Mitochondria are semi-autonomous, membrane-bound organelles present in the cytoplasm of nearly all eukaryotic cells. Their “most classic” role is to provide the cells with the energy needed to sustain the organism’s life; however, they do not only function as cell “power stations”. Mitochondria regulate complex processes in cell homeostasis—they are a hub for a number of cell signaling cascades and house several metabolic pathways. Not surprisingly, if these processes become dysfunctional, they often impair mitochondria functions and eventually lead to various types of mitochondrial pathological phenotypes.This Special Issue is focused on the link between mitochondrial dysfunctions and central nervous system (CNS) disorders: the contributions presented here, comprising four original research papers and four review articles, cover various topics, ranging from glutamate toxicity to schizophrenia.An old proverb says that “excess of everything is bad”. Glutamate excitotoxicity is a common culprit of numerous neurodegenerative diseases. Polster et al.  developeSome researchers like proteins, while others prefer lipids; cardiolipin (CL) is a major lipid component of the inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM). CL is also found in the outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM), specifically in the contact sites formed between the OMM and IMM. Similar structures are mitochondria-associated membranes (MAMs), which are in contact with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Manganelli et al.  demonstrThe opening of mitochondrial permeability transition pores (MPTPs) is a major pathophysiological mechanism of ischemic brain pathology. The modulation of MPTPs may thus represent a potential target for neuroprotection during ischemic brain injuries. Therefore, Skemiene et al.  studied The last research paper describes “the importance of being balanced”. Schizophrenia is a complex mental disorder defined by continuous or relapsing episodes of psychosis. Bryll et al.  investig“Opportunities neglected can never be recovered” could be the motto of the first review by Gasparotto et al. . Their rGrespi et al.  investigMaresca et al.  focus onIn the last review, Vezzani et al.  describeIn summary, in this concise Special Issue, the readers will find articles that propose new perspectives from which to interpret the contribution of mitochondrial defects in CNS pathological contexts.


Mycobacterium bovis remains a dominant cause of bovine and zoonotic TB worldwide. Despite these impediments, mycobacterial researchers continue to deliver exciting and cutting-edge research, as exemplified in this special issue of Microbiology.The last special edition dedicated to mycobacteria was in 2003 and focused on the promise of the post-genomic era to deliver significant advances in mycobacterial research . In the M. tuberculosis affects its host’s metabolism and immunity. Attention is now being redirected to understanding the battle for metal ions during host pathogen interactions. Understanding metal acquisition by mycobacteria and how metals are used by the host as bacteriostatic/bactericidal weapons is the focus of a review by Serafini and a study by Tamuhla et al. [M. smegmatis adapts to low iron stress [Mycobacterial researchers have led the way in the emerging frontiers of pathometabolism and immunometabolism. We now have a much better understanding of the dietary requirements of this pathogen when it is growing within its human host  and how a et al. . Serafina et al. . Tamuhlan stress .M. tuberculosis so antibiotic resistant that it was not included in its list of priority antibiotic-resistant pathogens (it is a footnote at the bottom of the widely quoted league table), which has proved unfortunate for the profile of this pathogen. M. tuberculosis tragically causes up to 25 % of AMR-associated deaths [Mycobacterium abscessus, are also important human pathogens, which are associated with severe morbidity and mortality and have limited treatment options because of their inherent antibiotic resistance. Consequently, phage therapy is being explored as an alternative to antibiotics to treat TB and non-TB mycobacterial diseases. Joshi et al.’s study [et al. [Increasing antibiotic resistance (AMR) is a significant impediment to the control of TB and non-TB mycobacterial infections. The WHO deemed d deaths  and therd deaths . Non-TB ’s study  provides [et al.  are usin [et al.  reviews et al. [et al. [et al. [Treatment of tuberculosis requires a cocktail of drugs to target all mycobacterial populations, including those that are refractory to antibiotic killing because of the specific physiological/phenotypic state of the bacteria. This antibiotic tolerance can affect the whole bacterial population, or a small sub-population known as persisters. Antibiotic-tolerant bacteria are more likely to go on to become genetically resistant and therefore directly contribute to AMR, as reviewed by Mandal et al. . This emet al. . Multiplet al. . Biofilm [et al.  use comp [et al. . Therapi [et al. .in vitro passage [et al. [et al. review where we are in terms of understanding their function in non-TB mycobacteria [We have so much more to learn about what is undoubtedly one of the most complex bacterial cell walls, and is also an important drug target because it is intrinsically linked to mycobacterial survival and virulence . The rol passage . Di Capu [et al.  explore bacteria .et al. [Regulation of events within mycobacterial cells is the focus of several papers . Insightet al. . This woet al. .et al. [Mycobacterium hassiacum, although it rarely infects humans, could be used as an indicator of disinfection success with utility in the hospital environment, and also as a source of thermostable and tractable enzymes for drug design [et al. [Mycobacteria and Burkholderia.There are several papers focused on non-tuberculosis mycobacteria . Davarpaet al.  demonstrg design . Mycobac [et al.  investigBecause of the challenges posed by mycobacterial research , the knowledge and tools available for this group of bacteria previously trailed behind those for other more easily tractable pathogens. However, the last two decades has seen mycobacterial researchers pioneering exciting methodologies, tools and emerging paradigms in host pathogen interactions. The challenge is to translate this research into impactful solutions for the control and prevention of mycobacterial diseases.


The temporal convolutional networks model efficiently estimates energy expenditure under sitting, standing and high levels of exercise intensities. Conclusion: Our results proved the respiratory magnetometer plethysmography system’s effectiveness in estimating energy expenditure for different age populations across various intensities of physical activity.Purpose: Energy expenditure is a key parameter in quantifying physical activity. Traditional methods are limited because they are expensive and cumbersome. Additional portable and cheaper devices are developed to estimate energy expenditure to overcome this problem. It is essential to verify the accuracy of these devices. This study aims to validate the accuracy of energy expenditure estimation by a respiratory magnetometer plethysmography system in children, adolescents and adults using a deep learning model. Methods: Twenty-three healthy subjects in three groups (nine adults (A), eight post-pubertal (PP) males and six pubertal (P) females) first sat or stood for six minutes and then performed a maximal graded test on a bicycle ergometer until exhaustion. We measured energy expenditure, oxygen uptake, ventilatory thresholds 1 and 2 and maximal oxygen uptake. The respiratory magnetometer plethysmography system measured four chest and abdomen distances using magnetometers sensors. We trained the models to predict energy expenditure based on the temporal convolutional networks model. Results: The respiratory magnetometer plethysmography system provided accurate energy expenditure estimation in groups A (R Physical activity (PA) is defined as any bodily movement produced by the contraction of skeletal muscles that leads to an increase in energy expenditure (EE) above the resting level of an individual . EE is cE) can also be used as an index of EE estimation. Recent technological advances to estimate E from wearable sensors have encouraged researchers to use this physiological variable to estimate EE ) and the relationship between 2 and EE (EE-IC = 2 (L) × 4.825), we propose to directly use the changes in the thoracic and abdominal distances  to estimate EE. The differences between EE-IC and EE-RMP  in adults  and for the “Rest-VTh1” intensity in group PP (−4%) and a higher value of EE-RMP for the “standing” intensity in group P (+10%). These differences, even if they are significant, seem acceptable in terms of the literature. Indeed, Lopez et al. [Comparing EEexercise . Our resz et al.  used the2 = 0.97, RMSE = 0.71 kcal/min). Our results  thus seem to agree with those of previous studies, such as those of Farrahi et al. [The overall results of our study also seem to validate the choice of a DL model to estimate EE from the RMP system. In adults, Zhu et al. , using a results  in adulti et al. , which si et al. , estimati et al. . Our resi et al. . With DLi et al. . Howeveri et al.  indicateConcerning the limitations, enough datasets including various ages and anthropometric characteristics  are essential for improving the accuracy of predicting EE. Indeed, it would be interesting to increase the number of subjects in each age group and also increase the age groups by adding, for example, a group of elderly people whose ventilatory responses differ from those of younger people . It woulOur results show that using a DL model and the RMP system seems efficient for estimating EE in children and adolescents under resting and exercise conditions. The findings of this study represent an essential step in the search for measurement methods and DL models for estimating EE in various subject populations.


