Managing fisheries resources to maintain healthy ecosystems is one of the main goals of the ecosystem approach to fisheries (EAF). While a number of international treaties call for the implementation of EAF, there are still gaps in the underlying methodology. One aspect that has received substantial scientific attention recently is fisheries-induced evolution (FIE). Increasing evidence indicates that intensive fishing has the potential to exert strong directional selection on life-history traits, behaviour, physiology, and morphology of exploited fish. Of particular concern is that reversing evolutionary responses to fishing can be much more difficult than reversing demographic or phenotypically plastic responses. Furthermore, like climate change, multiple agents cause FIE, with effects accumulating over time. Consequently, FIE may alter the utility derived from fish stocks, which in turn can modify the monetary value living aquatic resources provide to society. Quantifying and predicting the evolutionary effects of fishing is therefore important for both ecological and economic reasons. An important reason this is not happening is the lack of an appropriate assessment framework. We therefore describe the evolutionary impact assessment (EvoIA) as a structured approach for assessing the evolutionary consequences of fishing and evaluating the predicted evolutionary outcomes of alternative management options. EvoIA can contribute to EAF by clarifying how evolution may alter stock properties and ecological relations, support the precautionary approach to fisheries management by addressing a previously overlooked source of uncertainty and risk, and thus contribute to sustainable fisheries. Maintaining a healthy ecosystem while balancing competing interests of stakeholders is one of the main goals of the EAF FAO . Althouget al. et al. et al. et al. et al. et al. et al. Assessments of exploited fish stocks are often highly uncertain  evolutionary change and microevolutionary change influences ecological processes , which may be impacted if FIE changes trophic interactions, size structures, or migration distances. Provisioning services benefit humans through tangible products such as fisheries yields, recreational fishing experiences, and economic rents and are likely to be modified by FIE through changes in the characteristics and demography of stocks and the dynamics of communities. Cultural services benefit humans through the values ecosystems offer for education, recreation, spiritual enrichment, and aesthetics, which may all be affected if FIE occurs.Fisheries-induced evolution: ‘Genetic change in a population, with fishing serving as the driving force of evolution’  the natural system, including the target stock, non-target species, and the surrounding ecosystem and its physical environment, (ii) the resulting ecosystem services generated by targeted fish stocks, (iii) the management system, and (iv) the socioeconomic system Fig. . Each ofet al. per capita resource availability and thus to faster individual growth and reduced age at maturation  and output controls  are intended to alter fishing pressure. However, several factors within the socioeconomic subsystem may shape realized fishing pressures because they influence the decisions taken by individual fishers about their fishing activities  and non-consumptive use values , and arises from provisioning and cultural services  and primarily arises from regulating services. Option value comes from the potential future use of living aquatic resources or related ecosystem components such as yet to be discovered resources with medicinal or industrial use and can arise from all ecosystem services. Non-use value comes from attributes inherent to a living aquatic resource or related ecosystem components that are not of direct or indirect use to members of society but still provide value to stakeholders  now mature at younger ages and smaller sizes than in the past  in the North Sea and west of Scotland are now more fecund than 30 years ago  quantification of the losses or gains in utility that may result from FIE and (ii) evaluation of alternative management regimes while accounting for the potential effects of FIE. The first type, illustrated in Fig. et al. et al. et al. et al. et al. The second type of EvoIA, illustrated in Fig. et al. Despite efforts to predict the direction of FIE for different kinds of selection regimes  also be considered. When evaluating the causal relationships between these two groups of quantities, it is crucial to recognize that fishing parameters do not change quantitative traits directly. Instead, they alter the selection pressures operating on phenotypes and thus the expected rates of evolutionary change. When these rates are integrated over a given time period, they yield the magnitude by which the quantitative trait will change in response to the altered fishing parameters. Because selection pressures may differ over the lifetime of individuals, an assessment of the relative strength of larval, juvenile, and adult selection pressures is warranted  desirability means that the utility component increases (decreases) as the considered trait value increases. Vulnerability is the sensitivity with which a change in a fishing parameter alters the rate of change in a utility component. When the absolute value of vulnerability is high, the utility component quickly changes in response to the considered change in fishing. Positive (negative) vulnerability means that the rate of change in the utility component increases (decreases) in response to an increase in the considered fishing parameter.Linear impact analyses are based on sensitivity measures. Once a sensitivity measure has been estimated, the impacts of changes in a fishing parameter are obtained simply by multiplying this measure with the magnitude of change in the causative parameter and, where the result is a rate, by multiplying it with the duration of the considered time period. If changes in several fishing parameters are considered at once, their aggregated impact is obtained by summing their individual impacts. The following four sensitivity measures Fig.  may be os Conrad . In the evolutionary vulnerability, as the sensitivity with which a change in a fishing parameter alters the rate of change in a utility component through FIE. Following the multivariate chain rule of calculus, we define this as the product of adaptability and desirability summed over all considered quantitative traits  should be reduced relative to the current reference points for this stock, which ignore FIE. This is because the estimated optimal fishing mortality when FIE is ignored (‘static’ FMSY) is well above the evolutionarily optimal fishing mortality (‘evolutionary’ FMSY). Hence, even if the stock would be fished at the currently estimated ‘static’ FMSY, this mortality would still be too high and decrease the future yield. The currently advised reference points can therefore not be considered sustainable.The EvoIA of North Sea plaice by Mollet et al.  is among. et al. . Their met al.  analysing environmental variables, (ii) estimating selection pressures, and (iii) examining multiple stocks. The three paragraphs below outline these approaches in turn.et al. et al. et al. et al. et al. et al. et al. et al. Some methods control for environmental variance in life-history traits by including relevant additional explanatory variables in the fitted statistical models, thus aiming to remove the effects of phenotypic plasticity from genetic trends. While the removal of all other known effects will never be possible, residual year or cohort effects may indicate evolutionary change. For instance, the estimation of probabilistic maturation reaction norms (PMRNs) was developed to disentangle genetic and environmentally induced changes in age and size at maturation, by accounting for growth variation (Dieckmann and Heino et al. et al. et al. et al. (et al. et al. et al. et al. Although the statistical methods mentioned above can be applied using data commonly available from harvested fish, it remains impossible to separate genetic responses from all potential plastic responses in life-history traits for most wild fish stocks (Dieckmann and Heino . et al.  measured. et al.  or size Regardless of the nature of the phenotypic trends in commercial fish stocks, an additional challenge in EvoIA is to link the observed trends to fishing pressure. This is directly related to the general problem of inferring causation from correlation in insufficiently controlled settings. One way to alleviate – albeit not remove – this problem is to include multiple fish stocks in a single analysis. For example, one can test whether fishing pressure is correlated with rates of trait changes across multiple fish stocks, as suggested by Sharpe and Hendry . Howeveret al. et al. An additional complication arises when fisheries are targeting mixed assemblages of fish from several different evolutionary units, such as in the migrating Atlantic herring (Ruzzante et al. et al. EvoIAs typically require examination of the demography and evolution of populations and, ideally, ecological communities Fig. . We can et al. et al. et al. et al. et al. et al. et al. Models used for EvoIA can also be classified according to the variables structuring