Anisakis  are still common. The Y-shaped lateral cord is not unique to Anisakis spp. Acquiring a history of ingesting raw/undercooked fish/seafood can be a clue to the diagnosis of the condition. This review emphasizes the following key points: insufficient awareness of fish parasites among medical professionals, seafood handlers, and policy makers; limited availability of effective diagnostic methodologies; and inadequate clinical information for optimizing the management of anisakidosis in numerous regions worldwide.A review was conducted to identify the most common causative agents of anisakidosis, the methods used for identification of the causative agents, and to summarize the sources of infection, and patients’ demographics. A total of 762 cases  were found between 1965 and 2022. The age range was 7 months to 85 years old. Out of the 34 countries, Japan, Spain, and South Korea stood out with the highest number of published human cases of anisakidosis, respectively. This raises the question: Why are there few to no reports of anisakidosis cases in other countries, such as Indonesia and Vietnam, where seafood consumption is notably high? Other than the gastrointestinal tract, parasites were frequently found in internal organs such as liver, spleen, pancreas, lung, hiatal and epigastric hernia, and tonsils. There are also reports of the worm being excreted through the nose, rectum, and mouth. Symptoms included sore throat, tumor, bleeding, gastric/epigastric/abdominal/substernal/lower back/testicular pain, nausea, anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea, constipation, intestinal obstruction, intussusception, blood in feces, hematochezia, anemia, and respiratory arrest. These appeared either immediately or up to 2 months after consuming raw/undercooked seafood and lasting up to 10 years. Anisakidosis commonly mimicked symptoms of cancer, pancreatitis, type I/II Kounis syndrome, intussusception, Crohn’s disease, ovarian cysts, intestinal endometriosis, epigastralgia, gastritis, gastroesophageal reflux disease, hernia, intestinal obstruction, peritonitis, and appendicitis. In these cases, it was only after surgery that it was found these symptoms/conditions were caused by anisakids. A range of not only mainly marine but also freshwater fish/shellfish were reported as source of infection. There were several reports of infection with >1 nematode (up to >200), more than one species of anisakids in the same patient, and the presence of L4/adult nematodes. The severity of symptoms did not relate to the number of parasites. The number of anisakidosis cases is grossly underestimated globally. Using erroneous taxonomic terms, assumptions, and identifying the parasite as The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00436-023-07881-9. Anisakis, and (3) pseudoterranovosis caused by members of the genus Pseudoterranova  anisakidosis caused by any members of the family Anisakidae, (2) anisakiosis caused by members of the genus Anisakis alone comprises of at least 9 species  of infected people with anisakid nematodes and to answer these questions: What are the parasite species reported as the causative agent? What was the possible source of infection? What method was used to identify the parasite and/or diagnose the disease? What symptoms were presented? The review was based on the publicly available information. A review of peer-reviewed literature for topics on Anisakiasis, OR Anisakidosis OR Anisakiosis, was conducted through a search of the Google Scholar, Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus databases. The bibliographies of the articles found through the search were checked for any other articles relevant to the topic. All languages were included. Following this, some gray literature, such as conference abstracts and proceedings, were also included after ensuring there was no associated publication, acknowledging the lack of peer review for this type of literature. The literature was last searched on 1st February 2023. Although Data including authors, year of publication, country, age, and gender of the patient, diagnostic techniques for the disease, method of parasite identification, parasite ID, developmental stage of the parasite, number of parasites found in the patient, infected organs, symptoms, treatment, the time between consuming seafood and emergence of the symptoms, duration of the symptoms, and possible source of infection were recorded in an MS Excel sheet.Hysterothylacium spp. These 409 articles reported 762 cases dated between 1965 and the end of 2022 , it was found that the minimum and maximum age of infected people was 7 months old and 85 years old . In 27 cases in which more than 10 anisakid larvae was reported , acute biliary pancreatitis, autoimmune pancreatitis, type I and II Kounis syndrome, colonic intussusception, Crohn’s disease, enlarged bilateral ovarian cysts, intestinal endometriosis, epigastralgia, gastritis, gastroesophageal reflux disease, hernia, intestinal obstruction, ileum to ileum intussusception caused by Meckel’s diverticulum, peritonitis, acute appendicitis, acute arthritis of knees, elbows and ankles, and non-anisakid parasitic disease.Engraulis encrasicolus) pickled in vinegar, a typical Mediterranean food), croaker fish, fish swimbladder, raw mackerel, abalone, penis fish, assorted sashimi , baked cod, catfish, ceviche, cod liver, conveyor belt sushi , raw sea bream, eel sashimi, empurau fish (Tor tambroides), fish eggs, flatfish, yellowtail, flounder sashimi, fresh cured Alaskan salmon, poke style raw tuna from Alaska, grilled scabbard fish, hake, herring fish, home-cured salmon gravlax, marinade bluefish, marinated mackerel, marinated pilchards, raw Atlantic salmon , raw bonito, raw clams, raw cuttlefish, raw oyster, raw Pacific saury, raw salted fish or squid , shrimp, raw yellowtail, redfish/sushi, rockfish (Sebastes sp.), fresh slices of raw jacopever, shabu-shabu (mackerel fish), trout, sliced raw fish (Sebastes schlegelii), ascidians, and a piece of flatfish gut, prior to the disease occurrence. The source of these fish was not only mainly from marine waters but also occasionally from freshwater and local rivers. Based on the history provided by patients, the onset of the symptoms was highly variable, starting from immediately to 2 months after consumption of the abovementioned seafood. In one case, the duration of symptoms was up to 10 years of intermittent pain.The source of infections, based on the patients’ reports, was a wide range of seafood. These included marinated anchovies , and considerable variations in the pattern of occurrence by year, the number of publications is clearly higher since the beginning of the millennium. Although we included publications since 1965, there are reports of human cases dating back to the nineteenth century. For example, in 1867, a nematode had been vomited by a child from a fishing community on the West Coast of Greenland and identified as Leuckart . Ascarise Martin . In anote Martin . In Japae Martin . In 1960e Martin . The tote Martin ; howevere Martin , in addiOur review suggests that, globally, the parasite is more common among people aged 31-60 years, similar to the age groups reported in country-focused studies. Cha and Mee Sun , based oAs previously shown by other authors  were reported in humans   Gibson , suggestm Oshima . The absHysterothylacium larva is also important , Hysterothylacium larvae penetrated the stomach wall, causing hemorrhage and attracted eosinophils


In the published article, there was an error regarding the affiliations for authors Siyu Liu, Kailang Wu and Chenglian Zhu. Author Siyu Liu should instead of having affiliation 1, have “State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China”. Author Kailang Wu should instead of affiliation 1, have “State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China”. Author Chengliang Zhu should, instead of affiliation 2 have “Department of Clinical Laboratory, Institute of Translational Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China”. The corrected affiliations appear above.The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.


Sleep is an essential biological requirement for human life, alongside food, water, and air. Therefore, it is not surprising that insufficient sleep, in terms of both quantity and quality, may disrupt cognitive and physical performance, quality of life and health. Sleep is compromised in many cardiological, neurological, psychiatric, metabolic, pneumological, and oncological diseases, but it is also well known that sleep disorders significantly increase the risk of cardiovascular, neurological, and oncologic disease, and that they can deeply modify the outcome of coexisting medical conditions ,2,3,4. TIn the light of the reciprocal relationship between sleep and health, it appears crucial that pulmonologists, endocrinologists, neurologists, cardiologists, otolaryngologists, psychiatrists, psychologists, pediatricians, dentists, and family medicine practitioners evaluate sleep quantity and quality in their daily activities.Brain Sciences, entitled “Multidisciplinary Aspects of Sleep Medicine”, was to provide additional insight into this topic, including relevant studies from experts in the field.Following this perspective, the goal of this Special Issue of Sleep bruxism is a common behavior, with a prevalence estimated in 13% of the general population, characterized by pain in the masticatory muscles and/or tooth wear. In a preliminary study, Wieckiewicz et al.  found a Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a multifactorial disease that is an increasing social and health problem occurring in about 3–10% of general population. It is characterized by recurrent breathing pauses due to the collapse of the upper airways and represents an independent risk factor for hypertension, ischemic heart disease, strokes, heart failure, atrial fibrillation, sudden cardiac death, cancer, and cognitive disorders. Urbanik et al.  analyzedIn the same area, Macek et al.  assessedIn industrialized countries, professionally active populations frequently have reduced sleep that may lead to daytime sleepiness, cognitive deficits, and impaired response of the stress-related activities of the hypothalamic–pituitary axis and the autonomic nervous system. Gomez-Merino and colleagues , in theiIn the last decade, several studies evaluated the physiological and pharmacological properties of melatonin and its crucial role in regulating the sleep/wake rhythm. Biggio et al. , in theiThe content of this Special Issue may represent a preliminary, though still meaningful, contribution to the scientific evidence. Many research efforts in sleep medicine are moving towards novel approaches and new advancements for the diagnosis and treatment of sleep disorders. Relevant progress in the identification of the sleep functions and the reciprocal relationships between sleep disorders and systemic diseases may improve quality of life as well as the effectiveness of health care.


Instead of “Rehabilitation Center, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China”, it should be “Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.”In the published article, there was an error in affiliation for Hao Zhang. Instead of “Hao ZhangThe authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.


