Saudi Arabia, a prominent Arabian country, has 35. 3 million persons living in 2.2 million square kilometers, undergone serious threats recently due to the COVID-19 pandemic. With the built-in infrastructure and disciplined lifestyle, the country could address this pandemic.This analysis of COVID-19 cases in Saudi Arabia attempts to assess the situation, explore its global percentage share, percentage of population affected, and local distribution from the beginning of infection until recently, tracing historical developments and changes.This analysis made use of data released by the Ministry of Health on a daily basis for a number of parameters. They are compiled on an excel sheet on a daily basis: the dataset has undergone rigorous analysis along with the trends and patterns; proportion to the world statistics and geographic distribution.COVID-19 spread rapidly in the country with periodic variations, during June-August, 2020. But, recoveries accelerated in the period, thus bridging the gap of increasing infections. In comparison with the world statistics, the country proportions are lower, while the percentage of population affected is similar. It appears that the intensity varied across all 13 administrative areas.COVID-19 transmission since March 2020 is considered to be widespread, creating excess burden on the public health system, delineated into stages . Control measures are set, stage-wise, without impinging upon normal life but to ensure that the proportion of globally affected persons is lesser than the population share: credit goes to the Ministry of Health. Area-wise spread depends largely on population density and development infrastructure dimensions. Ultimately, the disciplined life in compliance with law and order paved the way for effective program implementation and epidemic control. The COVID-19 pandemic spread rapidly across the world, including Saudi Arabia, which led to a severe health emergency . There aThe epidemic period combined with health emergencies created tensions in family units, especially under poor conditions of infrastructure and crowded living arrangements due to restrictions on family and social life, interpersonal contact, and affective gestures adhering to the strict discipline of social distancing and face masks . This leSaudi Arabia, a large country in terms of geographic area, is divided into five planning regions, 13 administrative areas, and 118 governorates. It borders five Arabian Gulf countries and a few other Arab countries, and accommodates a combined native and foreign population of 35.3 million across 2.2 million square kilometers. This predominantly urban country built residential, commercial, educational, medical, and other infrastructure to encourage community living, which expedites the possibility of faster infection , 21. FloAgainst this backdrop, this research aims at an epidemiological analysis of COVID-19 cases reported on a daily basis to highlight changes, patterns, and trends over a period from March 21, 2020 to November 22, 2021. With the limitations of the national-level data available for analysis, this research elucidates the path of COVID-19 infection in the country, from its very beginning until recently. Such an elaboration, which has not yet been attempted, might enlighten researchers, policymakers, and practitioners to track historically and to learn lessons from a successfully implemented infection control program. Not only does this elaboration exposes the Saudi Arabian experience to global readers, but also it gives data and insights to the rest of the world, especially the Arab countries.This empirical study adopting ex-post facto approach is based solely on daily status reports of the Ministry of Health of Saudi Arabia published since March 21, 2020. Calculations were done to determine:a. daily changes in infectionb. daily differences between reported and recovered casesc. daily changes in active cases and critical casesd. case fatality rate e. new and active cases, recovery and mortality as a percentage of globalf. infections, recoveries, and deaths per 100,000 populationwww.worldometers.info) as a denominator, indicators such as (a) daily reported cases, (b) total cases and total recoveries, (c) total deaths, (d) critical cases, (e) active cases, and (f) vaccinations are calculated for a base population of 100,000.Data published contained city-wide data till November 28 2020; thereafter it was by the 13 administrative areas till September 25, 2021; and at national level totals there. There were reports of global figures too till September 25, 2021. It was owing to the substantial decline in infection that these changes in the data structure are enacted by the Ministry of Health. Furthermore, adopting population size  on daily reports of COVID-19 cases published on the Website and through social media platforms (Facebook) by the Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia. These reports from March 21, 2020 to November 22, 2021 are compiled on an Excel worksheet for consolidated analyses and illustrations.Results of this analysis are presented under various headings: epidemiology, proportion to world statistics, percent of the population affected, and spread by administrative area.A total of 392 cases of COVID-19 recorded on March 21, 2020, increased to 549,518 on November 22, 2021 showing a rapid spread in a population of 35.3 million; unexpected and un-afforded to the public health system. Fortunately, there were reductions in reported infection per day from 4,757 on June 18, 2020 to 220 on November 28, 2020; 328 on February 28, 2021; 1,161 on June 7, 2021 and 39 on November 22, 2021 . Along wTwo of the important indicators are active cases and critical cases: the former, as reported, increased from 22,444 on June 3, 2020, to 63,026 on July 13, 2020, but declined sharply thereafter. While the increase from June 3 to June 19 was sharp, it slowed down thereafter, reaching 45,157 on July 22, 2020; 23,687 on August 23, 2020; and 8,487 on October 19, 2020; 1,894 on January 16, 2021; and 2,296 on September 25, 2021. On November 28, 2020, there were 5,018 active cases , which declined to 2,584 by February 28, 2021; 2,581 on March 4, 2021 but thereafter increased to 9,376 on June 7, 2021. While the rapid increase in active cases noted during March 21-June 12, 2020 could be considered as part of the first phase, those noted in 2021 could be explained as part of the second phase. The total number of infections and recoveries has been varied but bridged the gap since October 2020. Moreover, the gap widened and shortened depending upon the daily reports. On the contrary, dwindling changes in the critical cases were recorded on a daily basis until the end of January, and started to climb up thereafter. For example, on June 3, 2020 there were 1,321 critical cases that increased to a peak of 2,295 on July 4, 2020, decreased to 352 on January 30, 2021 and thereafter increased to 1,579 on June 7, 2021. The same started falling slowly, thereafter, reaching a figure of 52 on November 22, 2021.Increases in the daily number of infected cases were in multiples of hundred during the early days of COVID-19. For example, on March 24, 2020, the number of new cases was increased by 154. But on July 3, 2020 the highest daily increase was reported as 810, which reduced from August onwards. On the contrary, there were reductions too, for example, on April 8, 2020, there was a reduction of 135 cases. Along with the spread of infections, mitigation also took place resulting in recoveries from the episodes. As of February 28, 2021, 368,305 cases have been recovered out of a total number of infections of 377,383 cases reported, representing a 97.6% recovery rate, leaving 6,494 (1.7%) deaths, which shows a prevalence of 0.7%. During the early days, that is, March and April 2020, daily recoveries were lower than reported cases, which is the reason for a huge increase showing negative recovery-reported case statistics. For example, on March 24, 2020, this difference was 196, with 9 recoveries out of 205 cases. On May 4, 2020, this figure of recovery-reported cases reached −1,303 and on June 12, 2020 it reached a peak of 2,911 cases, adding up to active cases. On the other hand, there were recoveries exceeding new cases from May 12, 2020 onwards but were zigzagging: the highest on July 14, 2020 with a difference of 5,026 cases .The case fatality rate, calculated as total deaths to 1,000 total infected cases, reached 16.3 on June 7, 2021. It was recorded as 15.1 on April 6, 2020, which declined to 5.4 by May 23, 2020. However, case fatality was recorded at a high of 17.3 during January 6–February 16, 2021, and 8,826 on 22 November, 2021 depending mostly on the positive cases and deaths reported. The total number of deaths reached 7,471 on June 7, 2021 with a daily mortality of 16. The highest number of deaths of 58 was reported on July 5, 2020.Saudi Arabia, the largest country in the Arabian Gulf and second largest in the Arab World, has an area and population that are both 0.4% of the world. Saudi Arabia started with 0.2% of the world's COVID-19 cases on March 21, 2020, which increased to 1.5% by June 20, 2020, but declined to 0.02% by November 28, 2020, 0.01% by February 28, 2021, and even less than that thereafter, following various phases of intervention over that period . RecoverThere are a total of 549,518 infected cases, as of November 22, 2021 ; higher rates of infection but almost all recovered . Thus, having a very narrow gap between infected and recovered persons . It is tSome of the administrative areas, especially major commercial, educational, residential, and developmental zones, reportedly have a higher number of COVID-19 cases . In RiyaCOVID-19, the most critical health issue humans have ever experienced over the last decade, vary across countries in intensity raising global issues by creating severe health and socioeconomic concerns, thus precipitating global disruption and emergencies affecting other aspects of life, including travel, material, and financial resources, and psychosocial wellbeing , 33–35. Chronologically, risk assessment was followed by suspension of religious, recreational, sports, and commercial gatherings and thereafter public transport regulations leading to a partial curfew. There were enforced restrictions of inter-regional and international and national movements, local curfews based on daily reports, and national level lockdown. Connections are maintained through e-services. Repatriation of citizens, isolation of districts, remote teaching procedures, and rules carrying reprimands for the violation of control measures were also introduced. The private sector and expatriates were offered financial and welfare support along with special terms during Ramadan. Control measures were lifted slowly, step by step, depending upon the locational volume of spread. Mass testing strategies were initiated and, thereafter, normal living was regained in Saudi Arabia. There were a few other control measures put in place during the second wave too, although the spread was less intense. Slowly, there were reductions in the spread and thereby control measures were removed in the Kingdom. By this time, immunization programs gained momentum and it became mandatory for movement, especially in public places and offices. As an outcome, by September 2021, almost all control measures were withdrawn, observing a noticeably low spread of COVID-19. There exist restrictions on international travel and the entry of non-immunized people into the country. This is based on the lessons gained about the onset of the disease carried to the country by frequent travelers of the Eastern Region.Mortality, measured as case fatality, was observed to be high, which increased rapidly until January 2021: such higher mortality rates might have resulted from population age distribution, the age of infected persons, life expectancy, comorbidity, treatment-seeking behavior, and other risk factors . HoweverCOVID-19 spread to more than 200 locations in Saudi Arabia, and thus gripped the country for a period, which was addressed through medical and legal intervention. This reduced not only the gap between infection and recovery but also the proportion to global infection, recovery, and mortality. While the global figures continue to increase rapidly, the share of Saudi Arabia declined, which may be credited to the mitigation efforts.Population size and density are potential sources of COVID-19 infection , especiaThere were increases in the overall total cases and mortality, which are attributed to the waves of this epidemic on a global basis. But, threats are limited as revealed by the affected persons as a percentage of the population. Thus, population rates are more meaningful than the absolute numbers for understanding the impact of COVID-19 on societies. These rates show the extent COVID-19 impacts the population regarding distribution, economy, behavior, and cohesiveness, directly and indirectly. These achievements of continued decline are geared by strenuous efforts of healthcare intervention including daily detection tests and vaccination.Saudi Arabia has gone through highs and lows; based on population size, urban growth, infrastructure in place, and economic sectors. For example, a high spread of disease reported in administrative areas such as Riyadh, Makkah Al-Mokarramah, and the Eastern Region corresponds to this view. The second set of administrative areas are Al-Madinah Al-Monawarrah, Aseer, Al-Qassim, and Jazan. The other areas had few infected cases. These variations across administrative areas could directly relate to urbanization, social and religious festivities, commercial activities, and livelihoods despite effectively implementing various containment measures all over the country , 23, 39.COVID-19 in Saudi Arabia witnessed increases and decreases epidemiologically, in terms of new cases, mortality, active cases, and critical cases, delineating phases of early infections , heightened spread , fast decline , stabilization , second-wave , and full control (October 2021 onwards). While country statistics show remarkable control, credit goes to the committed efforts of the Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia, and disciplined adaptations by the public. Overall, the percentage of population affected is low, comparatively, but should be kept in view for continued efforts to control the virus. Mitigation along with infection control strategies should go hand in hand in a strengthened manner.Geographically, administrative areas with higher pressures of population migration and socioeconomic development are more affected, especially the major cities such as Riyadh, Jeddah, Makkah, Buraydah, Dammam, and Madina. Finally, it is the disciplined life in compliance with a law and order situation under a government of utmost accountability that enabled the achievement of goals and targets in time.This research has many limitations, especially those related to data. Still, with this available data on the national scenario, the overall situation is explained for the global audience. It would have been more insightful had there been detailed data on age and sex specificity of infections, recoveries, and mortality. Such details could also be beneficial for analysis across geographic locations.The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/supplementary materials, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.AS: initiation, concept development, data compilation, analysis, and writing. RA-K: advisory in data compilation and methodology, reviewing and revising, and enabling supportive mechanisms. IE: assisting in data compilation, helping in analysis and literature review, and reviewing and suggesting improvements. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.Deanship of Scientific Research at King Saud University, Riyadh, for its funding of this research through the Research Group No. RGP-329.The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.


