms related to honey’s microbial and antioxidant properties also showed a significant increase in their usage. In addition, the dynamics of terms referring to microorganisms were also shown to be escalating. It is also noteworthy that among the most dynamic terms were Gram-negative bacillus , anti-infective, and chemical agents, as well as on propolis [Selecting keywords plus one can reveal the main topics and research trends. As a result of the trend topic analysis, it was observed that the research on honey’s antimicrobial and antioxidant activity mainly concentrated on antioxidants, pathogens , color, polyphenols concentration and identification, flower properties, and origin, as well as antibacterial agents such as gentamicin and chitosan ,84,85,86The map categorizes terms into two significant clusters, with respective colors. The color of an item is determined by the cluster to which it belongs. Moreover, the closer two items are located on the map, the stronger their relatedness. Based on the network map, two clusters were identified. The terms with the highest occurrence from the first cluster were antioxidant activity, antimicrobial activity, antioxidant, nonhuman, human, and controlled study. Similarly, the terms from the second cluster were honey, antioxidant, anti-infective agent, chemistry, and phenol derivative. An analytical description of the correspondence terms is presented in Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Moreover, this cluster includes additional terms such as chemical composition, radical scavenging assay, natural product, propolis, polyphenol, antineoplastic activity, plant extract, physical chemistry, oxidative stress, and HPLC. The research topics of honey, wound healing, and antineoplastic activity are also found in this cluster.The red cluster contains 34 keywords and their co-occurrence relationships. This cluster delimits the research frontiers of honey’s antimicrobial, antifungal, and antioxidant properties. It contains terms such as controlled study, minimum inhibitory concentration, hydrogen peroxide, quercetin, ascorbic acid, gallic acid, and enzyme activity, as well as three pathogenic microorganisms of significant importance: The green cluster includes 21 keywords and mainly refers to honey’s chemistry and chemical compounds. Chemistry, phenol derivative, food products, animals, phenols, anti-bacterial agents, flavonoids, drug effect, phenolic compounds, polyphenols, pollen, microbial sensitivity test, and anti-inflammatory agent are keywords residing in this cluster. The second cluster covers the main anti-ineffective, antimicrobial, anti-bacterial, and anti-inflammatory issues. This cluster provides research approaches to anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory agents and considers the relationship between honey and the mode of action of chemical compounds. 2O2) content significantly influences its antimicrobial activity. In addition to H2O2, methylglyoxal (MGO) also affects honey’s antimicrobial activity. In manuka honey, MGO ranges from 38 mg/kg to 761 mg/kg, which is, comparatively, up to 100-times higher than most common types of honey [Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhimurium, and Enterococcus faecalis [Methodical and extensive research has been carried out into the properties of manuka honey. Its proven utility in antimicrobial and therapeutic applications has made it a valuable solution to various medical problems. The superiority of manuka honey lies in its wide variety of flavonoids and multiple chemical compounds, which increase its therapeutic effect . Honey’sof honey . The antfaecalis ,88,89.Manuka honey has also been studied regarding wound healing and tissue regeneration. In addition to its antimicrobial action, it prevents the formation of microbial biofilms and reduces the infected area. Its action in tissue healing and renewal is based on reducing inflammatory cell response and, concurrently, activating cytokine production in the wound area, resulting in the proliferation of epithelial cells. On this basis, various formulations based on honey, and in combination with other substances such as hyaluronic acid and zein coatings, have been tested ,91,92,93Candida albicans” [The antimicrobial activity of honey and its research significance was established by the corresponding keywords found in both clusters, highlighted by the bibliometric analysis. Additionally, in the red cluster, there are indications for honey research regarding its antifungal activity: “antifungal activity, lbicans” ,94. Morelbicans” ,97,98,99The presence of the terms “high-performance liquid chromatography, in vitro study’’ in the red cluster refer to various technological research aspects. The link between the beneficial properties of honey and beekeeping products focuses on characterizing these antimicrobial and antioxidant substances. Methodological approaches using specific instruments, such as liquid chromatography, are recorded in the literature. Such studies emphasized the determination of the chemical components of antimicrobial and antifungal activity, the identification and authentication of honey varieties, and the determination of the geographical origin and the corresponding chemical profile ,106,107.The terms “quercetin, ascorbic acid, and gallic acid”, appearing in the same cluster as the term HPLC, are chemical substances used as standards for determining bioactive compounds such as total phenolic content, phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity, vitamin C, and sugars. Together with the other terms that appear in both clusters , they depict the research output determining the phenolics and flavonoids in honey, as an essential component of the verification of their antimicrobial and antioxidant activity ,112,113.In-depth research has also been conducted on other beekeeping products, such as propolis. This natural product has attracted the attention of scientists for decades because of its chemical composition, which offers many therapeutic utilizations and a multitude of pharmacological applications. Propolis chemical synthesis is commonly composed of 50% resin, 30% wax, 10% essential oils, 5% pollen, and 5% other substances, which include organic compounds and minerals such as phenolic acids (cinnamic and caffeic acid) or their esters, terpenes, flavonoids , aromatic aldehydes, alcohols, and fatty acids among others. Propolis’ chemical composition is related to the geographical, botanical, and environmental conditions of the region of harvest ,115,116.Salmonella enterica, Yersinia enterocolitica, Staphylococcus aureus, and Listeria monocytogenes; Propionibacterium acnes; and the fungi Candida albicans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae [Propolis has been studied in combination with honey and other substances, such as nanomaterials, to restore, regenerate, and heal skin damage and burn wounds. It has also been analyzed for its use as a bio preservative and food additive, as well as for its antimicrobial and antioxidant properties against pathogenic microbes and fungi such as revisiae ,120,121.In the second cluster, the green one, the keywords “bee” and “pollen” also appear. They are related to honey research and beekeeping. The stingless bee and its products, honey, propolis, and pollen, have attracted particular attention in the beekeeping research community. These products are being studied for their beneficial effects, not only from a medicinal point of