A 3-year-old girl presented to our outpatient clinic with a bee sting on her neck. One hour earlier, a honeybee had landed on her neck, and she had swatted it, resulting in a painful sting. The patient did not exhibit any symptoms of fever, cough, cold, nausea, vomiting, breathlessness, chest pain, palpitations, blackouts, or loss of consciousness, but she did report pain in the area where she was stung. On examination, we observed a foreign body on the right side of the patient’s neck . DermoscHymenoptera stings are common and painful envenomations that lead to an annual average of 62 deaths in the United States.Although honeybees are notorious for leaving their stingers in the victim’s skin, other members of the Hymenoptera order may also leave a stinger behind.


Nutrition is essential to sustaining the quality of life and a fundamental right of all people . Yet, maHealthcare Special Issue, “Nutrition and Public Health 2.0”, brings together research from scholars of different disciplines representing various regions of the world to understand achievements and current issues in nutrition and public health, including research, practice, policy, and communication across the lifespan. The articles selected are centered on two public health nutrition concepts: nutrition security and nutrition equitability.The Nutrition security ensures that individuals, families, and countries have physical, social, and economic access to sufficient, affordable, safe, and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and preferences for an active and healthy life ,5. NutriNutrition equitability is an emergent concept that addresses the food system stakeholders and holds the stakeholders accountable to ensure accessibility and affordability of sufficient nutrition regardless of individuals’ social, environmental, and economic positions ,10. ThisIn summary, the 16 articles in the Public Health and Nutrition 2.0 Special Issue document that to achieve population-level nutritional well-being, nutrition equitability, and security  is essen


Viruses, we showcase some of the fascinating and diverse virology being undertaken in Canada that was presented at the 4th Symposium of the Canadian Society for Virology 2022 [Viruses, we accrued five manuscripts to highlight research that focuses on human, animal, and bacterial viruses.In this Special Issue of ogy 2022 ,2,3,4,5.Beginning with work by Hare et al. , this teYousefi et al.  investigNext, turning towards Mpox , we highlight the important proof-of-principle work by Noyce et al. . Here, rAlong similar lines in vaccine research, Aubrey et al.  highlighListeria monocytogenes, a bacterial pathogen that has been linked with prior contaminations of processed sandwich meats. Their team reports on the importance of bacteriophage stability under various stressors, including desiccation, elevated temperature, and low pH, mimicking various food preparation environments, and uses these conditions to both quantify those effects and select for stress-resistant bacteriophages. Their work may have broader applications to other food industry phages as this field continues to evolve.Finally, Gomez et al.  describeOverall, the collection of these manuscripts is, of course, only a small sampling of the great work being carried out by Canadian virologists and highlights a diverse range of studies, from fundamental understanding to practical applications to therapeutics development.


After this article was published, similarities were noted between this article and submissions by other research groups which call into question the validity and provenance of the reported results. In addition, during editorial follow-up, a number of data extraction errors were found, meaning some of the conclusions are no longer supported.PLOS ONE cannot stand by the reliability of the reported research, and the PLOS ONE Editors retract this article [In light of these issues,  article .JZ did not respond to the final editorial decision. CM, AX, KZ, ZQ, XL, CL, YH, WC, CZ, YL, SS, ZW, and BL either did not respond directly or could not be reached.


Archives of Endocrinology and Metabolism (AE&M) are completing its first year. Despite its name in English and the mandatory use of this language for all articles, the former “Arquivos Brasileiros de Endocrinologia e Metabologia” remains the official Journal of the Brazilian Society of Endocrinology and Metabolism. I believe that such change will progressively increase the knowledge and interest of endocrinologists around the word on our journal, which, without losing its Brazilian origin and identity, will become more and more an international publication. Consequently its impact factor, unavailable during two years due to its name change, is expected to augment, leading to the increase of submissions of good original basic, translational and clinical research, in a healthy vicious cycle. In order to pursue the increase of the impact factor, original and review papers should be privileged, in detriment of case reports. As a matter of fact, many medical journals increased its impact factor restricting the acceptance of case reports. On the other hand, many journals are dealing specifically with this kind of medical article.The During 2015, 416 manuscripts have been submitted to AE&M. From them, 71.4% were original research, and the remainder consisted of case reports (18%), review articles (5.5%), brief reports (4.6%), letter to the editor (0.2%), and consensus statement (0.2%). From the total of submitted manuscripts, 306 came to a decision, and 79 have been accepted for publication (26%).Regarding the number of manuscripts per country, Brazil submitted 146, Turkey 61, China 16, India 11, Iran 10, Argentina 9, Portugal 8, Italy 7, Romania 5, and Egypt 4. Additionally, the following countries also submitted articles: Algeria, Bulgaria, Chile, Colombia, Croatia, Cyprus, Greece, Hungary, Mexico, Nigeria, Pakistan, Poland, Saudi Arabia, Serbia, Slovakia, Spain, Taiwan, Tunisia, USA, and Venezuela.In this second year of my task as Editor-in-Chief of the AE&M, I intend to strengthen the relationship with colleagues of other countries, asking for reviews and mini-reviews. For this purpose I expect to count on the international editorial board of our journal.Last but not least, I would like to acknowledge and warmly thank all my Associate Editors for their outstanding collaboration, as well as the Brazilian and International reviewers for their time and expertise, selecting manuscripts which enriched the quality of our AE&M.


This study explores the trend of urolithiasis in various countries and categorizes the countries in terms of how their urolithiasis incidence rate has changed over time.The incidence rate of urolithiasis in 204 countries from 1990 to 2019, extracted from the Global Burden of Disease study, has been analyzed.p-value < .05). Also, African regions revealed significant increasing trends over time . The outstanding findings in cluster analysis showed that Afghanistan, Andorra, and Comoros had the most decreasing trend in urolithiasis rates over time . Cuba, Cyprus, Czechia, the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Denmark, and Djibouti were in the next rank in terms of decreasing rate . In addition, urolithiasis rates in Congo, Eswatini, Gabon, and Grenada have the most increasing trend .According to the results, all regions had experienced an increasing trend in urolithiasis rate, except for Eastern Europe, Central Europe, and Southeast Asia regions . Moreover, the Caribbean region had the highest increasing trend of urolithiasis rates, and Central Asia was in the next rank (increasing rate of 48.3 and 34.3 per 100,000, respectively, The trend of urolithiasis rates was significantly increased in most countries, and Congo, Eswatini, Gabon, and Grenada had the highest trend among others. Also, Afghanistan, Andorra, and Comoros revealed the most decreasing rates, and the trend has dropped remarkably in several other countries. Urolithiasis, defined as the concentration of minerals in renal calyces and pelvic, is a common and painful urological condition with a significant disease burden worldwide. The prevalence of urolithiasis and, as a result, kidney stone burden has been increasing significantly in recent years all over the world, especially in developed countries , 2. UrolTo a better understanding of the global epidemiology of urolithiasis and its implications for public health and clinical practice, this study categorizes the countries into different groups based on how their urolithiasis incidence rate has changed over time. This study presents a longitudinal analysis through latent growth modeling on urolithiasis rates in 204 countries and territories. The analytical approach used in the present study is different from previous published studies and is a powerful tool for analyzing longitudinal data, as it can capture the dynamic and complex patterns of change over time and reveal the underlying structure and heterogeneity of the data.Data for incidence rates of urolithiasis (per 100000 persons) in 204 countries and territories were derived from the GBD study . The infwww.statmodel.com).The incidence rates of urolithiasis in each region were described with mean and standard deviation and appropriate plots. The response variable in this study is urolithiasis’s incidence rates, which were modeled using the Latent Growth model to assess the trend in IMHE regions. Also, Growth mixture models (GMM) were applied, and countries were classified into subgroups in which samples within each subgroup followed similar trends over time. GMM is an advanced statistical approach used for trend analysis, and it can take into account heterogeneity in trends among countries. Therefore, using GMM, subgroups of countries are specified, in which countries within each group have similar trends of urolithiasis rates over the period of study. The coefficients of this model, intercept and slope, are interoperated as the overall mean level of the initial outcome and the average rate of outcome change over time, respectively. Statistical analysis was done using M-plus software, version 6.12 .We also applied the LGM to assess the trend of urolithiasis rates in each region separately. According to the obtained Beta from LGM, all regions had experienced an increasing trend of urolithiasis rate, except for Eastern Europe, Central Europe, and Southeast Asia region, which had a negative coefficient. According to the results, countries in Eastern Europe had a mean decrease of 71.4 per 100,000 from the year 1994 to 2019. In the next rank, Central Europe countries reveal a mean reduction of 56.2 per 100,000 during the study period. Moreover, the results show that the Caribbean region had the highest increasing trend of urolithiasis rates . The countries in Central Asia were in the next rank with a growing trend of 34.3 per 100000 people. African regions, including Western Sub-Saharan Africa , North Africa and Middle East , Central Sub-Saharan Africa , Eastern Sub-Saharan Africa  and Southern Sub-Saharan Africa  revealed significant increasing trends over time . Also, countries in cluster 2, including Cuba, Cyprus, Czechia, Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Denmark, and Djibouti, have an initial rate of urolithiasis of 4808.6 per 100000 in 1990, and they have a decreasing trend with a slope of about -92.3 until 2019 . Azerbaijan, Brazil, Brunei Darussalam, Canada, Chile, Ethiopia, Greece, Iceland, and Iran entered in class 3, had the next rank in terms of decreasing rate . Countries in clusters 1, 2, and 3 can be defined as having a sharp, moderate, and slow decreasing trend in urolithiasis rates over time, respectively.The intercept coefficients represent the estimated overall mean level of the initial urolithiasis rate in each cluster, and the slopes show the average urolithiasis rate change over time. A positive and negative slope reveals that the rate had an increasing and decreasing trend over time, respectively. For instance, the estimates for the first cluster  reveal that the initial rate of urolithiasis in the countries including this cluster, Afghanistan, Andorra, and Comoros, has been 2330.26 per 100000 in 1990, and it has a decreasing trend with a slope of -128.2 until 2019, every two years . Finally, countries in cluster 7, Congo, Eswatini, Gabon, and Grenada, have experienced a sharp growing trend of urolithiasis rate during this period of time . The colored map in Fig. In addition, countries in classes 4 and 5 have a slowly increasing trend of urolithiasis over time until 2019. urolithiasis rates in countries included in cluster number 6  have a moderate increasing trend . Congo, Eswatini, Gabon, and Grenada have the sharpest increasing rates of urolithiasis. In the next rank, Bahrain, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Chad, Cook Islands, Costa Rica, Croatia, Guatemala, Honduras, Kazakhstan, Lebanon, Liberia, Morocco, and Yemen had the most increasing rate of urolithiasis. Other countries not mentioned so far have also seen an increase in the Urolithiasis incidence rate. These findings are in line with other studies , 26. It It is notable that gender, race, and median age of the population are important factors that can influence the prevalence of urolithiasis in different countries.According to a recent review, the prevalence of kidney stones is increasing and historically more common in males . HoweverThere is evidence that urolithiasis varies among different racial and ethnic groups . TraditiUrolithiasis is known to increase with age , 33. HowFinally, it is notable that due to the availability of new and more accurate diagnostic tools contributing to an increased diagnosis, asymptomatic stones are more detected due to the more frequent use of high-resolution imaging techniques , 34. On However, the GBD is a comprehensive and systematic effort to estimate the burden of diseases and injuries for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019, it also faces several challenges and uncertainties in the data collection which can introduce potential biases and limitations in the results. One of the main challenges is the variation in healthcare infrastructure, diagnosis practices, and data reporting among different countries. These factors can affect the accuracy and comparability of urolithiasis incidence rates across countries. For example, some countries may have more advanced diagnostic tools or more frequent screening programs than others, which can lead to higher detection rates of urolithiasis. Similarly, some countries may have more reliable and comprehensive data sources or more consistent definitions and classifications of urolithiasis than others, which can influence the quality and comparability of the data. These factors can introduce bias in the data, so caution is advised in interpreting and comparing the results across countries and over time.Globally, the incidence rate of urolithiasis has increased during 1990–2019, with various patterns in countries and regions. The trend of urolithiasis rates was significantly increased in most countries, and Congo, Eswatini, Gabon, and Grenada had the highest trend among others. Also, the trend has dropped remarkably in several other countries. Afghanistan, Andorra, and Comoros revealed the most decreasing rates. Overall, while the high economic and health burden of urolithiasis, its rate does not seem to have dropped remarkably in most countries. Therefore, nowadays, when lifestyle leads people to this disease, it is important to implement comprehensive preventive programs that consider controllable risks, including nutritional factors, nutritional deficiencies, lifestyle factors, etc.


