Government-level ESG  institutionalization and active ESG activation in the private sector are being discussed for the first time this year in Korea, spurred by increased national interest since the COVID-19 pandemic crisis and the declaration of a carbon-neutral society by 2050, and ESG discussion in many fields is spreading rapidly. In addition, global awareness of the crisis caused by environmental pollution and natural disasters has highlighted the importance of green infrastructure (GI) as a new conceptual alternative to improve public value. Based on sustainability, which is a common goal of ESG and green infrastructure, this study aimed to examine the research targets and techniques of green infrastructure from the perspective of ESG. This study selected and analyzed 98 domestic and international academic journal papers published over the past 10 years in the Web of Science academic journal database literature collection. Focusing on the research subjects, the focus on green infrastructure, and research keywords, we examined the aspects of the green infrastructure plan that have been focused on from the ESG perspective and compared domestic and international research trends. In addition, implications for how each research topic is connected to the concept of ESG according to its function and purpose were derived. By examining the domestic and international research trends of green infrastructure from the ESG perspective, we identified the need for a wider range of research on the diversity and relationship between humans and the ecological environment; policies and systems; and technical research that does not focus only on a specific field. In this regard, we intend to increase the contribution to ESG management in the public sector through the establishment of green infrastructure plans and policies in the future, as they account for a large portion of public capital. ESG stands for “environment, social, and governance,” which are used as factors to judge a company’s non-financial performance, which is linked to corporate ethical or social responsibility investment ,2, and tDiscussions on sustainability began in the 1990s, when the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, adopted Agenda 21, a plan for international cooperation for sustainable development. At this time, the world’s three major environmental conventions, the Convention on Climate Change, the Convention against Desertification, and the Convention on Biological Diversity, which are the basis of the environmental factors of ESG, were newly established.Subsequently, the sustainable development goals (SDGs) presented by the UN at the 2015 UN Sustainable Development Summit were included in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development as the 17 core sustainable development goals of the UN [The 17 goals for sustainable development are ending poverty, ending hunger, health and welfare, education, gender equality, clean water hygiene, decent and clean energy, decent jobs and economic growth, industry and innovation and infrastructure, reducing inequality, sustainable cities and communities, responsible consumption and production, climate action, underwater ecosystems, peace and justice, and partnerships .When the foundation of ESG was being laid, in 2011, Porter and Kreamer created the concept of Creating Shared Value (CSV), which seeks both social problem solving and economic value. It is a concept that suggests companies, consumers, and society should pursue shared values and form a complementary relationship through strategic social marketing beyond CSR .ESG is an investment philosophy that pursues long-term value growth as the value of sustainable and harmonious development, considering the benefits of economic, environmental, social, and governance emphases .The concept of ESG was first used in December 2004 in a report jointly produced by the United Nations and the Swiss Foreign Ministry, and details of environmental, social, and governance issues in “Who cars wins” are shown in As the concept of ESG becomes increasingly mainstream, ESG is widely considered, practiced, and popularized in the field of practical uses , and theFollowing the COVID-19 pandemic, sustainable and inclusive development has once again become a hot topic of discussion worldwide, and in response to increasingly serious sustainable development issues in environmental, social, and financial markets, international organizations and countries around the world have proposed sustainable and comprehensive development frameworks for human society .As interest at the national level rises in Korea, along with the 2050 Declaration of Carbon Neutralization (10 December 2020), government-level ESG institutionalization and active ESG activation in the private sector are being discussed, and they have spread to many areas since they were first conceived a year ago.The Korean government has required companies to disclose ESG obligations by 2025, and since declaring the Green New Deal policy and carbon neutrality, ESG has been promoted not only by the private sector but also by local governments . Changes are taking place in the full-scale promotion of ESG administration , and ESGIn addition, as part of this policy, green infrastructure—a conceptual alternative to improve urban environmental, cultural, and economic value—continues to be discussed in the domestic landscape field as a sustainable plan.The first time the term “green infrastructure,” a combination of “green” and “infrastructure”, was used was in the policy report published by the Clinton administration in May 1999, entitled the President’s Council on Sustainable Development ,11. The Green infrastructure creates a network of physical green spaces, the concept of greenways, to continuously utilize recreation functions in the city; it solves urban social problems by adding the concept of natural ecosystems to human ones .Various benefits exist in green infrastructure , and theFirst, contributing to the economic development of the community by improving the social, physical, and environmental conditions of the site .Second, the promotion of leisure activities, realization of community’s aesthetic preference, improvement of residential environments through community regeneration and provision of comfort for human mental and physical health , and encThird, ecological network contribution through biodiversity and habitat protection, environmental quality improvement, and ecological function of adaptation and mitigation of climate change .The economic, socio-cultural, and ecological functions of green infrastructure become the basis for the introduction of green infrastructure in planning and land use by allowing them to be efficiently utilized in a limited space through the combination of functions . As suchIn this study, to pursue sustainability, we examined the research trends of green infrastructure from an ESG perspective and examined the relationship between green infrastructure research subjects and items by ESG field. In the future, research on green infrastructure in Korea needs to include various studies related to this so that ESG management that pursues social, environmental, ethical, and sustainable growth as a policy tool in the public domain can be realized. Through this, it was judged that the evaluation factors for each ESG item as a strategy for creating a sustainable community environment from various developments can contribute to progressing the green infrastructure plan.This study used a systematic literature review . ConsideAs a research method, papers from domestic and international academic journals were collected through an electronic journal database search.http://www.riss.kr/, accessed on 5 March 2022) through a total of three stages of literature extraction.The overseas database used for this study was the Highly Cited Paper Index in the Web of Science; domestic academic papers listed in the Korea Citation Index (KCI) and candidates for KCI registration were collected from RISS , Document Type , and Publication Years, which were narrowed down to the period from 2006 to 2021 in Korea, when the study started, were set as parameters , and finally, academic papers that had secured public credibility by KIC listing in Korea and highly cited papers  were selected.The second stage was the exclusion of duplicate articles , and in the third stage, after reviewing the keywords and abstracts of the searched articles, their thesis values, and effects, the classification by ESG items was pre-implemented based on the target of application.https://www.moodys.com, accessed on 12 March 2022), one of the three major credit rating agencies in the United States, was used to select 55 international and 43 domestic research papers related to E (Environment), S , and G (Governance) factors, with relevance for each category.To select studies meaningful for the analysis of the relationship between green infrastructure and ESG, first, Moody’s ESG evaluation index  and domestic indicators .In line with the recent trend of emphasizing international environmental and social governance, ESG standards are being upgraded, and an appropriate foundation is being established. Although the evaluation indicators differ from institution to institution, the fundamental purpose they pursue is the same. Based on the major evaluation indicators being promoted overseas  and domestic indicators , it was reorganized in Analysis of the articles related to green infrastructure from 98 domestic and international journals showed that research has been actively conducted in Korea since 2007, and has been on a steep rise since 2016 .Green infrastructure research, according to ESG items, was published with more than 60% of the focus on the environment both domestically and abroad, which is believed to be due to the early start of the concept of green infrastructure in the academic fields related to landscaping, environment, and civil engineering . It can An analysis of the current status of research data published according to ESG evaluation indicators reconstructed by the author for domestic and international research trends showed that similar indicators were distributed in E (Environment) and G (Governance) items .The E (Environment) field showed a very similar research status in climate change response, with seven cases (16.3%) in Korea and nine cases (16.4%) overseas and in air quality management, with three cases (7.0%) in Korea and three cases (5.5%) overseas. Higher concentrations were found in water resource management  and natural capital conservation and construction  in Korea, and in water resource management  and natural capital conservation and construction  overseas.In Korea, disaster management and water cycle research were treated as important subjects: damage from wind and water due to climate change accounts for more than 90% of all natural disasters, and it is concentrated in urban areas . ResearcIn foreign countries, research was actively conducted to secure green areas such as land and forests and to establish spaces for ecological diversity, and many studies were conducted on ecosystem services (ESs), ecosystem-based adaptations (EbAs), frameworks ,55,56,57However, research has not been conducted on energy management evaluation indicators related to renewable energy with active policies worldwide .In the S  field, some studies related to housing and living environment  and community contribution  have been published in Korea, but studies related to health  and consideration of social members  were conducted abroad.In Korea, the main focus was