The purpose of this article is to demonstrate the design and validation of a questionnaire, to study the importance of vaccines in the health of children. It is based on the analysis of a complete conceptual framework, considering the factors that show the current situation of vaccines, in the context of education for health and coexistence on the international scene. One thousand subjects from 76 countries participated in the study. The validity of the questionnaire was carried out with 15 experts, resulting in a content validity index (IVC) for each high dimension, with the mean IVC being the questionnaire with a Fleiss’ kappa result of 0.96. The process led to a final design consisting of 12 items. The statistic used to identify the degree of consistency in the estimates and calculate the value of the match between the evaluators was the index Fleiss’ kappa, which yielded an overall result of 0.57, which was considered moderate. The results obtained make it possible to conclude that the VACUNASEDUCA questionnaire is valid for understanding the status of vaccines, the importance of teacher training on health prevention, and the influence of student vaccination on the health of peers and teachers, from a gender perspective. Currently, in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic, social interest has been stoked and research on vaccines has increased. The debate has transcended the context of the experts and flooded the public space, and has been amplified by activism on social media. All this has revealed some contradictions of the experts, confusion of the population, and, in many cases, a decrease in the credibility of vaccines that are affected by a crisis of confidence. It is also being considered whether, in certain cases, they should be mandatory, as well as the administrative and judicial procedure for imposing compulsory vaccination, and the cases in which the courts and tribunals may require it.It should be specified that this study is based on the fact that health, as indicated in 1946 by the World Health Organization . It shouReasonably, it is essential to analyze the advantages and effectiveness of vaccines, concerns about their safety, and how they are perceived in the educational community. As Matesanz points out , having It is clear that vaccines save millions of lives every year, and are one of the safest and most effective public health interventions, providing benefits on disease control and prevention, as well as social and economic benefits. Indeed, since the creation of the Expanded Program on Immunization by the WHO in 1974, the benefits have been expanding, and proof of this is the explicit recognition of the importance of vaccination and its great impact on social good, developing a Global Vaccine Action Plan (GVAP) for 2011–2020 [Vaccines are antigenic preparations consisting of microorganisms or by them, which are modified, so that they lose or attenuate their pathogenic capacity, and their purpose is to stimulate the defense mechanisms of the individual against infectious agents. The advances in molecular biology, specifically in the development of recombinant DNA technology and bioinformatics, have been essential tools for the evolution of vaccines. Likewise, the advances in the knowledge of immunity and in biological therapies cannot be forgotten . It is iAt present, we live immersed in a situation of continuous virological risk. We are immersed in the pandemic caused by COVID-19, with new infectious challenges and high mortality rates, exacerbating with more virulence diseases, such as malaria, acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), tuberculosis, etc. This new global framework has brought together and strengthened the role of international bodies. In fact, as it is a public health issue that affects everyone, from the United Nations (UN) and the WHO, strategies and initiatives are being introduced to combat COVID-19, and, at the same time, to be able to continue the work of education, information, monitoring, prevention, and medication worldwide .It must be recognized that, although there is no 100% effective vaccine, nor are all vaccines equally effective, the advantages of vaccines focus on their proven effectiveness, which manifests itself in their behavior in practice and depends, in particular, on the immune capacity of the recipient, the type of vaccine, established schedules, and its availability, tolerance and stability. In the interest of public health, the Spanish Agency of Medicines and Medical Devices (AEMPS) may subject each batch to prior authorization and make the placing on the market conditional on its conformity. Consequently, vaccines are administered in order to stimulate the specific defense mechanisms of the individual against certain infectious agents .The European Union (EU) carries out public health policies in the member states; however, there is no common prevention model. This situation generates inequality in the access to immunization among community citizens, which has been evidenced by the pandemic caused by COVID-19. Each country designs its vaccination strategy, with regard to its epidemiological situation; however, WHO, EU and UNICEF develop prevention and immunization strategies and plans at the global