AbstractSorexaraneus Linnaeus, 1758, inhabiting the territory of Belarus, are characterized by a significant variation in the frequency of Robertsonian (Rb) translocations. The frequency clines for translocations specific of three chromosome races: the West Dvina , Kiev , and Białowieża  have already been studied in this territory. In this communication we report new data on polymorphic populations with Rb metacentrics specific of the Neroosa race  in south-eastern Belarus, analyse the distribution of karyotypes in southern and central Belarus and draw particular attention to the fixation of the acrocentric variants of chromosomes in this area. The results show that certain Rb metacentrics specific of the Neroosa, West Dvina, Kiev, and Białowieża races  are absent in many polymorphic populations. Thus, the karyotypic differentiation of S.araneus in the studied area is determined by unequal spread of different Rb translocations and by fixation of acrocentric variants of specific chromosomes.The common shrews,  Sorexaraneus Linnaeus, 1758, a species inhabiting Eurasia, is a model object for population genetic studies due to its exclusive chromosomal polymorphism  and sex chromosomes  are characteristic of species S.araneus , while ten autosomal arms  can be presented as acrocentrics or be fused as metacenetrics  or as arms of metacentrics .The common shrew, enetrics . The desS.araneus is a subdivision of populations into chromosome races. “A chromosome race of Sorexaraneus is defined as a group of geographically contiguous or recently separated populations which share the same set of metacentrics and acrocentrics by descent” (S.araneus differ in the composition and numbers (one–five pairs) of metacentrics, which were formed by Robertsonian (Rb) translocations involving 10 pairs of acrocentric chromosomes, g, h, i, k, m, n, o, p, q, and r  is considered as initial in chromosomal evolution of S.araneus (Rb translocations are referred to as “race-specific fused chromosomes” (or “race-specific metacentrics”) (Rb translocations are fixed), while polymorphism for 2–5 translocations was revealed in majority of chromosome races  . MonomorRb translocations may have occurred in isolated small-size populations, for example, in glacial refugia. The data on mtDNA polymorphism in some European species of small mammals, including species of the genus Sorex, testify to the existence of multiple glacial refugia in Mediterranean and central Europe  make contact, narrow hybrid zones (0.5–5 km) are formed . If race0–100 km .PageBreakg/m, hi, k/o, n, p, q, r)  and Turov  races were described in the vicinities of Bobruisk and Turov towns, respectively   inhabitsp, q, r) , 2016. Tectively .Rb metacentrics, similar to the clinal variation in wide hybrid zones, was observed in the polymorphic populations of the Kiev, Białowieża, West Dvina, and Borisov races in Belarus. Karyotypes with ten pairs of acrocentric chromosomes  were found in some of these polymorphic populations  in July–September, 2014 and in September, 2015 . Our karyological data on 290 shrews trapped in 2009–2013  helped to identify three Rb metacentrics, hi, kr and mn ; however, other two metacentrics of this race, go and pq, have not been found at the sites studied. The Rb translocation hi is fixed in all the examined samples, and chromosome arms k, r and m, n occur both as metacentric and acrocentric morphs  were found in two samples from Rechitsa and Bragin districts (nos. 6 and 7).Karyotyping of hs Table . The kr PageBreakRb metacentrics of the Kiev race , hi and ko, were observed , two g/r, hn, ik, m/p), hn and ik, were found  were revealed in populations southwards of the town of Borisov , however, the frequency of the gm metacentric occurred to be lower than in the samples from the Ukraine  and the shrews with metacentric of the Kiev race (ko) were found in samples from Rechitsa and Bragin districts, and hybrid individuals with metacentrics of both the races  were found in the vicinity of Rechitsa city   .Rb metacentrics of the Kiev and Białowieża races: simple heterozygotes  and complex heterozygotes , were revealed along the Ptich River and on the south bank of the Pripyat River, close to PageBreakthe confluence of the Pripyat and Uborot’ Rivers . The low fitness of hybrids  leads to the decrease of metacentric frequency. This phenomenon is called “acrocentric peak” (1) Hybridization between metacentric races which differ for the arm combinations of ic peak” .2) Hybridization between metacentric races and an acrocentric race that existed in the Dnieper basin in the past .Our hypothesis about the existence of acrocentric race in the present-day Belarus or neighbouring territory during the Last glacial maximum  does not contradict the paleontological and paleobotanic data: fossil remains of the common shrew were found in the Middle Dnieper basin  and a foS.araneus in the low Dnieper and Pripyat basin is determined by unequal spread of different Rb translocations and by fixation of acrocentric PageBreakvariants of the particular chromosome arms. Each of four groups of the polymorphic populations possessing metacentrics, which are specific of the Neroosa, West Dvina, Kiev, and Białowieża races, consists of two subgroups: 1) polymorphic populations with all Rb metacentrics of the initial race, irrespective of their frequencies . According to the definition of a chromosome race as “ … populations which share the same set of metacentrics and acrocentrics by descent”  by acrocentric variant of the arms o and r were recognized as the Ammarnas and Hattsjo races  by acrocentric variant of arms n and o was recognized as the Rügen race  The absence of metacentrics  The abseChromosome race: Gomel’ (Gm)af, bc, g, hi, jl, k/r, m/n, o, p, q, tuKaryotype: XX/XY1Y2, 52°25'29"N, 30°52'31"E.Type locality: vicinity of Gomel’ city, Belarus, Distribution range: An area between Dnieper and Sozh Rivers, Gomel, and Rechitsa district; to the south of Rechitsa city to the latitude of Bragino city. The western boundary of the range lies along the west bank of the Dnieper River, approximately at the longitude of Rechitsa city. The other boundaries are not determined.Rb metacentrics characteristic of the Kiev race occur only in populations to the south of the Pripyat River  All the three  All the Chromosome race: Svetlogorsk (Sv)af, bc, g, h/i, j/l, k/o, m, n, p, q, r, tu ; the low Berezina basin to the vicinity of Parichi and Zhlobin cities to the north, from the east bank of the Ptich River and to the west bank of the Dnieper River.gr and mp, specific of the Białowieża race, in S.araneus populations inhabiting the territory along the Ptich River allows us to recognize these populations  (Table (3) The absence of metacentrics Chromosome race: Oktiabr’skiy (Ok)af, bc, g, h/n, j/l, i/k, m, o, p, q, rKaryotype: XX/X Y1Y2, 52°34'26"N, 28°44'37"E.Type locality: Rozhanov settlement, vicinity of Oktiabr’skiy town, Belarus Distribution range: Southwestern Belarus, territory along the Ptich River, approximately to the latitude of Osipovichi city to the north. The western boundary is not determined. Easternmost site for shrews of this race is on the east bank of the Berezina River. The southern boundary extends along the south bank of the Pripyat River from Turov city to the confluence of the Ptich and Pripyat Rivers.Rb translocations in definite parts of the S.araneus range is very important for study of intraspecies structure of the S.araneus. Unequal spread of different Rb translocations and fixation of acrocentric variants of particular chromosome arms observed in each of these groups is an interesting example of karyotypic differentiation in populations of the common shrew.Now, 74 chromosome races of the common shrew (including 49 polymorphic ones) are known , however


The Fourth Congress of the Romanian Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgery, connected with the Annual Conference of the Romanian Retina Society took place in the period 22-25 of June 2017, in Eforie Nord.The association of these two conferences, already a tradition, was again a great success, with an audience of more than five hundred ophthalmologists from Romania and from abroad.The event started on Thursday with an interesting symposium about the role of aflibercept in retinal pathology. Horia Stanca, MD, PhD, and Prof. Mihnea Munteanu, MD, PhD, shared their experience with this type of treatment.The Conference continued with three very interesting lectures: Assoc. Prof. Florian Balta talked about vitamin D and retina, Daniel Branisteanu, MD, PhD, presented an update about the surgical treatment in retinology and Horia Stanca, MD, PhD, approached a very difficult issue: education in ophthalmology, talking about his experience with the educational system for residents in the USA.The following day, the Congress of Romanian Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgery began. There were two days with a very dense schedule, very interesting topics being approached during the sessions: Ngenuity 3D Visualization System Platform, both for anterior and posterior pole surgery, new types of premium intraocular lenses, the role of vitreoretinal surgeon in managing ocular trauma, premium personalized intraocular lens and others.The session about nightmares in ophthalmology was very much appreciated, during which, experienced surgeons shared their experience with very complicated cases.The international participation was important, with interesting presentations of Prof. Usha Chakravarthy - Belfast – on OCT, Juergen Beierl on Refractive Corneal Topography and Prof. Sorcha Ni Dhunhgheill – Antwerp - on cataract surgery in children, bag in the lens technique.An important event that also took place during this Congress was the election for the Board of Romanian Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. Prof. Calin Tataru, MD, PhD, the leader of this Society the last four years, presented a scientific and financial audit. The overall conclusion was that this was a remarkable period, with many achievements: four Congresses of the Society, the joint with the Conference of Romanian Retina Society, the print of the Guide for Cataract Surgery and many others.The delegates appreciated very much the activity of the former President, so, after the voting, Prof. Calin Tataru, MD, PhD, remained President of Romanian Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgery for the next four years. He suggested and the delegates approved that the former Secretary and Treasurer would remain in duty. Musat Ovidiu, MD, PhD, and Madalina Serban, MD, PhD, were confirmed as Secretary and Treasurer by the delegates.Finally, a vote for two vice presidents established that Dorin Nicula, MD, PhD, and Mihail Zemba, MD, PhD, would join the Board of Romanian Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgery for the next four years. The Editorial Board of Romanian Journal of Ophthalmology wishes great success to all of them.Editor-in-ChiefMihail Zemba, MD, PhD