on the level of user satisfaction ,85,86 anHowever, there was no research on indicators in the education sector, such as safety, learning, and experience, for the effects of environmental damage or crime safety .The G (Government) field showed that studies on policies and systems  were active in Korea and abroad, and that they had high expectations for urban and park development or continuation through green infrastructure.In Korea, policy improvement of green infrastructure in connection with existing systems, such as urban planning, green park plans, land use plans, and urban-based projects ,101,102,However, indicators related to participation in green infrastructure planning or policy establishment have not been studied .The highest proportion of research on green infrastructure in Korea focused on large areas, such as cities and green areas, followed by units of green infrastructure such as parks, roads, green facilities, and waterfronts, which were studied in connection with the creation of an urban ecological environment and pollution reduction .From the ESG point of view, domestic green infrastructure research mainly focused on the G (Government) area, such as policies, plans, and evaluations for green infrastructure, compared to E (Environment) and S  aspects.The contents of urban policies and plans, evaluation of green infrastructure plans, and techniques of domestic green infrastructure research were actively studied. In particular, research measures for green infrastructure, green growth, and balanced development, such as urban planning and design techniques , LID , and green growth evaluation , were extensively handled, suggesting the importance of green infrastructure as a comprehensive and future policy at the city level .In addition to policies, planning techniques, and evaluation, studies on urban biodiversity , such as ESs, EbA measures and frameworks, and NbSs occupied the largest proportion.In addition, various studies have been conducted to improve disaster management and the global environment, such as those focusing on green space and health and human well-being , urban heat islands , climate change , air quality , and water  .From an ESG point of view, various studies  were conducted on the relationship between humans’ health and the ecological environment, in addition to technological studies (G), such as policies and plans for green infrastructure, compared to Korea, which had no technological studies.Comparing the published status of the analyzed green infrastructure research, the scale and expansion of research followed the order of E > G > S both in the domestic and international literature, but there were some differences in detailed ESG evaluation indicators. In the G field, only research on policies and systems was conducted in Korea and abroad, but in the E field, domestic water resources management was the main focus, while overseas, natural capital conservation and establishment were the most common subjects. In Korea, research on S aspects was conducted on housing, the living environment, and contribution to the local community, while overseas research was conducted on consideration of social members and health indicators.In terms of green infrastructure research, Korea has also heavily focused on policies and plans for cities, parks, and green infrastructure, and some research on water resource management and vegetation environment was conducted. On the other hand, research on urban biodiversity was most active overseas, followed by planning and policies for cities, green infrastructure, and green areas, and research was conducted in various fields, such as urban heat islands, climate, air quality, water resources, and greening.Korea focuses on short-term and practical utility, such as disaster and resource management, and improvement of people’s living and economic help. In foreign countries, the macroscopic relationship between humans and the ecological environment is important, and thus the focus is on securing ecological spaces both inside and outside the city, expanding social services, and living a healthy life.According to the conceptual definition and planning direction of green infrastructure, it is a physical space of various scales created for ecosystem services, recreational functions in the city, and solutions to urban social problems, where—in addition to space plans such as land use projects—integration and collaboration plans with public policies are also needed.As a result of analyzing green infrastructure research, selected according to the evaluation index items of the ESG field reconstructed by the author, research activities in the E and G fields are expanding, but they are relatively low in the S field.Research on policies, land use, and development techniques for both domestic and foreign cities accounted for the largest proportion of green infrastructure studies, and system studies for LID and urban ecological diversity were actively conducted.This is considered as part of an effort to prepare an environmental response plan using green infrastructure targets of various scales, such as green areas, parks, roads, and green facilities, as global awareness of crisis is rising due to environmental pollution and disasters ,113. ThiFor green infrastructure to contribute to ESG management in the public sector, sufficient research evidence and data are needed to support the validity of each field. As a result of analyzing the current status of green infrastructure research using the ESG evaluation index in this study, the fields that were relatively insufficient, or evaluation indicators that have not yet been studied, are as follows.First, the subjects and contents of research that are currently biased toward the E and G fields should be further expanded to the S fields. It is clear that the implementation of green infrastructure plans or policies has a positive environmental and ecological impact. However, the social impact on human life requires long-term observation, and the amount of research and interest concerning this subject so far is not high. According to domestic and foreign research trends in the ESG evaluation index, research considering social members, health, housing and living environments, and community contribution is emerging, but there is no research on safety and education, and the transfer of research is insufficient compared to the E and G fields.Second, for the policy use of green infrastructure, indicators related to green energy for carbon neutrality should be studied. In response to global warming, various efforts are being made to establish net-zero-carbon cities, rather than simply low-carbon cities, in line with global efforts to break away from the fossil fuel era to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. To prepare for it, fuel and renewable energy materials are required, together with urban spaces, industrial structures, and a green infrastructure environment . In the Third, research on collaboration in green infrastructure plans or policies in the G field is needed. In ESG management, transparency, soundness, and value realization through communication of plans or policies are important, and must be accompanied by participation indicators. Since research on participation indicators has not yet been conducted at home or abroad, it seems necessary to study cases or measures to secure the reliability of policies through participation or communication in the planning or policy establishment stage of developing green infrastructure.As the importance of green infrastructure for combatting climate change, disaster response, and sustainable growth has expanded, related research on the applicability and effectiveness of urban planning and policies is becoming more active, and Korea’s interest is similar to that found overseas.However, according to the detailed evaluation indicators or research contents of each ESG field, Korea tends to concentrate on plans, techniques, and economic effects for disaster and resource management.In the E field, research on natural capital conservation and construction indicators such as land and forests is passive, and research on urban ecological diversity has not yet been conducted.In addition, in the S field, it seems to have focused only on short-term policy effects, focusing on residential, living environments, and community contribution indicators.For Korean green infrastructure research to be consistent with the ESG management vision in the future, various considerations of the cycle of macroscopic human life and ecological environment, in addition to short-term effects and technology utilization, will be needed.Although ESG and green infrastructure are commonly oriented toward sustainability and are actively embraced by national policies around the world, no research or consideration has been dedicated to the relationship between green infrastructure and the ESG perspective.To analyze the relationship between green infrastructure and ESG, 55 research papers from abroad and 43 from Korea that meet the ESG evaluation index criteria were selected and considered among green infrastructure studies from 2006 to 2021. The selected papers analyzed the status of green infrastructure research related to ESG, green infrastructure research trends according to the ESG evaluation index, and green infrastructure research subjects and contents, respectively, and the author reconstructed and used the ESG evaluation index based on detailed evaluation items developed by domestic and foreign public and private evaluation institutions.As a result, research on green infrastructure in both Korea and abroad is expanding in the E, S, and G fields, and various studies are also distributed in the detailed ESG evaluation index reconstructed by the author. This means that the green infrastructure is largely in line with the goals and indicators of ESG management, and suggests that the establishment of green infrastructure will contribute to ESG management in the public sector in the future.This study reveals that green infrastructure is a useful environmental, social, and policy tool for realizing ESG management in pursuit of social, environmental, and ethical sustainable growth in the public domain, and it can be used to present ESG evaluation indicators in future green infrastructure plans and policies.To this end, the direction of future green infrastructure research is presented as follows.First, for green infrastructure to contribute to ESG management in the public sector, sufficient research evidence and data are needed to support the validity of each field, E, S, and G, so research in the S field, which is relatively insufficient compared to the E and G fields, should be expanded.Second, research in fields lacking in literature according to the ESG evaluation index is needed. As the E field’s concern with carbon reduction, greenhouse gas reduction, and energy management, the S field’s focus on safety and education, and the G field’s participation indicators are increasingly important in public ESG management globally, related research will be essential in the future.Third, green infrastructure plans and policies account for a large portion of public capital, and since most of the infrastructure projects are carried out as long-term projects, sufficient validity will be provided when research on human and ecological environment diversity and relationships is supported from a macro perspective. As Korea focuses on research on short-term effects and technical aspects, studies on macroscopic human life and ecological environment cycles are essential.


