Copper (Co) and Titanium Alloy (Ti6Al4V) nanoparticles are found in this fluid. The HT level of such a fluid (Ti6Al4V-Co/H2O) has steadily increased in comparison to ordinary Co-H2O NFs, which is a significant discovery from this work. The inclusion of nanoparticles aids in the stabilization of a nanofluid flowing and maintains the symmetry of the flow form. The thermal conductivity is highest in the boundary-lamina-shaped layer and lowest in sphere-shaped nanoparticles. A system's entropy increases by three characteristics: their ratio by fractional size, their radiated qualities, and their heat conductivity modifications. The primary applications of this examination are the biological and medical implementations like dental and orthopedic implantable devices, as well as other devices such as screws and plates because they possess a favorable set of characteristics such as good biomaterials, corrosion resistance and wear, and great mechanical characteristics.To get a better heat transmission capacity of ordinary fluids, new hybrid nanofluids (HNFs) with a considerably greater exponent heat than nanofluids (NFs) are being used. HNFs, which have a greater heat exponent than NFs, are being applied to increase the HT capacities of regular fluids. Two-element nanoparticles mixed in a base fluid make up HNFs. This research investigates the flow and HT features of HNF across a slick surface. As a result, the geometric model is explained by employing symmetry. The technique includes nanoparticles shape factor, Magnetohydrodynamics (MHD), porous media, Cattaneo–Christov, and thermal radiative heat flux effects. The governing equations are numerically solved by consuming a method known as the Galerkin finite element method (FEM). In this study, H Waste heat recovery, which tries to recover energy losses as heat, work, or power, was researched by Olabi et al.2. They claim that NFs are recently developed high-performance heat transfer fluids. Three crucial factors identified by Wang et al.3 have an impact on the use of mono and hybrid NFs in heat pipes. Consistency, thermal conductivity, and viscosity. The application of heat transfer growth or inhibition, as well as the usage of NFs in a variety of heat pipe categories, is described. Machine learning is explored in the context of NFs  and NF-charged heat pipes. Current developments in NF thermal characteristics and applications in a variety of engineering fields, ranging from NF-medicine to renewable energy, were examined by Eid4. The latter has seen some major advancements in flexibility and momentum, which have an impact on military and shield technologies. As a result, specialised NF applications in space research, solar energy, NF-medicine, temperature exchangers, heat pipes, and electronics freezing have been researched and made available. Gupta et al.5 examined the current advancements in NF in solar collectors and how it is employed nowadays. They discovered that using a premium heat transfer fluid with outstanding thermal physical properties, such as high thermal conductivity, is the most efficient way to increase the performance of a solar energy system, and NF is the best option for doing so. According to Salilih et al.6, the use of NF resulted in decreased heat of liquid leaving the condenser, increasing the solar scheme's efficacy.Nanofluids (NFs) have been considered as a potential different fluid solution for enhancing the competence and efficacy of current systems in manufacturing, commercial, and residential contexts. Numerous benefits of increased thermal system efficiency include decreased environmental impact, decreased energy use, and lower prices. The appropriateness of NFs for use in present systems has recently been assessed in terms of cost and environmental impact by utilising sustainability approaches. Thermal studies are one of its most important applications. The energy consumption of thermal systems is essential in the global environment. Several readings have been shown to increase the performance of thermal systems based on these elements, including the employment of various resources, produced liquids, process proposals, and the integration of newfangled information for clean energy building, resulting in an optimal explanation. Increasing the heat surface area of thermal convert to recover their current performance is one of the most investigated solutions; however, this modification results in the material buildup and an increase in production cost. In order to ensure long-term technical development, Bretado et al.7 largely addressed hybrid nanofluid (HNF), a modern class of NF created by suspending separate multiple NFs in the base NFs. Unexpectedly, the thermal characteristics can be increased by the creation of a small portion of metal nanotubes or nanoparticles within the NFs of an oxide or metal that are already present in a base liquid. Improved thermal conductivity, stability, corrected HT, positive impacts of each suspension, and combined nanomaterial influence are only a few of the benefits of HNFs. With higher operational efficiencies than NFs, HNFs are used in almost all HT applications, including welding, defense, temperature pipe, biomedical, boats, and space planes. Other applications include generator freezing, coolant in machining, thermal capacity, electronic cooling, reheating and cooling in homes, vehicle thermal management or motor freezing, modernizer freezing, atomic structure freezing, refrigeration, medication saving, and vehicle thermal management or motor freezing. These good properties drew researchers' attention to the HNF in the context of HT difficulties in daily living. Khan et al.8 presented a proportional investigation of HT and friction drag in the flow of numerous HNFs achieved by the associated magnetic field and nonlinear radiation. Xiong et al.9 reviewed the application of HNFs in solar energy collectors. While Yaseen et al.10 reviewed the role of HNFs in HT. Sathyamurthy et al.11 documented an experimental investigation on freezing the photovoltaic board utilizing HNFs. Bakhtiari et al.12 presented stable HNFs and advanced a novel association for HT. Xuan et al.13 studied thermo-economic presentation and compassion examination of ternary HNFs. Said et al.14 gathered HT, entropy generation, and economic and ecological examinations of linear Fresnel indicators utilizing HNFs. Jamshed et al.15 introduced a computational setting effort of the Cattaneo–Christov heat flux model (CCHFM) based on HNFs. Ma et al.16 considered the effect of surfactants on the rheological performance of HNF and HT ownership. Chu et al.17 modeled a study of magnetohydrodynamics utilizing HNFs flow between two endless corresponding platters with atom form possessions. Şirin18 investigated the presentation of cermet apparatuses in the rotating of HNFs wounding settings. Jamei et al.19 estimated the thickness of HNFs for current dynamism application. Bilal et al.20 used the degenerate electro-osmotic EMHD HNFs over the micro-passage.Jana et al.21 used PMM in solar aircraft joining tangent HNFs as a solar heat application. Shahzad et al.22 formulated a comparative mathematical study of HT using the PMM in HNFs. Parvin et al.23 presented the numerical conduct of 2D-Magneto double-diffusive convection flow of HNF over PMM. Faisal, et al.24 indicated the raising of heat effectiveness of solar water‐pump utilizing HNFs over PMM. Banerjee and Paul25 reviewed the most recent studies and development with the applications of PM combustion. Zou et al.26 modeled an explicit system of stone heat in the PM model for pebble-bed devices. Lee et al.27 proposed PMM substantiation with stress drip dimensions. Talbi et al.28 analyzed a solution for longitudinal quivering of a fluctuating pile based on PMM on a convective flowing model.A porous media model (PMM), often recognized as a porous material, is one that contains pores (vacuums). The "matrix" or "frame" refers to the thin part of the fabric. A fluid is generally injected into the pores (fluid or fume). Although the skeleton fabric is typically solid, systems together with foams may enjoy the perception of a porous media model (PMM). Jamshed et al.29 took into consideration a device studying technique for the calculation of transference and thermodynamic methods in metaphysics structures HT in HNFs flow in PMM. Rashed et al.30 recommended a non-homogenous HNF for three-D convective flow in enclosures full of heterogeneous PMM. The investigation of the magnetic appearances and behavior of electrically conducting liquids is known as magnetohydrodynamics (MHD). Plasmas, melted metals, salty water, and electrolytes are illustrations of MHD. Recently, many investigations are appeared using this setting practically in HNFs. Alghamdi et al.31 utilized MHD HNFs flow encompassing the medicine over a blood artery. Zainal et al.32 analyzed MHD HNFs flow over an extending/dwindling pane with quadratic velocity. Abbas et al.33 modeled improper investigation of motivated MHD of HNFs flow over a nonlinear extending cylinder. Waqas et al.34 impacted of MHD radiated flow of HNF over a revolving disk. Shoaib et al.35 provided a numerical examination of three-D MHD HNFs over a revolving disk in the incidence of heat electricity with Joule reheating and viscous degeneracy possessions using the Lobatto method. Tian et al.36 investigated 2D and 3-d shapes of fins and their possessions on the heat sink performance of MHD HNF with slide and non-slip float. Gul et al.37 studied a couple of slides impacted withinside the MHD HNF float with Cattaneo–Christov heat flux and autocatalytic biochemical response. Ashwinkumar et al.38 considered HT in MHD HNFs flow over two diverse geometries. Abderrahmane et al.39 formulated MHD HNFs over HT and entropy generation in a 3D revolving tube. Salmi et al.40 studied a numerical case of non-Fourier heat and mass transfer in incompletely ionized MHD HNFs.Alizadeh et al.41 considered CCHFM on sloping MHD over nonlinear overextended flow. Haneef et al.42 utilized CCHFM and HT in HNFs rheological liquid in the attendance of mass transfer. Yahya et al.43 employed CCHFM on Williamson Sutterby NF transportation, which is produced by an extending superficial with a convective boundary. Eswaramoorthi et al.44 engaged CCHFM in 3D plow of a plate with nonlinear heat energy. Tahir et al.45 enhanced the current appearances of viscous NF flow with the induction of CCHFM. Ali et al.46 proposed CCHFM for assorted convection flow owing to the revolving disk with slide possessions. Ullah et al.47 suggested a numerical attitude to read melting and initiation energy occurrence on the influenced fleeting HNF with the application of CCHFM. Zuhra et al.48 gave a numerical analysis of CCHFM HNFs by Lavenberg–Marquard back propagated neural networks. Sadiq et al.49 modeled the HT because of CCHFM. Vinodkumar et al.50 joined the CCHFM HNFs that affected MHD flow via an extending slip in a PMM.The heat transfer in viscoelastic float resulting from an exponentially stretched sheet is defined through the Cattaneo–Christov warmth flux model (CCHFM). The major factors of this study may be summarized as follows: When related to a viscous fluid, the hydrodynamic boundary layer in the viscoelastic fluid is thinner. Venkata