In the published article, there was an error in affiliation 1, instead of “Department of Obstetrics, Qingdao Jinhua Hospital, Qingdao, China”, it should be “Department of Obstetrics, Qingdao Jinhua Gynecology Hospital, Qingdao, China”.In the published article, there was an error in the affiliation order. The affiliation order should be1 Department of Nephrology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China,2 Department of Obstetrics, Qingdao Jinhua Gynecology Hospital, Qingdao, ChinaIncorrect Author OrderIn the published article, there was an error in the order of authors. The author order should be1#*, Lijuan Qi2#, Jinhua Fu2, Shuqin Bi2, Lin Li1 and Yinghui Fu2Long Zhao#Long Zhao and Lijuan Qi contributed equally to this work.The corrected Author Contributions Statement appears below.LZ, LQ, and JF: conception and design, data analysis, and interpretation. LZ: administrative support. LQ, SB, YF, and LL: provision of study materials or patients, collection and assembly of data. All authors: manuscript writing and final approval of the manuscript.The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.


Molecular medicine is emerged with the progression of life science, representing the third medicine revolution after clinical anatomy and experimental medicine in the last centuries. As a multidisciplinary field, molecular medicine integrates physics, chemistry, biology, and medical technology, which aims at deciphering the structural, molecular, and cellular mechanisms that drive pathogenic process and at developing molecular tools and interventions for the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of human diseases. A milestone in molecular medicine is the launch of Human Genome Project (HGT) in 1990, promoting the advance of diverse subdisciplines including epigenetics, genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics. As a result, many new pathogenic factors are uncovered in recent years, such as gene mutations in inherited disease, posttranslational modification in aging, and noncoding RNAs in cancer. Assisting by translational medicine, the cutting‐edge academic theories and technologies of molecular medicine have been developed into products that improve human health, such as nivolumab  for the treatment of nonsmall cell lung cancer, Adalimumab  for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, and artificial intelligence‐driven platform  for drug discovery.MedComm to meet the current and future demand, providing a home for this field.With the progress of technologies and the continuous efforts of researchers, there is an advance in our understanding of molecular and translational medicine. However, many challenges are still to be faced. For example, the regulatory network consisting of proteins and nucleic acids is far from understood. Existing targeted therapies for diseases are unable to meet clinical needs. Precise diagnostic technologies, especially for early disease diagnosis, are also inadequate. Growing publications have suggested that this field is a rapidly expanding realm of research. Based on a PubMed Advanced Search (All Fields: “molecular medicine”), the total number of papers published in 1985 was 47 and increased to 12 260 in 2002, and further reached to 60 452 in 2018. However, high‐impact journals in this field are limited, as a result, the published articles are vastly decentralized. Furthermore, governments and foundations around the world are increasingly providing financial support to the research in molecular medicine, including molecular diagnosis, molecular pathology, signal transduction, targeted intervention, drug discovery and delivery, and other clinical techniques for managing human diseases. It is expected that more and more important discoveries will be achieved in the near future. However, the limited capacity of existing journals cannot ensure the timely publication of relevant works with an increasing rate. Thus, we are launching MedComm is a peer‐reviewed, online open access journal that publishes the pioneer works of medicine on the basis of novelty, timeliness, and significance on human health. Notably, MedComm is a multidisciplinary journal, covering disciplines including but not limited to clinical medicine, molecular biology, cell biology, pharmacology, medicinal chemistry, and pharmacy. Areas of interest contain basic researches that advance the understanding of pathogenesis, such as clinical epigenetics, genomics, proteomics, metabolomics, noncoding RNA, microenvironment, and cellular signal transduction. Researches that improve the diagnosis and treatment of human diseases, such as early disease diagnosis, liquid biopsy, high‐definition imaging, gene therapy, cell therapy, immunotherapy, chemical genomics, drug discovery, artificial intelligence in medicine, regenerative medicine, medical nanotechnology, drug delivery, and gene editing, are also interested by MedComm. All the major human diseases, including cardiovascular diseases, cancer, neurodegenerative disease, autoimmune disorders, and other pathologies, are within the scope of MedComm. It has a wide range of authors and readership, including researchers engaged in basic and applied research related to molecular medicine and translational medicine, clinicians concerned with pathogenic mechanism, as well as students in medicine, life science, and drug discovery.MedComm will aperiodically provide news, views, and highlights to comment on the latest medical progress, which timely address controversial topics in medicine.We aim to establish a leading forum for medical research. Research articles section, letters section, and reviews section are open for authors to submit their pioneer works, viewpoints, and summaries in the frontiers of medicine. We will also invite experts to publish cutting‐edge reviews in this field. In addition, MedComm is composed of high‐impact scientists from all over the world, and welcomes researchers to submit valuable works to MedComm. We promise fast review followed by fair and prompt decisions. Once a manuscript is accepted, our editorial staffs will provide high‐quality support to ensure your article is the best that it can be.The editorial team of MedComm provides a platform for students, scientists, and clinicians interested in clinical, basic, and translational medicine to share their discoveries and viewpoints in this field. We are committed to operating the MedComm innovative and timely, aiming to offer valuable and helpful information to you and the community.With advances in high‐throughput sequencing and high‐resolution analysis technologies, novel pathogenic mechanisms, biomarkers, and targets are continuously revealed, followed by the emergence of new techniques for the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of human disease.