Cost-effectiveness of adding empagliflozin to the standard therapy for Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction from the perspective of healthcare systems in China by Jiang Y and Xie J. (2022) Front. Cardiovasc. Med. 9:946399. doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.946399A Corrigendum on In the published article, there was an error in the affiliation. Instead of “Department of Cardiology, Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China”, it should be “Department of Cardiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China”.The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.


The human body consists of its own cells, but also of microorganisms that are found both inside and outside the human body .Commensal microorganisms are of fundamental importance to the host, as they perform important tasks, such as contributing to host health, counteracting pathogenic bacteria, contributing to the regulation of host homeostasis and balance, and modulating the immune response .The oral microbiota is an important constituent of the human microbiota, with a fundamental role in human health. It is a complex matter, primarily because of the conformation of the oral cavity, which appears to be formed by a set of different ecological niches , with very different microbiological habitats that expand and vary greatly in pathology .http://www.homd.org, accessed on 21 September 2023) [The main phyla present in the oral cavity and constituting approximately 94% of the oral microbiome are Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Spirochaetes, and Fusobacteria. The remaining 6% of the bacterial phyla consist of Saccharibacteria, Synergistetes, SR1, Gracilibacteria, Chlamydia, Chloroflexi, Tenericutes, and Chlorobi  1, etc. .Several authors report that in the first 1,000 days after conception, a eubiosis framework is of fundamental importance for the development and maturation of the immune system, with even long-term effects on the health of the unborn child. An altered microbiota is in fact, according to multiple investigations, a predisposing factor for the onset of respiratory, allergic, immune, and metabolic diseases .In addition, several aids have been proposed to restore or prevent dysbiosis, including probiotics , the terOzone, which is widely used in medicine, also has a valid application for modifying the oral microbiota, in particular to eliminate bacteria and fungi, inactivate viruses, and control bleeding. .In conclusion, the aim of this research topic is to provide readers with up-to-date data on the association between dysbiosis of the oral microbiota and systemic conditions ,30. We h


The ACIP recommendations were adopted by the CDC Director on June 27, 2023, and are official. The recommendations, underlying evidence and rationale, and clinical guidance are available (Supplementary Report,


Nature 10.1038/s41586-023-06440-7 Published online 23 August 2023Correction to: In the version of the article initially published, Stanislaw Miscicki’s name incorrectly appeared as Miscicki Stanislaw. Additionally, the affiliation for Thomas T. Ibanez has been updated to “AMAP, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Montpellier, France”, and the second affiliation for Sharif A. Mukul has been updated to “Department of Environment and Development Studies, United International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh”. The corrections have been made to the HTML and PDF versions of the article.


In “Deep Learning With Chest Radiographs for Making Prognoses in Patients With COVID-19: Retrospective Cohort Study”  the authors made one amendment. The affiliation for co-author Soo-Youn Ham was listed as:Department of Radiology, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Seoul, Korea, Republic ofAnd will be changed to read as follows:Department of Radiology, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea, Republic ofThe correction will appear in the online version of the paper on the JMIR Publications website on August 23, 2023 together with the publication of this correction notice. Because this was made after submission to PubMed, PubMed Central, and other full-text repositories, the corrected article has also been resubmitted to those repositories.


Saeed et al.’s 2021 study examined the impact of Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) on anxiety and depression among students.We interviewed 34 first-to third-year undergraduate Japanese students, and asked them “what are the factors that made you feel stressed in your studies or private school life?” Students’ interviews were recorded and transcribed. The transcribed data was coded, and similar contents were classified into five mutually exclusive categories with qualitative content analysis as follows: 1. Transition to university life; 2. Examinations; 3. Attendance and homework; 4. Extracurricular activities; 5. Social and human relationships . COVID-13Ansari et al. (2022) published data on stress and anxiety in medical and non-medical students; using a quantitative cross-sectional online survey, they found that the effect of social distancing and online learning weakened the students’ relationships with their family, their peers, and the faculty,We strongly agree with the conclusion of Ansari et al.’s study that social connection/support should be maintained as much as possible even in a virtual settingMM: Research concept, design of the study, literature review, data collection, data analysis, data interpretation, preparation of initial draft, approval of final draft, and guarantor of the manuscript.SJ: Research concept, design of the study, literature review, data collection, data analysis, data interpretation, revision of initial draft, approval of final draft, and corresponding author of the manuscript.AT: Research concept, design of the study, literature review, data interpretation, revision of initial draft, and approval of final draft.KM: Research concept, design of the study, prior literature review, data interpretation, revision of initial draft, and approval of final draft.


Generally, to achieve success in endodontics, it is essential to perform all stages of treatment with cautiousness and excellence ,2.The first stage, one of the most important, is the diagnosis. At this stage, only with the help of modern technologies is it possible to carefully examine the fundamental problems of the tooth and organise a correct treatment plan ,4. For eAmong the fundamental equipment for an effective diagnosis, we have three-dimensional radiology, the 3D CBCT .Moreover, utilising this equipment, we can achieve a series of advantages; for instance, precise analysis of internal and external resorptions, detection of pathologies of the maxillary sinus of odontogenic origin, visualisation of root morphology, observation of small lateral or periapical lesions, precise control of healings, identification of fractures ,7. All oFurthermore, modern 3D CBCT equipment can carry out targeted scans of small dimensions, only on the tooth or a few teeth to be analysed. Consequently, the radiation doses decrease, avoiding exposing the patient to excessive doses. In addition to radiology, in the diagnostic phase, it is essential to analyse the vitality of the teeth, any cracks, the periodontal status, etc. ,9,10.Only after having performed a correct diagnosis is it practicable to proceed with the subsequent stages of endodontic treatment: isolation of the operating field, access cavity, mechanical shaping, chemical cleaning, obturation, and finally, a suitable restoration ,13,14,15Recent approaches and devices are available that allow a general dentist or a recent graduate to have safe and reproducible treatments.The latest generation of rotating files is highly flexible and simple; it comprises effective cleaning techniques and modern obturation techniques that use the new biosealers ,23,24,25In conclusion, each stage should be performed excellently using modern technologies and protocols to achieve success.