et al.51 is one in which the slide velocity is compared to the clip stress. Alzahrani et al.52 studied the effect of heat contamination on HT in-plane walls themed to SBC. Pérez-Salas et al.53 presented an approximate analytical outcome for the fluid flow of a Phan-Thien-Tanner with SBC. Wang et al.54 solved the problem of SBC by boundary-lattice Boltzmann scheme. Arif et al.55 analyzed SBC of Non-Newtonian rheology of lubricant. Dhifaoui56 illustrated a weak solution for the outside static Stokes equations with SBC. Zeb et al.57 proposed the SBC on Non-Newtonian Ferrofluid over an extending slip. There are many studies60 probed the problem of slippage velocity in the flow model. It had a prominent effect in clarifying this effect on the movement of the fluid and its temperature.The no-slip condition is the acknowledged boundary condition for a fluid over a solid surface. The slip boundary condition (SBC) proposed by Navier6Al4V) are the two types of HNFs used in this study. Entropy generation data for HNFs used in this study was analyzed to identify the impact on the process. The HNF's governing equations will be translated into ODEs using an appropriate similarity conversion. ODEs will be created, and the Galerkin finite element method (FEM) will be utilized to numerically resolve them using appropriate governing parameter values. The numbers are going to be represented graphically, with additional discussion. The impacts of particle shapes, thermal radiated flow, slippery velocity, and convective slip boundary limitations are investigated during this research.This looks at objectives to fill a familiarity hole withinside the flow and warmth transfer of a radiated Casson HNF with a variable thermal conductivity because the temperature rises, primarily based totally on the literature. The Tiwari and Das NF versions can be used to mathematically version the NF flow. Copper (Cu) and Titanium Alloy  curving prototype is drawn in Fig. The ensuing standards, together with the requirements, be relevant to the stream framework: 2-D laminar steady flow, phase flow model, HNF, permeable medium, MHD, viscous dissipation, Thermal radiative heat flux, Cattaneo–Christov heat flux, joule heating, porousness elongated surface.61 in consideration of the suggested assumptions.The governing equations and associated boundary conditions for hybrid nanofluid flowing are given in21 gave the related boundary constraints:Jamshed et al.64.The equations in Table Where, nano-sized particle fractional volume  of analysis, substantial features of the primary fluid of the water are described.In Table 68 is applied in formula (The equation for radiative flux given by Rosseland formula .5\documeExpressions –4) are  are 4) aThe specified similarity quantities areentclass1pt{minimanto Eqs. . We get8Equation  is accuree Table .Table 3DWhere The non-dimensional skin friction 69 is covered in this section. The finite element method's flowchart is shown in Fig. The corresponding boundary constraints of the present system were computationally simulated using FEM. FEM is based on the partitioning of the desired region into components (finite). FEMStage I:Weak form is derived from strong form (stated ODEs), and residuals are computed.Stage II:To achieve a weak form, shape functions are taken linearly, and FEM is used.Stage III:The assembly method is used to build stiffness components, and a global stiffness matrix is created.Stage IV:Using the Picard linearizing technique, an algebraic framework (nonlinear equations) is produced.Stage V:Algebraic equations are simulated utilizing appropriate halting criterion through 10(-5) (supercomputing tolerances).Further, The Galerkin finite element technique's flow chart is depicted in Fig. 70. Table Heat transfer coefficients from existing methods were compared to findings that had been supported by earlier research to assess the validity of the computational methodf′(λ)) and entropy generation 6Al4V are composed of water. The solid and dashed lines are respectively plotted for Co-H2O and Ti6Al4V-Co/ H2O.This section delves into the influence of a few key physical parameters, such as the velocity slip parameter NG vs. (NG) grows but the value of (P b) declines as the distance from the surface increases. A major temperature differential at the surface causes entropy to increase. Consequently, a high value of the permeability of the porous medium may present a technique for modifying the spin coating flow parameters in industrial applications. It is also believed that improved permeability and larger pore spaces promote better nanoparticle precipitation, which reduces friction at the sheet surface. Figure 6Al4V-Co/H2O nanoparticles, Co-H2O nanoparticles control heat transport in the examined base fluid. Figure Figure NG is shown as a deviation from the variety of entropy produced. (NG and (6Al4V-Co/ H2O hybrid nanofluid and Co-H2O nanofluid are shown in Fig. 6Al4V-Co/ H2O nanoparticles is predicted to increase (NG behaves when the Biot number (NG is very sensitive to surface and small changes. For both kinds of nanofluids, entropy generation profiles as a function of the Reynolds number (NG and 6Al4V-Co/H2O nanoparticles are substantially higher than those of Co-H2O nanoparticles.Even if the wall velocity parameter has significant slip velocity values, it restricts collisions with molecular diffusion. When more nanoparticles are added to various mediums, the simultaneous effects of thermal convection, diffusion, and kinematic viscosity are involved. In Fig. Table 2O and Ti6Al4V-Co/H2O nanoparticles. Graphic analysis and extensive discussion of the physical behavior of the non-dimensional boundary layer distributes show how the unique factors affect them. Thus, from the present analysis, the under-listed concluding remarks are obtained:Along the far stream, the velocity field is reduced for the upsurging porosity The temperature distribution is affected by most of the physical quantities, which denotes that nanofluids have a high heat exchange rate. This property helps control the temperature during spin coating processes.The entropy profile against the porosity term 2O nanofluid and Ti6Al4V-Co/H2O hybrid nanofluids can be seen, compared to the Nusselt number coefficient for the porosity and volume fraction.Remarkable change in frictional force factor for Co-HEntropy creation, irreversibility propagation, fluid flow, and heat transfer in an electrically conducting Newtonian hybrid nanofluid across a stretching sheet exposed to slip and convective boundary conditions have all been quantitatively described in the current research. The solid volume fraction has been explored using a modified version of Tiwari and Das's nanofluid model of the Co-H76.The FEM could be applied to a variety of physical and technical challenges in the future


This issue addresses the multifaceted problems of understanding biodiversity change to meet emerging international development and conservation goals, national economic accounting and diverse community needs. Recent international agreements highlight the need to establish monitoring and assessment programmes at national and regional levels. We identify an opportunity for the research community to develop the methods for robust detection and attribution of biodiversity change that will contribute to national assessments and guide conservation action. The 16 contributions of this issue address six major aspects of biodiversity assessment: connecting policy to science, establishing observation, improving statistical estimation, detecting change, attributing causes and projecting the future. These studies are led by experts in Indigenous studies, economics, ecology, conservation, statistics, and computer science, with representations from Asia, Africa, South America, North America and Europe. The results place biodiversity science in the context of policy needs and provide an updated roadmap for how to observe biodiversity change in a way that supports conservation action via robust detection and attribution science.This article is part of the theme issue ‘Detecting and attributing the causes of biodiversity change: needs, gaps and solutions’ EcologiEfforts to properly account for the value of nature within our economies  are Developments linking biodiversity monitoring and assessments are occurring rapidly in response to the need for actionable knowledge. The impetus for this knowledge comes from the need to track and guide progress towards biodiversity goals, notably the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals  and the The challenges of effective biodiversity change assessments go beyond economic incentives and investment in monitoring networks. Designing sampling protocols, identifying metrics, correcting estimation bias, quantifying uncertainties, attributing causes, projecting future pathways and designing policies are components that contain major and often underappreciated knowledge gaps. These gaps were contributing factors to the failure to achieve earlier international targets to halt biodiversity loss by 2020 . In addi. 2This issue is organized through a conceptual framework linking social and policy needs to the scientific components that underpin robust assessments of biodiversity change figures  and 2.FWe identify observation, estimation, detection, attribution and projection as major scientific components of biodiversity assessment . ObservaWe also identify the components of policy, community and research that need better integration. Policy on stewarding and exploiting biological resources is driven by a combination of consumer demand , traditiThe natural and social sciences covering these biodiversity issues span almost all disciplines, so it would be impossible for a single journal issue to cover all important aspects. As well, the complexity of socioecological dynamics prevents a complete synthesis from being feasible at the moment et al. [et al. [et al. [Three perspectives in this issue, Dasgupta & Levin , Salomonet al. , and Ach [et al.  remind u [et al.  provide Dasgupta & Levin  argue thet al. [Salomon et al. , a groupet al. [Continental variations in biodiversity and assessment capacity are illustrated by Achieng et al. . The autet al. [et al. [In a synthesis paper, Gonzalez et al.  show tha [et al.  argue th (b)et al. [et al. [Biodiversity observations are vital for assessing how policies and environmental and anthropogenic pressures impact biodiversity. Yet, most biodiversity data are biased geographically, taxonomically or thematically. Oliver et al.  explore  [et al.  clearly et al. [et al. [Mori et al.  advocate [et al.  suggest et al. [Biodiversity assessments hinge on identifying metrics most indicative of nature's states and changes under climate and anthropogenic stressors. While essential biodiversity metrics have been identified, it is still an open question as to what are the most important metrics and how they impact ecosystems and societies. Dornelas et al.  provide  (c)et al. [The lack of evidence for changes in some biodiversity metrics may mean they really are not associated with changes in ecosystem functions, but observational and statistical deficiencies may also lead to a lack of power to detect biodiversity changes even if they