the demographic component of stock dynamics. In the context of modelling FIE, researchers have used age-structured models (e.g. Law and Grey et al. et al. et al. et al. et al. et al. et al. et al. et al. et al. et al. et al. et al. A further distinction among process-based models arises from methods used for quantifying the effects of selection, and thus for describing the evolutionary component of stock dynamics Fig. . In modeet al. et al. et al. et al. et al. et al. Depending on the objectives of a specific EvoIA, a population's demographic and evolutionary dynamics may best be described by different combinations of the alternative model choices described above. Nevertheless, one type of models, coined ‘eco-genetic’ models (Dunlop et al. EvoIAs need to evaluate the socioeconomic implications of the impacts of fishing on ecosystem services and utility values. Usually, this can be achieved by coupling a biological model of a stock to a socioeconomic model describing the utility components stakeholders derive from that stock. The complexity of the latter models may range from relatively simple, focusing on a small set of readily quantifiable utility components, such as yield or profit (e.g. Dankel et al. et al. (et al. (To date, most attempts to quantify changes in utility arising from fishing have included only a small subset of traditional utility components (but see Dichmont . et al.  demonstr (et al.  analysedet al. et al. et al. (et al. (In recognition of the potentially significant changes in utility that could result from FIE, some recent studies have attempted to quantify changes in utility brought about by demographic, plastic, and evolutionary changes (e.g. McAllister and Peterman . et al.  studied  (et al.  showed h (et al.  also spe (et al.  used a m (et al.  estimate (et al.  found thAn additional challenge arising when assessing the corresponding socioeconomic dynamics associated with fisheries is to account for the disparity of time horizons among stakeholders. For example, fishers often focus their interests on relatively short-term developments, whereas conservation groups usually advocate an emphasis on longer-term considerations. As we have already discussed above, attempts to capture such differences in the time horizons of stakeholders often involve the use of different discount rates, which convert future costs or benefits into different net present values that reflect the interests of different stakeholders. While this approach is meant to account for the different time preferences and opportunity costs of resource users, it has been argued that using market-based discount rates for managing natural resources is inherently problematic (e.g. Arndt et al. et al. et al. et al. et al. et al. Management-strategy evaluation is a framework for assessing and comparing the differential merits of management strategies in the face of uncertainty (Smith In the EvoIA framework, MSE methods can be used either for relatively simple tasks, such as examining whether a specific alternative management strategy should be adopted instead of a currently applied strategy, or for more complex tasks, such as selecting an optimal management strategy by evaluating a continuum of possible management options according to a given global utility function. MSE could thus offer a possible platform for embedding EvoIA in current practices for assessment and management by drawing on existing operating models and by extending these as necessary to cover the relevant ecological, evolutionary, and socioeconomic components. A particular appeal of interfacing EvoIA with MSE is the explicit treatment of uncertainty in MSE. Sources of uncertainty include observation error limiting the accuracy of monitoring efforts, parametric and structural uncertainty associated with operating models, process uncertainty resulting from fluctuations in the natural and socioeconomic subsystems, and implementation uncertainty involved in adopting and enforcing management measures. For example, uncertainty about estimated selection differentials or selection responses could be accommodated relatively easily by considering these quantities in terms of their distributions, while qualitatively different predictions about evolutionary dynamics could be treated as alternative hypotheses about the operating model.et al. et al. et al. (Overexploited and collapsed fish stocks, poor recovery after fishing ceases, and altered interspecific interactions indicate that fisheries science and management are not accounting for all relevant factors that influence the dynamics of aquatic ecosystems (Francis . et al. , outliniet al. et al. et al. et al. et al. et al. et al. et al. et al. The majority of methods highlighted in this paper are already in place. Yet, most of these methods have been developed in isolation and have been used for disparate purposes. In principle, these methods can be used to investigate any kind of environmental impact on marine systems, but we have here focused solely on the impacts of exploitation. EvoIA provides a framework for combining these methods towards the common purpose of assessing impacts of FIE on the utility of living aquatic resources. Nevertheless, it goes without saying that a continuous development of new methods will further strengthen the EvoIA approach. First, in addition to PMRNs (Dieckmann and Heino et al. et al. A possible application of EvoIA concerns the determination of reference points for fisheries management in a way that accounts for FIE (Hutchings et al. et al. et al. et al. et al. In many cases, fishing may be assumed to exert the main selection pressure on a fish stock (Heino et al. et al. et al. et al. Great complexity characterizes the possible impacts of FIE. In some cases, these impacts are desirable, such as when a declining age at maturation increases a stock's resilience to high fishing pressure (Heino et al. et al. et al. The overlap between EvoIA and EAF-based management, in terms of goals and methods, is substantial (Francis et al. (Undoubtedly, the EvoIA approach outlined here is highly complex and a full-scale EvoIA will be a challenging task. Beyond accounting for FIE in the estimates of demographics and sustainability, the effective incorporation into fisheries management will largely depend on the extent to which the various components proposed are taken up by fishery managers. Furthermore, because of the many building blocks – each with many parameters of which many are highly uncertain and inherently difficult to estimate – it can be easy to dismiss this approach as a purely academic exercise without practical value. However, the complicated characteristics of ecological, evolutionary and socio-economic processes do not lend themselves well to simplified analyses. Thus, the EAF mandates that the scientific basis for management decision rely on analyses that are as complicated as necessary to incorporate all relevant factors. Moreover, the fact that we, in many cases, may have to rely on models including a high level of uncertainty should in any case not be an excuse for inaction. As a start, progressively building and extending assessment models by including evolutionary thinking into practices will be more realistic than an immediate implementation of the whole framework. However, because there is a strong need for immediate operational advice, we have, in Table et al.  for geneImproved assessment of the evolutionary impacts of fishing can lead to better management practices and more accurate predictions of stock dynamics and ecosystem effects. Failure to investigate the presence of, and account for, FIE in stock assessments, management advice, and policy making may exacerbate the negative consequences of phenotypic changes already commonly observed across the fish stocks we aim to sustain.


There have been a number of studies evaluating the association of aneuploidy serum markers with adverse pregnancy outcome. More recently, the development of potential treatments for these adverse outcomes as well as the introduction of cell-free fetal DNA (cffDNA) screening for aneuploidy necessitates a re-evaluation of the benefit of serum markers in the identification of adverse outcomes. Analysis of the literature indicates that the serum markers tend to perform better in identifying pregnancies at risk for the more severe but less frequent form of individual pregnancy complications rather than the more frequent but milder forms of the condition. As a result, studies which evaluate the association of biomarkers with a broad definition of a given condition may underestimate the ability of such markers to identify pregnancies that are destined to develop the more severe form of the condition. Consideration of general population screening using cffDNA solely must be weighed against the fact that traditional screening using serum markers enables detection of severe pregnancy complications, not detectable with cffDNA, of which many may be amenable to treatment options. Prenatal screening for birth defects was initially implemented using a single biochemical marker  to identify a single condition  in the second trimester of pregnancy ,2. Over More recently, there have been new developments that need to be considered when evaluating aneuploidy screening markers for other adverse outcomes. Evaluation