Over the course of civilization, humans have increasingly expanded their freedom to live a better life. In comparison with the primitive society, our modern society has many more choices of life-supporting resources, such as year-round food supply, permanent shelters, diverse energy sources, and effective preventive and curing medicine. However, our society is currently still heavily relying on the resources provided by Mother Nature, which cannot meet the future global needs in terms of both quantity and quality under the pressure of population growth, natural resource reduction, and environmental deterioration. For example, the food sources originating from plants, animals, or microbes do not have the nutrition balance for optimal human health –3. ClBiodesign in living organisms deals with the structure of the particular organism and the interactions between the biomolecules encoded in their genomes. In the broadest sense, biodesign is concerned with the nature and properties of the information required to create biological behavior at the ecological, organism, cellular, organelle, and molecular levels and how biological systems interface with the environment and devices. The explosion of omics data , the rapid advance in computational modeling and machine learning, the reduced cost of omics data generation and analysis and DNA/RNA and protein synthesis, and the disruptive genome editing technology based on CRISPR-  Cas (CRISPR-associated) systems have accelerated the evolution of biodesign as a next-generation discipline of biology, as best reflected by a rapid increase in the number of publications related to biodesign since a decade ago Figure. As a cWith unlimited potential in fundamental research, broad practical applications, and ever-increasing amount of R&D funding support from government agencies, industries, and government/industry consortia around the world, biodesign is growing into a new interdisciplinary field that integrates a wide range of research areas, including molecular biology, genetics, biochemistry, genomics, chemical engineering, computational biology, bioinformatics, synthetic biology, systems biology, physiology, ecology, breeding, medical science, animal science, microbiology, crop science, horticulture, and forestry. To embrace the promise of this fast-growing research discipline, this journal was launched to advance both fundamental and applied research, foster multidisciplinary collaboration, and promote dissemination of scientific information and knowledge in the field of biosystems design. This new journal will emphasize the rational or automated design of engineered organisms to address global challenges in health, agriculture, bioenergy, and the environment. It will promote research, with the increasing sophistication and greater social responsibility, on the predictable conduct of (1) engineered biological parts in an exogenous genomic context, (2) engineered part assemblies  in an exogenous compartment context, (3) engineered assemblies in an exogenous cell, (4) engineered cells in an exogenous tissue, and (5) engineered tissues in an exogenous organism.de novoorganism biodesign; and (3) social responsibility dimension: biodesign security and ethics  scientific dimension: biodesign theory, principles, methodology, tools, and applications; 2) organismal dimension: animal, human, microbial, plant, and organismAs a vigorously peer-reviewed, open-access online-only journal, it is dedicated to rapid, efficient, and free worldwide dissemination of scientific discoveries, technological advancements, and social responsibilities in the format of research articles, reviews, editorials, and perspectives. We are honored and humbled to serve the biodesign community as the founding editors-in-chief and executive editor and are extremely grateful to highly reputable experts to serve as associate editors. This journal welcomes high-quality manuscripts from researchers around the world. We hope that this journal will grow fast and healthy to become a leading journal in the field of biodesign through collective efforts of the editorial board, authors, reviewers, and readers.