Twitter data exhibits several dimensions worth exploring: a network dimension in the form of links between the users, textual content of the tweets posted, and a temporal dimension as the time-stamped sequence of tweets and their retweets. In the paper, we combine analyses along all three dimensions: temporal evolution of retweet networks and communities, contents in terms of hate speech, and discussion topics. We apply the methods to a comprehensive set of all Slovenian tweets collected in the years 2018–2020. We find that politics and ideology are the prevailing topics despite the emergence of the Covid-19 pandemic. These two topics also attract the highest proportion of unacceptable tweets. Through time, the membership of retweet communities changes, but their topic distribution remains remarkably stable. Some retweet communities are strongly linked by external retweet influence and form super-communities. The super-community membership closely corresponds to the topic distribution: communities from the same super-community are very similar by the topic distribution, and communities from different super-communities are quite different in terms of discussion topics. However, we also find that even communities from the same super-community differ considerably in the proportion of unacceptable tweets they post. Social media, and Twitter in particular, are widely used to study various social phenomena, see for example  . We then outline individual research methods applied. Network analysis is used to construct retweet networks, detect communities, and study their evolution through time (subsection Evolving retweet communities). Machine learning is applied to train and evaluate a hate speech classification model (subsection Hate speech classification). Methods of content analysis are used to detect topics discussed in the tweets (subsection Topic detection). In the next section, Results and discussion, we combine the results of individual methods to reveal some interesting insights gained from the collected Twitter data.For this study, we collected a set of almost 13 million Slovenian tweets in the 3 year period, from January 1, 2018 until December 28, 2020. The set represents an exhaustive collection of Twitter activities in Slovenia. The tweets were collected via the public Twitter API, using the TweetCaT tool  and 4,597,865 retweets .A retweet network is a directed graph. The nodes are Twitter users and the edges are retweet links between the users. An edge is directed from the user We form a sequence of network snapshots, with a sliding window of 1 week, to study the evolution of a retweet network. The snapshots are overlapping, where each snapshot comprises an observation window of 24 weeks (about 6 months). We employ an exponential edge weight decay, with half-time of 4 weeks, to eliminate the effects of the trailing end of a moving network snapshot. This provides a relatively high temporal resolution between subsequent networks, but we later select just the most relevant intermediate timepoints.The set of network snapshots thus consists of 133 overlapping observation windows, with temporal delay of 1 week. The snapshots start with a network at Informally, a network community is a subset of nodes more densely linked between themselves than with the nodes outside the community. A standard community detection method is the Louvain algorithm ,Build a new network where a pair of the original nodes is linked if their total Co-membership across all the Louvain trials is above a given threshold (90% by default),Identify the disjoints sets which then represent the detected communities.As a result of using Ensemble Louvain, nodes without a clear community membership  are isolated and excluded from further analyses. The resulting communities are of approximately the same size as produced by individual Louvain trials, but with drastically improved stability and reproducibility . The only non-political community is Sports. All the remaining, smaller communities, are represented as Rest.Hate speech classification is approached as a supervised machine learning problem. Supervised machine learning requires a large set of examples labeled for hate speech, and typically involves a considerable initial effort to produce such labeled examples. The labeled examples are then used to train classification models to distinguish between the examples of hate and normal speech ,Offensive—tweets include offensive generalization, contempt, dehumanization, or indirect offensive remarks,Violent—the author threatens, indulges, desires or calls for physical violence against a target; this also includes tweets calling for, denying or glorifying war crimes and crimes against humanity.During the annotation process, and for training the models, all four classes were considered. However, in this paper we take a more abstract view and distinguish just between the normal, acceptable speech, and the unacceptable speech, i.e., inappropriate, offensive or violent.The hate speech annotation schema is adapted from OLID , between the annotators and the models, and then compare if a model comes close to the inter-annotator agreement.Several machine learning algorithms were used to train hate speech classification models. First, three traditional algorithms were applied: Naïve Bayes, Logistic regression, and Support Vector Machine with a linear kernel. Second, deep neural networks, based on the Transformer language models, were applied. We used two multi-lingual language models, based on the BERT architecture . In subsection Evolution of offensive topics we focus on the three prevailing topics, and show the evolution of acceptable and unacceptable tweets posted by the top communities.The topic detection method we apply requires to set the number of topics in advance. We experimented with different preset values to find an appropriate level of detail where no obvious topics are neither merged nor split across multiple topics. This experiment resulted in six topics, each defined by a probability distribution over constituent words. In general, a tweet discusses several topics with different probabilities. For easier interpretation of the results, we selected just the most probable topic assigned to each tweet.local Ljubljana, year, price, municipality, road, city, Slovenia, car, water, vehicle, center, Maribor, Euro, apartment, shop, house, registration, firefighter, mayor;sports match, year, Slovenia, show, win, season, movie, team, book, city, Ljubljana, league, Maribor, award, interview, concert, weekend, game;health measure, human, mask, virus, government, epidemic, Slovenia, infection, country, coronavirus, doctor, week, health, number, case, work, life, help, school;family child, year, human, school, life, woman, head, hand, parent, world, thank you, man, word, language, end, thing, mother, book, family;politics government, party, state, year, money, Slovenia, minister, media, president, election, work, salary, law, parliament member, human, Janša, Šarec, court, politics;ideology Slovenia, country, human, year, Slovenian, nation, border, migrant, war, communist, government, Europe, Janša, power, army, world, media, justice, leftist.In Table A topic is defined by the probability distribution over words, and we provide the top most probable words for each topic. Each topic is assigned a shorthand label to adequately characterize it and to facilitate further analyses. We assigned the topic labels manually, on the basis of the most probable words, and by inspecting several tweets for each topic. The six detected topics are listed below:Figure In this subsection we turn attention to the topic distribution per community. We focus just on the top four communities, already identified in Fig. Figure P and Q, is defined by the Jensen–Shannon divergence  Lin :\documenC, at timepoint t. We denote by C across the five timepoints C changes over time by computing the distances between subsequent timepoints Ci and Cj by computing the distance between their cumulative distributions Let Results with the differences in topic distributions are in Table The right-hand side of Table Similarities between the communities in terms of topic distributions are consistent with the formation of super-communities. A super-community is a set of communities that are densely linked together by the external influence links, i.e., retweets  tweets posted by the three communities.The three communities are very different in size and in their Twitter activities. Figure Out of the six topics detected, we first consider the two prevailing topics, politics and ideology, taken together. Figure The change of the government in Slovenia in 2020 coincides with the emergence of the Covid-19 pandemic. In Fig. In contrast to the politics and ideology, the health topic draws relatively low number of unacceptable tweets. However, as the pandemic progressed, and increasingly more unpopular public measures were taken, so has the volume of unacceptable tweets increased.This paper concludes a trilogy on the analysis of a comprehensive Slovenian Twitter data corpus, from the 2018–2020 period. In the first part  and in other languages (Zollo et al.


In the published article, there was an error in affiliation 1. Instead of “Department of Rare and Head and Neck Oncology, Institute of Cancer Research and Basic Medical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Cancer Hospital of University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, China.”, it should be “Key Laboratory of Head & Neck Cancer Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, Department of Rare and Head and Neck Oncology, Institute of Cancer Research and Basic Medical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Cancer Hospital of University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, China.”.In the published article, there was an error in author order. Instead of “Jun Cao, Mengdi Zhang, Bin Wang, Long Zhang, Meiyu Fang and Fangfang Zhou”, it should be “Jun Cao, Mengdi Zhang, Bin Wang, Long Zhang, Fangfang Zhou and Meiyu Fang”.In the published article, there was an error in corresponding author order. Instead of “Long Zhang L_Zhang@zju.edu.cn; Fangfang Zhou zhoufangfang@suda.edu.cn; Meiyu Fang fangmy@zjcc.org.cn”, it should be “Meiyu Fang fangmy@zjcc.org.cn; Long Zhang L_Zhang@zju.edu.cn; Fangfang Zhou zhoufangfang@suda.edu.cn”.The authors apologize for these errors and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.


After publication of this work , we noteThe author(s) declare that they have no competing interests.AML designed and coordinated the study, YS oversaw mosquito collections, dissections and rearing, CP conceived and conducted PCR assays, data entry and data analysis, ND assisted with fieldwork design and statistical analysis, and SJL conceived of, and worked on the optimization of the PS-PCR assay.


Business and government sites are planned for later.In 2004 the Sausalito, California–based Natural Capital Institute began developing the World Index for Social and Environmental Responsibility (WISER) to bring together the more than 1 million organizations working to improve environmental and human health. WISER has launched a website targeted specifically at nonprofits at WiserEarth provides tools and a platform for NGOs, funding sources, and individuals to network and develop awareness of each other’s work. Individuals can post personal profiles, and NGOs are given space to build a web presence.Visitors can post events and job openings, or participate in discussion forums on such topics as holistic health, sustainable agriculture, and climate change. The website features 44 main areas of focus, termed “portals,” which are further subdivided into 372 more specific topics. Among the portals are agriculture and farming, greening of industry, fisheries, pollution, poverty eradication, and sustainable development. Each portal page links to organizations, users, resources, jobs, and events associated with that topic. The page devoted to organizations allows visitors to browse for information a number of ways including by country, type of organization , area of focus, and activity type .A news section features rundowns of the latest updates to the website, postings by the media and press center, new multimedia offerings, volunteer openings, and a calendar of upcoming events around the world. Each day the site spotlights a different portal, organization, resource, and event.


Drs. Speiser, Cerottini, and Romero  correctlThe authors also point out that in their experience, they found that the majority of T cells generated with the heteroclitic Melan-A M26 peptide were tumor reactive, citing their studies in vitro , and in In our study , we anal


Medicinal plants and culinary herbs have been used since ancient times. Essential oils (EO) are a mixture of numerous compounds, mainly terpenes, alcohols, acids, esters, epoxides, aldehydes, ketones, amines and sulfides, that are probably produced by plants as a response to stress . Their uEOs have been used in foods as flavoring, as well as preserving agents, due to antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. Their main active components are: thymol, carvacrol, eugenol, cinnamaldehyde and linalool , althougStudies on the biological activities of essential oils have become increasingly important in the search for natural and safe alternative preservatives and health promoters. Another relevant use of EOs is their incorporation as feed supplements: for ruminants to modify ruminal metabolism in order to mitigate methane and ammonia emissions  and for in vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of EOs [There is an abundance of scientific literature on the study of s of EOs ,6,12,13,s of EOs ,15 and ts of EOs ,16, or ts of EOs . Actual


Dinib, Manzoor Hussaina, David Soleimani‐Meigoonib, and Ali S. MeigoonibShahid B. Awan,a Department of Physics, Jinnah Campus, Lahore, Pakistan;University of the Punjab,b Department of Radiation Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, U.S.A.University of Kentucky,The institutional affiliation for co‐author Manzoor Hussain is missing. The affiliation of Manzoor Hussain is University of the Punjab, Department of Physics, Jinnah Campus, Lahore, Pakistan. With this correction, the institutional affiliations of all the authors will be as follows:ii)Pd103 source is shown in the following Table. It should be noted the graphical representation of the 2D‐aniotropy is does not need any correction.Table iii)On the legend of Fig. In this erratum, we present the corrections for three typographical errors that occurred in the above noted publication on pages 123, 130 and page 138, respectively.


