There is a large clinical and public health burden associated with antimicrobial resistance (AMR). This burden is likely to increase over time and urgent action is required , 2. In aBMC Infectious Diseases. This journal being an obvious hub for this type of research: being open access broadens the audience; and the board of committed, expert editors lends rigour to the science that is communicated. Emphasis has been placed on presenting latest results pertaining to AMR from around the world. Going to press, this special issue already has articles from a dozen countries spanning Latin America, Europe, West-to-East Africa, the Middle East, South and East Asia.A collection of new articles has been brought together in this special issue for E. coli in local healthcare facilities in South Kivu province of the Democratic Republic of Congo to Galani et al. [K. pneumoniae survey for Greece.The criticality of surveillance in AMR is widely acknowledged and all of the articles of the special issue fall under this umbrella term, across very different scales, ranging from Irenge et al.  reportini et al.  reportini)detect the emergence and prevalence of AMR e.g. Nelson et al. [n et al.  developen et al. , regionan et al. , and locn et al.  level haii)guide patient treatment e.g. Arevalo-Jaimes et al. [H. pylori were resistant to first line drug clarithromycin, calling into question the appropriateness of the current, standard triple therapy. Likewise, Mashe et al. [S. typhi in Zimbabwe were resistant to two or more first line drugs indicating the need for changes in their current guidelines.s et al.  found 38e et al.  found thiii)identify populations at risk e.g. Milovanovic et al. [c et al.  found thiv)inform policy development e.g. Haddad et al. [d et al.  from thev)assess the impact of interventions. Although there were many studies that investigated the current state of AMR to plan interventions, none described intervention effectiveness.Comprising one of the five strategic priorities of the Global Action Plan (GAP) on AMR , a recenThis being a rolling special issue, our coverage is expected to expand even further and continue spotlighting findings from regions of the world for which data are largely absent, and yet most necessary according to burden projections . Given i


