The optimization of the business environment helps to create a good market ecological environment and promote industrial development. Based on the theory of institutional complexity, this study constructs the evaluation index system of China's urban business environment and analyzes the influencing factors using the NCA method. It is found that there is no necessary condition for a single element to constitute the high-level development of the tourism industry, but improving public service, total market volume, and innovation environment play universal roles in promoting the high-level development of the tourism industry. Using fsQCA for configuration analysis, two business environment configuration paths with high-level development of the tourism industry are obtained, which shows that there is no single path to promote the development of the tourism industry. In addition, the antecedent paths of high- and low-level tourism industry development are not the opposite, presenting an asymmetric causal relationship. The above findings reveal the realization path of the business environment for the development of China's urban tourism industry. Under the logic of multiple systems, cities can find the business ecological environment that best matches the development of the local tourism industry. In recent years, China has accelerated the construction of a modern economic system, and the business environment has become the main starting point to promote high-quality economic development. In 2019 and 2020, China released policies and regulations, such as Regulations on Optimizing the Business Environment and Implementing Opinions of the General Office of the State Council on Further Optimizing Business Environment and Better Serving Market Players, which shows that China is paying more and more attention to the development and optimization of the business environment. With the continuous advancement of the reform of “deregulation, management, and service”, China continues to build an international, market-oriented, and legal business environment, and the tertiary industry and emerging industries are growing rapidly. According to the global ranking of business environment measured by the world bank, China's business environment rose from 78th to 46th in 2019 and reached 31st in 2020, ranking among the top 10 economies with the largest improvement in the global business environment for 2 consecutive years. A good business environment is conducive to the development of market players and is an important aspect of highlighting the development of the competitiveness of the country or region  is between 0 and 1, and 0 ≤ d < 0.1 indicates a low level, 0.1 ≤ d <0.3 indicates a medium level, and 0.3 ≤ d < 0.5 indicates a high level , other conditional variables are significant (P < 0.01), but because the effect size is too small, there is no business environment element as a necessary condition.This study uses the NCA method in R software to test the necessary conditions Li,  of the gvel Dul, . It can The bottleneck level reflects the bottleneck value of the causal condition corresponding to a certain level of the outcome predictor. For example, in This study further uses the fsQCA method to strengthen the accuracy of necessary condition analysis. When the consistency is >0.9  The consistency of path 1 is 0.8872, which is greater than the acceptable level of 0.8, the original coverage is 0.1676, and the unique coverage is 0.0135. The coverage is used to compare the interpretation of results by different configurations, and there is no minimum threshold  The consistency of path 2 is 0.8988, which is greater than the consistency recommendation standard of 0.8. The original coverage is 0.6438, and the unique coverage is 0.4897. The core conditions of high public service, high market volume, and high innovation environment combined with the peripheral conditions of high human resource, high financial service, and high digital economy promote the development of the urban tourism industry, regardless of the level of a government environment. These type of cities includes Beijing, Chongqing, Chengdu, Suzhou, Guangzhou, Hangzhou, Wuhan, Tianjin, and other cities. For example, Chongqing issued Work Plan on Optimizing Doing Business Environment in Chongqing in 2019, which provides ideas for comprehensively standardizing government service, implementing the pilot of allowing foreign-invested travel agencies to operate outbound tourism in Chongqing, expanding the opening-up, and combining the implementation of cultural and tourism market supervision, and formed Chongqing's “negative list of market access” to clarify the objectives and responsibilities of the city's own optimization and reform. “Internet + government service” is implemented, and various work service processes are entered into the supervision platform to make the market more fair and transparent. The whole area tourism of Qiandao Lake in Hangzhou has developed well, with a large number of tourism enterprises pouring in. The reform of the business environment of “running once at most” just simplifies the business process of enterprises and greatly stimulates the vitality of market players. In innovative management, Hangzhou has optimized the yacht registration procedure according to the characteristics of existing tourism resources, which has better contributed to the development of local water tourism.This study verifies the business environment with a low tourism industry development level, and there are seven configuration paths that produce low-level development of the tourism industry. Among them, 1a, 1b, 2a, and 2b form a second-order equivalent configuration due to the consistency of core conditions in the nested analysis of intermediate solution and reduced solution Fiss, . “~” staTo verify whether the configuration path is robust, this study increases the original consistency from 0.8 to 0.85, it can be seen from This part further analyzes the typical cases. In terms of regional distribution, the proportion of cities with high-level development in the tourism industry in the eastern region, western region, central region, and northeast region is 53.85, 15.38, 19.23, and 11.54%, respectively. Among them, due to the early opening to the outside world and based on good basic conditions, the eastern region has always been in a leading position in the transformation and optimization of the business environment. In Regulations on Optimizing Business Environment issued in 2019, the State Council clearly mentioned that the eastern region should be the leading development of the business environment demonstration area, and the rest of the region should actively follow up the development. There is still a big gap between the business environment and the development of the tourism industry in the western region and Northeast China. Among them, typical cases of high-level development of the tourism industry include Beijing, Hangzhou, Tianjin, Guangzhou, Suzhou, Nanjing, and Shenzhen in the eastern region; Wuhan, Hefei, Changsha, and Zhengzhou in the central region; Chengdu, Chongqing, and Xi'an in the western region; and Dalian, Changchun, and Shenyang in the northeast region. The business environment of these cities is also in the top position. From the perspective of cities, the State Council takes Beijing, Shanghai, Chongqing, Hangzhou, Guangzhou, and Shenzhen as innovative pilot cities to optimize the business environment in China. The four municipalities directly under the central government and some provincial capital cities are typical cities to promote path 2 of high-level development of the tourism industry. That is, the core conditions of high public service, high market volume and high innovation environment combined with the peripheral conditions of high human resource, high financial service, and high digital economy promote the development of the urban tourism industry. A good business environment is a comprehensive achievement under the joint influence of the government environment, public services, total market volume, and other factors. Overall, the development of a business environment in large cities is relatively advanced, comprehensive, and coordinated. As a typical city with high-level development of the tourism industry, it also verifies that the optimization of the business environment gives better development space for tourism industry.Based on the theory of institutional complexity, this study comprehensively uses NCA and fsQCA to analyze and draw the following conclusion: (1) through the necessity condition test, single business environment elements such as government service, human resource, financial service, public service, market aggregate, innovation environment, and digital economy are not enough to become the necessary condition to promote the development of tourism industry. (2) fsQCA analysis shows two configuration paths to promote the development of tourism industry. One is that high public service, high total market, and high innovation environment are the core conditions, complementary high human resources, high financial services and low government environment are the peripheral conditions. The other is that high public service, high total market, and high innovation environment are the core conditions, while complementary high human resources, high financial services, and high digital economy are the peripheral conditions. The existence of different configuration paths reflects that there can be multiple realization paths for the urban business environment to promote the development of the tourism industry. (3) Through the comparison of the research results, it is found that the core conditions of public service, total market, and innovation environment exist in the two paths, which shows that improving public service, total market volume, and creating an innovation environment are more important factors to promote the development of tourism industry. (4) In this study, there are two configurations of high-level development of the tourism industry and seven paths of low-level development of the tourism industry, which reflects that there is an asymmetric causal relationship between the configuration paths of different levels of tourism industry development, indicating that the influencing factors of tourism industry development have the same goal and multiple concurrencies, and the influence combination of different factors can lead to the same development results.Based on the understanding of the connotation of the business environment, this study puts forward development policy implications according to the research results to provide some reference for promoting the development of the urban tourism industry.