Ishwar Chandramouliswaran  was not included as an author in the published article. The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the content of the article.The original article has been updated.IH: Manuscript writing, figure design. TD, JK, AK, and WK: Manuscript and figure revision, approval of final manuscript. IH, TD, JK, IC, AK, and WK: Management and project support for Cancer Genomics Cloud Pilots.The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.


The affiliation for the ninth author is incorrect. Muhammad Bashir Bello is not affiliated with #7 but with #6, Laboratory of Vaccine and Immunotherapeutics, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia Serdang, Selangor, MalaysiaThere are errors in


The institutional affiliation for co‐author Manzoor Hussain is missing. The affiliation of Manzoor Hussain is University of the Punjab, Department of Physics, Jinnah Campus, Lahore, Pakistan. With this correction, the institutional affiliations of all the authors will be as follows:a,b Sharifeh A. Dinib, Manzoor Hussaina, David Soleimani‐Meigoonib, and Ali S. MeigoonibShahid B. Awan,a Department of Physics, Jinnah Campus, Lahore, Pakistan;University of the Punjab,b Department of Radiation Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, U.S.A.University of Kentucky,P103d source is shown in the following Table. It should be noted the graphical representation of the 2D‐aniotropy is does not need any correction.Table On the legend of Fig. In this erratum, we present the corrections for three typographical errors that occurred in the above noted publication on pages 123, 130 and page 138, respectively.


IJERPH focuses on maternal and child health (MCH), with research that highlights the role of environmental influences on MCH across a range of settings. Importantly, the issue focuses on a broad range of environments, including chemical, natural, built, and social. MCH encompasses health status and well-being of women, infants, children, adolescents, and their families. Their well-being determines the health of the next generation, and can help predict future public health challenges for families, communities, and the healthcare system. However, MCH racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic disparities in morbidity and mortality are significant problems worldwide. These differences are likely the result of many factors which are influenced by a variety of environmental factors, including concentrated poverty which increases exposure to environmental toxins [This Special Issue of l toxins , social l toxins , exposurl toxins ,4, neighl toxins , and insl toxins ,7,8. In l toxins . Income l toxins , and theEarly experiences are biologically and behaviorally embedded, impacting neurodevelopment and health long term ,14,15,16Several other papers focus on the importance of the social and physical environments, particularly with respect to childhood obesity prevention and treatment for malnutrition. During the last three decades, the U.S. obesity rate has doubled in adults and tripled in children and adolescents . The widThe papers within this issue demonstrate the worldwide concern regarding physical social and biological environmental influences on the health of the MCH population, with contributions from various points across the U.S., and from Australia to Pakistan, Japan, Taiwan, and China, and back to European countries, namely Poland, Italy and Austria. The wide range of issues illustrated in this issue confirm the public health seriousness of these environmental influences, as well as the timely publication of this Special Issue on Maternal and Child Health.


Future Science OA, 3(4), FSO246 (2017), there was a misspelling in affiliation 1. This was published incorrectly as: Department of Cardiology, Renming Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, PR China. The correct affiliation is: Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, PR China.In the Review by, Peng Zhong & HE Huang, ‘Recent progress in the research of cold-inducible RNA-binding protein’, which appeared in October 2017 in Future Science OA would like to sincerely apologize for any inconvenience or confusion this may have caused our readers.The authors and editors of


In the published article, there was an error in affiliation 38. Instead of “Faculty of Social and Management Sciences, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba-Akoko, Nigeria,” it should be “Department of Pure and Applied Psychology, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba-Akoko, Nigeria.” Also, the affiliation of Fívia A. Lopes is “Laboratory of Evolution of Human Behavior, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil” instead of “Department of Psychology, Faculty of Languages History and Geography, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey.”Fahd A. Dileym was not included as an author in the published article. The authors apologize for these errors and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way.The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.


Eight authors were not included in the author byline and inadvertently listed only in the Acknowledgements. Please see the full list of added authors as well as an updated byline below:Jean-Baptiste Adrien should be listed as the eighth author and affiliated with Emergency Department of Hospital Center Basse-Terre, Basse-Terre, Guadeloupe, France. The contributions of this author are as follows: Substantial contribution to conception of clinical procedures and acquisition of data through patients care and filling in the study form in Guadeloupe, revising the article critically for important intellectual content, and final approval of the version to be published.André Cabié should be listed as the ninth author and affiliated with University Hospital Center Fort de France, Fort de France, Martinique, France. The contributions of this author are as follows: Substantial contribution to conception of clinical procedures and acquisition of data through patients care and filling in the study form in Martinique, revising the article critically for important intellectual content, and final approval of the version to be published.Stephanie Guyomard should be listed as the tenth author and affiliated with Institut Pasteur de Guadeloupe, Les Abymes, Guadeloupe, France. The contributions of this author are as follows: Substantial contribution to conception of the biological procedures and acquisition of data through blood samples analysis and interpretation of biological results in Guadeloupe, revising the article critically for important intellectual content, and final approval of the version to be published.Cecile Herrmann-Storck should be listed as the eleventh author and affiliated with University Hospital Center Pointe à Pitre, Pointe à Pitre, Guadeloupe, France. The contributions of this author are as follows: Substantial contribution to conception of the biological procedures and acquisition of data through blood samples analysis and interpretation of biological results in Guadeloupe, revising the article critically for important intellectual content, and final approval of the version to be published.Patrick Hochedez should be listed as the twelfth author and affiliated with University Hospital Center Fort de France, Fort de France, Martinique, France. The contributions of this author are as follows: Substantial contribution to conception of clinical procedures and acquisition of data through patients care and filling in the study form in Martinique, revising the article critically for important intellectual content, and final approval of the version to be published.Claude Olive should be listed as the thirteenth author and affiliated with University Hospital Center Fort de France, Fort de France, Martinique, France. The contributions of this author are as follows: Substantial contribution to conception of the biological procedures and acquisition of data through blood samples analysis and interpretation of biological results in Martinique, revising the article critically for important intellectual content, and final approval of the version to be published.Rafaelle Théodose should be listed as the fourteenth author and affiliated with University Hospital Center Fort de France, Fort de France, Martinique, France. The contributions of this author are as follows: Substantial contribution to conception of the biological procedures and acquisition of data through blood samples analysis and interpretation of biological results in Martinique, revising the article critically for important intellectual content, and final approval of the version to be published.Isabelle Lamaury should be listed as the fifteenth author and affiliated with University Hospital Center Pointe à Pitre, Pointe à Pitre, Guadeloupe, France. The contributions of this author are as follows: Substantial contribution to conception of clinical procedures and acquisition of data through patients care and filling in the study form in Guadeloupe, revising the article critically for important intellectual content, and final approval of the version to be published.Additionally, Philippe Quénel should now be listed as the sixteenth author.Sylvie Cassadou1*, Jacques Rosine1, Claude Flamand1¤, Martina Escher1, Martine Ledrans1, Pascale Bourhy2, Mathieu Picardeau2, Jean-Baptiste Adrien3, André Cabié4, Stéphanie Guyomard5, Cécile Herrmann-Storck6, Patrick Hochedez4, Claude Olive7, Raphaelle Théodose7, Isabelle Lamaury8, Philippe Quénel11 Interregional Epidemiology Unit for Antilles-Guyane, French Institute for Public Health Surveillance, Paris, France.2 Institut Pasteur, "Biology of Spirochetes" unit, National Reference Center and WHO Collaborating Center for leptospirosis, Paris, France.3 Emergency Department, Hospital Center Basse-Terre, Basse-Terre, Guadeloupe, France.4 Infectious Diseases Department, University Hospital Center Fort de France, Fort de France, Martinique, France.5 Institut Pasteur de Guadeloupe, Les Abymes, Guadeloupe, France.6 Microbiology Laboratory, University Hopital Center Pointe à Pitre, Pointe à Pitre, Guadeloupe, France.7 Microbiology Laboratory, University Hopital Center Fort de France, Fort de France, Martinique, France.8 Infectious Diseases Department, University Hospital Center Pointe à Pitre, Pointe à Pitre, Guadeloupe, France.¤a Current address: Epidemiology Unit of Pasteur Institute of French Guiana, Cayenne, France ¤b Current address: Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Santé Publique, Laboratoire d'étude et de recherche en environnement et santé, Rennes, France.


The end of 2016 marked, among others, also an important cultural event, through its novelty and uniqueness, which took place at the oldest University of Medicine and Pharmacy in Romania. “Constantin Brancusi” vernissage of sculpture exhibition took place in the imposing Hall of Honor of “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy in Bucharest and was organized through the efforts of some culture enthusiasts, such as Constantin Barbu, Vice-president of “Mihai Eminescu” International Academy in Craiova and the famous surgeon, Prof. Mircea Beuran, MD, PhD, the President of the Senate of “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy in Bucharest. The exhibition presented twenty sculptures of immortal Brancusi, which were lost in the passing of time, but have been brought to life by the famous Romanian sculptor, Rodion Gheorghita. “Study for vanity, A muse, Old man head, The fish, The portrait of a doorman, Danaida, Red-skins, The portrait of Victoria Vaschide, The kiss, Eve, The baroness, Gheorghe Lupescu, The portrait of Daniel Poiana, etc.”, were made by master Rodion Gheorghita, through efforts which only he himself knows, having as model a picture.The vernissage was opened by Academician Ioanel Sinescu, Rector of “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, in the presence of the leaders of the University. Students and professors in the University, art critics, mass-media representatives and also an art enthusiastic public, participated in the event. A very distinct and honorable presence was the one of Academician Günter Stock, President of European Academies (ALLEA).Academician Günter Stock graduated from the prestigious University of Medicine in Heidelberg, Germany, and has an extensive scientific activity, having published over 300 papers in highly rated journals, in different fields, such as Neurosciences, Pharmacology or Structural Biochemistry, extremely valuable papers, which have been cited for over 8000 times in ISI-Web of Science indexed journals. Moreover, he is a promoter of the values of the Romanian culture, being, at the same time, one of the supporters of the integral translation in German of the work of Dimitrie Cantemir, the collection of the already translated volumes being present, thanks to him, in the Library of the Academy in Berlin. After the opening, the participants admired the items exhibited and sculptor Rodion Gheorghita gave details regarding the difficulty of making the sculptures, whereas the organizers offered the participants a glass of champagne. Executive EditorProfessor Eng. Victor Lorin Purcarea, PhD.


GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet 388: 1545–6022016; —In this Article, Simon I Hay, Sudha P Jayaraman, Thomas Truelsen, Reed J D Sorensen, Anoushka Millear, Giorgia Giussani, and Ettore Beghi should have been listed as authors. The funding statement for Simon I Hay has been added. These corrections have been made to the online version as of Jan 5, 2017.


This case study was based on a school where the Tier 1 Program of the Project P.A.T.H.S. was integrated into the formal curriculum. In this case study, an interview with the school principal, vice-principal, and social worker was conducted in order to understand their perceptions of administrative arrangements and issues in the school, implementation characteristics, program effectiveness, program success, and overall impression. Results showed that several positive school and classroom attributes were conducive to program success, including positive school culture and belief in students' potentials, an inviting school environment, an encouraging classroom environment, high involvement of school administrative personnel, and systematic program arrangement.


Dear Editor,6H11NOS2) is the biologically active isothiocyanate produced by the metabolism of glucoraphanin by the enzyme myrosinase butane] belongs to the isothiocyanate class of phytochemicals. Glucoraphanin, a glucosinolate precursor of SFN, is a glucosinolate found in cruciferous vegetables such as broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower, and kale. All glucosinolates are composed of a basic structure consisting of a β-D-thioglucose group, a sulfonated oxime group, and an amino acid-derived side chain. Glucosinolates are activated by enzyme-dependent hydrolysis to their respective isothiocyanates. SFN , antimiSFN shows a range of biological activities and health benefits in humans, has been found to be a very promising chemopreventive agent against not only a variety of cancers such as breast, prostate, colon, skin, lung, stomach, and bladder but also against cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases and diabetes . In thiThis work was supported by Korea Institute of Planning and Evaluation for Technology in Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (IPET) through Agri-Bio Industry Technology Development Program, funded by Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs (MAFRA) (316006-5).The authors declare no conflict of interest


AbstractPiper species are used for spices, in traditional and processed forms of medicines, in cosmetic compounds, in cultural activities and insecticides. Here barcode analysis was performed for identification of plant parts, young plants and modified forms of plants. Thirty-six Piper species were collected and the three barcode regions, matK, rbcL and psbA-trnH spacer, were amplified, sequenced and aligned to determine their genetic distances. For intraspecific genetic distances, the most effective values for the species identification ranged from no difference to very low distance values. However, Piperbetle had the highest values at 0.386 for the matK region. This finding may be due to Piperbetle being an economic and cultivated species, and thus is supported with growth factors, which may have affected its genetic distance. The interspecific genetic distances that were most effective for identification of different species were from the matK region and ranged from a low of 0.002 in 27 paired species to a high of 0.486. Eight species pairs, Piperkraense and Piperdominantinervium, Pipermagnibaccum and Piperkraense, Piperphuwuaense and Piperdominantinervium, Piperphuwuaense and Piperkraense, Piperpilobracteatum and Piperdominantinervium, Piperpilobracteatum and Piperkraense, Piperpilobracteatum and Piperphuwuaense and Pipersylvestre and Piperpolysyphonum, that presented a genetic distance of 0.000 and were identified by independently using each of the other two regions. Concisely, these three barcode regions are powerful for further efficient identification of the 36 Piper species. Piper have been used since prehistoric times for a variety of human activities. They are used as spices, in traditional and processed forms of medicines, in cosmetic compounds, in cultural activities and as insecticides  to discriminate between bird species. MT-CO1, 16s RNA, MT-CYB and RNA 18s in 242 species of fish and in 11 Epinephelus species.Plants in the genus cticides . Piperbcticides . Eugenolcticides . Althougbacteria . InvestiThailand , 2009 ha for use . Medicin for use . It prinmatK gene , the rbcL gene  regions identified by the Piper species as economically valued plants worldwide and with the plant parts of many species being used, such as the trunk, leaves and fruits, as well as young plants and processed plant materials in the forms of powder and slices, identifying the species used is paramount to verify the authenticity of such goods. Therefore, these products should have a specific marker that identifies a species using barcode for each species.The standard barcodes used for most investigations of plants are the three plastid barcodes, which include PageBreakPiper species in Thailand using matK, rbcL and the psbA-trnH spacer regions, as these species are important medicinal plants that have not been fully explored for barcode identification. Here we initiate the development of reference barcodes for plant parts, young plants and plant products.The aim of this research was to construct barcodes for Piper recently reported in Thailand (Species and sites of Thailand  were colWhole genomic DNA was extracted using a Plant Genomic DNA Extraction Kit (RBC Bioscience) following the kit protocols. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analyses were performed with primer pairs (5'–3') ATCCATCTGGAAATCTTAGTTC and GTTCTAGCACAAGAAAGTCG  consisted of 1× GoTaq Green Master Mix (Promega), 0.5 µM primers, and 30 ng of DNA template. The amplification profile included pre-denaturation at 94 °C for 1 min, 35 cycles of denaturation at 94 °C for 30 s, annealing at 52 °C (for matK) or 55 °C (for rbcL and the psbA-trnH spacer) for 30 s, extension at 72 °C for 1 min and a final extension at 72 °C for 5 min. The amplified products were subjected to 2% agarose gel electrophoresis.GAAAGTCG  for the CCACCRCG  for the CACAATCC  for the http://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi). Sequences were aligned for each genome region amplified to determine genetic distance values PageBreakby MEGA6 . This may be because the DNAs were fragmented at the primer regions. Table matK, rbcL and psbA-trnH spacer regions for all 36 species studied.The amplification of barcode bands from the matK region, the lowest value of 0.000 was observed in Piperdominantinervium, Piperhongkongense, Piperkraense and Piperlongum, while the highest value of 0.386 was observed for Piperbetle; 2) for the rbcL region, the lowest value of 0.000 was observed in Piperdominantinervium, Piperhongkongense, Piperlongum, Piperpedicellatum, Piperpilobracteatum, Piperpolysyphonum, Pipersarmentosum, Pipersylvestre and Piperwallichii, while the highest value of 0.166 was observed in Piperbetle; 3) for the psbA-trnH spacer region, the lowest value of 0.000 was observed in Piperdominantinervium, Piperkhasianum, Piperkraense, Piperlongum, Pipermontium, Pipermutabile, Pipernigrum, Piperpilobracteatum, Piperpolysyphonum and Pipersarmentosum while the highest value of 0.117 was observed in Piperboehmeriifolium.The intraspecific genetic distances for each region were the following: 1) for the matK region the lowest value of 0.000 was observed in the paired species Piperkraense and Piperdominantinervium, Pipermagnibaccum and Piperkraense, Piperphuwuaense and Piperdominantinervium, Piperphuwuaense and Piperkraense, Piperpilobracteatum and Piperdominantinervium, Piperpilobracteatum and Piperkraense, Piperpilobracteatum and Piperphuwuaense and Pipersylvestre and Piperpolysyphonum, while the highest value of 0.486 was observed between Piperribesioides and Piperpilobracteatum; 2) for the rbcL region, the lowest value of 0.000 was observed between pairs Piperdominantinervium and Pipercaninum, Piperkraense and Piperboehmeriifolium, Pipermaculaphyllum and Piperkhasianum, Pipermagnibaccum and Piperkhasianum, Pipermagnibaccum and Pipercaninum, Pipermagnibaccum and Piperdominantinervium, Pipermontium and Piperkhasianum, Pipermontium and Pipermagnibaccum, Pipermutabile and Pipercaninum, Pipermutabile and Piperdominantinervium, Pipermutabile and Pipermagnibaccum, Pipernigrum and Pipercaninum, Pipernigrum and Piperdominantinervium, Pipernigrum and Pipermagnibaccum, Pipernigrum and Pipermutabile, Piperpedicellatum and Piperkhasianum, Piperpedicellatum and Pipermagnibaccum, Piperpedicellatum and Pipermontium, Piperpedicellatum and Piperpendulispicum, Piperpendulispicum and PageBreakPageBreakPipercaninum, Piperpendulispicum and Piperdominantinervium, Piperpendulispicum and Pipermagnibaccum, Piperpendulispicum and Pipermutabile, Piperpendulispicum and Pipernigrum, Piperphuwuaense and Pipercaninum, Piperphuwuaense and Piperdominantinervium, Piperphuwuaense and Pipermagnibaccum, Piperphuwuaense and Pipermutabile, Piperphuwuaense and Pipernigrum, Piperphuwuaense and Piperpedicellatum, Piperpilobracteatum and Pipercaninum, Piperpilobracteatum and Pipermutabile, Piperpolysyphonum and Piperkhasianum, Piperpolysyphonum and Pipermagnibaccum, Piperpolysyphonum and Pipermontium, Pipersarmentosum and Piperlongum, Pipersylvestre and Piperkhasianum, Pipersylvestre and Pipermagnibaccum, Pipersylvestre and Pipermontium, Piperthomsonii and Pipernigrum, Piperpilobracteatum and Piperphuwuaense, Piperpolysyphonum and Piperpendulispicum, Piperpolysyphonum and Piperpedicellatum, Pipersylvestre and Piperpendulispicum, Pipersylvestre and Piperpedicellatum, Pipersylvestre and Piperpolysyphonum, Piperwallichii and Piperumbellatum, Piperprotrusum and Piperphuwuaense, and Piperprotrusum and Piperpilobracteatum, while the highest value of 0.213 was observed in the Piperbetle and Piperargyritis pair; 3) for the psbA-trnH spacer region the lowest value of 0.000 was observed in the pairs of Pipermontium and Pipermagnibaccum, Piperpilobracteatum and Pipercaninum, Piperpolysyphonum and Piperpedicellatum, Piperribesioides and Piperpedicellatum, Pipersarmentosum and Piperlongum, Pipersylvestre and Piperpedicellatum, Piperwallichii and Piperkhasianum, Piperwallichii and Piperpedicellatum, Piperprotrusum and Pipermagnibaccum, Pipersylvestre and Piperpolysyphonum, Pipersylvestre and Piperribesioides, Piperwallichii and Piperpolysyphonum, Piperwallichii and ribesioides, Piperwallichii and Pipersylvestre, and Piperyinkiangense and Piperbetle, while the highest value of 0.228 was observed between Pipersemiimmersum and Piperumbellatum.The interspecific genetic distances for each region were the following: 1) for the matK region in Table The genetic distance of the Piper in Thailand have many functional uses. Only four species, Piperbetle, Piperretrofractum, Pipernigrum and Pipersarmentosum are economic and cultivated species, and all of these species are also used as ingredients in the products mentioned above in the introduction. Piperbetle is a well-known species that is important for its chemical substances, including essential oils, chavicol, cineol and eugenol, which can be used for medicinal and insecticidal purposes. Because these plants are widely used, and used in several forms, which include plant parts, powdered preparations, capsule formulations and other preparations, their authenticity should be verified using DNA barcodes to establish the worthiness of these products for medicinal, cosmetics and house-hold use. To overcome the problems associated with identifying species based on morphological characters, DNA barcoding has been employed. For flowering plants in Thailand, the psbA-trnH spacer region was suggested as an efficient DNA barcode marker in Senna species (Smilax and Cissus species (rbcL gene has been suggested as a marker in parasitic plants, including Scurrula, Dendrophthoe, Helixanthera, Macrosolen and Viscum species (matK gene marker was identified in some medicinal Piper species (Piper species.Most of the 43 species of wild  species , as well species . In addi species  and the  species . TherefoPageBreakPageBreakPiper species using three different marker regions support a previous hypothesis of genetic distance values (Piperbetle had the highest intraspecific genetic distance values of 0.386 for the matK region, which may have been due to the presence of human growth factors. The interspecific genetic distances for the matK region were effective for the identification of different species with 27 pairs of species ranging from a low of 0.002 to a high of 0.486, as shown in Table matK had high species identification reliability and suggested that this region should be used for identification of Piper species along with the ITS region. Additionally, the rbcL and psbA-trnH spacer regions are effective for further identification of the other eight species pairs as shown in Table Pipersylvestre and Piperpolysyphonum to the highest value 0.129 for the pair Piperphuwuaense and Piperkraense in psbA-trnH spacer region. It can be concluded that these three barcode regions are powerful for further efficient identification of the 36 Piper species.The results from DNA barcoding 36 e values , showingmatK and the psbA-trnH spacer to identify Myristicaceae plants, rbcL and matK as the core DNA barcode regions for land plants.The results presented here support those of


