Phlorotannins are polyphenolic compounds produced via polymerization of phloroglucinol, and these compounds have varying molecular weights (up to 650 kDa). Brown seaweeds are rich in phlorotannins compounds possessing various biological activities, including algicidal, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, and anticancer activities. Many review papers on the chemical characterization and quantification of phlorotannins and their functionality have been published to date. However, although studies on the safety and toxicity of these phlorotannins have been conducted, there have been no articles reviewing this topic. In this review, the safety and toxicity of phlorotannins in different organisms are discussed. Online databases  were searched, yielding 106 results. Following removal of duplicates and application of the exclusion criteria, 34 articles were reviewed. Phlorotannins from brown seaweeds showed low toxicity in cell lines, invertebrates, microalgae, seaweeds, plants, animals , and humans. However, the safety and toxicity of phlorotannins in aquaculture fish, livestock, and companion animals are limited. Further studies in these organisms are necessary to carry out a systematic analysis of the safety and toxicity of phlorotannins and to further identify the potential of phlorotannins as functional foods, feeds, and pharmaceuticals. Phlorotannins are polyphenols found in brown seaweeds, consisting of phloroglucinol  , phenyl linkage (fucols), ether and phenyl linkages (fucophloroethols), and dibenzodioxin linkage (eckols). Numerous phlorotannins have been discovered from brown seaweeds, including eckol ,4,5, phlompounds . In browompounds ,15,16.Eisenia bicyclis, E. arborea, E. cava, E. kurome, E. stolonifera, Pelvetia siliquosa, and Ishige okamurae, as well as from the genera Cystophora and Fucus, contain phlorotannins that possess antidiabetic, antioxidant, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties , and humans (4 articles) at a moderate dosage. Mild side effects were recorded in humans, fish, and dogs. However, in other organisms, there was no toxicity from phlorotannins, which have various biological activities. These findings can be the basis for developing these compounds as novel functional foods, feeds, and pharmaceuticals. To date, to the best of our knowledge, no studies have been performed on the safety and toxicity of phlorotannins in aquaculture fish; livestock ; and companion animals (birds and cats). The safety, toxicity, and availability of phlorotannins in these organisms should be verified with further studies.


Aldo A. M. Lima and Pascal Bessong are not included in the author byline. Aldo A. M. Lima should be listed as the thirteenth author and affiliated with Clinical Research Unit and Institute of Biomedicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil. The contributions of this author are as follows: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Investigation, Methodology and Writing – Review & Editing. Pascal Bessong should be listed at the fourteenth author and affiliated with the University of Venda, Thohoyandou, South Africa. The contributions of this author are as follows: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Investigation, Methodology and Writing – Review & Editing.


In addition to protein, fatty acids and vitamins, hen eggs also contain many minerals, including macroelements, microelements and trace elements. Currently, many different organic mineral supplements are introduced into the diet of laying hens, which can affect the content of chemical elements  in the albumen and yolk. These effects are not fully understood. In the present work, the effect of the addition of humic preparations to the standard feed mixture on the content of essential and non-essential chemical elements in albumen and yolk of hen eggs was assessed. The obtained results indicate that only some elements significantly increase in the albumen and yolk when more of them are in a feed mixture enriched with humic preparations.This study was conducted to determine the effect of dietary supplementation with two humic preparations, Humokarbowit (HKW) and Humobentofet (HBF), on the mineral content of the albumen and egg yolk of Lohmann Brown hens. The content of macroelements , microelements  and trace elements  in the feed mixture (FM), albumen and yolk were presented. The material was collected from laying hens kept in a cage system in two groups, control (C) and enriched (E), with standard feed and feed enriched with humic preparations, respectively. The enriched feed mixture was characterised by a significantly higher Ag, Ba, Be, Bi, Co, Fe, Ga, Hg, K, Mg, Ni, S, Sb, Si, Zn and Zr content compared to the standard, basal mixture. Only some of these elements were found in significantly increased levels in albumen  and yolk . Another noteworthy finding was a significantly lower concentration of Na in the content of eggs from the E-Group, which corresponds to the content of this important macronutrient in the feed. In addition, a significant increase in the concentration of elements such as Al, I, Li, Sr, Ti, Tl, Y, W was noted with a reduction in Cd, Cr, Hg, Mn, Rb, Sn in Group-E, which indicates a complicated egg formation processes, including biotransfer-essential and non-essential chemical elements. Hen eggs are an important component of the human diet. Their physico-chemical and biological properties are quite well known, and in recent years their role as a source of nutraceutical and biomedical substances has increased ,2,3,4. IIt is known that hen eggs are a good source of iron (Fe), phosphorus (P) and sulphur (S). The eggs also provide calcium (Ca), chlorine (Cl), potassium (K) magnesium (Mg) and sodium (Na). Smaller amounts of ions include: silver (Ag), aluminium (Al), boron (B), barium (Ba), bromine (Br), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), fluorine (F), iodine (I), lithium (Li), manganese (Mn), molybdenum (Mo), rubidium (Rb), selenium (Se), silicon (Si), strontium (Sr), titanium (Ti), vanadium (V), uranium (U) and zinc (Zn). Eggs may also contain heavy metals such as arsenic (As), bismuth (Bi), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), thallium (Tl) and others in trace concentrations ,10,11. R3 with atomic weights greater than 40.04 and are generally termed heavy metals. Theses metals include: Ag, Au, Bi, Ce, Cd, Cr, Co, Cu, Fe, Ga, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Pt, Sb, Sn, Te, Tl, U, V and Zn. Some of these heavy metals such as Co, Cr, Cu, Mg, Fe, Mo, Mn, Ni, Se and Zn are essential nutrients that are required for various physiological and biochemical functions in the body, but may cause acute or chronic toxicities in large doses [Metals are ubiquitous in the environment and they can easily accumulate in biological organisms including plants and animals, in animal origin products such as eggs, milk, and meat. Among the 35 naturally existing metals, 23 possess high specific density above 5 g/cmge doses .A slightly different classification of elements is given by Lim and Schoenung . Heavy mThe mineral composition of hen eggs is genetically determined, but environmental (management) and nutritional  factors can modify it to some extent ,21,22,23Evidence suggests that the mineral composition of feed mixtures, the origin and quality of nutrients and their chemical form and bioavailability have the greatest importance in the accumulation of essential and non-essential chemical elements in the hen’s eggs ,25,26,27The aim of this study was to determine the effect of a feed mixture enriched with humic preparations on the concentration of essential and non-essential elements in the albumen and yolk of Lohmann Brown hen eggs.The feeding experiment on laying hens was approved by the Second Local Ethical Committee on Animal Testing at Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences .2 per hen) at 20 weeks of age and kept until the peak of laying (33 weeks of life). The feeding experiment was conducted for 90 days. The basal