Exosome, is identified as a nature nanocarrier and intercellular messenger that regulates cell to cell communication. Autophagy is critical in maintenance of protein homeostasis by degradation of damaged proteins and organelles. Autophagy and exosomes take pivotal roles in cellular homeostasis and cardiovascular disease. Currently, the coordinated mechanisms for exosomes and autophagy in the maintenance of cellular fitness are now garnering much attention. In the present review, we discussed the interplay of exosomes and autophagy in the context of physiology and pathology of the heart, which might provide novel insights for diagnostic and therapeutic application of cardiovascular diseases. Currently, it has been established that the messenger functions of exosomes are critical in neointimal formation, vascular repair, and atherosclerosis -3. ModerExtracellular vesicles like micro-vesicles and apoptotic bodies serve as intercellular messengers. The early endosomes were generated from plasma membrane through inward of buds under the stimulation of physical and or chemical factors. The late endosomal membrane inward buds and produces multivesicular bodies named MVBs, directed by the machinery of endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT), eventually leading to the accumulation of intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) within MVBs . MVBs caThe endosomal and autophagic procedures are consequences of the biogenesis of exosomes which depend on the cellular activity of autophagy , 7. The The roles of exosomes in CVDs meticulously depend on the type of cell it is derived from , 13. Coret al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [It has been established that atherosclerosis is characterized by ox-LDL induced inflammation, endothelial injury, apoptosis and phonotype changes of vascular cells and platelet activation. Most recent studies demonstrated that, the exosomal pathway for communication of macrophages and vascular endothelial cells modulates the apoptosis and inflammation response, participating in the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis , 15, 16. [et al. , extrace [et al.  revealedet al. [et al. [Platelet activation and endothelial damage take pivotal roles in atherosclerosis. The findings of Li J et al.  revealed [et al.  verifiedet al. [Recently, other types of cells are also reported to be closely related to atherosclerosis. Insulin resistance adipocyte-derived exosomes has been shown to promote plaque burden and plaque vulnerability partly by inducing vasa vasorum angiogenesis in diabetic ApoE-/- mice . Gao W eet al.  observedet al. [et al. [Evidence showed that plasma levels of exosomes-related miRNAs could serve as a novel biomarker for diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) , 24. Accet al.  circulatet al. , 27. Thuet al. -28. Yang [et al.  found th [et al. .et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [Furthermore, preclinical studies also revealed Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-derived exosomes exerts beneficial effects for the AMI treatment , 32. MSCet al.  showed t [et al. , bone ma [et al.  revealed [et al.  for the et al. [et al. [et al. [in vitro. Furthermore, CPC-exosomes inhibited cardiomyocyte apoptosis by about 53% compared to PBS control in an acute mouse myocardial ischemia/reperfusion model. Xiao J et al. [In addition, the therapeutic value of other type cells derived exosomes for myocardial infarction and the involved mechanisms were investigated in the recent years. According to Luo Q et al. , exosomeet al. . Anotheret al. . V Vicen [et al.  showed t [et al.  for the J et al.  reportedet al. [et al. [Myocardial fibrosis and remodeling are pathophysiological mechanisms for cardiomyopathy. De Gonzalo-Calvo D et al.  first de [et al.  discloseet al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [-/- mice.Autophagy is an intracellular metabolic self-degradative process regulated by more than 30 highly conserved autophagy-related genes (ATG), in which unwanted cytoplasmic proteins and damaged organelles are degraded by lysosomes. Moderate autophagy is essential for cell homeostasis, while excess of autophagy triggers cell death, indicating that autophagy has both the protective and detrimental functions in the pathological settings , 44, 45.et al.  provided [et al.  showed t [et al. , miR-20a [et al.  presente [et al.  found thet al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [There were two main pathways regulating autophagy, namely, PI3K-Akt-mammalian rapamycin target protein (mTOR) and AMPK-mTOR . PI3K/Aket al. , overexpet al. . In addi [et al.  also sho [et al.  revealed [et al. showed th [et al. , 70. How [et al. , treated [et al.  reportedAutophagy and exosomes maintain cell homeostasis and fitness in a coordinated manner by removal or secretion harmful substance. The crosstalk between autophagic and exosomal pathways, and the property of exosomes and drug nanocarriers make the donation of exosomes as a cardio-protective approach along with the therapeutic potential for cardiac regeneration , 73, 74.


In their report, Nakai et al.  reported


Acta Cryst. (2018), E74, 1517–1520.Erratum to  et al. , the address of the correspondence author is incorrect.In the paper by Sen


The editorial team apologises for this mistake.Azhar et al. [66] should be [67]Memish et al. [67] should be [68]Hemida et al. [68] should be [69]Nowotny et al. [69] should be [70]Raj et al. [70] should be [71]Al Hammadi et al. [71] should be [72]Chu et al. [72] should be [73]Yusof et al. [73] should be [74]Al Salihi et al. [74] should be [75]Munyua et al. [75] should be [76]Li et al. [76] should be [77]Harrath et al. [77] should be [78]Kasem et al. [78] should be [79]Due to an oversight during the final editing of the manuscript, there has been a shift in the references of Additionally, table 1 cites Crameri et al , which w


Dimitriadis et al.) and diffusion MRI . Reliability evaluations are comprehensively investigated for group information guided ICA, independent vector analysis (IVA) . and other high-order functional connectivity . The single-subject spatially-constrained ICA performs favorably compared to IVA  and improves detection of clinical differences compared to drICA . As noted in Button et al. (Tomasi et al. demonstrated a power law of the brain network dynamics, which has been framed into a theory of neural oscillations (Buzsáki and Draguhn, As commented by n et al. , large sn et al. , which cn et al. . This isn et al.  to be imn et al. . Meanwhin et al.  should bn et al. . The worX-NZ drafted the editorial and worked on the revisions with BB and RP.The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.


