Poultry is reared in open side houses in most of the tropical countries, which results in huge temperature variation in shed causing stress resulting in increased demand of antioxidant supplementation. Since cooling of poultry houses or environment control is very expensive, thus methods focused on nutritional modifications appears to be the much logical approach. Stress increases mineral and vitamin mobilization from tissues and their excretion. Effect of some minerals and vitamin supplements such as chromium (Cr) and ascorbic acid to elevate the negative effects of environmental stress is well documented. Cr functions as an antioxidant and its deficiency are said to disrupt carbohydrate and protein metabolism. Cr has been utilized for weight gain, to improve feed conversion ratio, increase relative organ weight, muscle development, decrease cholesterol, increase high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and improve nutrient digestion. Therefore, the present review discusses the beneficial aspects of Cr with its effect in different doses and antioxidant combinations to explore and promote its optimum utilization in poultry nutrition and production. Birds af 10-25% . Cr is sf 10-25% -21.et al. [Although birds do not require any dietary vitamin source as it can synthesize vitamin C. Pardue and Thaxton  reportedet al.  reportedThe present review discusses the beneficial aspects of Cr with its effect in different doses and antioxidant combinations to explore and promote its optimum utilization in poultry nutrition and production. So, it will be highly useful for scientists, researchers, veterinary professionals, poultry industry, pharmaceutical industry to enrich their knowledge in promoting Cr, and its antioxidant combination usage.et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [A plenty of literature suggests that supplementation of Cr at different levels and combinations in poultry improved feed intake and efficiency ,25. Kim et al.  revealed [et al.  reported [et al.  conducte [et al.  conducte [et al.  observat [et al.  evaluateet al. [th week during summer in comparison to control.Many studies support Cr supplementation in poultry diet to improve performance during heat or cold stress ,24,32. Set al.  reportedet al. [There are studies which support synergistic action of Cr and other antioxidants during stress conditions, by sparing each other resulting in enhanced performance of birds . Sahin aet al.  conducteet al. [et al. [th week only, the differences with respect to the live weight gain between control group birds and all Cr-supplemented experimental groups were found to be significant. Halder and Ghosh [et al. [viz., 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 mg Cr-yeast/kg diet in broiler chickens. They inferred that live body weight and weight gain significantly increased in broiler supplemented with 0.5 and 1.0 mg Cr-yeast/kg feed at end of 3 weeks, whereas, at the end of 5th week, high dosage of Cr-yeast supplementation  resulted in significantly increased live body weight and weight gain. However, there are studies which suggest that supplementation of Cr had no effect on body weight gain of broilers [et al. [Cr supplementation increases the live weight gain and carcass yield in broilers . Accordiet al.  conducte [et al.  conductend Ghosh  observed [et al.  examinedbroilers ,30,39. L [et al.  conclude [et al. .et al. [Many studies suggest that Cr performs better in terms of weight gain and carcass conformation in combination with antioxidants such as ascorbic acid or vitamin E ,41,42, eet al.  conducteet al.  effects et al.  carried Cr is biologically active as part of a biomolecule called chromodulin, which is part of an insulin signaling pathway thus affecting carbohydrate and lipid metabolism via the action of insulin . Insulinet al. [et al. [3) and organic (Cr-yeast and Cr-pic) were significantly decreased as compared with control group. Aslanian et al. [Bakhiet and Elbadwi  on the bet al.  conducte [et al.  observedn et al.  conducten et al. .et al. [et al. [In recent years, considerable research attention on the utilization of Cr in broiler diets has been given and several studies on the effects of Cr on cholesterol level and lipid profile have been published. In general, supplemental Cr has reduced the fat in serum and carcass as well ,33. Moeiet al.  conclude [et al.  also rep [et al.  and a de [et al.  have bee [et al. . Researc [et al. ,55.et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [Kroliczewska et al.  evaluateet al.  investiget al.  observed [et al.  conducte [et al.  conducte [et al.  observed [et al.  observed [et al.  conducte [et al.  observedet al. [Several researches have reported that the combination of vitamin C and Cr caused more significant changes in lipid profile of broilers than either vitamin C or Cr alone and speculated about the synergistic action of vitamin C and Cr. It was seen that serum glucose and cholesterol concentrations decreased, whereas protein concentration increased when both dietary vitamin C also Cr were supplemented. Increasing concentrations of corticosterone were parallel to increases in serum glucose and cholesterol concentrations . Throughet al.  found thet al. . It has et al.  reportedet al. .et al. [et al. [Cr is also a cofactor of insulin, promoting insulin activity , and enhet al.  observed [et al.  reported [et al. .et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [Kroliczewska et al.  conducteet al.  reported [et al.  reported [et al.  reported [et al.  reported [et al.  conducte [et al.  observed [et al.  reportedet al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [Since Cr, vitamin E, and vitamin C (postulated to be antioxidants) have a protective effect on pancreatic tissue against oxidative damage ,74; theyet al.  conducte [et al.  observed [et al.  conducte [et al.  experimeet al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [3 increased serum Ca and Mg in laying hens. Effects of different levels of organic and inorganic Cr (Cr chloride and Cr L-methionine) showed an increase in serum Cr and Zn concentrations but decrease in Cu contents [Sahin and Onderci  reportedet al.  documentet al.  noted th [et al.  observed [et al. , the sup [et al.  found th [et al.  reportedcontents . Dietarycontents , while Ccontents .The hexavalent form of Cr has toxic effects on birds as it promotes the early aging process, reduces hatching ability and effects liver also . It alsoDietary Cr has useful effects on feed consumption, nutrient digestibility, growth, lipid profile, and carcass characteristics. It is an essential mineral element that plays an important role in livestock and poultry nutrition, and recently, it has gained public attention due to its well-established effect on reducing cholesterol level of meat. Cardiovascular diseases such as coronary heart disease and atherosclerosis in humans are the leading cause of death worldwide which are strongly related to dietary intake of cholesterol and saturated fat. Thus, decreasing intake of cholesterol and saturated fats will be a choice of our health conscious society that too without compromising a lot on eating habits of economically growing society. Thus lean meat production through chromium supplementation will be in vogue in future.. Abdominal fat in poultry is considered as waste, and unnecessary wastage of feed energy and Cr supplementation has very promising response according to various studies conducted. From the above literature, it can be clearly pointed out that Cr when combined with ascorbic acid has got synergetic action. While in combination with vitamin E such results were not seen. Thus, it can be inferred that Cr in combination with ascorbic acid offers best results.ZH and RK wrote the introduction, feed intake, feed conversion and Growth Performance. MK, MY and SA compiled Hematological Profile, Carcass Characteristics and Meat Lipid Profile. MG and TKV wrote Serum minerals, toxicity and conclusion. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.


Banerjee  The use of reversible bond formation or dynamic covalent chemistry (DCC) is key, as it allows for ‘error correction’ during the assembly of the network. Hence, DCC results in the formation of the thermodynamically stable product, promoting an ordered atomistic arrangement in the COF, in contrast to the amorphous nature of most polymers. The structure of the frameworks can generally be characterized by powder diffraction analysis, often in combination with molecular modelling, although the single-crystal structures of a small number of three-dimensional COFs have been determined using X-ray  – polymeric materials that form ordered porous architectures – can exhibit a range of compelling properties, such as high gas uptake capacities and facile charge transport, that can be tuned by diversifying the composition of the organic network (Huang et al., 2003et al., 2007et al., 2007et al., 2008et al., 2016et al., 2016et al., 2007et al., 2013et al., 2009et al., 2016et al., 2009et al., 2013et al., 2015et al., 2012et al., 2016et al., 2016et al., 2013et al., 2014et al., 2016The design and assembly of COFs can be guided by the principles of reticular chemistry (Yaghi et al., 2010et al., 2016et al., 2009et al., 2015et al., 2014et al., 2016et al., 2016et al., 2015et al., 2016et al., 2016et al., 2012et al., 2012et al., 2013et al., 2014Although COFs can exhibit diverse functional properties that highlight potential applications in areas such as gas capture and storage (Mendoza-Cortés IUCrJ by Banerjee et al. dramatically demonstrates the chemical stability that can be accessed by synthesizing keto-enamine-linked COFs, and exploits this to develop an environmentally benign protocol for the scalable synthesis of COFs in acidified water (Thote et al., 2016The recent paper published in et al., 20162 capture (Zeng et al., 2016The development of water-stable COFs has improved the prospect of their practical use in areas such as proton-exchange membranes (Shinde