Journal of Applied Clinical Medical Physics, and in 2008, with the publication of Volume 9, I began my term. I accepted the position with a personal goal of serving for five years. With the conclusion of Volume 13, I have now served five years, so the time has come for me to step down and provide the JACMP with an opportunity for fresh leadership.In 2007, I was invited to serve as the Editor‐in‐Chief of the JACMP, that I would be stepping down at the conclusion of 2012, with the intention of staying on for at least a year after management of the JACMP was taken over by the American Association of Physicists in Medicine (AAPM), to effect a smooth transition. After a nationwide search for a new Editor‐in‐Chief, the AAPM recently appointed Dr. Michael Mills to replace me. Many of you remember Dr. Mills as the previous Editor‐in‐Chief of the JACMP.Anticipating the end of my term, over a year ago I notified the American College of Medical Physics, the organization that sponsored the JACMP into an international journal. We have added two key organizations as sponsors: the Canadian Organization of Medical Physicists and the International Organization of Medical Physics, along with the addition of several Associate Editors nominated by these two organizations. Consequently, we now have a much broader reader base, as well as a much broader author base than we had previously. A second accomplishment has occurred in conjunction with the AAPM in that many JACMP articles are now available online on the AAPM website, so that medical physicists can obtain continuing education credits. Finally, we have experienced major growth in the JACMP with not only a greater number of submissions during the past five years  for Volume 13 include the following: Nzhde Agazaryan, Salahuddin Ahmad, John Antolak, Pat Cadman, John Bayouth, Charles Bloch, Pat Cadman, Marco Carlone, Nathan Childress, Laurence Court, Luca Cozzi, Mini Das, Larry DeWerd, Bill Erwin, Vladimir Feygelmann, Kent Gifford, Ed Jackson, Jennifer Johnson, Tommy Knöös, Stephen Kry, Rajat Kudchadker, Harish Malhotra, Pietro Mancosu, Osama Mawlawi, Charles Mayo, Moyed Miften, Mike Mills, Eduardo Moros, Firas Mourtada, Ben Nelms, Jennifer O'Daniel, Niko Papanikolaou, Donald Peck, Matt Podgorsak, Joann Prisciandaro, Jim Rodgers, John Rong, Yi Rong, Isaac Rosen, Surendra Rustgi, Narayan Sahoo, Bill Salter, Mehrdad Sarfaraz, Jeff Shepard, Chengyu Shi, Alf Siochi, Eric Slessinger, Jason Stafford, Lu Wang, Chuck Willis, Kamil Yenice, Geoffrey Zhang, and Ronald Zhu.Thank you to our Associate Editors and our reviewers, and especially to our authors, without whose contributions we would have no journal. My best wishes go to my successor, Dr Mills.George Starkschall, PhDEditor‐in‐ChiefSupplementary Material FilesClick here for additional data file.Supplementary Material FilesClick here for additional data file.


This was an international study of women's health issues, based on an Official Study Tour in Southeast Asia  and Canada. The objectives of the study were to identify and compare current gaps in surveillance, research, and programs and policies, and to predict trends of women''s health issues in developing countries based on the experience of developed countries. Key informant interviews , self-administered questionnaires, courtesy calls, and literature searches were used to collect data. The participating countries identified women's health as an important issue, especially for reproductive health (developing countries) and senior's health (developed countries). Cancer, lack of physical activity, high blood pressure, diabetes, poverty, social support, caring role for family, and informing, educating, and empowering people about women's health issues were the main concerns. Based on this study, 17 recommendations were made on surveillance, research, and programs and policies. A number of forthcoming changes in women's health patterns in developing countries were also predicted.


In the published article, there was an error in affiliation (2). Instead of “Microbiology and Micology Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile,” it should be “Microbiology and Micology Program, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.” The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way.Additionally, there was an error regarding the affiliations for Yalda Lucero. Affiliation 8 has been removed and the following affiliation has been added instead: Pediatric Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Clínica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile.The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.


Yiqiang Yuan and Qiangsun Zheng, the seventh and eighth authors, respectively, should be indicated as being Corresponding Authors for the article. Both of the authors share the same email address as the Corresponding Author already indicated. In addition, the affiliation for the fifth author is incorrect. Yujie Zhao is not affiliated with institution number 1, but with institution number 2, Department of Cardiology, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an.


Nature Communications, 10.1038/s41467-017-02480-6, published online 08 February 2018Correction to: https://github.iu.edu/kzhu/assembltrie, which links to a page that is not publicly accessible. The source code is publicly accessible at https://github.com/kyzhu/assembltrie. Furthermore, in the PDF version of the Article, the right-hand side of Figure 3 was inadvertently cropped. These errors have now been corrected in both the PDF and HTML versions of the Article.The original version of this Article contained errors in the affiliations of the authors Ibrahim Numanagić and Thomas A. Courtade, which were incorrectly given as ‘Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA’ and ‘Computer Science & Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA’, respectively. Also, the hyperlink for the source code in the Data Availability section was incorrectly given as


Escherichia coli (EHEC) ever reported. Four years thereafter, we systematically searched for scientific publications in PubMed and MEDPILOT relating to this outbreak in order to assess the pattern of respective research activities and to assess the main findings and recommendations in the field of public health. Following PRISMA guidelines, we selected 133 publications, half of which were published within 17 months after outbreak onset. Clinical medicine was covered by 71, microbiology by 60, epidemiology by 46, outbreak reporting by 11, and food safety by 9 papers. Those on the last three topics drew conclusions on methods in surveillance, diagnosis, and outbreak investigation, on resources in public health, as well as on inter-agency collaboration, and public communication. Although the outbreak primarily affected Germany, most publications were conducted by multinational cooperations. Our findings document how soon and in which fields research was conducted with respect to this outbreak.In 2011, Germany experienced one of the largest outbreaks of entero-hemorrhagic  Escherichia coli (EHEC) ever reported, almost 3,000 people fell ill with acute gastroenteritis, 855 of them developed hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). In total, 55 people died due to the infection , the German federal public health institute, together with local and state health and food safety agencies, conducted a total of 13 epidemiological field investigations, using different study designs. Initial investigations pointed at lettuce, raw tomatoes, and cucumbers as potential sources of the infection. On June 10—3 weeks after the first notification of the outbreak—epidemiological evidence supported that fenugreek sprouts, produced in Germany from seeds imported from Egypt, were the vehicle causing the outbreak  guidelines , we searBy applying the search criteria, we found 346 publications in PubMed and 304 in MEDPILOT; 214 articles (32.9%) were duplicates, resulting in a total of 436 unique publications written in Chinese, Dutch, English, French, German, Polish, Russian, Spanish, or Swedish. Of these, 255 publications were excluded based on content criteria, 47 for being editorials, commentaries, replies, diaries, or meeting abstracts, and five because of being submitted or published before May 1, 2011, leaving 129 (29.6%) after full-text screening. We identified an additional 11 publications on scrutinizing reference lists of eligible reviews, of which four articles fulfilled our eligibility criteria. In total, 133 eligible publications  were included in the systematic review  contributed to the study design, interpretation of the data, and to the writing and revision of this paper. All authors agree to be accountable for the content of the work.The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.