and European level .It is important to emphasize that the WHO designs long-term immunization strategies and carries out specific advocacy work with a global impact, such as World Immunization Week or the European Vaccine Action Plan 2015–2020.The EU also has a global health strategy involving the AEMPS, the Directorate-General for Health and Food Safety (DG SANTE), and the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC). Thus, the third European action program on health 2014–2020 and the ‘joint actions’ stimulate the collaboration of the member states to solve public health problems at the European level, focusing on the following objectives: to contribute to innovative, effective and sustainable health systems; improve the citizens’ access to better and safer health care; promote health and disease prevention; and protect citizens from cross-border health threats .Our research aims to design and validate a questionnaire to study the importance of vaccines in the health of the child population, to know the influence of vaccines, analyze their development, assess their situation in the twenty-first century, and examine the need for the mandatory nature of certain vaccines.Reasonably, it was proven that there is no questionnaire that is adequate to what is intended to be measured in our research, so it was essential to create a new questionnaire, VACUNASEDUCA , followiThe analytical descriptive design adopted by the questionnaire validation process has been developed in several phases in which quantitative strategies and the application of different statistical techniques have predominated through the IBM SPSS26 program, for the calculation of descriptive statistics, reliability indices through Cronbach’s alpha model and the exploratory study of the factorial structure through the factor analysis of principal components. The results of these analyses have been the subject of quantitative assessments by 15 experts  using anThe sample of this research, given the subject matter studied, has been worldwide. It has been considered as the subset of individuals who agree to undergo an investigation, where it is taken as a reference to meet several criteria of representativeness of the total population. The selection has been in the interest of the researchers. Indeed, the sample consists of 1000 participants from the following 76 countries: Albania, Germany, Andorra, Angola, Saudi Arabia, Algeria, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bangladesh, Belgium, Bolivia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Spain, Botswana, Brazil, Bulgaria, Cape Verde, Cameroon, Canada, Chile, China, Cyprus, Colombia, Ivory Coast, Cuba, Denmark, Ecuador, United Arab Emirates, Spain, United States, Estonia, Philippines, Finlandia, France, Gabon, Gambia, Georgia, Greece, Guatemala, Equatorial Guinea, Haiti, Honduras, India, Ireland, Iceland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Latvia, Lebanon, Liberia, Luxembourg, Morocco, Mauritius, Mauritania, Mexico, Montenegro, Mozambique, Paraguay, Peru, Poland, Portugal, United Kingdom, Russia, South Africa, Sweden, Switzerland, Thailand, Tanzania, Turkey, Ukraine, Uganda, Venezuela, Zimbabwe.Regarding the characteristics of the sample, in relation to gender, it is made up of 694 women (69.4%) and 306 men (30.6%). The age of the sample members is mostly between 18 and 44 years .n = 554) belong to the health sector, 32.9% (n = 329) to the educational field and 11.7% (n = 117) to the economy sector.As for the work performance of the sample members, 55.4% (The socioeconomic level of the sample members has been established based on the country of origin through the human development index (HDI) .As indicated, the conceptual framework of the VACUNASEDUCA questionnaire focuses on vaccines, being configured in the main variable of research, its structure is reflected in The research has been developed in the following phases: (a) delimitation of the construct to be measured and analysis of the state of the matter; (b) pilot design of the questionnaire, taking into account the objective, population, sample and format; (c) expert judgement who will assess the validity of the content of the questionnaire and make the relevant proposals for improvement and its incorporation; (d) statistical analysis of the data; (e) final proposal for the questionnaire. The study was carried out in 2019 and 2020, guaranteeing at all times the confidentiality and anonymity of the data obtained .The statistical results obtained in the calculation of the content validity, the construct validity, and the reliability of the final instrument are shown.In order to determine the validity of content, the Lawshe’s content index  has beenThis verifies the extent to which the questionnaire actually measures what you want to measure, and thus assesses the consistency of the questionnaire, debugging its initial structure.The affirmative answers given by the participating experts, as reflected in As can be seen, high content validity ratios were found in all the items, with no value below 0.51 appearing, so there was no need to remove any item from the initial questionnaire. It should be noted that 10 items, 83.3% of the total of the 12 items, achieved a perfect content validity ratio; a