Molecules deals with the structure–activity relationship of natural compounds which possess some pharmacological/chemical properties of potential interest  in a wide range of areas, such as bacteriology, parasitology, cancerology, inflammation, etc.This Special Issue of Candida albicans was described by Hu et al. [Xanthoceras sorbifolia bunge/yellow horn plant polyphenols by Yang et al. [The molecules that have been studied in the eleven published articles of the Special Issue are mainly derived from plants and are of a varied nature/complexity, ranging from glycyrrhizic acid to alkaloids. Echeverría, J. et al.  focus onu et al. . Finallyu et al. . Activitu et al.  for planu et al.  for anthu et al.  whereas u et al. . Such rag et al. . Anotherg et al.  focused g et al. , dealt wAll these articles are actually highlighting the great potential of natural compounds—and their structural analogs—to act as candidate drugs to treat various diseases, including microbial infections. I would like to thank the authors for their outstanding work in the field of natural compounds.


Acta Cryst. (2018), E74, 1513–1516.Erratum to  et al. , the address of the correspondence author is incorrect.In the paper by Kansiz


Acta Cryst. (2019), E75, 1403–1410.Erratum to  et al. , there was an error and omission in the author and affiliation list.In the paper by Gomes  The complete and correct author list is given above.In the paper by Gomes  al. 2019, one aut