diet was formulated according to the nutrient recommendations for LB laying hens [A total of 60 Lohmann Brown (LB) laying hens were used in the experiment. Birds were housed in battery cages in a vivarium with a controlled climate and light programme (16L: 8D) located at the research station of UPWr in Swojec (Poland). Hens were put into cages (750 cming hens .Eggs for tests were collected at the peak of laying (approximately 95%) for 5 consecutive days from all 12 cages. Every day, 5 undamaged eggs with similar mass (62–66 g) were randomly selected from both groups (C and E). Then the eggs were broken and the albumen was separated from the yolk and stirred thoroughly in a glass vessel. Five samples of albumen and yolk were collected from each group (C and E) each day leading to 60 eggs being collected in total. The egg material was stored for 10 days in a cold storage room  before being transferred to the chemical laboratory at the Wroclaw University of Science and Technology. Additionally, samples of feed mixtures (FMs) were collected from both groups every two weeks in an amount of approximately 0.5 kg each (n = 5) for chemical analysis.3 from Merck  in a microwave oven . An inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer with ultrasonic nebulizer  and an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer ICP-MS (ICP-MS Varian UltraMass-700 Instrument) were used in the analysis of the content of essential  and non-essential elements  in the feed mixture and the egg content. The level of other elements  was determined by ICP-MS, while the content of the remaining elements by ICP-OES. Mercury  was measured directly in raw materials using an AMA-254 mercury analyzer . The analyses were carried out in the Multielemental Analyses Chemical Laboratory at the Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, which is accredited by International Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation/Mutual Recognition Arrangement and the Polish Centre for Accreditation (nr AB 696), according to PN-EN ISO/IEC 17025. The quality of analytical process was controlled with the certified reference material CRM 8415 EGG POWDER, NIST.All used chemicals were of analytical grade. Eggs from the two groups were collected and analysed for their element content by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES and ICP-MS). The specified mass of biological samples  was digested in Teflon vessels with 5 mL of concentrated supra pure grade HNOp < 0.05 and p < 0.01.The analysis was carried out using Statistica ver. 13.1. The data were presented as the mean and standard error of mean (SEM). The normality of the distribution was assessed using the Shapiro−Wilk test. If the distribution was normal, a Student’s t-test for independent samples was performed. If the distribution was not normal, a Mann−Whitney U test was carried out. Effects were considered significant at a probability of The results of the analyses of feed mixtures  show somThe results of chemical analyses  of the albumen and yolk from Group-C and Group-E are shown in Among the six macroelements, the level of S and Na was the highest in the albumen, while P, S and Ca were highest in the yolk. The maximum value observed in the albumen was from S (2114 mg/kg wet wt) and in the yolk was P (6032 mg/kg wet wt). The concentration of macroelements such as Mg, K and S in Group-E significantly increased the concentration of S in the albumen and K in the yolk. However, the reduced Na concentration in the experimental feed mixture significantly reduced the level of this important macronutrient in egg content  in Group-E. Despite the differences in the concentration of these elements, they are within the ranges given by other authors ,20,35,36Among the eight microelements, Al and Si were the highest in the egg albumen, while Fe, Si and Zn were the highest in the yolk. The maximum value observed in the albumen refers to Si (6.86 mg/kg wet wt) and to Fe (81.8 mg/kg wet wt) in the yolk. The increased concentration of microelements, such as Ba, Si and Zn, in Group-E did not significantly affect the accumulation of these elements in egg content. The significant increase in Al concentration and decrease in Mn in the albumen, and the increase in concentration of Fe, I and Sr in the egg yolk from Group-E compared to Group-C, were noted. In relation to Cu, Fe, I, Mn and Zn, the obtained results are only partially consistent with data from other authors ,10,21,35Among the 23 trace elements tested, Ni, Rb and Ti were most abundant in the egg albumen, while Cr, Rb and Sn and were most abundant in the egg yolk. The most abundant element observed in the albumen and the yolk was Rb . The increased concentration in Group-E of trace elements, such as Ag, Be, Bi, Co, Ga, Hg, Ni, Sb and Zr, significantly influenced the accumulation of only Bi, Co and Ni in the albumen and Bi and Sb in the yolk. There was also a significant increase in Al, Tl and W in Group-E albumen and a decrease in Cd, Cr, Rb and Sb compared to Group-C. In the yolk, however, these relationships concern Li, Ti, Tl, Y and W (growth) and Hg and Sn (decrease). It is difficult to explain the significant increase in Tl in the content of eggs from Group-E when both FMs had almost identical concentrations of this toxic trace element. Thallium interacts with several elements, such as K, Rb and S, which may explain its accumulation in egg content, especially in the yolk ,37. TungThe other elements in both groups were observed in similar concentrations: in the albumen, Ag, As, Be, Ga, Hg, Li, Mo, Pb, Se, Sn, Ti, V, Y and Zr; and in the yolk, Ag, As, Be, Co, Cd, Cr, Ga, Mo, Ni, Rb, Pb, Se, V and Zr. It is worth adding that the content of the most toxic heavy metals, such as As, Cd, Hg and Pb, did not differ significantly between groups E and C. Some authors ,28 reporThe obtained results can be compared with others despite being implemented in other management conditions of laying hens (deep litter system). The authors  used HKWSauropus androgynus) leaf extract (SALE) on the production parameters of laying hens  and the quality and chemical composition of their eggs. The results showed that the SALE supplementation did not significantly affect levels of calcium, phosphorus, iron and potassium, even at high doses. The SALE contained 2330 mg calcium, 980 mg phosphorus and 35 mg iron in 1 kg.In other studies, the diet of laying hens was supplemented with soybean meals enriched with Cr, Cu, Fe and Zn. The results showed that the use of this feed additive in the diet of laying hens (Hy-Line Brown) influenced the transfer of microelements to eggs, in particular at increased dosing. Eggs were biofortified with Fe, Zn, and Cu and, to a lesser extent, Cr. Microelements accumulated mainly in the albumen. Transfer of trace elements to eggs was not linearly dependent on the dose of biologically bound microelements in the diet . This waThe content of trace elements in hen eggs (and other domestic birds) was analysed by Nisianakis et al. . Hens  and reduced only the Na concentration. The effect of feeding this enriched mixture caused significant increases in elements such as Al, Bi, Co, Ni, S, Tl, W in the albumen and Sb, Bi, I, Fe, K, Sr, Li, Tl, Ti, W and Y in the yolk, while it significantly decreased concentrations of Sb, Cd, Cr, Mn, Rb , Hg and tin (yolk). Lower levels of Na in the experimental diet also significantly reduced the content of this important macronutrient in the egg content. From the point of view of the nutritional value of eggs, it is very important to obtain a significant increase in the content of Co, I, Fe, Ni, K, Si, S, W , while ensuring heavy metals (toxic) such as As, Cd, Hg, Pb or Tl do not exceed the values given by various authors. A full assessment of the legitimacy of the administration of humic preparations to laying hen diets must take into account studies on the physical characteristics of the eggs (shell thickness and strength) and their organoleptic characteristics, which will be the subject of upcoming work of the authors.