of cell-free fetal DNA (cffDNA) in maternal blood offers the opportunity to significantly improve the detection of Down syndrome while substantially reducing false positive rates ,26,27,28et al. [et al. [Initial meta-analysis of 31 randomized trials indicated that aspirin had only a small beneficial effect on reducing the incidence of preeclampsia as a whole . Howeveret al.  and Robe [et al. ,40 showe [et al. . In addi [et al. . Other s [et al. ,43,44,45 [et al. ,47,48. F [et al. ,50,51. BSeveral studies have evaluated first trimester free β human chorionic gonadotropin (free hCGβ) and pregnancy associated plasma protein A (PAPP-A) as markers for preeclampsia ,54,55,56et al. [et al. [Morris et al.  performe [et al.  found a  [et al.  also shoAmong preeclampsia pregnancies, approximately 70% of perinatal deaths and 60% of cases of severe neonatal morbidity occur in early onset (<34 weeks) preeclampsia even though these cases represent only about 10% of all preeclampsia cases . As a reet al. [et al. [et al. [Olsen et al.  found thet al. ,60,61. K [et al.  found th [et al.  developeRecent data has indicated that a direct screen including maternal characteristics, PAPP-A, placental growth factor (PlGF), uterine artery doppler pulsatility index and mean arterial pressure can identify over 90% of early-onset preeclampsia pregnancies in the first trimester ,64,65. CUntil recently, the terminology used to describe intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) has been inconsistent and confusing  and the et al. [In general, studies of serum screening markers have used birth weight rather than estimated fetal weight to describe IUGR. There appears to be a tendency for extreme analyte values to be associated with more extreme low birth weight. D’antonio et al. , recentlet al. ,71,72,73et al. ,75  including 2.8% which were early preterm (<34 weeks) . IdentifSeveral studies have evaluated the association of PAPP-A with preterm birth. et al. [Dugoff et al.  evaluateet al. [et al. estimated the likelihood ratio for birth before 32 weeks for cervix length <1 cm, 1–2 cm, 2–3 cm, 3–4 cm, 4–5 cm, 5–6 cm and 6–7 cm to be 51.52, 2.66, 0.71, 0.48, 0.24, 0.04 and 0.01, respectively [et al. [et al. determined that the risk of preterm birth in pregnancies with negative fibronectin, large cervical length and no history of preterm birth is 1% compared to 64% in pregnancies with positive fibronectin, small cervical length and history of preterm birth [Data on the incidence of early preterm birth and short cervix can also be converted to likelihood ratios. Using the summarized data from Werner et al. , the likectively . These r [et al. . Iams etrm birth ,83. AlthFirst trimester screening typically takes place beginning at 11 weeks. However, in some programs the blood sample for biochemistry testing is drawn prior to the ultrasound and may be collected as early as 9 weeks. As a result, data on fetal loss can be stratified into 3 timeframes; loss prior to nuchal translucency (NT) ultrasound, loss prior to 24 weeks gestation and loss after 24 weeks gestation.et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [Cuckle et al.  and Kran [et al.  evaluate [et al.  examined [et al.  found me [et al. .et al. [et al. [et al. [A number of studies ,86,87,88 [et al.  also eva [et al.  found thet al. [The performance of screening for late fetal loss does not appear to be as effective with observed detection rates between 3%–20% at a 5% false positive rate ,88,90. Tet al. , who repPlacenta accreta is a life-threatening obstetric complication resulting from abnormal placental implantation. The risk of placenta accreta increases significantly with placenta previa and the number of previous cesarean deliveries . Currentet al. found that high levels of PAPP-A were associated with increased risk of placenta accreta [et al. [et al. [Desai  accreta  and more [et al.  also sho [et al.  found thet al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [In the second trimester, Zelop et al.  and Kupf [et al.  showed i [et al.  and Dreu [et al.  found thFurther study into the development of algorithms encompassing multiple marker cross-trimester protocols, repeat marker testing, prior history of cesarean section and existence of previa are warranted.The concept of prenatal screening began with the use of AFP for the detection of open neural tube defects (ONTDs) and evolved so that the main focus of serum marker screening is now chromosomal abnormalities ,9,10,11.A second trimester anatomy scan can be effective in identifying neural tube defects in specialized centers focused on high risk pregnancies ; howeverThe serum screen for open neural tube defects is straightforward with labs using either a 2.0 MoM or 2.5 MoM cut-off. The detection rate of open spina bifida is approximately 10 percentage points greater with a 2 MoM rather than a 2.5 MoM cutoff ,105. In For adverse outcomes such as IUGR, preeclampsia and preterm birth the clinical presentation may vary widely with respect to maternal/fetal morbidity and mortality. The more severe form of these adverse outcomes have significantly higher rates of severe morbidity and mortality. The information presented in this review indicates that there is improved performance of serum markers with respect to the more severe form of various pregnancy complications. Moreover, the most severe cases tend to occur less frequently than the milder forms of these conditions . As a rePublished performance data among different studies are often inconsistent due to discrepancies in a number of factors such as the definition and/or description of the severity of the condition, the marker cutoffs used and the maternal characteristics incorporated into risk algorithms. Optimally, a risk-based approach similar to that used in aneuploidy screening would be used for each disease state, in which consistent definition of the disease state, continuous multiple marker likelihood estimates and consistent estimates of a priori risks based on maternal characteristics were incorporated. Additionally, refinements to the risk based on follow-up assessments after the completion of serum screening could further improve the process.Clinicians are faced with a difficult dilemma in which they must balance the potential benefits of non-invasive genetic screening while not losing sight of the potential pitfalls in missing other adverse outcomes especially since there now appears to be opportunity to improve those outcomes with effective treatments. Aspirin shows great promise if administered prior to 16 weeks in reducing the risk of preeclampsia, IUGR, preterm birth and fetal death. Some of the protocols described above include second trimester markers and would require completion by 16 weeks to maximize the benefits of aspirin administration. However, it is likely that the effectiveness of aspirin is not based on a simple dichotomy of <16 weeks and ≥16 weeks so aspirin may still be effective at 17–18 weeks even if less so than at 16 weeks. More research is needed to evaluate the association between effectiveness and time of initiation of aspirin treatment.Moving forward, the goal should be to develop and implement high-performance direct screening protocols for specifically defined adverse outcomes. When evaluating the adoption of cffDNA testing for aneuploidy, clinicians should ensure that they continue to utilize existing screening protocols or new direct screens to identify pregnancies at risk for adverse outcomes. Otherwise, there may potentially be an increase in the overall morbidity and mortality in the population.


In the editorial section, Veronica Magar (743) argues that the sustainable development goals need to respond to a range of inequalities, including gender. Taye Balcha et al. (742) draw on the Ethiopian experience to stress the importance of country ownership and local innovations to achieve these goals. st session of the Conference of the Parties to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (748–749). In the news section, Atasa Moceituba and Monique Tsang report on the health effects of global warming in Fiji (746–747). Christiana Figueres talks to Andréia Azevedo Soares about climate change mitigation ahead of the 21Sheik Mohammed Shariful Islam & Reshman Tabassum (806–809) describe the implementation of information and communication technologies for health. Valérie R Louis et al. (750–758) study the effects of a first national insecticide-treated bed-net campaign. Hsien-Ho Lin et al. (790–798) model the potential impact of control measures. Christopher Fitzpatrick et al. (775–784) examine the cost-effectiveness of a programme for drug-resistant tuberculosis. Linda Bartlett et al. (759–767) observe compliance with guidelines for the active management of the third stage of labour. Ramnath Subbaraman & Sharmila L Murthy (815–816) describe obstacles to water access in Mumbai. Aisha NZ Dasgupta et al. (768–774) test family planning cards as a method to evaluate contraceptive use. Allison E Gocotano et al. (810–814) describe how security measures increased people's exposure to cold weather during the visit of Pope Francis. Kai Ruggeri et al. (785–789) argue that better evidence is needed for medical travel policies. Danny J Edwards et al. (799–805) analyse the options for equitable access to new medicines.