view, but also from a nutritional point of view, with foods containing stingless bee honey being considered a super-food ,123.Pollen is also highlighted in the green cluster. Processed pollen, which acts as a nutritional source for honey bees, is called bee bread. This honey product is a potential functional food with research initiatives identifying over 300 bioactive molecules from various geographical areas worldwide, such as free amino acids, fatty acids, minerals, vitamins, organic acids, and polyphenols ,124. ResA visualization of the selected keywords and the evolution of research using the total link strength of VOS viewer is shown in Identifying potential therapeutic compounds in honey and the antioxidant background are topics that emerged in the scientific community. The use of honey as a therapeutic agent for various diseases and its role in controlling disease conditions have gained attention. Research papers revealing honey’s mode of action based on flavonoid and polyphenol substances and the antimicrobial spectrum were also produced by various authors. Honey and honey product investigation emphasized the antitumor activity and anti-inflammatory capacity of propolis and the positive biological effects in medicine and the cosmetic industry ,132,133.E. coli, S. aureus, propolis, phenolic compounds, oxidative stress, and flavonoids. Research issues concerning anti-infection and anti-inflammatory agents were also highlighted. At the same time, pollen and free radical scavenging also entered the scientific domain of the antimicrobial and antioxidant usage of honey.In the subsequent years, the research agenda was enriched by Scientific works have already demonstrated the antimicrobial status of propolis and the combination of propolis with honey. Moreover, pollen was investigated in various clinical projects, probing its radio-protective, anti-chemo toxicity, and nutrition potential. Research concerning propolis mainly concentrated on botanical origin, flavonoid content, and antibacterial effectiveness, due to cytoplasmic membrane function modification, inhibition of biofilm formation, and cell membrane proteins. Scientific studies have already demonstrated the antimicrobial status of propolis and the combination of propolis with honey. Moreover, pollen was investigated in various clinical projects probing the radio-protective, anti-chemo toxicity and nutrition potential. Research concerning propolis mainly circulated to the botanical origin, flavonoid content and antibacterial effectiveness due to cytoplasmic membrane function modification, inhibition of biofilm formation and cell membrane proteins ,134,135.2O2 and oxidative stress significantly damages DNA, RNA, and cell permeability [Bacterial antimicrobial resistance to pathogens was another topic that emerged in the literature regarding the clinical aspects of honey and its derivative products. The role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in antimicrobial resistance was also highlighted. ROS in the form of Heability .E. coli and S. aureus were conducted between 2018 and 2020. In this regard, the antibacterial activity of honey against methicillin-resistant (MRSA) S. aureus isolated from patients with diabetic foot ulcers was recorded in 2020. The authors concluded that honey could be efficiently used for diabetic foot ulcer treatment, to combat S. aureus infection. Honey type is a crucial factor determining the levels of phenolic and flavonoid compounds and, thus, different antibacterial behaviors. In dark forest honey and honeydew honey, these compounds performed successfully against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria [In addition, antibacterial tests with honey against significant pathogens such as bacteria ,140,141.Furthermore, the biological activity and the role of gallic acid and quercetin entered the field at the end of the last decade, along with the bioactive properties of antioxidants, and new determination and identification methodologies. Determination of phenolic compounds using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) utilizes gallic acid, caffeic acid, syringe acid, chlorogenic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, catechin, quercetin, and chrysin, among others.These compounds characterize the color, sensory profile, and therapeutic properties of honey. Total phenolic acid and flavonoid content, hydrogen peroxide removal activity, the effect of removal of DPPH radicals, total antioxidant capacity, and measurement of reduction potential are representative methods applied in honey research, to emphasize its nutritional and health-beneficial activities. Concerning the physicochemical properties of honey, specific emphasis was given to color, water and moisture content, organic acids, acidity and pH, electrical conductivity, and ash content ,141,142.Honey and honey products are of great importance in terms of their nutritional and therapeutic properties, as well as the health implications for the hygiene status of humans. Various research projects and initiatives have focused on the antimicrobial and antioxidant profiles of various types of honey. Honey is in the spotlight of worldwide research activity, and this activity has expanded beyond the botanical origin of honey and its products. Honey research encompasses clinical studies and multiple pharmacological perspectives.This bibliographic analysis revealed the antimicrobial and antioxidant attributes of honey explored since 2001. Three-hundred-eighty-three manuscripts met the search criteria in the Scopus database. The most retrieved manuscripts belonged to the agricultural and biological sciences, biochemistry, genetics and molecular biology, pharmacology, toxicology, pharmaceutics and medicine. The list of the ten most productive countries included countries from five continents. Asia had a total of 120 documents, namely: India (32), Turkey (31), Malaysia (30), and Saudi Arabia (27). Italy (28), Poland (28), and Spain (25) represented Europe with 81 records, while Egypt (21) was the only country from Africa.Subsequently, this bibliometric study allowed visualization of the research trends regarding honey’s antioxidant and antimicrobial properties over the last 22 years. The co-occurrence analysis of keywords revealed that research topics such as propolis, flavonoid, anti-inflammatory activity, wound healing, chemical composition, polyphenol, antineoplastic activity, manuka honey, antifungal activity, phenolic compounds, and pollen were highly related to the antimicrobial and antioxidant characteristics of honey.E. coli and S. aureus, and the mode of action of propolis, phenolic compounds, oxidative stress, and flavonoids.The initial research focus in this domain was primarily on honey’s anti-inflammatory and antineoplastic activity, wound healing, and antibacterial agents. In the following years, the research agenda was enriched by studies concerning the use of honey and honey products against pathogens such as Possible limitations of this research might be the single database utilized, the language, the document types, and the selection of specific bibliometric indicators. Despite these limitations, this study provides a significant global output regarding honey research and trends. Overall, there is still a need to understand the mode of action of all antimicrobial and antioxidant agents of honey and honey products, as well as to further investigate all of their potential therapeutic options.


Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, a great variability of symptoms that affect all organs and systems of the body has been identified in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection; this symptomatology can sometimes persist over time, giving rise to the so-called long COVID or post-COVID. The aim of this study is to delve into the clinical characterization of these patients, as well as to take into account the influence of factors such as hospitalization, admission to ICU, history of pneumonia, or vaccination status on the persistence of symptoms.ad hoc questionnaire, and statistical analysis was performed using SPSS Software Version 25 .An observational, descriptive, multicenter, and retrospective study was designed with a series of cases of people who presented long COVID, which includes univariate, bivariate, and multivariate analyses. Data were obtained from an online Hospitalization, ICU admission, history of pneumonia, and vaccination were predictive factors (positive or negative) for the following long-COVID symptoms: headache, menstrual disorders, joint pain, cough, chills, nasal congestion, back pain, abdominal pain, weight loss, eye discomfort, facial erythema, itching, tremors, dizziness, seizures, sleeping difficulty, dry eyes, palpitations, fatigue, paresthesia, dyspnea, aphonia, chest pain, high blood pressure, vomiting, memory loss, brain fog, hypothermia, low blood pressure, sputum or phlegm, lack of concentration, hair loss, and erectile dysfunction.This study provides evidence on the clinical characterization of patients suffering from long COVID in order to offer them the most appropriate treatments. The SARS-CoV-2 infection presents associated symptomatology of great interest to public health due to both the transmission and the appearance of new variants rapidly on all continents. The COVID-19 disease manifests itself in various ways; it can be asymptomatic, mild, moderate, or severe .A variety of Spanish studies , 5, as wThe prevalence of persistent COVID-19 is around 10%, although it ranges between 10 and 36% depending on the sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of the study population . A studyInitially, the WHO identified 33 symptoms of long COVID  althoughSince the appearance of the first cases of infection by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, new data on its clinical and epidemiological characteristics have been incorporated; however, there is less scientific evidence that addresses how certain characteristics such as hospital admission, history of pneumonia, or vaccination can influence the appearance of different symptoms from the clinical and epidemiological point of view of persistent COVID-19.The available evidence on COVID-19 is mainly focused on hospitalized cohorts –24 that The WHO and the Long Covid Forum Group established a research priority on long COVID to improve the clinical characterization of these patients to offer them appropriate treatments . Crook eTherefore, considering all of the abovementioned points, this study aimed to analyze whether hospital admission, ICU admission, history of pneumonia, and vaccination can be predictor factors for the different symptoms of persistent COVID-19 or long COVID.An observational, descriptive, multicenter, and retrospective study was designed with a series of cases of people who presented long COVID or post-COVID syndrome, understanding that the “condition occurs in individuals with a history of probable or confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, usually 3 months from the onset, with symptoms that last for at least 2 months and cannot be explained by an alternative diagnosis” . The stuThe study included patients from the general adult population who attended the Spanish National Health System with the following selection criteria: (a) Should be a resident of Spain and have an age ≥14 years, (b) should meet the clinical-epidemiological criteria of the long COVID-19 disease, and (c) should consent to participate in the research study.https://www.imim.es/ofertadeserveis/software-public/granmo/).As for sample size, there is less knowledge about the actual prevalence of long COVID-19. Assuming a long COVID-19 prevalence of 10.0% , a samplThe research project obtained the authorization of the Direction/Management of the Córdoba and Guadalquivir Primary Care Health District and the South Health Area of Córdoba, as well as the approval of the Clinical Research Ethics Committee of the Reina Sofía Hospital in Córdoba (reference: 5033). Informed consent was requested as part of the online questionnaire, which gives voluntariness to the study patients. The processing of the data was in accordance with the provisions of the European Data Protection Regulation and Organic Law 3/2018 on the Protection of Personal Data and the guarantee of digital rights.https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSeO2odLrsCGf_aA6PbRbAziMA3ZP43wAmo81rRgKuLmmnaXCg/viewform), which was forwarded to the partners of the persistent COVID associations existing in Spain. The questionnaire was designed and approved by members of the Multiprofessional Teaching Unit of Family and Community Care of the Córdoba and Guadalquivir Health District, with proven experience in the design and validation of surveys. The questionnaire was subjected to a process of consensus, apparent logic, and content validation .The information about the participating patients was obtained from an online questionnaire , as well as the following personal health history, namely, the vaccination status for COVID-19 and symptoms presented in patients with long COVID-19, was collected. Hospital and intensive care unit (ICU) admissions, as well as history of pneumonia, were taken into consideration as background. Regarding the long COVID-19 symptoms, a list of 56 possible symptoms was taken into account for the situation of persistent COVID-19: sore throat, headache, joint pain, muscle pain, unusual tiredness or fatigue, breathing difficulty, lack or loss of smell, lack or loss of taste, cough, dyspnea, fever, sweating, chills or shivering, nasal congestion, aphonia or hoarseness, malaise, chest pain, back pain, chest tightness, diarrhea, stomach pain, abdominal pain, vomiting, nausea, loss of appetite, weight loss, hypothermia, eye discomfort , facial erythema, limbs pseudo freezing , sputum or phlegm , hemoptysis (bloody sputum), swelling or inflammation of the fingers, itching (pruritus), hives or eczema on the skin (rashes), tremors, dizziness, seizures, memory loss, mental confusion, sleeping difficulty, lack of concentration/attention deficit, mental fog, post-traumatic stress, paresthesia, swallowing difficulty, ear beeps or tinnitus, dry eyes, conjunctivitis, palpitations, high blood pressure, low blood pressure, hair loss, erectile dysfunction (men), and menstrual disorders (women).The participants were asked to fill in the online questionnaire on Google Drive. Later, the responses were exported to an Excel sheet from Google Drive and statistically treated with the SPSS Software Version 25 .First, a descriptive analysis of the studied variables was performed using frequencies and percentages when they were qualitative or categorical variables and measures of central tendency, dispersion, and position when they were quantitative variables. We estimated confidence intervals for 95% (95% CI) for safety of the main parameters.Next, a bivariate analysis (chi-square test) was performed, considering the exact bilateral significance (Fisher's exact test) as there are 2 × 2 tables in all cases, to determine if there was any relationship between each of the 56 persistent symptoms of long COVID and hospital admissions or vaccinations. Once the significant relationships were defined, an analysis of the magnitude of the effect of the association was also performed, calculating the odds ratio  to determine if the variables were predictors for the symptoms with which they had previously demonstrated a relationship. For this analysis, an OR < 1.68 is considered to be of negligible magnitude, an OR between 1.68 and 3.47 was considered small, an OR between 3.47 and 6.71 was considered moderate, and an OR > 6.71 was considered