The purpose of the review was to assess the effect of root canal irrigants on dentin bonding. A PubMed-based search was conducted on the articles published from 1980 to 2016. A brief overview and reviewing the effect on dentin bonding of common root canal irrigation solutions such as sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), chlorhexidine (CHX), ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), mixture of a tetracycline, acid and a detergent (MTAD) and ozone was conducted. Findings showed that, depending on the type of dentin bonding, using NaOCl may decrease, increase or not affect the bond strength. In addition, due to its broad-spectrum matrix metalloproteinase-inhibitory effect, CHX as well as MTAD can significantly improve the resin-dentin bond stability. However, the effect of ozone therapy on bond strength was controversial. The conventional belief that all endodontically-treated teeth are weaker or more brittle than vital teeth, have led to the philosophy encouraging aggressive reinforcement of remaining tooth structure. Until recently, non-vital teeth were usually treated with a crown, core, and/or dowel which often led to remaining tooth structure being sacrificed for the preparation of a traditional cast restoration . HoweverRetrieval of literatureAn English-limited Medline search was performed through the articles published in PubMed from 1980 to 2016. The searched keywords included “Dentin Bonding AND Sodium Hypochlorite”, “Dentin Bonding AND Chlorhexidine", "Dentin Bonding AND MTAD”, “Dentin Bonding AND EDTA” and "Dentin Bonding AND Ozone". Then, a hand search was done in the references of result articles to find more matching papers. ResultsA total of 927 articles were found which included “Dentin Bonding AND Sodium Hypochlorite” (309 articles), “Dentin Bonding AND Chlorhexidine" (250 articles), "Dentin Bonding AND MTAD” (20 articles), “Dentin Bonding AND EDTA” (328 articles) and "Dentin bonding AND Ozone" (20 articles). Of 927 searched documents, only English papers and full-text articles were used (book chapters and abstracts were not included). In addition, common search results between paired keywords were excluded. Therefore, of 927 searched documents, 80 were included in the study.Sodium hypochlorite Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) is recommended as the main endodontic irrigant because of its ability to dissolve organic matter together with its broad antimicrobial action . NaOCl iEffect on dentin bondinget al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [Dentin is degenerated by NaOCl due to dissolution of dentinal collagen . Moreoveet al.  evaluate [et al.  found th [et al.  assessed [et al.  compared [et al.  investig [et al.  evaluate [et al.  evaluate [et al.  evaluate [et al.  indicate [et al.  found th [et al.  demonstr [et al.  indicate [et al.  examined [et al.  evaluateChlorhexidineChlorhexidine (CHX), a cationic bisguanide, is stable as a salt although it dissociates in water at a physiologic pH, releasing the CHX component . It is fRole of CHX in stabilizing the organic matrix of the resin-dentin bondin vivo study, in which the application of CHX, known to have a broad-spectrum MMP-inhibitory effect [et al. [in vitro effect of CHX on the resin-dentin bond stability. Results showed that with CHX, significantly better preservation of bond strength was observed after 6 months and protease inhibitors in the storage medium had no effect. Failure analysis showed significantly less failure in the hybrid layer with CHX, compared with controls after 6 months. Furthermore, they evaluated the effect of CHX on the preservation of the hybrid layer in vivo. Findings showed that bond strength remained stable in the CHX-treated specimens, while bond strength decreased significantly in control teeth. Resin-infiltrated dentin in CHX-treated specimens exhibited normal structural integrity of the collagen network. Conversely, progressive disintegration of the fibrillar network was identified in control specimens. They concluded that auto-degradation of collagen matrices can occur in resin-infiltrated dentin, but may be prevented by the application of a synthetic protease inhibitor, such as CHX [During the last two decades, chemical and technical advances have contributed to increases in resin-dentin bond strength. However, the premature loss of bond strength is one of the problems that still affects adhesive restorations  and marky effect , signifiy effect . Carrilh [et al.  evaluateh as CHX .A recent study evaluated the effect of CHX application protocol on durability of marginal seal of class V composite restorations . FindingOn the whole, due to its broad-spectrum MMP-inhibitory effect, CHX can significantly improve the stability of resin-dentin bond.MTADet al. [et al. [E. faecalis. Newberry et al. showed that MTAD inhibited growth of most strains of E. faecalis when diluted 1:8192 times and killed most strains of E. faecalis when diluted 1:512 times. Antibacterial efficacy of MTAD has been revealed in some other studies. Mixture of a tetracycline, acid and a detergent (BioPure MTAD) , is a root canal irrigant introduced by Torabinejad et al. , 47. Theet al. -49. Seve [et al.  have shoet al. [et al. [et al. [Torabinejad et al. , 47 show [et al.  sated th [et al. .i.e. flexural strength and modulus of elasticity) of dentin [Substantivity of MTAD has been demonstrated for up to 4 weeks , 50. Furf dentin . Effect on dentin bondingTetracyclines have also been shown to inhibit mammalian collagenases. Inflammatory diseases such as periodontitis include a pathological excess of tissue collagenases that may be blocked by tetracyclines, leading to enhanced formation of collagen and bone formation. Doxycycline, a hydroxyl derivative of tetracycline, is the most potent anticollagenase antibiotic among commercially available tetracyclines , and is et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [Machnick et al.  compared [et al.  evaluate [et al.  reported [et al.  found th [et al.  evaluate [et al.  demonstrOn the whole, due to its broad-spectrum MMP-inhibitory effect, MTAD can significantly improve the resin-dentin bond stability. EDTA2+ and Fe3+ [Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) is a chelating amino acid which is widely used to sequester di- and trivalent metal ions. EDTA binds to metals through four carboxylate and two amine groups. EDTA forms especially strong complexes with Mn, Cu, Fe and Co . EDTA isand Fe3+ . After band Fe3+ .et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [Morris et al.  found th [et al.  showed t [et al.  showed t [et al.  showed tOzone3) is a triatomic molecule consisting of three oxygen atoms. Its molecular weight is 47, 98 g/mol and thermo-dynamically highly instable compound that, depending on system conditions like temperature and pressure, decompose to pure oxygen with a short half-life [°C) than oxygen. Although ozone is not a radical molecule, it is the third most potent oxidant after fluorine and per sulfate. Ozone is an unstable gas that cannot be stored and should be used at once because it has a half-life of 40 min at 20°C [3) is naturally produced by the photo dissociation of molecular oxygen (O2) into activated oxygen atoms, which then react with further oxygen molecules. This transient radical anion rapidly becomes protonated, generating hydrogen trioxide (HO3), which, in turn, decomposes to an even more powerful oxidant, the hydroxyl radical (OH) [via an electrical discharge field. Ozone gas has a high oxidation potential and is 1.5 times greater than chloride when used as an antimicrobial agent against bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa. It also has the capacity to stimulate blood circulation and the immune response. Such features justify the current interest in its application in medicine and dentistry and have been indicated for the treatment of 260 different pathologies [Ozone  , 62. It Effect on dentin bondinget al. [et al. [Schmidlin et al.  evaluate [et al.  showed tet al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [Magni et al.  indicate [et al.  demonstr [et al.  revealed [et al.  showed t [et al.  showed t [et al.  ozone de [et al.  indicate [et al.  ozone di [et al.  revealedNaOCl may decrease, increase or not affect the bond strength, depending on the type of bonding system. In addition, CHX and MTAD can significantly improve the resin-dentin bond stability which is attributed to their MMP-inhibitory effect. The effect of ozone therapy on bond strength was controversial.


Sir,et al. with a great interest.[I read the article by Shobha interest. I agree interest.


Cannabinoids have been used medicinally and recreationally for thousands of yearsand their effects were proposed to occur mainly via activation of the G-protein-coupledreceptor  Many of these compounds are structurally related to Cannabis sativa (marijuana), which has been used medicinally and recreationally for thousands of years. THC exhibits diverse pharmacological activities in vitro and in vivo. These responses include alterations in cognition and memory, euphoria, immobility, analgesia, hypothermia, and sedation . The mo(Howlett ).Cannabis sativa. Cannabidiol (CBD) also belongs to this group and may modulate the response to THC by decreasing anxiety and antagonizing other THC-effects . The sei et al. ). The thi et al. ). Followi et al. ) have bei et al. ). Althou1/CB2, studies in CB1, CB2, or CB1/CB2 double knockout mice have revealed non-CB1/CB2 receptor-mediated responses to cannabinoids, both in the CNS and periphery  . For exd Martin ). Since d Martin ). PEA hao et al. ; Breivog1/CB2-independent effects of cannabinoids is the PPAR (peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor) family of nuclear receptor transcription factors. The three subtypes of PPARs (PPARIn addition to G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) and other plasma membrane receptors, another potential candidate for CBThe natural ligands for PPARs include fatty acids and eicosanoid derivatives Table . In genes et al. ). This lr et al. ). Althouu et al. ). It is y et al. ) insteadn et al. ). All ofnoids PGA and PGD2n et al. ). Among . et al. ).The study of cannabinoids effects on PPARs started from the investigation of N-acyl ethanolamine OEA, a naturally occurring lipid derivative structurally related to anandamide which shares the anorectic property of other cannabinoids. Although OEA is a  CB receptor agonist and could enhance the activity of other endocannabinoids via an “entourage” effect by inhibiting the metabolism of other endocannabinoids, its regulation of feeding behaviour in rats appears to be due to its activation on PPARu et al. ; Fu et au et al. ). In vivn et al. ).1 antagonist SR141716A and it does not show any binding ability to CB1/CB2 . It alsdney HEK-3 cells . The dau et al. ).2+ and K+ Task-1 ion channels have been demonstrated , T-typt et al. ). Catalyo et al. ). Over to et al. ). After o et al. ). Additio et al. ). Througa et al. ) and PPAn et al. ). Anandaa et al. ). Anandan et al. ). It is o et al. ). Howeven et al. ). In addl et al. ). The in1/CB2 can potentially lead to the activation of PPARs. Ligand-binding to CB1/CB2 receptors elicit a concentration-dependent increase in the activity of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), which is independent of adenylate cyclase inhibition . NPAA ia et al. ). Endocaa et al. ). Anothet et al. ). Thus, a et al. ). PPARs a et al. ). Consid1/CB2 and related downstream signalling cascades; nuclear receptors PPARs provide an additional mechanism for cannabinoids regulation of gene transcription which may associate with their long-term exposure consequences. Many therapeutic effects of cannabinoids including management of glaucoma, rebel of inflammatory and neuropathic pain, amelioration of certain types of cancer, and various kinds of motor dysfunction associated with multiple sclerosis, spinal cord injury, and ischemic stroke can be connected with PPARs as well . In sum


Dear Editor,et al.[I read the comments given by Pandey et al. It is diet al. into a bet al.. There iet al. and not et al. A right et al. The ductet al. Not everet al.[The authors have wasted time and space by writing more and more about bilateral BS which was not necessary. I have pet al. In scien


Heavy metal is widely used in industries and presents as a problematic environmental pollution. Some heavy metals, especially lead and mercury, are well described for their occupational and environmental intoxication whereas the other minor heavy metals are less concerned. In this article, the author will present the details of occupational and environmental minor heavy metal intoxication. This review focuses mainly on aluminum, tin, copper, manganese, chromium, cadmium and nickel. Heavy metal is widely used in industries and presents as an important environmental pollution. Heavy metal intoxication is a new public health threat in the present day. Some heavy metals, especially lead and mercury, are well described for their occupational and environmental intoxication whereas the other minor heavy metals are less concerned. In this article, the author will review the details of occupational and environmental minor heavy metal intoxication. This review focuses mainly on aluminum, tin, copper, manganese, chromium, cadmium and nickel.et al.  et al.[eet al.[et al.[et al.[et al.[et al.[There are many reports on nickel intoxication in industrial workers. A high risk of respiratory cancer is mentioned for some specific groups of nickel-exposed workers. It is clet al. studied et al. Kiilunenl.[et al. performel.[et al. However,l.[et al. reportedl.[et al. also notl.[et al. Bernackil.[et al. recommenl.[et al.Environmental nickel intoxication is mainly concerned with drinking water. Nickel is a common cocontaminate with lead and copper. The chro


Dear Sir,et al., with great interest.[et al. reported the use of a chromatography-based technique for this purpose.[et al., reported an ELISA and ELISA dipstick technique.[et al.,[I have read the recent publication by Singh interest. The meas purpose. A good d purpose. However,echnique. In addit.[et al., also rep


Sir,et al. with a great interest.[et al. reached the conclusion that “there is no effect of BMI and sex on the prevalence of microalbuminuria”.[et al.,[I read the recent publication by Chowta interest. Chowta eminuria”. Indeed, .[et al., BMI is a.[et al., The corr


Sir,et al.4I read with great interest the article by Marya


Dear Editor,et al[We thank Kumar et al for theiet al and the et al.[et al.[et al.[et al.[We do agree that cases reported from the series by Leibovitch et al. and Tabal.[et al. were notl.[et al. was not l.[et al. was orbiWe would like to clarify that the axial proptosis was 2 mm and 2 mm was the inferior displacement.We do agree that debulking is essential. However, this patient only had an incisional biopsy for diagnosis and opted to be under follow-up.