Discussions on sustainable development were included on the agenda of the United Nations(UN) in 1972, at the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment held inStockholm, Sweden.-Also in 2015, a new global agenda was initiated, this time called the 2030 Agenda forSustainable Development, adopted by 193 UN Member States. It is a global action plan,which covers the environmental, economic and social dimensions of sustainabledevelopment, in a comprehensive and interconnected manner.In this context, this paper presents some reflections on the potential of the datasources available for monitoring the goals of the SDGs in Brazil, especially theindicators used by the Health Surveillance Secretariat of the Ministry of Health(SVS/MS).,Brazil, as a Member State of the UN, adhered to the SDGs from the moment it came intoeffect. In 2016, the National Commission for the SDGs (CNODS)In the context of the SDGs, in addition to the political component, it is necessaryto articulate initiatives in terms of monitoring and shared governance, whichencourage the active participation of the entities of the federation, the civilsociety and the private sector in monitoring the goals, including technical support,and the implementation of local, regional and national initiatives.In this sense, a structure was created in the Ministry of Health to organize theprocess of monitoring the SDGs. In 2020, a working group (WG) was created at theSVS, called GT ODS SVS, composed of representatives from all departments of theSecretariat, to work specifically on the indicators under its direct responsibility, as well as those related to the themes of thatsecretariat . This WG contributed so that the SDGs monitoringactivities, already in place in the Ministry of Health, could be better organizedand qualified. Since its implementation, the WG develops permanent activities in thefollowing areas:updating of indicators ;3 with the aim of updating them to the 'produced'status;3qualification of indicators that are in the 'analysis/construction'phasemonitoring of indicators; and the creation of networks encompassing the Federal District, state, andmunicipal governments, universities and the civil society for theincorporation of the 2030 Agenda.Faced with the need to expand the monitoring of the SDGs, in order to encompass goalsand indicators related to the SDGs throughout the Ministry of Health, in 2021,through the Advisory Committee for Monitoring and Evaluation of the BrazilianNational Health System (SUS), coordinated by DEMAS, the WG for the 2030 Agenda inthe Ministry of Health (GT ODS MS) was created, composed of the its secretariats -the Specialized Health Care Secretariat, Primary Health Care Secretariat, theSecretariat of Science, Technology, Innovation and Strategic Health Inputs, theSpecial Secretariat of Indigenous Health, the Work and Education Management inHealth Secretariat, and the Health Surveillance Secretariat -, the National HealthSurveillance Agency, the National Health Foundation, and the National CancerInstitute.The availability of quality, accessible, updated, reliable and disaggregated data,based on official national sources, is essential condition for the periodicproduction of indicators.In the Brazilian context, the following are pointed out as important data sources formonitoring the SDGs, in particular SDG 3: the Mortality Information System (SIM),the Live Birth Information System (SINASC), the Information System for NotifiableDiseases (SINAN), and the national health epidemiological surveys, such as theSurveillance System for Risk and Protective Factors for Chronic Diseases byTelephone Survey (VIGITEL), the National School-based Health Survey (PeNSE) and theNational Health Survey (PNS).,,The SIM is the official death registration system in BrazilAs they are official data recording systems and due to their scope, SIM, SINASC andSINAN make up the basis for calculating at least 15 of the indicators referring toSDG 3, consisting of 13 targets and 28 indicators, in addition to their use for theindicator 16.1.1, pertaining to SDG 16 .,In terms of national surveys as sources of data for the SDG indicators, it isimportant to highlight that in the 2019 edition of the PNS there was an importantchange in relation to the previous version, conducted in 2013. In this latestedition, the minimum age of the selected resident to answer the survey questions wasreduced from 18 to 15. This change occurred due to the monitoring of internationallyagreed indicators, especially those related to the SDGs. To demonstrate theimportance of such compliance, the SDG 3.a.1 indicator assesses the prevalence ofsmokers in the population aged 15 years and over.Broad dissemination of the produced results is part of this monitoring process. InBrazil, this disclosure is made through the Sustainable Development Goals DigitalPlatform (ODS Platform),However, in order to monitor and achieve the goals of the SDGs, it is necessary tohave intersectoral initiatives for the construction and management of networks thatinvolve the entire Brazilian society and contribute to the formulation of policies,programs and plans. With the end of the period of validity of the 2011-2022Strategic Action Plan to Tackle Non-Communicable Diseases in Brazil,The production of the SDG indicators is still a major challenge for the country, bothin terms of quantity and diversity. Although Brazil has solid data sources, of goodquality and with an adequate level of disaggregation, the 2030 Agenda requirescombinations of information beyond this sector, which increases the difficulty ofthe process. The dispersion and lack of regularity in the production of some type ofdata can be cited as central issues to be observed for the production of suchindicators and, consequently, the monitoring of the goals.Lastly, it is opportune to develop the objectives and goals of the SDGs in line withthe demands of the Brazilian National Health System (SUS). This way, possibilitiesare created for its reach and the strengthening of intersectorality,universalization and equity in health, requirements to contemplate the diversity andcomplexity of the themes of the 2030 Agenda in face of the social, political,economic, cultural and environmental health determinants.