(1) Perfect public service and an innovation environment are conducive to promoting the development of tourism industry. First, in terms of public service, ensure the normal use and operation of scenic spots and tourism enterprises in terms of water, electricity and gas, accelerate the implementation of preferential policies and reduce the operating costs of tourism enterprises. Improve the tourism infrastructure, realize the full coverage of transportation, communication and electric power, and implement the toilet revolution. Improve the quality of public services, make use of modern technology, strengthen the construction and investment of digital economy and government services in the business environment, and create an “Internet +” model. Set up communication channels between government and tourism enterprises, actively listen to and adopt the opinions of government services, and realize the basic service guarantee in transportation, medical treatment, and other aspects. Second, create a good innovation environment and encourage mass entrepreneurship and innovation. Actively guide tourism enterprises to strengthen cooperation with other service-oriented enterprises, build a close communication platform, broaden development channels and ideas, and continuously optimize the innovative development of tourism enterprises. Increase the financial expenditure on science and technology, effectively transform and make use of scientific and technological achievements, such as the construction of smart tourism, pay attention to the patent protection system, and improve the innovative competitiveness of urban tourism.(2) Focusing on a good government environment, public service, total market volume, and innovation environment coordinating various business environment elements to promote the better development of the tourism industry. First of all, in terms of the government environment, we should carry out innovative services and management in combination with the business problems of the local tourism industry, build tourism policies and regulations in line with their own development needs, set up special measures, and carry out characteristic, quality and efficient measures to optimize the business environment. Second, in the market, standardize the market environment and promote fair competition. Give full play to the functions of government service and supervision, strengthen the supervision during and after the event, ensure the pertinence and effectiveness of supervision, and strictly rectify the market chaos in tourism activities. Regulate the behavior of tourism market intermediaries, strengthen joint law enforcement, expand law enforcement, avoid unfair supervision or malpractice for personal gain, and maintain the order of fair competition in the tourism market. Third, simplify the access principles of tourism enterprises and actively implement innovative and efficient service measures such as “running at most once,” “one enterprise and one certificate,” and “joint handling of certificates and licenses”, so as to give birth to more tourism enterprises and operate according to market rules. Actively remove obstacles for the development of tourism enterprises, promote tourism enterprises to build high-quality tourism brands and establish a good corporate image.(3) On the basis of the business environment, we should make up for the shortcomings of the city and promote the comprehensive and coordinated development of the tourism industry. First, in terms of human resources, increase investment in education and introduce professionals in other fields to form a diversified high-quality talent system. Encourage colleges and universities to establish links with local tourism enterprises, strengthen the combination of theory and practice of college students, and cultivate high-quality professionals. Improve human resource-related policies, including preferential policies such as talent introduction policy, talent settlement policy, and entrepreneurship subsidy policy, so as to attract and retain talents, and take a large number of young talents as reserves. Second, optimize financial services and solve the development dilemma of enterprises. Cancel operating service charges and reduce the financial burden of tourism enterprises. Improve the matching and optimization of credit database and financial credit database to maximize the efficiency of financial services. Establish a guarantee mechanism, innovate the government guarantee mechanism of small and medium-sized tourism enterprises, promote the integration of social resources, and provide financial guarantee for the development of small- and medium-sized tourism enterprises.In this study, NCA and fsQCA methods are combined to ensure the robustness of the research results. However, there are inevitably some deficiencies: (1) due to the availability of data, there are some problems, such as incomplete selection of antecedent conditions and inaccurate measurement, which affect the popularization of the conclusion to a certain extent and need to be further improved in future research. (2) The advantage of fsQCA is that it can carry out Boolean logic operation through the fuzzy set and construct configuration effect analysis to achieve the same target result under different conditions, but it cannot determine the influence degree of different factors. In the future, it can be analyzed in combination with multiple regression. (3) This study uses cross-sectional data, but the business environment is a dynamic process of extension and optimization, and longitudinal tracking research can be carried out in the future.The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/supplementary material, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.This work was supported by the Fujian Social Science Foundation Project Research on the Driving Mechanism and Promotion Path of High-Quality Tourism Development in Fujian Province (Grant No. FJ2021B143).The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.


Intensive Care Research. On behalf of Chinese Research Hospital Association and the editorial board of Intensive Care Research, I would like to take this opportunity to express my heartfelt thanks to the readers and writers who care for and support the journal. Intensive Care Research is co-sponsored by the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University and Chinese Research Hospital Association, published in collaboration with Springer Nature. It aims to publish and deliver the latest expert guidelines/consensus on diagnosis, treatment, nursing, management of critical care medicine, case analysis, original research, review, etc. The first editorial board consists of 53 critical care medical experts from 6 countries. Over the past year, members of the editorial board have been forging ahead with their sincere cooperation and joint efforts, making a solid foundation of the journal and a good start towards an excellent critical care journal.As time flies by, 2022 is an extraordinary year for the development of intensive care medicine in China, which coincides with the first anniversary of the publication of Chinese Research Hospital Association is a professional, academic, non-profit social organization composed of medical institutions with the functions of medical service, scientific research and clinical teaching aiming to explore and to build research hospitals, medical scientific research institutes, enterprises and institutions engaged in medical technology innovation and achievement transformation. The purpose of the society is to promote the integrated development of clinical and scientific research, to promote the continuous improvement of the level of clinical diagnosis and treatment, to accelerate the transformation of medical scientific and technological achievements, to promote the continuous generation of compound talents, and to promote the overall innovation of the hospital development model.Since the theory and practice of establishing research-oriented hospital was put forward and implemented in 2004, it has gained a growing degree of recognition and consensus in the domestic medical and health field. Many managers, experts and professors regarded the construction of research-oriented hospital and discipline as a powerful starting point to promote hospital construction and discipline development. Over the past 9 years, the institute has become a national, all-field, think-tank-type authoritative medical organization with extensive influence with 139 branches, more than 300 clinical and scientific research hospital unit members and more than 21,000 expert members. Chinese Research Hospital Association has gathered leading figures in hospital management and influential experts and scholars at all levels, playing a positive role in promoting medical science and technology innovation and achievement transformation, strengthening the cultivation of interdisciplinary medical talents, establishing modern hospital management system and fighting against COVID-19. In the future, the association will further give full play to the role of think tanks, carry out forward-looking, targeted, continuous and sustainable policy research with the theme of promote the high-quality development of public hospitals, build the association into an internationally renowned and domestic first-class high-level professional organization with Chinese characteristics which can powerfully lead the construction of research-oriented hospital with extensive and in-depth academic exchanges and standardized institution, and make a contribution to promoting the high-quality development of public hospitals, deepening the reform of the medical and health system, and promoting the construction of healthy China at the same time.Intensive Care Research has published a number of high-quality papers related to critical care medicine, timely and effectively spreading the latest scientific research achievements in critical care medicine, and has become an important front for international academic exchanges of critical care medicine.As a new discipline, critical care medicine has been developing rapidly in recent years, attracting increasing attention from the medical circles and society. Since the pandemic outbreak of COVID-19, the importance and role of critical care medicine have been highlighted. Regarding the construction and development of the journal, I have the following suggestions and expectations: (1) Lead the hotspots of critical care medical research, and vigorously enhance the core competitiveness and attention of the journal; (2) Increase the sources of contributions, such as organizing high-level academic conferences, adding special issue columns, inviting contributions; (3) Spread the journal content through multi-channels. Articles published in the journal can be disseminated through the official website of Springer Nature, Google Scholar, WeChat official accounts, Twitter and other databases and platforms, as well as conferences to enhance the academic influence of the journal; (4) Strictly control the quality of papers to ensure quality firstly, which is fundamental; (5) Shorten the review cycle, such as expanding the reviewer team by increasing the number of young editors; (6) Cooperate with overseas co-editors to increase international dissemination and influence.Intensive Care Research will stay true to the original aspiration, forge ahead innovatively, actively lead the research hotspots of critical care medicine and strive to become an excellent critical medical journal as soon as possible!Looking forward to the future,