Parent–child interaction therapy (PCIT) is considered to be an effective intervention for children aged 2–7 years with conduct problems. PCIT research has been conducted for approximately 50 years; however, an analysis of general research patterns has not been published. In this context, the present study outlines a bibliometric analysis of scientific collaborations, prevalence across locations on the basis of countries and organizations, leading researchers, and trends within PCIT research. Findings demonstrate that PCIT is an area in which international scientific collaborations are intense and current, and collaborations continue to be formed around the world. Additionally, results indicate that dissemination of intercultural PCIT adaptations are continuous. DevelopResearchers have investigated PCIT as an effective treatment for a variety of emotional and behavioral concerns such as childhood depression , ADHD C, autism Many studies examining PCIT as a treatment for emotional and behavioral concerns have found promising results. For instance, PCIT has been found to be an effective intervention for oppositional defiant disorder (ODD). ODD is often characterized by a child’s lack of respect for authority figures, and a child with a diagnosis of ODD may exhibit behaviors such as breaking the rules, tantrumming, arguing with adults, displaying provocative behaviors, and acting stubborn . Bagner Additionally, a review of PCIT outcome studies measuring the effectiveness of PCIT in the rehabilitation of ADHD, one of the most common behavioral problems in children aged 2–7 years, reported that PCIT is a very effective approach in reducing ADHD symptoms . More reThere are also studies demonstrating that PCIT remains effective for children who have experienced trauma. Research has found that PCIT and PCIT-based interventions are an effective approach in the rehabilitation of children who have been physically and emotionally abused, and thus, PCIT can prevent disruptive behaviors that may occur later in life . A studyHowever, researchers have noted the importance of treatment completion in family outcomes , and PCIIn the international literature, there are many clinical case studies, single-subject design studies, and randomized controlled trials using PCIT as a treatment for disruptive behavior of children with autism spectrum disorder . StudiesWhat is the distribution of publications on PCIT by years?What is the distribution of publications on PCIT according to Web of Science categories?What is the distribution of publications on PCIT according to the publisher?What is the distribution of publications on PCIT according to Web of Science index?What is the distribution of publications on PCIT by country?What is the distribution of publications on PCIT by organization?What is the distribution of authors publishing on PCIT?What is the distribution of journals in which PCIT studies are published?What is the distribution of citations on PCIT studies?What are the scientific collaborations and research trends within PCIT research?The purpose of the present study is to identify scientific collaborations within the PCIT subject area, examine the prevalence of PCIT studies across locations on the basis of countries and organizations, identify leading researchers, and to reveal trends within the PCIT research through a bibliometric analysis. In this context, the research questions to be answered are as follows.2.The present study focuses on examining publications on PCIT through bibliometric analysis.2.1.Firstly, the bibliometric data of the data sources were searched. In this context, the Web of Science (WoS), the most prominent database of international scientific literature  was sear2.2.Data for the present study was taken directly from WoS. Full data records and cited references were downloaded from the WoS Export menu in a tab-delimited file format. Obtained data were analyzed bibliometrically. Depending on the purpose of determining the intellectual structure and trends of the international literature, researchers may use bibliometric analysis when the scope of the review is wide and the data sources are too large for manual review . Distanc3.3.1.The number of publications in the field of PCIT provides important findings in terms of the development processes of the related field. In this context, the distribution of publications related to PCIT by year is presented in According to the WoS database records, PCIT studies were first published in 1970. While in the beginning PCIT publications ranged between 1 to 5 publications per year, 1–11 publications per year were detected between 1981 and 2003, 11–30 publications per year were detected between 2004 and 2013, and 23–56 publications per year were detected between 2014 and 2022.According to these categories of dates, each covering a range of 13 years, 8.08% of PCIT studies were published between 1970 and 1982, an additional 8.08% were published between 1983 and 1995, 18.82% were published between 1996 and 2009, and 65.02% were published between 2010 and 2022. In this context, considering the number of early publications and the number of publications in recent years, it can be determined that PCIT studies have been published with increasing intensity for 52 years.3.2.According to the WoS database records, PCIT studies were found to be most prominent in WoS categories of Psychology Developmental, Psychology Clinical, Psychiatry, Family Studies, Social Work, Pediatrics, Psychology Multidisciplinary, Rehabilitation, Linguistics, Education Special, Education Educational Research, Psychology, Public Environmental Occupational Health, Psychology Social, Psychology Educational, Sociology, Language Linguistics, Communication, Environmental Sciences, Audiology Speech Language Pathology, Behavioral Sciences, Psychology Experimental, Clinical Neurology, Computer Science Interdisciplinary Applications, and Neurosciences, respectively .3.3.According to WoS database records, Elsevier, Taylor & Francis, Springer Nature, Sage, Wiley, APA, MPDI, Oxford University Press, Cambridge University Press, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Amer Speech-Language-Hearing Assoc, Haworth Press Inc., British Psychological Soc, and Educational Publishing Foundation-American Psychological Association publish PCIT literature the most frequently .3.4.According to 3.5.In the analysis carried out to determine international collaborations regarding PCIT studies, co-authorship was used as the type of analysis, countries as the unit of analysis, the minimum number of documents by country was determined as 2, and the minimum number of citations by country was determined as 2. As a result of the analysis examining over 52 countries, the countries from where PCIT studies were published were found as 20 items and 9 clusters. During the visualization process, the total link strength (tls) was used as the weight scale of each item.The first cluster, shown in According to the results of the analysis to determine the central country, it can be said that the United States leads all countries in published PCIT studies , and theThe result of the analysis conducted to determine the distribution and collaborations among organizations from where PCIT studies are published is presented in When According to The result of the analysis examining researchers who are in scientific collaboration and relatively central positions among PCIT studies is presented in According to When The mapping of the analysis of journals that have published PCIT research is given in Analysis results examining the journals that have published PCIT research are shown in When In addition, the citation network among published PCIT researchers was analyzed with the researcher’s unit and presented in The results of the analysis to determine the citation network for PCIT researchers are shown in When In a co-occurrence analysis of publications within the scope of the study, the author keywords were determined as the analysis unit. In this context, it is aimed to map the whole conceptualization by reducing the minimum number of common keywords to 2 in the study. Based on the 2-word limit, 219 words were mapped from the data set containing 991 keywords. However, as in other mappings, there are repetitive keywords . These are excluded in the visualizations. The visualization is based on occurrences as the weighting criterion.According to Items in the second cluster are abuse , addiction , aggression , cancer , child abuse , child neglect , communication , development , domestic violence , family therapy , joint attention , language , language acquisition , neglect , parent , relationship , retention , and synchrony . Items in the third cluster are adverse child experiences , case report , case study , childhood obesity , low-income , obesity , obesity prevention , parenting training program , parent–child interaction therapy , parent–child relationship , parenting , self-regulation , social skills , telehealth , and traumatic brain injury . Items in the fourth cluster are adoption , attachment , barriers , behavioral parenting training , childhood conduct problems , consultation , dissemination , evidence based treatment , facilitators , implementation , parent management training , therapist training , time-out , and training . Items in the fifth cluster are child abuse prevention , COVID-19 , foster care , mental health , mobile device , mobile phone , parenting intervention , positive parenting skills , preterm birth , RCT , stress , and translational research . Items in the sixth cluster are behavior problems , case series , child disruptive behavior , community mental health , engagement , natural helper , preschool children , single subject design , stuttering , therapy , and treatment outcomes . Items in the seventh cluster are adaptations , child behavior problems , child welfare , community intervention , cost-effectiveness , effectiveness , efficacy , meta-analysis , systematic review , and treatment outcome . Items in the eighth cluster are conversation analysis , emotion coaching , emotion regulation , emotion socialization , externalizing behavior , longitudinal , reflective functioning , socialization , television , and toddlers . Items in the ninth cluster are child development , cognitive development , developmental delay , early intervention , language development , maternal depression , parenting stress , and preschoolers . Items in the tenth cluster are attrition , disruptive behavior , dropout , follow-up , home-based treatment , maintenance , outcome , and treatment . Items in the eleventh cluster are child behavior , child maltreatment , observation , preschool depression , prevention , psychometric properties , randomize controlled trial , and sensitivity . Items in the twelfth cluster are acceptance and commitment therapy , anxiety , behavior therapy , child anxiety , oppositional defiant disorder , and selective mutism . Items in the thirteenth cluster are down syndrome , parent–child interaction , pragmatic functions , repetition , sequential analysis , temperament , and young children . Items in the fourteenth cluster are attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder , behavior intervention , callous-unemotional traits , conduct problem , families , internet-based treatment , and trauma . Items in the fifteenth cluster are adherence , brief treatment , competence , externalizing behavior problem , homework , and treatment fidelity . Items in the sixteenth cluster are alexithymia , attention deficit , autism spectrum disorder , hyperactivity disorder , reliability , and validity . The item in the seventeenth cluster is motivation  and the item in the eighteenth cluster is behavior observations .When Based on the links listed, it can be interpreted that PCIT has a parent training quality  and is considered a short-term approach. In addition, adaptation and dissemination studies of PCIT continue around the world, the effectiveness of the studies beyond adaptation is examined, the therapy has an adaptive structure, and therapist acceptance is an important item. It is clear that the effectiveness of PCIT on child behavior and adjustment problems  has been studied. The effect of this intervention on children, as well as the effect of this intervention on parental stress and emotion regulation, has been examined. In addition, it is seen that PCIT has been examined in home-based and web-based formats in recent years . Thus, it can be interpreted that PCIT has a structure which may be transferable to technology and its application areas have expanded.4.n = 23), New Zealand (n = 7), and Australia (n = 44) have gained momentum in PCIT studies , publication year, language, etc. will impact the availability of bibliometric data. It is considered a limitation of the study that the keywords of (“parent child interaction”) or (“parent–child interaction”) or (“parent child interaction therapy”) or (“parent–child interaction therapy”) or (“pcit”) used during the search of data sources are used in English. This may limit the analysis of publications indexed in the WoS database in other languages. Given the use of VOSviewer for the analyses in this study, another limitation is the method for dealing with repetition of items . Errors may be apparent in the names of universities, the included researchers, the topics, and the citations based on the search parameters. Yet, strengths of the current bibliometric analysis include visualizing data such as prominent keywords, countries, universities, researchers, citations, and research topics which reveals general patterns associated with the historical dissemination of PCIT.The fact that the keyword used in the research process is searched only in the title is a limitation of the study, as some researchers may publish PCIT research without including PCIT in the title . Another6.Based on the analysis of bibliometric data of PCIT publications retrieved from the WoS database, it was concluded that PCIT studies have continued to increase since 1970. According to the classifications created, each covering a range of 13 years, the highest rate of publications occurred between 2010 and 2022 (65%). In conclusion, these findings demonstrate that PCIT is a current research topic for the intervention of disruptive behavior problems and other various emotional, behavioral, and physical health concerns observed in children  from various cultures.When the studies were classified according to the WoS categories, it was concluded that the five most popular WoS categories in PCIT research were Psychology Developmental, Psychology Clinical, Psychiatry, Family Studies, and Social Work. Similarly, the five most frequent publishers of PCIT studies include Elsevier, Taylor & Francis, Springer Nature, Sage, and Wiley. In terms of WoS publication index categories, it was concluded that the majority of the publications (85%) were in the SSCI index. While most of the published PCIT studies are carried out in the United States, scientific collaborations have recently been established between Australia, New Zealand, Denmark, Netherlands, Taiwan, and Iran. Furthermore, the central organizations where published PCIT studies are conducted include the Univ Florida, Univ Oklahoma, West Virginia University, Griffith Univ, Michigan State Univ, Univ Calif Davis, Univ Massachusetts Dartmouth, Univ Calif Riverside, Florida State Univ, New York Univ, Univ Sydney, Univ New South Wales, and Texas Tech Univ. Developmental Psychology, Topics in Early Childhood Special Education, Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, Child & Family Behavior Therapy, and Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology are the journals in which PCIT studies are published most frequently. Sheila M. Eyberg, Melanie J. Zimmer-Gembeck, Beverly W. Funderburk, Rae Thomas, Larissa N. Niec, Cheryl B. McNeil, Daniel M. Bagner, Miya L. Barnett, Jonathan S. Comer, Amy D. Herschell, Susan G. Timmer, Eva R. Kimonis, Mark Chaffin, Kathleen Armstrong, Anthony J. Urquiza, Nancy M. Zebell, Lisa M. Ware, G. Mahoney, and H. Lyton are prominent researchers based on citations. The most frequently used keywords for PCIT studies are PCIT, dissemination, implementation, treatment, effectiveness, child welfare, behavior problem, autism spectrum disorder, emotion regulation, early intervention, child maltreatment, treatment, early intervention, oppositional defiant disorder, joint attention, language development, developmental delay, barriers, implementation, autism spectrum disorder, mobile phone, home-based treatment, emotional coaching, natural helper, telehealth, obesity, obesity prevention, addiction, parental responsiveness, preschool depression, reflective functioning, emotion regulation, and time-out. While some keywords are related to the structure of PCIT , some of them are related to application areas .Although PCIT is a subject area in which international scientific collaborations are intense and current, it is also an area in which collaborations continue to be formed around the world. At this point, it can be determined that intercultural adaptations of PCIT, an effective approach for treating emotional and behavioral problem areas experienced by children and their families with both typical development and developmental delay problems, are continuous.SU: conceptualization, methodology, software, formal analysis, writing – original draft preparation, and visualization. İS, CM, and EV: validation. İS and SU: investigation. SU, İS, EV, and CM: writing – review and editing. İS and CM: supervision and project administration. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.


Editorial: Over the last few decades, the scientific community has recognized the enormous potential of bioactive dietary nutrients/components in the management and prevention of cancer. Based on the fact that bioactive dietary nutrients and molecules modulate the key deregulated signaling pathways in cancers, including proliferation, apoptosis, cell cycle progression, migration, invasion, and angiogenesis ,2,3, it


In the published article, there was an error regarding affiliation 1. Affiliation 1 was published as: Clinical Laboratory, Dongyang People’s Hospital, Jinhua, Zhejiang, China. The correct affiliation is: Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Dongyang Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Dongyang, Zhejiang, China.The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.