In this paper, some properties of the interior of positive dual cones are discussed. With the help of dilating cones, a new notion of inner superefficient points for a set is introduced. Under the assumption of near cone-subconvexlikeness, by applying the separation theorem for convex sets, the relationship between inner superefficient points and superefficient points is established. Compared to other approximate points in the literature, inner superefficient points in this paper are really ‘approximate’. Rong and Wu =∅. By , since \nd, from  and ). From , ProposiC-subconvexlike, and B is a bounded base of C, then C is empty, however, In this paper, some properties for the interior of positive dual cones were studied. Using the dilating cones, we introduced a new notion of inner superefficient points, which has a nice property (see Theorem


Background: In the present study, we explored the associations between hypomania, symptoms of depression, sleep complaints, physical activity and mental toughness. The latter construct has gained interest for its association with a broad variety of favorable behavior in both clinical and non-clinical samples.Subjects and Methods: The non-clinical sample consisted of 206 young adults . They completed questionnaires covering hypomania, mental toughness, symptoms of depression, physical activity, and sleep quality.Results: Higher hypomania scores were associated with higher mental toughness, increased physical activity, lower symptoms of depression and lower sleep complaints. No gender differences were observed. Higher hypomania scores were predicted by higher scores of mental toughness subscales of control and challenge, and physical activity.Conclusion: The pattern of results suggests that among a non-clinical sample of young adults, self-rated hypomania scores were associated with higher scores on mental toughness and physical activity, along with lower depression and sleep complaints. The pattern of results further suggests that hypomania traits are associated with a broad range of favorable psychological, behavioral and sleep-related traits, at least among a non-clinical sample of young adults. For at least three reasons there is growing interest in the mood state of hypomania: First, hypomanic states and bipolar disorders may be underdiagnosed , 2010: AMore specifically, the dimensionality of increased mood has gained particular attention. Further studies showed that higher scores of hypomania were associated with higher scores of self-efficacy, exploration behavior, pain tolerance, and coping, along with higher physical activity , more unWhile there is extant literature as regards the associations between dimensions of increased scores of hypomania and romantic love states, increased sleep, and lower scores of depression and anxiety, surprisingly and to the best of our knowledge, only one study focused on the association between the dimensionality of hypomania and physical activity, while the association between hypomania scores and mental toughness is fully unexplored so far. However, we claim that focusing on both physical activity and mental toughness is justified for the following reasons: As regards physical activity, there is evidence that inactivity has become the new ‘smoking’; in other words, inactivity has become the main factor for the emergence of non-communicable diseases. Further, reviews and meta-analyses  showed tMental toughness is a psychological concept to describe a person’s ability to cope with difficulties and to achieve self-defined aims . SpecifiWe hold that shedding some more light on the relationship between dimensions of hypomania, physical activity and dimensions of mental toughness is important, as a deeper understanding may serve to underpin the analysis of certain facets of human behavior. Further, previous research  investigThe following three hypotheses and two research questions were formulated. First, following a previous study , we expeStudents of the Hamadan University of Medical Sciences  were approached to participate in the present questionnaire-based study on the relationship between hypomania, mental toughness, physical activity, depression, and sleep. All participants were fully informed about the study aims, the confidential nature of the data gathering, and the secure data protection. Afterward, all participants signed the written informed consent. Next, clinical psychologists performed a brief psychiatric interview  participated in the study; 15 were excluded due to psychiatric issues , and 42 declined to participate in. No age difference between male and female participants was observed .During the spring semester 2016, a total of 263 students of the Hamadan University of Medical Sciences  were approached, and 206  was applied . The ISIwww.ipaq.ki.se. However, in the present study, we collapsed the data to a composite score; the reason was that scores of vigorous-intensity activities were rarely reported and that preliminary calculations showed that differences between walking and moderate-intensity activities were very small.To obtain information on physical activity, the short version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) was used. This questionnaire was developed by a working group initiated by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The purpose of the questionnaire is to provide an estimate of a weekly physical activity time. Further, results from twelve countries demonstrate that the IPAQ has comparable reliability and validity to other self-report measures of physical activity . The shot’s were < 1.0, p’s > 0.1; thus, gender was not introduced as a possible confounder. Next, we performed a series of non-linear calculations between hypomania scores and scores of mental toughness, physical activity, and symptoms of depression, and the introspection showed no non-linear associations. Thus, only linear correlations were performed.Preliminary calculations: First, we performed a series of t-tests to compare data between male and female participants; all ® 24.00  for Apple Mac®.First, a series of Pearson’s correlations were performed between scores of hypomania and mental toughness, symptoms of depression, sleep complaints and physical activity. Next, to predict hypomania scores, a multiple regression analysis was performed with mental toughness traits, depression, sleep and physical activity as predictors. The nominal level of significance was set at α ≤ 0.05. All computations were performed with SPSSTable 1 reports all correlational computations and the descriptive statistics  for the scores of hypomania and mental toughness (MTQ48), symptoms of depression (BDI), sleep complaints (ISI), and physical activity (PA).Higher scores in hypomania were associated with higher scores in mental toughness, and more specifically with the overall score and with all subscales.Higher scores in hypomania were associated with decreased sleep disturbances (ISI), and symptoms of depression (BDI), but with higher physical activity scores (PA).R = 0.497; R2 = 0.243, Durbin–Watson coefficient = 1.76) were predicted by higher scores of Challenge  and Control , and higher physical activity scores , while all other predictors were excluded from the equation .To predict hypomania scores, a multiple regression analysis was performed with hypomania scores as dependent variable, and MT traits, sleep disturbances, symptoms of depression, and physical activity as predictors. Higher hypomania scores , though the inherent statistical algorithms of multiple regression analyses are such to favor those predictors with higher correlation coefficients.The present results also answer the second research question: Higher hypomania scores were predicted by higher scores of Challenge and Control, along with higher physical activity scores. We also note that The quality of the data does not allow a deeper introspection into the underlying psychological mechanisms of why hypomania and mental toughness might be associated, though we advance the following hypotheses: typical items of the hypomania questionnaire  cluster Despite the novelty of the data, several limitations warrant against an overgeneralization of the results. First, we assessed young adults, who by definition do not represent people of lower and higher age, and above all not people with mental health issues. In this view, both inclusion and exclusion criteria were such to exclude participants with psychiatric disorders. While from a scientific point of view, it would have been also important to assess such participants, we decided to exclude them, as we wanted to investigate explicitly a non-clinical sample. Second, we did not distinguish between ‘bright’ and ‘dark’ side hypomania categories, as proposed by other studies , though Among a sample of young adults, higher hypomania scores were associated with higher scores of mental toughness and physical activity. The results add to the current literature in showing that traits of hypomania are associated with favorable traits such as mental toughness and increased physical activity.Study design: LJ, AR, MH, MA, DSB, AS, SS, HB, MG, and EH-T and SB. Data gathering: LJ, AR, MH, MA, DSB, AS, SS, and HB. Data analysis: AR, DSB, MG, EH-T, and SB. Interpretation of the data: LJ, AR, MH, MA, DSB, AS, SS, HB, MG, EH-T, and SB. Writing the first draft: AR, MA, DSB, MG, EH-T and SB. Integration of the authors’ comments: AR, MA, DSB, MG, EH-T, and SB. Final manuscript: LJ, AR, MH, MA, DSB, AS, SS, HB, MG, EH-T, and SB.The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.


Since the turn of the twenty-first century, competency-based medical education (CBME) has become a dominant approach to postgraduate medical education in many countries. CBME has a history dating back half a century and is rooted in general educational approaches such as outcome-based education and mastery learning. Despite controversies around the terminology and the CBME approach, important national medical regulatory bodies in Canada, the United States, and other countries have embraced CBME. CBME can be characterized as having two distinct features: a focus on specific domains of competence, and a relative independence of time in training, making it an individualized approach that is particularly applicable in workplace training. It is not the length of training that determines a person’s readiness for unsupervised practice, but the attained competence or competencies. This shift in focus makes CBME different from traditional training. In this contribution, definitions of CBME and related concepts are detailed. Competency-based medical education (CBME) or training (CBMT) has become widely used terminology since the turn of the twenty-first century. Despite its ubiquitous use, there is variation in the use of the terminology and related concepts. In this entry a brief historical overview of the concept is provided, followed by a focus on a clear justification and definition of CBME, competence, competency, and closely related concepts. In 1949, long before the term “competency-based” education was being used in medical or other areas of education, educational psychologist Ralph Tyler sowed its first seeds in what has become known as the “Tyler rationale”  is a health-professional who can practice medicine at a defined level of proficiency, in accord with local conditions, to meet local needs” .As competency-based medical education is outcome-based, a focus of CBME on postgraduate training has been dominant. In western countries, unsupervised practice of healthcare, the dominant outcome of the training of physicians, is almost exclusively the prerogative of medical specialists after postgraduate training, which now includes primary care. CanMEDS framework  project in the 1990s . T. TCanMEDhe 1990s , 13],  to to10] tofacets of competence, which is actually a better wording than competencies ..facets oEPAs have been proposed in a wide range of specialty programs, including pediatrics, psychiatry, internal medicine, anesthesiology, geriatrics, surgery, pulmonary and critical care, family medicine and emergency medicine , 35], , , 37], , , 39], , , 41]. . 41]. Another recent concept connected with CBME is that of “milestones.” En route to competence, trainees develop progressively in a way that can be defined as stages or performance levels. In the 1980s, Dreyfus and Dreyfus defined five stages in the development of skill: Novice, Advanced Beginner, Competent, Proficient, and Expert . These hst century , i, i48], i century , 53]..st centuAnother issue that will ask attention is the continuum of medical training. While a century ago the basic medical degree was sufficient for independent practice of most medical trainees, now it has become embedded in a continuum . ContinuThis article is based to a large extent on Ten Cate O, “Medical Education, Competency-Based” in the Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Health Illness, Behavior, and Society by Cockerham WC, Dingwall R and Quah, SR (Eds), 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd (pp 1329-1335). Permission was obtained to republish this entry.The author declares that he has no competing interests.