Children with conditions that until a few years ago were incompatible with life currently survive due to technological advances, changing the epidemiological profile and leading to the need to reassess the healthcare.CSHCN presents quite heterogeneous conditions regarding clinical manifestations, severity, and functional limitations and, consequently, varied health care requirements, which interferes with the organization of care and adoption of programs or specific health policies.CCC involves the combination of four characteristics: (1) Presence of one or more severe chronic clinical conditions and/or association with higher morbidity and mortality rates; (2) Functional impairment and mental and/or physical limitations, often leading to compromised autonomy and/or need of assistive technology  to ensure survival; (3) Different care needs compared to the general population, such as polypharmacy, specialized therapies, and special diets, besides specific educational needs; and (4) Greater use of healthcare services, with a higher number of medical appointments, multiple professionals from different areas involved in the care, and more frequent and/or prolonged hospitalizations.In the United States, there is an estimated prevalence of 15–20% of CSHCN, responsible for the high healthcare costs, even though complex cases are rare.5Care coordination is a strategy of approach, with emphasis on inter-organizational relationships,5This care model has been recommended by the American Academy of Pediatrics for care to CSHCN under the denomination of Medical Home, which encompasses a broad concept of an “accessible, comprehensive, longitudinal, coordinated, humanized, culturally adapted, and family-centered” approach. According to these characteristics, care for these patients can be provided at any level of care. However, it should be ideally provided in primary care, usually by a general pediatrician with the joint support of other specialists and a multidisciplinary team, with care coordination being the key element.The ICR-HCFMUSP outpatient clinic for CSHCN and CCC was established in 2016 with the following objectives: (1) To provide coordinated outpatient care to patients with CCC, aiming to integrate the multispecialty assistance that these patients require; (2) To facilitate dehospitalization and support families in understanding the treatment; (3) To train pediatric resident physicians with a view to disseminate and implement the model in other locations; and (4) To contribute to the production of knowledge in this field.Since 2016, 1006 patients referred from the several specialties clinics of the HCFMUSP were examined, totaling 8,028 appointments. The main characteristic of the patients is the multiplicity of health problems. Most of them present three or more diagnoses need polypharmacy, and approximately one-third are technology-dependent and/or need assistive technology, like gastrostomy, tracheostomy, supplemental oxygen, and others.Care is provided by the pediatric resident physician under the supervision of a general pediatrician who identifies all morbid conditions and respective therapeutic proposals guided by specialists, addresses the needs of the patient and the family, establishes priorities, and shares decisions. Through dialogue with specialists and a multi-professional team, a therapeutic care plan is created, including clinical issues, aspects related to the promotion of quality of life, autonomy, and educational and social insertion of the child and adolescent.This is the profile of the service that has been characterized as a service of “complex pediatric care”. However, the proposal of an outpatient clinic for the follow-up of children with CCC encounters some barriers.The first dare is to find professionals in primary care who feel able to follow these patients, especially in aspects related to the integration of inpatient and outpatient care coordination.The dehospitalization of these patients, especially those technology-dependent, and the prevention of injuries depend on the qualification of the multi-professional team.In addition to access and technical training to assist these patients, it is necessary to overcome difficulties of integration between the health sector and others. Care coordination presupposes communication with the area of education, social assistance and non-governmental organizations, and family groups.The difficulty in offering the necessary attention to patients with CCC has been the subject of increasing attention and should be the focus of discussions on the organization of services. The experience described allows for reflection and points to care coordination by a general practitioner as a strategy to improve health outcomes, both from an individual and family perspective and on the healthcare system. However, several barriers need to be overcome.The authors declare no conflicts of interest.


Environmental devaluation is a major concern for European countries as they seek to scrutinize strategies for development anthropology. Germany holds diversified ties with the socioeconomic and environmental development of the region. In accordance with global obligations, Germany's research on environmental issues, protection laws and actions, and universities and scientific research institutions in the field of environmental protection are progressing toward the development of a sustainable future securing the development anthropology. However, Germany's research on environmental issues is unclear to the rest of the world. Chinese scholars also lack effective countermeasures and suggestions for implementing environmental protection cooperation between China and Germany under the Belt and Road Initiative to draw a sustainable global drain. Understanding the current situation and frontier trend of environmental research in German academic circles is essential and irreplaceable for relying on research results data and quantitative analysis theory to carry out the research process. The methodology of this paper established a quantitative analysis based on “institutions,” “scholars,” “research objects,” and “frequency of keywords” among the research results on environmental issues in Germany. It constructs a digital portrait of the field of environmental research in Germany. Knowledge mapping is extensively used in this study as the primary research tool to show the development of environmental research in Germany. The standard deviation of social science research has roughly doubled in that time. CiteSpace, a visual tool for document statistical analysis, is used to analyze the research results on environmental protection published by German scholars from 2008 to 2018. The study results include Web of Science Network, and finally, a visual map is drawn. This study analyzes the status quo, research institutions, keywords, research hotspots, and research trends of international cooperation in environmental research in Germany. The findings are in supportive position of environment study that is the key to human existence and societal development. Leading to this Germans are in concern of human anthropology being reflected in scholarly published work. In response to practical challenges, “global warming” and “sustainable development” became the most frequently used keywords. It provides sustainable thoughts and countermeasures to strengthen Sino-German environmental protection exchange and cooperation further. Germany is the most important European country and a sustainable engine for promoting economic growth. Germany has attached great importance to environmental protection the overall. Not only does the German government emphasize the significance of environmental preservation, but also all political parties, organizations, universities, scientific research institutions, and citizens place a high value on environmental protection as a national priority.German mainstream media such as Süddeutsche Zeitung, Der Spiegel, Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, “reported the connectivity of environment policies in promulgating developmental roots by the means of anthropology as a key to environment and societal norms” Rojas . In variMost western countries were significantly impacted after the global financial crisis broke out in 2008. To avoid relying too much on the United States for their economic development, some European countries put their main efforts into the fields of new technology development, advanced equipment manufacturing, environmental protection, and so on, hoping to bring new growth points to their own economy. As the most important engine of economic growth in Europe, Germany has also been greatly affected since the global financial crisis broke out in 2008 Rauh, . The Ger2 emissions and the ultimate costs of technologies like blockchain  of the three time periods were assigned as , , and , respectively.We selected the “country” option in the CiteSpace interface, and the visualization results showed that there were 78 effective nodes and 727 links. From 2008 to 2018, Germany made 727 contacts with 78 countries worldwide .To further analyze the cooperation network between German universities and scientific research institutions, the author chose the cluster node “institution” in the CiteSpace operation interface and set the thresholds  to , and , respectively. The Then, we selected the “institution” option, and the visualization results showed that there were 192 effective nodes and 594 links; that is, from 2008 to 2018, German universities and scientific research institutions, as well as German scientific research institutions and universities and scientific research institutions from other nations, collaborated on environmental research projects. The research status of German scientific research institutions more clearly and further highlights the research achievements of some German institutions. The author further screened out the data of German universities and scientific research institutions that participated in inter-agency cooperation research < 49 times and performed further statistical analysis on the screened-out ten universities and think tanks. According to the analysis, the data of the ten universities and research institutes with the highest frequency of environmental research in Germany are as follows:The data show that the top ten universities and research institutions engaged in environmental research in Germany are Helmholtz Center Environmental Research Center, Humboldt University, Dresden University of Technology, Berlin University of Technology, Technical University of Munich, Bremen University, Hamburg University, Bonn University, Aachen University of Technology, and Freiburg University. Among them, Helmholtz Environmental Research Center in Germany, Humboldt University in Germany, and Dresden University of Science and Technology in Germany rank among the top three in German environmental research, with a frequency of 99 times, 70 times, and 69 times, respectively, which dominates the research