Using a test data set (n = 50), we defined the mean ratio of the maximum skin dose obtained from measurements with radio-photoluminescence glass dosimeters (RPLGDs) to the Total Ka,r as the conversion factor, CFKa,constant, and compared the accuracy of the estimated maximum skin dose obtained from multiplying Total Ka,r by CFKa,constant (Estimation Model 1) with that of the estimated maximum skin dose obtained from multiplying Total Ka,r by the functional conversion factor CFKa,function (Estimation Model 2). Estimation Model 2, which uses the quadratic function for the ratio of the fluoroscopy Ka,r to the Total Ka,r , provided an estimated maximum skin dose closer to that obtained from direct measurements with RPLGDs than compared with that determined using Estimation Model 1. The same results were obtained for the validation data set (n = 50). It was suggested the quadratic function for the Ka,r ratio provides a more accurate estimate of the maximum skin dose in real time.Understanding the maximum skin dose is important for avoiding tissue reactions in cerebral angiography. In this study, we devised a method for using digital imaging and communication in medicine—radiation dose structured report (DICOM-RDSR) data to accurately estimate the maximum skin dose from the total air kerma at the patient entrance reference point (Total K The advances in interventional radiology (IVR) technology in recent years have resulted in an increased number of patients undergoing lengthy procedures, and the increased radiation exposure of patients is becoming a great concern. Although neurointerventional radiology (NIR) has a number of practical benefits for patients, including being less physically invasive than surgical treatment and requiring a shorter time in hospital, there have been numerous reported cases of tissue reactions (deterministic effects), such as hair loss, under increased radiation exposure doses ,2,3,4,5.skin,max) during an IVR procedure . As. Asa,r v Model 1 b, natura Model 2 c.skin,max,Ka to establish a method that would bring the value of Dskin,max,Ka estimated indirectly from the Total Ka,r value closer to the more directly estimated Dskin,max,RPLGD value, we first analyzed the factors giving rise to variation in the Dskin,max,RPLGD/Total Ka,r ratio and then devised a new method for correcting for this variation. Finally, we validated the efficacy of this new correction method using a separately prepared validation data set. Our objective was to improve the accuracy with which the Dskin,max for patients undergoing NIR can be estimated from the Total Ka,r to help prevent skin damage by providing the operator with real-time Dskin,max measurements during NIR procedures. This method may provide a new means of utilizing DICOM-RDSR data.In this study, to optimize the process for estimating DThe test data set comprised 50 patients who underwent cerebral angiography in our hospital between October 2015 and July 2016 , and the validation data set comprised 50 patients who underwent cerebral angiography in our hospital between August 2016 and September 2017  .Angiography was performed using a single-plane angiography system  equipped with a flat-panel detector. The tube voltage and tube current were adjusted via auto exposure control, and scanning was conducted at a fluoroscopy pulse rate of 15 pulses/s and an exposure frame rate of 3 frames/s. A 1.5 mm Al + 0.6 mm Cu filter was automatically selected and applied during fluoroscopy, and a 1.0 mm Al filter was applied during exposure.skin,RPLGD) from the patient’s head to their neck was measured using the RADIREC® system  (x)  :y = 0.00RPLGD from Equation (1) using the representative effective energies for fluoroscopy and the exposure obtained from the individual DICOM-RDSR data for the 50 patients in the test data set; then, we calculated the weighted calibration factor  from the fluoroscopy Ka,r and the exposure Ka,r. We next defined the Total CFRPLGD,weighted as the mean CFRPLGD,weighted for all 50 patients and converted the RPLGD readout values to Dskin,RPLGD according to Equation (2) below  below a:Dskin,Rskin,RPLGD values at the 64 dose monitoring points were Dskin,max,RPLGD.While using the RADIREC system, we assumed that the maximum value of all Dskin,max,RPLGD and Total Ka,r  for the 50 patients in the test data set was defined as CFKa,constant, and Dskin,max,Ka was estimated using Equation (3) below  below b:Dskin,mskin,max,RPLGD/Total Ka,r and the Total Ka,r, Fluoroscopy Ka,r, Exposure Ka,r, Fluoroscopy Time, Number of DSA, Number of Frames, and the Fluoroscopy Ka,r/Total Ka,r  in the various combinations from the DICOM-RDSR data recorded for the 50 patients in the test data set. In light of the results, we used the Total Ka,r to Dskin,max,Ka conversion factor , an arbitrary function that minimizes the error between the estimated Dskin,max,Ka and the Dskin,max,RPLGD, to estimate the Dskin,max,Ka for each individual patient according to Equation (4)  c:Dskin,mskin,max,Ka estimated indirectly using the two maximum skin dose estimation models above (Estimation Models 1 and 2) and the value of Dskin,max,RPLGD estimated directly from RPLGD readouts. We calculated the root mean squared error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE), and coefficient of determination (R2) between Dskin,max,Ka and Dskin,max,RPLGD, and compared the goodness of fit of the two estimation models.Using the 50 patient test data set, we carried out a regression analysis between the values of DRPLGD,weighted, we determined the Total CFRPLGD,weighted. We then compared the goodness of fit of the two maximum skin dose estimation models (Estimation Models 1 and 2) via the same method as that used for the test data set.Using the 50 patient validation data set, after first determining that there was little variation in CFt-test, with p < 0.05 regarded as indicating significance.SPSS  was used for statistical analyses. Differences between the mean values of the test data set and the validation data set were tested for significance using Welch’s This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Shinkomonji Hospital .RPLGD,weighted, the RPLGD compensation factors weighted by the Ka,r for fluoroscopy, and the exposure obtained from the DICOM-RDSR data for the 50 patients in the test data set. CFRPLGD,weighted exhibited little variation at 0.272 ± 0.004 , suggesting that, in practical terms, the effect of patient differences on CFRPLGD,weighted is negligible, so a value of 0.272 for Total CFRPLGD,weighted was adopted. The highest of the Dskin,RPLGD values at the 64 sites calculated for each patient was used as Dskin,max,RPLGD.skin,max,RPLGD/Total Ka,r for the 50 patients in the test data set was 0.575 ± 0.075 , so a value of 0.575 for CFKa,constant was used to estimate Dskin,max,Ka using Equation (3).The Da,r, Fluoroscopy Ka,r, Exposure Ka,r, Fluoroscopy Time, Number of DSA, Number of Frames, or Fluoroscopy Ka,r/Total Ka,r  and Dskin,max,RPLGD/Total Ka,r  alone  alone d, so Equskin,max,Ka was estimated using Equations (4) and (5).Dskin,max,Ka estimated using Estimation Models 1 and 2 and Dskin,max,RPLGD. We found that the correlation was high for both estimation methods  but that Estimation Model 2, which used CFKa,function as the conversion factor for individual patients, exhibited a better goodness of fit than Estimation Model 1 in terms of RMSE, MAE, and R2, demonstrating the superiority of Estimation Model 2  , so a value of 0.562 was used for CFKa,constant. As in the test data set, linear regression did not show any significant correlation between Total Ka,r, Fluoroscopy Ka,r, Exposure Ka,r, Fluoroscopy Time, Number of DSA, Number of Frames, or Fluoroscopy Ka,r/Total Ka,r , or Dskin,max,RPLGD/Total Ka,r   , so a vatal Ka,r . Howeverr ratio) d, so theskin,max,Ka estimated by Estimation Models 1 and 2 using these values and Dskin,max,RPLGD showed that although the correlations were high for both estimation methods , Estimation Model 2, which used CFKa,function as the conversion factor for individual patients, exhibited a better goodness of fit than Estimation Model 1 in terms of the RMSE, MAE, and R2, demonstrating the superiority of Estimation Model 2  for the imaging of six major patient groups for the three purposes of preoperative diagnostic angiography, postoperative diagnostic angiography, and endovascular treatment [skin,max in real time during NIR procedures, and informing the operator, as required, if this value approaches the threshold value [One method for reducing the stochastic effects of IVR is to use the diagnostic reference level (DRL) to keep the radiation dose administered to the patient “as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA)” while guaranteeing the image quality required for diagnostic imaging ,29,30. Creatment . Howeverld value .a,r is constantly displayed on the angiography system monitor during treatment procedures, and its recording in DICOM-RDSR is also obligatory [skin,max simply and in real time at every medical facility where NIR is performed. In NIR, however, because the direction of X-ray irradiation and the extent of irradiation are constantly changing, the accurate estimation of Dskin,max is not necessarily simple, and the discrepancy between the values of Total Ka,r and Dskin,max mean that each individual institution should use its own conversion coefficient.A wide range of data is acquired for DICOM-RDSR, including the tube current and voltage, scanning data (such as exposure time and number of exposures), distance from the X-ray focal point to the detector, open area of the irradiation aperture, entrance angle, area dose, and patient entrance reference point dose. Because these data are acquired automatically for each fluoroscopy and exposure event, they can be used to manage medical radiation exposure for patients undergoing IVR ,39,40,41ligatory , meaningskin,max,RPLGD using the RADIREC system and estimated Dskin,max,Ka intraoperatively in real time by multiplying the Total Ka,r by the mean Dskin,max,RPLGD/Total Ka,r ratio as CFKa,constant (Schema 1b). However, Total Ka,r is the sum of all the X-ray entrance angles, and as the X-ray entrance angles are completely different for each patient, the Dskin,max,Ka is often larger or smaller than the actual Dskin,max,RPLGD. Theoretically, if the X-ray entrance angle does not change at all during the procedure, the value of Dskin,max,RPLGD/Total Ka,r increases and approaches 1. Conversely, if the X-ray entrance angle varies widely, the ratio will be lower. However, to our best knowledge, no index that provides an appropriate indication of variation in the X-ray entrance angle has yet been reported, and ours is the first study to demonstrate that a quadratic equation for the Ka,r ratio can adequately explain the variation in the value of Dskin,max,RPLGD/Total Ka,r.We previously analyzed Dskin,max,RPLGD and indirectly estimated Dskin,max,Ka. Applying the CFKa,function to the Ka,r ratio quadratic equations (see Equation (5) for the test data set and Equation (6) for the validation data set) and estimating the individual Dskin,max,Ka for each patient revealed a strong corrective effect in the high-dose region of the validation data set and a weak corrective effect in the low-dose regions of the test data set and the validation data set , resulting in a low Ka,r ratio and increasing the Dskin,max,RPLGD/Total Ka,r (Ka,function value can also be applied for appropriate correction of Dskin,max,Ka. Applying CFKa,function weighted by the Ka,r ratio therefore facilitates more accurate estimation of Dskin,max,Ka.data set . This mancreases d, and aptal Ka,r d. As in Ka,function using the Fluoroscopy Ka,r and the Total Ka,r data recorded in the DICOM-RDSR, but as X-ray entrance angle data are also recorded for each fluoroscopy and exposure event, analysis of these data may also enable us to develop an index of the degree of variation in the X-ray entrance angle, potentially further increasing the accuracy of estimating Dskin,max,Ka. As DICOM-RDSR is currently obligatory for all angiography systems both in Japan and overseas, it is a tool that is readily available in most institutions. Further studies should be conducted to explore other potential uses of DICOM-RDSR to reduce patient radiation exposure.In this study, our objective was to construct a CFa,r/Total Ka,r for each patient by the Total Ka,r provides a more accurate estimate than multiplying with a constant conversion factor during cerebral angiography, including NIR procedures, in real time.In this study, it was suggested that multiplying a conversion factor using the quadratic function for the ratio of Fluoroscopy K