are occurring. In line with open empirical questions about biodiversity indicators, Roswell et al.  explore et al. [Our issue identifies two essential biodiversity metrics with strong theoretical roles that are sensitive to observational biases, with current correction methods remaining suboptimal to accurately assess biodiversity states and changes using data from most monitoring programmes today. These metrics are species richness  and ecolet al.  present et al. [et al. [Identifying actual species interactions is impossible without having observed all extant species in a community, but Chiu et al.  show it  [et al.  represen (d)et al. [et al. [Gadus morhua) using a spatially replicated dataset of temporal genomic data combined with model simulations. They find evidence for harvesting-induced evolution via polygenic adaptation and trait selection sustained over several decades. However, attributing harvesting with high confidence for the patterns of polygenic trait variation is not easy and will require a combination of spatially replicated population genomic time series in contrasting selective environments combined with models to provide expectations for patterns of genetic covariance in allele frequency over long time periods. This is an exciting challenge for future detection and attribution research on genetic diversity, and its links to population persistence, that extends far beyond harvesting in marine populations.Reid et al.  begin wi [et al.  assess wet al. [Gregory et al.  report aet al. [Malchow et al.  analyse et al. [Thompson et al.  use fishet al. [et al. [Navarette et al.  illustra [et al. .et al. [The interactions between humans, nature, and environmental change are complex and capable of producing unexpected dynamics. Therefore, process-based models of how to manage biodiversity change may be theoretically intractable and empirically unidentifiable in many social–ecological systems. For example, the socioecological coupling of fish population dynamics, economics and management produces the alternative stable states of conservation or overexploitation, which are indistinguishable if we only measure derived ecosystem services (e.g. revenue from consumption) without independent stock assessments, which may not be available. Chapman et al.  suggest . 4Although our issue has covered some major themes in quantifying and understanding biodiversity change, some emerging issues were not addressed. These missing links include incorporating genetic diversity , spatialCausal analysis in biodiversity science is still in its infancy, partly because statistical and mechanistic modelling tools are underdeveloped given the complexity of ecological systems –68, or rWe hope this issue provides guidelines for linking biodiversity observations, monitoring and inferences about the rates and reasons for biodiversity change. A robust detection and attribution framework will inform the implementation of policies designed to protect, manage and sustain biodiversity and ecosystem benefits at the heart of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework  and the


The engineering of scaffolds and surfaces with enhanced properties for biomedical applications represents an ever-expanding field of research that is continuously gaining momentum. As technology and society evolve, the golden standard of autografts has been contested due to their lack of availability, and tremendous efforts have been dedicated to developing nature-inspired materials that are able to either undertake the functions of damaged tissues or significantly contribute to their repair. To this end, multidisciplinary research that aims to design novel or upgraded materials has been conducted with the purpose of locating suitable candidates that replicate the characteristics of natural tissues with regard to their function, mechanical behavior, microarchitectural features, etc. The present Special Issue entitled ‘Scaffolds and Surfaces with Biomedical Applications’ published 13 papers (10 research and 3 review papers) that describe the synthesis of new materials with biomedical applications and their thorough characterization using conventional and emerging techniques. Istratov et al.  synthesiSoria et al. evaluated the cytotoxic capacity of a new instillation technology via a biodegradable ureteral stent/scaffold coated with a silk fibroin matrix for application in the controlled release of mitomycin C as an anti-cancer drug . They coϒ-Fe2O3) nanoparticles mixed with ultra-hard and tough bio-resin, was reported by Fallahiarezoudar et al. [2O3 in the structure enhanced the proliferation rate of HSF1148 due to the ability of numerous magnetic nanoparticles to integrate with the cellular matrix.A 3D scaffold structure, comprising thermoplastic polyurethane and maghemite (S. aureus. By developing a biodegradable scaffold that has the potential to simultaneously promote bone tissue regeneration and prevent bacterial biofilm formation, we come a step closer to overcoming the current problems encountered in bone tissue engineering.Filipov et al.  presenteOlaret et al.  proposedMorales-Guadarrama et al.  reportedBombyx mori 3D silk fibroin nonwoven scaffolds in vitro.Hu et al.  evaluateIn addition, Neto et al.  reportedMartinez-Garcia et al.  presenteLu et al.  presenteThis Special Issue also contains three review papers. The first, contributed by Arifin et al. , one aim


Intelligent sensing systems have been fueled to make sense of visual sensory data to handle complex and difficult real-world sense-making challenges due to the rapid growth of computer vision and machine learning technologies. We can now interpret visual sensory data more effectively thanks to recent developments in machine learning algorithms. This means that in related research, significant attention is now being paid to problems in this field, such as visual surveillance, smart cities, etc.The Special Issue offers a selection of high-quality research articles that tackle the major difficulties in computer vision and machine learning for intelligent sensing systems from both a theoretical and practical standpoint. It includes intelligent sensing techniques ,2,3,4,5,Intelligent sensing techniquesKokhanovskiy et al.  demonstrShiba et al.  proposedChen et al.  presenteNiu et al.  proposedHashmani et al.  presenteIntelligent sense-making techniquesLe and Scherer  performeTran et al.  proposedZaferani et al.  proposedHu et al.  developeOh et al.  suggesteApplications of intelligent sensing systemsSong and Lee  studied Moreno-Armendáriz et al.  describeIn conclusion, through the wide range of research presented in this Special Issue, we would like to boost fundamental and practical research on applying computer vision and machine learning for intelligent sensing systems.


Human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) serve as a sustainable resource for studying the molecular foundation of disease development, including initiation and deterioration. Although the process of reprogramming adult cells is accompanied by the obliteration of part of the epigenetic signature, usually upon differentiation of hiPSCs into specific cells, such as brain, heart, or muscle cells, these cells are adequate models for studying disease pathology and for drug discovery, as described in this Special Issue. In considering iPSCs as models for mono/complex diseases and as a potential future replacement for animal studies, Costa et al.  suggest PCCB genes . They suggest that the upregulation of cardiac-enriched miRNAs can explain these changes and that they can serve as new therapeutic targets for intervention strategies for this cardiomyopathy-associated disorder. Alvarez et al.  observedInterestingly, in a study of an hiPSC line generated from a patient with mutations in a factor related to autophagy ), Ben-Zvi et al.  present Walker et al.  establisThe review by Gabriele Bonaventura et al.  reports 2+ channel subunits, and ionotropic receptor subunits and the density of GABAergic synapses. The results indicated elevated basal intracellular Ca2+ levels and lower frequency of spontaneous Ca2+ signals, elevated Ca2+ amplitudes upon glycine and acetylcholine application, and larger miniature postsynaptic current (mPSC) amplitudes in SGCE MSNs as compared to healthy MSNs. The contribution of this in vitro model of DYT-SGCE myoclonus–dystonia to the understanding of the functional phenotype and pathophysiology of the disease may help to advance the development of new therapeutic strategies. Kutschenko et al.  investigThe study by Tate et al.  sheds liKuriyama et al.  describeIn their review, Heider et al.  describeAbati et al.  reviews Methods: this Special Issue presents several articles describing modified protocols for the efficient generation of specific iPSC-derived cellular models. 2+-dependent glutamate release properties as a hallmark of neuronal maturation. Baldassari et al.  aimed toLanfer et al.  describeJohnson Chacko et al.  describeHelmi et al.  show thaThe review by Matsumoto et al.  describeThe review by Bigarreau et al.  discusseThe review by Antonov et al.  describePasqua et al.  describe


The definition of the term biopolymer is often controversial, and there is no clear distinction between “biopolymers”, “bioplastics”, and “bio-based polymers”. Biopolymers (or bioplastics) are considered by some authors to only be polymers that are biodegradable. In practice, they bring together biosourced polymers that are produced from renewable resources, as well as biodegradable polymers and even sometimes biocompatible polymers. Thus, they can be classified according to two distinct criteria: the origin of the resource from which they are produced and their end-of-life management (biodegradability).The current biopolymers can be classified into three main groups, depending on the two aforementioned criteria: (i) biodegradable polymers from renewable resources ; (ii) biodegradable polymers from fossil resources obtained via industrial synthesis processes; and (iii) non-biodegradable polymers from renewable resources.Biopolymers have a diverse chemical structure, and their physicochemical properties make them suitable for clinical, biomedical, and pharmaceutical applications due to their versatile characteristics, such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, and low immunogenicity, which are key features in the new approach to the design of novel advanced materials.In this Special Issue, entitled “Biopolymers for Enhanced Health Benefits”, a total contribution of eight papers—seven original articles and one review—were published, focusing on the synthesis and characterization of different types of biopolymers for biomedical applications.Rodriquez-Cendal et al.  reviewedPonjavic et al.  also obtOzturk et al.  investigGan et al.  investigDzhuzha et al.  studied Danio rerio larvae model).Nurzynska et al.  investigUlagesan et al.  preparedMasetto et al.  obtainedThe papers published in this Special Issues clearly prove that the field of biomaterials is important for high-value-added applications in the medical field. However, a great deal of effort is necessary in order to translate the results obtained in this academic research to an industrial scale as well as to clinical randomized trials.