Elderly and sedentary individuals are particularly vulnerable to heat related illness. Short-term heat acclimation (STHA) can decrease both the physical and mental stress imposed on individuals performing tasks in the heat. However, the feasibility and efficacy of STHA protocols in an older population remains unclear despite this population being particularly vulnerable to heat illness. The aim of this systematic review was to investigate the feasibility and efficacy of STHA protocols  undertaken by participants over fifty years of age.Academic Search Premier, CINAHL Complete, MEDLINE, APA PsycInfo, and SPORTDiscus were searched for peer reviewed articles. The search terms were; (heat* or therm*) N3 (adapt* or acclimati*) AND old* or elder* or senior* or geriatric* or aging or ageing. Only studies using primary empirical data and which included participants ≥50 years of age were eligible. Extracted data includes participant demographics  to an environmental chamber while the remaining study used a hot water perfused suit. Eight studies reported a decrease in core temperature following STHA. Five studies demonstrated post-exercise changes in sweat rates and four studies showed decreases in mean skin temperature. The differences reported in physiological markers suggest that STHA is viable in an older population.Twelve eligible studies were included in the systematic review. A total of 179 participants took part in experimentation, 96 of which were over 50 years old. Age ranged from 50 to 76. All twelve of the studies involved exercise on a cycle ergometer. Ten out of twelve protocols used a percentage of There remains limited data on STHA in the elderly. However, the twelve studies examined suggest that STHA is feasible and efficacious in elderly individuals and may provide preventative protection to heat exposures. Current STHA protocols require specialised equipment and do not cater for individuals unable to exercise. Passive HWI may provide a pragmatic and affordable solution, however further information in this area is required. Performing tasks in a hot environment causes physiological stress and impaired performance in non-acclimated individuals . Heat acOlder populations have a greater mortality risk during heat waves, evidenced by an exponential increase in mortality in people over the age of fifty, with most medical complications and deaths during heatwaves originating from increased cardiovascular strain ,3. Olderet al. [Heat acclimation protocols vary in duration, both in terms of session length, number of days of exposure and whether they are consecutive or non-consecutive, the environmental temperature and humidity used, or whether a passive or exercise-based protocol are used, which means HA can be tailored to the needs of a specific population. Given the time constraints of modern weather prediction , short-tet al.  found thet al.  four dayControlled hyperthermia is one technique of achieving HA that involves repeated sessions of submaximal work in an environmental chamber to increase the participant’s core temperature above 38.5ºC. The time that a participant spends above 38.5ºC is important for developing physiological adaptations . ConsecuPassive heating can induce numerous health benefits, similar to those induced by sustained exercise  . As exerHeatwaves are becoming more extreme and more frequent across the globe , thus thet al. [Millyard et al.  identifiet al. . Furtheret al. . This arThe aim of this systematic review was to determine the feasibility and efficacy of short-term heat acclimation (STHA) protocols undertaken by healthy participants over fifty years of age.This review was completed in accordance with the relevant items in the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) .th September 2022. The search terms were as follows; (heat* or therm*) N3 (adapt* or acclimati*) AND old* or elder* or senior* or geriatric* or aging or ageing. The final search was done on 18th October 2022, no additional papers were found.An initial comprehensive search was performed on 10The search was conducted using EBSCOhost Research Databases using the advanced search function that including the following data bases: Academic Search Premier; CINAHL Complete; MEDLINE; APA PsycInfo; SPORTDiscus with Full Text. Only published peer reviewed articles available in English were included. Only studies using primary empirical data were eligible.The relevant data was then extracted from the articles and entered into two tables. The intervention was any form of short-term heat acclimation that were equal to or longer than four , but no All included studies were assessed for methodologic quality and risk of bias. The included studies were subject to a modified Downs and Black (1998) checklist to assess the overall quality of the papers and rank them accordingly –38. The The search returned 4011 studies, of which 328 were duplicates, a further 3501 were deemed not relevant at title level leaving 182 to be assessed at abstract level. A further 170 papers were then excluded for the following reasons; the protocol did not include an acclimation period, the acclimation period was longer than twelve days, the acclimation period was shorter than four-days, the participants were younger than fifty, it was not a primary investigation or the PICO criteria were not fulfilled. Twelve papers were selected for a full text review .et al. [et al. [et al.  and Maca [et al. . This fuet al. [-1 while Gerrett et al. [k et al.  adopted t et al.  asked th[V.O2max ,30 and t[V.O2max —the lattet al. [et al. [Two studies used heated water in some capacity, Gerrett et al.  utilised [et al.  used HWI [et al.  while th [et al. .Reported outcome variables are shown in et al. [et al. . Scores The primary aim of this review was to explore the feasibility and efficacy of the use of STHA protocols for an older population. The systematic review identified twelve articles that were eligible for review. Twelve studies using different HA protocols, demonstrated STHA is feasible in an older population. Despite using different methods, all of the studies presented significant changes in physiological outcome measures associated with adaptations brought about by HA. All of the study protocols involved an exercise component. This systematic review suggests that HA is feasible and efficacious in elderly individuals and may provide protection to heat exposures in this population.et al. [Six of the twelve studies reported a decrease in core temperature from HA during exercise ,25–29, fet al.  reportedet al. . Increaset al. . Improveet al. ,29,31, met al. ,26, theret al. ,35 and rAll participants completed the HA protocols with no adverse events. However, dropouts were reported in three studies ,28,30. Fet al. [et al. [re during the post-test simulated activities of daily living protocol and improved performance in a 6-minute walk test. Our systematic review therefore suggests HA protocols should include a modifiable exercise intensity for individuals unable to sustain target workload in the heat. A recent study suggests exercise in a thermoneutral environment followed by HWI and sauna use after exercise was effective at lowering core temperature, skin temperature and HR in younger participants, despite not showing an improvement in performance [Waldock et al.  reported [et al.  reportedformance . Therefoet al. [This review identified a number of key considerations when designing a STHA protocol for an older population. It was noted that the elderly participants had difficulty performing and the maintaining workload during HA from four of the studies ,28,30,35V.O2max ,26. Howestimulus . A recen [et al.  showed tntensity , howeveret al. [A second consideration would be the length of the acclimation protocol and the consecutive nature of the protocol is performed over. STHA protocols should allow time for core temperature to reach 38.5ºC or +1.0°C from baseline. Nine of the twelve studies from this review performed consecutive day HA. In a recent review, Tyler et al.  stated tet al. . Given tet al.  who sugget al. [ad lib hydration and implement a minimum consumption and encouragement to drink more water. In addition, to a blunted psychological thirst response, Waldock et al. [Thirdly, three studies from this review demonstrated that older men have been shown to have a slower sweat response, as well as a blunted thirst response when compared to younger men ,27,34. Tet al. . This cok et al.  identifiet al. [et al. [There are still unanswered questions in the field of STHA and more research is required to fully explore the effectiveness and practical implications of HWI. Greenfield et al.  found th [et al.  found th studies ,48. Wate studies  and theret al. [et al. [Waldock et al.  was the  [et al. . Not allThe majority of the participants from this review were male. This is important as hormone imbalances during menstruation impact female core temperature in younger population . HoweverThe twelve studies examined suggest that HA is feasible and efficacious an older population. Current HA protocols require specialised equipment and do not cater for individuals unable to exercise. Further thermoregulatory research should aim to include more female participants to explore differences in effectiveness of HA pre- and post- menopause. There remains very limited data on HWI and how it compares to other HA methods. However, HWI could serve as a viable and practical form of HA and remove some of the issues posed by traditional STHA protocols highlighted in this review. Given that HWI does not require specialist equipment, such as an environmental chamber, HWI could be a cost effective and time saving method of HA for general use, as well as used with populations who struggle with the exercise component of traditional HA methods.S1 Checklist(DOCX)Click here for additional data file.


The risThe authors conclude that unilateral antegrade cerebral perfusion (ACP) had a lower mortality (6.6%) and stroke rate (4.8%), whereas bilateral ACP , retrograde  and deep hypothermic circulatory arrest without adjunctive perfusion  had higher rates of mortality and stroke. However, these conclusions must be tempered with the following considerations. The data are diverse because it is mostly from observational studies, which include multiple procedures , indications for surgery  and experience . Importantly, there is no consensus on the criteria for selecting antegrade, bilateral antegrade, retrograde or deep hypothermic circulatory arrest without cerebral perfusion. Confounding considerations  may have led to the selection of 1 cerebral perfusion technique over another. The lowest temperature and total time of cerebral perfusion for each technique were also incomplete across the studies. Unfortunately, without this level of granularity, it becomes quite difficult to conclusively determine if 1 technique is indeed superior to another. Accordingly, the authors are careful to not directly compare 1 technique to another.et al., Lou et al. and our group [et al. [et al. [Nonetheless, the meta-analysis adds to the literature by correlating the findings of similar studies by Angeloni ur group . We applur group . Unilateur group . Notably [et al.  and Prev [et al.  and foun


Mitoraj et al., RSC Adv., 2019, 9, 23764–23773.Correction for ‘Structural versatility of the quasi-aromatic Möbius type zinc( The authors regret that the affiliations of Maria G. Babashkinah and Damir A. Safin were incorrectly shown in the original manuscript. The corrected list of affiliations is as shown herein.The Royal Society of Chemistry apologises for these errors and any consequent inconvenience to authors and readers.


Editorial on the Research TopicExploring physical activity and sedentary behaviour in physical disability By Ryan J, Kerr C, Kilbride C, Norris M. (2022) Front. Rehabilit. Sci. 3:1006039. doi: 10.3389/fresc.2022.1006039Increasing physical activity and reducing sedentary behaviour reduces the risk of premature mortality, cardiovascular disease, cancer, depression, and type 2 diabetes. For children and adults with physical disabilities –5, benefMorgan et al. (2022), stroke Church et al. (2021), multiple sclerosis Stennett et al. (2021); Lavelle et al. (2022); Fortune et al. (2021) and rare neurological conditions Ramdharry et al. (2021); and in children and young people with physical disabilities Bolster et al. (2021); Sharma et al. (2021); Sansare et al. (2021). Collectively, this research topic provides a snapshot of the breadth and diversity of research in the area and highlights some of the key considerations when developing, implementing and evaluating interventions to increase physical activity for people with disabilities of all ages.The nine papers included in the research topic were authored by teams from the United Kingdom, United States of America, Australia and the Netherlands. They employed a variety of research designs, and considered various facets of physical activity in adults with mobility disability Stennett et al. (2021); Ramdharry et al. (2021); Bolster et al. (2021). Detailed consideration of contextual factors when developing physical activity interventions, potentially before function and disability factors, was highlighted in a number of papers Morgan et al. (2022); Stennett et al. (2021); Ramdharry et al. (2021); Bolster et al. (2021); Sharma et al. (2021). Interestingly, Ramdharry et al noted a mismatch between outcome tools reported in the literature, which focused primarily on activity, compared to the participation-focused outcomes of importance articulated by people with rare neurological conditions Ramdharry et al. (2021). Church et al. noted a similar trend in their paper, demonstrating that although body structure and function outcomes were measured in all 15 empirical studies in their rapid review of high intensity training in people with stroke, participation outcomes were only measured in four Church et al. (2021). Taken together, the papers in this research topic use the language of the ICF to articulate the many influences on physical activity. They advocate for theory-driven physical activity interventions that incorporate behaviour change components, take due cognisance of the individual's health status, their environment and their individual goals, and evaluate outcomes of importance to the individual.The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF)  was emplLavelle et al. (2022). In addition to the issues this may cause when evaluating effectiveness of physical activity interventions, it also resulted in frustration and distrust amongst wearers, which could potentially negatively impact motivation to be physically active. It appears that there is still a need for development of psychometrically robust, user-friendly methods of objective measurement of physical activity in people with disabilities.Measurement was a strong theme in the papers included in this research topic. As detailed above, an ICF approach was often employed with a strong focus on participation outcomes. However, measurement validity was also addressed. Lavelle et al. demonstrated poor criterion validity of commercially available devices to monitor step-count and activity time in people with multiple sclerosis Sharma et al. (2021). In contrast, Morgan et al. reported outcomes from a long-running community-based exercise programme delivered in an accessible community facility Morgan et al. (2022). Bolster et al. also strongly advocated for consideration of the environment in which physical activity interventions are delivered but acknowledged that provision of physical activity “therapy” in the everyday environment is logistically difficult and thus costly within current service delivery models Bolster et al. (2021). This suggests that innovation is required at policy and health systems levels to deliver impactful interventions in a cost-effective manner.Sustaining participation in physical activity can be challenging and may be strongly influenced by both personal and environmental factors. Sharma et al. used technology to overcome environmental barriers, demonstrating the feasibility and acceptability of an online physical activity intervention for people aged 12–21 years with a physical disability The value of increasing physical activity and reducing sedentary behaviour for everyone is undisputed – we know “why” it is important. For people with disabilities, the “who”, “what”, “where”, “when” and “how” to optimise physical activity participation are still up for discussion. This research topic demonstrates this complexity but also the innovation and variety in design, methods, implementation and evaluation of physical activity interventions for people with disabilities. It also provides a stimulus for further research in this important area.