Radiation-induced rescue effect (RIRE) refers to the phenomenon in which detrimental effects in targeted irradiated cells are reduced upon receiving feedback signals from partnered non-irradiated bystander cells, or from the medium previously conditioning these partnered non-irradiated bystander cells. For convenience, in the current review we define two types of RIRE: (i) Type 1 RIRE  and (ii) Type 2 RIRE . The two types of RIRE, as well as the associated mechanisms and chemical messengers, have been separately reviewed. The recent report on the potential effects of RIRE on the traditional colony-formation assays has also been reviewed. Finally, future priorities and directions for research into RIRE are discussed. RIRE was discovered in 2011 , so it iet al.  in the cet al. [et al. [First, when α-particle–induced RIRE was discovered in co-cultured normal human lung fibroblast (NHLF) cells and human cervical cancer (HeLa) cells in 2011 [et al. , 11 reveet al. , 11. Not [et al.  remarkedSecond, subsequent to the discovery of RIRE in 2011  remarkedet al. [et al. [et al. [Third, studies on mechanisms and chemical messengers are important for understanding RIRE. He et al.  demonstr [et al. , 16 reve [et al. . Nitric  [et al. –23, and  [et al. –31 could [et al.  proposedet al. [et al. [Fourth, Adrian et al.  recentlyet al. . Adrian  [et al.  found thThe last section is a discussion about priorities and directions for further research into RIRE.et al. [et al. [As mentioned in the Introduction, RIRE was discovered in 2011 [et al.  observedet al. [et al. [et al. [As mentioned in the Introduction, Fu et al. , 11 unco [et al.  also proet al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. reported that for irradiated lung adenocarcinoma (A549) cells, bystander human lung normal fibroblast (WI38) cells provided a much stronger rescue effect than bystander A549 cells [Nevertheless, Kong et al.  cautione [et al.  proposed [et al. , 11, the [et al.  also poi [et al.  confirme49 cells .Subsequent to the discovery of Type 1 RIRE in 2011 , 11. Intet al. [et al. [137Cs γ-rays when the targeted cells were partnered with non-irradiated ZF4 cells, revealed through fewer γ-H2AX foci. Kong et al. [et al. [Widel et al.  observed [et al.  confirmeg et al.  demonstr [et al.  proposed [et al. , using tet al. [et al. [He et al.  confirme [et al. , 16 confet al. [et al. [et al. [Desai et al.  and Koba [et al.  confirme [et al.  studied et al. [et al. [Upon demonstrating RIRE between co-cultured α-particle–irradiated human macrophage U937 cells and bystander non-irradiated HL-7702 hepatocyte cells, He et al.  revealed [et al. , 16 remaet al. [et al. [et al. [While demonstrating RIRE in α-particle–irradiated HeLa and NIH/3T3 cells (when the targeted cells were co-cultured with the same cell lines that were non-irradiated), Lam et al. , 16 reveet al. ; (ii) RIet al. ; (iii) Ret al. . Althoug [et al. , 16 sugg [et al.  establisras and thus Ras in response to oxidative stress [There is also evidence that NO could be potentially involved in the mechanisms for Type 1 RIRE. The involvement of NO in the bystander effect was extensively studied by Matsumoto and colleagues, and it could also be involved in Types 1 and 2 RIRE. In particular, the radiation-induced, NO-mediated ‘protective bystander effect’ –29 coulde stress , where Re stress , 23. NO e stress . On the e stress  and enhae stress . As suche stress  or its re stress . As disce stress  or its re stress . Furtheret al. [et al. [Kong et al.  exploredet al. ), in whiet al. –47. As pet al. . A unifi [et al.  to involet al. [Kong et al.  studied The authors went on to reveal the IL-6 secretion by these bystander non-irradiated cells, especially those with pre-induced autophagy, when they were cultured in the medium having previously conditioned irradiated HeLa cells. These results suggested that IL-6 could help mitigate damages induced by ionizing radiations. At the same time, the authors also observed that autophagy pre-induction in non-irradiated cells would enhance IL-6 secretion in these non-irradiated cells as well as RIRE in irradiated cells. Judging from these observations, the authors proposed that RIRE could be interpreted as a metabolic cooperation process. Specifically, this process was initiated by bystander factors released from irradiated cells, which induced autophagy and IL-6 secretion (speculated to be produced through activation of STAT3 in bystander non-irradiated cells), and was finally manifested in activation of the NF-κB pathway in irradiated cells by IL-6 secreted by the non-irradiated cells.et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. also revealed that for irradiated lung adenocarcinoma (A549) cells, bystander human lung normal fibroblast (WI38) cells induced a much stronger rescue effect than bystander A549 cells [Kong et al.  also pro [et al. , 11 irra [et al.  confirme49 cells , which a49 cells , 11. WheFigure et al. reported very interesting potential effects of RIRE on the traditional colony-formation assays first introduced by Puck and Marcus in 1956 [et al. [et al. [et al. [In 2018, Adrian  in 1956 . Through [et al.  also fou [et al. –54. Howe [et al. , in whic [et al.  to avoidet al. [The current paper reviewed the RIRE between targeted irradiated cells and non-irradiated bystander cells. Type 1 RIRE was previously reviewed by Lam et al.  in the cet al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [In particular, observation of Type 2 RIRE, which was apparently different from the RIRE first reported in 2011 , 11. Nevet al.  remarked [et al.  were als [et al.  suggeste [et al. –54. Howe [et al. . Apparenet al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [137Cs gamma irradiator.Radiotherapy has been playing a significant role in cancer treatment in the past decades. At the time of its discovery, it was already recognized that RIRE would have far-reaching consequences on the treatment outcome of radiotherapy, particularly noting that non-irradiated normal cells could rescue irradiated cancer cells . There aet al.  did not  [et al. , who obs [et al.  who obse [et al.  used 2 o [et al.  used 20  [et al.  used 70 et al. reported their finding that cysteine protease cathepsin B mediated RIBE in Nature [Nature paper: ‘Dr. Xue hoped to work with other researchers in the future to identify other RIBE factors and mechanisms and help develop drugs that inhibit them.’On the other hand, successfully unveiling the mechanisms underlying RIRE will enable development of drugs and/or alternative treatment procedures to mitigate or exploit RIRE to improve the treatment outcome in patients. This task in fact echoes the general goal of identifying the mechanisms underlying RIBE. For example, Mothersill and Seymour  remarkedn Nature . The corn Nature  reiteratn Nature  also quoet al. [et al. [et al. [Kong et al.  also dis [et al.  proposed [et al.  proposedet al. [et al. [et al. [The above discussion highlighted the important roles of mechanisms and chemical messengers in understanding RIRE, and in mitigating or exploiting RIRE in real life applications. Unfortunately, studies on mechanisms and chemical messengers are still scarce. Lam et al. , 16 propet al. , and  were involved, which has made the results difficult to compare. A preference for future research on RIRE might be to first focus on the cell lines, biological end points and doses already studied in previous studies to facilitate comparison, unless for particular objectives that could not be achieved otherwise. The different doses will be taken care of by studying the radiation dose response for RIRE.