Objectives: To quantify incisor decompensation in preparation for orthognathic surgery.Study design: Pre-treatment and pre-surgery lateral cephalograms for 86 patients who had combined orthodontic and orthognathic treatment were digitised using OPAL 2.1 [http://www.opalimage.co.uk]. To assess intra-observer reproducibility, 25 images were re-digitised one month later. Random and systematic error were assessed using the Dahlberg formula and a two-sample t-test, respectively. Differences in the proportions of cases where the maxillary (1100 +/- 60) or mandibular (900 +/- 60) incisors were fully decomensated were assessed using a Chi-square test (p<0.05). Mann-Whitney U tests were used to identify if there were any differences in the amount of net decompensation for maxillary and mandibular incisors between the Class II combined and Class III groups (p<0.05). Results: Random and systematic error were less than 0.5 degrees and p<0.05, respectively. A greater proportion of cases had decompensated mandibular incisors (80%) than maxillary incisors (62%) and this difference was statistically significant (p=0.029). The amount of maxillary incisor decompensation in the Class II and Class III groups did not statistically differ (p=0.45) whereas the mandibular incisors in the Class III group underwent statistically significantly greater decompensation (p=0.02). Conclusions: Mandibular incisors were decompensated for a greater proportion of cases than maxillary incisors in preparation for orthognathic surgery. There was no difference in the amount of maxillary incisor decompensation between Class II and Class III cases. There was a greater net decompensation for mandibular incisors in Class III cases when compared to Class II cases. Key words:Decompensation, orthognathic, pre-surgical orthodontics, surgical-orthodontic. Approximately 4% of the population have dentofacial deformity requiring combined surgical-orthodontic treatment  and thesPre-surgical orthodontic treatment consists of three concurrent aspects: arch alignment, arch co-ordination and arch decompensation . In mostet al. (et al. (et al. (et al. (Capelozza Filho et al.  found de (et al.  also fou (et al.  examined (et al.  found thet al. (Troy et al.  similarlet al.  found deet al. . In a Chet al.  noted thHowever, none of these investigations determined the delivery of incisor decompensation in a complete cohort of patients of all malocclusion groups scheduled for orthognathic surgery in a state-funded healthcare system. This is an area that therefore requires further investigation.The aims of this study were to determine if maxillary and mandibular incisors are adequately decompensated in preparation for orthognathic surgery and to quantify any differences between the maxillary and mandibular incisors for patients presenting with Class II and Class III malocclusionOne hundred consecutive patients who underwent maxillary and/or mandibular orthognathic surgery at a university dental hospital from 1 January 2005 onwards were included. Within the cohort, the following cases were excluded .All the cases were treated by, or under the direction of a Consultant Orthodontist with the 0.022 inch-slot MBT prescription appliance . The ‘surgical’ archwire was an 0.019x0.025 inch stainless steel archwire. Where necessary, elastics and auxiliary archwires were used, particularly to retrocline / procline the maxillary / mandibular incisors in Class II and Class III cases as necessary (The pre-treatment and pre-surgery lateral cephalograms were recorded before the start of orthodontic treatment and at the end of pre-surgical orthodontic treatment, respectively. These were digitised using OPAL 2.1 lateral cephalometric system  [http://www.opalimage.co.uk]. This was installed on a Lenovo R61 machine attached to a Lenovo 2-button USB optical mouse and 15.4-inch TFT active matrix monitor with 1280x800 resolution, aspect ratio 16:10, pixel pitch 0.2373 and contrast ratio 628:1 [www.lenovo.com]. Data were extracted and analysed using Microsoft Excel  to determine whether the incisors were decompensated to the normal range for a Caucasian population: 1100 +/- 60 and 900 +/- 60 for the maxillary and mandibular incisors, respectively . Values p < 0.05 for the systematic error (To assess intra-observer reproducibility, 25 lateral cephalograms were digitised on two separate occasions one month apart by the same operator using the same technique in accordance with Houston . Random ic error .p<0.05]. The data were categorized into Class II (U tests were used to determine if there were any statistically significant differences between Class II combined (p<0.05].Descriptive statistics were used to summarise the whole sample. A Chi-square test was used to determine if there was a statistically significant difference in the proportion of cases where the maxillary or mandibular incisors were fully decompensated , 23 with a Class II division 1 malocclusion, 7 with a Class II division 2 malocclusion and 52 with a Class III malocclusion.Sixty-three percent of the maxillary incisor group were judged to be adequately decompensated whilst the value for the mandibular incisors was 80% . This dip=0.45] but the amount of tooth movement for the mandibular incisors was statistically significantly greater [p=0.02] in the Class III group than in the Class II group (The amount of maxillary incisor decompensation in the Class II malocclusion and Class III malocclusion groups did not statistically differ [II group .et al. (et al. (We found that adequate decompensation was more likely to be achieved in the mandible [80%] than in the maxilla 63%] and this difference was statistically significant. That not all patients were fully decompensated before surgery is in line with other investigations. Ahn and Baek  found loet al.  found on (et al.  however, (et al. ,5,6. Thi3% and thet al. (et al. (This appears to be the first study that has investigated the differences between the maxillary and mandibular incisors and between patients presenting with either a Class II or Class III malocclusion. We found no statistically significant difference for the mean change during decompensation for maxillary incisors between the Class III and Class II group, whilst the amount of decompensation achieved for the mandibular incisors for Class III patients was statistically significantly greater than in the Class II group. Interestingly, Potts et al.  found thet al.  identifiet al.  and our  (et al. . However (et al. .There are a number of possible explanations for full decompensation not being achieved when desired. In Class III cases, inadequate labial bone and lack of periodontal support to allow sufficient advancement of incisors, previous mandibular arch extractions, lower lip neuromuscular resistance to mandibular incisor advancement and poor patient compliance with intra-oral elastic traction are all possible reasons  whilst iet al. (et al. (The cohort was completely ascertained as all surgical-orthodontic treatment in this region is undertaken by the NHS. Cases where full decompensation was not planned were excluded as the data for these cases would introduce bias. However, one limitation of this study was the lack of completeness of the records due to the conventional film radiographs for two patients being lost. When analyzing subgroups, the numbers of subjects can become small and in this study there were only seven patients with a class II division 2 incisor relationship. The Class II division 1 and division 2 cases were combined for analysis as per Burden et al.  and Prof (et al. . There wet al. (The results of this study have implications for clinical practice. Clinicians should be aware of the need to fully decompensate incisors [where clinically appropriate] in advance of orthognathic surgery. As this has been shown to be more difficult in the maxilla, careful attention should be paid to pre-surgical orthodontic biomechanics. Fixed appliances are used along with inter-proximal reduction, extractions, molar distalization [where appropriate]  and cortet al.  found thMandibular incisors were decompensated for a greater proportion of cases than maxillary incisors in preparation for orthognathic surgery.There was no difference in the amount of maxillary incisor decompensation between Class II and Class III cases.There was a greater net decompensation for mandibular incisors in Class III cases when compared to Class II cases.


The primary goal of this special issue is to showcase cutting-edge research on tracking and identifying objects, analyzing motion, and extracting interesting frames from analog or digital video streams automatically. At the same time, we particularly focus on the efficiency of video surveillance systems and machine learning methods which can be used to analyze video and control the machine automatically. Our aim is to unify the machine learning techniques as an integral concept and to highlight the trends in advanced video intelligence and automated monitoring.With the developments of computer science, communication technology, and internet engineering, intelligent video surveillance systems have become more and more important in today's life. They can be seen everywhere. Intelligent video surveillance is digital, network-based video surveillance but is different from the general network video surveillance—it is higher-end video surveillance applications. Intelligent video surveillance system can automatically recognize different objects and find anomalies in the monitor screen. Thus, it potentially provides the fastest and best way to alert and provide useful information, which can help security personnel more effectively deal with the crisis. Moreover, intelligent video surveillance system can maximally reduce false positives and false negative phenomena.The basic information framework can be found in the illustrated In this special issue, there were 51 submissions from more than 16 countries including China, the United States, Canada, Germany, France, Australia, Japan, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Korea, Malaysia, South Africa, and Romania. Contributions of the accepted papers are summarized as follows.Based on the studies on the video data sets, innovative results are reported in some papers. Y. D. Khan et al. proposed a sufficiently accurate method while being computationally inexpensive solution to recognize human actions from videos; H. Fan et al. proposed a novel part-based tracking algorithm using online weighted P-N learning; J. Hariyono et al. presented a good pedestrian detection method from a moving vehicle using optical flows and histogram of oriented gradients (HOG); O. A. Arigbabu et al. presented an effective approach for estimating body related soft biometrics and propose a novel approach based on body measurement and artificial neural network for predicting body weight of subjects and incorporate the existing technique on single view metrology for height estimation in videos with low frame rate; X. Hu et al. proposed a novel local nearest neighbor distance (LNND) descriptor for anomaly detection in crowded scenes; R. Mustafa et al. presented a novel method for detecting nipples from pornographic image contents; J. Zhang et al. set up a new image multilabel annotation method based on double-layer probabilistic latent semantic analysis (PLSA); Z. Wang et al. constructed an accurate pedestrian detection system after combining cascade AdaBoost detector and random vector functional-link net; H. Wang et al. proposed a novel vehicle detection algorithm from 2D deep belief network (2D-DBN) by deep learning framework; J. Li et al. proposed a human action recognition scheme to detect distinct motion patterns and to distinguish the normal status from the abnormal status of epileptic patients after learning video recordings of the movement of the patients with epilepsy; this work is very interesting in the field of health care system of epileptic patients; S. Zhu proposed a new approach to automatically recognize the pain expression from video sequences, which categorize pain as 4 levels: no pain, slight pain, moderate pain, and severe pain.Some great contributions are devoted to the field of biometrics. Z. Chen et al. presented a novel real-time method for hand gesture recognition using the finger segmentation; D. Li et al. introduced a cost-sensitive learning technology to reweight the probability of test affective utterances in the pitch envelop level and enhanced the robustness in emotion-dependent speaker recognition effectively; H.-M. Zhu and C.-M. Pun proposed an adaptive and robust superpixel based hand gesture tracking system and hand gestures drawn in free air had been recognized from their motion trajectories; Y. Daanial Khan et al. proposed a biometric technique for identification of a person using the iris image.There are some novel contributions from knowledge management and services selection in the cloud computing. Y. Jiang et al. proposed a tuple molecular structure-based chemical reaction optimization (TMSCRO) method for DAG scheduling on heterogeneous computing systems; Y. Guo et al. proposed a comprehensive causality extraction system (CL-CIS) integrated with the means of category-learning; J. Zhai et al. proposed a novel cost function and improved the discrete group search optimizer (D-GSO) algorithm; H. Zhang et al. proposed a novel web reputation evaluation method quality of service (QoS) information.