Val Vallyathan died in a tragic accident Friday, July 23, 2010 while visiting family in New Jersey. His colleagues at NIOSH, Morgantown, WV are stunned by his sudden death.Val was married for 45 years to Usha, and they were blessed with two children, Sanjay and Veena, and two grandchildren.Val received his B.Sc. (Honors), M.Sc., and Ph.D. degrees at Maharaja Sayajirao (M.S.) University of Baroda, India. He next held several academic and research and teaching positions at Maharaja Sayajirao University, the University of Baroda, the University of Guelph (Canada), the University of Vermont, and the Institute for Muscle Disease. Val joined NIOSH in 1979 and had been a leading researcher on the Morgantown campus ever since. He served as an Advisor to many university graduate students and postdoctoral fellows at the Maharaja Sayajirao University, the University of Vermont, West Virginia University and NIOSH.At NIOSH Val was a Research Physiologist and Team Leader in the Pathology and Physiology Research Branch (PPRB) of the Health Effects Laboratory Division. In fact, Val was trained primarily as an experimental pathologist, and his primary research interests lay in occupational respiratory diseases. After his retirement in October, 2009, Val came back to PPRB as an Expert Consultant; he was unable to cut his ties to his research activities, and probably would have never really retired and left his research.In addition to his duties at NIOSH, Val held several Adjunct Professorships at West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, in the Departments of Pathology, Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Anatomy.Val's influence on occupational health research was widely acknowledged and reached around the world. Of the many conferences he organized or played a significant role in, he would be most proud of the four international conferences on oxygen and nitrogen free radicals, the last one being held in October, 2009. Other conferences with which he was involved, both within and outside of NIOSH, were equally relevant, timely and successful.Nominated 17 times for Alice Hamilton and Charles C. Shepard Awards for "Best Paper of the Year" in NIOSH or CDC, respectively. Val received the Hamilton award in 1999 and 2001 and honorable mentions in other years.Val figure  was inteIn addition to holding one patent, Val published extensively. He served as a book editor, guest editor or chapter or review contributor for many volumes. In addition, he authored at least 376 full publications in scientific journals, with another dozen or so invited articles. He has published at least 198 conference presentations and abstracts, with 5 papers in preparation at the time of his death. What we noticed as we reflected on Val's tenure at NIOSH was the remarkable diversity of his interests and curiosity. For example, he has published papers characterizing the effects, mechanisms of action, and possible approaches for preventing disease from the following array of toxic agents: nanotubes, metal particles, asbestos, silica, quartz, cigarette smoke, agricultural dust, coal dust, reactive oxygen species, grape dust, citrus dust, diesel exhaust, cadmium, iron, mercury, cumene hydroperoxide, toluene diisocyanate, welding fume, arsenic, chlorogenic acid, lipopolysaccharide, vanadate, chromium, nickel, eugenol, nylon flock, volcanic ash, and talc. His work also paid much attention to pathways involved in apoptosis, the respiratory burst and surfactant's role in the lungs. Of these subjects his greatest scientific contributions were to the understanding of silicosis and the roles of free radicals in lung disease.The above facts are a dry, statistical summary of the scientific life of Val Vallyathan. They do nothing to honor him as a person, friend and colleague. Val was universally liked by everyone; he had malice for no one. It was always enjoyable to be in Val's company because he was respectful, engaging and pleasant. He was open, honest and unpretentious, despite his accomplishments. Rarely did he ever complain, but, if he did, he did so with elan, wit and wisdom, making us all laugh and ever aware of the special person he was.We have lost a dedicated and committed lung researcher and friend. His is a huge legacy.


We are HIV. Our family is ancient.Out of Africa,Monkey to man,From the trees and forests,To the towns and cities.We are here.For we are HIV, we are legion.Our children are billions,Our home, in your defenses,In your blood, your brain,Your saliva, your semen.We are everywhere.For we are HIV, we are immortal.We are part of you,And you of us,We live with you, butMay not die with you.We go on.For we are HIV, we are travelers.From lover to lover,Mother to baby,Donor to blood bank,Blood bank to patient,We follow you.For we are HIV, we evolve.NRTIs, NNRTIs, PIs, INIs,New designs, new drugs,Bring it on, bring it on,Q151M, K103N, L90M.We adapt, we survive.We are HIV. We consume.Your resources, your time,Your hope, your lives,Your new drugs are easy.Where are your vaccines?Can you stop us? We will see.


Surprisingly, however, these authors did not recognize that there is a third major mechanism for human contact with plant allergens: ingestion. In an article published in Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health, I (In their article, ealth, I  proposedealth, I .2, on plant food allergens, especially their relative concentrations.I agree that the plant biology aspect of climate change and human health is underappreciated, and I also strongly support


University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden is incorrectly used in the affiliations. It should be replaced with Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.


In this study the authors have prospectively analyzed the results of 40 samples from tomato, orange, lemon, and mandarin juices. Ten samples of 100 ml were collected from four juice groups. Citrate, oxalate, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium, chloride, and pH levels were examined in all samples. The same values were also examined after the samples were stored at 4°C for 1 week.P < 0.001, P < 0.001, and P < 0.001, respectively), higher level of magnesium , and lower level of sodium  were found as compared to orange, lemon, and mandarin juices. No differences were found with regard to calcium, potassium, phosphorus, chloride, and pH in these juices.In fresh juice groups, in tomato juice statistically higher level of citrate , higher level of magnesium , and lower level of sodium  were found as compared to orange, lemon, and mandarin juices. No differences were found with regard to calcium, potassium, phosphorus, chloride, and pH in these juices.Similarly, in stored juice groups, in tomato juice statistical higher level of citrate , were found in tomato juice as compared to orange, lemon, and mandarin juices. Higher level of oxalate was found in stored group as compared to fresh juice group (P <0.005).In fresh juice group, statistically lower level of oxalate  through the gastrointestinal tract. More than 90% of the citrate that is absorbed is metabolized. Approximately 10% is excreted in urine without being metabolized.[In this study, authors have shown higher level of citrate in tomato as compared to citrus plants, which are natural sources of citrate. In addition, the lower level of oxalate as compared with that in citrus fruits is a noteworthy advantage. The high level of magnesium and low level of sodium and oxalate, particularly in fresh tomato juice, is also remarkable. In terms of calcium and pH levels, no significant differences were observed between tomato and citrus fruits. The amount of oxalate was shown to increase in stored tomato juice.All above factors, that is higher citrate and magnesium levels as well as lower sodium and oxalate levels help in prevention of stone formation. Fresh tomato juice is well tolerated and inexpensive. The results of this study indicate that, following further human studies, fresh tomato juice may be recommended instead of pharmacologic potassium citrate for prophylactic purposes in mild to moderate hypocitraturic recurrent nephrolithiasis.Interestingly, in India, there is widespread misconception among general population as well as among general practitioners that tomatoes are high in oxalate, and predispose to stone formation. This study convincingly demonstrates the truth to be just the opposite, and tomato juice may prove to be the treatment of choice in stone prevention.


Following the publication of this article , it was The authors declare that they have no competing interests.All authors participated at the EUROPRISE conference as to be able to report on it. MB, AC, KDC, WDH, TD, SD, KG, DH, JH, KK, LM, PP, MR, JS, PS, AS, HU, MJVG, and CW were in charge of the writing of dedicated chapters covering the different sessions of the conference. GS, BW and RS organized the sessions and the writing. Together with PB they wrote, corrected and revised the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.


A comprehensive book, probably first time in India, on a wide variety of legal issues concerning medical profession which is meant to provide necessary legal knowledge for solving day-to-day problems of doctors, nursing homes, hospitals, blood banks, and other medical establishments.It is an aid to the medical profession for protection against exploitation and harassment. The topics covered in this book include Medical Council of India, dental/homeopathy/Indian medicines/nursing/pharmacy/rehabilitation councils. MTP, PCPNDT, transplantation of human organs, mental health, blood banks, biomedical waste, registration of births and deaths, epidemic diseases, consumer protection, human rights, right of information, electricity, development authority, municipal tax, minimum wages and related labor laws, employee's provident fund and related schemes, criminal procedure code, income tax search, and surveys with PAN/TAN, professional indemnity insurance, health insurance, Supreme Court judgments, forms for registering complaints against harassment with Lok-Ayukta and National Human Rights Commission, Fundamental Rights, citizenship, Red Cross, etc.This book also contains copies of official documents which are useful to settle day-to-day problems. However, these documents mainly relate to state of Uttar Pradesh, but their application can be extrapolated to other states as well as most of the laws are similar if not identical in almost all the states.The writer is himself a doctor and hence is well aware about the ignorance of doctors in general about their responsibilities and rights while being subjected to laws of the land. In this context, the book is a legal companion for all the people connected with medical profession. It will serve as a reference book whenever faced with any legal or administrative problems.


Objective: The object of this study was to develop a simple and             inexpensive test for detection of bacterial vaginosis (BV) in pregnant patients and to test its             accuracy in a clinic population.					Methods: We developed a modified proline aminopeptidase (PAMP)             assay to detect BV and compared the results of the assay with the clinical diagnosis of BV.					Results: The results of the PAMP assay in 55 asymptomatic and 50             symptomatic subjects significantly correlated with a clinical diagnosis of BV. The prevalence             of BV in the asymptomatic population was 42% (PAMP assay) and 38% .             In the symptomatic population, it was 50% (PAMP assay) and 54% .             The sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive             value (NPV) of the PAMP assay were 86, 85, 86, 78, and 91%, respectively, in asymptomatic             patients and 89, 96, 92, 96, and 88%, respectively, in symptomatic patients.					Conclusions: The modified PAMP assay, which we describe,             met our goals for simplicity, cost, and accuracy. We feel it could be best used as a screening             test for BV in asymptomatic pregnant patients.