Spontaneous vegetation plays an important role in protecting urban biodiversity and the maintenance of urban ecosystems. In this study, we investigated the species diversity, life-form composition, origin, flowering season, and spatiotemporal distribution of spontaneous vegetation in the exhibition and education area of Tangdao Bay National Wetland Park using the quadrat survey method. There were 65 spontaneous association types and 210 spontaneous plant species, belonging to 151 genera and 44 families. The associations and species of spontaneous plants in roadside habitats were found to be the highest. In addition, many species were found in woodland and lakeside habitats, whereas the lowest number of species were found in coastal habitats. The life-form composition included 76 annual and 94 perennial herb species. These plants were of various origins. There were 160 native, 9 domestically introduced, 2 introduced alien, and 39 invasive alien plant species, which predominantly came from the Americas. A single peak was observed from March to November for the spontaneous plant species that were in their growing season, including those of different life forms and from various sources. The same was true for spontaneous plants in their flowering season. During their growing season, the number of spontaneous plant species was highest during September and, during their flowering season, the number of species was highest in July. From April to September, the Shannon–Wiener diversity index for spontaneous vegetation in the roadside habitat was the highest, followed by those for the woodland and lakeside habitats, and that of the coastline habitat was the lowest. The monthly average Shannon–Wiener diversity index for spontaneous plant associations in the four habitats also varied, with a single peak. The diversity of spontaneous plants and alien invasive plants in Tangdao Bay National Wetland Park is high. The wise use and protection of spontaneous flowering plants with long ornamental seasons can effectively reduce the maintenance costs, resource consumption, and energy requirements of the park. Spontaneous plants should also be managed to reduce the harm from alien invasive plants in the park, and alien invasive plants should be removed from the park during their flowering seasons. The rapid process of urbanisation has had considerable negative impacts on natural ecosystems, and this has caused continuous urban environmental problems. The need to maintain the functions of urban ecosystems and improve human well-being has attracted considerable attention ,2. To im2 were designated. These helped expand urban green spaces and effectively protected spontaneous vegetation in some cities. However, constructing them also contributed to an increase in the number of alien invasive plant species in urban areas. Tangdao Bay National Wetland Park, Qingdao City, China, is well-constructed as a destination for tourists and is also a suitable urban green space for locals to relax. Research on the habitat characteristics, species composition, spatiotemporal distribution, plant sources, and biodiversity of spontaneous vegetation in urban green spaces, including national wetland parks, is very important. This information can assist in the construction of landscapes in urban green spaces that incorporate spontaneous vegetation, which can alleviate the loss of natural landscapes in urban areas, improve biodiversity, prevent the invasion of harmful alien invasive plants, satisfy urban residents’ desire for ornamental flowering plants, and help to maintain urban biodiversity and the stability of urban ecosystems [There is a long history of research on spontaneous vegetation . Howeverosystems ,14,15.2 in area. There are three islands in the bay, namely, Tangdao, Niudao, and Jidao. The annual average sea surface temperature is 13.5 °C, and the tide for Tangdao Bay is a regular semidiurnal tide with an average tidal range of 2.7 m and a maximum tidal range of 3.5 m [Tangdao Bay is located on the southwest side of Jiaozhou Bay, Huangdao District, Qingdao City, Shandong Province, China . The bayof 3.5 m ,17. Most2, of which the wetland area is 1312.8 hm2. The wetland area accounts for 80.2% of the total area of the park. The area encompasses offshore and coastal wetlands, artificial wetlands, and seven wetland types, including shallow-water areas, sandy beaches, muddy beaches, estuaries, reservoirs, ponds, canals, and aquaculture farms. A compound bay-island-coastal ecosystem with a high ecosystem service value is formed by the seven wetland types [The Tangdao Bay National Wetland Park  comprises the waters of the bay, the tidal flats, and a buffer area along the coast, with a width of 50–100 m. The spatial area of the park is 1637.6 hmnd types . The pri2. The number of species, individuals, and species in their flowering season in each quadrat were surveyed and recorded each month, as was the area of the canopy cover formed by vegetation associations. A total of 16, 27, 24, 55, 28, and 41 quadrats were surveyed from April to September, and the positions of most of the quadrats were the same in different months.To study the biodiversity and spatiotemporal distribution of the spontaneous vegetation in Tangdao Bay National Wetland Park, a ring survey line was set up along the main tourism roads, with quadrats in the roadside, woodland, lakeside, and coastline habitats in the exhibition and educational areas of the park. The spontaneous vegetation in these quadrats, which was surveyed monthly between March and November. Only spontaneous plant species were surveyed and, during the growth season, there were no quadrats with only a few spontaneous plants in March, October, and November. Each quadrat had an area of 1 mFlora of China (visit http://www.iplant.cn/foc (accessed on 1 July 2022)), and the Plant Photo Bank of China (visit http://ppbc.iplant.cn/ (accessed on 1 July 2022)). The certified spontaneous plants were divided into four types: native, introduced domestic, introduced alien, and invasive alien plants. Native plants were defined as spontaneous plants with a natural distribution in the area, including Qingdao City, whereas the introduced domestic and alien plants were defined as those intentionally or unintentionally introduced from other areas in China. Alien invasive plants were defined as plants intentionally or unintentionally introduced from other countries worldwide, leading to the establishment of self-reproducing populations through naturalisation. Colonisation by invasive alien species can affect and destroy the native ecology, leading to economic impacts or habitat loss [The spontaneous plant species were determined according to the descriptions in the tat loss ,20. DuriBased on this survey, the vegetation association types, number of spontaneous plant species, composition of family, genera, and species, spatiotemporal distribution, life forms, flowering seasons, distribution frequency in different habitats, and number of native plant species, domestically introduced plants, and alien invasive plants were examined. In addition, the grades of alien invasive plants, simplified dominance index, and diversity index of vegetation associations in the different habitats studied were analysed. The number of alien invasive plant species in the park that were spontaneous plants was compared with that of the Hangzhou Xixi National Wetland Park, Zhejiang Province, and some other wetlands in China. Some measures have been proposed to construct landscapes for flower appreciation and to defend against alien plant invasion. The following formulas were used to calculate the distribution frequency of the spontaneous plant species, the simplified dominance index, and the Shannon–Wiener diversity index of spontaneous vegetation:F) is defined as:iS is the quadrat number of species i and its distribution, and N is the total number of quadrats surveyed during each month [The distribution frequency of spontaneous plants (ch month .iSd) is defined as:iSd is the simplified dominance of spontaneous plant species i, iC is the canopy cover of spontaneous plant species i in the quadrat , and iA is the number of individuals of species i in the quadrat.The simplified dominance for spontaneous vegetation (H) is defined as:iP is the proportion of the simplified dominance of species i of a spontaneous plant to the sum of the simplification dominance of all spontaneous plants in the quadrat.The Shannon–Wiener diversity index , which accounted for 58.97%, 17.95%, 20.51%, and 2.56% of the total species, respectively . There wThe total number of spontaneous plant species in Tangdao Bay National Wetland Park first increased and then decreased from March to November, and a single peak was observed. There were 25 species of spontaneous plants belonging to 24 genera and 10 families in the growing season in March, the number of spontaneous plant species increased to a peak of 181 species from 133 genera and 42 families in September. The spontaneous plants gradually became quiescent in October. In November, at the end of the growing season, 55 species and 49 genera from 24 families were observed .Spontaneous plants in Asteraceae, Gramineae, Leguminosae, and Brassicaceae were more common than those in other families throughout the growing season from March to November. The largest number of spontaneous plant species throughout the year was members of Asteraceae, and 38 species in this family were observed in July. The number of species belonging to Gramineae and Leguminosae families was 29 and 15 in September, respectively. The number of spontaneous plant species in Brassicaceae varied between 9 and 11 from May to September.There were pronounced differences in the numbers of spontaneous plant species in the different habitats that were studied. The number of spontaneous plant species was the highest in the roadside habitat, and there were also many species in the lakeside and woodland habitats. The number of species was the least abundant in the coastline habitat during the entire growing season. Each habitat contained 150, 82, 80, and 24 species, respectively. In September, the number of spontaneous plant species in the roadside, lakeside, woodland, and coastline habitats were 127, 81, 75, 76, and 21, respectively. These were the highest numbers recorded during the year .The number of native, domestically introduced, and alien invasive plant species in the roadside, lakeside, woodland, and coastline habitats initially increased and then decreased, with a single peak during the growing season. The number of native plant species in the roadside, lakeside, and woodland habitats increased from 15, 8, and 3 to 96, 59, and 61, respectively, from March to September. From September to November, the number decreased to 19, 16, and 17, respectively. The number of native plant species in the coastline habitat increased from one to eighteen from March to August and decreased from eighteen to four from August to November. In the roadside habitat, domestically introduced and alien invasive plant species were most common, while in the lakeside and woodland habitats they were less