value of one and only two items, 16.7% of the total, obtained a ratio of 0.73, which was indicative of a high content validity [The value of the agreement between the evaluators was also calculated, in order to know the degree of consistency in the estimates made. The kappa coefficient, originally proposed by Cohen , is usedThe preliminary tests of the factor analysis allow us to verify the adequacy of the factorial technique, these being the following: the Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin test (KMO) and the Bartlett Sphericity test ,22,23,24After validation by expert judgment, the instrument was configured by 12 items that were included in the factor analysis.The results of the extraction method, by analyzing the principal components, are reflected in The analysis in Most of the factors studied in the social sciences are interrelated, so externally imposing a criterion of non-correlation between factors, such as orthogonal rotations, may be artificial and not respond adequately to reality. Consequently, it has been chosen to use oblique rotations that increase the realism of the factorial solution, so the Oblimin factorial rotation method is used, with Kaiser normalization , obtainiThe matrix of components did not come out totally “clean”, with items three and eight correlating in two factors.The factors, F1, F2, F3 and F4, coincide with the dimensions and their items described preliminarily before the factorial analysis procedure: D1, awareness and regulation; D2, education and teachers; D3, regulation and mandatory; and D4, consequences and risks. Although item three correlates with factors F1 and F2, and item eight correlates with factors F3 and F4, in general, a factorial structure that is very similar to that initially designed can be observed.The descriptive statistics for each of the items are shown in For each of the dimensions, its descriptive statistics are collected in With the calculation of reliability, we tried to analyze the stability of the results for future administrations of the questionnaire, using Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient (α).The reliability analysis for the instrument reached an index of 0.64 for all the items on the questionnaire. The mean value for the four dimensions was 0.64, which is close to the limit of 0.70 that Kerlinger et al.  set for In health education, it is evident that the use of reliable and validated questionnaires is a very common methodological instrument that requires adequate elaboration, as it is a fundamental part of the research design and conditions the results obtained ,21,27. RIt should be noted that the work began before the pandemic caused by COVID-19, being topical and highly applicable to the new challenges in vaccination in the educational context, especially in the first levels of schooling. There is no doubt that, today, one of the most worrying challenges is global health security. In addition, it is becoming clear with COVID-19 that disease outbreaks can develop faster and travel farther than ever before. Emerging threats are not limited to a single place or country, so investing in health security must be a global priority.It should also be noted that we live in a healthier, safer, and more prosperous world than 20 years ago; however, the progress made is fragile. Indeed, more than one and a half million people die each year from vaccine-preventable diseases, and fifteen million children are still missing out on the benefits of vaccination in the least developed countries. Along these lines, the Vaccine Alliance (GAVI) has planned that, in the strategic period 2021–2025, the launch of the most complete package of vaccines in the history of the Alliance will take place, expanding the portfolio of vaccines. Logically, the introduction of new vaccines, including boosters against tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis (Tdap); the birth dose of hepatitis B; multivalent meningococcal conjugate vaccines; routine oral cholera vaccine; and vaccines against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and rabies will help protect people throughout their lives, not just during childhood [There is no doubt that global health security and the fight against COVID-19 depend on the early implementation of health systems around the world. Likewise, actions, treatments, and efforts are needed to combat this pandemic, where health education from the earliest age is of vital importance.It must be recognized that, in order to motivate the realization of work on the subject at hand, and to be able to develop solid and effective research, it is essential to have valid tools that make it possible for the results obtained in the research to be useful to intervene in the effective improvement of the situation studied. There is no doubt that knowing what their political, social and human factors are allows us to investigate in a little-known field, promoting the study of the concerns and opinions of the human factors involved in a more direct way, such as teachers at university and non-university centers, scientists, parents and mothers, teachers in training, students, political representatives, and managers. Consequently, the researchers prioritized designing a questionnaire that was