direction and research frontier of German environmental research, and University Bremen, University Hamburg, University Freiburg have a frequency of 59 times, 55 times, and 49 times. As a global stakeholder on the world map, academic institutions must expound on the conclusive findings to develop environmental feasibility. This reflects the joint venture of the socio-economic foundation pillars of Germany.After analyzing the cooperation between countries and institutions at the level of collaboration among scholars, the author set the cluster node as “author” and intuitively analyzed the cooperation and cited the situation of German scholars in environmental research, thus further presenting the collaboration among scholars in the field of environmental protection and essential author information in the last decade. We clicked “Visualize” to run CiteSpace without changing other parameters and, finally, received the following visualization diagram. The network analysis findings illustrate the authors' connectivity concerning environmental research being designated to investigate the spectrum of research that sags elements of the environment, causes, consequences, and concerns in the German circle. The results explain that the scholarly work is more concerned with the environmental domain, which is the roadmap for the German government and other institutions to design a collaborative pattern of global ecological success.German scholars engaged in environmental research mainly included Jens Newig, Hans Wiesmeth, Henner Hollert, Claudia Pahlwostl, and Stefan Sagging, created by Martin Kowarsch (Martin). The scholars mentioned above mainly formed a research team led by ten scholars. From the map distribution, it can be further seen that, among the research teams led by these ten scholars, there were not only four large-scale research teams but also several small-scale cooperation networks with cross-cooperation. It is worth noting that the scholars mentioned above are all from top universities and scientific research institutions in Germany, including Helmholtz Center Environmental Research Center in Germany, Humboldt University in Germany, Dresden University of Science and Technology in Germany, Berlin University of Science and Technology in Germany, Munich University of Technology in Germany, the University of Bremen in Germany, Hamburg University in Germany, Bonn University in Germany, the Aachen University of Technology in Germany, and Freiburg University in Germany. These scholars reflect the main scientific research forces of environmental research in Germany. The abovementioned scholars' research is mainly supported by the Council of Europe Joint Research Center, the European Union, the German Research Foundation, the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research, and other institutions and foundations.To observe the research hotspots and frontiers in German-related environmental problems, the author selected “keyword” as clustering nodes in the research tool interface of CiteSpace. The time slice was set to 1 year to highlight the time changes of the analysis object in greater detail. Then, we clicked the “visualization” button to run CiteSpace, and the final software statistics chart is as follows.According to the obtained analysis data, under this set of parameter setting conditions, “nodes” = 384 and “links” = 2,432 times; that is, a total of 384 keywords were included in this statistic, and there were 2,432 contacts among the above keywords. The author filtered the keyword information with a frequency of fewer than 47 times and finally collected 20 groups of keywords with a higher frequency in this field. The keywords that German scholars pay attention to environmental problems from high to low are climate change, sustainability, management, model, system, biodiversity, influence, framework, policy, governance, protection, performance, water, environment, behavior, science, ecosystem service, energy, problems, and risks .In Germany has long been regarded as one of the countries with the best environmental protection and the most eco-environmental management experience. People attach importance to environmental issues, and the cooperation between China and Germany on environmental protection is an important starting point, whether it is for China-EU relations or for promoting the green cooperation of the Belt and Road Initiative to draw sustainable environmental gains together. It is vital for China and the European Union to jointly fulfill a big country's responsibility and promote the implementation of the global emission reduction task. To varying degrees, German and academic circles have affirmed China's emission reduction achievements as an important participant in the Paris Agreement and an important partner of the European Union. They have kept high expectations for China and Europe in the fields of global governance and environmental protection for a sustained future. With the rational use of the research tool CiteSpace, the author visually operated and analyzed the samples from the aspects of international cooperation, cooperation of scientific research institutions, cooperation networks of researchers, cited networks, research hotspots, research frontiers, and so on, based on the related research of German scholars on the environment collected by the Web of Science TM core collection database from 2008 to 2018, and finally came to the following conclusions.Firstly, the author preliminarily clarified the status of German research on environmental issues, international cooperation, and scientific research cooperation from 2008 to 2018.The second place in the German cooperation list is the United Kingdom, and the frequency of German-British cooperation is 321. However, Sino-German collaboration on environmental issues ranked 11th, and the frequency of the Sino-German association was only 126 times, which was still low. There was still much room for improvement. To better promote the economic recovery of both sides after the epidemic, China and Germany should uphold the concept of green development and strengthen green cooperation through high-level dialogue on the environment and climate. After the UK withdrew from the European Union, Germany's status as a major EU country became more important. In the European general election in 2019, Germany ranked first among the member countries with 96 seats, especially because the influence of the Green Party group is inseparable from the German Green Party. To further strengthen China-EU relations, we must improve cooperation with Germany in various aspects.Third, Germany's research on environmental issues is mainly led by German universities and research institutions, including Helmholtz Central Environmental Research Center, Humboldt University, Dresden University of Science and Technology, Berlin University of Science and Technology, Munich University of Technology, University of Bremen, Hamburg University, Bonn University, Aachen University of Technology, Freiburg University, and other universities and research institutions, including Helmholtz Central Environmental Research Center, Humboldt University, and Germany. German scholars engaged in environmental research mainly include a research team composed of Jane Newweig, Hans Weismenz, Henna Holt, Cordia Pelle Vast, Stefan Eli, Martin Kovac, Akutas Hurst, Klaus Cuomo, Connard Walter, and Alai Seza. The scholars mentioned above mainly set up four large-scale research teams and several small-scale cooperation networks with a cross. The council of Europe Joint Research Center, the European Union, the German Research Foundation, the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research, and other institutions and foundations provided corresponding financial support and funding for the scholars mentioned above, effectively promoting the research of environmental problems in Germany. In March 2019, the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research, the German Ministry of Education and Research put forward the “New Initiative of Biodiversity Conservation Research,” expressing the determination to protect global biodiversity. In this regard, China has always attached great importance to biodiversity protection and has actively participated in global biodiversity governance. At the second Belt and Road Initiative international cooperation summit forum, Chinese President Xi Jinping emphasized that “we should take green as the background, promote green infrastructure construction, green investment, and green finance, and protect our common living homeland.” Both sides have played important roles in promoting the realization of the post-2020 global biodiversity framework. In addition, we need to pay attention to the role of many social organizations in promoting public welfare. For example, the Sino-German Environmental Energy Center is committed to promoting exchanges and cooperation between the two sides in the environmental and energy fields. At the same time, promoting advanced environmental protection technologies and popularizing advanced European environmental protection ideas are two different things. Active participation is vital in Sino-German environmental research cooperation projects, such as the Sino-German clean water project and Horizon 2020.Fourth, regarding environmental problems, 384 keyword frequencies have been included in this statistical data. The top 20 keywords with the closest attention and frequency were climate change, sustainable development, management, mode, system, biodiversity, influence, framework, policy, governance, protection, performance, water resources, environment, behavior, science, and ecosystem services. After further adjusting the view mode to time zone view, it was found that the current frontier keywords of German environmental research mainly include water resources, biodiversity, environmental problems, urban planning, institutions, models, indices, biofuels, robustness, and international functional classification. Many studies on environmental problems in Germany are focused on the fields of water resources and biodiversity. In addition, urban planning, biofuels, and robustness have also attracted wide attention from German academic circles.To sum up, by analyzing the relevant literature data collected by German scholars on environmental issues in the Web of Science TM core collection database, the author has derived 2,714 research results. These research results have great representativeness and coverage. They can truly reflect the current international cooperation in environmental research in Germany, the collaboration of scientific research institutions, the cooperation network of researchers, cited networks, research hotspots, research frontiers, and so on. After the introduction of “Industry 4.0” in Germany in 2013, environmental issues became a priority for the government and private industry alike, and significant progress was achieved toward protecting the environment in the country. In the