Dear Sir,et al.[et al.,[et al.,[et al.[I read the interesting article ‘Concomitant laparoscopic urological procedures: Does it contribute to morbidity?’ written by Mourya et al. Author het al. Bilatera.[et al., Jenkins ,[et al., Dunn et .,[et al. have sim


Dear Editor,et al. with great interest.[et al, conclude that the polymerization reaction might also be an important factor in the antibacterial properties of liquid ethyl-cyanoacrylate (EC) and N-butyl-cyanoacrylate (BC).[et al,[et al.[I read the recent publication on cyanoacrylate tissue adhesive by Romero interest. Romero eate (BC). Indeed, ).[et al, is of in).[et al, The polyl,[et al. Based onl,[et al.4 and thi


Clozapine has been used in the treatment of schizophrenia for about two decades and extensive data have been accumulated with regard to its use in various parts of the world. However, in contrast to Western countries, there are few studies which have evaluated the usefulness of clozapine in Indian patients. This article attempts to review the available data on clozapine originating from India. This review reflects the fact that there are few studies from the Indian subcontinent and most of these are case reports. In view of the same, there is a need for further research to evaluate the effectiveness of clozapine in India. Clozapine was discovered in 1958 in Bern, Switzerland, and in clinical trials it was shown to be an effective antipsychotic agent that didn’t have extrapyramidal side effects. However, the enthusiasm about clozapine was dampened with the discovery of its hematological toxicity. This wasOver the last two decades extensive data has accumulated with regard to use of clozapine worldwide,5 but onlLately, there was a review in Indian Journal of Psychiatry that foc7et al.[et al.[et al.[et al.[et al.[et al.[et al[Only 9 out of the 17 studies have evaluated the efficacy or effectiveness of clozapine, chiefly focusing on the short-term improvement and three on the long-term effects. In an open-labeled study, Desai l.[et al. describel.[et al. describel.[et al. evaluatel.[et al. evaluatel.[et al. examinedl.[et al. reportedl.[et al. reportedet al.[9/L). Out of 28 patients who received clozapine (duration 21-184 weeks), five (17.8%) had experienced at least one episode of thrombocytopenia. All five patients developed thrombocytopenia while taking therapeutic doses of clozapine ranging from 50-400 mg/day. There was no difference between those who developed thrombocytopenia and those who did not, with respect to age at the time of starting start of clozapine therapy, gender, psychiatric diagnosis, duration of illness, and duration of clozapine therapy. The minimum interval between the start of clozapine therapy and the appearance of thrombocytopenia was 6 weeks and the maximum interval was 44 weeks. The episodes of thrombocytopenia lasted for 1-12 weeks and all the episodes resolved without reducing the clozapine dosage. None of the patients had an overt clinical manifestation or complication of thrombocytopenia or other hematological abnormalities such as leukopenia, neutropenia, or agranulocytosis. Of 4 patients (80%) who had more than one episode of thrombocytopenia, the condition was worse in subsequent episodes for 3 patients. In another study, Praharaj et al.[Jagadheesan et al. in a retaj et al. used cloA study from Chennai which included 68 persons with schizophrenia assessed the direct cost of treatment with clozapine. Of the 68 patients, 42 were males, and the mean duration of illness was around 12 years. The mean age of the sample was 37 years. Before they were started on clozapine, most of the patients had been on a combination of at least 2-3 neuroleptics as well as some adjuvant drugs. When they were shifted to clozapine, in most cases, it was used as monotherapy and the average dose was about 200 mg per day and no adjuvants were required. After a period of six months, the authors found that despite the costs of blood tests, the total cost of treatment with clozapine came down by nearly 25%. Except for two cases, the families of most of the patients were spending less on treatment. None of these patients had to be hospitalized and all of them continued as outpatients.[et al.[Solanki et al. in theirShrivastava and Shah surveyedet al.[et al.[Srinivasan and Latha reportedet al. reportedl.[et al. reportedl.[et al. reportedl.[et al. reportedDutta and Kumar reportedet al.[et al.[et al.[et al.[et al.[et al.[et al.[et al[Agarwal and Khalid describeet al. reportedl.[et al. describel.[et al. describel.[et al. describel.[et al. describel.[et al. describel.[et al. describel.[et al. describel.[et al. describel.[et al. reportedl.[et al. describel.[et al. describel.[et al. reportedl.[et al. describel.[et al. describel.[et al. reportedal.[et al describeet al.[Mendhekar et al. describeet al. reportedet al. describeet al. also repet al. reportedet al.[Mendhekar et al. reportedet al[Srinivasan and Thomas describeet al describeet al.[et al.[Arora et al. reportedet al. used clol.[et al. reportedThis review shows that most of the studies on clozapine in India are either in the form of open-labeled studies, retrospective chart reviews, or case reports. The total available literature is on about 500 patients only. None of the studies have evaluated clozapine in a randomized controlled trial. Despite this limitation it can be concluded that clozapine leads to significant improvement in patients with schizophrenia having history of poor response to other antipsychotics. There is some evidence in the form of case reports of its usefulness in treatment of conditions like lithium-induced tardive dystonia and neurogenic bladder. Further, serious side effects like seizures and agranulocytopenia are rare. However, there is a need for more well-designed studies from Indian subcontinent to evaluate the usefulness of clozapine.


Besides bringing together scientists from the field of bioinformatics in this region, InCoB is actively involving researchers from the area of systems biology, to facilitate greater synergy between these two groups. Marking the 10th Anniversary of APBioNet, this InCoB 2008 meeting followed on from a series of successful annual events in Bangkok (Thailand), Penang , Auckland , Busan (South Korea), New Delhi (India) and Hong Kong. Additionally, tutorials and the Workshop on Education in Bioinformatics and Computational Biology (WEBCB) immediately prior to the 20th Federation of Asian and Oceanian Biochemists and Molecular Biologists (FAOBMB) Taipei Conference provided ample opportunity for inducting mainstream biochemists and molecular biologists from the region into a greater level of awareness of the importance of bioinformatics in their craft. In this editorial, we provide a brief overview of the peer-reviewed manuscripts accepted for publication herein, grouped into thematic areas. As the regional research expertise in bioinformatics matures, the papers fall into thematic areas, illustrating the specific contributions made by APBioNet to global bioinformatics efforts.The 2008 annual conference of the Asia Pacific Bioinformatics Network (APBioNet), Asia's oldest bioinformatics organisation set up in 1998, was organized as the 7 Established in 1998 -4) strivet al. [), test-deployed in Vietnam and elsewhere in 2007. These activities represent APBioNet's growing efforts at contributing to the software development scene for bioinformatics, instead of being solely a passive recipient of technology.Pursuant to APBionet's initial efforts of the BioMirrors initiative, in collaboration with the Asia Pacific Advanced Network (APAN),  to develet al.  developeWhile constantly striving to establish better access to data and analysis tools, APBioNet's priorities also extended to education and training of the life science community, with active participation in initiatives such as the S* Life Science Informatics Alliance  and WorkBMC Bioinformatics supplement, starting in 2006 [Having reached an international peer-reviewed high-impact factor standard in journal publication, APBioNet embarked on further raising the standards for the region by publishing a dedicated  in 2006 ,14. By 2Papers submitted to these proceedings were peer-reviewed by at least two reviewers, from the APBioNet/InCoB program committee members and external experts as required , has provoked intense research. Chang et al.  propose  [et al. , using a [et al.  while Tr [et al.  explore et al. [et al. [et al. [The regulatory role of RNAs is dependent on their binding to specific proteins. Cheng et al.  present  [et al.  propose  [et al.  to accuret al. [et al. [Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are key elements in genomics research, importantly for correlating genetic variations with disease outcomes. VarDetect  is a ne [et al. ).et al. [et al. [et al. [in silico ligand docking by Gowthaman et al. [Understanding protein interactions and networks can provide a deep insight into the functions of biological molecules generally. Lee et al.  have ext [et al.  propose  [et al. ). The fun et al. , in the et al. [Proteins are functional only if they are transported to specific cellular compartments. Choo and Ranganathan  report tet al.  have expet al. [Temporal changes in the interactions and concentrations of biological molecules are critical to systems biology. Using model systems, Wu et al.  present et al [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [As part of our quest to efficiently address healthcare issues, delving through the ever-increasing biomedical literature presents an immense challenge. Tsai et al  propose  [et al.  have com [et al.  address  [et al.  propose  [et al.  have eva [et al.  have comet al. [et al. [The application of bioinformatics approaches to data from several other areas such as biodiversity and ecology is only logical . In thiset al.  have dev [et al.  have creConsidering the scope and depth of topics covered in this issue, Asia Pacific bioinformatics research has maintained its level of research achievement, previously set with high standards in 2006. This area is now acknowledged to be a core research discipline in our educational and research institutions. The efforts expended into setting up the bioinformatics resource infrastructure have started to yield dividends, with a number of papers bearing the names of graduate research students as first authors.Further, bioinformatics is now considered essential to provide substantial support to genomics and health research, as reported by workers from Thailand . RegionaThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.APBioNet InCoB2008 Program Committee members.Click here for file