Figure 5. The caption incorrectly states that the figure was from Reed et al. (In the original article, there was a mistake in the caption for d et al.  however d et al.  with perThe authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.Figure 5. Reprinted from Litchfield and Donovan ( Donovan  with per Donovan .


In their comprehensive review on adenoviruses, Khanal et al. omitted obesity as a disease caused by adenovirus 36 (Adv36). Animal studies have shown that experimental infection with Adv36 causes increased adiposity, and human association studies have shown that prior infection with Adv36 is correlated with greater body weight in humans in multiple countries of the world. Biomedicines by Khanal et al. [The paper in l et al.  reviewinl et al. ,3,4. Chil et al. ,3. Monkel et al. ,6,7. Thel et al. ,7. Infecl et al. ,7. Since


Type II SLAP tears predominantly occur in males between their third and fifth decades of life. The mechanism of injury is often repeated overheard activity but can also occur due to direct compression loads and traction injuries. The treatment options have changed over the years and include non-operative therapy, direct labral-biceps complex repair, and labral debridement with biceps tenodesis or tenotomy.To review the existing literature on the management of Type II SLAP tears and provide clinical recommendations based on patient age and activity level.A review of the existing literature through October 2017 investigating the management of Type II SLAP tears was performed. Emphasis was placed on distinguishing the outcomes based on age and activity level to provide an appropriate treatment algorithm.Patients with Type II SLAP tears should first be trialed with non-operative management and many patients will have a successful result with ability to return to their respective sports or activities. Surgical management should be considered if non-operative management does not provide symptomatic relief. Young, athletic, or high-demand patients should be treated with a SLAP repair while biceps tenodesis should be considered for older or worker’s compensation patients. Patients undergoing revision surgery for a failed SLAP repair should be managed with biceps tenodesis.Type II SLAP tears remain a difficult pathology to manage clinically, but the treatment indications are narrowing. The age and activity algorithm described in this review provides an effective method of managing this complex clinical condition. SLAP tel [et al  direct cl [et al . These ll [et al . SLAP tel [et al . Overheal [et al . Physical [et al -11 as mol [et al , 13. Magl [et al  despite l [et al , but MRIet al recognizes the influence of these cross over patients and concludes that SLAP tears may be overtreated and requires more narrowed indications in the case of repair. In that light, our paper explains the senior author’s indications and reasoning behind the treatment for each treatment group .As these lesions became better defined and imaging quality improved there was an increase in diagnosis  and surg2et al [et al [In most cases, all patients should first be trialed with non-operative treatment. This decision-making is in the context that incidental labral abnormalities are common by MRI, and the natural history of the neglected-labral tear is not associated with the development of other relevant pathology that can otherwise be prevented with early treatment. In other words, benign neglect is acceptable if the patient can be made to tolerate their symptoms or to become asymptomatic with normal function. Non-operative treatment has shown success in groups including high-level athletes -45. Edwaet al  performeet al . Jang etl [et al . Of notel [et al . While s3et al [Repetitive overhead motion, especially amongst throwers is believed to be one of the primary causes of SLAP tears. The biological adaptations in muscular and ligamentous anatomy in an overhead thrower was outlined by Burkhart et al  includinet al . While net al  and primet al . Cadaveret al -52, espeet al . These set al , 54.et al [et al [et al [et al with the senior author (BJC) [et al [et al [et al [Despite conflicting cadaveric studies, young active patients, particularly overhead throwers, have been deemed the best candidates for repair of type II SLAP tears. Systematic reviews have demonstrated that patients who are younger athletes