very easy to complete, in order to optimize the response of potential participants.The VACUNASEDUCA questionnaire can be a very valuable tool in today’s society, and, as has been shown, it is easy to apply and requires few prerequisites. It is justified that it is very valid to know, in a given context, the awareness of society regarding vaccines, the assessment of their mandatory nature, the regulation by the administrations, the initial training and awareness of teachers, gender influence, information and involvement of parents, need for a vaccination register/card, and the consequences and risks of non-vaccination. It is a questionnaire of great interest not only in the educational and health fields, but it also affects the whole of society, because vaccines are an important measure, due to their high effectiveness and tolerance profile, making it possible to save millions of lives and eradicate some diseases. There is no doubt that vaccines are an investment not only because they improve the quality of life, but they also constitute an economic and social value of great importance.It offers an original and innovative proposal that, based on the training offered to teachers on health prevention, plans to design a training plan for prevention and education for health, and reflect on the influence of the vaccination of students on the occupational health of teachers. In addition, from a gender perspective, it is possible to analyze how the effects of the inappropriate application of vaccines could affect male teachers, differently from female teachers. It should be noted that one of the strengths of the VACUNASEDUCA questionnaire has been the very large sample used, which covers 76 countries. It is also important to note that the process of validating a questionnaire has limitations linked to the choice of the number of experts, since their number varies substantially according to the authors consulted, without establishing a specific consensus . Thus, t


Dear editor,Eccrine syringofibroadenoma (ESFA) is a rare tumor that consists of the proliferation of ductal structures that resemble the acral portion of the eccrine sweat glands. It was first described by Mascaró in 1963, and there are just over 70 published cases in the literature.The authors report the case of a 71-year-old male, retired and without comorbidities. He reported the use of heat-generating plaster, consisting of iron powder, activated carbon, vermiculite, potassium chloride, and water (Fenaflan Patch®) to treat pain in the lateral region of the right thigh. However, there was a local reaction with burning and heat sensation, which caused the patient to remove the plaster before the indicated time. In the following days, he developed erythematous papules and a vegetating plaque, sometimes friable and bleeding, with mild pruritus. It progressed for three months, reaching the size of 4 cm . A 5-mm Clobetasol in 0.05% cream was administered with occlusive application once a day for 20 days, with a fully effective response. The post-inflammatory residual erythema resolved completely within a few months.The most current classification of ESFA includes five subtypes: solitary; multiple without skin changes; nevoid associated with ectodermal dysplasia; multiple associated with Schöpf syndrome; and the reactive subtype, associated with neoplastic or inflammatory dermatoses.The reactive type is probably triggered by tissue damage and, in the process of repair and remodeling, there is hyperplasia in response to the damage.Histopathology assessment is necessary for diagnostic confirmation, the eccrine ducts may or may not be demonstrated. Immunohistochemistry can help in difficult cases, with cells often positive for keratin 6 and 19, as well as filaggrin.There is no consensus regarding treatment. The literature presents reports of etretinate therapy, surgery, radiotherapy, and laser; however, there are no reports of treatment with clobetasol or other topical corticosteroids.None declared.Roberto Rheingantz da Cunha Filho: Approval of the final version of the manuscript; design and planning of the study; drafting and editing of the manuscript; collection, analysis, and interpretation of data; effective participation in research orientation; intellectual participation in propaedeutic and/or therapeutic conduct of studied cases; critical review of the literature; critical review of the manuscript.Lucas José Quioca: Approval of the final version of the manuscript; design and planning of the study; drafting and editing of the manuscript; collection, analysis, and interpretation of data; critical review of the literature; critical review of the manuscript.Graziela Junges Ascending Rastelli: Approval of the final version of the manuscript; design and planning of the study; drafting and editing of the manuscript; collection, analysis, and interpretation of data; critical review of the literature; critical review of the manuscript.José Fillus Neto: Approval of the final version of the manuscript; design and planning of the study; drafting and editing of the manuscript; collection, analysis, and interpretation of data; effective participation in research orientation; critical review of the literature; critical review of the manuscript.None declared.