In the discussion section, the mechanism proposed for the rescue effect involving activation of the nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) pathway was scrutinized. This mechanism could explain the promotion of cellular survival and correct repair of DNA damage, dependence on cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and modulation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) level in irradiated cells. Exploitation of the NF-κB pathway to improve the effectiveness of RIT was proposed. Finally, the possibility of using zebrafish embryos as the model to study the efficacy of RIT in treating solid tumors was also discussed.The rescue effect describes the phenomenon where irradiated cells or organisms derive benefits from the feedback signals sent from the bystander unirradiated cells or organisms. An example of the benefit is the mitigation of radiation-induced DNA damages in the irradiated cells. The rescue effect can compromise the efficacy of radioimmunotherapy (RIT) . In this paper, the discovery and subsequent confirmation studies on the rescue effect were reviewed. The mechanisms and the chemical messengers responsible for the rescue effect studied to date were summarized. The rescue effect between irradiated and bystander unirradiated zebrafish embryos  Conventional radioimmunotherapy (RIT) aims to deliver a lethal ionizing-radiation dose to tumor cells through a monoclonal antibody labeled with a radionuclide that has specificity for an antigen associated with the tumor cells. RIT has been an attractive tool for treating local and diffuse tumors with ionizing radiation. However, the efficacy of RIT might be compromised by a phenomenon called “rescue effect” which was discovered relatively recently by our group in 2011 [in vitro experiments [Rescue effect is closely related to a more extensively studied non-targeted effect of ionizing radiation known as radiation-induced bystander effect (RIBE), which was first observed in eriments . RIBE ineriments ,6,7,8,9)eriments , transfoeriments , interleeriments , interleeriments  and nitreriments ,15,16 aneriments .et al. [et al. [The rescue effect describes the phenomenon where irradiated cells or irradiated organisms derive benefits from the feedback signals released from the bystander unirradiated cells or organisms. An example of the benefit is the mitigation of radiation-induced DNA damages. Chen et al.  discover [et al.  found thAs such, the efficacy of RIT can be compromised in the presence of rescue effect. et al. [et al. [et al. [In this paper, the discovery of rescue effect will first be reviewed in et al.  observed [et al.  demonstr [et al.  revealedet al. [et al. [Studies on the mechanisms and the chemical messengers responsible for communicating the rescue effect have been scarce. He et al.  confirme [et al.  confirmein vivo sharing the same medium [et al. [The rescue effect was also discovered between irradiated and bystander unirradiated zebrafish embryos e medium . Subsequ [et al.  exploredet al. [et al. [In 2011, Chen et al. . Chen etet al. [all cells) without co-culture with bystander cells or those (IRby cells) co-cultured with bystander cells induced significant increases in the numbers of 53BP1-positive foci at 30 min post-irradiation, but with no statistically significant differences between the numbers of foci for IRall and IRby cells. By 24 h post-irradiation, the numbers of 53BP1 positive foci in IRall or IRby cells dropped significantly. In particular, the number of 53BP1 foci in IRby cells was significantly smaller than that in IRall cells, indicating that the bystander cells helped repair the DNA DSBs in the irradiated cells. The different manifestations of the rescue effect at 30 min and 24 h post-irradiation was likely due to the time required to facilitate the DNA repair. The irradiation conditions were designed to ensure that all cells in the designated irradiated population were actually irradiated, since any unirradiated cell would become a bystander cell. Contamination in the designated irradiated population with unirradiated bystander cells would lead to erroneous results, e.g., the rescue effect would then be present within the IRall cell population itself.Chen et al.  observedet al. [Chen et al.  revealedi.e., colonies counted/(cells seeded × plating efficiency), at 24 h post-irradiation of IRall was lower than that of IRby, although the differences were not statistically significant. These results indicated that the bystander cells helped reduce the number of apoptotic irradiated cells and promoted survival of irradiated cells.The number of apoptotic cells, which were annexin V-positive FL1-H), was significantly increased at 72 h post-irradiation. With partnered bystander cells, this number was significantly decreased [-H, was set al. [Chen et al.  also conSubsequent to our discovery of the rescue effect, various other groups confirmed the presence of the rescue effects in different cell systems.et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [137Cs gamma irradiator.Widel et al.  confirme [et al.  who obse [et al.  who obse [et al.  used 2 o [et al.  used 20  [et al.  used 70 et al. [Furthermore, Widel et al.  found thet al. [137Cs gamma irradiator, then partnered them with non-irradiated bystander ZF4 cells for 1 h, and finally irradiated them with gamma radiation for another 20 h with a total dose of 58 mGy (dose rate of 70 mGy/day) or 460 mGy (dose rate of 550 mGy/day); (b) gamma radiation for 24 h. Schematic diagrams showing the two different treatments are shown in Pereira et al.  comparedet al. [Desai et al.  adopted The number of γ-H2AX foci fluorescence intensity per cell nucleus was chosen as the studied biological endpoint. The authors showed that the γ-H2AX foci fluorescence intensity per nucleus of irradiated A549 cells partnered with unirradiated A549 cells surged significantly with time, with the peak value recorded at 3 h post-irradiation significantly higher than the corresponding value obtained from a co-culture with bystander WI38 cells. These latter observations suggested mitigation of the proton-induced DNA damage in the irradiated A549 cells by the bystander WI38 cells, which hinted at a rescue effect provided by these WI38 cells, or that bystander WI38 cells provided a much stronger rescue effect than bystander A549 cells. et al. [Despite the occurrence of the rescue effect, the authors did not observe detrimental bystander effects on the bystander WI38 cells induced by the irradiated A549 cells. This likely showed that the bystander signals from the irradiated cells, which triggered the generation of rescue signals in the bystander cells, might not necessarily lead to observable damages. Relatedly, Kong et al.  also fouThe authors also studied the involvement of GJIC in the rescue effect from bystander WI38 cells to irradiated A549 cells, knowing that GJIC existed between WI38 and A549 cells. Before irradiation, the A549 cells were treated with lindane to block the GJIC. However, this lindane treatment did not significantly alter the γ-H2AX foci intensity per irradiated A549 nucleus, which suggested that GJIC was not involved in this rescue