Nature, Niemann et al. show that brown adipocytes become apoptotic under thermoneutral conditions and release ATP, which in turn is converted extracellularly into inosine. They further present evidence that pharmacological and genetic manipulations that enhance signalling of this purine metabolite stimulates thermogenesis in brown adipocytes and promotes metabolic health.Brown adipocytes react to temperature and nutritional challenges by ramping up their metabolism and generating heat. This adaptation to changes in the environment is crucial for defending organismal homeostasis, but is impaired in obesity and during aging. Writing in  The global incidence of obesity along with its comorbidies such as type 2 diabetes and fatty liver disease continues to rise . This coSince weight gain results from a combination of increased energy intake and reduced energy expenditure, a way of targeting the latter process could further optimize obesity treatments. Thermogenic adipose tissue has attracted much interest in this regard as its activation increases energy expenditure and promotes weight loss in preclinical studies . While aNature, Niemann et al. [Writing in n et al.  performen et al. , it woulet al. [Niemann et al.  next asket al. [A and A2B receptors. Consistent with the increase in PKA signalling caused by inosine in brown adipocytes, its thermogenic effects were lost in A2A and A2B receptor knockout mice.Niemann et al.  then proet al. [Having established a clear acute thermogenic effect of inosine, Niemann et al.  then asket al. [Slc29a1 was the most highly expressed of the two transporters in all adipose tissue depots analysed  and was indeed required for the uptake of radioactively labelled inosine by brown adipocytes. In line with the hypothesized role of ENT1 in brown adipocytes, extracellular inosine levels were increased under ENT1 deficiency. Remarkably, oxygen consumption was increased in ENT1-deficient brown adipocytes and brown adipose tissue explants. Furthermore, ENT1-deficient brown and white adipocytes had increased thermogenic gene expression and nutrient consumption. These results clearly demonstrate that ENT1 serves to clear extracellular inosine in brown adipose tissue to put a brake on thermogenesis.At this junction of the manuscript, Niemann et al.  were ideet al. , focus wet al. [Slc29a1 mRNA was found to be expressed in platelet-derived growth factor receptor A (PDGFRα) positive stromal vascular cells in white adipose tissue, raising the possibility that inosine promotes the differentiation of thermogenic precursors as well as transdifferentiation of mature white adipocytes mentioned earlier. Despite the largely overlapping phenotypes of global and adipose tissue-specific ENT1 knockout mice, it should be noted that the former were more protected from obesity suggesting that ENT1 in other peripheral tissues, such as skeletal muscle, promotes a positive energy balance.Since chronic inosine treatment was shown to promote a negative energy balance, it would be reasonable to expect that chronic loss of ENT1 function would have a similar effect. To address this question, Niemann et al.  generateet al. [When delivered systemically, inosine could have negative off-target effects, thus an approach of enhancing its signalling more locally could be safer . Niemannet al.  thereforet al. [SLC29A1 and thermogenic gene expression in subcutaneous and visceral white adipose tissue in a large human cohort of approxmiately 1,500 individuals. Furthermore, analysis of the Genome Aggregation Database revealed that the single nucleotide polymorphism c.647T>C in the SLC29A1 gene leading to a Ile216Thr substitution in the ENT1 protein occured with high frequency. Functional studies further revealed that this variant reduced inosine uptake in cells by approximately 30%. Remarkably, in a self-contained German population of 895 individuals, the Il2216Thr variant signficantly associated with a lower BMI and homo/heterozygous carriers were more likley to be underweight and healthy, although it remains to be determined whether this is through effects on adipose tissue thermogenic capacity [Finally, to translate the preclinical findings to the clinical context, Niemann et al.  performecapacity .et al. [et al. [A and/or A2B receptors which would have provided evidence for the role of inosine in mediating this effect. Also, it would be interesting what effects blocking inosine signalling has on adipose tissue under thermoneutral conditions or in aged mice when apoptosis is expected to be high. If dying brown adipocytes do indeed make a purinergic call to arms to neighbouring healthy brown adipocytes, blocking inosine signalling under such conditions should diminish thermogenesis even further. Notably, adipose tissue-specific A2B receptor knockout mice show normal energy expenditure when acutely housed at thermoneutrality [et al. [Since its rediscovery in 2009 , 18, 19,et al.  has expa [et al.  found th [et al.  provides


Locusta migratoria manilensis  and anti-aging effect in Caenorhabditis elegans’ by Hui Cao et al., RSC Adv., 2019, 9, 9289–9300, https://doi.org.10.1039/C9RA00089E.Retraction of ‘Structural characterization of peptides from  RSC Advances article due to a significant amount of unattributed text overlap with articles by different author groups that were not cited, including articles published in Phytochemistry by Shan Su et al.,1Journal of Functional Foods by Elena M. Vayndorf et al.2 and Natural Product Research by Hui Ai et al.3The Royal Society of Chemistry hereby wholly retracts this Jie Liu agrees to the retraction. The other authors have been informed but have not responded to any correspondence regarding the retraction.RSC AdvancesSigned: Laura Fisher, Executive Editor, Date: 29th March 2022


Fractures are extremely common in children. The fracture risk is 40% in boys and 28% in girls. Although many pediatric fractures are frequently regarded as “innocent” or “forgiving”, typical complications do occur in this precious population, e.g., premature physeal closure and post-traumatic deformity, which could potentially cause life-long disability.Despite the high incidence of pediatric injuries, there is still much debate on optimal treatment regimes. Although nonoperative and surgical treatment techniques have developed enormously during the past decades, current management is still more eminence-based rather than evidence-based because of the limited scientific evidence. For example, the recently developed comprehensive Dutch clinical practice guideline on diagnosis and treatment of the most common pediatric fractures included almost solely “low” or “very low” level recommendations, based on the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) criteria. The only exceptions were some forearm fracture recommendations, which received “moderate” GRADEs. There is a clear lack of data and a need for higher-level science in pediatric trauma.Children was to help fill the gap of undiscovered knowledge and improve the scientific understanding of pediatric fractures and related subjects. A great variety of topics were covered in the 14 high-quality original and review papers that have been published so far.The main goal of this Special Issue in Two studies dealt with general aspects related to acute pediatric trauma. To start with a contemporary hot topic, Verdoni et al.  studied To analyze predictors of mortality in pediatric trauma, Yang et al.  retrospeIn addition, numerous articles investigated specific pediatric fractures, including their diagnosis, treatment, complications and outcomes. In line with the epidemiology of fracture localizations in children, most papers reported on the upper extremity. Many interesting papers were published, from head to toe:Van der Water et al.  providedPlate fixation for proximal humerus fractures was investigated in a small case series by Freislederer et al.  from SwiSupracondylar humerus fractures are very common in children and are sometimes accompanied by brachial artery injuries. Vu et al.  describeIn order to investigate when to operate these injuries, Terpstra et al.  reviewedNext, Hermans et al.  investigForearm fractures may malunite, leading to rotational deficits. Schröder et al.  describeWith the aim of reducing exposure to radiographic radiation, Zhang et al.  in theirOne lower limb study was included in this Special Issue. Quality of life after surgery for recurrent patellar dislocation was prospectively studied by Herdea et al.  from RomAfter a fracture, the healing of bone in the skeletally immature may be influenced by several factors. Bone healing and the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs were systematically reviewed by Choo and Nuelle from the USA . Their aIn another systematic review, Armstrong et al.  investigFinally, two papers focused on children with brittle bones. Nijhuis et al.  providedRamírez-Vela et al.  from MexIn conclusion, this Special Issue contains a great diversity of studies on a broad pediatric population in relation to fractures. Each paper contributes to our knowledge in its own way and helps improve care for our most valuable population. During the writing of this Editorial, more papers are on their way to further fill the current knowledge gaps and identify room for further study.