In the original article, we neglected to include the funder the National Natural Science Foundation of China, 81971573 to HD, the Suzhou Gusu Medical Youth Talent, GSWS2020019 to HD, and the 13th Five-Year Science and Technology Project of the Education Department of Jilin Province, JJKH20190064KJ to MZ.In the published article, there was an error regarding the Affiliation for Hui Dai. Instead of “China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China”, it should be “The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China”.The authors apologize for these errors and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.


Purpose: Based on the Nippon Color & Design (NCD) system, this study aims to accurately discover the color preferences and image positioning of different female groups in China and, thus, to establish a color reference system, which is suitable for the packaging of beauty products.Methods: We first selected middle-aged women in the rural area of northern China as the studied group. Then, we conducted an extensive questionnaire survey on their color preferences focusing on their psychological characteristics and perception rules of emotional needs for colors. After that, we extracted colors from samples and classified them using the NCD system research method. Finally, we conducted a systematic analysis and verification to determine the color emotional preference of this group.Conclusion: We investigate the color preference of targeted customers to establish the image space of beauty product packaging. By applying SPSS for the factor analysis, we study the rural women in northern China, who are less concerned about fashion. We focus on the accurate positioning between the interaction of color, women, and environment throughout the color design process. We have conducted a series of comparative analyses of popular beauty products among the rural women. The results can accurately reflect the brand definition and positioning of color semantics and, thus, provide invaluable information for future beauty packaging designs and marketing promotion strategy. Due to the rapid development of the economy of China in the past two decades, the per capita disposable income of Chinese residents has been growing swiftly, which has led to a substantial increase in the beauty product market. According to the report of China's National Bureau of Statistics in 2020, the sales in the cosmetics market of China have increased from 204.9 billion yuan in 2015 to 340 billion yuan in 2020. Currently, China is the second largest cosmetics consumption country in the world after the United States. In order to compete in the fast-growing market, many researchers start to study the purchasing behaviors of customers and their psychological states. How to lure customers to purchase their products becomes their top priority. Hence, emotional designs have become the primary concern in the design industry.A study about package design and color elements of digital products by Koh, Seon, the colors of the product packaging design have a great impact on the purchase desires of consumers; 78% of the survey participants said the color would affect their purchase desires. The outcome of the survey shows that the color of the product packaging design is essential to sales. As the primary element in visual impression, the color of packaging design directly affects the physiological response and psychological cognition of people. Relevant theoretical foundations include, for example, A Study of Color Emotion and Color Preference. In this study, three color preference models for single colors were developed , soft and hard axis (S–H), and clear turbidity (K–G), and the image system is established on this basis. The NCD semantic system is color-matching of a semantic coordinate system, which is formed by analyzing the perspective of color image based on the three basic attributes of color . The NCD semantic system converts the perceptual psychological needs of users, such as sensory impressions and aesthetic preferences, into semantic symbols, matches the design of cold, warm, soft, and hard colors to meet the perceptual needs of users, and finally proposes solutions to meet the color emotional preferences of different users.This research investigates, analyzes, and classifies the color status of beauty packaging at home and abroad. We try to explore an accurate and effective color design method to design the color of beauty packaging to enhance the emotional experience of customers. Combining the research theme of color imagery, the practical color coordinate system (PCCS) is used to refine and abstract the color of selected beauty packaging samples, and to conduct statistical and visual analysis of color distribution and visualization of the color style positioning and emotional tendency of beauty brands at home and abroad. Based on the NCD semantic system, its essence is to achieve the consistency of the mapping between color semantics and user perception on the premise that color image positioning is consistent with the perceptual needs of the user. A consistent quantitative basis is established, and the perceptual engineering and quantitative color systems is applied to complete the quantitative research of matching objects at both ends of the mapping, which provides the feasibility for establishing consistency in orientation.1) The hue and tone distribution of beauty packaging at home