common, and in the coastline habitat from May to September, they were least common. The total number of domestically introduced and alien invasive plant species in the roadside habitat was 31, and they appeared most in July and August. The number of species in the lakeside habitat was 16, and they were most common from July to September. The number of species in the woodland habitat was 14 and was the highest in July. Three species were the most common in the coastline habitat in September and October. The difference in native plant species among the four habitats was the largest, and that of domestically introduced plant species was also high. The least difference was observed in the alien invasive plant species. The differences in the native, domestically introduced, and alien invasive plant species were the highest in the roadside habitat and the lowest in the coastline habitat. The differences in the lakeside and woodland habitats were in between those of the roadside and coastline habitats. The range of seasonal species change was the highest for the native plant species in all four habitats was the largest, and the next highest range was for the domestically introduced plant species. The lowest range was recorded for the alien invasive plant species .From March to November, the proportion of domestically introduced and alien invasive plant species to the total species of spontaneous plants in the four habitats varied between 10.53% and 33.33%. The average proportion of domestically introduced and alien invasive plant species to the total species of spontaneous plants in the four habitats was the highest (27.17%) in April, and the proportion was the highest in the coastline habitat, followed by those of the roadside and woodland habitats, and along the coastline. From May to September, the proportion of domestically introduced and alien invasive plant species to all the species of spontaneous plants in the roadside habitat was the highest, followed by those of the woodland and lakeside habitats, and was the lowest in the coastline habitat. The proportion was the highest in the roadside habitat, followed by those of woodland and lakeside habitats, and was the lowest in the coastline habitat during October. The proportion was the highest in the roadside habitat, followed by the coastline and woodland habitats, and was the lowest in the lakeside habitat in November .Among the four habitat types, the number of annual and biennial herb species was the highest in the roadside habitat, and was lower in lakeside and woodland habitats. The coastline habitat had the lowest number of these species. Perennial herb, woody plant, and annual or biennial herb species were the most common in the roadside habitat, were less common in the woodland and lakeside habitats, and were the least common in the coastline habitat .The spontaneous plant species from different life forms initially increased and then decreased from March to November in all four habitats, and a single peak was observed. The species peaks for annual herbs in the roadside, lakeside, and coastline habitats occurred in September, and were 49, 31, and 8, respectively. The species peak for annual herbs in the woodland habitats was 24 and occurred in August. The temporal changes in the biennial herb species were relatively low in all four habitats for a few biennial herb species, with peaks in the roadside, lakeside, and woodland habitats at 2, 2, and 1, respectively. No biennial herbs were recorded along the coastline. In September, the species peaks for perennial herbs in the roadside and woodland habitats were 56 and 35, respectively, and there were 33 species in the lakeside habitat during August and September. The total number of perennial herb and woody plant species was 10 and was the highest in the coastline habitat in July, August, and September. The number of annual or biennial herb species in the roadside habitat reached a peak of 20 in August and September, whereas the number of species in the woodland and lakeside habitats were 16 and 8, respectively, during July, August, and September. The species in the coastline habitat changed slightly and remained at three species from May to September .Veronica persica, Bidens bipinnata, Coronopus didymus, and Ceratium glomeratum. The number of spontaneous plant species present during their flowering seasons increased to 55 in April and included eight alien invasive plants species, such as Lepidium virginicum, Capsella bursa-pastoris, Chenopodium serotinum, Euphorbia maculata, and Geranium carolinianum. The number of species increased to 106 in their flowering seasons in May and included 20 species of alien invasive plants such as Sonchus oleraceus and Conyza bonariensis. In June, July, and August, there were 132, 137, and 133 spontaneous plant species present during their flowering seasons, including 25, 28, and 27 alien invasive plant species, respectively. Eight species of alien invasive plants, including Erigeron annuus, Aster subulatus, Eclipta prostrata, and Chloris virgata, began their flowering seasons in June. Four species of alien invasive plants, namely, Galinsoga parviflora, Chenopodium glaucum, Amaranthus retroflexus, and Gaura parviflora, entered their flowering season in July. The alien invasive plant, Helianthus tuberosus, entered its flowering season in August. The number of spontaneous plant species in their flowering season rapidly decreased after August. The spontaneous plant species present in September and October were 103 and 62, respectively, and included, 20 and 13 alien invasive plant species, respectively. There were 20 spontaneous plant species, such as Artemisia annua and Cirsium japonicum, and three species of alien invasive plants, namely, Cyperus rotundus, Sonchus oleraceus, and Solidago canadensis, present during their flowering season in November  in March 2022. The curriculum standards added content for teaching interdisciplinary thematic learning in wetlands research, suggesting that junior high schools could implement this guidance through using local National Wetland Parks . Thus, oThis research enhanced the understanding of spontaneous plant diversity in the national wetland park and urban green space of Qingdao City, and can also be used to provide effective guidance for administrators, such as creating diverse landscapes of spontaneous flowering plants with long ornamental seasons, goosing malignant alien invasive plants according to their flowering season to reduce maintenance costs and the consumption of energy and resources by the wetland park, developing strategies for science popularisation and improving the publicity of the park as well as the protection of spontaneous plant diversity of urban green space in Qingdao City. This information can also be used in the design and construction of new national wetland parks.However, this research does have some limitations. For example, the survey area only included the exhibition and education area of the park, which is relatively small. Studying a larger area would be the best way to gain a deeper understanding of the biodiversity and spatiotemporal changes in spontaneous plant species. In addition, research on the invasion tendencies, harm, and mechanisms of alien invasive plants should be investigated in more detail.Erigeron acer, Setaria viridis, Chenopodium album, Artemisia argyi, and Commelina communis, were the most widely distributed. When classified by life form, spontaneous plants were found to be mainly annual and perennial herbs. The spontaneous plants were divided into four types: native plants, domestically introduced plants, alien introduced plants, and alien invasive plants. The alien invasive plants are mainly from the Americas. The total number of spontaneous plant species from different sources or present in different life forms first increased and then decreased with a single peak. In addition, most spontaneous plant species had their main growing season in July and August. The number of spontaneous plant species in their flowering seasons also first increased and then decreased, with a single peak from March to November. In addition, more spontaneous plant species were in their flowering seasons in July than at any other time of the year. The monthly average value for the Shannon–Wiener diversity index of spontaneous plant associations in the roadside habitat was the highest, followed by those of the woodland and lakeside habitats, and that of the coastline was the lowest from April to September. The monthly average values for the Shannon–Wiener diversity index of the associations in the four habitats also first increased and then decreased, with a single peak in July during the same season.The Tangdao Bay National Wetland Park in Qingdao City has a high diversity of spontaneous plants. The associations and species of spontaneous plants in the roadside habitat were the highest, followed by those in the woodland and lakeside habitats, and those along the coastline were the lowest. Twelve species of spontaneous plants, including There are many species of alien invasive plants, including spontaneous plants, in the park during their flowering seasons from March to November. Effective measures for the wise use of spontaneous vegetation should be implemented, protecting the diversity of spontaneous plants, and averting the harm caused by alien invasive plant species in the park.


The purpose of this study was to develop prioritized cancer indicators and measure the population-based monitoring of the entire life cycle of cancer care, guiding the improvement of care delivery systems.Scoping review was performed based on the Joanna Briggs Institute's methodology. Electronic databases were searched in PubMed, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, Ovid Medline, RISS, KISS, and KoreaMed. The searches were limited to articles published in English between 2010 and 2020. No restrictions were applied regarding the publication status or country of origin, and all study designs were included. Gray literature was used to broaden the search's scope, identify new recommendations, need to be in connect with subject experts, and explore pertinent websites. The process and selected indicators were analyzed based on their frequency distribution and percentage.The literature search yielded 6,202 works. In addition, national and international cancer guidelines were obtained from official database reports. A total of 35 articles and 20 reports regarding cancer indicators were finally selected for data synthesis. Based on them, 254 core sets of cancer indicators were identified. The selected indicators were classified into six domains based on the continuum of cancer care and survivor's life cycle, namely, primary prevention , secondary prevention , treatment , quality of care , survivor management , and end-of-life care .There is a growing interest in developing specific areas of cancer care. Cancer indicators can help organizations, care providers, and patients strive for optimal care outcomes. The identified indicators could guide future innovations by identifying weaknesses in cancer prevention and management. Cancer