large , so magnp-value, and RO = e[βi* (±Δi)] adjusted with their 95% confidence interval limits. For the analysis of statistical significance, a p-value < 0.05 was established. The goodness-of-fit of the model was analyzed using the Hosmer-Lemeshow test.Finally, once determined by the previous bivariate analysis, the variables were presumably related in a bivariate way to hospital admissions or vaccinations, and to establish a predictive model that included the factors that had shown the predictive capacity for the symptoms of long COVID, a binary logistic regression analysis was performed  to be able to control the predictor and/or confounding factors. The dependent variables were each of the symptoms with more than one predictive factor, and the independent variables were each of those factors to obtain the coefficient β, the statistician χ2 Wald, The total number of participants with long COVID was 681. The mean age was 45.78±9.65 (SD), ranging from 14 to 76 years (mean 95% CI: 46.02–46.46). Of 681 participants, women made up 83.1%; 79.3% resided in urban areas ; and 41.0% were on sick leave from work due to persistent COVID-19. Of the total patients, 23.3% were hospitalized, with 3.5% in an ICU, 29.8% presenting pneumonia after the diagnosis of COVID-19, and 87.4% being vaccinated against COVID-19.To find out if the variables hospitalization, ICU admission, and history of pneumonia were related to each of the persistent symptoms of long COVID, a chi-square test was performed. The significant results obtained in these analyses are shown in 2 < 0.001).This last step of logistic regression has excluded hospitalization for the lack of concentration and low blood pressure and history of pneumonia for erectile dysfunction from the explanatory models. In the case of mental confusion and hair loss, the Hosmer-Lemeshow test indicates that this model has not got an appropriate fit  for headache, menstrual disorders, joint pain, cough, chills, nasal congestion, back pain, abdominal pain, weight loss, eye discomfort, facial erythema, itching, tremors, dizziness, seizures, sleeping difficulty, dry eyes, palpitations, fatigue, paresthesia, dyspnea, aphonia, chest pain and high blood pressure, vomiting, memory loss, brain fog, hypothermia, low blood pressure, sputum or phlegm, lack of concentration, hair loss, and erectile dysfunction. Nowadays, there is less evidence that focuses on the predictive factors for each of the symptoms. However, some investigations determined that patients who required hospitalization present a significant proportion of late clinical events and persistent symptoms in the medium-term (2 months) and the long-term (6 months) .Fernandez-de-las-Peñas et al. found that a higher symptom burden in the acute phase of COVID-19 infection and a higher number of preexisting medical comorbidities may predict a higher likelihood of persistent COVID symptoms, particularly fatigue or dyspnea 3–6 months later. These factors are also mentioned in other recent studies, suggesting that post-COVID symptoms are more prevalent in patients with severe symptoms at the onset of infection and in hospitalized patients , 28, 29,Our results showed that hospitalization is a risk factor for fatigue and paresthesia , as well as dyspnea, aphonia, chest pain, and high blood pressure. One study compared post-COVID-19 fatigue with chronic fatigue syndrome as there are overlaps between them; however, although fatigue is shown to be an important symptom of long COVID, research showed that there is no relationship between COVID-19 severity and long-term fatigue . In addiRegarding the symptoms of patients who required ICU admission, ICU admission itself proved to be a protective factor for headache, menstrual disorders, and hair loss (as well as being vaccinated for the latter); however, it became a risk factor for erectile dysfunction, along with those who were hospitalized. Garrigues et al. analyzed 120 patients and identified that the most common persistent symptoms in a sample of hospitalized people, at 110 days on average after admission, were fatigue (55%), dyspnea (42%), memory loss (34%), concentration disorders (28%), and sleep disturbances (30.8%). In contrast, there was no difference between “standard patients” and those who needed ICU during their hospitalization  for thesFurthermore, studies showed that physical, cognitive, and mental deterioration, which persists long after the acute COVID-19 disease, is common in ICU survivors  and thatHowever, vaccination is a protective factor for other symptoms such as joint pain, cough, chills, nasal congestion, back pain, abdominal pain, weight loss, eye discomfort, facial erythema, itching, tremors, dizziness, convulsions, difficulty sleeping, dry eyes, and palpitations. Some studies pointed in the same direction as ours, so vaccination is useful for improving symptoms in people who already have the disease –39. ManyIn addition, vaccines are an important preventive strategy for long COVID , 42, as The explanation of symptoms with more than one predictor is based on logistic regression analysis, except for mental confusion and hair loss, where it is based on OR, as the logistic regression model does not fit adequately.As for limitations, it is important to note that the type of survey used may introduce a kind of selection bias. In addition, there is also a possible information bias as the information came from the patient himself and was not contrasted or confirmed by a physician, so the results should be taken into account with caution. Furthermore, although there is evidence on the predictors of long COVID as a whole, the evidence on the predictors of each of the symptoms is very scarce, so in this part, there has been a limitation in contrasting the results obtained with other similar studies; however, the scarcity of similar studies is a strong point to be taken into account in this research and it is advisable to continue to deepen this line of research. This research is presented as a case series study without a control group, which implies a methodological limitation that could compromise its validity. Therefore, the results obtained must be taken into account together with the limitations of the type of study design, and further research is needed to contrast the results offered. Another limitation of this study is the lack of temporality of the COVID-19 infection and the administration of the COVID-19 vaccine. Future studies should evaluate the chronological association between both variables.In conclusion, hospital admission, ICU admission, history of pneumonia, and vaccination are predictors of some of the symptoms of persistent COVID-19 or long COVID. This provides evidence for the priority set by the WHO and the Long Covid Forum Group to improve the clinical characterization of patients suffering from long COVID in order to offer them the most appropriate treatments. Therefore, this study contributes to identifying predictors of the different symptoms that may appear in the course of long COVID, which is important to be able to develop preventive and symptomatic treatments early and to plan recovery interventions.The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation.The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by Comité de Ética en Investigación Clínica Hospital Reina Sofía, Córdoba, Spain. The patients/participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study.ER-R, LP-dT, RC-J, JG-L, CJ-G, JG-B, JG-S, RV-S, ES-G, and MS-P were involved in the conception and design of the study, as well as the data acquisition. JG-B and MS-P performed the analyses. ER-R, MS-P, and LP-dT drafted the manuscript, which was revised by JG-S, RV-S, and ES-G. All authors listed have made a substantial, direct, and intellectual contribution to the study and have approved it for publication.This research was funded by the call for research and innovation projects in the field of primary care, regional hospitals, and high-resolution hospital centers of the Public Health System of Andalusia in 2021 by the Progreso y Salud Foundation of the Ministry of Health and Families of the Junta de Andalucía, with EXP. No. AP-0184-2021- C2-F2.The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.