There are a few hypotheses for the origin of palatally impacted canines (PIC). Nevertheless, the results of different studies are controversial.Considering the evidence available in the literature to determine the skeletal and dentoalveolar dimensions in patients with PIC using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT).This systematic review adhered to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis Statement. The literature search with no publication date restriction in five databases and hand searching was performed until April 2023.Data assessing the skeletal and dentoalveolar characteristics of subjects with PIC evaluated with CBCT was extracted, and the studies’ quality was evaluated with the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS). Skeletal and dentoalveolar characteristics of subjects with PIC were compared with non-impacted subjects or non-impacted sides. MedCalc software was used to perform the meta-analysis. Statistical heterogeneity was assessed using the chi-square and I-square tests.The initial database search identified a total of 1153 studies. After applying the selection criteria, nine articles were included in the systematic review and meta-analysis. According to the NOS, all included articles were graded as “Good” quality. The meta-analysis showed a non-significant difference in measuring dentoalveolar height, alveolar first molar width, and basal lateral width. Controversial results were observed when evaluating both basal and alveolar first premolar widths. A significant difference was found when assessing anterior alveolar crest height and basal maxillary width.Studies demonstrated the reduction of both dentoalveolar and skeletal maxillary parameters of the patients with PIC. The meta-analysis indicated that PIC correlates to both vertical and transverse skeletal dimensions of the maxilla. However, the results remain controversial. The findings should be interpreted with caution due to different study designs and unbalanced groups in the included studies; therefore, further research is needed for more reliable conclusions.This systematic review and meta-analysis were registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO CRD42022362124) With a frequency ranging from 1% to 2.5%, the maxillary canine is the second most frequently impacted tooth after the third molars , 4. NeveTooth eruption is a physiological process that affects the alveolar bone’s normal development, whereas tooth impaction may prevent the alveolar bone’s regional growth . Althouget al. [et al. [Several researchers have attempted to determine whether there is a connection between PIC incidence and the skeletal and dental dimensions of the maxilla. McConnell et al.  linked i [et al. , risk fa [et al.  reported [et al. , patientCone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) has made it possible to gather precise information on the bone dimensions by displaying three-dimensional pictures of teeth and bone in high resolution. For subjects with PIC, CBCT can be used for localization, evaluation of root resorption , alveolaDue to these considerations, this systematic review aimed to gather current information and evaluate the skeletal and dentoalveolar dimensions using CBCT in individuals with PIC.These systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted and reported following the guidelines of Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) and was registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO CRD42022362124).According to the Participants Intervention Comparison Outcome Study design scheme, the study planned to include randomized, prospective, and retrospective controlled trials (S) on human patients of any age, ethnicity, or sex with palatally impacted maxillary permanent canines (P). The intervention (I) was defined as the CBCT of subjects with PIC, and the comparison (C) was made between patients with impacted and normally erupted canines or between impacted and non-impacted sides. The primary outcome (O) evaluated was maxillary skeletal morphological characteristics , height of alveolar crest (AACH), basal first premolar, and basal lateral widths (BLWs)). The secondary outcome was dentoalveolar variables ). The developed focus question was: What are the maxillary structure variations in subjects with palatally impacted maxillary canines?Five electronic databases  were searched systematically . This warandomized, prospective, and retrospective studies published in English,patients diagnosed with palatal impaction of the maxillary permanent canine, andCBCT images with radiological evaluation measurements before treatment.literature reviews, case reports, and series;panoramic or dental radiographs and dental casts used for evaluation; andpatients with genetic syndromes , severe facial malformations or systemic diseases, previous orthodontic treatment, dento-maxillary traumas, or agenesis.Before beginning the search in the selected databases, the three investigators discussed the search strategy. Two researchers then performed the study selection independently. Selection and filtration were done by assessing the titles of the articles and their abstracts; duplicates were removed. If the article met the inclusion criteria, the entire article was read to make the final decision. In addition, the reference/citation lists of the included trials were manually searched for any additional studies. Disagreements were resolved by consensus between the two reviewers and a third author was consulted when necessary. The last search was conducted on 22 April 2023.Two authors independently extracted the study characteristics, including design, sample size, patient age and sex, and maxillary morphological characteristics measurements .The quality of the included study protocols was assessed by investigating full-text articles. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) risk of bias assessment tool was used to evaluate the methodological quality of non-randomized clinical studies . Three dP values ≤0.05 were considered statistically significant. Characteristics included in the meta-analysis were the AACH, basal first premolar width (BPMW), basal lateral width (BLW), ADH, alveolar first molar width (AMW), and alveolar first premolar width (APMW). Studies with methods and outcomes that could not be quantitatively analyzed were described qualitatively.A meta-analysis was conducted on the quantitative data using MedCalc v14.8 . Considering the high clinical heterogeneity among the included studies, a random effect model was used for analysis. Statistical heterogeneity was assessed using the chi-square and I-square tests. I2 values of 25%, 50%, and 75% indicated low, moderate, and high heterogeneity, respectively. A total of 1153 articles were identified in the online search engine. Following the removal of duplicates and the review of article titles and abstracts, reports were sought for retrieval and three of them were not retrieved . Eight aAll selected studies were retrospective with a split-mouth design  or a conFundamental data extracted from individual studies are presented in All the studies , 15–22 rAll articles were rated as “Good” quality with a low risk of bias . PrimariThe outcomes of all individual studies for the primary and secondary outcomes are summarized in Alveolar bone measurements were reported in four articles . All of P < 0.0001) between the BP width of the impacted side (6.87 ± 1.08 mm) and the non-impacted side (8.70 ± 1.13 mm). In contrast to the non-impacted side (8.90 ± 1.68 mm), there was no statistical difference in BP width at the height of 6 mm on the impacted side (8.55 ± 2.23 mm) as well as at 10 mm (9.51 ± 2.26 vs. 10.26 ± 2.31).Only one article  evaluateThe BLW was studied in two split-mouth design studies , 17. In There were five articles published on evaluating the BMW , 22. In Five studies , 19–21 rOne study  evaluatiTwo studies reported on ADH , 17. ThiAMW was estimated in five studies , 19–22. In the other three studies , 21, 22 et al. [et al. [Five studies , 19–22 eet al.  and Hong [et al.  where unArch length (AL) was assessed in two studies , 18. OneMaxillary-impacted canines have frequently been a subject of study, along with the associated dentoalveolar and maxillofacial structures. Some authors have suggested a connection between transverse maxillary width and impaction , 10, 12,The preferred diagnostic technique for identifying impacted teeth is CBCT because it eliminates many of the frequent issues with panoramic radiography, such as superimpositions, overlapping structures, and image blurring , 15, 24.It is reasonable to presume that the canine tooth’s impaction results in altered alveolar dimensions on the impacted side because the alveolar process develops in response to tooth eruption , 26. Wheet al. [et al. [et al. [The alveolar transverse difference at the premolar level (BPMW) was measured in five studies. All except one  found naet al. , and Sar [et al.  with D´O [et al. . Controv [et al. , 17, whi [et al. , 21. It et al. [et al.’s [The reason for the aforementioned disagreement could be the different gender distribution in studies: Arboleda-Ariza et al.  sampled et al. , 17, 19,et al.’s  investiget al.’s , 17 verset al.’s ) could iet al. [When analyzing dental arch dimensions, some researchers included in this review reported reductions in maxillary dentoalveolar width at two levels (AMW and APMW) in the PIC patient groups when compared to controls , 19, 21.et al.  found wiConcerning height measurements, a meta-analysis revealed a statistically significant difference between the impacted and non-impacted groups when evaluating skeletal AACH. Thus, it can be assumed that PIC relates to a vertical deficit of the maxilla.et al. [Tadinada et al.  discoveret al. [et al. [The results of the dentoalveolar parameter evaluation used in this review can be compared to the results of studies with similar methodologies but performed on dental casts. Vitria et al.  revealed [et al.  did not  [et al.  did not According to Verma and Saravana Dinesh , impactiet al.’s [et al.’s [There is a lack of evidence concerning transverse deficit in the molar area, both skeletal and dentoalveolar. In the premolars area, a meta-analysis showed constriction of both skeletal and dentoalveolar areas comparing PIC patients and controls. Researchers evaluating PIC patients via cephalometry or dental casts also confirmed that PIC is often diagnosed in patients with an absence of noticeable malocclusion. Amini et al.’s  study shet al.’s  findingset al.’s . Numerouet al.’s . The freet al.’s .This systematic review provides clinically significant information regarding the morphological characteristics of the maxilla in patients with PIC. The findings imply that transverse dimension should be corrected with more focus, especially at the level of the first premolar.The review included studies that used different study designs, such as split-mouth or two groups of subjects , and they included growing and non-growing patients. However, none of the articles calculated a reliable sample size, the gender distribution varied among the studies, and ethnicity-specific differences were likely. Due to the high heterogeneity of the studies, all but three meta-analyses were conducted on the results of two studies. Even though it is a sufficient number to perform a meta-analysis , additioThe included studies demonstrated the reduction of both dentoalveolar and skeletal maxillary parameters in patients with PIC. The performed meta-analysis indicated that vertical and transverse skeletal dimensions of the maxilla were associated with PIC. Regarding dentoalveolar characteristics, only the difference in first premolar width between groups was statistically significant in the meta-analysis. However, the results remain controversial, and further research is needed for more reliable conclusions.cjad050_suppl_Supplementary_Figure_S1Click here for additional data file.cjad050_suppl_Supplementary_Figure_S2Click here for additional data file.cjad050_suppl_Supplementary_Table_S1Click here for additional data file.