future, there is still much room for development in the cooperation between China and Germany on environmental protection. To optimize and sustainably develop China's environmental protection policies, the country can keep abreast of the latest research achievements, research frontiers, and trends in the field of environmental protection in Germany, strengthen academic exchanges between China and Germany, increase the number of scholars and international students sent to Germany, and promote the continuous progress of China's environmental protection industry. According to the data of the German Federal Statistical Office, despite the tremendous negative impact of the epidemic, the bilateral trade volume between China and Germany increased by 3% last year to about 212.1 billion euros. In 2021, the fifteenth meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity was held in Kunming, China. Both China and Germany should shoulder the responsibility of protecting the environment by strengthening innovative cooperation in climate change and enhancing the level of Sino-German collaboration on the environment and climate.First, in relation to the significance of this research, the current study compiles the global connection of environmental research knowledge supplied by research stakeholders. Second, this research is a worthy addition to the canon of knowledge, having been published in the prestigious peer-reviewed journals of academic powerhouses in industrialized nations. Third, this study has inducted five clusters of environmental research contributions into the field of research. To rethink and understand environmental concerns, we visualize the environmental pillar of sustainability, which is the very existence of human life in developed countries. The connectivity of economic and social components of sustainability is complemented by environmental sustainability. This is what this field of work considers from the well-reputed research publisher in the global arena. This study's application of a global perspective in areas such as water resources, biodiversity, environmental problems, urban planning, institutions, indicators, biofuels, robustness, and international functional classification represents a timely contribution that recognizes research concerns in Germany that are working to transform development into sustainable development. Followed by the next dimension, this study reveals critical keywords studied in the past concerning environmental research. The bilateral cooperation of China and Germany on the environment and developing new energy sources are practical steps. There is a Sino-German ecological park in Qingdao. The Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology is working with its German counterpart to advance electric bikes, electric vehicles, and hybrid vehicle R&D in Beijing and Shanghai. In terms of managerial contributions, the study urges organizational stakeholders to promote policies that would result in a greener environment to promote sustainable development. The global partnership between heavily industrialized countries must be seen in connection to environmental sustainability through shared experiences. The consideration of academic studies on environmental research must be integrated into strategic management plans to ensure sustainable development is reported in scientific literature.This study fully uses CiteSpace tools to analyze the environmental research situation in Germany and draw corresponding conclusions. The diversity of data sources, the interests or preferences of researchers, and the research methods' applicability all constitute the research process's limitations and conclusions. The limitations of the research in this paper are mainly as follows:Firstly, CiteSpace, as the research tool of this study, although it can show the relevance of the analyzed objects, cannot provide quantitative indicators of the degree of relevance. Hence, the whole research is still in the qualitative analysis phase.Secondly, the data lag of the paper mainly obtains the research data through the network and retrieval database. There need to be more current achievements to support the research. Thirdly, China and Germany have different national conditions, and the applicability of the research results is limited. Germany is a developed country that has entered the stage of post-industrialization. Its thinking and policies on green industry and green consumption are not necessarily suitable for China's current national conditions and the development stage. This means that the research conclusions and thoughts in this study are more of a useful reference for China's future green development than a means that can be directly used.In future research, comprehensive resources can be helpful in the utilization of the results of German environmental research so that it can be adapted to China's national conditions and promote in-depth cooperation between China and Germany in the fields of low-carbon development and green industry. Green practices and digital technologies are concrete measures of such collaboration. With the unprecedented high temperatures and drought in the Northern Hemisphere in 2022, people are already feeling the effects of global warming. Research and decisive action on environmental issues are urgent. Environmental research collaboration between China and Germany should also address this dire scenario. Green practice involves production and consumption to operate in developmental domain of anthropology. In production, digital technology significantly enhances management efficiency and reduces wasteful resource use and management-related waste. Green practices will transform people's eating habits, social activities, transportation, etc., in the consumer sector. These subjects can serve as future directions for environmental studies study.The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/supplementary material, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding authors.WZ: conceptualization and data collection. BT: data management: FW: project administration. HT: data analysis. HZ: paper drafting. CW: validation and conducted the survey. MT: methodology and reviewing. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.


Medium and Long-term Development Plan of Comprehensive Transportation Network of Shandong Province (2018–2035), this paper uses the GIS network analysis method, weighted average travel time, modified gravity model and other methods to study the land traffic accessibility and economic relation intensity of prefecture-level cities in Shandong Province, China, in 2020 and 2035. The results show that the distribution of land traffic accessibility in Shandong Province, China, shows a certain regional main road pointing characteristic in 2020, and the urban accessibility level gradually decreases along the Beijing–Shanghai high-speed railway and Jinan-Qingdao high-speed railway to the periphery. In 2035, the land traffic accessibility of Shandong Province, China, will be more spatially distributed as “concentric circles”. From 2020 to 2035, the urban land traffic accessibility and the balance of economic contact in Shandong Province, China, will be improved significantly. The research results can provide a theoretical reference for optimizing the traffic network pattern and promoting urban economic contact in Shandong Province, China.As the basic support of regional economic and social development, land transportation is one of the important engines to promote regional development, and its construction and improvement will have an important impact on the regional economic pattern. Based on the road network of Shandong Province, China, in 2020, according to the  As the carrier of the flow of production factors, the transportation network can connect production and consumption, balance regional supply and demand, attract, multiply and integrate industries, capital and population , and proTraffic accessibility is considered a comprehensive index that can evaluate the development status of urban transportation scientifically and effectively by the academic community , which cRegional Development and Its Spatial Structure, Academician Lu Dadao of China, took Federal Germany as an example to analyze the impact of accessibility changes on regional development and put forward that the level of regional accessibility is a prerequisite for regional development [Transportation is closely related to the urban economy, and good accessibility in the urban transportation system is closely related to regional spatial integration . Cascettelopment . Mun [26elopment  concludeelopment  took theelopment  developeelopment , from thelopment , the spaelopment , and theelopment , etc. Inelopment . For exaelopment  analyzeselopment  analyzedelopment  proposedelopment  used theelopment  calculatelopment .To sum up, there are abundant research results on the connection between traffic accessibility and economy, which mainly focus on the evolution of regional transport accessibility and economic connection, the impact of different transport mode changes on regional economy and accessibility, and the impact of the establishment of a traffic channel on regional accessibility and economy . HoweverThe rest of this study is arranged as follows. In Medium and Long-term Development Plan of Comprehensive Transportation Network of Shandong Province (2018–2035) [Located in the eastern part of the Chinese mainland and in the lower reaches of the Yellow River, Shandong Province is rich in natural resources and has a complete industrial system, which is an important strategic resource base of China. Additionally, the transportation network in Shandong Province extends in all directions, with Beijing–Shanghai, Beijing–Kowloon and other railways and highway networks all over the province, which is an important transportation hub connecting the North and South of China. By the end of 2020, Shandong Province had opened 2110 km of high-speed railways and 286,800 km of highways, an increase of 6489 km over the previous year. In the 18–2035) , By 2035Medium and Long-term Development Plan of Comprehensive Transportation Network of Shandong Province (2018–2035) (hereinafter referred to as the Plan). The vector data of the planned road network were obtained by vectorization after sampling and geo-registration of the planning pictures by ArcGIS. Due to the availability and limitation of the planned road network, this study only involves the planning data of high-speed railways and expressways, and other road network data were replaced by the data of 2020. After combining relevant elements, the planned road network of Shandong Province, China, in 2035 can be obtained, as shown in In this paper, vector data of administrative divisions, expressways, national roads and provincial roads of Shandong Province, China, in 2020, were obtained through the Shandong Provincial Geographic Information Public Service platform for data visualization and processing. The