Sir,et al.[I recently read with great interest the current publication of Ghosh et al. It is inet al. The othe


Mangifera indica, is a common tropical fruit. It is a favorable sweet for millions of people living in several tropical countries.et al,Mango,


In Figure 1 of [Harvey et al ] the plotted data were inverted. The correct Figure is shown below. The text and statistical analyses in [Harvey et al ] are correct. In Figure


Sir,et al. with great interest.[et al. report on a new alternative method of measurement of pyruvate dehydrogenase enzyme by dipstick test in traumatic brain injury and mentions that this alternative has many advantages over the classical spectrophotometric method.[et al.,[et al. have given the direct cost of each test in their paper. These data will be useful for further decision making regarding the use of the new dipstick test.I read the article by Sharma interest. Sharma ec method. Pathophyc method. Since thc method. Measuremc method. and the c method. However,.[et al., a new di


The HIV/AIDS epidemic remains of global significance and there is a need to target (a) the adolescent age-groups in which most new infections occur; and (b) sub-Saharan Africa where the greatest burden of the epidemic lies. A focused systematic review of school-based sexual health interventions in sub-Saharan Africa to prevent HIV/AIDS and Sexually Transmitted Infections (STI) in this age group was therefore conducted.a priori criteria for studies published between 1986 and 2006. Further searches were conducted in UNAIDS and WHO  websites, and 'Google'. Relevant journals were hand-searched and references cited in identified articles were followed up.Searches were conducted in Medline, Embase, Cinahl and PsychINFO according to agreed Data extraction and quality assessment was carried out on studies selected for full text appraisal, and results were analysed and presented in narrative format.Some 1,020 possible titles and abstracts were found, 23 full text articles were critically appraised, and 12 articles (10 studies) reviewed, reflecting the paucity of published studies conducted relative to the magnitude of the HIV epidemic in sub-Saharan Africa. Knowledge and attitude-related outcomes were the most associated with statistically significant change. Behavioural intentions were more difficult to change and actual behaviour change was least likely to occur. Behaviour change in favour of abstinence and condom use appeared to be greatly influenced by pre-intervention sexual history.There is a great need in sub-Saharan Africa for well-evaluated and effective school-based sexual health interventions. HIV (human immunodefinciency virus) and AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) have reached epidemic proportions in most parts of sub-Saharan Africa by the end of the last century. 20.8 million HIV/AIDS cases recorded in this region in 1997, was equivalent to two-thirds of the global total for that year, a pattern which has been sustained for almost a decade .The natural history of HIV with a long latency period between acquired infection and manifestation of AIDS with the above figures implies that the greater percentage of HIV infections have been acquired during adolescence, to manifest as AIDS a decade later . FurtherTargeting the right population at the right time such as making high-risk groups the priority for preventive interventions at the earliest stage of the epidemic has been identified as an important strategy for HIV/AIDS . TherefoIn conducting a focused systematic review  of interMore specifically, with the threatened existence to traditional institutions like the age group/age grade and strong extended family network in many African communities, being replaced by formal western style of education, African pupils now expect to get correct sexual information in the school setting ,10.et al. [et al. [et al. [Unlike three similar reviews -13 conduet al. , and Spe [et al. . This wa [et al. , we incl [et al. , and are [et al. ), and to [et al. . Whilst  [et al.  which Ga [et al.  had 'misa priori criteria for studies under guidance from the third author.The first author developed the research protocol for this systematic review and established the AIDS, AIDS Care and Journal of Adolescent Health) were hand searched and websites of the WHO , UNAIDS (United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS) and 'Google' were browsed for relevant publications and reports. References of identified articles were also scanned for secondary references and all possible references exported into Refworks bibliographic management software. No language restrictions were applied to any electronic bibliographic searches.A pilot search strategy with search terms around the main subject themes i.e. 'studies', 'HIV and STI', 'school-based interventions' and 'limiting to Africa and to the period from 1986–2006', was developed by the first author, under guidance from the second author, and conducted in Medline  of interventions to the original baseline sample, and to increase validity of measured attrition rates. Studies also had to have been conducted in a school setting with youth <19 years (hence excluding studies in institutions of higher learning), in a country in sub-Saharan Africa. Our outcomes of interest included knowledge, attitudes, behavioural intentions and actual behaviour change in prevention of HIV/AIDS and STI.Selection of studies based on agreed Data extraction and quality assessment forms were developed specifically for this review  met all criteria and have been reviewed and included in this paper.Table et al. [et al. [et al. [Of the ten studies, four were non-randomised ,23,24. Ret al. , Fitzger [et al.  and Stan [et al.  were ranet al. [et al. [Even though the target group for our review was adolescents (hence our exclusion of higher education institutions), Kuhn et al.  and Harv [et al.  reported [et al. ,29 was c [et al.  assessedet al. [Only one study was conducted in a primary school ,29. Aghaet al.  had a miet al. [et al. [et al. [Reported socio-economic status of participants was above average in one study ,30 and pet al. , urban i [et al.  and Kuhn [et al. , while aSample sizes at baseline ranged from 315  to 2,026et al. [et al. [A 'no intervention' alternative was applied to all but the following three studies. In James et al. , the con [et al.  compared [et al. ,30.Theoretical basis for the interventions were explicitly stated in four studies only ,26,29,31et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [In seven of the ten studies, a combination of activities was employed in the delivery of the intervention . Other studies employed a single medium each, such as printed material only in James et al. , classro [et al. , and com [et al. . In Harv [et al. , reporteet al. [et al. [Programme facilitators were peers in Agha and Van Rossem ,30, healet al. , a teach [et al. , who useet al. [et al. [et al. [The interventions were delivered after school hours in studies by Fitzgerald et al.  and Stan [et al. . Kuhn et [et al.  delivere [et al. ,23 the iet al. [All studies' messages included general facts about transmission and prevention of HIV and abstinence promotion. Two studies actively included some form of demonstration or description of condom use ,31. In Ket al.  condoms et al. [For all other studies, condom use was either explicitly stated to be part of the intervention messages ,30, or cet al.  reportedet al. [The peer-led intervention by Agha and Van Rossem  was a siet al.  was abouet al. ,28 but tAll studies conducted assessments using self-administered questionnaires in English. Results of outcomes, grouped under themes and sub-themes are shown in Table et al. [et al. [Studies were judged to be heterogeneous in terms of outcomes measured, time to evaluation, and statistical analyses employed. For example, one of four questions under our sub-theme, 'attitudes to persons with AIDS' was framed as "I would visit a friend if I knew he had the AIDS virus" and evaluated at six months and twelve months post intervention by Klepp et al. . We grou [et al. , "would General knowledge regarding HIV/AIDS/STD was evaluated in all but one study [et al. [ne study . All oth [et al.  which waKnowledge and normative beliefs regarding abstinence evaluated by Agha and Van Rossem [n Rossem ,30 were Knowledge regarding condoms was evaluated immediately following the intervention in three studies [ studies ,24,27 wi studies , this chChanges in general attitude regarding AIDS such as 'seeing HIV/AIDS as everyone's problem' was evaluated with significant desired effects by Harvey et al. [et al. [y et al.  and Fawo [et al. . Persona [et al. ,30 yieldAttitudes to persons living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) improved in all three studies where evaluated [et al. [valuated ,29,31. Fet al. [ attitudes regarding abstinence was assessed with statements like 'being intimate without having sex', and 'being friends for a long time without having sex' with statistically significant desired effect of the intervention.In Fitzgerald et al.  attitudeattitudes towards condom use at six months in Fitzgerald et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [Assessment of d et al.  and six  [et al.  yielded  [et al.  who repo [et al.  avoided  [et al.  also evaIntentions regarding abstinence evaluated by Fitzgerald et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [d et al.  and Klep [et al.  showed s [et al. , there w [et al.  appeared [et al.  of futurIntentions regarding condom use were evaluated in four studies. Desired outcomes reached statistical significance in Fitzgerald et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [d et al.  at six m [et al.  at both  [et al. , further [et al.  reported [et al. , the sigChange in number of sexual partners evaluated by Fawole et al. [e et al.  at six me et al. ,30, asseIncrease in reported practice of abstinence following intervention at six-month follow up was significantly more in intervention than control group in Fawole et al. [et al. [e et al. , but dide et al. ,28,29. I [et al. , the praPositive outcomes regarding actual condom use was evaluated in five studies. In four of these [et al. [of these ,26,28,31 [et al. , significlinical outcome (recent history or symptoms of any STI) assessed by Fawole et al. [et al. [Improvement in e et al.  and Harv [et al.  did not Communication with new sexual partners about past sexual experiences was evaluated by Stanton et al. [n et al.  and signGeneral communication, i.e. not necessarily with sexual partners, on HIV/AIDS was very significantly improved in Kuhn et al. [et al. [et al. [n et al.  where pa [et al.  but not  [et al. .This review found a paucity of published school-based interventions in sub-Saharan Africa relative to the magnitude of the AIDS epidemic. Participants' socio-demographic characteristics such as age, sex and school grade were generally well reported in our included studies, but socio-economic status and religion were less well reported. Description of socioeconomic status and religious affiliation in future studies could better inform on programme generalisability to other settings.et al. [Justification of sample size and validation of measurement tools were not reported in many studies. Although no studies justified the timing of intervention delivery, conducting the intervention during school hours seemed to give the opportunity for more interaction between researchers and stakeholders in Kuhn et al.  even thoet al. [To enable facilitators to effectively conduct the intervention and its monitoring training should be provided rather than assuming facilitators' knowledge and perceptions on the particular sexual health intervention under evaluation. For example, Klepp et al.  reportedet al. , of whicet al. [et al. [Tactical communication of the goals of an intervention, to avoid areas or terms that lead to unending debates, is a characteristic that helps in smooth delivery of interventions. In Kuhn et al.  for instet al. . Fawole  [et al.  reportedUse of multiple media and activities in communication or delivery of messages was employed in almost all studies. More than one facilitator was also used in many studies but we are unable to determine the relative contribution of each medium or facilitator to programme effectiveness within the scope of this review. However, the effectiveness of the different interventions appeared similar across all studies from the overall trend of effectiveness by reported significant change as shown in Table et al. [Skill-based content of interventions involving active participation of students and more lengthy interventions offering the opportunity for repeated exposure to the same theme appeared to be associated with greater effectiveness. This was exemplified by comparing the 'DramAide' intervention by Harvey et al.  which waet al. [Many studies reported outcomes at immediate post-intervention or short term (≤ six months) follow up. To reduce limitation in the long-term evidence of effect of school-based interventions to prevent STI/HIV in sub-Saharan Africa and to determine if certain outcomes routinely demonstrate a delay effect  reviewed, we concluded that it is relatively easy to effect changes in knowledge and attitudes regarding STI/HIV/AIDS using school-based interventions that have been carefully designed to suit the sub-Saharan Africa environment. It is more challenging to effect changes in positive intentions regarding sexual risk reduction, and most of all, changes regarding sexual risk behaviours. Measured changes in behaviour either did not reach statistically significant levels, or when they did in the immediate post-intervention period, wore off within weeks to months. Some behaviour changes however appeared to exhibit a delay effect in development. Behavioural change in relation to abstinence was easier to effect among baseline virgins, while condom use appeared to be the more practicable sexual risk protective behaviour for adolescents who are already sexually active.The magnitude of the HIV epidemic, and current evidence of relative lack of sexual health interventions targeting young people in sub-Saharan Africa calls for more research and scrupulous use of available resources to inform the design and delivery of well-tailored interventions to meet the unique needs of this population group. Future studies employing a more systematic approach, conducted after an established contextual framework for the intervention is determined  are urgeThe author(s) declare that they have no competing interests.VAP-E, AP and EvT have contributed to the original design of the systematic review. VAP-E developed the research protocol for the review, and VAP-E and EvT established the a priori criteria for the studies. VAP-E and AP developed the search strategy, VAP-E and AP piloted the data extraction and quality assessment. VAP-E appraised and extracted the data from the full text papers. All authors were involved in the writing of the paper, and all approved the final submission.The pre-publication history for this paper can be accessed here:Data Extraction and Quality Assessment Forms for Studies. This additional shows the forms we have used for (1) data extraction and (2) quality assessment for the included studies. Fellow researchers may find this form of use for future systematic reviews.Click here for file