Future research and planned studies testing recruitment and retention strategies are needed to identify optimal, modern communication procedures to increase AYA participation and adherence. More education should be provided to AYAs to increase their knowledge of research studies and strengthen the connection between AYA cancer survivors and their health providers.We conducted a literature review to identify commonly used recruitment and retention strategies in research among adolescent and young adult (AYA) cancer survivors 15-39 years of age and examine the effectiveness of these strategies based on the reported recruitment and retention rates. We identified 18 publications published after 2010, including 14 articles describing recruitment strategies and four articles discussing retention strategies and addressing reasons for AYA cancer patients dropping out of the studies. In terms of recruitment, Internet and social networking strategies were used most frequently and resulted in higher participation rates of AYA cancer survivors compared to other conventional methods, such as hospital-based outreach, mailings, and phone calls. In terms of retention, investigators used monetary incentives in all four studies and regular emails in two studies. There was no association between the number of strategies employed and the overall recruitment ( Adolescent and young adult (AYA) patients aged 15–39 years are recognized as a unique population within the oncology community. Worldwide, more than 1.2 million AYAs are diagnosed with cancer annually, and nearly 90,000 AYAs were diagnosed in 2020 in the United States  that mayThe Internet has become the mainstream platform for acquiring and disseminating information. Digital tools, such as social media and email, play an important role in recruiting and retaining participants. We hypothesized that an increasing number of strategies used to recruit/retain AYA cancer survivors would be associated with higher recruitment and retention rates. Therefore, we conducted a literature review to identify commonly used recruitment and retention strategies in research among AYA cancer survivors and examined the effectiveness of these strategies based on reported recruitment and retention rates.We used PubMed and Google Scholar to identify existing studies and reviews on AYA recruitment and retention methods for longitudinal research and clinical trials in oncology. Considering the rapid development of the Internet in the past ten years, results were restricted to publications no earlier than 2010 to review more current research. We included only studies published in English.To narrow the publications in cancer-specific research, keywords of “cancer,” “AYA,” “adolescent,” “young adult,” “recruitment,” “retention,” “participation,” “rate,” and “strategy” were used. These keywords were combined multiple times as “adolescents cancer recruitment rate,” “young adult cancer recruitment rate,” “adolescent cancer retention rate,” “young adult cancer retention rate,” “AYA recruitment and retention strategy,” “adolescent and young adult cancer participation,” and “AYA cancer recruitment and retention” to get a comprehensive search of relevant studies. Additionally, citations of the selected articles, especially systematic reviews, were evaluated and filtered with the same inclusion and exclusion criteria so that studies missed in the keyword searching stage could be included. Studies that were not cancer-specific, did not target AYAs, or did not specify a population age range were excluded. A total of 10 articles were excluded, including 5 articles without a description of recruitment and retention strategies.p-value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.A Spearman correlation test assessed the association between several strategies used in each study and overall recruitment and retention rates. A The final search yielded 18 publications (Table n = 10) and hospital-based (n = 6) strategies were the primary approaches used to recruit participants. Of the 14 studies that report recruitment methods, 64.3% (n = 9) reported using financial incentives, ranging from $20 to $50 per person.A total of 12 methods were used to recruit potential participants  of participants. These approaches included emails sent by the directors of cancer survivorship organizations, posting on cancer survivorship organizations’ websites, Facebook paid advertisements, and Facebook posts on cancer survivorship sites. Similarly, Benedict et al. .Including paper questionnaires and sending reminders increases the recruitment rate of AYA cancer survivors . In a cret al.  divided et al. [et al. [et al. [p = 0.333).Among the identified studies, only four discussed retention strategies and three provided a retention rate Table . Cantrelet al. , Le et a [et al. , and Tay [et al.  reportedet al. [et al. [In the study conducted by Rosenberg et al. , a group [et al. , particiet al. [et al. [In the third study, Le et al.  conducteet al. . Lastly, [et al.  reportedet al. [Three articles discussed the reasons for participants dropping out from studies, including two clinical trials and a survey-based study Fig.  4,18,19,1918,19.Internet-based outreach to AYA cancer survivors became a common strategy after 2010 based on 14 published studies that included information on recruitment methods. Despite that most studies did not provide the recruitment rates of each strategy, studies generally reported a higher participation rate resulting from Internet and social networking recruitment compared to recruitment at oncology clinics and cancer centers, supporting our hypothesis that the use of Internet-based outreach would increase recruitment rates of AYA cancer survivors. In terms of retention strategies, much of the existing research addresses the attrition rate among AYA cancer survivor studies, with little published literature on methods to improve retention rates. The most utilized retention method was monetary incentives of cash and gift cards, which was mentioned in all four studies, followed by regular emails to participants used in two studies. No studies used Internet-based strategies to increase retention rates, identifying an important area to consider in future studies. To advance the field of research in AYA cancer survivors, investigators should report their recruitment and retention rates and strategies in all publications reporting their study methods.et al. [et al. [et al. [n = 184) was achieved from automatic hospital referral to the cardiac rehabilitation clinical trial, although a wide range of recruitment strategies other than referrals were employed, including mailings, media advertisements, and community outreach.Studies conducted across broader age groups could offer recruitment strategies for AYA cancer survivors. After evaluating 68 studies across all ages on strategies to improve recruitment in randomized trials from different countries, Treweek et al.  found th [et al.  found th [et al.  reportedet al. [P = 0.027). In contrast, Teague et al. [In our review, we did not observe a clear association between the number of strategies employed and the overall recruitment and retention rates. Our assessment was limited by the availability of data, as among the 18 studies identified for both recruitment and retention strategies, only five of them provided information on their recruitment rate, one of them indicated the number of enrollees and potential participants for us to calculate the recruitment rate, and three articles reported their retention rate. However, prior studies not restricted to AYA cancer survivors have found conflicting results. After conducting a systematic review of 88 studies on 985 retention strategies, Robinson et al.  found a e et al.  claimed e et al. . Some eme et al. ,24. Theset al. [et al. [According to the three studies that described why AYA cancer survivors withdrew from studies, the most common reasons were concerns about the time commitment, side effects, and relocation. In addition, Roick et al.  found th [et al.  also fou [et al. . However [et al. –29. Ther [et al. , highliget al. [Furthermore, Buchanan et al.  also diset al. .There are also system-level barriers that hinder the recruitment and retention of AYA cancer survivors into studies. Compared to cancer survivors < 15 years of age who receive care in pediatric oncology facilities, adolescent cancer survivors have lower participation rates in clinical trials . EnrollmA major limitation of this review is the lack of studies assessing recruitment and retention strategies. The literature discussing recruitment and retention strategies for AYA cancer patients is less than that for patients of other ages, and not all studies reported their recruitment and retention rates. In two articles ,9, the aInternet-based recruitment strategies are becoming increasingly utilized, followed by hospital outreach and other conventional methods, such as mailing, flyers, and phone calls. Providing monetary incentives is an effective recruitment and retention method in AYA cancer studies. Other retention strategies include frequent email reminders and stable contacts with participants. In future research, evolving communication strategies, such as advertisements on social media  and video platforms , can be implemented to improve AYA cancer patient recruitment rates. Investigators should consider cancer survivors’ psychological and social barriers and facilitators to enroll and remain in the studies. There is also an opportunity for future research to address the underlying factor for the low participation rate of AYA cancer patients in cancer clinical trials. More strategies need to be implemented to overcome the retention barriers, such as unwillingness to the time commitment and medical mistrust. It is necessary for investigators to be educated on recruitment and retention barriers faced by AYAs as well as the need to increase education regarding cancer research and treatments for AYAs to improve their knowledge of cancer research and the relationships between patients, healthcare providers, and researchers. Engaging AYA cancer survivors with the research studies they are participating in also may result in higher retention rates.


Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are a class of porous two- or three-dimensional infinite structure materials consisting of metal ions or clusters and organic linkers, which are connected via coordination bonds . Owing t2C/C nanospheres for microwave absorption. The dual-shell structure could optimize impedance matching by prompting the intrinsic impedance to be as close as possible to that of the outside air. It was proven that the dual-shell structure of the Mo2C nanoparticles had a positive effect on EM energy attenuation. This finding could facilitate the design and preparation of highly efficient carbon-based microwave-absorbable materials.Wang et al.  prepared3In2S6/g-C3N4 photocatalyst by using a low-temperature solvothermal method, showing excellent degradation performance regarding tetracycline (TC) under visible light irradiation. The degradation mechanism of photocatalysts on TC was analyzed, demonstrating excellent performance at low temperatures. This study could provide a new strategy for the preparation of photocatalysts. Li et al.  synthesiXia et al.  develope2 hydrogenation catalysts and compared their synthetic strategies, unique features, and enhancement mechanisms with traditionally supported catalysts. The challenges and opportunities pertaining to the precise design, synthesis, and applications of MOF-based CO2 hydrogenation catalysts were also summarized. Great emphasis was placed on the various confinement effects involved in CO2 hydrogenation. The mechanistic insights into the confinement effects associated with MOFs or MOF-derived catalysts designed for CO2 hydrogenation provided by this review could facilitate the development of clear structure–activity relationships, aiding rational catalyst design.Lin et al.  recentlyWang et al.  reviewedXu et al.  summarizJu et al.  describeZhao et al.  reviewed