is one of the leading causes of death in Korea, where 243,263 new cancer cases and 80,546 cancer deaths are expected in 2020 . AlthougThe Korea Central Cancer Registry is a nationwide, hospital-based cancer registry initiated by the Korean Ministry of Health and Welfare in 1980 . It compThere are a growing number of studies related to cancer indicators. However, they focus on very specific aspects, such as incidence and mortality, special procedures or radiological treatment, and palliative care. Population-based cancer registries (PBCRs) complementing incidence and mortality by types of cancer have been collected, and it included as one of the 25 core indicators among non-communicable disease Global Monitoring Framework; the necessary technical support in planning and developing PBCRs in low-, middle-, and high-income countries is being provided through the International Association for Research on Cancer (IARC)-led partnership, the Global Initiative for Cancer Registry Development, and has presented a framework for managing patients with cancer based on the cancer life cycle, dividing it into four groups, namely, healthy population, early diagnosis, living with cancer, and dying  (5). TheSeveral studies on the performance or quality indicators of cancer care have shown that the indicators are associated with an improvement in either patient satisfaction or care quality –7. FurthScoping reviews are widely used to draw a map and analyze the existing scientific evidence in complex or relatively unexamined fields. We, therefore, initially preferred to review and compare the perspectives and attributes of the national and international cancer care guidelines. The current scoping review sought to find, examine, and describe the scientific literature on cancer indicators related to the measurement of community-based monitoring for the span of cancer care. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first scoping review to examine population-based cancer monitoring for the entire life cycle of cancer.The purpose of this study was to identify the existing scientific literature and international guidelines regarding cancer indicators for the population-based monitoring of the entire continuum of cancer care using a scoping review methodology as prior knowledge of our ongoing project. In addition, the set of review will be providing the key knowledge of population-based cancer indicator measures that support the planning and evaluation of cancer indicators across the cancer-care continuum by elaborating the unique part of our ongoing project. In addition, we will continue this study in order to demonstrate how to concise the selected indicators with proper measurement by the numerator and denominator rate in the future by a panel discussion.This scoping review followed the six steps of the Arksey and O'Malley  and was By using the scoping review methodology, the following specific research questions have to be addressed:“What are the national and international guidelines of cancer indicators guidelines, which focus community, based monitoring of cancer indicators? And What are the types of monitoring indicators in cancer management have been reported?”“What/Which are the patient, interventions, and outcomes with measurement of cancer indicators are currently in use or could potentially be used for measuring quality of cancer care in the population-based primary and acute or chronic setting across the life cycle of cancer-care continuum?”* OR intervention* OR treatment* OR drug OR quality of life OR survivor* OR end of life OR palliative care OR Review* OR systematic review/ OR meta-analysis/ OR Guideline. These were reviewed to identify evidence-based recommendations.Electronic databases such as PubMed, Medline, PsycINFO, Cochrane Library, Ovid EMBASE, KISS, KoreaMed, and RISS were used to search and identify the relevant scientific literature from May 2020 to September 2020 using a predefined search strategy. The search focused on articles published between 2010 and 2020, and the search terms were cancer OR cancer patients OR survivors AND monitoring AND indicator AND early detectionThe next step examined the existing national and international guidelines regarding the entire life cycle of cancer care based on the website of the American Society of Clinical Oncology and the guidelines of the European Union, World Health Organization, IARC, OECD, National Health Service, Canada, Japan, and South Korea. Some non-English guidelines were translated by the research team. Furthermore, problems resulting from unclear translation or unclear formulation were resolved through team discussion.The next process was initiated by combining both the literature review and additional indicator guidelines. Each concept was converted into an indicator by formulating a definition, numerator, and denominator. All converted topics were checked for loss of information that could result from the research team's translation.All search results were exported from the electronic databases in the Research Information Systems format and imported into EndNote. Titles and abstracts were screened for eligibility, and duplicates were removed. The screening process was repeated by three researchers to ensure reproducibility and verify the outcomes. Articles that were finally selected for a full-text review were uploaded into EndNote. The quality of the studies was assessed using the PRISMA checklist for cross-sectional studies. The research team  conducted the appraisal collaboratively. The reviewed articles were independently assessed by two reviewers (VR and JJ) for fit and relevance, and full-text versions were evaluated to determine inclusion and exclusion. Team reviewers  examined the reviewed articles to resolve any disagreements through several meetings. All the review-related discussions and regular meetings were conducted. All the team members were unable to attend the regular meeting in person due to the COVID-19 pandemic. As a result, a hybrid mode that included offline and online Zoom conversations was deployed to distinguish between literature search and data synthesis.This study focused on original articles on cancer indicators or index measurement activities and did not filter items based on country of origin, publication year, or publication status. Studies using mixed methods, including the Delphi technique, were also included. Studies on cancer indicators, early detection, quality of care, treatment, and end-of-life surveillance were prioritized for review.Studies published in other than English were excluded. In addition, poster presentations, commentaries, review articles, letters to the editor, and editorials were excluded. Articles that were not related to the quality of care and/or cancer indicators were excluded.Data were extracted in PRISMA-ScR Checklist  and orgaThe extracted data chart is collated from the reviewed articles and summarized according to the study characteristics, including the author(s), publication year, country, purpose, research design, setting, target population, and methods of data collection, with the number of indicators and their characteristics . The finvia email; the purpose of the project was explained, and consent was obtained. They reviewed and suggested revisions to the thematic chart based on the cancer life cycle, such as prevention, early diagnosis, treatment, quality of care, survivor management, and end-of-life care, and pointed out gaps in the indicators and the connection to community assessment.Consultations were held with experts on cancer indicators and monitoring . A multidisciplinary expert's opinion included forty-two experts to select the cancer measures according to the priority. We divided the experts into three groups, namely, researchers, policymakers, and clinicians. Then, we randomly selected five researchers, three policymakers, and three clinicians. Of the five researchers, two were from the internal research group, and the remaining three were from the national cancer center and other colleges. Of the three policymakers, one was a director of a public or community health service center, another from the Ministry of Health and Welfare, and the other from the National Cancer Center. For clinicians, we selected one oncologist, one internal physician, and one radio-oncologist. All expert members were contacted A total of 6,202 articles were retrieved from the database, and 21 articles were retrieved through a manual search. A total of 3,234 articles remained after the removal of duplicates, and 2,195 were selected for screening. The retrieved documents were screened for eligibility based on their titles and abstracts. Finally, 35 articles –45 were The characteristics of these studies are presented in The national and international guidelines for cancer care search comprised 1,116 indicators –65, and A wide variety of 254 cancer indicators and measures are retrieved across the literature as a whole and listed in The aim of this study was to review the scientific articles and international guidelines for the development of cancer indicators and measurement for monitoring the life cycle of cancer care. We have appraised the use and reporting of scoping reviews from electronic databases to select cancer indicators, and our review retrieved 35 scientific articles and national and international cancer care guidelines by gray literature search. Most of the studies from Korea and the USA in equal and consists of population- and patient-level indicators between 2010 and 2020. There was remarkable variability in terms of cancer indicators among selected studies. Our findings were synthesized and reported byclassifications, participants, domains, subdomains, and measurements. It has been suggested that the population-based monitoring of the entire life cycle of cancer care would assess primary prevention, secondary prevention (early detection and diagnosis), treatment, quality of care, survivor management, and end-of-life care. All the classifications are interconnected with the domains and subdomains. Moreover, the study reports of all the guidelines and reviewed contents were converted into cancer indicators and further classified.Cancer prevention can be achieved through primary, secondary, and tertiary methods. Primary prevention involves the practice of healthy behaviors to lower one's risk of developing cancer , 47. ThiA total of 46 indicators related to secondary prevention were identified, such as those concerning early detection and diagnosis , 63, 65,A total of 85 indicators related to treatment and appropriate special procedures were identified. Most treatment-related indicators are handled by health professionals who provide specialized care and monitoring , 48, 55.A total of 33 quality of care indicators were identified, which focused on the care of patients with cancer and their quality of life. Most of the indicators involved healthcare managers or administrators, followed by providers and patients and their families. The selected indicators were medical expenditure , 51, 61 via hospital visits and health practice .The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.