Sir,et al,[I read the recent publication by Nair et al, with gre


To describe the encounters with sexual and gender minority (SGM) youth in healthcare based on the existing research.The development of sexual orientation and gender identity can create challenges in an SGM youth’s life, and they may need support from health professionals. Heteronormativity has been recognised as a barrier to the identification of diversity in sexuality and gender, and no previous literature review has studied heteronormativity thoroughly.An integrative review following Whittemore and Knafl was conducted. A literature search was systematically undertaken in six databases . Finally, 18 research articles were included. Data were analysed deductively with the theoretical framework from Stevi Jackson’s (2006) article to understand the role of heteronormativity in the healthcare of SGM youth.Heteronormative care included three elements: (1) the effect of heteronormativity on health professionals’ competence to work with SGM youth, (2) false assumptions about SGM youth, and (3) the influence of heteronormativity on encounters with SGM youth. Diversity-affirming care included two elements: (4) the considerateness of health professionals towards SGM youth and (5) inclusive care of SGM youth.The encounters with SGM youth consisted of two simultaneous themes. This review summarised how SGM youth were encountered in healthcare and how heteronormativity was affecting their healthcare. Furthermore, this review identified elements that supported diversity-affirming care. With diversity-affirming care, SGM youth may access the information and support they need from healthcare. Further research is needed about how diversity-affirming care can be applied to the healthcare of SGM youth and how elements of heteronormative care are occurring globally in the healthcare of SGM youth. The perceptions of transgender and other gender minority youth were under-represented in the studies and research needs to focus more on how they are encountered in healthcare. The detailed search strategy is in The literature search stage includes precise planning and description of the search strategy a priori to maintain the rigour in the review Torraco, . A systea scientific, peer-reviewed research article, (2) the publication language was English, (3) a focus on the perspectives of SGM youth in healthcare practices, or (4) a focus on the perspectives of health professionals working with SGM youth. In this review, health professionals were defined as graduated professionals who are working in the field of healthcare. The article was excluded if (1) more than 50% of SGM youth participants were younger than 10 years or older than 19 years, (2) the study focussed on a medical condition (e.g. HIV), or (3) the study focussed on a health problem (e.g. tobacco or substance use). The latter two exclusion criteria based on the perception that studies focussing solely on a medical condition or a health problem do not include the perspectives of SGM youth or health professionals.The inclusion criteria for the literature were as follows: (1) The total results of the systematic search included 1421 scientific, peer-reviewed research articles that were published in 1978–2017. Screening of the articles was done first at the title and the abstract level, and second at the full text level . Two autThe chosen articles were extracted, and the quality of studies was appraised  tool was used. Pluye et al.  designedA deductive descriptive data analysis was performed  , and the quality of Scherzer’s  the effect of heteronormativity on health professionals’ competence to work with SGM youth, (2) false assumptions about SGM youth, (3) the influence of heteronormativity on encounters with SGM youth, (4) the considerateness of health professionals towards SGM youth, and (5) inclusive care of SGM youth. The first three elements describe the heteronormative care, and the last two describe the diversity-affirming care. The encounters with SGM youth in healthcare can include elements from both themes  (Hoffman et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., Inclusive informationconsisted of topics that were specific to SGM youths’ health, as well as information related to other perspectives in life. Many studies mentioned the sexual health of SGM youth as an important health information topic (Ginsburg et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al. (et al. (et al. (et al. (et al. (, et al. , Hoffman (et al. , and Arb (et al.  reported (et al.  and Arbe (et al. , SGM youInclusive healthcare settings were described in six studies. First, Ginsburg et al. (et al. (et al. (et al. (et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al. (et al. (et al. (et al. (et al. (g et al. , Hoffman (et al. , Torres  (et al. , and Fuz (et al.  mentione, et al. , Hoffman (et al. , or Snyd (et al. , indicat (et al.  and Hoff (et al.  also deset al., This integrative review was the first describing the encounters with SGM youth in healthcare based on the existing research. This review revealed insights about the role of heteronormativity in the encounters between SGM youth and health professionals. It also identified elements of diversity-affirming care. Thus, this review discovered that the diversity of SGM youth is not always recognised, but elements supporting diversity in healthcare also exist. We suggest that further research could study how diversity-affirming care elements could be applied to the healthcare of SGM youth. The review focused on heteronormativity, which is based on feminist research Jackson, . Future et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., One of the most commonly reported element of heteronormativity was a heterosexual assumption about SGM youth in healthcare (East and El Rayess, et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., An integrative review has the potential to describe the complexity of a phenomenon from various perspectives (Whittemore and Knafl, et al., et al., et al., et al. (et al. (et al. (et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., This review showed significant issues related to transgender youth care. First, two studies defined transgender as a sexual orientation (Ginsburg , et al. , Torres  (et al. , Lefkowi (et al. , and Shi (et al.  studied The review has several practical implications. First, the results show health professionals need education about SGM youth, and the results can be used as a theoretical framework for education about diversity-affirming care. Second, health professionals can use the results in their practice when they want to be inclusive for SGM youth, for example through neutral language and not making assumptions from their patients’ gender and sexuality. Third, when healthcare policies and practices are developed into diversity-affirming, the results give examples of elements for creating inclusive healthcare settings and information for SGM youth.Some limitations are worth noting in this review. First, the literature search used six databases, but only 18 research articles were found to be eligible for this review. However, the literature search was planned and performed carefully. Two authors did the search systematically by following the same search strategy, and they screened and selected research articles in cooperation. Second, the wide range of research methods used in the studies may affect the analysis and results of this review. This review aimed to describe the role of heteronormativity with a broad approach and not be limited by studies with a specific research method. Furthermore, the quality appraisal of the studies was done by two authors to get an overview of the differences between studies in their quality. Third, the quality appraisal showed that several studies in this review were low in quality, thus we recommend the results are considered with a carefulness. This review was, however, describing heteronormativity for the first time with a broad approach, and the exclusion of studies with low quality was considered incongruent with this. Finally, as one inclusion criterion was English language, the review may have missed eligible studies published in other languages.The results of this review provide a new understanding about the encounters between SGM youth and health professionals in healthcare. This understanding addresses how heteronormativity is related to these encounters and how an open-minded encounter is possible for SGM youth by giving them enough space to be diverse and support for their needs. Further research is needed about the role of heteronormativity in healthcare and the application of diversity-affirming care into healthcare practices. In addition, transgender and other gender minority youths’ voices need to be heard in research. With further research, health professionals may be able to develop their skills when encountering SGM youth without the influence of heteronormativity, give information and support that are relevant to them, and adequately understand how diversity in sexuality and gender is encountered with young patients.