This report from the International Summer School ‘From Genome to Life’, held at the Institute d'Etudes Scientifiques de Cargèse in Corsica in July 2002, coversthe talks of the invited speakers. The topics of the talks can be broadly groupedinto the areas of genome annotation, comparative and evolutionary genomics, functionalgenomics, proteomics, structural genomics, pharmacogenomics, and organellegenomes, epigenetics and RNA.


Two households, both alike in dignity, In fair Genomics, where we lay our scene, , From ancientgrudge break to new mutiny, When ‘being’ drives a fly-man to blaspheme. Fromforth the fatal loins of these two foes, Researchers to unlock the book of life; Wholemisadventured piteous overthrows, Can with their work bury their clans' strife. Thefruitful passage of their GO-mark'd love, And the continuance of their studies sage,Which, united, yield ontologies undreamed-of, Is now the hour's traffic of our stage;The which if you with patient ears attend, What here shall miss, our toil shall striveto mend.


Toward this end, the HHI has compiled data in areas including indoor air, drinking water, building and remodeling, housekeeping, and energy efficiency on its website, Information is presented in seven topic categories: Air, Building, Design, Energy, Health & Safety, Materials & Furnishings, and Water. Each topic page presents resources organized by four information types: Reviews; Tools; Articles, Hints, & Tips; and Books & Videos. The Reviews category links to overviews of products inspected by HHI that perform well in such areas as safety, energy use, allergen reduction, and use of chemicals. The Tools category lists products that can be used in building or remodeling to make a healthier home. These include paints and coatings, lighting fixtures, indoor air cleaners, and pest control strategies.Green Building A to Z (an introduction to sustainable housing), Green Clean (a primer on eco-friendly housekeeping), and The Mold Survival Guide . Visitors can also consult the “HHI-pedia,” a list of definitions for terms used in green building and housekeeping.The Articles, Hints, & Tips section provides information on new green products, how to choose sustainably produced building materials, green roofs, and energy efficiency. The Books & Videos page lists educational materials such as


Information collected by the CD is available through the top menu bar of PAHO’s Health Surveillance and Disease Prevention and Control website.Besides information on diseases such as cholera, acute respiratory infections, and anthrax, the website provides information on mosquito-borne diseases such as dengue, malaria, West Nile virus, and yellow fever. Sections on each disease link to resources for disease surveillance, reports on the history of each disease, profiles of the disease in countries where it is occurring, and statistics on incidence and mortality. Each section also links to any available epidemiological surveillance systems and to laboratory networks established by PAHO for each disease. Visitors will also find resources for prevention, control, and educational efforts, including field guides, materials for families and communities, policy documents, overviews of global disease control strategies, travel advisories, journal articles, and bibliographic databases.


Cecil Studios in Florence, Italy. The New York Academy of Art won the support of Andy Warhol: “The course of art history,” he said, “would be changed if one thousand students could be taught Old Master drawing and painting techniques” (In 1982, Lack coined the term “Classical Realism” because as he put it, “Any 20th century painting that suggests a recognizable object, however crudely or childishly rendered, qualifies as ‘realistic.’ Obviously, the simple word ‘realism,’ when applied to painting…is no longer meaningful” (A painter in the tradition of Spanish realism, Francisco Roa was born in Guadalajara, Spain, and moved to Madrid at age 18 to study at the Universidad Complutense and the Academia Peña. He has received considerable recognition at home, exhibiting in Madrid, Barcelona, and Granada. In 1993, he took his works to Lisbon and Miami, and a year later, to New York and Atlanta.Extremely careful with detail, Roa, like many of his contemporaries, conveys an individual perception of reality, positioning everyday objects deliberately, proposing his own space and time. Sands Flowers, on this month’s cover, first exhibited in the United States in 1994, is a characteristic still life.Against a vacant background vaguely reminiscent of sand, the artist composes a geometric ensemble to anchor his main object of interest, a glass vessel filled with natural elements past their prime. The board base, stacked on the left, breaks up the horizontal field. The metal circle, weathered and discolored, is slightly off center, the backdrop deliberately smudged. Inside the glass lie red petals, crinkled and lifeless, the detritus of beauty. Crammed in near the top is a hornet’s nest, and out of each side, dried blooms jut pathetically, their stems distorted and petals curled.“All forms of beauty, like all possible phenomena,” wrote Charles Baudelaire in his On the Heroism of Modern Life, “contain an element of the eternal and an element of the transitory—of the absolute and the particular” (The eternal and the absolute are elements artists have sought in the formalities of realism and the fragments of abstraction, on the same pathway, 1 step forward, 2 steps back; and scientists likewise, for rarely does excellent science or art occur without reference to past knowledge and principle.In Sands Flowers, Roa probes the precariousness of existence, space and time, and life and death. His realistic representation of natural objects in decline provokes speculation—not only on the passage of time and inevitability of death, but for us, also on disease, which unduly hastens the process. In an unending circle, old scourges become new, among them tuberculosis, a hornet’s nest of multiple drug resistance, and now extensive resistance to second-line drugs, raising the specter of potentially untreatable disease. Roa sought essence in the staying power of exacting detail. In science too, on the same pathway, sometimes solutions lie simply in the core values: treatment standards, effective precautions, improved technology, better medicines, vaccines, and diagnostic tests (


After the publication of this manuscript , a collaMM, AS, MAC, and JS carried out the sampling and infection experiments. JS made the cDNA libraries, oversaw the sequencing, participated in the assembly and annotation of the EST datasets, analyzed the EST datasets, and drafted the manuscript. PB assembled and PB, JS, and AT annotated the EST datasets. CFM helped in the field and in optimization of the RNA extraction protocol. DM participated in the comparative analysis. CV carried out parts of the molecular evolution analysis. All authors read, edited, and approved the final manuscript. Cass KB8 culture originally isolated by Robert Kinzie III, Univ. of Hawaii.


Polymicrobial diseases involve multiple infectious agents and are referred to as complex, complicated, mixed, dual, secondary, synergistic, concurrent, polymicrobial, coinfections. This new book, a collection of 21 chapters written by a variety of authors, reviews mixed infections in animals and humans. The chapters are gathered into sections on polyviral diseases, polybacterial diseases, viral and bacterial infections, fungal infections, infections resulting from microbe-induced immunosuppression, and a concluding perspective. Polymicrobial diseases described include abscesses, AIDS-related opportunistic infections, conjunctivitis, gastroenteritis, hepatitis, multiple sclerosis, otitis media, periodontal diseases, respiratory diseases, and genital infections. Approximately two-thirds of the chapters deal with human diseases; the others discuss infections in cattle, goats, and pigs.Human herpesvirus-6, human T-lymphotropic virus type 1, measles viruses, JC virus, Epstein-Barr virus, and herpes simplex virus-1. The chapter on mixed mycotic infections adequately discusses how fungi interact by mechanisms such as commensalism, opportunism, mixed colonization, co-isolation, and dual and polymicrobial infection.The chapters are generally well written with a focus on microbiology, pathogenesis, and to a lesser degree, treatment. The chapters on abscesses, multiple sclerosis, and mixed mycotic infections are especially informative. The chapter on abscesses provides a comprehensive review of the microbiology processes involved, the role of anaerobes in mixed infections, and animal models. The section on viruses and multiple sclerosis is provocative in its proposal that several viruses might coexist and interact to promote multiple sclerosis and other neurologic diseases. The list of candidate etiologic agents includes Growing two or more microbes in the laboratory in a clinical situation does not prove that a polymicrobial infection is the cause of the disease. The editors and authors do not provide a framework similar to that of Robert Koch or Bradford Hill, which one can use to decipher the role(s) of each candidate agent in a polymicrobial infection. An limited discussion is provided on the role of noninfectious factors, such as genetics of the host, retained “hardware”, alcohol in hepatitis, or tobacco use in respiratory diseases. How each of the chapters was selected for inclusion and what other topics were considered is not clear.The reference lists are one of the book’s strengths but also a weakness. The lists are extensive, occupying about 30% of the book’s pages. Prioritizing the outside readings on each topic would have been useful. Several of the chapters might have been combined, such as the two on periodontal diseases, those on retroviruses, and those on respiratory diseases in humans, cattle, and pigs. In the next edition, the authors might explore the polymicrobial etiology of Reye syndrome, autoimmune disorders, atherosclerosis, and cancers, such as Kaposi sarcoma, hepatocellular sarcoma, and cervical cancer. I recommend the book to those who think beyond the “single agent, single disease” framework and imagine multifactorial causes for those diseases currently listed as “etiology unknown.”


Leishmania, named in 1901 for British Army doctor William Leishman, who developed a stain to detect the agent. It is transmitted by the bite of certain species of sand fly, including the genus Lutzomyia in the New World and Phlebotomus in the Old World. Disease caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania donovani, was also named for physician Charles Donovan, who discovered the agent in India in 1903. An estimated 500,000 cases occur each year; India has the greatest number, followed by Bangladesh, Brazil, Nepal, and Sudan.Leishmaniasis has 2 major forms: cutaneous, characterized by skin sores, and visceral, which affects internal organs and is characterized by high fever, substantial weight loss, swelling of the spleen and liver, and anemia. If untreated, the disease is universally fatal within 2 years. Visceral leishmaniasis is also called kala-azar, a Hindi term meaning “black fever.” The causal agent,


Early germwarfare. The deadhurled this way turn like wheelsin the sky. Look: there goesLarry the Shoemaker, barefoot, over the wall, and Mary Sausage Stuffer, see how she flies, and the Hatter twins, both at once, soar over the parapet, little Tommy’s elbow bent as if in a salute, and his sister, Mathilde, she follows him, arms outstretched, through the air, just as she did on earth.