railway data were derived from a 1:250,000 national basic geographic information database. The relevant elements were projected to WGS_1984_World_Mercator to obtain the road network of Shandong Province, China, in 2020, as shown in The overall theme of this paper is to explore and predict the spatial distribution of urban land transport accessibility and urban economic linkages. The method framework is shown in Traffic accessibility can reflect the difficulty of transportation between regions , and weiHighway Engineering Technical Standards (JTG B01–2014) and High-Speed Railway Design Code (TB10621–2014), the average running speeds of different types of roads are obtained, as shown in The time cost distance among prefecture-level cities was calculated based on ArcGIS 10.8.0.12790 software. Firstly, according to the Using the shortest time of inter-city land transportation to modify the gravity model, the economic contact between cities in Shandong Province, China, is measured. The equation is as follows:lue is 2 .The coefficient of variation was used to verify whether the planned road network would enhance or narrow the gap in accessibility or intensity of economic connection between cities . AccordiArcGIS network analysis method was used to calculate the shortest time cost distance between each node city. At the same time, population and economic dual indexes were taken as weights, and the results were obtained by using Equations (1) and (2). Then, the inverse distance interpolation method and natural discontinuity point classification method were used to obtain the spatial distribution of land traffic accessibility in Shandong Province, China, in 2020, and the prediction of the spatial distribution of land transportation accessibility in Shandong Province in 2035, as shown in Plan is to further optimize and supplement the transportation network in the areas with inconvenient transportation and poor transportation accessibility so that the land transportation fast track (such as high-speed rail and expressway) network can be spread throughout the province. It can be seen that by 2035, the completion and improvement in the planned road network can further solve the problems of the existing road network layout in Shandong Province, China, is not dense enough, the traffic connection is not tight enough, the urban traffic is not smooth enough, and the traffic accessibility in the marginal areas is poor. Thus, Shandong Province can realize the goal of “focusing on key points, reinforcing weak points, strong and weak items, and further optimizing and improving the comprehensive transportation network layout of the province” [In order to further analyze the change difference in land traffic accessibility in Shandong Province, China, in 2020 and 2035, the spatial difference in land traffic accessibility change rate in Shandong Province, China, (2020–2035) was obtained from the variability analysis of urban land transport accessibility before and after the planning, as shown in rovince” .According to Formula (3), the economic contact among prefecture-level cities in Shandong Province, China, is calculated, and the XY to line point-to-line tool in ArcGIS is used to draw the urban economic relation intensity in Shandong Province, China, in 2020 and 2035, as shown in According to According to Formula (5), the coefficient of variation in urban land traffic accessibility and economic relation intensity in Shandong Province, China, is calculated, as shown in This study analyzes the accessibility of urban land transportation, the level of economic links and their spatial distribution in Shandong Province in 2020 and 2035, and finds that the level of land transportation in Shandong Province, China, will be greatly improved by 2035. The accessibility level of land transportation in Shandong Province presents a “concentric circle” distribution on the whole, but it also shows a certain regional main road orientation characteristic. For example, in 2020, the level of urban accessibility will gradually decrease to the periphery along the Beijing–Shanghai high-speed railway and the Beijing–Qingdao high-speed railway. Therefore, the construction of high-speed railways can narrow the traffic accessibility gap between the peripheral cities  and the central cities  in Shandong Province. The construction and development of high-speed railways can affect regional transport accessibility, shorten people’s travel time, and make people travel more convenient and comfortable. This coincides with the concept of “Mobility as a Service” (MaaS). The development of modern transportation technology provides people with better services  for long-distance travel, which makes people more inclined to public transportation . As a reThis study has made a spatiotemporal analysis of urban land transportation accessibility and economic connection intensity in Shandong Province, China, in 2020 and 2035, and has a macro understanding of the traffic distribution pattern in Shandong Province, China. However, the study did not involve the road delay index, traffic transfer waiting time, road congestion time, traffic costs and other factors, so the results of traffic accessibility tend to be theoretical and idealized, which will provide a direction for subsequent refined research. In addition, the transportation network contains a variety of transportation modes, and the land transportation level cannot represent the overall traffic level of the city. In the future, a comprehensive study on urban traffic accessibility will be carried out by combining land, water, air and other transportation modes.(1)The spatial distribution of land traffic accessibility in Shandong Province, China, showed a “central–periphery” pattern with the provincial capital city as the core and gradually increasing to the peripheral areas. In 2020, the distribution of land traffic accessibility in Shandong Province, China, showed a certain regional main road pointing characteristic, and the urban accessibility level decreased gradually along the Beijing–Shanghai Railway and Ji–Qing Railway to the periphery. In 2035, the spatial distribution of land traffic accessibility in Shandong Province, China, has no obvious road direction characteristics, and the accessibility level tends to be more “concentric circles” in space. From 2020 to 2035, the overall land traffic accessibility in Shandong Province, China, will change significantly, with the change rate of land traffic accessibility in 16 prefecture-level cities all exceeding 20%. Among them, the central area of Shandong Province, China, changes less, whereas the marginal area changes more. The spatial distribution of land traffic accessibility in 2020 is similar to the spatial distribution pattern of the horizontal change rate of accessibility before and after the planned road network. It shows that the planned road network greatly improves the accessibility of land transportation in Shandong Province, China, further maintains the advantage of transportation accessibility in the central areas, and reduces the difference in accessibility between the peripheral area and the central area. By 2035, with the completion of the planned road network, the land traffic accessibility of cities located in the peripheral areas of Shandong Province, China, will be improved significantly. This will bring new opportunities and development to the industries that depend on land transportation in the peripheral cities of Shandong Province, China, and then bring local economic vitality and promote urban construction and social development.(2)In 2020, the economic contact of cities in Shandong Province, China, showed a pattern of “strong in the middle and weak in the periphery”, and the core edge features were significant. Among them, the strength of economic contact between Jinan and Zibo was the highest, followed by that between Zibo and Weifang. The strength of economic contact between cities in central Shandong Province, China, was about 10 times that between cities in western and northern Shandong Province. This is because the western and northern regions of Shandong Province, China, are short of rapid traffic arteries, and the social and economic foundation of some cities is relatively weak, so traffic accessibility is relatively poor compared with the central region of Shandong Province, China. By 2035, the network level of urban economic contact in Shandong Province, China, will be improved greatly, the central radiation role will be strengthened, and the marginalization will be weakened. Overall, a network of urban economic contact with Jinan and Qingdao as the core will be formed.(3)After the completion of the planned road network, the urban land traffic accessibility in Shandong Province, China, decreased to 59.65% on average, the coefficient of variation decreased to 18.31%, the urban economic relation intensity expanded to 10.60 times the original, the coefficient of variation decreased to 55.50%. This shows that the completion of the planned road network will make the urban land traffic accessibility and the balance of economic contact in Shandong Province, China, obviously improved.Based on the road network data of Shandong Province, China, in 2020, we calculated the land traffic accessibility and economic relation intensity of all prefecture-level cities in Shandong Province, China, in 2020 and 2035 according to the road network planning, and analyzed the current and future urban land traffic accessibility, economic link intensity level and spatial distribution pattern of Shandong Province, China. The main conclusions are as follows:


Definitions of health in different branches of medicine are one of the key paradigms in medical sciences. Nowadays, there are two distinct definitions of sexual health and mental health. The definition of sexual health, as well as sexual rights, was proposed by the World Health Organization , and the definition of mental health was published in World Psychiatry .The analysis and comparison of these two definitions: mental health and sexual health are two main objectives of this study.The analysis was carried out in three areas: logic, philosophical aspects  and the impact of other disciplines.The definition of sexual health reveals a eudaimonistic approach, whereas the definition of mental health is based on a holistic paradigm. Regarding the main principles in the definition of sexual heath, one can identify the following values: well-being, pleasure, safety, sexual rights – compared to harmony, empathy, coping skills, universal values in the definition of mental health. Sexual rights are a constitutive part of sexual health. There is no comparative element in the definition of mental health .These two definitions can have different effects on the prophylaxis and therapy of patients. It all depends on the specific context of care (sexology or psychiatry). Sometimes universal values matter and sometimes not. This is contradictory. Consistency is needed between definitions and practices.