Hyssopus, Leonurus, Mentha, Nepeta, Origanum, Perovskia, Phlomis, Salvia, Scutellaria, and Ziziphora are widespread throughout the world, are the most popular plants in Uzbek traditional remedies, and are often used for the treatment of wounds, gastritis, infections, dermatitis, bronchitis, and inflammation. Extensive studies of the chemical components of these plants have led to the identification of many compounds, as well as essentials oils, with medicinal and other commercial values. The purpose of this review is to provide a critical overview of the literature surrounding the traditional uses, ethnopharmacology, biological activities, and essential oils composition of aromatic plants of the family Lamiaceae, from the Uzbek flora.Plants of the Lamiaceae family are important ornamental, medicinal, and aromatic plants, many of which produce essential oils that are used in traditional and modern medicine, and in the food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industry. Various species of the genera  The Republic of Uzbekistan is located in the center of Eurasia. About 85% of its territories are deserts, and about 15% are mountains and foothills. The Uzbek flora accounts for approximately 4350 species of vascular plants, including large numbers of endemic, endangered, and globally important species. Plants endemic to Uzbekistan constitute 20% of all plants; and a majority of these grow in the mountains. The floristic data for several regions of Uzbekistan is imperfect, and studies are continuing . The. TheLeongenol 30.3%, p-vinLeonurus turkestanicus V. I. Krecz & Kuprian is a perennial shrub that grows in the plains and highlands of Asia on stony, shallow-soiled slopes, floodplains, streamsides, and among trees and other shrubs ..LeonurusMentha L. (mint) is a well-known genus due to its medicinal and aromatic value. It is represented by about 19 species and 13 natural hybrids, mainly perennial herbs, which grow wildly in damp or wet places throughout the temperate regions of Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia, and North America. Species of the genus Mentha have been reported to contain a range of components, including cinnamic acids, flavonoids, and steroidal glycosides. However, the main active component of the genus Mentha is essential oil, which is reported to govern its various properties ..Mentha LNepeta L. comprises perennial or annual herbaceous, small shrubs, and rarely includes trees. It is comprised of more than 200 species. This genus has a widespread distribution in the temperate regions of Asia, Europe, and North Africa. Some Nepeta species are widely used in traditional medicine, due to their diuretic, antispasmodic, anti-asthmatic, febrifuge, emmenagogue, sedative, and antiseptic properties ..Nepeta LNepeta olgae Regel grows as an aromatic perennial plant in the foothills and lowlands of the Syrdaya region, Kyzylkum, and the Surkhan-Sherabad and Ferghana Valleys ..Nepeta oOriganum L. consists of 43 species and 18 hybrids; most of which are distributed through the eastern Mediterranean region ..PerovskiPhlomis L. consists of 75 species of perennial shrubs, occurring from the Mediterranean to Central Asia. In Uzbekistan, the genus Phlomis is represented by 15 species. Phlomis thapsoides Bunge is a perennial herb growing wild in western Pamir-Alay. The aerial parts of this species are used in some areas of Asia for feeding animals, and to dye wool and silk ..Salvia LSalvia sclarea L. (clary sage) is a well known aromatic plant, from which an oil used to be produced in large quantities in the former Soviet Union. Apart from the various medicinal uses, the essential oils of clary sage are widely applied in the food and cosmetic industries, wine making. and as a tobacco flavouring agent ..Salvia sScutellaria L. includes about 350 species, commonly known as skullcaps ..ScutellaScutellaria ramosissima Popov is native to Uzbekistan and grows in Northern Tien Shan, Pamir-Altay mountains , on the midlands of the high-altitude belt. In Uzbek folk medicine, water extracts (tea and infusion) of S. ramosissima are widely applied for epilepsy, inflammation, allergies, and nervous tension. The bioactivity of the plant is most likely due to the major components: flavonoids. The chloroform extract of S. ramosissima showed potent cytotoxic effects to Trypanosoma brucei TC221, and HeLa, HepG-2, and MCF-7 cancer cells ..ScutellaZiziphora are annuals or perennials, and herbaceous or sub-shrubs. The world population of this genus is represented by more than 30 different species. The Ziziphora species are rich in flavonoids, caffeic acid derivatives, fatty acids, triterpenes, and sterols. The essential oils of Ziziphora have been well studied ..ZiziphorPlant species from the Lamiaceae family have been used in herbal medicine for thousands of years. Traditional applications of the Lamiaceae family show high applicability as a common tea, flavours, insect repellant, in flu control, and as an anti-inflammatory, sedative, and analgesic. Mainly essential oils, terpenoids, phenolic compounds, flavonoides, and iridoids, have been reported from the members of this family. Many of the medicinal uses are presumed to be connected to the terpenic constituents of the essential oils of these plants.Hyssopus seravschanicus, Leonurus panzerioides, L. turkestanicus, Mentha longifolia var. asiatica, Nepeta alatavica, N. olgae, Origanum tyttanthum, Perovskia scrophulariifolia, Phlomis thapsoides, Salvia korolkovii, S. sclarea, Scutellaria immaculata, S. ramosissima, S. schachristanica, Ziziphora clinopodioides, and Z. pedicellata, has also been presented. The available literature showed that most of the bioactivities and medicinal properties of these species could be attributed to their essential oils, which contain a variety of functional bioactive compounds, known to have applications in the food, feed, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries.The present review provides, for the first time, an updated compilation of the documented ethnopharmacological information in relation to the ethnomedicinal, ethnobotanical, phytochemistry, and biological activities of 16 aromatic and medicinal plants from the Lamiaceae family of the Uzbek flora. Information on their traditional medicinal uses, and the compounds identified in the essential oils obtained from