The authors wish to update the following statements in their original Article:Funding was provided by Glenmark Pharmaceuticals. Study medication was provided by SaNOtize. Glenmark Pharmaceuticals and SaNOtize played a role in study design, data collection and analysis, and interpretation; in the writing of the manuscript; and in the decision to submit the paper for publication.Individual participant data are not available publicly. De-identified individual participant data can be shared on receipt of reasonable request .MT, WW, RK, AP and SR are employees of Glenmark Pharmaceuticals Limited. MT is Senior Vice President at Glenmark. KM is employee of and CM is Co-Founder & Chief Scientific Officer at SaNOtize Research & Development Corp. SJ has been a speaker for Abbott, Alkem, AstraZeneca, Micro, Boeringher Ingelheim, Novo Nordisk, MSD, Sanofi, PHFI, Lupin, Eli Lilly, Bayer Zydus, Zydus Cadila and DRL; and on advisory board for Abbott, Glenmark, Biocon, Zydus Cadila, Bayer Zydus Twin Health, Marico, Franco India, Cipla, Sun, Torrent and USV. Y-PT has received investigator-initiated research grant and payment for presentations from Abbott. SW does not have any competing interests to declare.


In the published article, there was an error in affiliation 7. Instead of “Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Research Centre for Modelling and Computational Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran”, it should be “Department of Physics, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia”.The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.


In the published article, there was an error in affiliation 1.Instead of “Institute of Hydraulic Engineering and Water Resources Management, Vienna, Austria,” it should be “Institute of Hydraulic Engineering and Water Resources Management, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria.”In the published article, there was an error in affiliation 2.Instead of “Research Group Environmental Microbiology and Molecular Diagnostics E166/5/3, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Vienna, Austria,” it should be “Research Group Environmental Microbiology and Molecular Diagnostics E166/5/3, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria.”The authors apologize for these errors and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.


An inventory of herpetofauna species from western part of Nusa Kambangan Island, Central Java, Indonesia, is presented. There are 43 herpetofauna species reported (16 amphibians and 27 reptiles). This study confirmed new distribution record and list some of threatened species. In light of the imminent human disturbances on Nusa Kambangan Island, a conservation plan is urgently needed. The first comprehensive survey of Nusa Kambangan Island’s herpetofauna from the west part.The confirmation and distribution record of a several herpetofauna species are reported.Lowland forest type 1 became the most significant habitat due to its high species richness of herpetofauna, but it was threatened by human disturbance.Cyrtodactylus  and is considered an ecologically significant area due to its diverse ecological landscape. This island was located in the southern region of Central Java, whereas the island’s natural reserve areas are located in the island’s eastern and western regions . We surveyed several sites including (datum: WGS 84): Masigit Sela stream , Motean village , Mangunjaya stream , Lapas stream , Darmoko stream , Ketapang stream , and Kalidua stream  .in-situ).We conducted a standard Visual Encounter Survey using purposive sampling methods , by nighWe identified the herpetofauna species by examining external morphological characteristics and consulting previously published literature  that inhabits mudflats . The disturbance caused by humans to this habitat complex is relatively low.Mangrove forest type 2, is a forest composed of mangroves  which has been associated with other lowland forest vegetations, characterised by water canals and small streams. The disturbance caused by humans is more pronounced in this habitat complex than in mangrove forest type 1 .Fishpond and settlement area, is a rural area characterised by the presence of small communities. The areas were adjacent to water canals and composed of shrubs, palm and coconut trees, fishponds, and human settlements. The disturbance caused by humans to this habitat complex is profound.Paddy field and timber production forest, is an area characterised by the presence of paddy fields and sparsely timber production forest that have not been logged by the communities. The area is not overly steep, and the disturbance caused by humans is significant.Edges between agriculture and forest, is the border between two distinct habitats, the agricultural area and the forest. The hills were excessively steep, the timber production forest was still present, and human disturbance is less significant than in paddy fields and timber production forests, as the area is distant from human settlement areas.Tributary stream and degraded areas, is an area primarily made up of small water streams that disembogued into canals; some areas are open due to harvested timber forest, and the water streams are mostly murky due to erosion and soil degradation. This habitat was typically found between the edges of agriculture and forest and lowland forest type 1; areas with a high level of human disturbance.Lowland forest type 1, is a natural habitat that is flowed by clear freshwater from karst caves, dense canopies, and is covered in a various vegetation. Typically, this area is accessible to locals in search of forest resources.Lowland forest type 2, is a pristine habitat fed by freshwater, with rocky terrain, dense canopies, and a wide and varied vegetation cover. The canopy was so dense that sunlight could not reach the forest floor thoroughly. This area was so secluded that the locals considered it inaccessible.Rhacophorus reinwardtii , Cyclemys dentata (NT), and Amyda cartilaginea (Vulnerable). Six highly traded species categorised in Appendix II were identified using Gekko gecko, Malayopython reticulatus, C. dentata, A. cartilaginea, Varanus salvator, and Crocodylus porosus. According to the PERMEN LHK list, our surveys identified one protected species, C. porosus. Currently, a total of 43 herpetofauna consisting of 16 amphibians and 27 reptiles –8 are reDuttaphrynus melanostictus , Singapore, Malaysia, Brunei Darussalam, Thailand, Cambodia, Myanmar, Lao PDR, Vietnam, India (including Andaman and Nicobar Islands), Bangladesh, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bhutan, Maldives, Hong Kong and China (including Taiwan and Hainan); it is also found in Bali, Madagascar, Sulawesi, Ambon and New Guinea. Their habitat is inextricably linked to human settlement and disturbed area Distribution and habitat: This species is found throughout Indonesia, including Sumatra, Java, Bali and Nusa Tenggara. It may have been introduced to Sulawesi as well. It is found in primary and secondary forest at elevations of up to 700 m asl. The habitat is closely linked to human activity. However, in Java, it seems that this species is restricted to forested areas Distribution and habitat: It is known to occur on the Indonesian islands of Java, Kalimantan and Sumatra. There have also been reports of occurrences in Sarawak, Sabah, Peninsular Malaysia and Peninsular Thailand. It is mainly found in the leaf litter of moist forests less than 400 m asl. It is occasionally seen in marshy or wet areas with clear, slow-moving waters Distribution and habitat: It distributed throughout Thailand (including the provinces of Bangkok and Cholburi), Malaysia and Indonesia  and was introduced into New Guinea and Guam. This species is found primarily in lowland rainforests, forest edges, lower montane forests, monsoon forests, brackish waterways, mangrove swamps and agricultural areas on Bali Distribution and habitat: It is found throughout South and East Asia, as well as Southeast Asia. Sumatra, Java, Kalimantan and Sulawesi comprise the Indonesian distribution. They inhabit wetlands, forests, savannah, grassland and man-made habitats such as paddy fields and urban areas Distribution and habitat: This species is endemic to Java’s mountainous forest, where it is found primarily near slow- or moderate-moving water. They are frequently found near shallow water banks and crab nesting holes Distribution and habitat: This species is known to occur in Java and Sumatra of Indonesia. It is common along rivers and clear streams Distribution and habitat: This species is endemic to the Indonesian island of Java. It is found only in forested areas between 0–1400 m asl Distribution and habitat: This species is found throughout India, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia and Lao PDR. Additionally, it is found throughout southern China, Vietnam, Malaysia and Indonesia . They are abundant in rice fields, submerged and floating with their bulging eyes visible above the surface of the water Distribution and habitat: This species is found only on the Indonesian islands of Java, Madura, Bali and Kangean. It is primarily found in forested areas and is easily found at elevations greater than sea level Distribution and habitat: This species is found only in West Java and western Sumatra, Indonesia. They are found in forest habitats at lower elevations Distribution and habitat: It is only found in Java of Indonesia. This species is restricted to primary and secondary forests, though it is occasionally encountered near human settlements up to an elevation of 1,600 m asl Distribution and habitat: It is found in Philippines and Indonesia , as well as Brunei Darussalam, Thailand and Malaysia (including Nicobar Islands). They are typically found near disturbed areas and slow-moving waters at the forest edge. It is found in Java up to 1,500 m asl Distribution and habitat: It is found in Java, Sumatra and Bali in Indonesia. It is found up to 1,200 m asl. It is frequently encountered in human settlements adjacent to bodies of water, where it thrives in stagnant waters, leaves, and nearby vegetation Distribution and habitat: Southern China, Indo-China, India, Philippines and Indonesia are all parts of this species’ range. This species is frequently found in marshes and secondary forest ecosystems. This species is tolerant of areas subject to high levels of human disturbance Distribution and habitat: This species is found only on the island of Java, Indonesia. It is frequently encountered in primary and secondary forest habitats. It prefers higher elevations between 250 m asl–1,200 m asl , Malaysia, Singapore and India (including Assam), and was most likely introduced to Indonesia’s Lesser Sunda and Sulawesi, as well as Yunnan of China. They are found in a variety of freshwater habitats and peat swamps Distribution and habitat: Freshwater turtles are found throughout Indonesia , the southern Malay Peninsula, and Phillipines . They prefer low plains and are frequently encountered in small rivers, shallow streams, and puddles Distribution and habitat: This huge reptile is found throughout Australia, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Vanuatu, Micronesia, Indonesia , Malaysia, Brunei Darussalam, Singapore, Vietnam, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, India, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh. This species is commonly found in estuaries Distribution and habitat: This species is found throughout Indonesia , as well as Philippines and Cambodia. It is found in lowland forests and open areas Distribution and habitat: This species is found only on the Indonesian island of Java. They are found in lowland forest habitats Distribution and Habitat: The gecko is found throughout Indonesia , Malaysia, Philippines, New Guinea, Singapore, Thailand, Myanmar, Lao PDR, Vietnam and Cambodia, and was probably introduced to Mexico, Cuba, Hawaii, Mauritius, Seychelles and Madagascar. This species is strongly associated with primary forest habitats as well as human settlements Distribution and habitat: This species is found throughout India, Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan, Thailand, Myanmar, Lao PDR, Cambodia, southern China, Vietnam, Malaysia, Philippines and Indonesia . Habitat is closely associated to the urban environment Distribution and habitat: The species is found throughout the tropics and subtropics. Its origins can be traced all the way back to Southeast Asia and the Indo-Australian archipelago. They are found in urban and forested areas and can be found up to 1,600 m asl . Habitats are associated with open areas, such as marshes and grassland, which are found primarily on mid-hills to low land up to an elevation of 850 m asl Distribution and habitat: This species is found throughout South and Southeast Asia, including India, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, Cambodia, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Philippines and Singapore . It is found in open forest at elevations of up to 1,200 m asl. It is commonly found on large trees, particularly in the buffer zone Distribution and habitat: This species is found throughout Indonesia , Bangladesh, India, China, Taiwan, Thailand, Cambodia, Lao PDR, Myanmar, Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Timor-Leste and New Guinea. This species is found in a wide variety of habitats, including peat swamp forest, montane forest, disturbed riparian habitats, moist lowland, tropical dry, agricultural land, savannah, eucalyptus forest, coffee plantations, woodland and gardens up to an elevation of 1,800 m asl Distribution and habitat: It is distributed in India, Malaysia, Singapore, Philippines and Indonesia . Habitats are associated with forested areas in the mid-hills Distribution and habitat: This monitor lizard is found in Sri Lanka, India, Bangladesh, China, Thailand, Myanmar, Cambodia, Lao PDR, Vietnam, Malaysia, Singapore and Indonesia , where it is mostly found in swamps and riverbanks Distribution and habitat: This species is found throughout Southeast Asia, including China, Philippines, India, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka. This snake is found in primary moist lowland and montane forests, secondary forests, open and dry forests, disturbed forests, scrublands, and plantations, as well as city gardens and urban areas Distribution and habitat: This species was widely distributed across Southeast Asia. It is found in Sumatra, Java, Kalimantan and Sulawesi of Indonesia. Their habitat is primarily lowland forests, specifically mangrove swamps and peat swamp forests, which reach elevations of up to 700 m asl  Distribution and habitat: This species is found only in West Java . This species is found in lowland to mid-hill forests at elevations ranging from 35 m asl–990 m asl Distribution and habitat: This species is found throughout Indonesia, Timor-Leste, Brunei Darussalam, Malaysia, Thailand, Lao PDR, Vietnam, Cambodia and China. This species is typically found in lowland forests and at elevations of up to 1,000 m asl Distribution and habitat: This species occurs throughout