The first three authors, Joshua E. Drumm, Kaixia Mi, and Patrick Bilder, should be noted as contributing equally to this work.


Global Burden of Disease Health Financing Collaborator Network. Future and potential spending on health 2015–40: development assistance for health, and government, prepaid private, and out-of-pocket health spending in 184 countries. Lancet 389: 2005–302017;  —The collaborators for this Article also include Lalit Dandona , Rakhi Dandona , and G Anil Kumar . These corrections have been made to the online version as of May 18, 2017, and the printed Article is correct.


It is often wondered as to what part of all the research performed around the globe actually leaves the lab and reaches the real people and betters their lives. In case of Professor David W. Denning’s research, a large part does. As a prominent international face in the field of medical mycology, he translates his research into clinical applications and takes medical problems back to his lab, in order to develop potential solutions.He is a professor of Infectious Diseases in Global Health and a consultant in infectious diseases and medical mycology, Wythenshawe Hospital and University of Manchester. He is also the founding president of the Global Action Fund for Fungal Infections (GAFFI) and the leader of Leading International Fungal Education (LIFE). He supervises a strong research group funded by grants from the UK, USA, and Europe, as well as multiple pharmaceutical companies, with research grant income of more than 22 million pounds to Manchester University, since 1990.Aspergillus fumigatus genome . He is the Director of UK’s National Aspergillosis Centre, the world’s only such center based at Wythenshawe Hospital in Manchester. He has a continuing interest in the treatment of invasive aspergillosis and has been closely involved in the conduct and analysis of clinical trials of itraconazole, voriconazole, Amphotec (Amphocil), caspofungin, and micafungin. He maintains an active research program in many areas of antifungal therapy, genomics of Aspergillus, and antifungal resistance and has significant experience in both the preclinical and clinical evaluations of novel agents. He also works as a practicing physician at Wythenshawe Hospital with expertise in fungal infections, particularly aspergillosis and antifungal resistance, mainly in the immunocompromised patients.David Denning graduated from Guy’s Hospital in London in 1980 and was trained in London and Glasgow in internal medicine and infectious diseases, gaining additional experience in pediatrics, hematology, gastroenterology, and immunology. He, then, undertook research training at the MRC Clinical Research Centre, Harrow, UK (1985-87), followed by a three-year fellowship in diagnostic microbiology and infectious diseases with Professor David Stevens at Stanford University, Santa Clara Valley Medical Center (1987-1990). He was granted a personal chair by the Manchester University in 2005. He coordinated the international consortium sequencing the Professor David Denning is the founder and the editor of the Aspergillus Website (with over 1 million pages read per month). His brilliant multifaceted contributions has entered him into several “Who’s Who” listings, including in the world (since 1996/7), in healthcare (since 1997), and in science and technology (since 2005). As a prominent internationally recognized scientist, he is asked to chair several international conferences, around the globe, including but not limited to “Advances against Aspergillosis”, “Trends in Invasive Fungal Infection”, and “Aspergillus Genetics and Genomes Focus Meeting”.Aspergillus genomics, and the burden of fungal infections globally and in different countries.Professor Denning’s main clinical interests include fungal diseases, immunocompromised patients, and complex hospital infection problems. As a translational researcher, his research interests thus focus on antifungal susceptibility testing and resistance, pathogenesis of invasive aspergillosis, clinical studies of antifungal agents, Unlike most researchers who remain confined to the boundaries of their research laboratories, David Denning has founded and promoted a number of successful businesses, making the newly developed drugs accessible to the market. In 1998, he originally founded the F2G Ltd. , and continues to serve as a clinical advisor. Later on, in 2006 he founded Myconostica Ltd. (molecular diagnostic tests for fungi) and served as its chief medical officer until 2011, when it was acquired by Lab21. He has also served and/or continues to serve as an expert consultant to multiple pharmaceutical companies with regard to antifungal drug discovery, including Merck, Pfizer, Schering-Plough, Astellas Pharma, SCYNEXIS, Cidara Theraputics, Biosergen, Pulmatrix, and Pulmocide.As a pioneer in his field, he remains a long-standing member of the Infectious Diseases Society of America Aspergillosis Guidelines Group, the European Society for Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Aspergillosis Guidelines Group, and the British Society for Medical Mycology Standards of Care Committee. In October of 2017, he received the prestigious award of Eduard Drouhet Medal from the European Confederation of Medical Mycology (ECMM).Professor David Denning’s outstanding publications mount to more than 500 papers, books, book chapters and lectures worldwide, which have attracted over 50,000 citations. Some of these publications have reported the results of his successfully lead major international collaborative projects in highly distinguished journals such as Nature, the New England Journal of Medicine, and the Lancet.Selected recent publications:How to bolster a sparse antifungal pipeline. Science 2015; 347:1414-6.- Denning DW, Bromley MJ. Chronic pulmonary aspergillosis–Rationale and clinical guidelines for diagnosis and management. Eur Resp J 2016; 47: 45-68.- Denning DW, Cadranel J, Beigelman-Aubry C, Ader, F, Chakrabarti A, Blot S, Ullman A, Dimopoulos G, Lange C, European Society for Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases and European Respiratory Society. How the UNAIDS target of reducing annual AIDS deaths below 500,000 by 2020 can be achieved. Phil Trans Roy Soc B 2017; 371: 20150468.- Denning DW.


There are errors in the author affiliations. Affiliation #2 incorrectly appears as affiliation #3 and #6. The correct affiliations are as follows:1, Swetha Manohar2, Andrew L. Thorne-Lyman2,3, K. C. Angela2, Binod Shrestha4, Rolf D. Klemm2,5, Keith P. West2Priyanka Agrawal1 International Injury Research Unit, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America, 2 Center for Human Nutrition, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America, 3 Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, 4 PoSHAN Study Team, Johns Hopkins University, Kathmandu, Nepal, 5 Helen Keller International, New York, New York, United States of America.There is a typographical error in the “Setting” subsection of the Abstract. The correct sentence is: 21 wards in seven Village Development Committees across the Tarai of Nepal in 2015.References 1 and 2 are incorrectly placed within the second sentence of the first paragraph of the Introduction. The second sentence and references 1 and 2 should appear as: Reliable prevalence estimates, with consequent quality of life and economic burdens, of untreated dental diseases, remain virtually absent to date for lack of technical capabilities in resource poor settings. .Reference 6 is incorrectly placed within the second sentence of the second paragraph of the Introduction. The correct sentence is: Commonly dental disease prevalence measures and indices such as the World Health Organization’s (WHO) recommended “decayed, missing, filled teeth” index (DMFT), the Oral Hygiene Index—Simplified (OHI-S), and the Community Periodontal Index for Treatment Needs (CPITN) continue to remain under the sole purview of dental health scientists, clinicians and technical specialists, although structured questionnaires have occasionally been used to gather information on dental decay and pain by trained dentists in school and village settings. , 2, 6–8.A full stop is missing at the end of the fourth sentence in the second paragraph of the Introduction. The correct sentence is: Specifically, while generating estimates of the burdens of most severe oral diseases, the GBD fails to capture antecedent conditions to severe periodontitis such as early tooth decay or poor oral hygiene practices that precede clinical disease [5].