Weevils represent one of the most prolific radiations of beetles and the most diverse group of herbivores on land. The phylogeny of weevils (Curculionoidea) has received extensive attention, and a largely satisfactory framework for their interfamilial relationships has been established. However, a recent phylogenomic study of Curculionoidea based on anchored hybrid enrichment (AHE) data yielded an abnormal placement for the family Belidae (strongly supported as sister to Nemonychidae + Anthribidae). Here we reanalyse the genome-scale AHE data for Curculionoidea using various models of molecular evolution and data filtering methods to mitigate anticipated systematic errors and reduce compositional heterogeneity. When analysed with the infinite mixture model CAT-GTR or using appropriately filtered datasets, Belidae are always recovered as sister to the clade )), which is congruent with studies based on morphology and other sources of molecular data. Although the relationships of the ‘higher Curculionidae’ remain challenging to resolve, we provide a consistent and robust backbone phylogeny of weevils. Our extensive analyses emphasize the significance of data curation and modelling across-site compositional heterogeneity in phylogenomic studies. In tet al. [In the present study, we reanalyse the data by Shin et al.  using va. 2 (a)et al. [et al. [Aethina (Nitiduloidea: Nitidulidae) was removed in datasets 2 and 3.Our analyses were conducted on four datasets prepared based on the concatenated AA sequences by Shin et al. . We did et al. . More imet al. ,41). Dat [et al. . Dataset [et al.  using BL [et al.  under a  [et al. . The dis (b)To assess the compositional heterogeneity across taxa, the normalized relative composition frequency variability (nRCFV) was calculated using RCFV Reader v.1 . To asse (c)The maximum likelihood (ML) phylogenetic trees were inferred with IQ-TREE 1.6.2 or 2.1.3 under both the best fitting site-homogeneous model and the mixture models LG4X, LG + C20 + F, and LG + C40 + F (for dataset 2 only), as well as the posterior mean site frequency (PMSF) approximation of LG + C20 + F, LG + C40 + F and LG + C60 + F . The PMSThe Bayesian phylogenies were inferred under the infinite mixture model CAT-GTR + G4  in Phyloet al. [The coalescent-based phylogenies were also estimated. Since the sequences of individual genes were not directly supplied by Shin et al. , we extret al.  and R paet al.  and seqiet al. . The genet al. , first wet al. , with thet al. .. 3 (a)The normalized RCFV value measures the compositional heterogeneity across taxa. The original dataset displayed a relatively high nRCFV value, indicating a pronounced compositional heterogeneity . In the  (b)The Bayesian analyses under the CAT-GTR model did not fully converge for datasets 1 and 4 (maxdiff = 1). However, the failure to converge was due only to discrepancies between chains about the nodes within the family Curculionidae, and all the nodes related to the interfamilial relationships of Curculionoidea had reached a posterior probability support of 1.00 in these two analyses . According to , these ret al. [The relationships among most families were stable across our analyses with different datasets and models, except for the positions of Cimberididae and Belidae figures  and 2. Aet al. . In most (c)Belidae were recovered as sister to Nemonychidae + Anthribidae in most of the results from datasets 1 and 2, except when analysed with the infinite mixture model CAT-GTR . However. 4et al. [et al. [et al. [In the partitioned maximum-likelihood analysis of AA data by Shin et al. , Belidaeet al. ,20 , where  [et al.  suggeste [et al.  shows th [et al. ,22,23. I [et al. ) as our  [et al. –68).et al. [et al. [In the original study by Shin et al. , the sitet al. ). They ret al.  for each [et al. , in our et al. [Aethina), included some incorrectly aligned loci, and skipped the data filtering step before tree reconstruction. The impact of alignment trimming on downstream phylogenetic analysis is often not very clear [The genomic data used by Shin et al.  were obtet al. , which met al. . As showry clear , as it iry clear ,72. NeveThe systematic placement of Belidae based on our reanalyses is congruent with morphology-based studies –15  are now confidently resolved, the relationships within the ‘higher Curculionidae’ , especia. 5et al. [Weevils represent a classical case study on adaptive radiation associated with the diversification of flowering plants ,11. A vaet al. . This to


Human activity recognition (HAR) is an important research problem in computer vision. This problem is widely applied to building applications in human–machine interactions, monitoring, etc. Especially, HAR based on the human skeleton creates intuitive applications. Therefore, determining the current results of these studies is very important in selecting solutions and developing commercial products. In this paper, we perform a full survey on using deep learning to recognize human activity based on three-dimensional (3D) human skeleton data as input. Our research is based on four types of deep learning networks for activity recognition based on extracted feature vectors: Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) using extracted activity sequence features; Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) uses feature vectors extracted based on the projection of the skeleton into the image space; Graph Convolution Network (GCN) uses features extracted from the skeleton graph and the temporal–spatial function of the skeleton; Hybrid Deep Neural Network (Hybrid–DNN) uses many other types of features in combination. Our survey research is fully implemented from models, databases, metrics, and results from 2019 to March 2023, and they are presented in ascending order of time. In particular, we also carried out a comparative study on HAR based on a 3D human skeleton on the KLHA3D 102 and KLYOGA3D datasets. At the same time, we performed analysis and discussed the obtained results when applying CNN-based, GCN-based, and Hybrid–DNN-based deep learning networks. HAR is an important research problem in computer vision. It is applied in many fields, such as human–machine interaction , video sDespite much research interest and impressive results, HAR still contains many real challenges in the implementation process. In Islam et al. ’s study,In the studies of Xing et al. , Ren et In this paper, we conduct a survey on deep learning-based methods, datasets, and HAR results based on 3D human poses as input data. From there, we propose and analyze the challenges in recognizing human activities based on the 3D human pose.Previous studies on HAR often applied to datasets with a small number of 3D joints, namely from 20 to 31 points as the HDM05 dataset  . It maps a 3D representation of the 3D human skeletons into a 2D array  to learn the spatial-temporal skeleton features. The CNN-based approach is illustrated in X, Y, and Z axes. The joints of each frame ith are represented by j is the joint number. Li et al. [Tasnim et al.  proposedi et al.  proposedi et al. . This moi et al.  propose i et al. ’s researi et al. ’s researi et al.  to trainGCN-based deep learning uses the natural representation of the 3D human skeleton as a graph, with each joint as a vertex and each segment connecting the human body parts as an edge. This approach often extracts the spatial and temporal features of the skeleton graph series, as illustrated in With the advantages of features that can be extracted from the skeleton graph, this approach has received much research attention in the past four years. In 2019, Shi et al.  proposedA novel end-to-end network AR-GCN  is proposed by Ding et al. . AR-GCN Kao et al.  proposedIn 2020, Song et al.  proposedThe Shift-GCN is proposed by Cheng et al. . Other GDing et al.  proposedYu et al.  proposedThe PR-GCN  is proposed by Li et al. . To reduIn 2021: Chen et al.  proposedIn 2022: Lee et al.  proposedThe DG-STGCN model  is proposed by Duan et al. . DGSTGCNThe STGAT is proposed by Hu et al.  to captuDuan et al.  proposedThe InfoGCN framework is proposed by Chi et al.  and presThe TCA-GCN  method is proposed by Wang et al. . The TCAHybrid-DNN approaches use deep learning networks together to extract features and train recognition models. Here we examine a series of studies from 2019 to 2023 for skeletal data-based activity recognition. Si et al.  proposedThe end-to-end SGN network  is proposed  based onTrived et al.  proposedZhou et al.  built a The action capsule network (CapsNet) for skeleton-based action recognition is proposed by Bavil et al. . The temTo evaluate deep learning models for HAR based on 3D human skeleton data, usually, some benchmark datasets have to be used to evaluate the performance. Here we introduce some databases containing 3D human skeleton data.UTKinect-Action3D Dataset [ Dataset  includesSBU-Kinect dataset [ dataset  is captuFlorence 3D Actions dataset [x, y, and z coordinates) captured with MS Kinect. dataset  is captuJ-HMDB dataset [ dataset  is a sub dataset  with 21 Northwestern UCLA Multiview Action 3D (N-UCLA) [(N-UCLA)  is captuSYSU 3D Human-Object Interaction Dataset [ Dataset  includesNTU RGB+D dataset [ dataset  has beenKinetics-Skeleton dataset [ dataset  is named dataset . Each huNTU RGB+D 120 dataset [NTU RGB+D dataset [NTU RGB+D dataset [ dataset . Most de dataset , only thKLHA3D-102 dataset [ dataset  is captuKLYOGA3D dataset [KLHA3D-102 dataset [ dataset  that the dataset . The onlAcc):Accuracy  with the support of CUDA 11.2/cuDNN 8.1.0 libraries. In addition, there are a number of other libraries such as OpenCV, Numpy, Scipy, Pillow, Cython, Matplotlib, Scikit-image, Tensorflow ≥ 1.3.0, etc.In this paper, we pre-trained the models of DDNet  and PA-RThe results of HAR based on the skeleton of the KLHA3D-102, KLYOGA3D datasets are shown in This can be explained by several reasons. The model is trained to recognize using only the data of the 3D human skeleton and has not been combined with other data, such as data about the activity context. Human skeleton data are collected from many cameras in different viewing directions without being normalized. The number of joints in the skeleton data of these two datasets are 39 joints, which is a large number of joints in 3D space. They make the feature vector size large, and the number of action classes in the KLHA3D-102 dataset is 102 classes; there are many similar actions, such as “drinking tea”, “drinking water”, and “eating”. As illustrated by the human skeleton data in r et al.  chooses r et al. . In thisr et al. , the midr et al. , and ther et al. .In In this paper, we have carried out a full survey of the methods of using deep learning to recognize human activities based on 3D human skeleton input data. Our survey produced about 250 results on about more than 70 different studies on HAR based on deep learning under four types of networks: RNN-based, CNN-based, GCN/GNN-based, and Hybrid-DNN-based. The results of HAR are shown in terms of methods and processing time. We also discuss the challenges of HAR in terms of data dimensions and the insufficient information to distinguish actions with a limited number of reference points. At the same time, we have carried out comparative, analytical, and discussion studies based on fine-tuning two methods of DNNs  for HAR on the KLHA3D-102 and KLYOGA3D datasets. Although the training set rate is up to 85% and the test set rate is 15%, the recognition results are still very low (the results on KLHA3D-102_Conf. 5 is 1.96% of DDnet and 8.56% of PA-ResGCN). It also shows that choosing a method for the HAR problem is very important; for datasets with a large number of joints in the 3D human skeleton, the method based on projecting a 3D human skeleton to the image space and extraction features on the image space should be chosen.Shortly, we will combine many types of features extracted from the 3D human skeleton into a deep learning model or construct new 2D feature sets to improve higher HAR results. We will propose a unified model from end-to-end for detecting, segmenting, estimating 3D human pose, and recognizing human activities for training and learning exercises in the gym or yoga for training and protecting health. As illustrated in