IUCrJ.This Editorial discusses recent development in computational and materials structural science as exemplified by recent articles published in  IUCrJ, but with a continuing emphasis on unravelling the structural science of complex functional materials and on developing further understanding of structure–property relations. The recent articles in the journal highlight both developments in technique and approach, as well as the exploration of new classes of system and of problems.The themes of materials and computation continue to grow and diversify in et al. (2015et al. (2019The last year has seen significant growth in structural nanoscience, with developments in the study of alloy nanoparticles of importance in catalytic science The paper of Liang & Yu 2019, also di al. 2015. Another al. 2019, which det al. (2019et al. (2019et al. (20182Ptx8 − As, which is prepared by high-pressure synthesis and has a high concentration of vacancies which are incommensurately ordered.Alloy structural science continues to be a widely explored theme, with computational methods being used by Han  al. 2019 to predi al. 2019. Ternary al. 2018 of a newet al. (2018et al. (2019Another growing area is the use of data-mining, machine-learning and high-throughput screening techniques within computational materials science. Nguyen  al. 2018 report a al. 2019 describeet al. (2019et al. (2019et al. (2018The structural science of disordered materials is a perennial theme. Gao  al. 2019 describe al. 2019 develop  al. 2018 in the met al. (2019MD simulations are also used in a study of van de Streek  al. 2019 of phaseet al. (2018et al. (2018et al. (2019Chemical crystallography, especially of complex ternary or quaternary oxides remains a continuing theme and is well represented by the study of Delacotte  al. 2018 on hexaf al. 2018 on one-d al. 2019 present IUCrJ.In conclusion, the recent articles in the journal show that structural materials science continues to diversify, with computation being firmly integrated in the field. Articles in these areas will continue to be welcomed by


Lucas et al.  predicte [et al.  repeated [et al.  claimed  [et al. . van Cas [et al.  countere [et al.  might ha [et al.  criticiz [et al.  and presFirst, it is incontrovertible that the aluminium balls in question are coated by an oxide layer, as shown by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy ,3, and iet al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [Xia et al.  cite Her [et al.  to argue [et al. ). Indeed [et al. , p. 3 noet al. [et al. [Ironically, Xia et al.  measure et al. ,3 show i [et al.  have penet al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [Xia et al.  are concet al.  was too  [et al. , but in  [et al.  shows th [et al.  discusse [et al.  took no et al. [e. Based on their now corrected scale, we surmise that these chips are perhaps several tens of nm in diameter. By contrast, Lucas et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [Xia et al.  pointed s et al.  found th [et al.  have sho [et al.  and to d [et al.  discusse [et al.  have seeet al. [In summary, sliding experiments using metallic balls present little useful data for testing the hypothesis of Lucas et al. . An unde


Brucella canis in dogs and wildlife reservoirs of Brucella strains in Australia.We are writing in response to the article by Moreno  titled “B. canis in the neighboring country of New Zealand, while Hofer et al. (B. canis in a breeding kennel in Austria (Europe), not Australia. In fact, B. canis has never been reported in Australia or New Zealand  citing Tiller et al.  in Lower Austria .Moreno  also star et al.  and Al Dr et al. . No foxey Moreno  to suppoy Moreno  which rey Moreno . The latBrucella have been isolated from rodents in Australia. Tiller et al.  from atypical human infections.Strains of r et al.  re-examik et al.  in Northk et al.  but Tillk et al.  “stronglm et al.  subsequeB. abortus in 1989 after a long and successful eradication program and currently only two of the 10 well-characterized species of Brucella occur naturally in Australia. Specifically, B. ovis (non-zoonotic) is found only in sheep where it causes epididymal lesions and reproductive losses. Brucella suis biovar 1 is also endemic in feral pigs in certain regions and can be transmitted from feral pigs to humans and dogs (DAF, Australia was declared free of ogs DAF, . The latogs DAF, .To maintain Australia's status and international reputation of being free from other forms of brucellosis it is important to correct inaccurate statements such as those made by Moreno .CK identified the error and wrote the commentary with input from SM, RM, and AW. All authors critically reviewed and approved the final version.The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.


During the last decades, there has been a strong emphasis on the concern how environmental features, for example nutritional or toxicological conditions, can influence brain metabolism and biochemistry and human behaviour , 2. We aThe interactions between gene and environment are of special interest for the development of neurogenesis and neurobiochemical systems that work into the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis and how they can result in emotional responses , 2. The One of the established impact on mental health is of the modern city life , 6. Almoet al. [The urban specific features of demand and adaptation are highly complex and have an enormous variability, and they are useful as an agent for a set of environmental influences in the city. Carta et al.  presenteet al.  suggesteet al.  assumed et al. . It can et al. .et al. [et al. [For their point of view , people et al. . The psyet al. . This maet al. . For Car [et al. , a possiet al. [Sleep patterns are increasingly jeopardized by recent changes in the challenging human modern life . Individet al.  directedet al. .Artificial light changes daily rhythms by allowing the presence, during hours of natural darkness, of activities normally performed during daylight hours, such as food intake or social meetings . This haet al. [Although melatonin steroid-induced mechanisms are very complex, in general, they decrease estradiol and increase progesterone levels , so the et al.  advancedAnother challenge for future research tests will be the development of animal models that could be compared to the complexity of environmental challenges in the modern world . And we


Lewy body dementia (consisting of dementia with Lewy bodies and Parkinson's disease dementia) is a common neurodegenerative disease characterised by visual hallucinations, fluctuating attention, motor disturbances, falls, and sensitivity to antipsychotics. This combination of features presents challenges for pharmacological management. Given this, we sought to review evidence for non-pharmacological interventions with patients with Lewy body dementia and their carers. Bibliographic databases were searched using a wide range of search terms and no restrictions were placed on study design, language, or clinical setting. Two reviewers independently assessed papers for inclusion, rated study quality, and extracted data. The search identified 21 studies including two randomised controlled trials with available subgroup data, seven case series, and 12 case studies. Most studies reported beneficial effects of the interventions used, though the only sizeable study was on dysphagia, showing a benefit of honey-thickened liquids. Given the heterogeneity of interventions and poor quality of the studies overall, no quantitative synthesis was possible. Overall, identified studies suggested possible benefits of non-pharmacological interventions in Lewy body dementia, but the small sample sizes and low quality of studies mean no definite recommendations can be offered. Our findings underscore the clear and urgent need for future research on this topic. The review considered studies evaluating non-pharmacological interventions in the broader categories of dementia or Parkinson's disease if the results of a Lewy body dementia subgroup were available. Studies that were confounded by a concurrent pharmaceutical intervention  were excluded. There were no other restrictions on study design and no requirements for a comparator group. There were also no restrictions on language, time period, or clinical context in which the study was conducted.The search identified studies through bibliographic databases, trial registers, and the grey literature. Bibliographic databases and trial registers included the following: Medline (1946–present); PreMedline, PubMed; EMBASE (1974–present), Scopus, Web of Science (1900–current); PsychInfo (1806–present); CINAHL (1981–present); Cochrane libraries: Cochrane database of systematic reviews (2005–October 2016), Cochrane central register of controlled trials (August 2016), Cochrane Methodology register (3rd–Quarter 2012); other EBM databases: ACP journal club (1991–September 2016), Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects (1st-quarter 2015), Health technology assessment (3rd-quarter 2016), and NHS economic evaluation (1st-quarter 2015); Ageline (1978–present); ALOIS; AMED ; PEDro ; Social work Abstracts (1968–present); and the National Association of Social Workers (NASW) clinical register (14th edition). The grey literature was searched using such resources as SIGLE (System for Information on Grey Literature in Europe), NTIS  database, and PsychEXTRA (1908–present).The search strategy used only population and intervention terms to maximise the likelihood of identifying relevant studies (comparator and outcome terms were not used). The population was people with Lewy body dementia or their carers. This was identified using the search terms: [(Lewy OR Park*) and Dementia]. Interventions were any non-pharmacological treatment and identified using a wide range of terms: . Searches were conducted on 30 October 2016.In addition to bibliographic database searches, the reference lists of papers included in the review and previous systematic reviews on both Lewy body dementia and non-pharmacological interventions were checked for relevant papers. Advice was also sought from experts in the field.Two reviewers (MHC and LQ) independently assessed search results for inclusion by title and abstract. All articles deemed relevant by either reviewer were obtained in full. Both reviewers then independently evaluated full-text articles for inclusion. Any disagreements were resolved through discussion or, if necessary, with a third reviewer (JTO).Two reviewers independently extracted relevant data from publications using a standardised form. This included participant details , intervention type, study design, measures, and results. Qualitative data were also collated.The primary outcomes were measures of cognition, function, neuropsychiatric symptoms, and motor symptoms. The secondary outcomes were measures of any other clinically relevant outcomes, such as quality of life, carer burden, financial costs, other symptoms (sleep or autonomic disturbances), and objective endpoints . Secondary outcomes also included the perceived acceptability of treatments, reported side effects, and dropout rates (a measure of treatment acceptability).et al.Two reviewers independently assessed study quality and risk of bias using standardised tools. These included the Effective Public Health Practice Project Quality Assessment Tool for Quantitative Studies , the mean age of participants was 70.6 years (s.d. = 8.2) and included 27 males and 28 females. Measures of patients’ cognition and dementia severity were lacking from the majority of reports. Of the 21 studies, nine recruited participants from nursing homes or hospitals, five recruited participants from the community, and seven did not report participants’ residential status. One of the studies that recruited participants from nursing homes examined the effect of an intervention on both a patient with dementia with Lewy bodies and her carers (Huh et al.The total number of participants across the included studies was 195. This comprised 44 patients with dementia with Lewy bodies and 151 patients with Parkinson's disease dementia (of whom, 132 were from one study; Logemann et al.et al.et al.et al.et al.et al.et al.et al.et al.et al.et al.et al.et al.et al.et al.et al.et al.et al.et al.et al.Interventions included carer education (Huh Given the heterogeneity of interventions and the poor quality of the research evidence, no quantitative synthesis was possible. A descriptive summary of individual studies is provided in et al.All studies reported some effectiveness of their respective intervention. The strongest evidence came from the randomised control trial that assessed interventions to prevent fluid aspiration in participants with dysphagia (Logemann et al.et al.et al.et al.et al.et al.et al.et al.Four small uncontrolled studies (Kung & O'Connor, et al.et al.et al.et al.et al.et al.et al.et al.et al.et al.et al.et al.et al.Other individual studies variously reported benefits of carer education for reducing agitation (Huh et al.The systematic review identified very little research on non-pharmacological interventions in Lewy body dementia. No randomised control trials focusing specifically on Lewy body dementia were identified and the majority of research consisted of case studies and case series. Of the studies identified, the best quality evidence came from a randomised control trial that focused on preventing fluid aspiration in Parkinson's disease patients with dysphagia (Logemann et al.et al.et al.et al.et al.The lack of research in this area is in contrast to the large amount of research on non-pharmacological interventions in other types of dementia (Brodaty & Arasaratnam, et al.et al.et al.et al.et al.et al.At the same time, there is evidence for the effectiveness of non-pharmacological interventions for similar symptoms in other conditions. In the case of psychosis, for example, multi-factorial interventions, including physical activity, occupational therapy, and music therapy, have some evidence of effectiveness in other types of dementia (Brodaty & Arasaratnam, et al.et al.et al.et al.et al.Altogether, the review highlights the clear and urgent need for research in this area. Possible barriers to this include challenges establishing the diagnosis and distinguishing it from other dementias (McKeith