In “Undergraduate Medical Competencies in Digital Health and Curricular Module Development: Mixed Methods Study” :e22161) the authors noted three errors.One author's name was displayed as:David BackIt has now been corrected to:David Alexander BackOne affiliation for David Alexander Back was listed as:Bundeswehr Hospital Berlin, Clinic for Traumatology and Orthopedics, Septic-Reconstructive Surgery, Berlin, GermanyIt has now been corrected to:Department of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Septic and Reconstructive Surgery, Bundeswehr Hospital Berlin, Berlin, GermanyThe phone number for corresponding author was incorrectly listed. It has been changed to:49 30 2841 1240The correction will appear in the online version of the paper on the JMIR Publications website on December 7, 2020, together with the publication of this correction notice. Because this was made after submission to PubMed, PubMed Central, and other full-text repositories, the corrected article has also been resubmitted to those repositories.


It is found in many different tissues and body fluids including the liver, articular cartilage, saliva and plasma . LysozymProteomics represents a valuable tool for diagnosis and is complementary to immunohistochemistry and gene sequencing. The advantage of proteomics is the ability to directly characterise proteins in the amyloid deposits. In certain circumstances, this approach can be limited by the normal requirement to use trypsin as the proteolytic enzyme.(p.W82R) in which we highlight the importance of the combined use of trypsin and Asp-N to identify the amyloid composition. The W64R lysozyme mutation has been originally described by Valleix et al. [Here, we report a case of a patient carrying the mutation W64R x et al.  in 2002.Supplementary Table 1) including lysozyme which was identified with high Mascot score (1403) and a protein coverage of 66%. Peptides containing the W64R mutation were not detected since the additional tryptic cleavage site generated by a W→R change resulted in the generation of small fragments outside the normal range of the instrument. A miscleaved variant peptide 51–64, (R)STDYGIFQINSRYR, was observed, however, the confidence in the assignment was low ). The wild type 63–69 and the miscleaved 63-97 peptides were not detected (Supplementary Table 2).A sample of Congo red positive formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) GI tissue was collected by laser capture dissection and analysed by proteomics using trypsin as the digestion enzyme . Data wedetected . To detedetected . This isSupplementary Table 3). Lysozyme protein coverage was only 7% obtained by Asp-N digestion and this is much more limited compared to the coverage achieved by trypsin digestion. However, the peptide 53–66, DYGIFQINSRYRCN(D), containing the tryptophan to arginine amino acid substitution, was identified after Asp-N digestion ). There was no evidence for the wild type peptide (Proteomic analysis following Asp-N digestion was then performed to confirm this finding in a separate specimen of Congo red positive GI amyloid. Lysozyme was identified together with a number of other proteins ( peptide .In conclusion, we have confirmed the original observation that the wild type lysozyme cannot be detected in natural amyloid fibrils . This isFurther, we stress the importance of the combined use of trypsin and other enzymes such as Asp-N to specifically detect the variant peptide in the amyloid tissue.Wolfson Drug Discovery Unit and National Amyloidosis Centre, Centre for Amyloidosis and Acute Phase Proteins, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UKP. Patrizia MangioneWolfson Drug Discovery Unit and National Amyloidosis Centre, Centre for Amyloidosis and Acute Phase Proteins, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UKDepartment of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Pavia, Pavia, ItalyGuglielmo Verona, Dorota Rowczenio, Julian D. Gillmore and Graham W. TaylorWolfson Drug Discovery Unit and National Amyloidosis Centre, Centre for Amyloidosis and Acute Phase Proteins, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UKVittorio BellottiWolfson Drug Discovery Unit and National Amyloidosis Centre, Centre for Amyloidosis and Acute Phase Proteins, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UKDepartment of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Pavia, Pavia, ItalyDiana CanettiWolfson Drug Discovery Unit and National Amyloidosis Centre, Centre for Amyloidosis and Acute Phase Proteins, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UKd.canetti@ucl.ac.ukAlexandra Moura, Paola Nocerino, Janet A. Gilbertson and Nigel B. Rendell


The dataset deals with the air quality perceived by citizens before and during the enforcement of COVID-19 restrictions in ten countries around the world: Australia, Brazil, China, Ghana, India, Iran, Italy, Norway, South Africa and the United States. An online survey conveniently translated into Chinese, English, Italian, Norwegian, Persian, Portuguese collected information regarding the perceived quality of air pollution according to a Likert scale. The questionnaire was distributed between 11-05-2020 and 31-05-2020 and 9 394 respondents took part. Both the survey and the dataset (stored in a Microsoft Excel Worksheet) are available in a public repository. The collected data offer the people's subjective perspectives related to the objective improvement in air quality occurred during the COVID-19 restrictions. Furthermore, the dataset can be used for research studies involving the reduction in air pollution as experienced, to a different extent, by populations of all the ten countries. Specification table•The data are related to the perception of air quality and air pollution during the COVID-19 restrictions as experienced by a large pool comprising 9 394 respondents located in ten countries on six continents•The data can be useful for researchers dealing with the environmental and tropospheric changes occurring during the COVID-19 restrictions•The data can be used to assess the relationship between the perceived and the quantified change in air quality and air pollution during the COVID-19 restrictions•The data can be of interest to both citizens and policymakers to realise the tremendous lesson learned during COVID-19, being air quality a key indicator for sustainable developmentValue of the data1The dataset provides information regarding the quantity of air pollution perceived before and during the restrictions enforced in ten countries around the world as a consequence of the COVID-19 pandemic: Australia, Brazil, China, Ghana, India, Iran, Italy, Norway, South Africa and the United States . The dataset is stored in a public repository as Microsoft Excel Worksheet 2The online survey has assessed the air quality as subjectively perceived by citizens in ten countries: Australia, Brazil, China, Ghana, India, Iran, Italy, Norway, South Africa and the United States. The online questionnaire was hosted on two platforms: Google Forms  and WenJuanXing (Chinese version) and promoted on professional and social networks. The survey content was the same for each language; only the question regarding the respondents’ geographical location was tailored for each country. A Likert scale was employed to collect information about subjective perceptions All the survey respondents informed their consent before joining the survey consistent with the Declaration of Helsinki.Diego Maria BarbieriConceptualization, Methodology, Formal analysis, Investigation, Resources, Data curation, Writing - Original Draft, Visualization, Project administrationBaowen LouConceptualization, Methodology, Formal analysis, Investigation, Resources, Data curation, Writing - Original Draft, VisualizationMarco PassavantiConceptualization, Methodology, Investigation, Writing - Original Draft, VisualizationCang HuiInvestigation, Data curation, Writing - Review & Editing, Visualization, SupervisionDaniela Antunes LessaInvestigation, Data curationBrij MaharajInvestigation, Data curationArunabha BanerjeeInvestigation, Data curationFusong WangInvestigation, Data curationKevin ChangInvestigation, Data curationBhaven NaikInvestigation, Data curationLei YuInvestigation, Data curationZhuangzhuang LiuInvestigation, Data curationGaurav SikkaInvestigation, Data curationAndrew TuckerInvestigation, Data curationAli Foroutan MirhosseiniInvestigation, Data curationSahra NaseriInvestigation, Data curationYaning QiaoInvestigation, Data curationAkshay GuptaInvestigation, Data curationMontasir AbbasInvestigation, Data curationKevin FangInvestigation, Data curationNavid GhasemiInvestigation, Data curationPrince PeprahInvestigation, Data curationShubham GoswamiInvestigation, Data curationAmir HessamiInvestigation, Data curationNithin AgarwalInvestigation, Data curationLouisa LamInvestigation, Data curationSolomon AdomakoInvestigation, Data curationThis research has not received any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.


Recently, a range of prescription and over-the-counter (OTC) drugs have emerged as being used recreationally, either on their own or in combination with other substances, both licit and illicit, including new psychoactive substances (NPS). Among them, the misuse of prescription drugs involves not only traditionally recorded substances, such as benzodiazepines and opioid pain relievers, but also gabapentinoids ; some antidepressants, e.g., bupropion and venlafaxine; some second-generation antipsychotics, e.g., quetiapine and olanzapine. Moreover, the use of some OTC for recreational purposes appears on the increase, especially in vulnerable categories such as young people/youths, including the use of high dosages of the antidiarrheal loperamide; first-generation antihistamines, e.g., promethazine, cyclizine, and diphenhydramine; cough and cold preparations containing dextromethorphan and/or codeine. In this context, the role of the Internet has rapidly increased, playing a significant role both in the diffusion of emerging trends of drug misuse among users and experimenters, and the marketing, sale, and distribution of drugs through online pharmacies. This phenomenon within the context of a rapidly modifying drug scenario is a globally recognized health problem, determining severe adverse consequences, including fatalities, and represents a challenge for clinicians in general, psychiatrists, public health, and drug-control policies. Over the last twenty years or so, both the emerging use of new psychoactive substances (NPS) and the misuse of medications that are not already controlled are rapidly becoming a worldwide health concern ,2,3,4. WIn this context, the role of the Internet in changing drug misuse scenarios is central, since playing a significant role in the marketing, sale, and distribution of a range of psychoactive, including prescription, drugs ,20,21. IThis ever-changing drug scenario represents a challenge for accident and emergency units; healthcare services ; public


András Gézsi. In addition to affiliation 1, he is also affiliated to:In the published article, there was an error concerning affiliation of MTA-SE Immune-Proteogenomics Extracellular Vesicle Research Group, Semmelweis University, Budapest, HungaryDepartment of Measurement and Information Systems, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, HungaryThe authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.