have better outcome scores and more reliable return to sport following SLAP repair , 55. Sayl [et al  and Ide l [et al  reportedl [et al , 55-58. or (BJC)  exemplif) [et al  and Ide l [et al . An excel [et al  who revil [et al .et al [et al [2). At some point, we will often utilize selective injections as a pre-operative diagnostic tool. Immediate but temporary relief with a local anesthetic injection into the glenhohumeral joint in the absence of biceps pain or provocative symptoms in the biceps with physical examination is relatively specific to labral pathology in the absence of any other identifiable pain generator.Elite level throwers are a population that has been closely studied. Baseball players, specifically pitchers, are susceptible to SLAP tears and have the lowest return to sport outcomes . While oet al  found thl [et al . Militarl [et al . Age greet al [et al [et al [et al [et al including our senior author (BJC) concluded that bicep tenodesis is viable option for both primary and revision cases, but should be used with caution in overhead athletes. Despite these findings, Major League Baseball team surgeons still overwhelming favor repair over debridement or tenodesis [Tenodesis in a younger athletic patient may have a limited role in treating this patient group. Bicep tenodesis has proven effective in revision SLAP tears , 60-62. et al  reviewedet al , 30, 63.l [et al  demonstrl [et al . As outll [et al , but a rl [et al . Chalmerl [et al  found thl [et al . Straussenodesis .et al [Due to the results of biomechanical studies of the role of the biceps labral complex in glenohumeral stability -52 some et al  found th4et al [et al [et al [et al [et al [et al [et al [et al [et al [et al [et al [3). Notably, there is a trend toward the use of biceps tenodesis in younger patients as a primary treatment.Numerous studies to date have linked the outcomes of SLAP repair versus tenodesis to the patient’s age , 61, 69.et al  and Schrl [et al  documentl [et al . Katz etl [et al  retrospel [et al . Taylor l [et al  analysisl [et al . This stl [et al  found sil [et al , 25, 29.l [et al  and Ek el [et al  had 93% 5et al [et al [Superior labrum anterior to posterior tears often do not present in isolation , 13, andet al  retrospeet al . Francesl [et al  found pal [et al . In manyet al [et al [When deciding between tenodesis and tenotomy in treatment of SLAP tears, the senior author recommends a thorough discussion with the patient and selective intraarticular and biceps tendon sheath injections to assess for primary pain generators. Hsu et al  performeet al . We agrel [et al  in that 6et al. [et al [et al [Risk factors for failure of SLAP repair include age, smoking, obesity, female sex, and concomitant bicep pathology , 69, 70.et al.  found thet al. . McCormi. [et al , however. [et al . In the l [et al  there wel [et al , 60, 62,SLAP tears can cause persistent pain and dysfunction in the shoulder and the management of Type II tears remains an evolving process with narrowing indications. Based on the existing literature, Type II tears in young (<40 years of age), athletic or high demand patients should be treated with direct SLAP repair. In older patients and worker’s compensation patients, Type II tears should often be treated with bicep tenodesis do to the higher rate of complications and revision/failures of repair in this population. In the cases of revision, bicep tenodesis remains an excellent solution for a difficult clinical scenario.


When the term dietary fibre was first coined, over sixty years ago, it only referred to plant cell walls in the diet. Since then, the definition of dietary fibre has changed considerably, and the term now encompasses a wide range of different components, including resistant starches and non-digestible oligosaccharides. As a consequence, a huge “library” of publications on dietary fibres is currently available . These The review by Barbara Williams et al.  providesThis conclusion is supported by the results of the study of Samsu U. Nurdin et al. . Here, eAs outlined in the review by O’Keefe (2016) , a dietaThe paper by Tahir Rasool Qamar et al.  concludeThe review by Li Pan et al.  indicateThe review of Abdallah Ghonimy et al.  addresseIn their study, Sophie Fehlbaum et al.  used an Finally, another elegant in vitro study was described by Susanne Naumann et al. . They in