To appraise and synthesize empirical literature on implementation of evidence within community nursing. To explore the use of implementation theory and identify the strategies required for, and the barriers and facilitators to, successful implementation within this context.There is an international consensus that evidence-based practice can improve outcomes for people using health and social care services. However, these practices are not always translated into care delivery. Community nursing is a relatively understudied area; little is known about how innovations in practice are implemented within this setting.Systematic mixed-studies review, synthesizing quantitative and qualitative research. The electronic databases AMED, PsycINFO, Ovid Medline, CINAHL Plus, ASSIA, British Nursing Index and EMBASE were used. Two grey literature databases were also searched: OpenGrey and EThOS. English language, peer-reviewed papers published between January 2010 and July 2017 were considered. Criteria included implementation of an innovation and change to practice within adult community nursing. An approach called Critical Interpretive Synthesis was used to integrate the evidence from across the studies into a comprehensible theoretical framework.n=6). A number of implementation strategies, facilitators and barriers were identified across the included studies, highlighting the interplay of both service context and individual factors in successful implementation.In total, 22 papers were reviewed. Few studies discussed the use of theory when planning, guiding and evaluating the implementation of the innovation (Implementation is an expanding area of research; yet is challenged by a lack of consistency in terminology and limited use of theory. Implementation within community nursing is a complex process, requiring both individual and organizational adoption, and managerial support. Successful adoption of evidence-based practice however, is only possible if community nurses themselves deem it useful and there is evidence that it could have a positive impact on the patient and/or their primary carer. The World Health Organization (WHO) has stated that healthcare provision should be based on the best available evidence. Healthcare professionals are expected to engage with evidence and practice in line with it. Professional regulatory bodies such as the Nursing and Midwifery Council include the expectation that nurses deliver EBP in all settings  identified, selected, appraised and synthesized qualitative, quantitative and mixed-methods studies; with all papers reviewed independently by the three authors. Authors discussed disagreements and a consensus was met. For pragmatic reasons, a time limit for the literature was imposed. To ensure all relevant literature within this time limit was captured, a number of databases were searched from different fields.The search strategy  includedA separate search was conducted in the Cochrane Database for Systematic Reviews to explore publications on the same subject matter to avoid unnecessary duplication.et al.  to the wider population?9. Implications and usefulness: How important are these findings to policy and practice?The 22 included studies were appraised using the assessment template for disparate data developed by Hawker et al.  Box 1)..et al.   were generated. Concepts were refined by comparing the framework to the data and exploring relationships between them (Dixon-Woods n=13) evaluated implementation efforts and impact of the innovation. ‘Pre–post-implementation’ studies (n=7) planned implementation, implemented the innovation and evaluated efforts. The remaining two studies were pre-implementation. The majority of post-implementation papers reported on large-scale studies evaluating a change led by an organization. Many of these reported post hoc implementation strategies or organizational support strategies. The included pre–post-implementation studies were mostly collaborative research projects, whereby the research team worked with potential adopters at an organizational or community level. Implementation strategies reported in these papers were mostly researcher-led. Similarly, the two pre-implementation papers reported on researcher-led projects.Nine qualitative papers, seven quantitative and six mixed-method studies were identified . ‘Post-iet al.  and synthesized. Implementation strategies are defined as techniques used for the adoption and sustainability of an innovation (Proctor et al. (et al.’ study (et al.’ project (et al., et al., et al., Training nurses on how to use the innovation before it is implemented contributed to successful adoption. Most of the studies discussed the importance of the nurses’ confidence in using the innovation, with inadequate training often stated as a barrier. This was particularly evident when the innovation was technological. Length of training across the studies varies. Joy et al.  provided.’ study  and one  project . This on et al.,  suggestset al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al. (et al., et al., et al., et al. (et al., A strategy used in seven of the studies was the allocation of roles, such as an implementation team, key implementers or individuals responsible for monitoring the implementation process. This included the appointment of nurses into employed positions (Kapp, , et al.  in their et al., . Where v, et al.  recruite et al., . Supportet al.’s (et al.’s study (et al. (et al., Practical issues, such as saving clinical time, cost-effectiveness and ease of use were important considerations for community nurses when implementing an innovation. In Murray et al.’s  study exet al.’s , respond’s study  claimed  (et al. , for exa et al., .et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al.’s study (et al., A ‘bottom-up’ approach, including early engagement and collaborative working, and the ability of community nurses to tailor the innovation to meet individual needs was an important facilitator (Brennan ’s study , which e et al., . Possiblet al. (et al., et al.’s (et al., Evidence that the innovation improves nurse–patient relations and patient care was a contributing factor in community nurses’ decision to adopt it. This was a facilitator for 14 of the 22 studies. For example, Nilsson et al.  found th et al., . In contet al.’s  action r et al., .et al. (et al., et al. (There is evidence that nurses’ experience and rapport with patients assisted with the successful implementation of an innovation. Annells et al.  found th et al., . This co, et al.  found thet al. (et al., Nine of the studies claimed that professional development associated with using the innovation – maintaining existing skill-sets, developing new skills and knowledge – and the innovation serving to meet organizational goals, encouraged community nurses to adopt it. In turn, the organization offered appropriate support to assist with its successful implementation. Doran et al.  found th et al., . The opp et al., , when ex et al., .et al. (et al. (et al. (et al. (et al. (et al. (et al. (et al., For Murray et al. , Nordmar (et al. , Smith e (et al. , van der (et al.  and Whit (et al.  improved (et al.  found th (et al.  found th et al., . Both thet al. (et al., et al. (et al., et al. (Organizational changes – restructuring and the decentralization of services – had a negative impact upon implementation. Murray et al.  found th et al., . Similar, et al.  found th et al., . As a re, et al. , when exThe review has illustrated that community nurses’ decision to adopt an innovation appears to be motivated by a return on investment, including improved nurse–patient relations or patient care, contribution to professional development, or improved relations with other healthcare professionals. In addition, flexibility and the autonomy to adapt the innovation encouraged community nurses to adopt it. This mirrors community nurses’ working practices and satisfaction derived from organizing their own workload. Organizational infrastructure and change was an important barrier, with community nurses claiming they were preoccupied with, and prioritized, these changes.et al.’s (et al.’s (et al. (et al. (et al. (et al. (et al. (Quality of the included studies varied. Across the qualitative studies, sample sizes are small, limiting generalizability. Authors of qualitative studies often compensated for the lack of external validity by adopting strategies to increase trustworthiness, such as member checking and triangulation. However, findings from the included qualitative studies in this review have been corroborated with results from the quantitative papers. Overall the quality of the included quantitative studies was higher than the qualitative or mixed-methods studies. Due to the nature of the research design, sample sizes are larger and there is greater external validity amongst the quantitative studies. For example, Sherman et al.’s  study scet al.’s  appraisa (et al.  along wi (et al.  and Dora (et al.  all used (et al. , Tapper  (et al.  and Kapp (et al.  were untVariation in the quality of studies, designs and samples implies implementation science in community nursing requires development. Authors using different terms to describe the same phenomena cause confusion. Implementation strategies in the literature are seldom labelled and researchers do not provide rationales for the strategies used. This review attempts to provide some harmony by presenting an overview and synthesis of strategies, barriers and facilitators.The identified barriers and facilitators paint a complex picture of implementation within community nursing and it does not appear to be a simple recipe of ‘do and don’t’. It is clear from the included studies, and may even be assumed, that community nursing is patient-focussed. Community nurses were therefore less likely to adopt the innovation if, by integrating it into their routine practice, existing nurse–client relations could be negatively affected. In addition, the trend across the quantitative studies to include patients as participants suggests that end-user adoption may influence implementation. Patients’ unwillingness to comply with EBP may discourage practitioners (Logan and Graham, et al., et al., et al., et al. (Training and an on-going education phase on how to use and integrate the innovation was a key facilitator found across the included papers. However, embedding this training through experience is challenging (Taylor , et al.  found thet al. (Giving nurses the flexibility to use and adapt the innovation, and the need for managers to be on board to allow the time and investment of resources to implement it, were both facilitators. Haycock-Stuart and Kean’s  findingset al.  highlighet al. , communiet al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al., et al. (et al., et al., et al., et al., Community nurses’ work however, is not conducted in isolation. Many of the studies included other healthcare settings or participants in their analysis, such as General Practitioners; secondary care settings; and manager (Annells , et al.  found, oAs discussed, adoption of an innovation is reliant on the decision of the community nurse. There is little evidence, however, to suggest that nurses introduce innovations themselves after engaging with EBP. This may be a result of a lack of availability of relevant research in primary care, lack of skills to appraise evidence, or the lack of awareness of change mechanisms (Bryar and Bannigan, Continued support, including collaborative working and the use local champions, were identified to be both implementation strategies and facilitators, promoting the adoption of an innovation. The other identified implementation strategies and facilitators require further testing. Future research could evaluate how these facilitators could be used to effectively overcome barriers.et al., et al., There is a lack of research based on rigorous conceptual frameworks. Theory is seldom used when implementing an innovation. There are a plethora of frameworks and theories relevant to implementation research that can be used to guide implementation processes and consider sustainability (Tabak post hoc implementation strategies offered in the included studies are attempts by the authors to explain what did or did not work. There may be alternative explanations, and more appropriate names. More testing is therefore required.There are a number of limitations to this review, mainly relating to scope. Only English Language papers were reviewed and the quality of the papers varied. The included papers come from a wide range of countries with differing healthcare systems. However, by adopting a Critical Interpretive Synthesis approach we have attempted to be critical and clarify effective implementation strategies in a diverse and confused field. Due to inconsistency in reporting, labelling and defining these strategies have relied upon our interpretations and those of the authors’ of the included studies. In particular, the et al., This review reveals the importance of support strategies when implementing EBP in community, including regular meetings and updates from the researcher, the allocation of resources and managerial support. This included training and time to become familiar with the innovation. Furthermore, training must be embedded in practice and individual adoption is often influenced by the nurses’ actual or perceived skill-set and personal relationship with the innovation. More testing of the identified strategies and facilitators is required. The review findings support the emerging consensus that implementation research reports should describe an evaluation of its process (Hulscher