To inform public health policy and research, we analyzed the patterns of life lost to cancers and evaluated the cancer burden in China. Based on the published Chinese Cancer Registry Annual Report and related literature in 2013, we calculated the cancer-related mortality and potential years of life lost (PYLL) by age, sex, districts , to describe the patterns of life lost to cancers. The high death-risk cancers in China were lung, liver, stomach, esophageal, colorectal, breast, pancreatic, brain and nervous system, and ovarian cancers, and leukemia. Liver and esophageal cancers were more prominent among males, while breast and colorectal cancers were more prevalent among females. The most obvious differences of mortality between urban and rural areas were found in liver, esophageal, and colorectal cancers. Cancer-related mortality increased significantly after the age of 30 years, and peaking at 70–79 years. The PYLL rate of cancer in urban areas was higher than that in rural areas (21.49 vs. 19.20/1000), and significant regional and gender differences of PYLL ranks can be observed. For people aged over 60 years, cancer PYLL mainly came from lung, stomach, and esophageal cancers; for middle-aged people, it was mainly induced by liver, colorectal, and female reproductive systems’ cancers; and for those under 30 years, life lost to cancer was mainly caused by leukemia and brain, nervous system cancers. Moreover, disparities in age distribution of PYLL from different regions and sexes can be found. In short, three categories of people, including those in urban areas, males and people over 60 years, were suffering from more serious cancer deaths and life lost. These variations pose considerable challenges for the Chinese health care system, and comprehensive measures are required for cancer prevention and treatment. According to the data released by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), about 9.6 million deaths occurred from cancer worldwide, in 2018 ,4. AlthoThe population of China surpassed nearly 1.3 billion, accounting for about one fifth of the world’s total population, a large population base whose disease epidemics, distribution and burden will have a significant impact on the world. Furthermore, obvious differences existed in regional characteristics, for example between urban and rural areas, especially in terms of factors such as culture, economy, and medical services . BecauseIn the present study, using the latest updated and published data from the National Cancer Center (NCC) of China, we aimed to describe the pattern of life lost to cancer and evaluate the cancer burden of China by calculating a crude mortality rate (CMR), standardized mortality rate (SMR), potential years of life lost (PYLL), PYLL rate (PYLLR), and standardized PYLL rate (SPYLLR). Furthermore, to define the age of high cancer burden, age distribution charts were developed. Therefore, the combination of total death and premature death will provide a comprehensive description of the life lost caused by cancer. These findings could provide evidence for developing policies for cancer prevention and control in China, as well as act as a reference for future cancer research.Cancer-related mortality by gender, age, and districts , and population data for 2013 were derived from the published “Chinese Cancer Registry Annual Report, 2016” and the paper “Report of Cancer Incidence and Mortality in China, 2013” . The annThe National Cancer Center, based on the requirements of the Chinese Cancer Registration Manual  and the According to the international classification of diseases (ICD-10) , the CMRPYLLThis is an analysis index considering the age of death and the detriment of disease to human beings. It can measure the extent of harm from a death cause to a certain age group, and is often used to evaluate the risk of a disease causing “premature death” ,24. Premature death, also known as advanced death, refers to death occurring before the average life span, which is evaluated by the difference between the actual age and the life expectancy, that is, the number of years of life lost in a certain cause resulting in the loss of life expectancy. The PYLL formula is as follows: (1)PYLL=PYLLRPYLL rate, PYLL per 1000 person, it is the loss of life per 1000 person in the target population, and is available for comparison:SPYLLRIf the population composition is different, the standardized PYLL rate should be calculated before comparison: In the formula (1)–(3):L is the life expectancy based on the Sixth National Population Census of China in 2010 ,27, whici is the median of age group i: 0.5 for 0-group, 2.5 for 1–4 group, 7 for 5–9 group, 12 for 10–14 group, 17 for 15–19 group, 22 for 20–24 group, 27 for 25–29 group, 32 for 30–34 group, 37 for 35–39 group, 42 for 40–44 group, 47 for 45–49 group, 52 for 50–54 group, 57 for 55–59 group, 62 for 60–64 group, 67 for 65–69 group, 72 for 70–74 group, 77 for 75–79 group, 82 for 80–84 group, 87 for 87–89 group. This age grouping method was based on the Chinese Cancer Registry Annual Report [al Report , and it i represents the number of deaths in age group i. Age grouping and the data of each group also came from the Chinese Cancer Registry Annual Report [dl Report .Correction coefficient = (Pir/Nr) ÷ (Pi/N): Pir/Nr is the age composition of the standard population from the Sixth National Population Census of China in 2010 ; Pi/N isi. If the difference is greater than 0, it is believed that premature death has occurred. Therefore, according to L of different regions and sexes, the age threshold of premature death based on life expectancy in this study is as follows: all the areas: 77 years (median of 75–79 group)for all the population, 72 (median of 70–74 group) for males, 77 years (median of 75–79 group) for females; urban areas: 82 years (median of 80–84 group) for all the population, 77 years (median of 75–79 group) for males, 82 years (median of 80–84 group) for females; rural areas: 72 (median of 70–74 group) years for all the population, 72 (median of 70–74 group) for males, 77 years (median of 75–79 group) for females.N is the total population of premature deaths. PYLL judges premature death according to the difference between L and aFinally, in order to describe the age group more concisely, we merged them according to the World Health Organization (WHO) age grouping method used to estimate cancer burden  , and PYLWe ranked nationwide cancer-related mortality rates by district  and sex, and then selected the top 10 as the high death-risk cancers in China. Subsequently, we conducted a detailed analysis of the life loss patterns caused by these high death-risk cancers.P = 0.05.Using Excel 2016  and SPSS 25.0 software  to collate and analyze the data. The standardized mortality rate of China (SMRC) was calculated according to the standard population age composition of the national census in 2010 , and the5, including 1.406 million males and 823,000 females . The CMR for lung cancer was the highest, at 46.9/105, followed by those for liver, stomach, esophageal, colorectal, breast, pancreatic, brain and nervous system, and ovarian cancers, and leukemia. Similarly, for males and females, the highest CMR was for lung cancer, at 62.9/105 and 30.5/105, respectively. It was followed by those for liver cancer, stomach cancer, esophageal cancer, colorectal cancer, pancreatic cancer, brain and nervous system cancer, leukemia, lymphoma, and prostate cancer in males. In females, the CMR for lung cancer was followed by those for stomach, liver, colorectal, breast, esophageal, pancreatic, cervical, brain and nervous system cancers, and leukemia . The CMR for lung cancer was the highest, at 50.5/105, followed by those for liver cancer, stomach cancer, colorectal cancer, breast cancer, esophageal cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, leukemia, and cervical cancer. Similarly, for both sexes, the highest CMR was for lung cancer . In males, it was followed by those for liver cancer, stomach cancer, esophageal cancer, colorectal cancer, pancreatic cancer, brain and nervous system cancer, leukemia, lymphoma, and prostate cancer. In females, the CMR for lung cancer was followed by those for stomach, liver, colorectal, breast, esophageal, pancreatic, cervical, and brain and nervous system cancers, and leukemia . The CMR for lung cancer was the highest, at 43.5/105, followed by those for stomach, liver, esophageal, colorectal, breast, pancreatic, brain and nervous system, and ovarian cancers, and leukemia. Additionally, for both males and females, the highest CMR was for lung cancer, at 58.1/105 and 28.1/105, respectively. It was followed by those for liver cancer, stomach cancer, esophageal cancer, colorectal cancer, pancreatic cancer, brain and nervous system cancer, leukemia, lymphoma, and prostate cancer in males. In females, the CMR for lung cancer was followed by those for stomach, liver, esophageal, colorectal, breast, pancreatic, cervical, and brain and nervous system cancers, and leukemia  but lower PYLL (fifth rank) for colorectal cancer. However, the circumstances of breast cancer was the opposite . This phenomenon can be explained by another finding of the present study, that deaths caused by colorectal cancer were common among individuals aged 80+ years, while those caused by breast cancer mainly occurred among individuals aged 45–59 years. As the latter were younger, they exhibited a higher PYLL. It can be seen that female breast cancer was a kind of “younger cancer”, and the peak age of death of Chinese female breast cancer was younger than that of other countries. For example, American female breast cancer patients died mostly between 55 and 64 years of age , while KAdditionally, the overall premature death of cancer in urban areas was more serious than that in rural areas, especially lung cancer. However, the conclusions of PYLL about urban and rural reported by Zhang et al.  was incoWorldwide, lung cancer was reported as the leading cause of cancer deaths among males and the second leading cause among females . In the With the development of the social economy, large changes in lifestyle, and rapid aging of the population, mortality related to colorectal cancer in China was reported to be on the rise, especially in urban areas . In GlobThe death and burden related to esophageal cancer in China also showed significant regional and gender differences. The PYLL for esophageal cancer was higher among males, while it did not appear in the top five ranks among females. This finding may be explained by the fact that males are more likely to have several unhealthy habits such as smoking and alcohol abuse. In the Chinese population, about half of esophageal-cancer-related deaths were attributable to smoking, alcohol drinking, and low vegetable and fruit intake, with smoking and alcohol drinking being responsible for about 30% of the mortality related to esophageal cancer . TherefoAlthough the present study only described the current situation, the above description of existing and emerging patterns related to cancer in China calls for the development of varied interventions to reduce the disease burden. Such efforts should include balanced investment in awareness and educational efforts targeting the general population and primary care practitioners, particularly focusing on the primary prevention of hepatitis B and human papilloma virus infections, tobacco control measures, and promotion of physical activity and healthy diet. In sum, it was meaningful to understand the patterns of cancer-related death and life lost, in that this information could be used to develop cancer prevention and treatment measures for different age groups, genders, and regions. We conclude that lung, liver, stomach, breast and colorectal cancers were the main cancers causing premature death in China. These cancers were also at the forefront of the PYLL ranking in urban and rural areas, but for rural residents, besides these cancers, the impact of esophageal cancer could not be ignored. For males and females, in addition to paying close attention to lung cancer, separate attention should be given to liver and breast cancers. People aged over 60 years were a concentrated age group with a large number of cancers causing life lost. Based on these findings, the relevant departments should assign importance to high-risk populations and cancers, to effectively reduce the burden of cancer and improve quality of life.


As an arts-based, creative storytelling program for persons living with Alzheimer’s Disease and related dementias (ADRD), TimeSlips involves a facilitator showing a picture to participants, who then exercise their imagination to create a story. The program has shown to benefit participants’ well-being, possibly because of the opportunity to express themselves. Although they may reflect participants’ values and identities, the content of such stories had not been the focus of investigation. The aim of this study is, therefore, to identify major themes of such stories through a qualitative content analysis. We implemented a creative storytelling program at Silverado Onion Creek Memory Care Community  in Austin, and offered 6 weekly sessions with 4 small groups of residents. A total of 26 residents participated in the study, creating 24 collective stories in total. Three researchers first open-coded these stories and then met to reach consensus concerning the themes that emerged. Ten themes were identified: family values, generativity, religious reference, reference to love, reference to home, cultural norms, uncertainty and worries, positivity, negativity, and dissonance and disagreements. The first 6 themes represent the values, beliefs, and norms of the participants, with the remaining 4 reflecting their personal identities, personalities, and experiences. The findings suggest that they continue to value families and religion, care about others, and make judgements about people, things, and circumstances that they face. Researchers, practitioners, and care partners can benefit from “listening to” creative storytellers more closely to learn about their opinions, expectations, and preferences.