effect, and that probably soluble factors might play an important role.On the other hand, the authors did not observe significant changes in the γ-H2AX foci intensity per irradiated WI38 nucleus regardless of partnering with WI38 or A549 cells, which meant no rescue effect was induced by bystander A549 cells on irradiated WI38 cells.et al. [241Am source with a dose of 40 cGy at a dose rate of 0.244 Gy/min. The energy of the alpha particles reaching the cells was 4.4 MeV which corresponded to a Linear Energy Transfer (LET) of 100 keV/µm.He et al.  examinedet al. [18 and the green fluorescent dye DiOC18, respectively. After the desired co-culture period, the red fluorescent irradiated cells were completely washed away from the cell co-culture with PBS for examination. Without the co-culture, the cAMP level in the irradiated cells rapidly increased at the beginning and peaked at 30 min after irradiation, then gradually decreased to the lowest level at 6 h after irradiation, and stabilized until 12 h. After the 6-h co-culture, the intracellular cAMP level in the irradiated cells was recovered while that in the bystander cells was reduced. He et al. [He et al.  used thee et al.  proposedet al. [et al. [Furthermore, He et al.  demonstr [et al.  proposedet al. [He et al.  further et al. [Although cAMP could help protect cells against radiation-induced DNA damages , the undet al.  proposedet al. .et al. [Lam et al.  used the241Am source . In fact, alpha-particle irradiation was utilized for two separate purposes, namely, (1) to prepare irradiated cells on which the effects of different treatments would be studied; or (2) to prepare the CM. Alpha-particle irradiation of cells always took place in a “Mylar-film dish”, which was a 100 mm diameter tissue culture dish with a hole of 10 mm diameter at the center and covered by a Mylar film with a thickness of 3.5 µm. The thin Mylar film allowed the alpha particles to go through without causing significant energy losses in the alpha particles.The authors used the human cervical cancer HeLa cells for their studies, employed alpha particles for irradiation and relied on the number of 53BP1 foci/cell as the studied biological endpoint. The alpha-particle dose of 5 cGy was delivered using an Preparation of the CM was a special methodology designed to physically separate the rescue signals from bystander signals. This methodology is schematically shown in The experimental setup and procedures to prove the presence of rescue effect and to study the role of NF-κB activation in the rescue effect are shown in et al. [Using the setup shown in et al.  found siDanio rerio) [241Am source (with an α-particle energy of 5.49 MeV under vacuum and an activity of 4.26 kBq), and used the number of apoptotic signals on the irradiated embryos at 24 h post fertilization (hpf) as the studied biological endpoint. These results were particularly relevant to studies on human disease as the human and zebrafish genomes shared considerable homology, including conservation of most DNA repair-related genes [Rescue effect was also induced between irradiated and bystander unirradiated zebrafish embryos (o rerio) ,24. All ed genes . In relaed genes ,36,37,38et al. [Choi et al.  employedet al. [i.e., the bystander signals by definition, were performing functions similar to the rescue effect on other irradiated embryos. The latter result strongly suggested that similarity between the bystander and rescue signals, but probably with different concentrations.Kong et al.  further et al. [et al. [−) to cause DNA damage and lipid oxidation [et al. [Furthermore, Kong et al.  studied  [et al. , it did xidation , and thu [et al.  also repin vitro rescue effects have been confirmed between different combinations of irradiated cells and bystander cells, including human primary fibroblast (NHLF) cells and cancer (HeLa) cells [To date, a) cells , human ma) cells , irradiaa) cells , lung ada) cells , human ma) cells , and irra) cells . The bioa) cells ,22; (2) a) cells ,20; (3) a) cells ,18,21;  varied significantly according to the cell types (irradiated and bystander cells), the biological endpoints and the radiation dose. For using the numbers of 53BP1 foci as the biological endpoint, the magnitude of the rescue effect was about 13% . For usi [et al.  found th [et al.  revealed [et al.  did not As mentioned in et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [Moreover, Desai et al.  reported [et al. , as well [et al.  to be in [et al.  found th [et al.  for the et al. [et al. [(1) Expression of NF-κB target genes in general promotes cellular survival. The anti-apoptotic proteins regulated by NF-κB were reviewed by Magné et al. . Moreoveet al. , where pet al. . In addiet al. ; (3) cAMet al. , where Cet al. ; (4) Ceret al. . As such [et al.  for the et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [As described in et al.  and Kong [et al.  confirme [et al.  conclude [et al. . The IKK [et al. . Moreove [et al. . As such [et al. .At the time of discovery of the rescue effect, it was already recognized that the effect would have far reaching consequences on the treatment procedures of tumors using ionizing radiation, particularly when it was discovered that unirradiated normal cells could rescue irradiated cancer cells . As explin vivo might help illustrate the rescue effect induced by RIT within solid tumors or the rescue effect between tumors arising from micrometastatic disease targeted by RIT. Application of RIT to treat solid tumors has been an attractive idea because it can target both known and occult lesions. Although RIT has been successfully applied to treat lymphoma, it has been generally facing a number of obstacles in treating solid tumors including, among others, heterogeneities in blood flow, tumor stroma, expression of target antigens and radioresistance [On the other hand, the rescue effect studied using zebrafish embryos sistance . Indeed,sistance ). Effortsistance ,51,52). sistance . In factsistance ,55,56,57sistance ), and atsistance ,60.The present paper reviewed the discovery in 2011 and research progress of a phenomenon called the rescue effect where irradiated cells or irradiated organisms derived benefits from the feedback signals released from the bystander unirradiated cells or organisms. The rescue effect can compromise the efficacy of all radiotherapy including RIT, noting in particular that unirradiated normal cells can rescue irradiated cancer cells. The mechanisms and the chemical messengers involved in the rescue effect proposed to date were described. In particular, activation of the NF-κB pathway in irradiated cells has been identified as the crucial step for the rescue effect. The activation of the NF-κB pathway can also explain the promotion of cellular survival and correct repair of DNA damages, the dependence on cAMP and the modulation of intracellular ROS level in the irradiated cells, which have been observed in previous studies on the rescue effect. The rescue effect has also been observed between irradiated and bystander unirradiated zebrafish embryos, which may help illustrate the rescue effect induced by RIT within solid tumors or between tumors.