Mutation accumulation in tumour evolution is one major cause of intra-tumour heterogeneity (ITH), which often leads to drug resistance during treatment. Previous studies with multi-region sequencing have shown that mutation divergence among samples within the patient is common, and the importance of spatial sampling to obtain a complete picture in tumour measurements. However, quantitative comparisons of the relationship between mutation heterogeneity and tumour expansion modes, sampling distances as well as the sampling methods are still few. Here, we investigate how mutations diverge over space by varying the sampling distance and tumour expansion modes using individual-based simulations. We measure ITH by the Jaccard index between samples and quantify how ITH increases with sampling distance, the pattern of which holds in various sampling methods and sizes. We also compare the inferred mutation rates based on the distributions of variant allele frequencies under different tumour expansion modes and sampling sizes. In exponentially fast expanding tumours, a mutation rate can always be inferred for any sampling size. However, the accuracy compared with the true value decreases when the sampling size decreases, where small sampling sizes result in a high estimate of the mutation rate. In addition, such an inference becomes unreliable when the tumour expansion is slow, such as in surface growth. Durinet al. [The patterns of ITH are driven by both spatial and temporal dynamics ,18. Whilet al.  introducet al. ,22, whicet al. . In larget al.  as well et al. , which iet al. . Spatialet al. ,18,27–32et al. ,33–37.et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [Using a three-dimensional lattice, Waclaw et al.  modelled [et al.  investig [et al. . Their r [et al.  modelled [et al.  and Fu e [et al.  also vis [et al.  quantita [et al.  showed t [et al.  compared [et al.  applied et al. [et al. [Beyond competition and constraints on pure physical space, the micro- and macro-environment play a significant role in tumour development especially on the non-genetic factors . Andersoet al.  introducet al.  extendedet al. , hierarcet al.  and metaet al. . More re [et al.  used a hp ≤ 1) similar to Sottoriva et al. [et al. [et al. [p = 0) and exponential growth (p = 1) as two boundary examples.While different growth modes of solid tumours are related to the strength of spatial constraints and likely to be tissue-specific , we simpa et al. , Ryser e [et al. , Chkhaid [et al.  in an aget al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [R) and marginal regions ((1/3)R) of simulated tumours with radius R. We record the accumulation of point mutations, compare mutation frequencies above a detection limit and infer mutation rates in each sample. To compare the ITH between samples, we apply the Jaccard index to quantify the mutation composition difference, which has been used to quantify mutation diversity in much genetic data [More and more experimental and theoretical studies have demonstrated the importance of sampling itself on the interpretation of measured ITH. Opasic et al.  investig [et al.  evaluate [et al.  and Zhao [et al.  indicatetic data –59. The Our results show that under a given tumour expansion mode (fixed push rate), the ITH increases with the sampling distance, which is consistent with observations in experimental data ,60. This. 2. 2.1Lp), and the other daughter cell is located in a randomly selected empty space among its direct neighbours. If there is no free space, with a probability p (0 ≤ p ≤ 1), a new space can be created by pushing a randomly selected neighbour cell (at location Ld) and all the rest of the cells along the direction of Lp and Ld outwards for one position until an empty space was reached [p = 0 refers to the surface growth where only cells in the outskirt of the tumour would divide and p = 1 refers to an exponential growth where all cells divide in each time step  per cell division. Thus, the probability to have k new mutations in one daughter cell is λk eλ−/k!. If not specified, we use λ = 10, which is conventionally considered as the average number of point mutations per cell division in tumours [In each cell division, random point mutations can happen in both daughter cells compared with the parent cell. The number of new mutations in each daughter cell follows a Poisson distribution ,26,33,64 tumours ,66.. 2.2To understand how mutations spread over space, we test two different spatial sampling methods, i.e. random sampling and centre-margin sampling. For the random sampling method, we sample 500 locations randomly in each simulated tumour and collect cells in a rectangular area around these locations . To investigate the impact of sampling sizes on our diversity measures, we vary sample size from 100 to 3600 cells (around 0.6–21.6% of the whole tumour). Alternatively, we divide simulated tumours into the central region (a circle of two-thirds of the radius from the tumour centre) and the marginal region (the rest one-third ring structure). We randomly sample 500 rectangular areas with 100 cells in each sample (around 0.6% of the whole tumour) in the margin and 500 samples with 100 cells in the centre region .. 2.3A and B are the set of mutations in two samples, the similarity of mutations between the two samples is given byWe use a statistical measurement, the Jaccard index, to compare the diversity between samples. Supposing . 2.4f [M(f) = (μ/β)((1/f) − (1/fmax)), and the slope could determine the effective mutation rate μ/β . We constructed the cumulative VAFs for all samples and compared how the push rates, sampling methods and sizes would impact on this measurement. We quantify how much the observed cumulative agrees with a linear regression by Kolmogorov–Smirnov (KS) test [Another classical measurement for patterns of mutation accumulation in population genetics is the frequency distribution of mutations among tumour cells in each sample, which is called variant allele frequency (VAF) distribution in cancer research. We are interested in how different growth dynamics, such as push rates as well as spatial sampling, impact on the measured VAF distributions. For simplicity, we simulate only one driver event where genetic changes lead to the initiation of a single tumour cell, which seeds for the tumour growth and the accumulation of random neutral mutations during the tumour expansion. In this scenario, the accumulated mutations follow a theoretical expectation of power-law decay, where the number of mutations of a given frequency decrease along with the mutation frequency f . The cumKS) test , which m. 3. 3.1p = 0), cells grow slowly and mainly on the surface. From spatial patterns constructed by the cell ID (a), where the cell born later is assigned a larger ID number, we observed clear circular boundaries among early and later born cells. However, when the push rate increases, these spatial boundaries become loose. Instead, spatial mixing among early and later born cells appears. Similar effects are observed in the spatial pattern of mutations. In figure 2b, we demonstrate the spatial pattern of four different mutations randomly picked up from four cells born in the second generation. When p = 0, clear boundaries among cells carrying those mutations exist. With the increase in push rate, cells are carrying different mutations mix in space.When the push rate is low . This pattern is consistent under all push rates. Arising at the same tumour generation, the mean value of the frequency these mutations can reach in the final tumour is independent of the push rates. However, the variance increases monotonically when the push rate decreases.The earlier a mutation arises during the tumour growth, the higher frequency it reaches in the final tumour c. This p. 3.2a,b shows examples of single simulations under two boundaries of push rates, p = 0 and p = 1. Without mimicking sequencing noise in our simulation, when push rate p = 1, the VAF distribution is discrete with mutations at frequencies 0.5, 0.25, 0.125, 0.0625 and so on , which is the frequency of most clonal mutations in diploid populations. The cumulative VAF distribution under surface growth strongly deviates from a linear relation, which is quantified by the KS distance. The larger the KS distance, the further away the cumulative VAF distribution deviates from a linear regression.Next, we construct the VAF of all mutations accumulated through tumour growth. Mutations with the frequency of less than 0.01 in the final tumour are discarded, as in reality, it is hard to detect such lower frequency mutations in a standard sequencing depth. Figure 3nd so on  inset. Tding 0.5 b inset, a,b). We found that the push rates have a strong impact on this measurement, where the KS distance keeps a relatively high level when push rates are small . This means that mutation rate inferences based on a linear regression are not reliable under small p. The KS distance decreases when p becomes larger , and a linear regression is reasonable across all sampling sizes . Thus, we can infer the mutation rates based on the slope of the linear regression under large p.We measure the KS distance for different push rates and sampling sizes under random sampling. Note, to eliminate the extremely low-frequency mutations (less than 0.01), we discard the last few dots in the cumulative VAF distributions for the linear regression , the inferred mutation rate is often an overestimate compared with the true value . In addition, the smaller the sampling size is, the large the variance of the mutation rate is.Figure 3. 3.3p = 0 (surface growth), the Jaccard index drops down to 0 very fast (a), where the non-overlapping samples have fewer and fewer shared mutations when the sampling distance increases. When p increases, given the same sampling size and distance, the Jaccard index increases. This agrees with the observation of spatial mixing of cells carrying different mutations. When p = 1, cell spatial mixing reaches the highest level, and we seldom observe any Jaccard index as 0 even under the smallest sampling size and largest sampling distance, and there are always shared mutations among those samples. While the results in In each simulation, we first randomly sample 500 areas with various sampling sizes. We measure the ITH between spatially non-overlapping samples and quantify how this heterogeneity changes with spatial distances. We compare the samples pairwise to calculate the Jaccard index, which is inversely proportional to intra-tumour heterogeneity. Meanwhile, the spatial distances between samples are defined by the Euclidean distance between the central points of each sample. For various sampling sizes and push rates, the Jaccard index between two random samples decreases, thus the ITH increases, monotonically with the spatial distances  and margin region (1/3 R ring width), where R is the tumour radius . We randomly sampled 500 areas  in the margin and centre, respectively . Then, we compared the relationships of the Jaccard index and spatial distance between samples in the margin and the centre region under the different push rates. The patterns are very similar to those observed in completely random sampling. The Jaccard index decreases with the increase of the sampling distance, and the push rates lead to a higher Jaccard index under the same sampling size. In addition, we see the Jaccard index is slightly higher between samples in the central region compared with the margin region. This is more obvious when push rates are small, where the spatial constraint is stronger and thus less mutations are shared between spatially non-overlapping samples. In summary, the two sampling methods do not alter the pattern of how ITH increases with the sampling distance qualitatively with increasing p . However, there is a small quantitative difference if we sample in the margin or centre of tumours.To understand the impact of sampling methods, we divided the simulated tumours into the central region . For a similar sampling size under two- and three-dimensional simulations, the Jaccard index is in general higher in two-dimensional compared with three-dimensional simulations even under the same sampling distance (d–f). This might be due to the fact that it takes more cell divisions to reach the same physical distance in three-dimensional compared with two-dimensional simulations, thus higher intra-tumour heterogeneity between samples.The majority of our simulations are based on two-dimensional lattice to reduce the computational cost of simulating tumours with large sizes and sampling distances, which results in a limitation as solid tumours are often three-dimensional. To explore this, we extend our agent-based model from two to three dimensions in some parameter sets . We model the tumour growth up to 10rd index a–c. For distance d–f. This. 3.5x-axis) between samples increases with physical distance (their y-axis), which is consistent with our results. In Ling et al. [We have demonstrated that the relationship between Jaccard index and sampling distance is qualitatively stable across two- and three-dimensional models as well as different sampling methods. We see a similar pattern in a study of colorectal tumours , where tg et al. , 300 bio. 4We developed a computational model that tracked the dynamic movement of each cell and variation divergence, which revealed the relationship of spatial heterogeneity distribution with sampling size and tumour expansion modes. We used push rates to model slow and fast growth modes, where small push rates refer to surface growth and large push rates to exponential expansion without spatial constraints. We implemented two alternative pushing algorithms, where pushing happens in a random direction or towards the nearest empty spot. Furthermore, we recorded the mutation accumulation during all growth modes and applied different sampling methods, i.e. completely random sampling and margin-centre sampling, with various sampling sizes.et al. [et al. [et al. [Under the surface growth , the accumulation of mutations is concentrated in a continuous space, and mutations arising in different original cells can form clear boundaries in space. When the push rate increases, the mutations become more spatially dispersed, which agrees with the conclusion of Chkhaidze et al.  in simul [et al. . However [et al. , where tet al. [et al. [While mutation heterogeneity can reveal a tumour’s life history  and the et al.  sequence [et al. , where t [et al.  over theOur model provides a quantitative analysis of how growth modes, sampling distance and size impact on the measurements of intra-tumour heterogeneity. Those results confirm the importance of obtaining spatial information in understanding tumour evolution, as well as the possible deviation of estimated evolutionary properties such as mutation rates introduced by sampling details.