This study aimed to compare the prevention and control strategies adopted by the United States and India in the COVID-19 outbreak and analyze the effectiveness of their strategies, in order to provide empirical experience for the prevention and control of the epidemic.This study extracted official data on COVID-19 from various official websites, summarized the policies in place in the United States and India, and evaluated the effectiveness of their policies.The United States has adopted a series of mitigation strategies to control the two waves of epidemic, including strengthening virus detection, calling on the people to wear masks and so on. As of May 30, 2021, although the daily new cases there decreased to some extent, the effect was not ideal. The US’s daily new cases ranked fourth and the cumulative number of confirmed cases ranked first in the world. India has adopted containment strategies in the initial stage of the outbreak, making the epidemic relatively stable. In the later stage, India has turned to adopt mitigation strategies. In addition, many factors including the lack of medical resources and premature relaxation measures led to the rapid deterioration of the epidemic situation. As of May 30, 2021, although the daily new cases in India has a downward trend, it ranked first in the world, and the cumulative number of confirmed cases ranked second.There are differences between the epidemic prevention strategies adopted by the United States and India, especially India’s containment strategies which helped it better control the epidemic in the early stage. However, the epidemic in the two countries is still severe. With the advent of virus mutants and the absence of immune barriers, it is meaningful that the two countries continue to take non-pharmacotherapy intervention measures and accelerate vaccination, according to specific national conditions adopt containment strategies that can control the epidemic more quickly when necessary, and pay attention to the risk of epidemic rebound caused by premature relaxation of epidemic prevention policies. In December 2019, an outbreak of a novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 was first reported in Wuhan, China . As of MIn response to COVID-19, governments around the world according to their actual situations adopted various interventions, such as calling for wearing masks, canceling or postponing large gatherings, increasing physical distance between patients infected with COVID-19 and uninfected people, conducting online teaching, and strengthening the screening, tracking and isolation of suspected and confirmed cases. In addition, in many countries, areas with serious epidemic situations have been blocked, entry control has been strict, round-trip flights with severely affected countries have been cut off, entry personnel have been strictly screened, and forced isolation has been carried out as required . In termAt present, the top two countries in the world with the cumulative number of confirmed cases are the United States and India and the cumulative death toll of the United States ranks first and India ranks third in the world, which have attracted the world's attention. It is also very important for them to take appropriate non-pharmaceutical interventions. In addition, India began to implement the vaccination plan on January 16, 2021, but as of May 1, only nearly 10% of Indians have received one dose of vaccine and about 2% have completed two doses of vaccine . TherefoThis study focused on the comparative analysis of non-pharmacotherapy interventions for COVID-19 in the United States and India from January 20, 2020 to May 30, 2021. These two countries have mainly experienced two waves of outbreaks, and the second outbreaks, when the number of confirmed cases and deaths increased rapidly, were more serious than the first wave. We assessed the effectiveness of the epidemic prevention measures taken by the two countries in combination with the epidemic situation.All epidemiological data, including cumulative confirmed cases, daily new cases, cumulative deaths and daily new deaths, were from the public data of the World Health Organization . With reOn January 20, 2020, the first confirmed case of COVID-19 appeared in the United States . At the On January 30, 2020, India confirmed its first case of COVID-19 infection . India iAccording to the trend of the epidemic curve in the United States and India, the two countries have roughly experienced two epidemic stages, that is, the epidemic in the United States can be divided into two stages on September 9, 2020, and the epidemic in India can be divided into two stages on February 2, 2021. However, there are differences in the epidemic curves of the two countries. The two epidemic peaks of India are clearly demarcated, and there is an effective decline in the epidemic situation between the two peaks . But theIn the initial period of the outbreak in the United States, the United States mainly banned non-US citizens from or recently in China. Internally, the CDC advised the public to take daily precautions which did not include requiring healthy people to wear masks. And the US government believed that the COVID-19 virus was similar to ordinary flu, which to a certain extent misled people about the epidemic. The awareness of epidemic prevention of the US government departments and the American public was not high . In MarcIndia's focus in the initial phase of the outbreak was mainly on border control, such as the January 25, 2020 travel warning which asked the public to avoid non-essential travel to China. After the first confirmed case of COVID-19 appeared, India strictly controlled epidemic prevention materials and quarantined close contacts in the community. The number of confirmed cases of COVID-19 has stabilized at a low level. In early March, India mainly dealt with imported cases from Europe, the Middle East, Japan, South Korea and other countries, and local cross-infections gradually appeared. Particularly, the tour groups from Italy caused a sudden increase in the number of COVID-19 cases in India , 14. As While many vaccines have been developed and successfully put into use now, non-pharmaceutical interventions are also important, and the combination of the two can accelerate the success of the global fight against COVID-19. In the COVID-19 pandemic, countries have adopted different interventions at different stages according to their specific national conditions, with different implementation effects. This study described the intervention strategies and specific measures, which were adopted in the United States and India in response to the COVID-19 outbreak, and evaluated the effectiveness of the policies based on the daily number of new cases and deaths in each country.In terms of the policies adopted by the United States and India in this epidemic, the United States has adopted a mitigation strategy. Its prevention and control goals were to control the spread, delay the epidemic speed, and reduce the overall harm. The focus of the implementation was on the treatment of severely ill patients , reflectThe United States has generally adopted a mitigation strategy. An obvious example is that after the outbreak worsened dramatically in the second half of 2020, the president of the United States called for Americans to wear masks and states promulgated measures to limit social distance. On November 15, the Governor of Washington announced statewide restrictions, including prohibiting indoor social gatherings with people outside the home, closing gyms, restaurants and bars that provide indoor services, limiting the number of religious services to 25% of indoor capacity or 200 people, and so on. On December 3, California, where the epidemic was serious, issued a stay-at-home order. After January 2021, the epidemic in the United States has shown a downward trend, but it has not yet reached the time when the policy can be completely relaxed. India adopted a comprehensive blockade containment strategy in the early stage of the epidemic, but it has brought serious economic impact [In the face of the epidemic, after the United States declared a state of emergency, stay-at-home orders were issued in many states in late March 2020. However, by the end of April, when there was no clear indication that the epidemic had been successfully controlled, states or territories began to ease the requirements of social distance, and implement the order of reopening, which is likely to be a political response to the high unemployment rate caused by the government shutdown, rather than a public health response to COVID-19 infection . In May,Similarly, India implemented a total lockdown policy on 25 March 2020, but before the epidemic stabilized and the daily new cases showed a significant decline, India implemented a phased unblocking strategy from June, with the first wave peaking in mid-September. Since then, virus mutation, large-scale political rallies and religious events, and lack of medical resources have contributed to the rapid deterioration of the epidemic in India. It can be seen that premature relaxation of the policy will bring the risk of repeated epidemics. As of May 30, the two countries have shown signs of easing the epidemic, but if they loosen policy too soon, they may repeat the same mistake. In India in particular, daily new cases only declined slightly and daily new deaths remained high, but there were signs that the Indian government began gradually easing restrictions in June, allowing factories to operate and building activities to resume gradually [In the fight against the epidemic, the United States focused on treating patients with severe cases, encouraged those with mild symptoms to stay at home, and avoided large-scale lockdown strategies even when the outbreak deteriorated sharply. The cumulative number of COVID-19 cases in the United States now ranks first in the world. And it should be added that under the national system of the United States, the federal government left most of the decision-making power to deal with COVID-19 to the States , which cIn terms of implementing containment strategies, Chinese practice is a typical case. China through strict containment measures such as timely lockdown of Wuhan, strict management of the "four types of people"  and so on, has successfully brought the epidemic under control without large-scale recurrence of the epidemic. From this point of view, compared with mitigation strategies, containment strategies can control the epidemic more quickly to a certain extent.In general, in the early stage of the epidemic, India adopted containment strategies, but after that, both the United States and India adopted mitigation strategies. At present, despite the continuing threat of the mutant strain of the virus, there are signs of lax national epidemic prevention policies. For example, by February 2022, many states in the United States have abolished mask laws. Of course, vaccination efforts around the world are in full swing, including the Indian government's expansion of vaccination centers and increased funding in the United States to expand community-based outreach efforts to increase vaccination . At the There are differences between the epidemic prevention strategies adopted by the United States and India, especially India’s containment strategies which helped it better control the epidemic in the early stage. However, the epidemic in the two countries is still severe in the world. When the virus mutants are coming and the immune barrier is not formed, it is meaningful that the two countries continue to take non-pharmacotherapy intervention measures and accelerate vaccination, according to specific national conditions adopt containment strategies that can control the epidemic more quickly when necessary, and pay attention to the risk of epidemic rebound caused by premature relaxation of epidemic prevention policies.


In the published article, there was an error regarding the affiliations for Saba Saneinia. As well as having affiliation 1, she should also have Key Laboratory of Immersive Media Technology , Ministry of Culture and Tourism, Hefei, China.In the published article, there was an error regarding the affiliations for Rongting Zhou. As well as having affiliations 2, he should also have Key Laboratory of Immersive Media Technology , Ministry of Culture and Tourism, Hefei, China.In the published article, there was an error regarding the affiliations for Fahad Asmi. As well as having affiliations 2, he should also have Key Laboratory of Immersive Media Technology , Ministry of Culture and Tourism, Hefei, China.In the published article, there was an error in the Funding statement. Authors haven't mentioned any funding detail in the recently published manuscript. The correct Funding statement appears below.The research funded by the (1) National Social Science Fund of China (Grant ID: 17BXW034); (2) Key Laboratory of Immersive Media Technology , Ministry of Culture and Tourism, Hefei, China.The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.