Vingselina genus group, including genera Anaselina Storozhenko, 2019, Paraselina Storozhenko, 2019, Selivinga Storozhenko, 2019 and Vingselina Sjöstedt, 1921. The systematic position of this group, currently assigned to Batrachideinae (Bufonidini), is probably not correct. In this study new records are presented of Anaselinaminor , Paraselinabrunneri , P.trituberculata , and Selivingatribulata Storozhenko, 2019, all except A.minor the first records of the species since their original descriptions. The first photographs of living specimens of A.minor, P.brunneri, P.trituberculata and S.tribulata are provided and their habitats described. All the records were compiled by citizen scientists who use online social media, such as iNaturalist. Lastly, P.multifora  syn. nov. represents a junior synonym of P.brunneri.Knowledge on the pygmy grasshoppers of Australia is, despite the numerous endemics being described from this unique continent, still scarce. Of interest is the  Monotremata), numerous marsupials , emus (Dromaiusnovaehollandiae), lyrebirds , or the Wollemi pine (Wollemianobilis)  found on bark, and among the rarest grasshoppers on the planet from the point of view of the numbers of records , 2) Vingselinacrassa Sjöstedt, 1921, 3) Anaselinaminor , 4) P.trituberculata , 5) P.multifora , 6) Selivingatribulata Storozhenko, 2019  belong to Bufonidini, together with Bufonides (New Guinea), Hyperyboella , and Vilma (Solomon Islands) .Taxonomy follows We follow the morphological terminology presented by Batrachideinae: Bufonidini, and those specimens are the only published specimens of said species. The exception are a few non-type specimens of Anaselinaminor, originating from Cape Tribulation, deposited in the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences (ZIN) and depicted by Batrachideinae have been deposited:We have examined type specimens of all the Australian MCZ US Museum of Comparative Zoology of Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA ;NHMWNaturhistorisches Museum Wien, Wien, Austria ;NHRSNaturhistoriska riksmuseet, Stockholm, Sweden ;QMQueensland Museum, Queensland, Brisbane, Australia ;ZIN Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia .A.minor in one and S.tribulata in two additional localities , Tiny helmed groundhopper1. Vingselinaminor one century ago , Angled Australian barkhopper2. Paraselinabrunneri  based on a female holotype and three female paratypes, from Dorrigo (Macleay Range) and Salisbury, did not see Bolívar’s type, but only P.brunneri , and 3) the size of hind femora .There is considerable infraspecific variability in size, coloration, and angulation of the median carina of the pronotum. Differences separating The types of the two taxa are very similar, but in addition we have new records, which provide evidence of this infraspecific variability, especially in the size and morphology of the median carina of the pronotum.Paraselinatrituberculata , Triple-bump Australian barkhopper3. Paraselinatrituberculata  that bears three smaller warts on the median carina  adults have been observed every month of the year.The species inhabits the northern part of Queensland and is, for now, known from Cape Tribulation , Kuranda Figure , Tully GEven though the species has been described only recently, DR had already been aware of its existence since 2000, and there is indeed a notable population in the author’s garden  (pers. comm. H. Devriese).Even though throughout the study we call them hould be . Bufonidsegments , a typicnce 1887 , are in Anaselina, Paraselina, and Selivinga inhabit humid forests of eastern Australia and are easily distinguishable from each other. In the past it was difficult to study material from different places rapidly. In this study, we show that mainly with records from online social media platforms we can add knowledge to the biology and taxonomy of certain species. Today, it is much easier to study material from all over the world and communicate with experts and citizen scientists. Citizen science records contributed to the knowledge of morphology of Paraselinabrunneri and P.multifora, which had not been recorded for many decades. From these photos, we have found that specimens vary in certain morphological traits and that micro-differences used to separate P.brunneri from P.multifora are not species-specific, so P.multifora should be considered a synonym of P.brunneri.Poor taxonomic knowledge does not prevent us from assessing distributions of Australian barkhoppers, nor from separating species. Species of the genera Anaselinaminor is the smallest member of the Vingselina genus group, now known from three localities in the northern Queensland. Selivingatribulata was described only last year from Cape Tribulation and here we report three new localities for this species, with a description and depiction of its habitat. We also present the very first record of Paraselinatrituberculata since its description, and confirm that the species is only overlooked, not extinct. Social media platforms are already used by scientists, and studies which will make it available for people to record and learn about species in a more visual and simple manner, are strongly needed.A.minor, P.brunneri, P.trituberculata, and S.tribulata are easily identifiable, but rare species. Most of the knowledge on their biology was hitherto based on old museum specimens. Here, with united forces of citizens, who post photos online, and experts, who use online social platforms in order to identify specimens, we present an annotated distribution map of the aforementioned species, as well as a taxonomic scrutiny on the system of their classification. Citizen science is not age-limited nor profession-limited. In 2020, anybody and everybody can contribute to biodiversity studies. Evidence is presented by the authors of this study, among which there are an 11-year-old boy and a retired English teacher.In conclusion,


Professor Todd B. Marder grew up in Brooklyn, New York, and received his BSc from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge , and his PhD from the University of California at Los Angeles . This was followed by postdoctoral research at the University of Bristol . Working with the well-renowned inorganic chemists Professor Alan Davison, FRS (BSc), Professor Fred Hawthorne (PhD), and Professor Gordon Stone, CBE, FRS (postdoc) embedded the seeds of curiosity in inorganic chemistry in him, and it initiated his passion for organometallic and boron chemistry, homogeneous catalysis, dynamic NMR studies, and MO calculations. After two years as a visiting research scientist at DuPont Central Research, Wilmington, Delaware (USA), he began his independent academic career at the University of Waterloo (Canada) in 1985, where I first encountered this young, highly enthusiastic, gentleman inorganic chemist. I am proud to be the first PhD student to have graduated from his group.Within a short span of about 8 years, he was promoted first to Associate Professor and then Full Professor in 1993. Diversity in chemistry was apparent in Todd’s very first collection of young graduate students: indenyl-rhodium chemistry (Ashok Kakkar); Rh and Pt-acetylide chemistry: Pauline Chow, Davit Zargarian , M.J. Gerald Lesley , Dr. Graham Stringer and Dr. Ian R. Jobe ; metal boryl complexes and metal-catalyzed hydroboration chemistry: Steve Westcott . As they say, there is always a woman behind every successful man, and Todd met his wife and a gem of a person, Anne, who was also teaching at the University of Waterloo. These two are a team that continue to support some of the best scientists in their care. In fact, their son, Ian, is an Assistant Professor in Criminology in the Department of Law at Maynooth University, Ireland, so academics run in the family.With the excellence in chemistry that Todd demanded from himself and his crew, awards started to follow, the first being the Rutherford Memorial Medal for Chemistry (1995), given by the Royal Society of Canada to the leading chemist in Canada under 40 years of age.After spending 12 years in Canada, Todd was lured by the British way of life, and decided to move from the colonies to the kingdom in 1997, when he accepted the Chair in Inorganic Chemistry at the University of Durham in England. He received the Royal Society of Chemistry Award in Main Group Element Chemistry in 2008 for his contributions to the chemistry of boron and its organometallic compounds and their applications, and a Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) Invitation Fellowship (Japan), a Humboldt (Senior) Research Award (Germany), and the Royal Society (UK) Wolfson Research Merit Award, all in 2010. It was finally the lure of German beer, sausages and boron chemistry that brought him to the Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg (Germany) in 2012, as Professor and Chair I of Inorganic Chemistry, as well as co-Head of the Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron. Todd also won the Royal Society of Chemistry Organometallic Chemistry Award and was elected to the Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften (Bavarian Academy of Sciences) in 2015, Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) in 2018, and Fellow of the European Academy of Sciences (EurASc) in 2019. In 2018, he was also awarded Docteur Honoris Causa, by the Université de Rennes 1, France.Todd loves varied cultures, food, and his many friends scattered around the world and, prior to the current pandemic, would never miss an opportunity to travel both to contribute and to learn. This has led to several Visiting and similar Professorships in Europe , Asia , and Australia . He has served on the editorial board of several journals including Inorganic Chemistry, Organometallics, the Journal of Organometallic Chemistry, Applied Organometallic Chemistry, Canadian Journal of Chemistry, Crystal Engineering, and Chinese Journal of Chemistry.Todd has given over 400 invited lectures worldwide, published over 385 papers with an h-index of 88 and around 25,000 citations (WoS). The co-workers he has trained occupy academic (over 35 of them) as well as industrial and other positions all over the world, and their success is his proudest achievement. Indeed, he refers to us as his children, and our academic offspring as his grandchildren, and has even had the pleasure of supervising a postdoc who was also his academic great granddaughter, Marie-Hélène Thibault !2neop2, is now available commercially world-wide and is produced in multi-ton quantities. He also works in the fields of conjugated organometallic [Todd embraces diversity not only in his group members and numerous local and international collaborators, but also in his research interests ,18,19,20metallic , organobmetallic ,14,15,16metallic ,18,19 foMolecules: “Boron in Catalysis and Materials Chemistry: A Themed Issue in Honor of Professor Todd B. Marder on the Occasion of His 65th Birthday”. It includes excellent review articles on conjugated N^C-organoboron materials, and tri(boryl)-alkanes and -alkenes as versatile reagents in organic synthesis [Boron chemistry continues to offer a diverse platform for new directions in catalysts ,22,23, aynthesis ,32, and ynthesis ,37,38,39