Resveratrol (RSV) is a polyphenol phytoalexin first extracted from the Veratrum grandiflflorum O. Loes and can be found in various plants and red wine. Owing to the in‐depth study of pharmacological mechanisms, the therapeutic potential of RSV in various diseases such as osteoarthritis, neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases and diabetes have attracted the attention of many researchers. RSV has anti‐apoptotic, anti‐senescent, anti‐inflammatory, anti‐oxidative, and anabolic activities, which can prevent further degeneration of intervertebral disc cells and enhance their regeneration. With high safety and various biological functions, RSV might be a promising candidate for the treatment of IDD. This review summarizes the biological functions of RSV in the treatment of IDD and to facilitate further research.Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) is a high incidence disease of musculoskeletal system that often leads to stenosis, instability, pain and even deformity of the spinal segments. IDD is an important cause of discogenic lower back pain and often leads to large economic burden to families and society. Currently, the treatment of IDD is aimed at alleviating symptoms rather than blocking or reversing pathological progression of the damaged intervertebral disc The intervertebral disc acts as the load‐bearing component of the spine and is composed of three closely connected parts: inner nucleus pulposus (NP), peripheral annulus fibrosus (AF) and outer cartilage endplate (CEP). IDD is a complex disease including multiple pathological processes. The pathogenesis of IDD mainly involves degradation of ECM, NP cells senescence, apoptosis, autophagy, inflammatory responses and oxidative stress. NP cells senescence, apoptosis, inflammation and oxidative stress result in the promotion of the ECM degradation. What is more, activation of autophagy can also influence the activity of NP cells, thereby regulating ECM homeostasis. According to the literatures, the RSV showed protective effects on IDD through a variety of mechanisms. Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) is a high incidence disease of musculoskeletal system that often leads to stenosis, instability, pain and even deformity of the spinal segments.14H12O3) is a polyphenol phytoalexin with a relative molecular weight of 228. It was first extracted from Veratrum grandiflorum O. Loes by Takaoka in 1939 and can be found in various plants and red wine.Resveratrol  was 1319 ng h/mL.via uridine‐5′‐diphosphate‐glucuronosyltransferase and sulfotransferase, respectively.In 40 healthy volunteers orally administered with single doses of 0.5, 1, 2.5, or 5 g RSV, the mean maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) at the highest dose was 539 ng/mL, which was achieved within 1.5 h post dose (Tmax).et al.The toxicity of RSV mainly depends on its dosage. At single dose of <1 g RSV showed no obvious side effects.The intervertebral disc acts as the load‐bearing component of the spine and is composed of three closely connected parts: inner NP, peripheral annulus fibrosus (AF) and outer cartilage endplate (CEP).et al.et al.via activating PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, thereby attenuating inflammation induced apoptosis of NP cells. Li et al.et al.Inflammatory response directly participates in the progression of IDD. It can also lead to secondary low back pain and radicular symptoms.et al.et al.et al.et al.,via PI3K/Akt/caspase‐3 pathway. Wu et al.et al.The NP is a hydrated gel‐like tissue, which is the main functional structure of intervertebral disc and can be adjusted according to mechanical stress stimuli.et al.et al.via ERK1/2 pathway. Recent research has confirmed that diabetes is a potential causative factor of IDD.et al.et al.et al.et al.et al.via activating PI3K/AKT/mTOR and PI3K/AKT/GSK‐3β signaling pathways.The occurrence of IDD is accompanied by high rates of apoptosis, leading to decreasing cell numbers in NP tissue, and therefore disturb the homeostasis of ECM.et al.2O2 enhanced intracellular ROS expression and induced mitochondrial dysfunction in human NP cells, which was characterized by down‐regulation of ATP and mitochondrial membrane potential levels. However, RSV treatment promoted autophagic flux as well as exerting protective effects on mitochondrial dysfunction and cell apoptosis induced by H2O2. Therefore, they concluded that RSV attenuated oxidative stress induced mitochondrial dysfunction by activation of autophagy.et al.via the PI3K/Akt pathway under oxidative damage. Wang et al.via stimulating upstream regulator AMPK in TNF‐a treated human NP cells and thereby inhibited the expression of MMP‐3. They concluded that RSV attenuated the catabolic effect through down‐regulating TNF‐a induced MMP‐3 expression via stimulating autophagy mediated by the AMPK/SIRT1 signaling pathway. In addition, Shi et al.Autophagy is a self‐protective cellular mechanism that removes damaged or senescent organelles, and considered to be an important cellular metabolic process.et al.et al.et al.et al.NP cells senescence is a common feature during IDD progression and is often demonstrated to be positively correlated with IDD grade.et al.The CEP plays an important role in maintaining the normal shape of the vertebral body, biomechanical stabilization and solute transportation. The calcification or cell apoptosis of CEP hinders nutrient supplement, oxygen transmission and excretion of metabolic wastes from NP, and in depth study of the mechanism of CEP degeneration can provide a novel idea for the prevention and treatment of IDD.in vivo using rodent and rabbit models  group, the RSV treatment group had an increased T2 weighted image signal, and the modified Thompson MRI grade was lower than that of the vehicle group. Examination of IDD related gene expression showed aggrecan expression in the RSV group was higher than that of the vehicle group, while the expression level of MMP‐13 was lower than that of the vehicle group. Hematoxylin–eosin (HE) staining showed RSV could ameliorate the cellular characteristics of IDD caused by annular puncture, such as fibroblast‐like cells and severe fibrosis of extracellular components. In another study by Zhang et al.,et al.Researchers investigated the effects of RSV on IDD ls Table . Kwon96 et al.et al.Radiculopathic pain is the main symptom of IDD. The von Frey filament test is commonly used to evaluate paw withdrawal threshold, and lower withdrawal thresholds are considered as sign of mechanical hypersensitivity, which is correlated to pain behavior in animal models.et al.The application potential of RSV is limited by its poor water solubility, poor stability, fast metabolism, and difficulty in reaching an effective blood concentration in intervertebral discs.et al.in vivo models and humans, a more clinically relevant animal model should be developed to better mimic the complexity of the human intervertebral disc and IDD progression.At present, rodent trauma models are the main animal models used to investigate the effects of RSV on IDD, which do not reflect the biomechanical characteristics of the natural degeneration of the human body.In conclusion, RSV shows substantial protective roles in the progression IDD. Mechanism researches reveal that RSV could effectively inhibit the apoptosis and senescence as well as promote autophagy of NP cells. It also exerts anabolic and anti‐catabolic effects on ECM, which are crucial for the regeneration of damaged intervertebral disc. Multiple signaling pathways, such as PI3K/Akt, NF‐κB, AMPK/SIRT1, and ERK1/2, are the common target signaling pathways of RSV in IDD treatment. What is more, inflammatory and oxidative stress could also be suppressed by RSV treatment. However, the published studies are limited to preclinical studies, and evidence of RSV‐containing drugs for the therapy of IDD has yet to be investigated in clinical trials to confirm the preliminary results obtained from previous researches. And the current studies are mainly focused on NP, and the effects of RSV on AP and CEP also need systematic investigation. In addition, more studies should be performed to verify the synergistic effects of RSV combined with traditional drugs in the treatment of IDD in order to enhance efficacy and decrease the drug resistance and side effects. Moreover, the poor aqueous solubility and rapid metabolism of RSV might restrict its clinical application. As previously reported, RSV released by US‐mediated RSV/AbCDH2 NBs is a promising strategy to enhance its bioavailability and pharmacological efficacy in IDD treatment. With this consideration, mechanisms to promote the absorption of RSV are also worthy of investigation.The concept of the manuscript was devised by Yan‐zheng Gao. Ming‐yang Liu and Kai‐guang Zhang performed the overall literature searches. Ming‐yang Liu and Liang Zhang were in charge of writing. Tables and Figure were designed by Ming‐yang Liu. Hai‐jun Li, Wei‐dong Zang and Yan‐zheng Gao discussed the content of the article and gave suggestions.


Brain areas at the parahippocampal gyrus of the temporal–occipital transition region are involved in different functions including processing visual–spatial information and episodic memory. Results of neuroimaging experiments have revealed a differentiated functional parcellation of this region, but its microstructural correlates are less well understood. Here we provide probability maps of four new cytoarchitectonic areas, Ph1, Ph2, Ph3 and CoS1 at the parahippocampal gyrus and collateral sulcus. Areas have been identified based on an observer-independent mapping of serial, cell-body stained histological sections of ten human postmortem brains. They have been registered to two standard reference spaces, and superimposed to capture intersubject variability. The comparison of the maps with functional imaging data illustrates the different involvement of the new areas in a variety of functions. Maps are available as part of Julich-Brain atlas and can be used as anatomical references for future studies to better understand relationships between structure and function of the caudal parahippocampal cortex.The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00429-021-02441-2. The caudal parahippocampal cortex (PHC) is part of the ventral temporal cortex and its transition to the occipital cortex. It has been activated in studies targeting different tasks of visual–spatial processing as well as in memory , acquired by a Siemens 1.5 T scanner , was used. Afterwards, the brains were embedded in paraffin and serially cut in the coronal plane into sections of 20 μm  obtained through the body donor program of the Anatomical Institute of the University of Düsseldorf . Postmortem brain number 4 is shown in Fig.  μm Fig. . For theThe definition of borders was based on image analysis and statistical tools, to identify significant changes in the laminar pattern, i.e., cytoarchitecture  images . Finally, each border was controlled by visual inspection of the histological images  and the layer VI/the white matter border , the thickness T of a histological section (20 μm), the width x as well as the height y of a pixel both measuring 0.02116 mm, the areal surface ΣNi over all sections (in pixels) and the shrinkage factor F of each individual brain using the following formula .The volumes were individually corrected for shrinkage caused by histological processing , and the nonlinear asymmetric MNI152 2009c template space .In a next step, a maximum probability map (MPM) was created. For this purpose, each voxel was assigned to the area that had the highest probability in this particular position ; data are provided in Table p > 0.05).The mean volumes of all four new areas Ph1, Ph2, Ph3 and CoS1 varied between 183.7 mm2 and 341.7 mm2  and via the “Interactive Atlas Viewer” of the Human Brain Project and the EBRAINS research infrastructure (https://www.humanbrainproject.eu/en/explore-the-brain/atlases/).The maps are available in the Julich-Brain Atlas It is difficult to go beyond this point and discuss in more detail correspondence between different maps, since an important added value of the probabilistic maps is the inclusion of the variability between brains. Any historical brain map, such as that from von Economo and Koskinas, based on a selection of sections of one or a few individual brains cannot cover this aspect, and it is not possible to compare them with sufficient accuracy in a common reference space.Compared to the representation of the examined region in previous anatomical maps, the functional segregation of this region is much more heterogeneous and more fine-grained subdivisions have been proposed. Several studied demonstrated that the PHC participates in visual–spatial tasks including map reading, spatial orientation, navigation and spatial memory  (yellow), Epstein et al. (1999) (white), Hales et al. (2009) (turquoise), Henke et al. (1999) (grey), Janzen et al. (2007) (green), Kirwan and Stark (2004) (blue), Maguire et al. (1998) (pink), Kveraga et al. (2011) (orange) and Sommer et al. (2005) (red) converted to native MNI coordinates and shown as coloured dots in a sequence of coronal sections within the MNI152 reference space. The corresponding native MNI coordinates are written above the respective image. Coordinates of the named studies are also written in Table 4 (PNG 1815 KB)Supplementary file2: Comparison of cytoarchitectonic maps with positions of functional imaging studies of Aguirre et al. (1996) (yellow), Epstein et al. (1999) (white), Hales et al. (2009) (turquoise), Henke et al. (1999) (grey), Janzen et al. (2007) (green), Kirwan and Stark (2004) (blue), Maguire et al. (1998) (pink), Kveraga et al. (2011) (orange) and Sommer et al. (2005) (red) with surface reconstructions of the MPM of the four new areas in the MNI152 reference space. The dots indicate the coordinates of different activations. The light blue area represents the most probable position of the PPA as described by Weiner et al. (2018). Ph1 is marked in green, Ph2 in yellow, Ph3 in red and CoS1 in blue. Coordinates of the named studies are written in Table 4 (MP4 9490 KB)Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.