Indonesia, Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, Myanmar, Cambodia, Lao PDR, Vietnam, China, Taiwan, Bangladesh, India and Bhutan. The snake can be found in lowland to montane forests at elevations up to 3,000 m asl Distribution and habitat: This species is found throughout Asia and Southeast Asia, particularly in China, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, Lao PDR, Malaysia and Indonesia . This species is found in lowland to submontane forests at elevations ranging from 550 m asl–1,300 m asl  in the Ms.Malayopython reticulatus Distribution and habitat: This large constrictor snake is found throughout Southeast Asia, including Indonesia, Philippines, Malaysia, Thailand, Lao PDR, Vietnam, Myanmar, Cambodia and Bangladesh. It is found in a variety of habitats, including primary and secondary forests, savannah, shrublands, wetlands, peat swamps, mangrove swamps, grasslands, agricultural areas and urban areas. This species is found at elevations ranging from 0 m asl–1,300 m asl Distribution and habitat: It has been reported to occur in Indonesia as well as other Southeast Asian countries such as Myanmar, Thailand, and Malaysia. They inhabit lowland forests and agricultural areas between 500 m asl and 1,100 m asl  and C. chalconota . Kls had the highest dominance index (0.44) due to high number of two species aforementioned , however, the dominance in most of the surveyed sites can be considered as low (D: ≤ 0.50).A total of 372 individuals comprising of 43 herpetofauna species were collected from the western part of Nusa Kambangan Island, from various sites, habitat complexes and/or vegetational types. en sites ; Table 2en sites  due to tR. reinwardtii, C. dentata, A. cartilaginea, and X. javanicus, followed by paddy field and timber production forest with 16 species  but mostly consisting of generalists such as F. cancrivora, F. limnocharis, C. chalconota, P. leucomystax, B. jubata, E. multifasciata, A. prasina, and D. pictus  associated with the presence of specialists such as . pictus ; Table 3The average air temperature is between 26°C–30°C, and the average relative humidity is between 85%–100% . Mss wasAccording to our surveys, the total herpetofauna species comprised 21% of the herpetofauna species found in Java  and R. reinwardtii , can be used as bioindicators of environmental change or habitat disturbance. Additional research is required to ensure the effectiveness of community-based conservation, including local attitudes, participation, conservation awareness, and good governance.Another way to aid conservation efforts on Nusa Kambangan Island could be to conduct research on ecologically significant species . For insOur initial surveys on Nusa Kambangan Island’s west part resulted in the identification of 43 herpetofauna species (16 amphibians and 27 reptiles). Our analyses indicate that Nusa Kambangan Island is capable of supporting suitable habitats for a diverse herpetofauna, but the habitats have been threatened by human disturbance. Community-based conservation efforts may provide an alternative method of conserving the island’s biodiversity. We hope to encounter additional herpetofauna species in the future through additional surveys, particularly in the eastern part of Nusa Kambangan Island.


Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the most prevalent age-related chronic conditions that afflict companion dogs, and multiple joint supplements are available to prevent or treat OA, though the efficacy of these treatments is controversial. While the demographic factors that are associated with OA diagnosis are well established, the factors that are associated with joint supplement use are not as well studied. Using data collected from the Dog Aging Project, we analyzed owner survey responses regarding joint supplement administration and OA diagnosis for 26,951 adult dogs. In this cross-sectional analysis, logistic regression models and odds-ratios (OR) were employed to determine demographic factors of dogs and their owners that were associated with joint supplement administration. Forty percent of adult dogs in our population were given some type of joint supplement. Perhaps not surprisingly, dogs of older age, larger size, and those that were ever overweight were more likely to receive a joint supplement. Younger owner age, urban living, owner education, and feeding commercial dry food were associated with a reduced likelihood of administration of joint supplements to dogs. Interestingly, mixed breed dogs were also less likely to be administered a joint supplement (OR: 0.73). Dogs with a clinical diagnosis of OA were more likely to receive a joint supplement than those without a reported OA diagnosis (OR: 3.82). Neutered dogs were more likely to have a diagnosis of OA, even after controlling for other demographic factors, yet their prevalence of joint supplement administration was the same as intact dogs. Overall, joint supplement use appears to be high in our large population of dogs in the United States. Prospective studies are needed to determine if joint supplements are more commonly administered as a preventative for OA or after an OA clinical diagnosis. Vaccinations, improved environment, and diet, as well as other preventative measures, have led to an increase in the numbers of dogs that reach “old age” , 2. As sOsteoarthritis (OA), the progressive degeneration in joints , is one The most common joint supplements in human populations are glucosamine and chondroitin . The exaWhile close attention has been paid to evaluating the effect of joint supplement administration in dogs with OA as well as the demographic factors associated with canine OA, much less is known about the factors that lead to joint supplement administration in dogs. Here, we use data collected from the Dog Aging Project  to explohttps://www.dogagingproject.org, and all dogs living in the US are eligible to be enrolled, with the proviso that the owner must know the approximate age of the dog within a year or two. Participants are then able to access a password-protected DAP portal using the REDCap secure survey system (The Dog Aging Project (DAP) is a US-based nationwide long-term longitudinal study of the biological and environmental determinants of healthy aging in dogs . Client-y system , 24. They system . Once aly system . ApproxiAll analyses were completed in the program R, version 3.5.2 (www.r-project.org). Dogs under 1 year of age were excluded, as OA is generally an adult-onset disorder. Joint supplement use was defined as occurring in those owners that described their dog receiving one of the following supplements: glucosamine, an omega-3 fatty acid supplement, chondroitin, or “other joint supplement”. These choices were chosen as the three specific supplements are known to be commonly given , and bashttps://data.dogagingproject.org, as well in recently published studies on the dataset . We found that there was a significant association between breed and joint supplement administration , though as would be expected, small breeds had significantly fewer dogs on joint supplements than large breed dogs . We should note, however, that the number of neutered dogs vastly outnumber the intact dogs in our population (93.5% were neutered), described further in the discussion. In a multivariate model, age, weight, overweight status, neutering, and joint supplement administration were still significantly associated with a clinical diagnosis of OA  that are associated with OA have been fairly well established, both anecdotally by veterinary clinicians and in the published literature , 