The growing field of technology and aging or gerontechnology has largely been considered from a health perspective on technological intervention to ameliorate conditions of isolation, disconnection, inactivity, and loneliness, as well as provide efficient alert systems, transportation coordination, and emergency services. Contesting the image of a ‘digital divide’ separating younger from older generations, the recreational industry has also produced a seniors market of technological games, toys, apps, exercises, and social media. The four papers in this symposium, however, are individual critical reflections by a group of social scientists who visited the Consumer Electronics Show (CES) in January 2019 (Las Vegas) as part of an ethnographic project about the politics of the technical turn in gerontological studies. In particular, the authors gathered evidence from the CES to support their interests in four trends: a) The collecting, aggregating, and sharing of personal data by home surveillance, artificial intelligence monitoring, and self-tracking systems for commercial, insurance and work-place purposes, b) The popularization of healthy lifestyles based on technical and exclusionary models of ‘smart’, ‘fit’, and ‘optimal’ standards, c) The technical rhetoric that infuses designs for efficiency, speed, and convenience with anti-aging and ageist ideologies, d) The challenges to older people to manage their lives against the health risks, interventions, and expectations posed by technology-driven austerity programs. The papers have in common their creative interpretations of CES materials and shared concern about the many older groups whose insufficient access, skill, and resources will deny them participation in the technological imaginary of aging futures.


All too often the quality and rigor of topic investigations is inaccurately conveyed to information professionals, resulting in a mischaracterization of the research, which, if left unchecked and published, may in turn mislead potential readers. Accurately understanding and categorizing the types of topic investigation searches that are requested of information professionals is critical to both meeting requestors’ needs and reflecting their intended methodological approaches. Information professionals’ expertise can be an invaluable resource to guide users through the investigative and publication process. Systematic reviews have long played an important role in the evidence hierarchy , yet thelabeled as “systematic reviews” that potentially do not meet the rigorous criteria of systematic reviews [With the ongoing expansion of the body of systematic reviews in the literature comes the expansion of articles  reviews . Such mitrue systematic reviews continues to elude the research community, despite guidance from the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) Statement [why we continue to see the term “systematic review” improperly applied in published studies to describe less rigorous types of information inquiry [A deep and clear-cut understanding of the nature of tatement , Agency tatement , Cochrantatement , and Nattatement . Given t inquiry , despiteUnfortunately, the root cause can likely be traced to a lack of accurate understanding of the aims and goals of how the search inquiry results will ultimately be used. Physicians, researchers, and even information professionals tend to deem studies or design methods loosely resembling those used in the systematic review process as actual systematic reviews, despite incompleteness and lack of adherence to all the parameters necessary to be a true systematic review. Although these errors are often unintentional, the continued volume of erroneously labeled information search inquiries devalues the term “systematic review,” which is intended to denote independent, unbiased, and objective assessment of evidence and includes rigorous evaluation of the strength of study results and analysis of study bias, painstakingly described for methodological transparency and reproducibility , 9.systematic review and adhere to all criteria established by the aforementioned authoritative guides? Or is the user seeking what CKM has coined a “systematic-like” review, a review that incorporates some features of a systematic review without adhering to all the required components [rapid review, done for topics that are still emerging and for which little has been published [comprehensive literature review or a patient-specific precision investigation with or without content filtering of the information retrieved? It is very telling how much confusion can be eliminated when this simple process is followed; thus showing the need for us, in our role as educators and information providers, to become better versed in the labeling of searches as we inquire and collect data on the type of information need our users are seeking.Staff at the Center for Knowledge Management (CKM) are too often erroneously asked for assistance in conducting “systematic reviews.” As a result, we have armed ourselves with an approach to guide the requester to the type of searching and information retrieval support that is most suited to their needs, while also continuing to educate our professionals on the proper use and labeling of the different types of searches. So, we ask: Does the user really want to conduct a true mponents ? Or do tublished –13? Or iPer guidance from multiple organizations, systematic reviews must meet specific requirements –7, 9. SyOn the other hand, “systematic-like” reviews allow investigators flexibility to select from the standard list of systematic review components and achieve a much shorter turnaround time than that required of true systematic reviews. For instance, a small group of physicians may believe they want to conduct a systematic review but may not be interested in devising a protocol or have the time to conduct risk of bias assessments of selected studies. Lacking such elements precludes the resulting manuscript from being categorized as a true systematic review; however, the application of parts of the systematic review methodology should be recognized.We are not alone in this attempt to categorize studies falling short of the gold standard for systematic reviews. Another form of categorization that draws from systematic reviews is the “rapid review,” which has arisen in the last ten years or so to more accurately convey the idea that a quickly performed inquiry is somewhat rigorous without being a full-fledged systematic review . These “Another area where all too frequently users misappropriate the term “systematic review” is in lieu of a comprehensive literature search. The investigator knows that they want a very thorough expert search and review of the biomedical literature, but they understand “systematic” to mean “planned, organized, and methodical.” Comprehensive literature searches that CKM conducts involve an extensive expert review of the relevant published and grey literature; use of more than one database, with or without filtering and synthesis of the resulting articles; and an unbiased presentation of the literature around a given topic . These cThe inherent value of these types of reviews stems from their comprehensiveness. For instance, researchers can take solace in an information professional saying, “There is no answer,” knowing that the topic has been exhaustively explored. Clinicians who may be seeking answers to clinical questions, without wanting to disclose patient-specific information, can rest assured knowing that all the relevant evidence has been considered and the most rigorous studies are being selected. Answering these questions still requires the same level of careful “systematic searching” without necessitating a full-fledged systematic review. These searches address questions such as what the literature says about treating a certain condition, whether a research question has been sufficiently investigated by others, what a standard work-up for a patient presenting to a particular service in the clinical environment is, or whether a clinician has taken the best course of action. If the 2,400 most recent complex questions in our internal database are any indication, this type of search can take an average of 8 hours to complete.Patient-specific precision investigation allows the highest level of personalization in searching. These are questions pertaining to a single patient that come directly from clinicians and researchers and may be submitted through the medical record, morning reports, or patient conferences such as tumor boards –20. ContFixing the cycle of mis-categorization requires more than educating a set of researchers and physicians on the differences in topic investigations: it involves a concerted effort on the part of information professionals to educate ourselves on the key differences in the types of information inquiry asked of us and then actively working to stop perpetuating the misuse of terms by acquiescing to pressure from collaborators. Information professionals who have been involved in the development of true systematic reviews can attest that searching the biomedical literature in a systematic fashion only scratches the surface of what is entailed in genuine systematic reviews, which to be complete also require the active collaboration of content experts for data evaluation and final construct. The genuine impact of all other types of searches remains unquestioned when their role and appropriateness of use is clearly understood and properly applied. Teaching users how to properly label their requests based on their needs will greatly improve the significance of our role as coaches, educators, and information providers in the communities we are charged to inform.Zachary E. Fox, MSIS, Zachary.e.fox@vumc.org, Associate Director for Information Services, Center for Knowledge Management, Strategy and Innovation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TNAnnette M. Williams, MLS, annette.williams@vumc.org, Senior Information Scientist, Center for Knowledge Management, Strategy and Innovation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TNMallory N. Blasingame, MA, mallory.blasingame@vumc.org, Information Scientist, Center for Knowledge Management, Strategy and Innovation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TNTaneya Y. Koonce, MSLS, MPH, taneya.koonce@vumc.org, Associate Director for Research, Center for Knowledge Management, Strategy and Innovation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TNSheila V. Kusnoor, PhD, sheila.v.kusnoor@vumc.org, Senior Research Information Scientist, Center for Knowledge Management, Strategy and Innovation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TNJing Su, MD, MS, jing.su@vumc.org, Information Scientist, Center for Knowledge Management, Strategy and Innovation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TNPatricia Lee, MLS, patty.lee@vumc.org, Senior Information Scientist, Center for Knowledge Management, Strategy and Innovation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TNMarcia I. Epelbaum, MA, marcia.epelbaum@vumc.org, Senior Information Scientist, Center for Knowledge Management, Strategy and Innovation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TNHelen M. Naylor, MS, helen.naylor@vumc.org, Senior Research Information Scientist, Center for Knowledge Management, Strategy and Innovation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TNSpencer J. DesAutels, MLIS, spencer.desautels@vumc.org, Information Scientist, Center for Knowledge Management, Strategy and Innovation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TNElizabeth T. Frakes, MSIS, elizabeth.frakes@vumc.org, Information Scientist, Center for Knowledge Management, Strategy and Innovation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TNNunzia Bettinsoli Giuse, MD, MLS, FACMI, FMLA, nunzia.giuse@vanderbilt.edu, Vice President for Knowledge Management; Professor, Department of Biomedical Informatics; Professor, Department of Medicine; and Director, Center for Knowledge Management, Strategy and Innovation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN


Bernadette Rosati was not included as an author in the published article. The corrected Author Contributions Statement appears below:“The study concept and design was developed by SH, MA, JL, and TŠ-T, and the experiments were executed by SH, MA, SC, MS, BR, ML, and TŠ-T. Data analysis was performed by SH, MA, SC, MS, BR, ML, TB, and TŠ-T. All authors were involved in several rounds of critically reviewing the manuscript.”The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.


The authors of “Partnering With Mommy Bloggers to Disseminate Breast Cancer Risk Information: Social Media Intervention” :e12441) made an error when listing the affiliation of author Carla Fisher.Her affiliation was previously “College of Health and Human Performance, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States” and has now been changed to “University of Florida, UF Health Cancer Center, Gainesville, FL, United States”.The correction will appear in the online version of the paper on the JMIR website on June 17, 2019, together with the publication of this correction notice. Because this was made after submission to PubMed, PubMed Central, and other full-text repositories, the corrected article also has been resubmitted to those repositories.


In the published article, there was an error in the affiliation for Zoran Grgantov. Instead of affiliation 6, “Faculty of Psychology, eCampus University, Novedrate, Italy,” the correct affiliation for Zoran Grgantov should be affiliation 7, “Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, Split, Croatia”.The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.