The aims of this study are (1) evaluate the effectiveness of interventions that focus on body weight, smoking cessation, improving sleeping patterns, and alcohol and illicit substance abuse; (2) Compare the number of interventions addressing body weight and health risk behaviours in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) Intervention studies published up to December 2020 were identified through a structured search in the following database; OVID MEDLINE (1946–December 2020), EMBASE (1974–December 2020), CINAHL (1975–2020), APA PsychoINFO (1806–2020). Two authors independently selected studies, extracted study characteristics and data and assessed the risk of bias. and risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane risk of bias tool V2. We conducted a narrative synthesis and, in the studies evaluating the effectiveness of interventions to address body weight, we conducted random-effects meta-analysis of mean differences in weight gain. We did a systematic search of systematic reviews looking at cardiometabolic and health risk behaviours in people with SMI. We compared the number of available studies of LMICs with those of HICs.I2 = 37.8%). The quality and sample size of the studies was not optimal, most were small studies, with inadequate power to evaluate the primary outcome. Only two were assessed as high quality . We found 5 reviews assessing the effectiveness of interventions to reduce weight, perform physical activity and address smoking in people with SMI. From the five systematic reviews, we identified 84 unique studies, of which only 6 were performed in LMICs.We assessed 15 657 records, of which 9 met the study inclusion criteria. Six focused on healthy weight management, one on sleeping patterns and two tested a physical activity intervention to improve quality of life. Interventions to reduce weight in people with SMI are effective, with a pooled mean difference of −4.2 kg (95% CI −6.25 to −2.18, 9 studies, 459 participants, Pharmacological and activity-based interventions are effective to maintain and reduce body weight in people with SMI. There was a very limited number of interventions addressing sleep and physical activity and no interventions addressing smoking, alcohol or harmful drug use. There is a need to test the feasibility and cost-effectiveness of context-appropriate interventions to address health risk behaviours that might help reduce the mortality gap in people with SMI in LMICs. As a secondary aim we compared the number of interventions addressing body weight and health risk behaviours in LMICs et al., et al., et al., The review was reported in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA),  Population (SMI); (2) Type of study  and; (3) Outcomes . Further relevant studies were sought by citation searching (forwards and backwards) of the included studies and relevant systematic reviews. The results of the database and citation tracking reference searches were stored and de-duplicated in an EndNote library  classification) (Santos Weight gain: Reduction in body weight or body mass index (BMI). Tobacco use: Self-reported abstinence with biochemical verification, including expired carbon monoxide , and reduction in levels of expired carbon monoxide, cotinine and nicotine. Alcohol abuse: Alcohol abstinence, frequency of alcohol use, and quantity of alcohol use measured with any standardised and validated questionnaires. Substance use (illicit drug and unprescribed medication): Self-reported abstinence measured as any standardised and validated questionnaires. Biochemically-verified abstinence was recorded where available. Sleep: Sleep time, self-reported prevalence of bad sleep (less than 7 h or more than 9 h per day) and improvement in insomnia measured by any standardised questionnaire. Quality of life: measured by any validated scale and adverse events.We included any outcome related to weight or health risk behaviour. For instance, The EndNote library was exported to Covidence  and de-duplicated again . Missing data were requested from the study authors. The extracted information included: Study reference , study population, country, setting , study design, intervention aim, number of intervention groups, description of the intervention, comparison intervention(s), duration of the intervention and outcome collection: short term (<6 months), medium term (6≤12 months), long term (12 months or longer); number of participants, participant demographics , participant diagnoses (including diagnostic criteria according to ICD and DSM) and baseline characteristics, primary outcome measure, secondary outcome measures, overall effect size/relative effect of intervention and funding source.et al., et al., The methodological quality of the included studies was independently assessed by two reviewers  with discrepancies resolved by a third reviewer (PM). We used the Cochrane Collaboration risk of bias tool 2.0, .et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., The search strategy identified 15 657 records. After removing 6773 duplicates, 8884 titles and abstracts were screened for eligibility . We asseet al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., As seen in I2 = 37.8%). The highest effect size was found on the combination of lifestyle and metformin . We found low heterogeneity between the studies I2 = 37.8%.There were a total of 459 participants in the six studies, all focusing on weight reduction. All of the studies reported body weight, BMI and waist circumference as primary outcomes. As shown in I2 = 0.0%).The sensitivity analysis excluding studies with a high risk of bias Wu,  includedet al., s.d. = 0.91) v. 1.70 times (s.d. = 0.57) in the control; increase in sleeping time, being 5.7 h (s.d. = 1.6) in the intervention group v. 5.4 h (s.d. = 0.9) in the control group. The use of melatonin was effective as a short-term hypnotic for patients with schizophrenia with insomnia, as participants who received the treatment experienced greater early morning freshness all through the study.Only one study focused on sleeping patterns  and sleep were effective while there was a gap in trial evidence regarding smoking cessation and alcohol and illegal substance use.et al., et al., et al., All of the interventions focused on weight reduction and reported additional cardiometabolic risk factors as secondary outcomes. Similarly to our findings, evidence from HICs have shown that lifestyle and pharmacological interventions are effective to maintain and reduce body weight in people with SMI . It is likely that we were able to identify them because of the specific search terms focusing on LMICs in our review and the additional databases we searched.There are a few limitations of our study that require acknowledgement. (1) Most of the studies had small samples, and were categorised as having a high risk of bias. Furthermore, our sensitivity analyses show that these studies significantly bias the results of our meta-analyses. However, even after removing these studies with high risk of bias, the pooled effect on weight reduction remains statistically significant.; (2) There were minor deviations from the protocol. We intended to assess the effectiveness of interventions that focused on diet and physical activity for weight gain, however we also included pharmacological interventions with the same primary outcome (weight reduction). We did sub-group analysis according to the type of interventions, which allows for an assessment of non-pharmacological interventions independently. (3) We did not systematically search for the number of interventions to address weight and health risk behaviours in people with SMI in HICs, but systematically looked for available reviews that have looked in detail into these topics instead. There was an overlap in the RCTs included in the previously published reviews and our review, however, we excluded duplicated studies to avoid over-estimation of studies in any particular region. Despite these limitations, we provide for the first time a summary of the available interventions to address health risk behaviours and weight gain in people with SMI living in LMICs.Pharmacological and behavioural interventions were effective in reducing body weight in people with SMI. There was a limited number of interventions addressing sleep and physical activity and no interventions addressing smoking, alcohol or illicit drugs abuse. We found a disproportionate number of interventions performed in LMICs as compared to HICs. The absence of smoking cessation studies, and the gap between LMICs and HICs was the most surprising, since smoking makes the greatest contribution to poor health and health inequalities for people with SMIs. There is a need to test the feasibility and cost-effectiveness of context-appropriate interventions to address health risk behaviours and weight gain in people with SMI in LMIC, and to generate evidence that might aid in the development of policy and programmes to address these issues that might reduce the mortality gap in people with SMI.