Worldwide, several food-based dietary guidelines, with diverse food-grouping methods in various countries, have been developed to maintain and promote public health. However, standardized international food-grouping methods are scarce. In this study, we used two-dimensional mapping to classify foods based on their nutrient composition. The Standard Tables of Food Composition in Japan were used for mapping with a novel technique—t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding—to visualize high-dimensional data. The mapping results showed that most foods formed food group-based clusters in the Standard Tables of Food Composition in Japan. However, the beverages did not form large clusters and demonstrated scattered distribution on the map. Green tea, black tea, and coffee are located within or near the vegetable cluster whereas cocoa is near the pulse cluster. These results were ensured by the k-nearest neighbors. Thus, beverages made from natural materials can be categorized based on their origin. Visualization of food composition could enable an enhanced comprehensive understanding of the nutrients in foods, which could lead to novel aspects of nutrient-value-based food classifications. To maintain and promote public health, it is important to follow a healthy and balanced diet that has adequate nutrient levels. To encourage the adoption of balanced diets containing diverse foods, the World Health Organization (WHO) established a “Healthy diet” , and sevDetailed information on food composition is a prerequisite for implementing dietary guidelines . In JapaThe visualization of high-dimensional datasets, such as food-composition tables, increases awareness of the nutritional value of foods. Data-reduction techniques are useful for investigating high-dimensional datasets. Principal component analysis (PCA) is one of the techniques  that havThis study aimed to classify foods based on nutrient information in the Standard Tables of Food Composition in Japan, 2020 (Eighth Revised Edition). We used the t-SNE mapping method and the k-nearest neighbors (k-NN), which lead to the estimation of appropriate nutrient intake through FBDGs. This nutrient value-based evaluation of food would enable a comprehensive understanding of the relationship between nutrients and food.The Standard Tables of Food Composition in Japan, 2020 (Eighth Revised Edition) is an open source publication from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan, in which 2478 foods were divided into 17 food groups. In this study, 16 food groups, except for “Prepared foods”, were used for analysis; “Prepared foods” was included in meal. The 16 food groups and number of foods in each group are shown in n-6 PUFA and n-3 PUFA, and 1–8% of foods for vitamins D, E, K, B6, B12 and C; folic acid, pantothenic acid; zinc, copper, and manganese. Therefore, the imputation method was applied to estimate missing values using multidimensional scaling (MDS), which represents measurements of similarity among pairs of objects as distances between points of a low-dimensional multidimensional space, and random forest regression methods based on four steps  can be obtained based on the MDS. Here U has compressed information of X. Step 3: A regression model of jth variable of xj without missing values based on U was created by random forest. Step 4: Using the random forest regression models, missing values were calculated for jth variable. Steps 2 and 3 were performed for all variables X.Step 1: The distance between objects can be calculated using Equation (1).1, vitamin B2, niacin equivalent, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, folic acid, vitamin C, sodium, calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, copper, iodine, selenium, and molybdenum. RDA is composed of proteins, vitamins A, B1, B2, niacin equivalents, B6, B12, folic acid, C, calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, copper, iodine, selenium, and molybdenum. AI is composed of n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin K, pantothenic acid, biotin, potassium, phosphorus, manganese, and chromium. DG is composed of proteins, fats, saturated fatty acids, carbohydrates, dietary fiber, sodium, and potassium. In this case, the selected nutrients were energy, water, protein, fat, saturated fatty acid, n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid, n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid, dietary fiber, carbohydrate, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, iron, zinc, copper, manganese, vitamin A , vitamin D, vitamin E , vitamin K, vitamin B1, vitamin B2, niacin equivalent, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, folic acid, pantothenic acid, and vitamin C, whereas iodine, selenium, chromium, molybdenum, and biotin were excluded.The accuracy of the missing values was validated by removing 50 known values and estimating the values for the imputation method as described in the Methods Section . The aveNutrient-density data were used for mapping to exclude the effect of water. Thus, the data for nutrients per 100 g of edible portion were converted to per 100 kcal. Water and energy data were excluded from the dataset during conversion. All nutrients were mapped. Furthermore, to evaluate the contribution of macronutrients  to the mapping, we performed mapping using nutrients without them.A two-dimensional map of the nutrient matrix consisting of nutrients per 100 kcal and 2221 foods was constructed using t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (t-SNE). t-SNE is a nonlinear dimensionality reduction method in which Gaussian probability distributions over a high-dimensional space are constructed and used to optimize a Student’s t-distribution in a low-dimensional space. The low-dimensional embedding descriptors, that is, nutrients per 100 kcal, can be obtained by minimizing the Kullback–Leibler divergence  between The k-NN, a type of machine-learning model ,21, was All data in the Standard Tables of Food Composition in Japan, 2020 (Eighth Revised Edition) were imputed. The numbers of foods consumed before and after data imputation are presented in 1, niacin equivalents, vitamin B12, and pantothenic acid were present in the first quadrant. Moreover, n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, dietary fiber, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron, copper, manganese, vitamins A, D, E, K, B2, B6, folic acid, and biotin were located in the fourth quadrant.Two-dimensional mapping was performed using/100 kcal data after data imputation. The results of mapping all nutrients using t-SNE are shown in The k-NN method was used for ensuring classification accuracy. The number of foods misclassified using k-NN is shown in n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, dietary fiber, manganese, and vitamin C are located in the first quadrant. Sodium is present in the second quadrant. n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, magnesium, phosphorus, iron, zinc, copper, vitamin D, vitamin B2, niacin equivalents, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, and pantothenic acid is located in the third quadrant. Saturated fatty acids, potassium, calcium, vitamins A, E, K, B1, and folic acid is located in the fourth quadrant.The results of the mapping with nutrients, excluding macronutrients , are shown in This is the first visualization study which was undertaken using t-SNE with the Standard Tables of Food Composition in Japan, 2020 (Eighth Revised Edition). Furthermore, this study showed that visualization by two-dimensional mapping was possible based on nutrient information in food-composition tables, as shown in a previous study . PreviouThe results showed that most foods formed clusters in accordance with the food groups in the Standard Tables of Food Composition in Japan, 2020 (Eighth Revised Edition), as indicated by the misclassification rate. This indicates that many food groups had common nutrient patterns and were categorized based on nutrient similarity. Furthermore, as shown in In contrast, the beverages did not form large clusters and were scattered. The misclassification rate of beverages was 48%, with the highest rate among the food groups. This may be because this food group comprises a wide range of beverages, including soft drinks, beverages made from natural materials , and alcoholic drinks. In There is no international consensus on the definition of vegetables and fruits; thus, definitions vary among countries or cultures . The StaThe Japanese Food Guide Spinning Top was developed by the Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare and the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries of Japan in 2005. A diet that adheres to the Japanese Food Guide Spinning Top decreases the risk of total mortality and mortality from cardiovascular disease . Figure This study has some limitations. First, information on iodine, selenium, chromium, molybdenum, and biotin was not added to the dataset for data imputation and mapping because the number of available foods was insufficient. Secondly, details of bioactive compounds, such as phytochemicals and peptides, and the quality of nutrients, such as amino acid balance and fatty acid composition, were not included in the dataset of this study. Finally, this study employed nutrient density and did not reflect the actual nutrient quantity of real intake in the mapping. When data from the Standard Tables of Food Composition in Japan increase and nutrient data become available, more precise mapping will be performed. Analysis of the quality of nutrients or other compounds may lead to a better understanding of food characteristics.In conclusion, this is the first report on t-SNE-based visualization of the Standard Tables of Food Composition in Japan, 2020 (Eighth Revised Edition), and the results showed that most foods formed clusters in accordance with the food groups in the Standard Tables of Food Composition in Japan, 2020 (Eighth Revised Edition) in terms of nutrient values. In contrast, beverages did not form a large cluster, and beverages made from natural materials such as green tea, black tea, coffee, or cocoa were categorized based on their origin. The visualization of food composition enables a comprehensive understanding of the nutrients in foods, thereby leading to novel aspects of food classifications based on nutrient values.


Instead of “School of Clinical Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng, China”, it should be “Department of Cardiology, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng, China”.In the published article, there was an error in The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.