Almost every region of Pakistan is stacked with a large number of medicinal plants. Due to high cost and unavailability of allopathic medicines for the neurological diseases, especially in rural areas, traditional healers prescribe phytotherapy for various neurological diseases like epilepsy, depression, anxiety, insomnia, Alzheimer, and migraine. Such treatments are considered to be most effective by the native people. The data was collected from articles published on medicinal plants of various districts of Pakistan, using article search engines like Medline, Pubmed, Web of Science, Science Direct, and Google Scholar. Also, information regarding various neurological uses and mode of applications of medicinal plants was obtained from traditional healers, folk medicine users, and local elderly people having knowledge of medicinal plants. A total of 54 families were found to be used in various neurological diseases, of which the highest use was of Solanaceae (22.22%), Asteraceae (12.96%), Lamiaceae, Papaveraceae, and Poaceae, 9% each, and Caprifoliaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Rhamnaceae, and Rosaceae, 5.5% each. According to districts, 15% of plants that were effective in neurological affections were found in Bahawalpur, 11% in Swat, 8% in Muzaffarabad, 7% in Malakand, and 6% in Bahawalnagar, Dir, Gilgat, and Sarghoda each, with 5% in Dera ghazi khan and Jhelum each. According to the plant's habit, out of total of 103 plants, 61.15% were found to be herbs, 22.33% trees, 11.65% shrubs, and 4.85% climbers. According to the part used of plant, whole plant, leaves, fruits, roots, seeds, and flowers were found to be used 32.03%, 24.27%, 20.38%, 16.50%, 13.59%, and 11.65%, respectively. According to disease's types, 45.63% were found to be effective in insomnia, 31.06% in epilepsy 12.62% in depression, 6.80% in anxiety, 7.77% in hysteria, and 5.88% in migraine. Taking into consideration this useful knowledge on medicinal properties of the plants for curing neurologic diseases, it is believed that research in areas of ethnomedicine and ethnopharmacology can bring auspicious results that have potential of adding value to the very rich natural resources of Pakistan. This study will help all the researchers from diverse backgrounds working on plants based medicine for neurological diseases. Globally, neurological diseases are among the major contributors to mortality and morbidity, particularly in developing nations. The well-known manifestations of neurological diseases include mood swing, restlessness, hopelessness, poor coordination, seizures, impaired cognition, paralysis, distress of sensation, muscle weakness, pain, and confusion . There aAbout 45 million people of the world, above 18 years of age, suffer from schizophrenia at some stage of their lives, 340 million are affected by depression, and both these diseases are accountable for 60 % of all suicides, while Alzheimer and epilepsy affect about 11 and 45 million people, respectively, around the world accounting for 1% of the total disease burden in the world [In Pakistan, about 10 % people suffer from mental diseases, representing a foggy picture with 2% prevalence of' epilepsy, 5% depression, 1% Alzheimer, and 1.5% schizophrenia  as shownMedicinal plants have been used from the very beginning in health care systems. Studies have been carried out globally to verify their efficacy and some of the findings have led to the production of plant-based medicines. Due to limited access to modern medicine, the local population uses medicinal plants to treat most diseases , 7. ReceHerbs may provide a source of new compounds including many drugs that are derived from plant sources. For several neurological diseases, modern medicine offers symptomatic treatment that is often expensive and associated with side effects. Indian system of medicine has traditionally been used in several neurological conditions. The accessibility, cost effectiveness, and lower incidence of side effects of plant products offer considerable advantages . Bacopa monnieri, Cannabis sativa, Solanum nigrum, Withania somnifera, Papaver somniferum, Zizyphus jujube, Tribulus terrestris, and Verbena officinalis showed different neuropharmacological activities. These agents can be used alone or as adjuncts to standard drugs, used for various neurological diseases like depression, epilepsy, schizophrenia, Alzheimer, Parkinson, hysteria, melancholia, and dementia, for increasing their efficacy and decreasing side effects.Various plant extracts have been screened and investigated for their potential neuropharmacological activities in different experimental models of animals comprising mice and rats. Herbal extracts and natural products includingIn developing countries, plant-based medicines are being used by 75-80% of population . The knoIn Pakistan, folk medicines have more use in rural and less developed areas for the treatment of various diseases because of easy access, cost effectiveness, less side effects, and unavailability of allopathic therapeutic agents . This tyFirst the articles published on the medicinal plants of various districts of Pakistan were searched in online research database, i.e., Medline, PubMed, Web of Science, Science Direct, and Google Scholar, by using special key words “medicinal plants”, herbal plants, neurological diseases, specific districts names, antialzheimer, antiparkinson, antidepression, sedative, anxiolytic, antiepileptics, epidemiology, and prevalence, from January to March 2018, and downloaded. These entire articles were then viewed and the data of medicinal plants, which have neurological effects, were collected and tabulated in . We haveA total of 54 families were found to be useful in various neurological diseases, of which the highest use was of Solanaceae (22.22 %), Asteraceae (12.96 %), Lamiaceae, Papaveraceae, and Poaceae, 9 % each, and Caprifoliaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Rhamnaceae, and Rosaceae, 5.5 % each . As per This district-wise plant distribution will help the researchers, who are willing to research in neuropharmacological area, to easily collect the target plants from the regions to which the plants belong. According to the plant's habit, out of total of 103 plants, 61.15% were found to be herbs, 22.33 % trees, 11.65% shrubs, and 4.85% climbers .The habit of plants shows that herbs are most important according to neuropharmacological point of view which is another benefit for researchers working in neuropharmacological area to concentrate on herbs more while selecting neurological active plants. According to the part used of plant, whole plant, leaves, fruits, roots, seeds, flowers, and other parts  were found to be used 32.03 %, 24.27 %, 20.38 %, 16.50 %, 13.59 %, 11.65 %, and 15.53 %, respectively . As someAccording to disease's types, 45.63 % were found to be of therapeutic value in insomnia, epilepsy (31.06%), depression (12.62%), anxiety (6.80%), hysteria (7.77%), and migraine (5.88%) and 20.38 % in other neurological diseases  . As someThe pharmacological activities of plants are due to the presence of various phytochemicals mainly alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, resins, glycosides, terpenoids, phenols, sterols, essential oils, vitamins, and nutrients. Some of these are effective in the treatment of neurological diseases; some are useful for cardiovascular, respiratory, and gastrointestinal diseases while others have chemotherapeutic and antibacterial effects. Some of the important phytochemicals of the plants  includinBacopa monnieri plant is reported for anxiety, depressant, epilepsy, and Parkinsonism and contains alkaloids , saponins (hersaponin and monnierin), flavonoids (luteolin and apigenin), and sterols like b-sitosterol and stigma-sterol. These constituents are already reported for such neuropharmacological properties and so might be responsible for said activities of this plant [is plant –36.Cannabis sativa L. has been reported for the treatment of depression, anxiety, convulsion, Alzheimer, dementia, and insomnia and its constituents responsible for these properties are cannabigerol, tetrahydrocannabinol, and cannabidiol [nabidiol –41.Verbena officinalis Linn. has been reported as anxiolytic, antidepressant, anticonvulsant, and sedative and its constituents responsible for these activities are verbenin, verbenalin, hastatoside, kaempferol, luteolin, verbascoside, aucubin, and apigenin [apigenin –44.Withania somnifera has been shown to have anxiolytic, antidepressant, anticonvulsant, and anti-Parkinson effects, mainly due to the presence of withanolides, sitoindosides VII–X, and withaferin-A [aferin-A –48.These chemical constituents of plants act on the central nervous system through various mechanisms including regulation of neurotransmitters like adrenergic, cholinergic and serotonergic activity, acting through receptor like GABA and N-methyl-D-aspartate, and ion channels like sodium, potassium, and calcium ion channels. Some of the plant-based drugs and phytochemicals which either are approved or are under clinical trials for the treatment of neurological diseases, mechanism of actions, and their current status in clinical trials are given in .Taking into consideration this useful knowledge on the medicinal properties of plants for curing neurologic diseases, it is believed that the research in the areas of ethnomedicine and ethnopharmacology can bring auspicious results that have potential of adding importance to the very rich natural resources of Pakistan. Various phytochemicals from the above medicinal plants can be further researched under clinical trials and better drugs for treatment of neurological diseases can be obtained with outstanding results and lesser side effects. This study will help all the researchers, especially from Asian countries including Pakistan, China, Iran, India, Sri Lanka, and Bangladesh, working on plants based medicine for neurological diseases.The mental illnesses are one of the major problems of the world mainly in communities presenting with poor socioeconomic conditions. In Pakistan and other countries of this region, there is no accurate and up to date record of the neurological ailments. In order to find any treatment for these diseases, first realistic survey would be required to find out the exact percentage of various neurological diseases. Being an alarming psychiatric problem, Alzheimer opens a new area of research, affecting an enormous part of world population, but it is still untreatable. A lot of attempts have been conducted but still there is no such drug that can either slow or stop the process of Alzheimer disease. Allopathic medicines are available for psychological diseases including anxiety, depression, epilepsy, Parkison, and Alzheimer, but these are either not so effective or costly or have serious associated adverse effects. The world is full of natural medicinal resources, of which the main source is plant. We should invest money and go for systemic scientific investigations to perceive such drug candidates' form these plants, which are most efficacious, have minor side effects, and are cost friendly. For this purpose, this study is a gift for researchers who have interest to design and perform research based activities in the field of neuropharmacology by evaluating the unexplored medicinal plants mentioned here for their folkloric uses, determining its mechanistic pathways and identifying chemical constituents responsible for therapeutic effects.