In recent years, peptides have received increased interest in pharmaceutical, food, cosmetics, and various other fields. The high potency, specificity, and good safety profile are the main strengths of bioactive peptides as new and promising therapies that may fill the gap between small molecules and protein drugs. Peptides possess favorable tissue penetration and the capability to engage in specific and high-affinity interactions with endogenous receptors. The positive attributes of peptides have driven research in evaluating peptides as versatile tools for drug discovery and delivery. In addition, among bioactive peptides, those released from food protein sources have acquired importance as active components in functional foods and nutraceuticals because they are known to possess regulatory functions that can lead to health benefits.This Special Issue of International Journal of Molecular Sciences represents the third in a series dedicated to peptides. This issue includes thirty outstanding papers describing examples of the most recent advances in peptide research and its applicability. Saccharomyces cerevisiae proteome microarrays are employed to discover the direct protein targets of Sub5 from Sub5-protein interactions. Bioinformatics analysis reveals 15 actin-associated proteins as targets of Sub5. The protein–protein interaction network is linked to ribonucleoprotein, transcription and translation, chromosome, histone, and ubiquitin-related DNA repair, and chaperone. Ramos-Martin and D’Amelio [Bombyx mori. Besides its potent activity against several highly virulent and antibiotic resistant bacterial pathogens, cecropin KJ has demonstrated to be one of the few peptides active against esophageal cancer. In the study of Bryzek et al. [® technology with enzymatic in situ N-acetylation by RimJ to obtain a long-acting version of immunostimulatory peptide thymosin α1 in Escherichia coli at high yield. The findings of this study provide the basis for the therapeutic development of a next generation thymosin α1 with prolonged plasma circulation that promotes its benefits against hepatitis B and C viruses, among other infections. The study of Colvin et al. [Toxoplasma gondii-secreted dense granule protein (GRA9) interact with recognition receptor NLRP3 and inhibit the formation of the NLRP3 inflammasome through the blockade of the binding of apoptotic speck-containing (ASC) to NLRP3 in mitochondria. In an E. coli- or P. aeruginosa-induced sepsis model mice, recombinant GRA9C increase the anti-inflammatory, bactericidal, and anti-septic effects by increasing M2 polarization. These findings define the potential of GRA9 as a new candidate to be a therapeutic agent for sepsis. Kanellopoulos et al. [26Met by hydrophobic amino acids in the sequence of bovine lactoferricin-derived dimeric peptide LfcinB results in a significant enhancement of its cytotoxic activity against breast cancer HTB-132 and MCF-7 cells without affecting non-tumorigenic MCF-12 cells. Moreover, the obtained dimeric peptides promote apoptosis through the intrinsic pathway and do not compromise the integrity of the cytoplasmic membrane. These findings show the promising role of these molecules as basis for the design and development of new drugs against breast cancer. Finally, Wilson et al. [2Tyr and 9Ile) to an alanine . The findings of this study offer new strategies for the design of more efficient peptide-based vaccines to achieve a desired immune response.The Special Issue starts with a group of papers investigating the potential of synthetic peptides as new drug alternatives for controlling and/or managing chronic diseases. It begins with a study by Lee et al.  on the eD’Amelio  elucidatk et al. , argininn et al.  investign et al.  on BBI-1n et al.  demonstrotein GRA interacts et al.  use a ras et al. , peptides et al. , the subAgrobacterium-mediated transformation. Lunasin is not detected in wild-type wheat while it is present in transgenic wheat. Moreover, lunasin enrichment from transgenic wheat displays an increased anti-proliferative activity in HT-29 cells through induction of pro-apoptotic pathways. The review of Tyagi et al. [Moreover, there is a short series of articles dealing with research in food-derived bioactive peptides, including the characterization of chemical structure and elucidation of modes of action of food-derived bioactive peptides. The review of Jahandideh & Wu  discussei et al.  discussei et al.  about thi et al.  on two bWalterinnesia aegyptia, for bioactive compounds. Walterospermin, a peptide of 57 amino acid residues with high homology to other venom toxins, was identified. Moreover, its ability to activate sperm motility from a variety of species (including humans) through the interaction with the receptor that controls motility function was proven. De Waard et al. [The Special Issue includes some studies on identification and assessment of biological activity of natural peptides produced by animals and microganisms. El Aziz et al.  screen td et al.  explore d et al.  evaluated et al.  review m2+, which illustrates how zinc might regulate DNA/RNA. Wojciechowski et al. [Another group of papers explores the effects of human endogenous peptides on body functions. Retinal aging is the result of accumulating molecular and cellular damage with a manifest decline in visual functions. Pöstyéni et al.  validatei et al.  examine i et al.  describei et al.  review ti et al.  confirmeFinally, an article describes newly developed biomaterials based on peptides for biomedical applications. Antifouling polymer layers containing extracellular matrix-derived peptide motifs offer promising new options for biomimetic surface engineering. Sivkova et al.  report thttps://www.mdpi.com/journal/ijms/special_issues/peptides_2021, accessed on 20 May 2022).We wish to thank the invited authors for their interesting and insightful contributions, and look forward to a new set of advances in the bioactive peptides field to be included in the following Special Issue, “Peptides for Health Benefits 2021”, (


HIV infection, through various mechanisms causes a derangement in sexual maturation. This study compared the Marshal and Tanner staging of HIV-infected and uninfected males. The aim of the study was to determine the sexual maturation in male children infected with HIV on HAART in Abakaliki.this was a cross-sectional and comparative study involving 80 HIV-infected boys aged 8-17 years and 80 uninfected counterparts matched for age and socio-economic class. Stages of sexual maturation (testicular size and pubic hair) were determined according to the method proposed by Marshall and Tanner. The testicular size was measured using an orchidometer. Data analysis was done with SPSS version 20. Structured questionnaire was used to collect information on socio-demographics.assessment of pubic hair development, showed that 45 (56.2%) of the subjects were in the pre-pubertal stage compared to 27 (33.8%) among the controls, this relationship was statistically significant . The mean testicular volume among subjects was found to be 8.29 ± 8.26mls compared to 11.57 ± 8.26mls found in controls. This relationship was also statistically significant. There were significant statistical relationships between duration on HAART and clinical stages of disease with both pubic hair development and testicular volume of subjects and controls.HIV-infected males had significantly delayed onset and progression of sexual maturation. Routine assessment of the sexual maturation of HIV-infected children as well as addressing the modifiable variables influencing sexual maturity is recommended. Amongst all the developmental changes that occur in adolescence, sexual maturation is the most significant in its influence on the behaviour of boys and girls . The phyAssessment of sexual maturation using testicular size and pubic hair development in boys can be done by two methods, namely; the adolescent self-report and the physician assessment . The disThe study was conducted at the Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital and Mile Four Mission Hospital, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria using physician assessment.Study site: the study was carried out in the paediatric HIV clinics of both hospitals. The clinics run once a week in each hospital and has an average attendance of 20 and 15 patients respectively. A total of 200 children were registered in the paediatric HIV clinic,  as at August 2018 from both hospitals. The controls were recruited from the Children Outpatient Clinic (CHOP). This outpatient clinic runs daily, except on weekends with an average attendance of 350 patients per week.Study design: this was a cross-sectional and comparative study. HIV-infected males aged 8-17 years who met the inclusion criteria were consecutively enrolled from the HIV clinic until the desired sample size was achieved.Study population: the study subjects were HIV-infected males aged 8-17 years who were born to women with documented HIV-1 infection during pregnancy or at the time of delivery and in whom HIV infection had been diagnosed through detection of viral markers (DNA PCR) or the persistence of HIV-1 antibodies (investigated by means of enzyme linked immunosorbent assay) after 18 months of life. The controls were HIV-uninfected males who were matched for age and social class and without chronic diseases such as sickle cell anemia, chronic kidney disease or asthma attending the children outpatient clinic.Sample size determination: the sample size required was determined using the method as shown:Where r = ratio of control to cases (subjects), 1 for equal number of cases and control.β= normal standard variate for significant level as identified in previous section. i.e normal standard variate for power of 80% which is equal to 0.84. Zα/2= normal standard variate for significant level as identified in previous section i.e normal standard variate at 95% confidence level = 1.96. P1-P2 = different in proportions or effect size identified from previous studies. P1 = is proportion in cases (subjects) (0.17)  compared to the controls [TS1=7 (8.75%) and PHI=27 (33.75%)] as shown in Examining relationship between sexual maturation and some modifiable factors:et al. [et al. [et al. [HIV infection was noted to negatively affect the total number of males that attained sexual maturation in the index study. More of the subjects were in pre-pubertal stage of testicular development 37 (46.25%) than controls 7 (8.75%). In subsequent testicular development (TS II), (21.25%) of the subjects were in stage II compared with controls (47.5%) on the same stage. Therefore, HIV uninfected controls were observed to develop faster from testicular stage II to stage V more than the HIV-infected subjects. This implies that the subjects were more likely to be in the pre-pubertal stage using testicular size development, which leads to delayed pubertal development in the subjects. This may be due to disruption of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone axis. Ebling FJ and Ojeda SR et al. ,17, obse [et al.  found th [et al. .et al. [et al. [However, Kessler M et al.  found no [et al.  noted thet al. [et al. [et al., Mbwile GR, Pozo J & Argente J and Iloh ON et al. [et al. [et al. [Similar findings were found on the pubic hair development indicating that subjects were more likely to remain in the pre/early adolescent period than the controls. The difference in age compared favorably with the findings made by Mbwile GR  in Tanzaet al.  in the Uet al. . The stu [et al.  corroborN et al. ,20-22 foN et al. . Similar [et al.  in Afric [et al.  in Italyet al. [et al. [et al. [There was significant relationship between CD4 count and development of pubic hair. This suggests that subjects in advanced or in a severe immunologically depressed stage may have delay in attainment of puberty in HIV-infected children. The reason for the observation may be because subjects who have low CD4 count are prone to opportunistic infection which may lead to poor growth. Bellavia A et al.  observed [et al.  and Buch [et al.  who in tet al. [et al. [The logistic regression analysis of the present study showed that clinical stages was significantly related to the sexual maturation. This may be explained by the facts that opportunistic infections may affect the pubertal development and sexual maturation. Furthermore, there was a positive significant relationship between duration on HAART and sexual maturation. This may be explained by the facts that ARV drugs may lead to restoration of immunity and subsequently improvement in sexual maturation. The study by Mbwile GR  supporteet al.  observed [et al.  also supThere was a significant delay in both the age at onset and progression of sexual maturation in HIV-infected subjects compared to their HIV-uninfected counterparts.Limitation: the study was a case-control hospital-based study with only one assessment of physical growth and sexual maturation. A prospective cohort study with multiple interval assessments would have given more information on the age at onset of testicular enlargement and pubic hair development as well as the subsequent pubertal development of HIV-infected males.Adolescents infected vertically by HIV are at higher risk of developmental impairment, growth alteration, wasting, delayed- puberty and impaired neuro-cognitive function;An actual pubertal delay in sexual maturation in adolescent can lead to the development of poor body image and low self-esteem which may result in psychosocial problems like school avoidance, poor academic achievement, isolation, eating disorders, bullying/teasing by peers, depression, and social withdrawal.This study affirms that there is a significant delay in both the age at onset and progression of sexual maturation in HIV-infected subjects compared to their HIV-uninfected counterparts;There was an association between HIV disease severity and delay in sexual maturation.