The interest towards polysaccharides of natural origin is continuously growing during the past decade. Fields of interest for their applications are widening, ranging between ecocommodities, food supplements, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and biomedical uses. Exploitation of new sources of polysaccharides of different origin is well documented in recent literature. Since this tendency is involving biomaterials science in a pressing way, this journal set up to publish a special issue devoted to this topic. The result is a collection of twelve original research articles, whose authors belong to academic or research institutions of eleven different countries from Asia, Europe, and Australia. Papers are representative of a large share of biomedical applications, related chemical modifications, and manufacturing methodologies.From a chemical point of view, the perspective is to replace traditional methods for production and modification of natural polysaccharides with more ecofriendly, efficient, and targeted methodologies. N. Chopin et al. from France (“A Direct Sulfation Process of a Marine Polysaccharide in Ionic Liquid”) described a new sulfation method to produce high specificity derivatives with biological activity. On the other hand, S. Islam et al. from Australia (“Comparison and Characterisation of Regenerated Chitosan from 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium Chloride and Chitosan from Crab Shells”) had exploited the effect of ionic liquid solvents on chemical-physical and functional properties of chitosan and demonstrated that ionic liquid solvents represent a good medium for dissolution of chitosan, also useful for blending with other polysaccharides.J. Varshosaz et al. from Iran , A. Rees et al. from UK (“3D Bioprinting of Carboxymethylated-Periodate Oxidized Nanocellulose Constructs for Wound Dressing Applications”), and F. Hong et al. from China  had focused on nanotechnology applied to polysaccharides, particularly on the use of sophisticated techniques to optimize the design of final products. J. Varshosaz et al. prepared agar nanospheres for controlled drug release using sophisticated Design-Expert software with the aim of optimizing the release characteristics by a careful control of fabrication conditions. A. Rees et al. reported on three-dimensional (3D) bioplotter applied to nanocellulose. 3D bioplotting allows the construction of complex shapes, otherwise unfeasible through traditional manufacturing techniques. The authors prepared nanocellulose in form of short nanofibrils of reduced viscosity and used this novel material as a bioink for printing 3D porous structures for wound healing applications. F. Hong et al. described a novel double tubes bioreactor, based on previous patents and papers of KLEMM group and GATENHOLM group, designed for the production of bacterial nanocellulose tubes for small vascular implants. Y. Shirosaki et al. from Japan (“Preparation of Porous Chitosan-Siloxane Hybrids Coated with Hydroxyapatite Particles”) developed a method for apatite deposition on a novel porous material based on chitosan, potentially interesting as bone substitute in craniofacial surgery. S. Uthaman et al. from Korea (“Polysaccharide-Coated Magnetic Nanoparticles for Imaging and Gene Therapy”) reviewed recent progresses of polysaccharide-coated magnetic nanoparticles for imaging and gene delivery, highlighting the role of polysaccharide coating and its advantages.) explored the field of tissue engineering by investigating, respectively, the role of fabrication parameters on efficiency of alginate microcapsules for cell immobilization and the surface modification of stents by polysaccharides deposition to favor protein absorption and reendothelialization after implantation in human vessels. L. Russo et al. from Italy  developed novel hyaluronic acid hydrogels with mechanical properties similar to those of the ECM of natural tissues.P. Montanucci et al. from Italy (“Insights in Behavior of Variably Formulated Alginate-Based Microcapsules for Cell Transplantation”) and S. Benni et al. from France  Hayne ssp. raddiana Polysaccharide on Streptozotocin-Nicotinamide Induced Diabetic Rats”) investigated the antidiabetic activity of a polysaccharide extracted from Acacia tortilis, a tree widespread in the globe, mainly in North Africa and Asia.Polysaccharides have also been exploited for their potential healing effects. M. Matoba et al. from Japan  highlighted the antiadhesive effect of alginate in postoperative treatments to prevent adhesions induced by PGA meshes. P. K. Bhateja and R. Singh from India (“Antidiabetic Activity ofUniformly, the authors highlighted the potentiality of this emerging class of biocompatible macromolecules in biomaterials field as source of both new molecules with therapeutic effects and new materials for regenerative medicine and realization of biomedical devices.  LaurienzoPaola  C.  FernandesJoão  Colliec-JouaultSylviaJ. Helen Fitton


When all the individuals in a social group can be easily identified, one of the simplest measures of social interaction that can be recorded is nearest-neighbour identity. Many field studies use sequential scan samples of groups to build up association metrics using these nearest-neighbour identities. Here, I describe a simple technique for identifying clusters of associated individuals within groups that uses nearest-neighbour identity data. Using computer-generated datasets with known associations, I demonstrate that this clustering technique can be used to build data suitable for association metrics, and that it can generate comparable metrics to raw nearest-neighbour data, but with much less initial data. This technique could therefore be of use where it is difficult to generate large datasets. Other situations where the technique would be useful are discussed. Once we have information at this basic level of interaction, we can then begin to build networks and test hypotheses regarding their structure –3. DiffeWhen individuals within a group can be easily identified, field studies typically use either focal sampling, where pre-selected individuals are followed for a given length of time, collecting sequential metrics about their associations with other individuals, or scan sampling, where the associations of all measurable individuals are recorded at a given moment . Both teScan sampling of all individuals can give a quick measurement of intragroup association in the field, forcing a record to be taken for all individuals. The simplest association metric involves identifying the nearest neighbour of each individual. This is a fast and reliable technique that is frequently implemented in studies of primates –8 and hePapio ursinus, tend to cluster, so that each individual is within 5 m of a nearest neighbour , it , it spatalways recorded. For example, Schreier & Swedell [Papio hamadryas, groupings using sequential scan samples, recording association between only these individuals without considering closer baboons who were not leader males. It could also be the case that some individuals may be absent or simply unidentifiable during one or more of the sampling scans. In this case, the clustering metric would be biased to the same degree as any other association metric, and should deliver similar biased results .The method I describe relies on data being collected for all the individuals in a group during a sample period, rather than something more similar to focal sampling ,  Swedell  collecteet al. [et al. [et al. [The construction of a measure similar to nearest-neighbour clusters has been implicitly used in some field studies where subgroup membership is recorded, rather than nearest-neighbour identities. For example, Ramos-Fernández et al.  describe [et al.  and Hiro [et al.  place in [et al.  use inte [et al. ,31–33). et al. [et al. [et al. [The technique described here can be used to generate a matrix of associations between identifiable individuals that is demonstrably faster than simply considering just the counts of nearest-neighbour association. Once generated, these summary metrics still need to be processed to give meaningful comparable measures of association. For examples of how analyses can be conducted, I recommend the studies described in Henzi et al.  and Ramoet al. , and theet al.  and Whitet al. . A ‘soci [et al.  and furt [et al. , which c [et al.  gives re


The aim of this n=15) after removing the coronal 3 mm of the obturating materials. In the MTA group, white MTA plug was placed in pulp chamber and coronal zone of the root canal. In CEM cement group, CEM plug was placed in the tooth in the same manner. In both groups, a wet cotton pellet was placed in the access cavity and the teeth were temporarily sealed. After 24 h the teeth were restored with resin composite. In the negative control group the teeth were also restored with resin composite. The color change in the cervical third of teeth was measured with a colorimeter and was repeated 3 times for each specimen. The teeth were kept in artificial saliva for 6 months. After this period, the color change was measured again. Data were collected by Commission International de I'Eclairage's L*a*b color values, and corresponding ΔE values were calculated. The results were analyzed using the one-way ANOVA and post-hoc Tukey’s test with the significance level defined as 0.05. Forty five endodontically treated human maxillary central incisors were selected and divided into three groups (P<0.05). There was no significant differences between CEM group and control group in mean discoloration. The mean tooth discoloration in MTA group was significantly greater than CEM and control groups (According to the result of the present study CEM cement did not induce tooth discoloration after six months. Therefore it can be used in vital pulp therapy of esthetically sensitive teeth. Biomaterials are used in many endodontic treatments, including repair of tooth perforation, as root end filling material, treatment of teeth with open apices and as pulp capping agents. One of these biomaterials which is being widely used is mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA). MTA is a biocompatible material with profound sealing properties that make it suitable for sealing root perforations -5; and ret al. , whereas a plane represents the degree of red or green [+a (red) and -a (green)] and b plane corresponds with the degree of yellow or blue [+b (yellow) and -b (blue)] within the sample. To position the tip of the colorimeter in the same location on each specimen, a silicon rubber mold was prepared. The colorimeter was calibrated on white calibration plate according to the manufacturer’s instruction. The color of the cervical third of the teeth was assessed three times and the mean value was considered as the final measurement at the baseline examination. The teeth were then kept in an incubator 37°C in artificial saliva for 6 months, whereas artificial saliva was replenished each week. After this period, color assessment was made using the colorimeter in the manner described for baseline readings. The calculation of the discoloration (ΔE*) between the two color measurements is as follows: ΔE*=[(ΔL*)2+(Δa*)2+(Δb*)2]1/2. The human eye cannot perceive color difference between two specimens (ΔE) values less than 1. ΔE values between 1 and 3.3 represent a clinically acceptable range [ΔE values of 3.3 and higher are reported to be unacceptable for human eyes in clinical conditions [A colorimeter  was used relative to standard illuminant with a white background to measure the color of each specimen in a standardized condition according to the CIE LAB There was no significant differences between CEM cement group and control group in mean discoloration value. The mean tooth discoloration in MTA group was significantly more than CEM cement and control groups (2O3), periclase (MgO) and FeO has been lowered in white MTA compared to grey MTA but these metal oxides are still present in white preparations [et al. [et al. [Many studies have pointed to tooth discoloration as one of the major drawbacks of MTA -9; whicharations . Marcian [et al.  examined [et al.  also repSimilarly EndoCem Zr  and Retro MTA  (both containing zirconium oxide) caused less discoloration than ProRoot MTA and Angelus MTA (which contain bismuth oxide) . 3, P2O5, and SiO2 [et al. [et al. [CEM cement, on the other hand contains CaO, SOand SiO2 . Despiteand SiO2  also obs [et al.  showed t [et al.  also obsFelman and Parashos  restoredet al. [et al. [E.faecalis. Kangarlou et al. [Candida albicans even in low concentration. Similar to the result of this study, Eghbal et al. [CEM cement is a hydrophilic endodontic biomaterial. It has pH values similar to MTA . Samiee et al.  showed bet al. , 32. CEMet al. . Razmi e [et al.  showed bu et al.  also eval et al.  evaluateΔE*) with a colorimeter confers advantages such as repeatability, sensitivity and objectivity, despite some limitations [Color measurement has several techniques and in the present study the quantitative technique was used. The quantitative measurement of color difference (itations , 37.According to the results of this study, CEM did not have discoloration properties unlike other endodontic materials like MTA. CEM cement can be advocated as an endodontic biomaterial in esthetically sensitive teeth.