Gastrointestinal (GI) cancers are a group of cancers associated with the gastrointestinal tract and the most affected areas are the esophagus, stomach, colon, liver, and pancreas. GI cancers are responsible for 25% of cancer incidence and 33% of cancer-related death globally. Even though the recent advances in diagnosis and therapies have made an overall good impact, the challenges in controlling and managing GI cancers continue . This ReLuo et al. assessed that AI is highly accurate in early-stage upper GI cancer detection using endoscopic images. In a systematic review, Jia et al. showed by metanalysis that AI Deep learning models have higher predictive accuracy than radiomics models in patients with rectal cancer.The world is now witnessing the emergence of artificial intelligence (AI) in every field. Arrichiello et al. describe the emerging pathological features to predict the prognosis of patients with colorectal cancer (CRC). In a systematic review by Guan et al., the authors have performed a meta-analysis to quantify the relevance of preoperative factors for peritoneal carcinomatosis in gastric cancer when using staging laparoscopy (SL). He et al., Schlosser et al., and Sung et al. have reviewed the emerging biomarkers and their potential for clinical diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In a systematic review and meta-analysis, Yang et al. assessed the prognostic value of pan-immune-inflammation value in patients with CRC. In another systematic review, Li et al. assessed the diagnostic value of lncRNAs for gastric cancer.Zhang et al. described a condition of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors and liver perivascular tumors with the involvement of multiple organs and space-occupying lesions, which is less common. Yan et al. summarized that interventional therapies such as rupture tissue ablation and TAE/TACE for those who are not tolerant to emergency surgery, reach an ideal prognosis for ruptured HCC (rHCC) cases. Xue et al. reviewed the prognostic importance of tumor budding, which is a single cell or cluster of up to four cells at the cancer invasion margin in gastric cancer. Bae et al. showed an increasing trend in the utilization of radiotherapy, adoption of advanced techniques, and overall survival improvements in patients with HCC from a Korean tertiary hospital registry. A review by Wang Q et al. has described the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management of an extremely rare pathological condition, primary hepatopancreatobiliary lymphoma, and offers a diagnosis and management schedule for clinicians. Chen et al. have reported a meta-analysis on neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy for resectable gastric cancer. Li et al. have discussed the current status and future perspectives of cardia preserving radical gastrectomy, which is a promising approach with various advantages. Du et al. have reported a rare case of an ectopic enterogenous cyst in the anterior sacral and soft tissue of the buttocks and its carcinomatous transformation, an event that has never been reported before in the literature.In a case report, Ma et al.. Wu et al. updated the advancement in the research of HCC progression after radiofrequency ablation. In a systematic review, Zhong et al. assessed the efficacy and safety of ICIs combined with antiangiogenic drugs in HCC. Hu et al. described the current advances in research on the secondary resistance to imatinib against gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs). A meta-analysis by Zheng et al. showed the effect of phosphoglucomutase (PGM), a key enzyme involved in the synthesis and breakdown of glycogen, on the survival prognosis of tumor patients. In this Research Topic, Jiang et al. have discussed the possibilities of targeting neutrophils against the development and progression of pancreatic cancer.Comparative efficacy and toxicity of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) combined or not with chemotherapy have been analyzed in the systematic review by Qiu et al. reviewed the role of Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 (ICAM-1), a cell surface glycoprotein, focusing on expression, functions, prognosis, tumorigenesis, polymorphism, and therapeutic implications in CRCs. Gong et al. have reviewed the role of melatonin, a natural indolamine in inhibiting GI carcinogenesis and the mechanisms behind it. Xie et al. have reviewed the application of single-cell sequencing in gastrointestinal cancers. Qi et al. have described the prognostic roles of Competitive Endogenous RNAs (ceRNA) Netowork-Based Signatures in GI cancers. Wang S. et al. have reviewed the mechanisms and prospects of circular RNAs, a group of single-stranded RNAs that form a covalently closed continuous loop, and their role in GI cancer signaling networks.Yu et al. reviewed the endocrine organ-like tumor hypothesis that explains the factors involved in cachexia development. Ferroptosis is an iron-dependent form of programmed cell death and Liang et al. have reviewed the therapeutic applications of ferroptosis in CRCs. In their review, Melia et al. have explained the pro-tumorigenic role of type-2 diabetes-induced cellular senescence in CRCs and its molecular mechanism. In a systematic review, Pang et al. investigated the clinical significance of lung cancer inflammation index in patients with GI cancer in order to evaluate the postoperative complications before surgery and survival outcomes.Up to 80% of patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PDAC) can experience PDAC-derived cachexia, a systemic disease that involves a complex interplay between the tumor and multiple organs. Taken together, the articles published in this Research Topic have discussed a broad area of research in GI cancers, from diagnosis to therapeutic resistance. Current advances in genomic techniques and AI have certainly created new and tremendous possibilities in GI diagnosis and therapy, which will hopefully improve GI cancer management in the future.KM has written, FB and EG have reviewed the editorial. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.


Since then, women have made numerous contributions to all fields of science. Yet, despite this undisputable progress, female scientists still remain a minority. Hence, it is particularly important to highlight and promote their work. This edition of the Research Topic is devoted to women involved in childhood cancer research.Women in Pediatric Oncology” contains 15 articles spanning a broad range of topics, starting from basic science through clinical research and survivorship care. Sorteberg et al. identify the activation of cyclin dependent kinase p21Cip/Waf1 as a potential mechanism of chemoresistance in high-risk neuroblastoma and present preclinical data demonstrating efficacy of its inhibitor in combination with routine chemotherapeutics. Cervi et al. report a complete response to Trk inhibitor treatment in a patient with angiosarcoma carrying KHDRBS1-NTRK3 fusion gene, the first such case and a perfect example of precision-based medicine. A review paper by Cruz-Galvez et al. provides a comprehensive overview of retinoblastoma – the known facts and novel findings pertaining to this classic, genetically-driven pediatric malignancy.While pediatric cancer research has led to advances in our understanding of the biology of childhood cancers, and thereby contributed to advances in diagnosis, treatment and survivor psychosocial care, there remains an unmet need for improving patient outcomes and quality of life of the childhood cancer survivors. The second volume of “Petrilli et al. and Miller et al. describe the use of state-of-the-art molecular profiling methods to characterize heterogeneity of rhabdoid tumors and pediatric-type diffuse high-grade gliomas, respectively. Other articles in this collection focus on clinical practice and outcomes research. Samborska et al. describe treatment outcomes in patients with myeloid sarcoma, while Puglisi et al. focus on the clinical characteristics of patients with combined neuroblastic tumors and neurofibromatosis type 1. Ariagno et al. present a timely study on the impact of prior COVID-19 infection on the risk of endothelial dysfunction in pediatric and adolescent patients undergoing hematopoietic cell transplants.Women are also pioneering novel technologies and treatment approaches. Two papers by Wang et al., who evaluate a diagnostic performance of imaging techniques in children with ovarian masses. On the other hand, Reschke et al. describe the development of clinical protocols aiming at improving multidisciplinary care of children with high-risk malignancies.The clinical practice in pediatric oncology has to be tailored to children and often does not follow the same protocols as the care for adult patients. This problem is emphasized by Burgers et al.; McLoone et al.; Otth et al.; Otth and Scheinemann; Rockwell et al.).The last group of the manuscripts included in this Research Topic focuses on psychosocial issues associated with care for pediatric and adolescent cancer patients. These studies range from challenges in communication between health providers and patients and/or their families, as well as everyday difficulties facing the patients, their caregivers and educators (Altogether, this collection of outstanding 15 articles is a perfect example of the scope and variety of research performed by women scientists focusing on pediatric oncology and hematology. After reading the collection of these articles, the reader will appreciate the multi-faceted approach of current childhood cancer research, which remains a work in progress.JK and Y-MK reviewed and summarized the manuscripts published in the Research Topic. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.


This commentary discusses loose versus tight control of biomineralization products and how this evolved flexibility. Concomitant improved functionality may be more widespread than commonly thought. There are a surprisingly large number of biominerals, that is, minerals produced by living organisms, and these utilize a myriad of cations and anions, see Lowenstam & Weiner 1989. Researca) can grow and be replaced over time, (b) can form and be added to over time [recording structures  can be periodically shed and totally replaced. Considering the calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate mineralized tissues, examples of (a) include bone and its remodeling  fish otoliths  deer antlers  is precisely controlled by the action of specific cells and macromolecules. Data strongly support this view in many cases, including the most heavily studied biomineralized tissues, bone or bone-analogs and tooth. The paper by Christensen  al. 2023 reports Odontodactylus scylliarus are an example of food-gathering weapons: the animal uses its pair of clubs ‘to destroy its prey with bullet-like acceleration  revealed the 3D distribution of minerals, the cross-sectional distribution of Ca and the different crystallographic phases and their crystallographic texture . These investigators established most clubs’ sides crystallize to calcite and not to bioapatite, the dominant crystal type in the impact zone. In other clubs, substantial amorphous mineral remained. Further, crystallization can occur while the club is still functional, and the distribution of calcite crystallites can vary drastically from club to club.Stomatopod dactyl clubs are shed periodically, and Christensen et al. suggest that the variability in structure of the sides of clubs provides ‘design’ flexibility and provides a ‘good enough’ structure. The results also suggest further directions of research. For example, one wonders whether the banded structure in Fig. 6 reflects periodic changes in growth processes, like that in cementum (Naji et al., 2022et al., 2018e.g. Stock et al. (2017et al. (2020Christensen  al. 2017 and Ryan al. 2020.et al. that their results suggest tightly controlled mineralization in the impact zone but loosely controlled mineralization in the sides of the clubs. This is an extremely important demonstration that mineralization within a single organ is spatially modulated with tightly controlled mineralization in one place and loosely controlled mineralization elsewhere. Similarly, the author suspects that intertubular and peritubular dentin form by tight and loose control, respectively (Stock et al., 2014aet al., 2003et al., 2014bet al. (2014bThe author agrees with Christensen l. 2014b appear tet al. at the end of their discussion, namely that the observed side-wall structure is ‘good enough’ for its purpose.One sometimes runs across the notion that the biomineralized structures we observe today evolved to be optimized structures, which is not a helpful viewpoint. Specific, highly functional features are likely to persist for long periods if they are good enough for their purpose, if other evolutionary changes do not incidentally alter them, or if the gap to superior structures is too wide for evolution to ‘jump’. In fact, this is the opinion offered by Christensen