Our results show that the points of convergence between the classifications were the classification in terms of origin , nutrient sources, and food groups. However, inconsistencies were observed for the distribution of food items in each group in the 98 surveyed FBDG. As for nature, there was a convergence for in natura, minimally processed, and processed foods. However, the criteria adopted for minimally processed and processed foods described in the FBDG differ from those considered by the FST. FST also does not recognize the classification of foods concerning the level of processing.The World Health Organization (WHO) proposed the dietary guidelines presented as the Food-based Dietary Guidelines (FBDG). The FBDG classify foods according to their origin, nature, nutrient source, food group, and processing level. Food science and technology (FST) ranks food according to its origin, perishability, nutrient source, processing, food group, and formulation. This paper aimed to compare the convergence points for food classification according to the FBDG and FST. This study was carried out in two phases. The first step was identifying the Food-Based Dietary Guidelines (FBDG). For each of the FBDG, food items were grouped as fruits, vegetables, cereals, sugars, fat and oils, legumes, foods from animals, dairy products, and others. The second step aimed to identify and describe the different food classification systems. The search was performed on PubMed Food consumption has been recognized as an essential predictor of health or behavior that strongly influences health and future disease risk. Food composition and classification data are used in health studies, from which results are the basis for formulating public policies ,3,4,5,6.Such divergences are probably observed because two fields of scientific knowledge, although closely related, assign different criteria to classify foods: the first referring to food production and the second related to food and its effects on health. Many sciences, such as physics, chemistry, mathematics, and biology, bypassed the scientific development of food science and technology ,14. At tThe Codex Alimentarius covers topics related to food production at all stages of the production chain. It includes processed, semi-processed, and in natura foods. It also addresses issues related to the production of conventional and specialty foods, labeling, food hygiene, food additives, pesticide residues, and food safety assessment procedures derived from modern biotechnology, food inspection, and certification ,16,17. The changes from the First and Second World Wars in the production and sale of food, resulting from the economic, political, and social context, also led the population to move from a situation of malnutrition prevalence to the current state, in which excess weight takes on epidemic proportions ,21,22,23In this sense, the proposals for organizing, creating classification systems, food description systems, or even categories for describing foods may have different objectives, contributing to generating other groups: to create databases on the composition of foods; to support research and technological development; to monitor international, national, and regional trade in food items; to study the relationship between food consumption and health; to monitor the use of pesticides, dyes, antibiotic residues, and veterinary drugs, among others ,27,28,29The classification of foods aims to group them according to their physical, chemical, nutritional, and biological characteristics, as well as other food components, seeking, among other interests, the creation of programs and policies in the area of nutrition, health, and in the fields of agriculture and food industry ,31,32,33Food classification systems aim to organize and distribute a set of elements according to an order established by legal documents, consumers, and food professionals ,10,14. SClassifying food in multiple dimensions  is possible. However, it is essential that a food classification standard becomes a reference for the population and data obtained in epidemiological research in different regions of the world are comparable and equally interpreted, and understood by consumers, professionals, and scientists in the public health, nutrition and FST ,38,39. IIn this regard, in 1998, the World Health Organization (WHO) proposed dietary guidelines as Food-based Dietary Guidelines (FBDG). FBDG aim to guide the population regarding food consumption and recommend that meal planning is based on foods that provide a healthy and balanced diet. They incorporate the consumption characteristics of each country and their eating habits, providing recommendations for which foods to eat or not ,40,41,42The FBDG classify food items according to their origin, food groups, nature/processing, and nutrient sources and food science and technology (FST) classifies foods according to the degree of perishability, origin, nutrient source, nature, processing, and formulation ,45,46,47This study was carried out in two phases . The fir®, Science Direct, and Web of Science and websites of international organizations such as the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the World Health Organization (WHO), and the Codex Alimentarius. The following combinations of descriptors were used to search: “food classification” and “food classification systems.” The search was performed on 10 August and 11 August 2022, without limitation on the date or origin of the studies. To locate possible studies not found in the initial search, the authors performed a reverse search using the reference lists of the selected articles. Inclusion criteria were original and review articles on (1) food classification systems, (2) food guides, (3) food processing, (4) food industry, (5) industrialized food, and (6) processed food. Exclusion criteria were randomized clinical trials, experimental studies, case studies, and studies that brought an association between a particular food group and/or dietary guidelines and diseases. A total of 66 articles and international documents (specific legislation) were included ; the life cycle ; origin (exotic and autochthonous); the way the product is presented to the consumer ; based on the edible parts . The botanical characteristic is the most appropriate for naming these food items in their groups because they are stable. For this purpose, three taxonomic units are used: the botanical family , the botanical genus (group of related species), and the botanical species (basic taxonomic unit), bringing together very similar plant characteristics ,75,76,77Phaseolus vulgaris), broad bean (Vicia faba), lentil (Lens culinaris), chickpea (Cicer arietinum), dry pea (Pisum sativum), and vigna (Vigna sp.) are considered “pulses”, and they are distinguished from leguminous oil seeds by their low-fat content [Cereals are vegetables that, botanically, belong to the grass family. Their seeds are harvested when dried and comprise species such as rice, wheat, corn, barley, triticale, rye, millet, sorghum, and oats ,80. Cere content ,81,82,83Oilseed consists of seeds from various plants that produce edible vegetable oils, seed meals, and cakes for animal feed. Some important vegetable oil seeds are by-products of fiber or fruit crops . Some of the oilseeds are, directly or after slight processing , used as food  or for food flavoring  ,59. Codex Alimentarius, meat is the matured muscle mass and the other tissues accompanying it, including the corresponding bone mass, offal, blood, fat, cartilage, and bones. Its classification is related to the species from which it precedes: beef, pork, lamb; poultry ; fish ; hunting ; reptiles; batrachians ; chelonians ; insects [According to  insects ,84. In t insects ,86,87. M insects . Foods of animal and vegetable origin can be classified as perishable or semi-perishable since the water activity content in the food matrix affects the speed of deterioration, mainly of microbial origin. They can be classified as in natura, minimally processed, and processed according to their nature. Fresh food refers to food in its natural state . MinimalIn this context, foods are classified as pasteurized, dehydrated, evaporated, extruded, refrigerated, frozen, lyophilized, irradiated, fermented, and enriched, among others ,70,91,92Thus, the International Network of Food Data Systems (INFOODS) proposes the classification of foods based on their composition as simple foods and compound foods. Simple foods are those that have the following criteria: (a) foods in their natural state, only inedible or rejected parts are removed ; (b) foods from which part of the edible portion has been removed during processing ; (c) foods with a single main ingredient, dehydrated or with added water ; (d) foods with a single main ingredient, added with other ingredients in amounts that do not significantly impact the energy value; (e) foods that have been processed with or without the removal of parts of the edible portion, with or without the addition of small amounts of other ingredients, such as fortified corn flakes. Compound foods consist of raw materials with ingredients from different sources, such as cakes, bread, and ready-to-eat products, among others ,28,45,94n = 98) have FBDG to guide the consumption of necessary foods for health promotion. The regions with the highest number of FBDG are the European continent (n = 34), the American continent—Latin America and Caribbean (n = 29), and the Asian continent—Asia and Pacific (n = 17). Although Africa has 54 countries, only 10 have FBDG; Oceania has 6 countries with FBDG . Although 94 FBDG use classification according to food groups, we identified that some countries adopt combinations of food groups with nature and/or nutrient sources and/or origin, such as the FBDG of Peru, Israel, and Belgium, among others. Alternatives such as nutrient sources   or according to their nature/processing  , origin   and culture of the country are the minority . The most usual systematization in the FBDG is food groups (n = 1); highly processed foods, rich in sugar and fat (n = 1); processed foods (n = 5); processed foods high in fat, sugar, and salt (n = 1); in natura or minimally processed (n = 3); ultra-processed foods (n = 4). Of these countries, Brazil, Ecuador, and Peru use the NOVA classification  [In seven FBDG , foods are classified as highly processed foods (d foods) ,35,95. Bn = 57; 58%), vegetables , oils and fats , vegetables and fruits , and foods from animals .Two hundred thirty-five terms were cited to name the food items in the respective groups described in the 98 FBDG . The mosIt is important to mention that the “dairy products” group is separated from the “Food from animals” group because, although the name food from animals is the most used for foods of animal origin, not all food groups of animal origin include dairy products (there are 30 terms related to the specific nomenclature “milk or dairy products”). Therefore, this separation was maintained in this manuscript.n = 8; 8% of the 98 FBDG), 13 for the vegetable group , 52 (53%) for the cereal group, and 11 (11.2%) terms were listed as foods belonging to the legumes group (n = 46) described fruits and vegetables in the same group; 20% (n = 20) included fruit juice; nine (10%) included beans; in eight (8%) FBDG, legumes were also part of this group. Forty-seven FBDGs included legumes in the protein sources group [We found 84 terms to specify food items in the fruits, vegetables, cereals, and legumes groups. In total, 8 terms categorized foods into the fruit group , chemical composition, and nutritional value. Only their origin, e.g., plant origin, is the common criterion.n = 64) were foods from animals or protein sources, such as meat, poultry, pork, game meat, offal, fish, seafood, meat products , insects, eggs, tofu, milk, yogurt, cheese, beans, soy, pulses, peanuts, seeds, and oilseeds/nuts  included peanuts, and thirty-nine (40%) had soy in this group; 90% of the FBDGs incorporated eggs  and fish  into the group food from animals and only twenty FBDG (20%) included the seafood in that group. Likewise, we identified that some of the terms used to name the food items belonging to the legumes group in the analyzed 98 FBDG are related to foods belonging to other groups, such as nuts (fruit), soya (oilseed), and meat . Of the 235 identified terms, 27% of these  of the terms named foods from the milk and dairy product group: milk, cheeses, yogurts, dairy products, tofu, curds, labneh, foods rich in calcium, kefir  , soy milk  , tofu  (Cambodia and Yugoslavia), and eggs  . Only one (1%) FBDG (Oman) added dry curd (labneh) to this group. Furthermore, of the 235 terms used to identify the food items of each group, only 9%  terms were associated with oils and fats, e.g., butter, margarine, oils obtained from seeds, avocado, coconut, and olive oil. Fifteen FBDG (15.3%) included avocados in this group, while coconut was included in this group in ten (10.2%) of the FBDG . Twenty-two terms were used for food items in the sugar group. However, words like “highly processed foods rich in sugar and fat; oil; butter; fat; rice” are inconsistent with the proposed grouping . In the FBDG from Brazil, Ecuador, and Uruguay, foods were classified according to the NOVA (classification of foods based on the extent and purpose of their processing), which ranks foods as in natura/minimally processed (Group 1); in Group 2—oils, fats, salt, and sugar (processed culinary ingredients), Group 3—processed foods, and Group 4—ultra-processed foods  3,12,24,114,115.The present study investigated convergence points between the classification of foods adopted by the researched Food-based Dietary Guidelines (FBDG) and the criteria adopted by food science and technology (FST). Our data show points of convergence when using criteria related to origin, nutrient sources, nature/processing, and food group . Our stun = 13; 13%) FBDG used terms associated with the classification according to nutrient sources.The current trend is for FBDG to be based on the dietary pattern of the target group, not nutrients . Based on = 1259) of these consumers believe it is easier to classify foods into food groups [The types of classification most adopted by the FBDG are those related to food groups and nutrient sources. However, most FBDG (94%) are classified according to food groups, a criterion also used by FST, rather than nutrient sources . A recenRegarding fruit and vegetable classification, approximately 49% of FBDG group fruits with vegetables. Fruits and vegetables, when correctly consumed in terms of frequency and quantity and combined with other foods, promote health benefits. Therefore, it is important to consider the analysis of the formulation, with the final nutritional composition of a product that uses fruits and vegetables as raw materials, as well as the addition of sugar, fat, and salt to these preparations ,116,117.Beans and other legumes are foods that are classified differently according to the different FBDG. They are included in the fruit and vegetable group, the cereals group, or even included in the food from animals group and with oilseeds. As we have already highlighted, these foods differ in chemical composition and nutritional properties. Legumes are known to be grains contained in pods; as they are grains, in 13% of the 98 FBDG, they are classified as cereals. However, legumes differ from cereals ,123,124.Twenty-three (23.5%) FBDG adopted a specific legume group, justified by their nutritional properties and anti-nutritional factors. These modify their recommendation compared to other foods, such as cereals, meats, and oilseeds ,122,124.Approximaely 40% of FBDG incorrectly included pulses, soy, and peanuts in the food from animals group. Both soy and peanuts are products of plant origin and do not have high biological value proteins. In addition, peanuts are legumes with a high fat content ,123,124.FBDGs of 17 Latin American countries added green bananas to the cereals and pulses group. In green bananas, 60–80% of the carbohydrates are fiber . Their ingestion is recommended since they behave in the body similarly to fibers and are considered healthy products ,129. Eggs, milk, and derivatives are products of animal origin with high nutritional quality recognized as important for human health. Their protein composition provides individuals the essential amino acids to develop and maintain vital activities ,124,126.The FBDG of Vietnam, Korea, Cambodia, and Kenya included in their dietary guidelines the consumption of insects in the protein-rich foods group, most likely due to the impact of the traditional intake of insects in these countries ,130,131.n= 15)) and 10 (10.2%) of the FBDG included avocado and coconut in this group, respectively. From the point of view of FST, avocado and coconut are fruits with high-fat content. It is known that oils , generally liquid at room temperature, have higher contents of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids, except for coconut and palm oils. Olive oil is part of this group, but this term is only used to name oils from fruits: palm oil and olive oil. On the other hand, fats of animal origin, solid at room temperature, are the primary sources of saturated fatty acids such as bacon, lard, and dairy fat. Physiologically, they behave differently in the body; therefore, the fat type should be better specified in dietary recommendations [In the oils and fats group, almost 15  terms for the sugar group in the FBDG. Some authors consider “sugars” all sugars used as ingredients in processed and prepared foods such as bread, cakes, soft drinks, jams, chocolates, and ice cream. Total sugars are mono and disaccharides naturally present in food, such as lactose in milk, sucrose in table sugar, or glucose and fructose in honey. Table sugar is a product obtained from sugar cane or sugar beet. Such substances are used to impart sweetness to food, among other technological properties, including preserving food ,135,136.Codex Alimentarius recommendations, while the logic for classifying foods in the FBDG does not harmonize, for example, origin, group, and main source of nutrients, as verified for foods of plant origin and legumes. Despite identifying divergencies concerning food classification, it is essential to mention that FBDGs are designed for another purpose than a food composition table or the classification carried out by FST. However, guiding the population using correct and understandable classification is crucial to avoid misinterpretation.Comparing the food groups described in the 98 FBDG, as well as the food items included in the groups, with the classification proposed by the FST, we identified that despite convergences regarding the sort, e.g., animal origin and vegetable origin, there is incompatibility regarding the inclusion of items in the groups . FST follows the The NOVA classification system groups foods as in natura or minimally processed, processed, and ultra-processed foods . AlthougConsidering the classification in terms of nature and food processing proposed by the FBDG and FST, we understand that they considered the same classification: in natura, minimally processed, and processed. However, the concepts proposed by FST differ from those established in the FBDG since minimally processed food, according to FST, is defined as any fresh fruit or vegetable or any combination that has been physically altered from its original form but remains fresh. The critical point of minimally processed fruits and vegetables is their active metabolism and respiratory rate despite physical changes ,70,89,90Furthermore, in the FBDGs of Brazil, Peru, Ecuador, and Uruguay, the term ultra-processed is used to classify some foods. According to the NOVA classification, ultra-processed foods are industrial formulations made entirely or mainly from substances extracted from food , derived from food constituents (hydrogenated fats and modified starch), or synthesized in the laboratory based on organic materials such as petroleum and coal  ,114,137.Industrialized foods can be added sugars, lipids, sodium, or food additives that can harm health when added improperly or when consumed in excess ,70. SimiRegarding the presentation of information on the classification of foods in the FBDG, some authors have shown that information on whether foods are sources of calcium, fat, or proteins still needs to be fully understood by the population ,121,139.Advances in the labeling of industrialized products that identify, in addition to the product’s name, the list of ingredients, the nutritional information, and property claims on labels, provide better understanding, often restricted to professionals ,147,148.According to Sadler et al. , preciseCodex Alimentarius signatory country follows its recommendations, including the nomenclature of foods of animal and plant origin, whether in natura, minimally processed, or processed [Thus, to reduce information asymmetry between researchers, public policymakers, and consumers, using terms that nutritionally reflect food items for daily consumption is recommended, considering reliable data on their chemical composition that expresses the nutrition composition and sources of nutrients . Public rocessed ,149. Humrocessed ,150,151.In the modern world, convenience is needed, and the food industry is essential. After approximately 200 years of the food industry’s existence and 60 years after food engineering became an established field of science, this has not been enough for some people to trust and feel safe with industrialized food. Furthermore, people lack knowledge about industrialized food, quality, and food safety, so how can they trust in something they do not know sufficiently? Including food subjects in basic education, such as food education, food safety, nourishment, good domestic food handling, and sustainability issues, must be considered in a public policy tool .Despite the various proposals developed in epidemiological studies, Deharveng et al.  and IrelIn addition to classifying foods, it is important to evaluate the chemical and nutritional composition of foods, simple and compound, since recipes, technical preparation files, and formulations are made up of a group of instructions related to the quantity and quality of raw materials and ingredients, to the precise recording of all ingredients, their proportions, and sequence of operations. Systematized recipes, technical preparation files, and formulations reveal foods’ chemical and nutritional composition and show trends in the relationship between food and nutrition ,36. The Our results showed that the classification of foods indicated in the 98 surveyed Food-based Dietary Guidelines (FBDG) established convergence with food science and technology (FST) for the criteria source of nutrients and origin of foods, animal or plant. By classifying foods in food groups in the FBDG, we identified that the distribution of some food items in food groups needs to follow the botanical classification  recommended by FST for foods of plant origin. A similar approach can be considered for foods of animal origin. Legumes do not have the same nutritional value as animal foods. Presumably, such items were incorporated into the group because they were protein-rich. Using such groupings can lead to erroneous interpretations regarding the chemical and nutritional aspects in the interpretation of food consumption versus nutritional quality. Regarding the nature of foods, whether in natura, minimally processed, or processed, from a scientific and technological point of view, it is impossible to classify foods according to the “level of processing”. Unit operations  do not define the nutritional value of the food.A proposal for food classification should include eating habits, availability of products in the region, access issues (food security), technological development, and availability of data on chemical composition. We must consider and improve the consumers’ food literacy, informing them that foods, regardless of origin and technical process, are sources of nutrients. Indeed, its chemical composition determines whether a food item is a source of a particular nutrient. The chemical composition of a recipe or formulation will decide if the product is high in calories and is a source of lipids or fibers. The issue goes beyond a list that groups foods and is directly related to the correct information interpretation from the aspect of FST. The result of the recipe adopted at home, in food service, or in industry determines the processed food’s content, quality, and nutritional value. The results of this review reinforce an urgent need for shared work between professional nutritionists, food scientists and technologists, public policymakers, and representatives of the food industry to discuss the classification of foods. Just grouping foods into categories does not translate the nutritional value of a food or a product exactly. There is a need to further educate health workers and researchers regarding food classification; thus, they may not contribute to misinformation.