and abroadAfter preliminary investigations, we selected basic skin care products as the subject of this research. Contemporary women are very demanding on their own appearances, 78% of women are not satisfied with their skin conditions, and their requirements for beauty are getting higher and higher. Among them, anti-aging has become their main demand. CBNData research shows that from the consumption of different effects in the online female skin care industry in 2020, the demand for anti-aging skin care accounted for 34%, exceeding the long-term concern of most women for moisturizing and moisturizing needs (33.4%). The significance of choosing this type of beauty product research lies in three aspects. First, basic skin care products are the most representative products in the current beauty industry. Second, the purchase frequency of skin care products is relatively fixed, and their seasonal characteristics are strong. The main purchases are quarterly basis, with one to two times a quarter being the mainstream purchase frequency. Third, the consumption level of skin care products tends to be even, and there are a considerable number of consumer groups in the middle, high, and low categories.The survey collected 200 samples of beauty packaging at home and abroad. The main containers and packaging of skin care products are usually plastic bottles, glass bottles, hoses, and airless bottles. Factors such as different painting processes and reflective surfaces of the outer packaging are excluded, and the final color application situation is shown in 2) Color distribution of cosmetics packaging in image spaceThe distribution of the packaging colors of basic skin care products at home and abroad in the image space is shown in This research is based on the collection and selection of color image adjective pairings of beauty packaging. First, after determination of the representative color test samples of beauty packaging in the previous steps , 4, we wOn this basis, we perform a detailed analysis of the specific meaning of each group of adjectives, and deleted the adjective groups with similar meanings, similarities, and unclear expressions. We also search relevant literature, referring to the cognitive suggestions of cosmetic design practitioners on the color of beauty packaging, and then obtain the semantic description related to the color image of beauty packaging. Finally, we select 30 sets of color image adjective pairs as the final test vocabulary, as shown in The female consumer market in China is huge, and the rapidly growing market has led to changes in the market structure. The growth of female users will stimulate the overall market. Exquisite product packaging and unique emotional experience often tend to arouse the consumer psychology of this group and stimulate consumer impulse. Therefore, studying the color preferences of female consumer groups has great potential and value for the market. White collar workers are the mainstream consumers of skin care products. They will choose first- and second-tier mid- to high-end products. As far as the development of domestic brands is concerned, the market value of domestic brands is that they are better at developing channels in second- and third-tier cities than international brands, and quickly seize the mass market in second- and third-tier cities and rural areas.In this case, the middle-aged female consumer group of about 30–55 years old is selected as the study subject. There are three main reasons for studying the northern rural women of this age group:The consumption behaviors of northern rural women under the age of 30 have not yet been fixed, and they are mostly seeking differentiation and have a strong sense of group imitation consumption;Among the northern rural woman consumers who are over 55 years of age, consumption behaviors and consumption habits have reached a fixed pattern in the middle and young ages, and their personal purchasing intentions have weakened, and new consumer products will be purchased by their children;Among the northern rural women, those who are 30–55 years of age have a leading role in daily commodity decision-making and purchasing activities. They are not only the decision-makers and purchasers of their own consumption activities but also of their husbands, children, and parents. Due to the influence of different consumer demand, factors such as different personalities, different regions, and different cultural education levels, female consumers in this age group have a certain degree of representativeness. When they purchase cosmetic products, they are more susceptible to the consumer psychology of product appearance and demands for aesthetic emotion.Analysis of cross-cultural color emotion by Gao et al.  and the result shows KMO = 0.913, as shown in In order to test whether the original data are suitable for factor analysis, it is necessary to pass the correlation coefficient matrix, Kaiser–Meyer–Olin (KMO) and Bartlett sphericity test, and the test of the common degree of variables. The variants are not irrelevant to each other  extracted from the factor analysis and the color attributes of the corresponding representative samples, the corresponding relationship and correlation characteristics between the sample color attributes and the semantics conveyed by factor axis are discussed. It can be seen from Based on the color sample statistics of 97 beauty packaging and using a Likert