While the benefits of nutrition and physical exercise are commonly studied separately, their concomitant integration has the potential to produce greater benefits in women than strategies focusing only on one or the other . StudyinWith this Special Issue on “Nutrient Intake and Physical Exercise as Modulators of Healthy Women”, we are honoured to contribute with important pieces of evidence for an integrational approach—nutrition and physical exercise—as a potential modulator of lifelong. It includes ten studies: eight articles and two narrative reviews. Please let us introduce the articles with a short summary.The differences in substrate oxidation between men and women have been a topic of interest in the past few years. In this line, Nosaka et al.  performeIn elderly women, Amirato et al.  found thIn apparently healthy women, Waliko et al.  assessedIn overweight or obese women with hypertension, Dos Santos Fechine et al.  found th2 but with an increased body fat percentage. The cut-offs used for body fat percentage have varied depending on the study population, sex, and ethnicity. NWO is a widespread public health issue that may be prevalent in up to one-third of individuals [The term normal weight obesity (NWO) was firstly described by Lorenzo et al.  and was ividuals . In NWO ividuals  reportedn = 251; 74% white), who perceived greater body size, reported less liking of physical activity as well as less healthy dietary behaviours. Additionally, women whom both liked and engaged in physical activities had a lower body size perception and healthier diet quality.Attention to preferred physical activities encourages participation in physical activity. Participation in physical activity is associated with a better body size perception but not in a consistent way. In this line, Hubert et al.  reported2) presented significant changes in the anthropometric parameters, namely decreased body weight, waist and hips circumference, as well as body mass index (BMI) and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) after three months of endurance or endurance strength training intervention. Additionally, those alterations were associated with a better perception of the current figure and a lower level of concern about body shape, with more significance for the endurance training group compared to the endurance strength training group.In a prospective randomised trial, Bak-Sosnowaska et al.  found thIn Rocha-Rodrigues et al. ’s reviewThe roles of diet and nutrition on gynaecological disorders were reviewed by Afrin et al. . The evi


Rebekah et al., Nanoscale Adv., 2021, DOI: 10.1039/d1na00135c.Correction for ‘NiCo The authors regret that the name of the first author (A. Rebekah) was incorrectly given in the original article. The corrected name is given here.The Royal Society of Chemistry apologises for these errors and any consequent inconvenience to authors and readers.


In Ferris et al.,Michael Kissick is employed by and has ownership interest in Accuray, Inc. John E Bayouth has ownership interest in MR guidance, LLC, which has business activity with a company that utilizes respiratory motion management . The remaining authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose.


Membrane processes have demonstrated their enormous potential for water treatment, either by removing organic and mineral contaminants before permeating stream discharge, or by concentrating high added-value compounds in retentate stream. Although the advantages and drawbacks of the various membrane processes are well known, the mechanisms governing their filtration performances are usually not fully understood, and discussion is often still open. For this purpose, researchers have been developing numerical models for decades to describe the transport of species through membranes and predict their performances for specific applications. Numerical modeling can be useful in many aspects of membrane science and can help to solve many scientific issues. A numerical approach can be used to model the physical mechanisms governing fluid flow or mass transfer, and then applied to various membrane processes, such as pressure-driven, concentration-driven, electrically driven, or thermally driven processes.This Special Issue on “Numerical Modeling in Membrane Processes” provides examples of original works or reviews of the literature dealing with the use of mathematical models to understand, describe, predict, or optimize the performances of membrane processes. Quezada et al.  reviewedKim et al.  numericaPark et al.  studied Chae et al.  formulatChoi et al.  analyzedTheir study revealed that exergy destruction in the permeate occurred near the feed inlet, and the effect became less influential closer to the feed outlet. Their analysis of exergy flows also showed that the efficiency loss in the permeate side corresponded to 32.9–45.3% of total exergy destruction. Gu et al.  implemenXie et al.  coupled 2+/Li+ ratio based on free flow ion concentration polarization in a microfluidic system. In their study, the authors numerically showed that this method is able to decrease the Mg2+/Li+ ratio significantly, and has great potential as preprocessing technology for lithium extraction from salt lake brines. Zhang et al.  simulateZhu et al.  used a sDutournié et al.  proposedNagy et al.  comparedJokic et al.  examinedSkolotneva et al.  proposed2 removal rate which was determined in vivo with porcine blood from that determined in vitro with water. This study indicated that the main CO2 transport resistance behaves generally differently in blood and water. The authors concluded their work by mentioning that studies of the CO2 boundary layer should be preferably conducted with blood, whereas water tests should be favored for the determination of total CO2 removal performance of oxygenators. Lukitsch et al.  conducteWu et al.  performeOsterroth et al.  used a CFinally, Nunes et al.  studied


Water pollution is a major environmental problem that has a significant impact on human and animal health and the ecosystem. Most pollution is caused by human activities, and pollutants can be categorized into inorganic, organic, biological and radioactive . Thus, t3O4, TiO2, ZnO, Ag, etc.) and nanocatalytic membrane systems are more efficient and less time-consuming than other treatment methods, environmentally friendly and consume a low amount of energy [During the last decade, the field of nanotechnology has extensively developed, contributing to a significant impact on water purification. The use of nanomaterials has led to impressive findings in the field of water remediation, with a high efficiency for the removal of various pollutants, cost effectiveness and reusability. Thus, nanostructured materials, due to their unique physicochemical characteristics, such as catalytic activity; high physical, chemical and thermal stability; large specific surface area; high chemical reactivity; strong electron ability, etc., have gained the attention of many researchers. Different classes of nanomaterials can be used in water purification either as adsorbents, photocatalysts and/or antibacterial agents ,3,4,5. MThis Special Issue focuses on nanostructured materials and their applications in advanced water purification processes. This Special Issue contains fifteen articles and one communication that address the synthesis, modification and regeneration of novel nanomaterials for their applications to remediate water contaminated by various pollutants.3O4@C nanoparticles for the decolorization of high concentrations of methylene blue. According to the obtained results, an easy method for producing Fe3O4@C nanoparticles with excellent catalytic reactivity is presented, representing a promising approach for the industrial production of Fe3O4@C nanoparticles used to treat high concentrations of dyes in wastewater. The second paper by Zia et al. [3O4) for the efficient and specific removal of iodine anions from contaminated water. The findings presented in this study offer a novel method for desalinating radioiodine in various aqueous media. The next paper by Narath et al. [Cinnamomum tamala  leaves extract. According to the obtained results, the synthesized ZnO NPs exhibit excellent photocatalytic activity against dye molecules, through a green protocol. The fourth paper by Shrestha [Dalbergia sisoo (Sisau) derived from activated carbon (AC) as an adsorbent material for the removal of rhodamine B dye from an aqueous solution. According to the author, this study successfully addressed a local problem of wastewater pollution from garment and textile industrial effluents using the locally available agro-waste of Dalbergia sisoo. Khan et al. [E. coli and S. aureus. The results presented, demonstrated that solvent-free and sustainable mechanochemical synthesis can easily produce semiconductor nanocrystals in a multidisciplinary application. In the paper by Peñaranda et al. [E. coli), due to their easy preparation, low-cost synthesis, and disinfection efficiency. Magro et al. [−15 M and 10−5 M in mineral and river water matrices. Ramírez-Rodríguez et al. [3N4) using a solution method for the successful extraction of arsenic (III), pointing out that a ZnO–CuO/g–C3N4 nanocomposite can be a potential candidate for the enhanced removal of arsenic from water reservoirs. Zhang et al. [3PO4 for pollutants degradation. These authors concluded that Ag3PO4–based materials could be reliably used for the degradation of methyl orange (MO) as they mostly retain their photoactivity during the second recycling test. In the final paper by Giannoulia et al. [The first paper published in this Special Issue by Xiang et al.  illustraa et al.  presentsh et al.  proposesShrestha  illustran et al.  investign et al.  found thn et al. , amino-fn et al.  reporteda et al. , three da et al.  present o et al.  successfz et al.  proposedz et al.  focus ong et al. , prepareg et al.  presentea et al. , halloys