Neuroinflammation is closely associated with the occurrence and development of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). This study aims to describe the global development history and current status of neuroinflammation in ASD from 2004 to 2021 and reveal the research hotspots and frontiers to provide a reference for scholars in related fields to carry out further research.Journal articles on ASD and neuroinflammation-related research were obtained from the Web of Science Core Collection (WOSCC) database from its inception to 2021. Literature was analyzed visually by VOSviewer, CiteSpace, and R language, including publication analysis, author, institution, national/regional cooperative network analysis, and keyword analysis. We screened the most accumulatively cited 10 experimental papers in the field and the most cited 10 experimental papers in the last 2 years (2020 and 2021) for combing.Brain Behavior and Immunity was the main journal for the study of neuroinflammation in autism, having published 22 related articles. Keyword co-occurrence analysis showed that short chain fatty acid, mast cells, and glial cells have been the focus of recent attention. Burst keywords show that gut microbiota and immune system are the future research trends.A total of 620 publications were included in this study, and the number of publications has increased in recent years. The United States  was the country with the largest number of publications. King Saud University  was the most published institution; Laila Al-Ayadhi Yousef was the most published researcher; the This bibliometric study describes the basic framework for the development in the field of neuroinflammation and ASD through an exploration of key indicators . We found that the key role of neuroinflammation in the development of ASD is attracting more and more researchers’ attention. Future studies can investigate the changes in cytokines and glial cells and their related pathways in ASD neuroinflammation. Immunotherapy to inhibit neuroinflammation may be intensively studied as a direction for ASD treatment or intervention. Autistic spectrum disorder (ASD), also referred to as autism, is a common, highly heritable, and heterogeneous neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by impairments in social communication and social interaction along with restricted, repetitive behaviors, or interests . The curAlthough there were reviews on the topic of neuroinflammation in autism, most of them were about a branch or a specific subfield of neuroinflammation in ASD, and they rarely estimated the current progress and future trend in the field from a macro perspective. By contrast, bibliometrics uses mathematical and statistical methods for quantitative and qualitative analysis of the literature , such asThe Web of Science Core Collection (WOSCC) database, which includes over 12,000 of the most influential international journals, and is considered the most prominent bibliographic database of peer-reviewed scientific publications on many research topics , 28, wasThis bibliographic analysis was carried out using VOSviewer (1.6.17) , CiteSpaBecause VOSviewer is a distance-based bibliometric tool focusing on the visualization of bibliometric networks , this stN = 2, time span = 2004–2021, years per slice = 1, selection criteria = top 50 . The prediction curve shows that the research literature in this field will continue to increase in the future. Among the types of published articles  were also reviewed. It is useful for researchers to understand the in-depth research in the field of ASD neuroinflammation, as detailed in This study used a bibliometric approach to analyze the development of neuroinflammation research in ASD over the past 18 years. The quantitative explosion of documentation in this area between 2004 and 2021, particularly after 2013, may be a result of increasing recognition of the role of neuroinflammation in the development of ASD and therefore increased funding for research in this area. In terms of the type of literature, the number of review papers has exceeded half of the experimental papers. On the one hand, the research on neuroinflammation in ASD is in the preliminary exploration stage, and there is relatively little relevant original research. On the other hand, the research methodology in this field is complex and has high demands on the relevant subject groups. Nevertheless, the multiplicity of review articles indicates that researchers maintain a high level of interest in the field, suggesting the importance of neuroinflammation in ASD-related research, which deserves more attention in the future. In terms of countries/regions, the majority of articles are from the United States, Italy, Saudi Arabia, China, and England, which is strongly correlated with the economic development of the countries . In addiFrom the keyword co-occurrence and clustering results of neuroinflammation in ASD research, 491 subject words were clustered into 10 research topics, which are both independent of each other and accompany each other, forming an intricate network structure. From these, this review summarizes four institutional pathways that have been the focus of attention in recent years: (1) Microglia-mediated. Microglia activation in the central nervous system in ASD has been of persistent interest since its identification in 2005. The prevailing view is that microglia subtype dysregulation is strongly involved in the occurrence and development of neuroinflammation in ASD. In patients with ASD, microglia are abnormally activated, there are phenotypic imbalances, and a large number of inflammatory mediators are released, resulting in excessive and persistent immune disharmony, destroying neuronal structure and function, and even engulfing synapses and entire neurons, contributing to abnormal brain development and immature connections . (2) MasThis study also has a few limitations. First, the research was limited to the use of the WOS database as a source of data collection; subsequent studies can include more academic databases  so that the research findings are more objective and comprehensive. Second, this paper only analyzed the co-citation and co-occurrence diagrams, and future investigations using bibliometric-coupled methods will help deepen researchers’ understanding of the trends of neuroinflammation in ASD.Brain Behavior and Immunity being the journal with the most publications and citations. We also identified the key individuals and institutions involved in researching this field and summarized the current hotspot mechanisms of concern. We expect that these findings will provide a new research direction in the mechanism of inflammation and lay a foundation for further research on the development trend and focus of neuroinflammation, the establishment of academic exchanges and cooperation between different academic groups, and the promotion of in-depth research on ASD neuroinflammation. In future research, we can seek to investigate the related pathways, including cytokine and glial cell changes in neuroinflammation in ASD, and immunotherapy for inflammation can be used as a possible direction for ASD intervention programs to promote the recovery of ASD patients.To sum up, this study is the first to use quantitative methods to analyze the research history and development status of ASD neuroinflammation and to visualize the number of publications, countries, journals, authors, institutions, and keywords in the field of ASD neuroinflammation. We found that the annual number of publications has skyrocketed in recent years, and people are paying more and more attention to ASD neuroinflammation, with the United States being the country with the largest contribution and the The original contributions presented in this study are included in this article/YS, J-GZ, and X-HH: study design. YS, J-GZ, W-TL, Y-HL, J-HG, and B-XZ: data collection, analysis, and interpretation. YS: drafting of the manuscript. X-HH: critical revision of the manuscript. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.


Nowadays, the Internet is commonly used by students for both social activities and the academic field. In this context, problematic mobile phone or Internet use is among the most common risks that have proven to be associated with bullying and cyberbullying ,2. The pThis Special Issue presents a compilation of six studies that try to identify protective, contextual, and risk factors of school violence and, specifically, of cyberbullying and cybervictimization in European and North American contexts: three out of the six works were conducted in Spain and the remaining three studies in Italy, United States, and Canada. In addition to the cultural diversity examined, this Special Issue manages to understand cyberbullying throughout three evolutionary stages: childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. Regarding childhood, two works were carried out with Spanish and Italian samples. On the one hand, the Italian study was conducted with Sicilian primary school students to examine the predictive capacity of sociodemographic variables (gender and age) and mechanisms of moral disengagement  on the manifestation of three different roles that are characteristic of school violence: victims, aggressors, and bystanders . On the As for adolescence, research was conducted with samples from Spain and the United States. The former study focused specifically on intrapersonal emotional intelligence  and the With respect to adulthood, this Special Issue includes two works centered on solutions to cyberbullying suggested by college students from Canada  and charSeveral practical implications are offered by this Special Issue to improve mental health and interpersonal relationships throughout the three evolutionary stages examined. During childhood and adolescence, authors suggest applying programs centered on the development of empathy and inter- and intrapersonal emotional intelligence to prevent both bullying and cyberbullying or to reduce their impact on students’ wellbeing ,5. AccorIn sum, this monograph allows us to conclude that cyberbullying and cybervictimization are a worldwide problem that needs to be address in primary, secondary, and higher education settings. Furthermore, students’ characteristics, according to gender and the three different roles that intervene in school violence situations , must be also considered. As a consequence, these findings can form the basis for collaboration among researchers and professionals of the Health, Psychology, and Education fields in the design of cyberbullying prevention and intervention programs.


Arts and Health'    White, , have th) Smith, . A recen) Smith, . Althoug) Smith, , compareArts is an umbrella term. Using a consultative approach, a definition of the Arts was developed by contacting experts in the field of the arts or arts-health from the UK, Australia, Europe, USA and Canada   a comprehensive list of activities and events which articulated the numerous ways people engaged in the arts. These five art forms are listed below and detailed in The Performing arts ;Visual arts, design and craft ;Community and cultural festivals ;Literature , andOnline, digital and electronic arts .It should be noted that each art form may operate independently, but may also collaborate, communicate and intersect in their arts practice with the other four art forms.Arts engagement  is an umbrella term ,Receptive arts engagement: includes experiencing, attending, listening or viewing art .arts engagement and art therapies are not the same thing  , arts initiatives in a variety of settings to directly promote, maintain or improve health and wellbeing outcomes ; and/orThe practice of applying setting to enhance health and wellbeing in that environment ; and/orThe introduction of works of art  into a health or wellbeing initiatives in arts settings, venues or events to promote, maintain or improve health outcomes .The practice of applying Arts on prescription is a form of social prescribing   for enjoyment, entertainment, socially, as a hobby or as part of an organized program. When a person plays a musical instrument, listen to music, sings, dances, paints, draws, read a novel, writes creatively, attend a festival, gallery or takes part in an art class, program or intervention with an artist, musician, actor, dancer, singer, etc (rather than a therapist) this is arts engagement – not art therapy/therapies  that is rigorous, appropriate, systematic, trustworthy and transparent, rather than methods based on anecdote and opinion  defines health behavior is an activity undertaken by a person, target group or population for the purpose of promoting, maintaining or improving their health and wellbeing  of a person, a target group or population related to a planned or unplanned activity, event, service, program, intervention, policy, regulation or law  or objective data   and The Minderoo Foundation – Arts & Culture (Ref: 2022/GR000916). The Ian Potter Foundation and The Minderoo Foundation are two of Australia's major philanthropic foundations. This work is also supported by the Western Australian Future Health Research and Innovation Fund, which is an initiative of the Western Australian State Government (Ref: TFMH2021-CD).The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.