The continuous increase in the cost of feeds and the need to improve the sustainability of animal production require the identification of alternative feeds, such as those derived from the agro-industrial sector, that can be effectively used for animal nutrition. Since these by-products (BP) are sources of bioactive substances, especially polyphenols, they may play an important role as a new resource for improving the nutritional value of animal-derived products, being effective in the modulation of the biohydrogenation process in the rumen, and, hence, in the composition of milk fatty acids (FA). The main objective of this work was to evaluate if the inclusion of BP in the diets of dairy ruminants, as a partial replacement of concentrates, could improve the nutritional quality of dairy products without having negative effects on animal production traits. To meet this goal, we summarized the effects of widespread agro-industrial by-products such as grape pomace or grape marc, pomegranate, olive cake, and tomato pomace on milk production, milk composition, and FA profile in dairy cows, sheep, and goats. The results evidenced that substitution of part of the ratio ingredients, mainly concentrates, in general, does not affect milk production and its main components, but at the highest tested doses, it can depress the yield within the range of 10–12%. However, the general positive effect on milk FA profile was evident by using almost all BP at different tested doses. The inclusion of these BP in the ration, from 5% up to 40% of dry matter (DM), did not depress milk yield, fat, or protein production, demonstrating positive features in terms of both economic and environmental sustainability and the reduction of human–animal competition for food. The general improvement of the nutritional quality of milk fat related to the inclusion of these BP in dairy ruminant diets is an important advantage for the commercial promotion of dairy products resulting from the recycling of agro-industrial by-products.  In the livestock industry, the marked volatility of the commodity prices for feeds, coupled with the need to improve the sustainability of animal production, requires the identification of alternative feedstuffs, such as those derived from the agro-industrial sector. Even though the inclusion of by-products (BP) in livestock diets is an old practice , the ideAlthough the relevant amount of agro-industrial BP is produced worldwide   whose content still remains high after the industrial process. Bioactive compounds natively present in most of the agro-industrial BP could exert many beneficial animal and human effects, which confer added value to these materials . Some ofGrape BP  are one of the most investigated, being derived from the wine industry worldwide ; among tThe industrial processing of pomegranate BP  has gained popularity for the content of several bioactive compounds, especially in peel   have also been investigated as potential nutraceutical carriers for their antioxidant activity  and for Tomato BP   are anotIn small ruminants, the carryover of polyphenols to milk has been established ,21,22. TIn addition, polyphenols are effective in modulating the biohydrogenation process in the rumen of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), and, hence, in the composition of milk fatty acids. The unsaturated FA in the diet, mainly linoleic acid , alpha-linolenic acid , and oleic acid , are converted to saturated FA (SFA) by rumen microorganisms through the biohydrogenation process. During the biohydrogenation of LA, first occurs the isomerization to rumenic acid , which is subsequently hydrogenated to vaccenic acid  and finally to stearic acid (C18:0). The LNA is mostly isomerized to conjugated linolenic acid , which is then hydrogenated to VA, and finally to C18:0. The intermediates VA and RA can escape from the rumen and accumulate in the tissues and milk. The VA is also the precursor of RA in the mammary gland, due to the enzyme delta-9 desaturase that catalyzes the addition of a cis-9 double bond to the VA . Research in human and animal models evidenced the large health-promoting effects of RA, which were effective against cancer ,29, atheSpecifically, the polyphenols in the ruminant diets act indirectly, either limiting or suppressing the growth of rumen microorganisms involved in the PUFA biohydrogenation ,46. The Despite several investigations on this subject, the effectiveness of BP-containing bioactive compounds in improving milk lipid quality is still disputed. This is likely a consequence of the type of BP, the dose tested, the wide diversity of active compounds, the composition of the basic diet, and the length of the experiments.Therefore, the present study summarized the effects of widespread agro-industrial BP such as grape, olive, tomato, and pomegranate BP on milk production, milk composition, and FA profile in dairy cows, sheep, and goats. The main objective of this work was to evaluate if the inclusion of BP in the diets of dairy ruminants, as a partial replacement of concentrates, could improve the nutritional quality of milk fat without having negative effects on animal production traits.n = 12), and some of them in ensiled, dry, or pomace form. For pomegranate, only 10 articles fit our inclusion criteria. A total of thirty-eight publications from these databases were used, considering all three ruminant species. The dataset was prepared by including the results of the control and experimental groups; the extent of variation of each experimental group from the control group was calculated and expressed as a percentage.A systematic literature search was conducted in 2022 in Google Scholar, Web of Science, and PubMed by using the following keywords: grape, olive, pomegranate, winery, by-products and milk yield, milk composition, and fatty acids. This research was repeated by including the terms sheep, goat, cow, and ruminant, as well as bovine, ovine, and caprine. The inclusion criteria, for each by-product, were the measurement of intake, the level of by-product supplemented, the measurement of milk yield, and the main components (fat and protein) and/or the fatty acid profile of milk. For grape by-products, the initial search yielded 18 articles, and among them, only 13 have been selected because they include relevant data of interest; most of the publications used grape pomace or marc. For olive by-products, we selected 15 articles; most of them used olive cake  for pomegranate BP.The inclusion of different kinds of BP in the diets of dairy cows, dairy sheep, and dairy goats did not give univocal results in terms of voluntary intake, DM and nutrient digestibility, and ruminal fermentation parameters. The wide variability should be associated with differences among species, experimental conditions, source of BP, and doses. In general, high doses of polyphenols reduce feed intake, as evidenced by the strong negative correlation between these variables , the cis-9,trans-11,cis-13 octadecatrienoic acid, also called punicic acid PnA; . The PnAon of VA . The VA The positive effect on milk quality of the animals fed pomegranate BP was evidenced by the reduction in SFA content and the enhancement of MUFA and PUFA contents.The inclusion of olive BP in ruminant diets did not significantly modify the milk production and composition in dairy cows , except Similarly, in dairy sheep and goats, the use of olive BP did not significantly modify milk yield and its main components if used in doses below 300 g/kg of DMI . Olive cOlive BP had a significant influence on the proportions of the main FA in milk fat . In all The high LNA content in olive leaves makes this by-product an attractive and cheap source of n-3 PUFA in animal diets to improve the FA profile of milk.Concerning the groups of FA, univocal results were highlighted for MUFA content, which increased in all species supplemented by olive BP. However, in sheep milk, the extent of the MUFA increase was higher compared to cow milk . This result could be partially explained by the higher level of inclusion of olive BP in the diet of sheep in some of the considered studies ,138.The effect of the inclusion of tomato BP in ruminant diets is reported in S. aureus, including antibiotic-resistant strains [Naringenin is one of the most abundant polyphenols in tomato BP . This po strains .Regarding the FA profile, the trials that investigated the inclusion of tomato pomace in ruminant diets are limited to small ruminants and showed increases in the concentrations of VA and RA in both sheep and goats . The conThis paper demonstrates that the use of widespread agro-industrial BP, such as grape pomace, pomegranate, olive cake, and tomato pomace, as a substitution for part of the ratio ingredients, mainly concentrates, in general, does not affect milk production or its main components, but at the higher doses tested, it can reduce the milk yield within the range of 10–12%. However, the general positive effect on the milk FA profile was evident by using almost all BP at different tested doses.The inclusion of these BP in the ration, which ranged from 5% up to 40% of DM without depressing milk, fat, or protein production as a rule, demonstrates the substitution power of concentrates of these feeds in terms of both economic and environmental sustainability, as well as the reduction in human–animal competition for food.Furthermore, the general improvement in the nutritional quality of milk fat is an important advantage for the commercial promotion of dairy products resulting from the use of these BP.Finally, the possible animal health benefits of ingesting substances with a generally well-documented anti-inflammatory effect, which would be in addition to the benefits mentioned above, i.e., improvement in animal health and welfare, remain to be evaluated.