Withania somnifera (WS) also known as ashwagandha is a well-known medicinal plant used in traditional medicine in many countries for infertility treatment. The present study was aimed at systemically reviewing therapeutic effects of WS on the reproductive system. This systematic review study was designed in 2016. Required data were obtained from PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, Cochrane Library, Science Direct, Web of Knowledge, Web of Science, and manual search of articles, grey literature, reference checking, and expert contact. WS was found to improve reproductive system function by many ways. WS extract decreased infertility among male subjects, due to the enhancement in semen quality which is proposed due to the enhanced enzymatic activity in seminal plasma and decreasing oxidative stress. Also, WS extract improved luteinizing hormone and follicular stimulating hormone balance leading to folliculogenesis and increased gonadal weight, although some animal studies had concluded that WS had reversible spermicidal and infertilizing effects in male subjects. WS was found to enhance spermatogenesis and sperm related indices in male and sexual behaviors in female. But, according to some available evidences for spermicidal features, further studies should focus on the extract preparation method and also dosage used in their study protocols. Infertility is a complicated problem with physiologic, psychologic, and economic aspects. Infertility is defined as the inability to conceive after one year of unprotected sexual intercourse . About 1The causes of male infertility are classified as pretesticular, testicular, posttesticular, and unknown. Sperm abnormality causes 30%–40% of all infertility . PretestDifferent etiologies of female infertility include ovarian diseases, tubal disorders, endometriosis, uterine pathologies, cervical problems, congenital anomalies, and dysfunction of the hypothalamus-pituitary-ovarian axis and systemic diseases , 9. TreaWithania somnifera, (WS) also known as ashwagandha, Indian ginseng, winter cherry, horse smell, Kaknaje Hindi, is a well-known medicinal plant in Solanaceae family used in traditional medicine in many countries such as Iran and India [nd India . This plnd India , 13. Thind India , 15. Difnd India –18. Manynd India .WS has been recommended for management of polyarthritis, lumbago, painful swellings, premature ejaculation, oligospermia, plague, asthma, vitiligo, general debility, impotency, ulcers, uterine infection, leucorrhoea, hemorrhoid, and orchitis in traditional Persian medicine , 61. AllWithania somnifera” , “fertility”, “conceive”, “infertility”, “women”, “men”, “female”, “male”, “semen”, “sperm”, “spermicidal”, “Sertoli”, “prolactin”, “follicular stimulating hormone”, “luteinizing hormone”, “testosterone”, “libido”, “aphrodisiac”, “behavior”, “sexual”, “spermatogenesis”, “reproduction”, “semenogogue”, “impotency”, “spermatozoa”, “estrogen”, “pregnancy”, “gonadotropin releasing hormone”, “testis”, “leydig”, and “ovarian”. The time period between 1965 and 2017 was selected. Also, to increase the scope of the study, manual search in some of the valid journal databases was performed. All in vitro or in vivo studies about the effects of WS on reproductive system and fertility among human or animal subjects were included in the study. Review studies, case reports, letter to editors, and short communications were excluded from the study.In this systematic review which was performed in 2016, required data were gathered using databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library. The keywords used in present study were “To search for unpublished articles (grey literature), European Association for Grey Literature Exploitation (EAGLE) and Health Care Management Information Consortium (HMIC) were searched.The selected papers extracted from the databases were assessed by two investigators using Consort 2010 checklist. Discrepancies between the two raters were referred to the third investigator. First, the titles of all articles were reviewed to screen for eligibility and those found to be irrelevant with the objectives of the study were excluded from the study. In the later stages, the abstracts and full-text articles were, respectively, examined to identify and exclude those that did not match the inclusion.One reviewer extracted the data from the included studies while a second author checked the results. Any disagreements were resolved by a discussion of reviewers. Data for the primary objective of the review was collected from the full text of each publication and included the trial name, year of publication, type of study, sample size, results, and other characteristics.Statistical analysis was performed by SPSS software package version 16.0 for windows  . QuantitThe flowchart of the study is shown in Many phytochemicals have been extracted from WS, which includes alkaloids, flavonoids, steroidal lactones, saponins, neurotransmitters, essential and nonessential fatty acids, ergostane, and gamma amino butyric acid; of all these components, alkaloids, and withanolids such as withaferin A, withanosides, sitoindosides, beta-sitosterol, and various amino acids like alanine have more prominent effect on fertility status , 51, 55.In animal studies, WS is known to have gonadotropic function which increases gonadal weight by growthing follicles size in female and also increasing seminiferous tubular cell layers in male animals , 57–59. In a study by Shukla et al. about effects of WS on men, WS root powder was used for 3 months and it was shown that sperm parameters such as count and motility in sperm analysis had improved due to decrease apoptosis and reactive oxidative stress among men with normospermia and oligospermia; also copper, zinc, iron, and gold ions of seminal plasma had increased after the treatment and subsequently semen quality increased. This increase in semen quality is proposed to be due to the increase in essential neurotransmitters, metallothionein which has antioxidative function, and metal ions as cofactors for essential enzymes .In two clinical trials, the effects of 5 grams of WS root for 3 months on semen parameters of infertile men were investigated. Improvement in semen quality, increased vitamins E, C, and A, and increased fertility were reported which is proposed to be due to the high amount of alkaloids, ergostane steroids, and essential amino acids in WS which improved detoxification, decreased oxidative stress, and restorated testosterone secretion , 25.In another human study, treatment by WS aqueous extract in married healthy women increased their sexual function index and diminished sexual distress index statistically significant . In two In a study by Bhattarai et al. about effects of WS root extract, it was found that GABA mimetic features of this extract led to an increased activity of gonadotropin releasing hormone secreting neurons . On the Prabu et al. in a study on male rats found that hydroalcoholic WS root extract was found to decrease white blood cell and lymphocyte counts in blood, but no considerable effect on reproductive indices . AlcoholWS leaves and roots have been found to improve oxidative stress indices such as an increase in superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione, lactate dehydrogenase, alanine, glutamine, phenylalanine, and decrease in cortisol and fructose , 51, 58. Nile tilapia, it was found that this extract with androgenic effects decreased prolactin level and estrogen level by inhibiting aromatase activity and induced male phenotype formation; this phenomenon was proposed to be due to components such as tannin, saponins, terpenoids, steroids, and flavonoids [In a study investigating effects of 6.5 mg of WS root extract onavonoids .Traditional and complementary medicine have been more popular nowadays to cure health related conditions . This prWithania somnifera is one of the herbal medicines widely used for the treatment of infertility and sexual dysfunction. This plant has been known to contain more than 80 types of phytochemicals such as steroidal and nonsteroidal alkaloids, steroidal lactones and saponins like isopelletierine, anaferin, anahygrine, hygrine, cuscohygrine, tropine, pseudotropine, withananine, ashwagandha, withaferins, withananinine, pseudowithanine, somnine, somniferine, somniferinine, 3-tropyltigloate, withanine, withasomine, visamine, mesoanaferine, sitoindoside (7–10), hentriacontane, amino acids such as aspartic acid, glycine, tryptophan, proline, alanine, tyrosine, hydroxyproline valine, cystine, glutamic acid, and cysteine, calcium, phosphorus, iron, flavonoids, starch, reducing sugars, proteolytic enzyme “chamase,” glycosides, dulcitol, and volatile oil. Of all these components, withaferin A and sitoindosides had the key role in WS therapeutic effects [ effects , 61, 72.Based on the present study, it was shown that extracts of WS fruits, leaves, stems, and especially roots enhance sperm quality indices such as motility and count in men , 24, 25 The mechanism of WS effect on the reproductive system is not known entirely yet, but this mechanism is proposed to be linked to the antioxidative features and ability to improve the hormonal balance of LH, FSH, and testosterone and improve detoxification process. Also, the GABA mimetic feature of WS extract is thought to play the main role in inducing gonadotropin releasing hormone secretion and improving hormonal balance , 47, 51. Withania somnifera has a positive effect in the treatment of infertility both in male and female. Although some studies proposed that WS extract might have infertilizing and spermicidal effect. Due to the growing interest in using herbal medicine especially those which possess the antioxidative and reproductive system supporting properties, further studies are needed to be designed with higher population and more-structured methodology so a more precise and decisive conclusion can be made.Based on the results, it deems that


This sentence should appear as:In the article, “Mesalazine as a cause of fetal anemia and hydrops fetalis: A case report”,According to the SweidshMedical Birth Register 1302 pregnancies were reported exposed to sulfasalazine between 1973 and 2012, and 2072 to mesalazine, but these numbers may be underestimated.The corresponding address should appear as Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden.


STK32B (serine/threonine kinase 32B), rs17590046 in PPARGC1A , and rs12764057, rs10822974, and rs7903491 in CTNNA3 , were found to be associated with increased risk of essential tremor (ET) in a genome-wide association study (GWAS)in individuals of Caucasian ancestry. Considering the overlap between ET and Parkinson's disease (PD) in pathological features and clinical manifestations, a case-control study comprising 546 PD patients and 550 control subjects was carried out to examine whether the same variants were also associated with PD in Chinese Han population. However, the above variants did not show an association with PD. Our results suggested that these variants do not play a major role in PD in the Chinese population, Actually, the clinical overlap between PD and ET is under debate. In our Chinese Han cohort, we did not verify potential genetic pleiotropy between two diseases, which may indicated that etiology and pathobiology of PD and ET are distinct. Thus, a more comprehensive study such as a multi-center study may be helpful to evaluate the relationship between the five new susceptible loci and PD in Chinese Han population in the future.Recently, five novel single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), rs10937625 in  Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder, and affects approximately 1.7 million individuals (aged ≥ 65 years) in China , 3.SNCA, GBA, and LRRK2 have been reported to be associated with the risk of PD (STK32B (serine/threonine kinase 32B), rs17590046 in PPARGC1A  have been identified, and are significantly associated with increased risk of ET in individuals of Caucasian ancestry (LINGO1 variant has been implicated in etiologic links between ET and PD (Genome-wide association study (GWAS) is a powerful tool for genetic association studies, many GWAS-related polymorphic loci, such as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in sk of PD –8. Recenancestry , and indT and PD . MoreoveT and PD –16. ThusConsequently, a case-control study comprising 546 PD patients and 550 healthy controls was performed to investigate the association between the five new loci and PD in Chinese Han population. In fact, similar studies have been published in two independent groups , 18, andAs shown in Table P > 0.05) in the control group , rs10822974 , rs10937625 , rs7903491 , rs17590046  and PD in our Chinese Han cohort , in Asian patients , which regulates mitochondrial biogenesis and expression of many antioxidant genes, plays an important role in protection against 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) toxicity :This study doesn't intervene the whole process of diagnosis and treatment, and doesn't affect the patients medication such as diagnosis and treatmentInformed consent of subjects was obtained from all the subjects, and explain the purpose and significance of research to themWe will never give patient information to others, anonymously to the statistics, and the research will bring benefits to diagnosis and treatment, but the subjects will not take on additional risk.JY, YC, CS, and YX: The conception or design of the work; JY, YC, MT, ZY, FL, YF, CS, and YX: Drafting the work or revising it; JY, YC, MT, ZY, FL, YF, CS, and YX: Final approval of the version to be published; JY, YC, MT, ZY, FL, YF, CS, and YX: Agreement to be accountable for all aspects of the work.The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.


In the paper, by the Faà di Bruno formula, the authors establish two explicit formulas for the Motzkin numbers, the generalized Motzkin numbers, and the restricted hexagonal numbers. For detailed information, please refer to [The first seven Motzkin numbers entclass1pt{minimanographs , the surnographs , and theIn , the \doshown in , Theoremomparing  with , , \documeirtue of , it follanged as .Letting vely, in  and consvely, in  lead to vely, in  and  in  can be ekk!}. By  once agaequation  follows.Taking vely, in  and consvely, in  lead to vely, in , 1.12),,\documenvely, in  readily.t}$=,1$\end{dFinally, we list several remarks.The explicit formula  is a genEquation  and manymentclasspt{minimafound in  and the By the second relation in , equatioquations  and ,,1.11), aBy the Faà di Bruno formula and some properties of the Bell polynomials of the second kind, we establish two explicit formulas for the Motzkin numbers, the generalized Motzkin numbers, and the restricted hexagonal numbers.