It remains a challenge to discuss every 3 months the published literature on the pathology of lymphomas. A pleasant challenge, because I need to read many interesting works, but also an impossible one: I cannot read everything. Nevertheless, I hope that also this month, I can provide the readership with an interesting summary of my personal selection.CD30 expression is a hallmark of Hodgkin lymphoma (HL), and this is associated with activation of the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) latent membrane protein-1 (LMP-1) and ligand-independent signaling by overexpressed CD30 are both known to cause activation of NF-κB in lymphomas, but in normal cells hyperactivation of NF-κB triggers cellular senescence and apoptosis. Ishikawa et al. [Another example is provided by Oelmann et al.  who studNOTCH2 and MYD88 genes, but the other 23 had not been associated with SMZL before. However, in none of 24 additional sMZL, these latter mutations were also found. Therefore, this approach was not very successful in finding recurrent genetic alterations in this study, but further work is needed.Nowadays, whole genome or exome sequencing  has become a widely available tool so we can expect rapid increase in the knowledge on genetic changes in many tumors. Peveling-Oberhag et al.  investigThe gene encoding the lysine-specific histone methyltransferase KMT2D has emerged as one of the most frequently mutated genes in follicular lymphoma (FL) and diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL), but the biological consequences of these mutations are not known. Two groups of researchers took on the challenge to determine the role of these mutations in lymphoma development and come with similar results. Ortega-Molina et al.  show in BL and FL both have features of GC B cells but are biologically and clinically quite distinct. Kretzmer et al.  performeHartmann et al.  tried toActivated B cell (ABC) DLBCL relies on B cell receptor (BCR) signaling but only a part of patients benefit form BCR pathway inhibition. Young et al.  developeSome lymphomas are closely related to specific environments in the body. An example is the tight relation with infiltration in the epithelium of some cutaneous T cell lymphomas (T-NHL). Adachi et al.  investigAs mentioned above for sMZL, WGS was performed by da Silva Almeida et al.  on normaOhtani et al.  give furNasal natural killer T cell lymphoma (NKTL) is a highly malignant tumor that is closely associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection. Latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) is encoded by EBV and plays an important role in EBV-induced cell transformation. Therefore, Sun et al.  assessedHLA gene is associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-positive HL (both mixed and nodular sclerosis type) but not with EBV negative HL. They could do this since they had a large series of cases (1200), which was compared with 5726 controls. The results were confirmed in an independent series of 468 cases and 551 controls.The genetic susceptibility for the development of disease can only be unraveled when the disease is well defined. Delahaye-Sourdeix et al.  provide n = 8). Two patients are in complete remission at 26 and 216 months. Nine patients died 8.0 ± 6.5 months after diagnosis. Of the five cases with late PTLD occurring 4–23 years after transplantation, one had pulmonary lymphomatoid granulomatosis (the only endothoracic case), one cutaneous large T cell lymphoma, two had anaplastic large cell lymphomas, and one HL. Two of the five cases were EBV-negative, including one followed by a second EBV + positive PTLD after 8 years of complete remission. Two patients were alive and well (follow-up: 44 and 151 months). These data are in line with the suggestion that early PTLD is generally an immune deficiency and EBV-associated disease, but that late lesions have a different and variable pathogenesis.De Montpréville et al.  describeThe distinction between extensive progressive transformed germinal centers (PTGC) and nodular lymphocyte predominant (NLP) HL is not easy. The presence of regular large CD20-positive cells has been described as indicative of NLPHL, but in practice, I prefer the criterium that the lesions need to have a mass effect, a disturbance of the lymph node architecture. Hartmann et al.  describeA typical feature of NLPHL is the increased number of CD57-positive CD4+ T cells , cells tEladl et al.  describeClassical (c) HL is defined by morphology and aberrant B cell program. Rare cases of otherwise typical HL have strong CD20 expression. Benharrough et al.  describeNodal marginal zone lymphoma (NMZL) remains an ill-recognized entity that easily may be misdiagnosed as FL. In this issue of the Journal of Hematopathology, van den Brand et al.  hypothesChoung et al.  investigLymphoplasmacytic lymphoma (LL) secreting IgA or IgG is rare. Cao et al.  evaluateMYD88 mutation is a hallmark of LL, but is also described in other lymphomas, including primary testicular DLBCL. Oishi et al.  investigMantle cell lymphoma (MCL), characterized by the t  and cyclin D1 overexpression, commonly has overexpression of SOX11. Silencing of SOX11 in MCL cells promotes the shift into an early plasmacytic differentiation phenotype. Ribera-Cortada et al.  correlatA bit better defined variant of MCL is the blastoid subtype, although there is still substantial interobserver variation in recognition of the morphological feature. Bhatt et al.  analyzedMottok et al.  analyzedEndemic (e) BL is found in children in equatorial regions and represents the first historical example of a virus-associated human malignancy. EBV infection and MYC translocations are hallmarks of the disease; it is unclear whether other factors may contribute to its development. Abate et al.  analyzedSome cases of morphological and phenotypical characteristic BL lack a MYC translocation. De Falco et al.  comparedXue et al.  describeScarfo et al.  used advDNMT3A, KRAS, JAK3, STAT3, STAT5B, GNB1, and TET2 genes, genes implicated previously in other T cell neoplasms. The outcome was heterogenous: two patients are alive without disease, four are alive with disease, and six died of disease. In conclusion, PCNSTLs are histologically and genomically heterogenous with frequent phenotypic aberrancy and a cytotoxic phenotype in most cases.Menon et al.  report tAggerwal et al.  encounteNow that more and more knowledge on IgG4-related disease is accumulating, retrospective studies in different organs reveal relevant information. Ferry et al.  reviewedFCGR) genes influence response to rituximab they prospectively obtained specimens of 408 previously untreated, low tumor burden FL patients treated with single agent rituximab. The response rate to initial rituximab was 71 % but no FCGR genotypes or grouping of genotypes were predictive of this response or response duration. Although this is a disappointing result, the material and data are unique, and may provide positive results in the future.Finding predictive markers for expensive drugs is considered a very important method to reduce health care costs, but is not easy task. This is examplified by the work of Kenkre et al. . Based oAnother potential promising approach was chosen by Nelson et al.  who deveChuang et al.  took a mCopie-Bergman et al.  analyzedMiura et al.  tried toOkina et al.  investigThese studies reveal once again that we have many prognostic factors, but there is still little use of them in clinical trials.Detection of light chain restriction (LCR) in FFPE-tissue remains often not successful and is a potential help in some cases. Arora et al.  describeAccording to Kirsch et al.  early di