Several factors affect dental implant osseointegration, including surgical issues, bone quality and quantity, and host-related factors, such as patients’ nutritional status. Many micronutrients might play a key role in dental implant osseointegration by influencing some alveolar bone parameters, such as healing of the alveolus after tooth extraction. This scoping review aims to summarize the role of dietary supplements in optimizing osseointegration after implant insertion surgery. A technical expert panel (TEP) of 11 medical specialists with expertise in oral surgery, bone metabolism, nutrition, and orthopedic surgery performed the review following the PRISMA-ScR  model. The TEP identified micronutrients from the “European Union (EU) Register of nutrition and health claims made on foods” that have a relationship with bone and tooth health, and planned a PubMed search, selecting micronutrients previously identified as MeSH  terms and adding to each of them the words “dental implants” and “osseointegration”. The TEP identified 19 studies concerning vitamin D, magnesium, resveratrol, vitamin C, a mixture of calcium, magnesium, zinc, and vitamin D, and synthetic bone mineral. However, several micronutrients are non-authorized by the “EU Register on nutrition and health claims” for improving bone and/or tooth health. Our scoping review suggests a limited role of nutraceuticals in promoting osseointegration of dental implants, although, in some cases, such as for vitamin D deficiency, there is a clear link among their deficit, reduced osseointegration, and early implant failure, thus requiring an adequate supplementation. Osseointegration is defined as “a process whereby a clinically asymptomatic rigid fixation of alloplastic materials is achieved and maintained in bone during functional loading” . OsseoinIn addition to key factors that affect the osseointegration, such as the surgical technique, bone quality and quantity, postoperative inflammation or infection, smoking habits, and implant material and surface ,4,5,6,7,Several micronutrients affecting bone metabolism were demonstrated to have an influence on skeletal system; in particular, calcium, fluorides, magnesium, potassium, vitamin B6, vitamin D, and zinc positively influence bone health, reducing the risk of fracture . In addiRecent evidence demonstrated that some nutritional regimens directly influence alveolar bone parameters in experimental models of periodontitis ,12,13, oBone tissue repair mechanisms and bone metabolism are strongly influenced by nutritional aspects and are crucial to obtaining proper bone restoration optimizing osseointegration processes.The aim of this scoping review is to summarize the state of the art regarding the role of micronutrients, currently available in nutraceuticals or dietary supplements, on dental implantology, highlighting which of them, supported by evidence-based medicine (EBM), might effectively have an influence on the achievement and the maintenance of osseointegration after implant insertion surgery.In performing this scoping review, we followed the PRISMA-ScR  model .As a first step, a technical expert panel (TEP) consisting of 11 medical specialists was established. In particular, the TEP was composed of two oral surgeons with expertise in osseointegrated dental implants, two periodontists with expertise in peri-implant oral tissues physiology and pathology, three bone specialists, two experts on scoping review methodology, one nutritionist, and one orthopedic surgeon.The TEP selected micronutrients from the “European Union (EU) Register of nutrition and health claims made on foods” that have a relationship with bone and tooth health, included in dietary supplements and nutraceuticals. Therefore, the TEP planned a research on PubMed , selecting micronutrients as MeSH  terms; to each of them, the following terms were added to run the PubMed Search Builder: “dental implants”, “osseointegration”. For example: (“Vitamin D” [Mesh]) AND “Dental Implants” [Mesh]) see .According to the objective of the study, the TEP defined the characteristics of the sources of evidence, considering for eligibility any researches published in medical literature in the last 10 years (last update on 16 October 2019), including only those in the English language.All types of studies were included in our scoping review, both pre-clinical  and clinical studies. Methodological quality assessment was made according to the EBM pyramid: meta-analysis, systematic review, randomized controlled trial (RCT), cohort study, case–control study, case series, and case report.Finally, the TEP summarized the resulting micronutrients with effective and safe daily doses that improve bone and tooth health.From the micronutrients listed in the “EU Register of nutrition and health claims made on foods”, the TEP selected the following 18 nutraceuticals that may have influence on bone and teeth: calcium, fluorides, magnesium, potassium, resveratrol, vitamin C (ascorbic acid), vitamin D, vitamin E , vitamin K2 , zinc, vitamin A, vitamin B1 (thiamine), vitamin B2 (riboflavin), vitamin B3 (niacinamide), vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid), vitamin B6, vitamin B7 (biotin), and vitamin B12 . HoweverIn particular, we included 11 studies concerning vitamin D, of which five were clinical studies , and six were preclinical studies on animals: two preclinical studies on animals concerning magnesium, two preclinical studies on animals for resveratrol, one preclinical study on animals concerning the supplementation with a combination of calcium, magnesium, zinc and vitamin D, two preclinical studies on animals concerning synthetic bone mineral , and one clinical study concerning vitamin C supplementation , Table 2In our scoping review, we included six preclinical studies on animal models, more precisely, on rats.Liu et al., in 2014 , found tZhou et al., in 2012 , demonstWu et al., in 2012 , inserteAkhavan et al., in 2012 , evaluatDvorak et al., in 2012 , showed Kelly et al., in 2008 , found tThe clinical studies on vitamin D that we included in this scoping review were three retrospective studies, one case series, and one case report.From the retrospective studies of Mangano et al. of 2016  and 2018In the retrospective study of Wagner et al. of 2017 , osteopoFretwurst et al., in 2016 , reporteAlso, Bryce and Macbeth, in 2014 , reporteWe included two animal studies that evaluated the effects of magnesium deficiency on osseointegration of titanium implants. The deficiency of magnesium led to lower cortical bone thickness, lower values of removal torque of the implants, and lower bone mineral density (BMD) ,41. In dDel Barrio et al., in 2010 , reporteWe found two animal studies that evaluated the effects of resveratrol intake on the osseointegration of titanium implants.In 2018, Ribeiro et al.  demonstrPimentel et al., in 2016 , evaluatTakahashi et al., in 2016 , evaluatAlso, Watanabe et al., in 2015 , evaluatLi et al., in 2018 , evaluatTo the best of our knowledge, this is the first scoping review to investigate the putative role of dietary supplements in affecting bone structural and mechanical properties involved in dental implant osseointegration, as well as in improving clinical outcomes, such as the maintenance of peri-implant tissue health and implant success rate.The Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act defines a dietary supplement as a product that is intended to supplement the diet, which bears or contains one or more ingredients including a vitamin, mineral, herb, and amino acid, or a concentrate, metabolite, constituent, extract, or combinations of these . The terIt should be stressed, however, that there is no consensus with regard to “nutraceutical” definition or similar terms. Aronson recently considered that the term “nutraceuticals” is too vague and should be abandoned, even if he did not propose any robust alternatives .According to the recent data of the United States (US) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), more than 25% of the US population had an insufficient intake of vitamins A, C, D, and E, as well as calcium, magnesium, and potassium in their diet; thus, the modern diet of Western countries does not seem to have an adequate intake of micronutrients. It was reported that micronutrient deficiencies affect around two billion people worldwide . HoweverSeveral micronutrients are hypothesized to have an influence on skeletal system, particularly on jaw bone and alveolar bone  and on dMoreover, Wagner et al.  showed tVitamin D deficiency commonly occurs in the general population. This hormone has a crucial function in skeletal mineralization, but also plays an important role in immunity and inflammatory response, increasing anti-inflammatory cytokines and decreasing pro-inflammatory ones .Bashutski et al.  showed tAlso, vitamin C deficiency may have a role in tissue healing and stability around dental implants. This micronutrient plays an important role in the biosynthesis of collagen, which is an important component of connective tissue of the gingiva, peri-implant mucosa, and alveolar bone . These eBMP-2 (p = 0.011), BMP-7 (p = 0.049), and OPN (p = 0.002) genes in the resveratrol-fed group than in the control group.With regard to resveratrol, Casarin et al.  investigRibeiro et al.  reportedHowever, considering the results of our research, several micronutrients are non-authorized or even not considered by the “EU Register on nutrition and health claims” on the basis of current scientific evidence.Major nutrients involved in skeletal health include calcium, phosphorus, vitamin D, magnesium, and potassium, but other micronutrients and trace elements such as boron, selenium, iron, zinc, and copper also impact bone metabolism. Information on the influence of such “minor” elements coming from studies on nutrient depletion and studies on osseointegration is still lacking.Our scoping review overall demonstrated a lack of data about the effects of micronutrients and nutraceuticals on osseointegration of dental implants, although, for some of them, such as vitamin D, there was a clear association among their deficit, reduced osseointegration, and increased early implant failure incidence in both animal and human studies.Some micronutrient deficiencies are supposed to increase oxidative stress and inflammation and to affect collagen structure and bone mineralization. For these reasons, it would be desirable that further studies investigate the hypothesis of an influence of micronutrients and nutraceuticals on dental implant osseointegration and long-term success, as well as the opportunity of a diet integration to enhance peri-implant wound healing, bone healing, and peri-implant tissue stability. However, data for many micronutrients that might modulate bone metabolism are lacking, and dosing regimens for dietary supplements that improve dental implant osseointegration are not defined according to available findings; furthermore, safety issues remain to be carefully investigated. In conclusion, our findings support an ancillary role of vitamin D, in patients with vitamin D deficiency, as well as vitamin C supplementation, in facilitating the success of the dental implant surgery.