This review article examines the role of selenium (Se) and the effects of Se supplementation especially in the bovine species. Selenium is an important trace element in cattle. Some of its roles include the participation in the antioxidant defense the cattle farms. The nutritional requirements of Se in cattle are estimated at 100 μg/kg DM (dry matter) for beef cattle and at 300 μg/kg DM for dairy cows. The rations high in fermentable carbohydrates, nitrates, sulfates, calcium or hydrogen cyanide negatively influence the organism’s use of the selenium contained in the diet. The Se supplementation may reduce the incidence of metritis and ovarian cysts during the postpartum period. The increase in fertility when adding Se is attributed to the reduction of the embryonic death during the first month of gestation. A use of organic Se in feed would provide a better transfer of Se in calves relative to mineral Se supplementation. The addition of Se yeasts in the foodstuffs of cows significantly increases the Se content and the percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in milk compared to the addition of sodium selenite. The enzyme 5-iodothyronine deiodinase is a seleno-dependent selenoprotein. It is one of the last proteins to be affected in the event of Se deficiency. This delay in response could explain the fact that several studies did not show the effect of Se supplementation on growth and weight gain of calves. Enrichment of Se in the diet did not significantly affect the slaughter weight and carcass yield of bulls. The impact and results of Se supplementation in cattle depend on physiological stage, Se status of animals, type and content of Se and types of Se administration. Further studies in Se supplementation should investigate the speciation of Se in food and yeasts, as well as understanding their metabolism and absorption. This constitute a path to exploit in order to explain certain different effects of Se. Selenium (Se) is a trace element that plays an important role in the health and performance of animals. In cattle, selenium deficiency can have economically significant impacts such as reduced fertility, placental retentions, and the incidence of mastitis and metritis ,2,3,4. TThe daily nutritional requirements of selenium in cattle are estimated at 100 μg/kg DM (dry matter) for the beef cattle and at 300 μg/kg DM for dairy cows. In calves, the selenium requirements are 100 μg/kg DM per day ,12. For vice versa. There is a close link between selenium and vitamin E status and antioxidant status  in the plasma (μg/L) and y = [Se] in the milk (μg/L). Generally, the amount of selenium in the plasma is from 3 to 5 fold higher than that found in milk. Cows supplemented with selenium by the oral route before parturition, produce colostrum 2-fold richer in selenium than non-supplemented cows . This fet al. [The selenium amount in milk is influenced by its content in foods depending on a season and a farming region . In a stet al.  reportedet al. , South Ket al. , Greece et al.  and Austet al.  reportedet al. . In Soutet al. .et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [The amount of selenium in the milk is directly proportional to the organic selenium content in the feedstuffs of cows ,44. Cebaet al. , reporteet al. , the peret al. . The incet al. . The sam [et al.  in milk  [et al.  reported [et al. ,7,44,46. [et al. , or when [et al.  did not  [et al.  ensuringIn ruminants, the transfer of selenium from cow to the newborn is done through the placenta and milk. Transfer performed via the placenta is more efficient than that made through the milk . The reaThe mineral selenium is not well transferred into the milk , and thuet al. [et al. [et al. [Contrary to sheep , seleniuet al.  that the [et al.  reported [et al. . These a [et al. ,57. Inde [et al. . To cope [et al. . In case [et al. . In addi [et al. .It can be concluded that selenium does not play a direct role in promoting growth in calves. However, it helps to remove all constraints that may delay or inhibit growth. Selenium injection is considered a useful corrective tool to quickly establish an appropriate status of selenium of calves. However, it should not be considered as a permanent source of selenium intake.et al. [et al. [In blood, the selenium is bound to the α and β-globulins, LDL (low density lipoprotein) and VLDL (very low density lipoprotein) and albumin . Ten selet al. , the rat [et al. , the app [et al. . An incr [et al. ,66.et al. [Selenium supplementation in the diet of calves , heiferset al. , cows feet al. .The selenium increases are produced gradually during a supplementation of the diet (2 mg of organic or inorganic selenium) . A combiet al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [Selenium is involved in the metabolism of thyroid hormones. A selenium-deficient diet causes a reduction of triiodothyronine (T3) and an increase of the tetraiodothyronine (T4) and a decrease in the ratio T3/T4 levels in blood ,72. Theset al. , the sel [et al.  did not  [et al. . However [et al.  reported [et al. . An incr [et al. . In thiset al. [et al. [et al. [Selenium enrichment of the diet of young fattening bulls and steers had no significant effect on weight at slaughter and carcass yield. These effects were observed in the studies of Lawler et al.  with org [et al.  with the [et al.  with theSelenium deficiency presents a factor favouring the appearance of perinatal metritis and retention of placenta in dairy cattle ,3. In adet al. [et al. [The increase in fertility when adding selenium can be attributed to the reduction in embryonic death in the first month of gestation. Indeed, it appears from the analysis of Ceko et al.  on expreet al. . Wu et a [et al.  found thet al. [et al. [Selenium supplementation may reduce the incidence of metritis and ovarian cysts during the postpartum period . Spears et al. , that se [et al. , the souThe literature related to the selenium supplementation in cattle reported its contradictory effects on reproduction. These contradictions could be due to the severity of the deficit, conditions of supplementation and the system’s ability to enzymatic synthesis under these conditions . It is aet al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [The nutritional status of dairy cows is widely recognized as being closely linked to the maintenance of optimal immune function and health . Seleniuet al.  found th [et al.  feeding  [et al. . Seleniu [et al. . Accordi [et al. , several [et al.  the perf [et al.  did not et al. [According to Petrie et al.  seleniumet al. . Seleniuet al. [et al. [et al. [et al. [in vivo and in vitro immunity [Hefnawy et al.  report t [et al.  found th [et al. , suggest [et al.  reportedimmunity . A studyimmunity , show thNevertheless, while selenium is an essential micronutrient for various immune mechanisms, according to Nair and Stanley  an exceset al. [et al. [The selenium content in the forages and grass depends directly on the selenium content in the soil . This cret al.  showed t [et al.  the oral [et al.  and willet al. [et al. [During a selenium supplementation in animals, the effect of enrichment on the selenium content in the muscles and organs is different. Part of the absorbed organic selenium is incorporated directly into the muscle proteins, while the inorganic selenium is mainly used for the synthesis of selenoproteins ,103. Inoet al.  noted th [et al.  report t3)3Se+ in urine) [The highest density of selenium content in cattle is found in the kidneys, while in muscles it is present at the highest amounts. The first organs affected by selenium deficiency are heart, skeletal muscle and liver . When sen urine) ,108,109.et al. [et al. [Lipid oxidation is the main cause of deteriorating meat quality . Oxidatiet al.  report tet al. . This kiet al. . In the  [et al.  a reduct [et al. . Further [et al. . The cho [et al. . Neverth [et al. ,113 were [et al. ,116,117, [et al.  or pigs  [et al. ,120 for et al. [During selenium supplementation in cattle, the sum of saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated for meat was not influenced by the source of selenium (sodium selenite or selenized yeasts) . Netto eet al.  report set al. .The different results reported in the literature regarding the composition of the meat can be attributed, as for tenderness, to different rates of incorporation of selenium, sources of selenium, type of selenium and the administration routes.Selenium plays an important role in the health and production of cattle. Selenium deficiency has direct or indirect negative effects on growth, production and health of cattle. Excessive selenium supplementation can lead to toxicity. The availability of selenium in sufficient quantities in the diet ensures the proper functioning of the immune and reproduction systems. The presence of selenium in the diet provides a high content of selenium in the milk and meat, which is essential for humans. There are several modalities of selenium supplementation in cattle. The impact and results of selenium supplementation in cattle depend on physiological stage, selenium status of animals, type and content of selenium and types of selenium administration. Yeast accumulate organic forms of selenium but also accumulate selenium as mineral. Organic forms and their quantities contained in yeast are different, depending on the environment of the yeast culture, organisms used and the concentration of selenium in the medium, which may affect the impact of selenium supplementation. Further studies on selenium supplementation should investigate the speciation of selenium in food and yeasts, as well as our understanding of their metabolism and absorption. This constitutes a track to exploit in order to explain certain sometimes contradictory effects of selenium supplementation like its concentration in muscles and organs and decreased lipid levels in the muscles.


Biosci. Rep. (2018) 38, BSR20180557, https://doi.org/10.1042/BSR20180557]This correspondence provides a comment on the recent review article by Yang et al. [ We read the article by Yang et al.  with greWe have some considerations about their study.The aqueous humor (AH) is an intraocular fluid, secreted by the ciliary body that fills both the posterior and anterior chambers of the eye ,3. The vin aqueous means ‘containing water as a solvent or medium’ and in vitro means ‘elsewhere outside a living organism’.The terminology in vitro’ referring to Jee et al. [In their article, Yang et al.  used thee et al.  researche et al.  performee et al. .However, Jee et al.  studied We believe that the considerations aforementioned might help in understanding the valuable scientific information assembled by Yang et al. .We celebrate Yang et al.  for the


Fasciola species. Although we think this study is very informative to researchers interested in the molecular epidemiology, the study contains Materials and Methods which are disputable.In the previous work by Bozorgomid et al. , helpfulFasciola species obtained in Bozorgomid et al. (The verification of the sequences of d et al.  has not d et al. , 3. If c