Dear Editor,Pseudomonas aeruginosa.Ecthyma Gangrenosum (EG) was once considered pathognomonic for sepsis caused by 3) and thrombocytopenia . Blood cultures and a skin biopsy were collected, and liposomal amphotericin B and voriconazole were started. Direct examination identified septate hyaline hyphae  during chemotherapy, and treatment with cefepime was started. After ten days, he once again had a fever, with the appearance of erythematous lesions with a necrotic center on the face and chest. He had neutropenia  and thrombocytopenia . Blood cultures and a skin biopsy were collected. Direct examination revealed non-septate hyaline hyphae  and thrombocytopenia . A skin biopsy was collected, and a direct examination identified the presence of gram-negative rods. No specimen was sent for histopathological examination. Subsequently, multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa was identified in the skin and blood cultures. The antimicrobial regimen was maintained until a clinical resolution was attained.Patient 3: Male, 36 years old, had FN during chemotherapy for acute myeloid leukemia, and treatment with cefepime was started. After four days, he had a fever, and arterial hypotension, with the appearance of an erythematous lesion with a necrotic center on the back region. Antibiotic therapy was expanded to include polymyxin B, amikacin, and meropenem. He had neutropenia (170/ mmThe present report describes three cases of neutropenic patients who developed EG. All had a similar clinical presentation, with fever recurrence and the appearance of lesions during antibiotic therapy. In the first patient, direct examination suggested the diagnosis of fusariosis, directing the combined antifungal treatment. The cause of death was attributed to the absence of immune reconstitution. In the second patient, the direct examination suggested the diagnosis of mucormycosis, directing the change of the antifungal agent for liposomal amphotericin B. In the third patient, the direct examination suggested the diagnosis of bacterial sepsis, directing the expansion of the antibiotic regimen without the association of antifungal agents.Typically, the EG agent is identified in blood and skin cultures. However, as these results are not promptly available, the treatment is usually the empirical expansion of the anti-infective regimen. The disadvantages of this approach are exposure to toxic drugs and increased costs.The skin biopsy is a safe procedure in thrombocytopenic patients.In summary, we suggest performing an early skin biopsy with direct examination in neutropenic patients with EG.None declared.Yung Gonzaga: Approval of the final version of the manuscript; critical review of the literature; collection, analysis, and interpretation of data; effective participation in research orientation; intellectual participation in the propaedeutic and/or therapeutic conduct of the studied cases; critical review of the manuscript; drafting and editing of the manuscript; statistical analysis; design and planning of the study.Thiago Jeunon: Approval of the final version of the manuscript; critical review of the literature; collection, analysis, and interpretation of data; effective participation in research orientation; intellectual participation in the propaedeutic and/or therapeutic conduct of the studied cases; critical review of the manuscript; drafting and editing of the manuscript; statistical analysis; design and planning of the study.Jorge Machado: Approval of the final version of the manuscript; critical review of the literature; collection, analysis, and interpretation of data; effective participation in research orientation; intellectual participation in the propaedeutic and/or therapeutic conduct of the studied cases; critical review of the manuscript; drafting and editing of the manuscript; statistical analysis; design and planning of the study.Marcio Nucci: Approval of the final version of the manuscript; critical review of the literature; collection, analysis, and interpretation of data; effective participation in research orientation; intellectual participation in the propaedeutic and/or therapeutic conduct of the studied cases; critical review of the manuscript; drafting and editing of the manuscript; statistical analysis; design and planning of the study.None declared.


To improve the effectiveness of treatment for atypical depression, it is necessary to revise the accumulated experience, taking into account new knowledge and drugs.Comparative study of the efficacy and safety of therapy for atypical depression (AtD) in the structure of bipolar affective disorder (BAD), recurrent depressive disorder (RDR) and psychogenic depression (PD).Clinical and clinical follow-up methods examined 77 patients with AtD, of which 35 - with bipolar disorder, 18 - with RDR and 24 - with PD. Patients in all three groups received monotherapy with an antidepressant or a mood stabilizer, or a combination of antidepressant and antipsychotic, antidepressant and mood stabilizer, mood stabilizer and antipsychotic, as well as a combination of antidepressant, antipsychotic and mood stabilizer.Agomelatine was the most frequently used (27.3%) and effective in reducing MADRS in all groups both in monotherapy and in combination with other drugs. Also in the PD group, escitalopram and vortioxetine were highly effective. Of the antipsychotics, when combined with antidepressants, sulpiride was found to be the most effective. When comparing the tolerance of antidepressants in all groups showed the best results , agomelatine and venlafaxine, in the BAR group is also vortioxetine.The best strategy for effective and safe treatment of atypical depression is the use of modern antidepressant, which does not increase the symptoms of the atypical spectrum and, if necessary, can be supplemented with some antipsychotics.No significant relationships.


We are very happy to present this Special Issue, for which we acted as guest editors, and which includes scientific contributions from laboratories headed by women active in the field of bioorganic chemistry.We made the decision to undertake this project since we deem that there are still gender biases that put women at a slight disadvantage when disseminating their research, preventing the science community from benefiting from a wider diversity of voices. The issues related to the gender scissor and the leaky pipeline that can be observed with career advancement in the academy, especially in the field of STEM disciplines, deserve our attention and the efforts of all of the scientific community to mitigate the gender gap. In order to embrace gender equality, recognize the career progression of women, and to celebrate the achievements of women in the field of bioorganic chemistry, we present in this Special Issue contributions both from highly renewed woman scientists and young woman researchers who are undertaking their early-stage careers.This Special Issue includes fifteen manuscripts, among which eleven high-quality research articles and four comprehensive review articles in the area of bioorganic chemistry, published from mid-2020 to early 2022.The scope of the Special Issue covers a wide range of topics at the organic chemistry-biology interface, including the synthesis and derivatization of natural compounds and their analogues, and the investigation of their biological activities in the human health field  as well as their possible application in the crop protection field as agrochemicals. An example of nanoparticle-based biomaterial is also included. The techniques employed, besides organic synthesis, are in silico studies (docking procedures and molecular modeling), FT-IR spectroscopy, laser diffraction, PET, fluorescence, STD-NMR studies, enzymatic evaluation, experiments on cell lines, and in vivo studies on mice.Cardona, Matassini and co-workers, from Sesto Fiorentino, Italy, reviewed the properties of carbohydrate-based natural compounds and other sugar mimics as trehalase inhibitors, in view of their potential use as non-toxic and therefore greener and safer pesticides .Within the same field of agrochemicals, Dell’Oste, Spyrakis, Prandi and co-workers from Torino, Italy, described that strigolactones (SG), a class of sesquiterpenoid plant hormones, play a key role in the plants’ response to biotic and abiotic stress. In addition, the authors highlighted the possibility that in the next future these compounds might have an application also in human health, and in particular in the control pathways related to apoptosis and inflammation  . Terpened-annulated pentacyclic steroids based on a regioselective interrupted Nazarov cyclization with trapping chloride ion, and evaluated the antiproliferative activity of the synthesized compounds against two breast cancer cell lines helicenes, interesting building blocks for the production of materials with chiroptical properties, using enantiopure camphanic acids as resolving agents .We want to finish this Editorial by thanking again all of the authors who come from three different continents, namely Europe, Asia and Oceania, for having illustrated so well the importance of bioorganic chemistry in their contributions to this Special Issue.A list of short biographical sketches of the authors, together with the description of the obstacles/challenges encountered during their career, or suggestions to a young woman keen to become a successful scientist in the field of bioorganic chemistry, follows in the Reference section.