Materials chemistry has been one of the most talked-about areas of materials research over the past decades. Spanning from polymers and composites to metallic, ceramic, and hybrid materials, as well as nano- and micromaterials, chemistry is unique in creating diverse arrays of new materials for applications in catalysis, energy conversion and storage, advanced electronics, environmental devices, drug delivery, smart textiles, packaging systems, or scaffolding for tissue engineering—to name but a few, with potential broad scientific and societal impact.At the same time, matching materials and sustainability is becoming crucial, as a result of ever more stringent regulatory requirements in the European Union, North America and developed Asian countries ,2,3,4. TSpecial importance is being attributed to the efficient use of the starting materials for obtaining the desired functional final products, while avoiding waste and the use of toxic substances, minimising the need for energy and using renewable resources ,8,9,10. Molecules, is reported in the Reference section of this Editorial [A selection of cutting-edge “Hot Papers” in the field of renewable materials, published in the Materials Chemistry Sector of ditorial ,23,24,25Molecules is to provide an open-access publishing platform for the effective dissemination of high-quality scientific outputs at the core of research on Materials Chemistry. The Section invites papers related to either experimental or theoretical studies about synthesis, properties, characterization, and application of materials in the widest sense .The target of the “Materials Chemistry” Section in Molecules? Discoverability, to begin with. Open access, indeed, translates into wider readership, greater visibility and increased citations; moreover, the Editorial Team of Molecules ensures online dissemination through social media tools, to maximize the visibility of the published research. Next, the Journal is associated with a favorable and constantly increasing impact factor (3.267). Furthermore, the committment of the Journal to the peer-review process ensures the high quality of the article accepted and a very efficient timeline.What are the benefits of publishing in the “Materials Chemistry” Section of Molecules. Please also note that, in doing this, the “Materials Chemistry” Section should be selected from the drop-down menu.Materials Chemistry is experiencing a paradigm shift from traditional production technologies and practices to one that assigns value to the replacement of fossil fuels with renewable resources, waste minimization, and avoiding the use of substances that pose serious risk to human health and the environment. In this context, the prospect for research on alternative feedstocks, environmentally benign reagents, solvents, and catalysts, and safer and more readily recyclable products, as well as non-persistent, non-bioaccumulative, eco-compatible materials, looks exciting. We hope you will consider submitting your materials’ chemistry-related manuscripts to


China” . Secondly, the email of the corresponding author should have been presented as “jhzhong28@163.com” (instead of as “jizhong28@163.com”). Therefore, the authors’ names and affiliations in this paper should have been presented as follows (changes are highlighted in bold):After the publication of the above paper, the authors have realized that the address presented for the authors, and the email address for the corresponding author, were both published containing errors. First, the address affiliation should have been presented as “Department of Hematology, Renji Hospital, GUOQIANG ZHANG, JIHUA ZHONG, TING WANG and LU ZHONGSchool of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200127, P.R. ChinaDepartment of Hematology, Renji Hospital, Correspondence to: Professor Jihua Zhong, Department of Hematology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, 160 Pujian Road, Pudong New Area, Shanghai 200127, P.R. ChinaE-mail: jhzhong28@163.comThe authors regret that these errors with the author affiliations and the corresponding author’s email address were not noticed prior to the publication of their paper, and apologize for any inconvenience caused.


In the published article, there was an error regarding the affiliations for Peng Shen. Instead of the affiliation “Department of Dermatology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China”, they should have the affiliation “Department of Orthopedics, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China”.The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.


The Nutrients Editorial Office would like to update the error in the original published version .2,4,*,†”, has been changed to “Maria Izquierdo-Pulido 1,2,4,*,†, who also belongs to the Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Gastronomy, School of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.” The affiliation of the fifth author, “Maria Izquierdo-Pulido We would like to apologize for any inconvenience caused to the authors and readers by this mistake. We will update the article, and the original version will remain available on the article webpage.


Correction to:Scientific Reports 10.1038/s41598-018-35670-3, published online 13 February 2019In the original version of this Article, Cíntia Martins was incorrectly listed as a second corresponding author. The correct and only corresponding author for this Article is Ellie Bergstrom. Correspondence and request for materials should be addressed to ellie.bergstrom@griffithuni.edu.au.Further to this, the original version of this Article omitted an affiliation for Ellie Bergstrom. The correct affiliations for Ellie Bergstrom are listed below:School of Environment & Science and Australian Rivers Institute – Nathan Campus, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Road, Brisbane, Nathan, Queensland, 4111, AustraliaLaboratory of Phycology, Department of Botany, Center for Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88040-970 Florianópolis, SC, BrazilThese errors have now been corrected in the HTML and PDF versions of the Article, and in the accompanying Supplemental Material.


There are errors in the Funding statement. The correct Funding statement is as follows: This work was supported by the Researchers supporting Project (RSP-2020/189) King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.There is an error in affiliation 4 for author Giancarlo Polizzi. The correct affiliation 4 is: Dipartimento di Agricoltura, Alimentazione e Ambiente, Sezione di Patologiavegetale, University of Catania, Italy.