For heating, ventilation or air conditioning purposes in massive multistory building constructions, ducts are a common choice for air supply, return, or exhaust. Rapid population expansion, particularly in industrially concentrated areas, has given rise to a tradition of erecting high-rise buildings in which contaminated air is removed by making use of vertical ducts. For satisfying the enormous energy requirements of such structures, high voltage wires are used which are typically positioned near the ventilation ducts. This leads to a consequent motivation of studying the interaction of magnetic field (MF) around such wires with the flow in a duct, caused by vacuum pump or exhaust fan etc. Therefore, the objective of this work is to better understand how the established  movement in a perpendicular square duct interacts with the MF formed by neighboring current-carrying wires. A constant pressure gradient drives the flow under the condition of uniform heat flux across the unit axial length, with a fixed temperature on the duct periphery. After incorporating the flow assumptions and dimensionless variables, the governing equations are numerically solved by incorporating a finite volume approach. As an exclusive finding of the study, we have noted that MF caused by the wires tends to balance the flow reversal due to high Raleigh number. The MF, in this sense, acts as a balancing agent for the buoyancy effects, in the laminar flow regime Menni et al.2 introduced an analysis of the hydrodynamic and thermal of water, ethylene glycol and water-ethylene glycol as base liquids isolated by aluminum oxide nano-measured dense particles. Tayeb et al.3 evaluated the hydrodynamic and thermal performances of nanofluids (NFs) in a chaotic situation. Phan et al.4 prepared a numerical investigation on concurrent thermodynamic and hydrodynamic instruments of subaquatic explosion. Another presentation of numerical studied on heat transfer (HT) performance of thermally mounting movement inside rectangular microchannels is given by Ma et al.5. Mozaffari et al.6 increased the ability of lattice using the mechanism of hydrodynamic and thermal. Wakif et al.7 checked the stability of thermal radiation and surface roughness effects via the thermo-magneto-hydrodynamic method. Ali et al.8 formulated a new mathematical revision of MF communication with completely established movement in a vertical duct. Rios et al.9 formulated an investigational assessment of the current and hydrodynamic presentation of NFs in a coiled flow inverter. Sabet et al.10 studied the behavior of the current and hydrodynamic of forced convection steamy slide flow in a metal spray.When a flow is fully developed , it is said to have reached steady state. For the given constant heat flux, there will be no temperature variation with respect to time. Gevari et al.11. A case study is introduced for shape memory of NFs by Osorio et al.12 and Zareie, et al.13. Azmi et al.14 studied HT for hybrid nanofluids (HNFs) in a tube with CCWM. Kumar and Sharma15 optimized ferrofluid using CCWM. Numerical and computational investigations are presented using the advantages of CCWM by Khan et al.16 on a constant fluid, Ali et al.8 for MF interaction, Chang et al.17 on magnetic NFs. He et al.18 introduced a computational heat transfer and fluid flow in view of CCWM. Lu et al.19 gave a computational fluid dynamics examination of a dust scrubber with CCWM. Briggs and Mestel20 showed a linear stability of a ferrofluid centered on a CCWM. Dahmaniet al.21 enhanced the HT of ferrofluid movement in a solar absorber tube by a periodic CCWM. Sharma et al.22 analyzed the MF-strength of multiple coiled utilizing the idea of CCWM. Vinogradova et al.23 modeled a system of ferrofluid-based microvalves in the MF shaped by a CCWM. He et al.24 studied the dynamic pull-in for micro–electromechanical scheme with a CCWM.Current-carrying wire model (CCWM) is used in fluid for many advantages. Its usability appeared in many researches, where a review paper in this direction is given by Liu et al.25 examined the HNFs movement near an adaptable insincere with tantalum and nickel NFs, according to the consequence of MF. Talebi et al.26 offered an inspection of mixture-based opaque HNF movement in porous mass media inflated by MF operating mathematical technique. Ayub et al.27 deliberated the MF of nanoscale HT of magnetized 3-D chemically radiative HNF. Mourad et al.28 employed the finite element analysis of HT of Fe3O4-MWCNT/water HNF engaged in curved addition with uniform MF. Manna et al.29 showed a novel multi-banding application of MF to convective transport arrangement employed with porous medium and HNF. Khashi’ie et al.30 examined unsteady hugging movement of Cu-Al2O3/water HNF in a straight channel with MF. Lv et al.31, Khan et al.32 and Alkasasbeh et al.33 distributed a numerical technique near microorganisms HNF movement with the arcade current and MF over a revolving flappy. Roy et al.34 investigated HT of MHD dusty HNFs over a decreasing slide. Khazayinejad and Nourazar35 recycled the fractional calculus to describe 2D-fractional HT examination of HNF alongside a leaky plate together with MF. Gürdal et al.36 compressed the HNF curving in depressed tube imperiled with the MF. Azad et al.37 presented a study on rapid and sensitive MF sensor based on photonic crystal fiber with magnetic fluid infiltrated nanoholes. Skumiel et al.38 considered the consequence of the MF on the thermal effect in magnetic fluid. Alam et al.39 examined the influence of adjustable MF on viscous fluid between 3-D rotatory perpendicular hugging platters.A magnetic field (MF), which can be thought of as a vector field, governs the magnetic effect on stirring rechargeable tasks, power-driven flows, and magnetic resources. An influencing control in an MF involves a force that is perpendicular to both the control's own velocity and the MF. Zhang et al.40 enhanced the wind turbine equipped with a VDG. Kim et al.41 presented a computational fluid dynamics analysis of buoyancy-aided turbulent mixed convection inside a heated VDG. López et al.42 designed selection and geometry in OWC wave dynamism converters for performance. Umavathi and Bég43 introduced a computation of thermo-solutal convection with soret-dufour cross diffusion in a VDG NFs. Oluwade and Glakpe44 computed 3D-Mixed convection in a VDG. Choudhary45 optimized the VDG of 3D printer part cooling fan duct. Li et al.46 studied the effects of VDG on intraglottal pressures in the convergent glottis. Zhao et al.47 investigated of necessary instrument leading to the performance development of VDG. Wojewodka et al.48 considered a numerical study of complex flow physics and coherent structures of the flow through a longwinded VDG. Moayedi and Amanifard49 enhanced the electrohydrodynamic usual HT in a VDG.In multistory, enormous building constructions, vertical duct geometry (VDG) is channels or paths utilized to deliver, reappearance, or use air for reheating, ventilation, or air conditioning. Rapid population expansion, particularly in areas with concentrated industries, has given rise to a culture of building skyscrapers with tens of stories, where vertical ducts are the obvious select for eliminating muted air. Ranjbar et al.50. The divergence theorem is used in the finite volume method to transform volume integrals in a partial differential equation containing a divergence term into surface integrals. The surfaces of each finite volume are then used to evaluate these terms as fluxes. Namdari et al.51 investigated of the effect of the discontinuity direction on fluid flow in porous rock masses on a large-scale using HNFs and streamline utilizing FVM. Faroux et al.52 studied a coupling non-local rheology and capacity of liquid (VOF) process in view of FVM implementation. Xu et al.53 simulated a system of incompressible curved element hydrodynamics‐finite volume technique joining procedure for interface tracking of two‐phase fluid movements in view of FVM. Wang et al.54 investigated a coupled optical-thermal-fluid-mechanical analysis of parabolic trough solar receivers employing supercritical CO2 as HT in virtue of FVM. Liu et al.55 studied the consequence of gas compressibility on liquid ground of air‐cooled turbo‐generator according to FVM. Koulali et al.56 presented a comparative study on effects of thermal gradient direction on heat exchange between a pure fluid and NFs hiring FVM. Ding et al.57 considered a mathematical examination of passive toroidal tuned liquid column dampers for the trembling regulator of monopile wind turbines using FVM and FEM. Makauskas58 indicated a comparison of FDM, FVM with NN for solving the forward problem. Yousefzadeh et al.59 inspected a natural convection of Water/MWCNT NF movement in an inclusion for examination of the first and second laws of thermodynamics in view of FVM.A technique for expressing and analyzing partial differential equations as algebraic equations is known as the finite volume method (FVM)In this work, the complex interaction of thermodynamically as well as hydrodynamically settled current in a perpendicular square channel, with the MF created by neighboring positioned two wires, has been investigated for the first time. One wire is positioned whereas the other one is assumed to be present above the duct. The new aspects of the issue are described through physical explanations. A finite volume based computational approach has been developed to obtain the numerical solution for different values of the governing parameters. The numerical results have been depicted in the graphical form, and are interpreted accordingly.L) based on the exterior pressure gradient. The current is expected to be stable, laminar and incompressible. That is why, the velocity is:We consider the fully settled movement of a standard Newtonian fluid  that for the fully developed flow when the velocity distribution over any cross section of the duct does not change along the direction of flow , the pressure gradient is a constant. It is observable that the pressure is the function of It is observable that the pressure is the function of yAn evident significance of Eq.  is the dNow, the succeeding dimensionless variables:the Eqs.  and 13)14\documeE, N, S, W etc.  are evaluated by means of finite volume method (FVM). The differential equations, in the FVM, are transformed to surface integrals and then solved iteratively. The system of algebraic partial differential equations can be solved with the usual numerical methods. But the unknown conditions such as e.g. initial or boundary conditions cause a trouble in finding the numerical solution. At some stage, the system might be divergence even for precise estimations of missing conditions. Contrarily, solution will be interrupted for the partial differential equations involving the complex eigen values. However, finite volume method is the best choice to tackle such types of problems which might not be fixed easily by the other methods. On the other hand, a better convergence can be obtained with FVM as compared to other numerical methods. Obviously, Eqs.  and 16 mentclass1pt{minimaentclass1pt{minimaIt is to point out that the control volume is defined by Now we integrate and evaluate the integrals over each term in Eq.  as givenSimilarly, the integration over the second term leads to:Finally, incorporation of Eqs. –20 in EqThe algebraic system, in light of Eq. , is corr8), as shown in the Fig. Our numerical results for the flow velocity in the central of the channel along the straight line, for the case when there is no wire, compare favorably with the existing literature . In this way the MF tends to balance the impact of buoyancy in the laminar flow regime.Thermal distribution is significantly reduced over the whole duct, as the MF is strengthened.It may be inferred that the flow reversal may be controlled by applying a MF of appropriate power, around the channel, carrying the flow.Impact of the two nearby current carrying wires on the momentum and temperature behavior in the flow  inside a vertical duct has been numerically investigated. In order to validate our computational technique, the numerical results have been compared, and are found to be in excellent comparison with the ones reported in existing literature. Based on the numerical study, following conclusions may be drawn:Various numerical experiments may be performed with different types of fluids of industrial interest. For example, Nanofluids, Hybrid nanofluids, Casson fluids etc.Rectangular duct can be replaced by the other shapes of ducts Entropy changes may also be studied with wide range of combinations in fluid choices and duct shapes.78.The Finite volume method could be applied to a variety of physical and technical challenges in the futureFuture extensions of the present study include but not limited to:


The year 2021 marked the 10th anniversary of the publication of Cells. To celebrate this milestone, a Special Issue entitled “10th Anniversary of Cells—Advances in Cellular Pathology” was launched. The goal of this Special Issue was the collection of impactful research/review articles in the Cellular Pathology field. The final roster of published articles for the Special Issue is an incredible collection of research articles and reviews, covering topics from cancer, diabetes, and ocular manifestations, all of which are truly consequential to the quality of life.188ReO4) could potentially become a new therapeutic agent against HCC. It appears that the therapy regulates the induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest and the inhibition of tumor formation. It is certainly an intriguing concept, and further studies are warranted in order to achieve a selective/personalized HCC therapy.One of the most common types of primary liver cancer is hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Recurrence in HCC after conventional treatments remains a significant clinical challenge, despite advanced targeted therapies. Asadian et al.  reportedThe study reported by Makboul et al.  focused Liu et al.  reportedIn regard to thyroid cancer, the most prevalent endocrine malignancy, Singh et al.  publisheVan Acker et al.  reviewedMcKay et al.  providedDiabetes mellitus (DM) was also covered in this Special Issue. DM is one of the principal manifestations of metabolic syndrome and its prevalence with modern lifestyle is increasing perpetually. Dewanjee et al.  publisheExtracellular vesicles (EVs) are secreted from cell membranes within the circulatory system and body fluids. Current knowledge about the involvement of EVs in numerous diseases is increasing at an ever-accelerating rate. D’Alessandro et al.  investigOuyang et al.  focused Finally, Iwahashi et al.  reported