13, wheInterestingly, the rates of joint supplement administration to companion dogs in the DAP appear to be much higher than in humans, where studies suggest around 20% of middle age and older adults take specific joint supplements , 32, thoThis study replicates previous findings that suggest old, large, neutered, and overweight dogs are more likely to have a clinical diagnosis of OA . In addiIn a previous retrospective study, we found significant associations between spay/neuter status and numerous disease diagnoses . Here, wThe lack of sex differences in OA is interesting given that in humans women have a higher OA prevalence than men . HoweverIn addition to many of the expected dog demographic factors associated with joint supplement administration, we also looked at demographics of the owners themselves to identify factors potentially influencing owner decisions to give joint supplements. We found owners in rural geographic regions were more likely to administer supplements to their dogs. In the DAP, we observe dogs living in rural environments appear to have higher activity levels compared to suburban and urban dogs , which cWe also find that owners that feed commercial dry kibble are less likely to administer joint supplements . There hPrevious studies of owner-provided supplements often focus on specific populations. In a small population of flyball dogs, it was found that 70% of owners provided joint supplements to their dogs , higher While our results are interesting and point toward some novel hypotheses on joint supplement use and OA in companion dogs, it will be necessary to follow up with longitudinal studies. First, as stated earlier, we do not know the direction of causality that underlies the correlation between OA and joint supplement use. Future longitudinal studies within the DAP will enable us to resolve the temporality. Similarly, OA diagnoses were owner-reported, so we do not know if these dogs had OA diagnosed by a veterinarian. Approximately half of all DAP participants have uploaded veterinary electronic medical records, so future studies will be able to verify these diagnoses. There also are differences across joint supplements, with omega-3s having more evidence of improved joint mobility than others like glucosamine –37. As wOverall, our results shed new light on both owner- and dog-specific factors associated with joint supplement administration to dogs. Future prospective studies will provide stronger evidence to discern if joint supplement administration is largely prophylactic or therapeutic. In addition, the DAP will enable us to follow those dogs that are currently receiving joint supplements with no diagnosis of OA to study if joint supplement administration is associated with lower risk of OA. As more companion dogs are surviving to older ages, the development of OA and joint supplement administration will most likely continue to increase in the population. Thus, there is great interest in future studies to tease apart the clinical utility of these supplements as well as educate owners about their use.https://data.dogagingproject.org.Publicly available datasets were analyzed in this study. This data can be found here: The University of Washington IRB deemed that recruitment of dog owners for the Dog Aging Project, and the administration and content of the DAP Health and Life Experience Survey (HLES), are human subjects research that qualifies for Category 2 exempt status . The patients/participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study. Ethical review and approval was not required for the animal study because no interactions between researchers and privately owned dogs occurred; therefore, IACUC oversight was not required. Written informed consent was obtained from the owners for the participation of their animals in this study.1, Brooke Benton2, Elhanan Borenstein3, 4, 5, Marta G. Castelhano6, 7, Amanda E. Coleman8, Kate E. Creevy9, Kyle Crowder10, 11, Matthew D. Dunbar11, Virginia R. Fajt12, Annette L. Fitzpatrick13, 14, 15, Unity Jeffery16, Erica C. Jonlin2, 17, Matt Kaeberlein2, Elinor K. Karlsson18, 19, Kathleen F. Kerr20, Jonathan M. Levine9, Jing Ma21, Robyn L. McClelland20, Audrey Ruple22, Stephen M. Schwartz14, 23, Sandi Shrager24, Noah Snyder-Mackler25, 26, 27, Silvan R. Urfer2 and Benjamin S. Wilfond28, 29Joshua M. Akey1 Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, United States2 Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States3 Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel4 Blavatnik School of Computer Science, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel5 Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM, United States6 Cornell Veterinary Biobank, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States7 Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States8 Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States9 Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, College Station, TX, United States10 Department of Sociology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States11 Center for Studies in Demography and Ecology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States12 Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, College Station, TX, United States13 Department of Family Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States14 Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States15 Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States16 Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, College Station, TX, United States17 Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States18 Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States19 Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States20 Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States21 Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States22 Department of Population Health Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States23 Epidemiology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States24 Collaborative Health Studies Coordinating Center, Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States25 School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States26 Center for Evolution and Medicine, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States27 School for Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States28 Treuman Katz Center for Pediatric Bioethics, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States29 Department of Pediatrics, Division of Bioethics and Palliative Care, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States.The DAP Consortium designed the DAP study, implemented data collection, and developed and curated the DAP databases. JH, MT, and DP designed the specific study. JH completed the analyses, made the figures, and wrote the first draft of the manuscript. All authors edited and approved the final manuscript.JH was funded by the National Institute on Aging Grant K99AG059920. The Dog Aging Project was supported by National Institute on Aging Grant U19AG057377 (PI: Promislow) and private donations.The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.This content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily reflect the official views of the National Institutes of Health.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.


Following the publication of this article and the Expression of Concern notice ,2, the KAll authors agreed with the retraction. LP, YF, FM, RM, and TS stand by the article’s findings. LS and TS apologise for the issues with the published article.