Scientific Reports 10.1038/s41598-020-72589-0, published online 27 May 2020Correction to: The Acknowledgements section in this Article is incomplete.Tara Pacific consortium, France Genomique Grant Number ANR-10-INBS-09, and the Genoscope/CEA. We are keen to thank the commitment of the people and the following institutions and sponsors who made this singular expedition possible: CNRS, CSM, PSL, KAUST, Genoscope/CEA, ANR-CORALGENE, agnès b., the Veolia Environment Foundation, Region Bretagne, Serge Ferrari, Billerudkorsnas, AmerisourceBergen Company, Lorient Agglomération, Oceans by Disney, the Prince Albert II de Monaco Foundation, L′Oreal, Biotherm, France Collectivites, Kankyo Station, Fonds Francais pour l′Environnement Mondial (FFEM), Etienne Bourgois, UNESCO-IOC, the Tara Foundation teams and crew. Tara Pacific would not exist without the continuous support of the participating institutes. This publication is number 5 of the Tara Pacific Consortium.”“This project has been funded through the should read:Tara Pacific consortium, France Genomique Grant Number ANR-10-INBS-09, and the Genoscope/CEA. We are keen to thank the commitment of the people and the following institutions and sponsors who made this singular expedition possible: CNRS, CSM, PSL, KAUST, Genoscope/CEA, ANR-CORALGENE, agnès b., the Veolia Environment Foundation, Region Bretagne, Serge Ferrari, Billerudkorsnas, AmerisourceBergen Company, Lorient Agglomération, Oceans by Disney, the Prince Albert II de Monaco Foundation, L′Oreal, Biotherm, France Collectivites, Kankyo Station, Fonds Francais pour l′Environnement Mondial (FFEM), Etienne Bourgois, UNESCO-IOC, the Tara Foundation teams and crew. Tara Pacific would not exist without the continuous support of the participating institutes. We also thank Professor Russel Clark Perembo, Alfred Yohang Ko’ou, Augustine Mungkaje and Professor Simon Saulei, researchers of the Marine Scientific Research Committee and the National Research Institute of Papua New Guinea for the authorization of coral sampling and their valuable assistance during Tara expedition in Papua New Guinea. This publication is number 5 of the Tara Pacific Consortium.”“This project has been funded through the Additionally, the information about research permissions is not included in the Article. The sampling and research described in this paper was approved by the Marine Scientific Research committee and the department of foreign affairs and trade of the independent state of Papua New Guinea, under the diplomatic clearance number 0232.


Nabiximols  interact with both CB1 and CB2 receptors. In several clinical trials with Nabiximols for MS spasticity, the investigators report improvement not only in spasticity itself, but also in several functions/symptoms mentioned before . We can conceptualize and, therefore, hypothesize, through this indirect information, that it could be considered the existence of a broad “Spasticity-Plus Syndrome” that involves, a cluster of symptoms apart from spasticity itself, the rest of the mentioned functions/symptoms, probably because they are interlinked after the increase of muscle tone and mediated, at least in part, in the same or close areas of the brainstem. If this holds true, there exists the possibility to treat several spasticity-related symptoms induced by MS pathology with a single therapy, which would permit to avoid the unnecessary adverse effects produced by polytherapy. This would result in an important advance in the symptomatic management of MS.Multiple sclerosis (MS) pathology progressively affects multiple central nervous system (CNS) areas. Due to this fact, MS produces a wide array of symptoms. Symptomatic therapy of one MS symptom can cause or worsen other unwanted symptoms . Appropriate symptomatic therapy is an unmet need. Several important functions/symptoms  are mediated, in great part, in the brainstem. Cannabinoid receptors are distributed throughout the CNS irregularly: There is an accumulation of CB In the last two decades, the availability of new disease-modifying therapies has radically changed the management of multiple sclerosis (MS) and relapsing–remitting MS in particular , resultiA wide range of treatments are available to manage each of the MS symptoms –7. GivenMS pathology affects multiple areas of the central nervous system (CNS), producing therefore a multiplicity of symptoms that can be basically classified as sensory alterations, fatigue, importantly cognitive dysfunction, pain , visual and brainstem symptoms , those relating to mobility , psychologic/psychiatric alterations , bowel, sexual and bladder dysfunctions, sleep disorders, and paroxysmal symptoms . All these symptoms vary along the course of the disease, being more prevalent as the disease evolves  9–12)  to total (4%) . Similar1% to totAtaxia, reported in up to 80% of MS patients at some point in their disease , and treBladder symptoms have been reported in approximately three-quarters of patients with MS , while sFatigue, depression, and cognitive impairment are also highly prevalent among patients with MS and impact quality of life even after accounting for physical disability , 27. CenIn summary, symptoms of MS are widespread, varied, often interlinked, and highly prevalent among patients with the disease. The impact on quality of life is substantial, and mobility is a concern for patients , 17. MS As detailed above, the symptoms of MS are varied and substantially impact patients' well-being. Management of symptoms is, however, a complex task requiring a multidisciplinary approach. In some cases, non-pharmacological interventions may be beneficial, e.g., physiotherapy for spasticity, but might have a limited time effect and the evidence supporting such approaches is not always strong , and phaAny pharmacological intervention has a risk of side effects  and thisA syndrome in medicine is classically defined as a combination of signs and/or symptoms that forms a distinct clinical picture indicative of a particular disease or disorder . UsuallyAlthough the specific mechanisms of the above symptoms might vary, damage to the CNS is common to all of them and we could consider, for practical reasons, as forming part of a syndrome, in which we would denote this new broad “Spasticity-Plus Syndrome” as a useful concept to be used in the symptomatic management in MS. This could be considered as an extension of the definition of symptom clusters or complexes, which underscores two primary features that have been defined as the existence of “three or more symptoms  that are related to each other and that the symptoms must be inter-related through a common etiology or statistically as a cluster or latent variable. Such concurrent symptoms likely have a synergistic influence on behavioral, functional, and QOL outcomes and co-occurring symptoms seemingly provide a more efficient target for management than a single, isolated symptom taken out of its clinical context” .The framing of MS symptoms within a syndrome also implies that a single intervention, in this case one that targets the cannabinoid system, a widely distributed molecular system in the CNS, may potentially influence a range of different symptoms. The presence in MS patients of one or more of the symptoms contained in the broad “Spasticity-Plus Syndrome” concept (spasticity and/or spasms-cramps and/or pain and/or bladder dysfunction and/or sleep disorders and/or fatigue and/or tremor) would have to trigger in physicians the search of the other symptoms' presence and severity and the attempt to manage them as appropriately as possible with proven, well-tolerated, and as simple as possible to use options.1 and CB2, along with their ligands, the endocannabinoids, which are derived from fatty acids  –47.CAnnabinoids for treatment of spasticity and other symptoms related toMultipleSclerosis study (“CAMS”)   found si(“CAMS”) , 51. In (“CAMS”) . There i(“CAMS”) . MoreoveAs a clear limitation, we consider this as a preliminary conceptual proposal that has to be sustained in the future with new studies, not yet available, and that could give more background and support to our concept, so that the hypothesis would be testable and be a promising area of research in the field of symptomatic therapy. Another limitation is the fact that we do not know whether this concept could be applied to the spasticity present in other diseases such as spinal cord injury, stroke, etc., as it has not been surveyed yet as far as we know.1 and CB2 receptors.The numerous and varied symptoms associated with MS requires complex management with multiple drugs, all with potential side effects that may exacerbate other symptoms and with potential drug–drug interactions. Recognition that a good number of MS symptoms might have a common or close underlying pathophysiology, or respond to a single therapy, in the form of a new broad “Spastic-Plus Syndrome” in MS may help simplify treatment of these symptoms with agents such as cannabinoids that target CBÓF, LC-F, MM-G, PM, JP, and LR contributed conception and design of the study. ÓF wrote the first draft of the manuscript. All authors contributed to manuscript revision, read, and approved the submitted version.ÓF has received honoraria as consultant in advisory boards, as chair/lecturer in meetings, from participation in clinical trials and other research projects promoted by Actelion, Allergan, Almirall, Bayer-Schering, Biogen, Merck Serono, Novartis, Sanofi Genzyme, Roche, Teva, Orizon, and Araclon, and research support from the Hospital Foundation FIMABIS. LC-F has received compensation for consulting services and speaking fees from Merck, Novartis, Biogen, Bayer, Sanofi, Genzyme, TEVA, Almirall, Biopas, Ipsen, Celgene, and Mylan. MM-G has received compensation for consulting services and speaking fees from Merck, Biogen, Novartis, Sanofi-Genzyme, Almirall, Roche, and Teva. PM has received compensation for consulting services and speaking fees from Almirall. JP has done consultancy work for Bayer HealthCare, Biogen, Genzyme, Novartis, Sanofi-Aventis, Teva, Roche, Merck, and Almirall; has given lectures in congresses and symposia organized by Almirall, Bayer, Biogen, Genzyme, Merck, Novartis, Sanofi-Aventis, and Teva Pharmaceuticals; and has received funding for research projects from Almirall, Biogen, Novartis, and Sanofi-Genzyme. LR has received compensation for consulting services and speaking fees from Biogen, Novartis, Bayer, Merck, Sanofi, Genzyme, TEVA, Almirall, and Mylan.