Author Contributions statement was not updated to accurately reflect the contributions of the newly added authors PP, GA, JG-A and ME. The correct Author Contributions statement appears below.Due to a production error, the in silico, in vitro and in vivo studies. BA, PP, GA, JG-A, ME, JL and PS analyzed data and contributed to their interpretation. JL and PS supervised the project. ME, JG-A, JL and PS received funding. All authors reviewed the manuscript, approved the final version to be published and agreed to be accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved.”“BA, JL and PS conceived and designed experiments. BA, MR, NC, LS, JE, PP, GA and JG-A performed the The publisher apologizes for this mistake. The original article has been updated.


Author list, and Author “Jiayin Yang” was erroneously excluded. The corrected Author list appears below.In the published article, there was an error in the “Yong Lv, Xiaolong Xie, Lihui Pu, Qi Wang, Jiayin Yang, Siyu Pu, Chengbo Ai, Yi Liu, Jing Chen, Bo Xiang.”Affiliations. A new affiliation was added for “Jiayin Yang”: “Liver Transplant Center, Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.”In the published article, there was an error regarding the Author Contributions as the contributions of Jiayin Yang were erroneously excluded. The correct Author Contributions appear below:In the published article, there was an error in the “BX: study concept, and management and coordination responsibility for the research activity planning. JC: study concept, experiment design, data analysis, and critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual concept. JY: sample acquisition, analysis and interpretation of data for the work, drafting the work and revising it critically for important intellectual content. YLv: study concept, data analysis and drafting of the manuscript, and implementation of the computer code and supporting algorithms. XX: sample collection, conducting a research and investigation process, data analysis, and drafting of the manuscript. LP: performing the experiments and data collection. QW: sample collection, scrub data, and maintain research data. SP and CA: sample and data collection. YLi: critical advice on study design and found support for this project. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.”The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.


In the published article, there was an error in affiliation 1. Instead of “Tui-Na department, Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China”, it should be “Tui-Na Department, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China”.The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.