scale, the representative semantics of the three common factors are extracted. The first common factor (cognitive factor) extracted from the factor analysis shows that its representative vocabularies are delicate/coarse, intellectual/progressive, and fashionable/old-fashioned. The most remarkable samples of negative axes  on this factor are: YR/B, Y/B, G/L, BG/L, B/L, G/S, BG/S; the most remarkable samples of positive axes  are R/DGR, YR/DGR, and Y/DGR. By analyzing the color attributes of typical sample colors, we observe that the color features corresponding to approximate sensory images such as delicate, intellectual, and fashionable, are mainly as follow: the color has a visual perception of weak brightness, and the change in chromaticity is also inclined to increase the content of white. In terms of hue, blue-green color is the most remarkable, and there are also some colors of orange and yellow, which show the psychological feelings of visual cognition and prefer soft colors, while the color brightness and purity of main-tune tendency prefer stable color combinations with little fluctuation. It shows that women of this age group with a natural sense of closeness to rural life prefer neutral and cold colors in hue, and turbid colors, which have low color purity and tend to gray system. The women in northern China are reserved, and the colors they prefer have the characteristics of low brightness and low purity, and basically form the conservative and cautious semantics, which is consistent with their personalities.The second common factor (activity factor) extracted from the factor analysis shows that its representative vocabularies are youthful/mellow, agile/sedate, and speedy/smooth. The most remarkable samples of negative axes  on this factor are: RP/V, R/S, B/S; the most remarkable samples of positive axes  are: PB/B, PB/GR, B/GR. By analyzing the color attributes of typical sample colors, we observe that the color features corresponding to approximate sensory images such as mellow, sedate, and smooth, are mainly as follow: the color has a visual perception of weak brightness, and the change in chromaticity is also inclined to increase the content of black. In terms of hue, blue-purple color is the most remarkable; chromaticity also tends to the middle gray scale of achromatic colors. Colors of gray and blue-gray are the main hues, which show the reserved and conservative characteristics of the group. The tone is mainly cloudy and gray, which is closer to the quiet and calm inner feelings, contrary to the semantic characteristics such as being open and enthusiastic.The third common factor (attributive factor) extracted from the factor analysis shows that its representative vocabularies are luxurious/rustic, gorgeous/plain, and western/eastern. The most remarkable samples of negative axes  on this factor are R/DP and YR/DP; the most remarkable samples of positive axes  are GY/Lgr, G/Lgr, BG/Lgr, P/P, and N8. By analyzing the color attributes of typical sample colors, we observe that the color features corresponding to approximate sensory images such as plain, eastern, and rustic, are mainly as follow: in terms of brightness, it is better to choose middle brightness, and the change in chromaticity is also inclined to increase the content of white. In terms of hue, the colors of blue, purple, and gray, which can provide the best visual experience by reflecting the oriental life, also reflect the color emotional experience of the group in the specific cultural background.Nowadays, perceptual engineering and color psychology are both emerging fields in the design industry. They explore the relationship between rational thinking and perceptual impression of humans, how aesthetic experience of people is formed, and how to construct the relationship between human emotions, environment, and objects. A good communication bridge between the participants and finding effective emotional design methods are issues worthy of further investigation. NCD color image positioning, as the front-end system of color design, is the scientific color theory basis for fashion product designers. This study constructs a complete color reference system by investigating and positioning the color image of middle-aged women in the rural areas of northern China, focusing on exploring the co-existence of the color design process on color, women, and the environment. The proposed color-oriented design method conforms to the development trend of scientific design, clarifies the color logic relationship of “color impression and emotional semantics,” and is oriented to enhance the emotional experience of the user, which is conducive to accurately creating aesthetic characteristics of the local market. The product color with cultural connotation highlights the application value. At the same time, the construction of the color system meets the aesthetic needs of the Chinese population, and has the commercial practice value of more optimized design and more scientific structure.www.wjx.cn, https://www.wjx.cn/mobile/statnew.aspx?activity=111860856&reportid=#1, https://www.wjx.cn/vm/tU4Ai4A.aspx.Publicly available datasets were analyzed in this study. This data can be found here: All authors listed have made a substantial, direct and intellectual contribution to the work, and approved it for publication.The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.


Shu-szi Sin 辛树帜, 1894–1977)  referral, Mr. Sin became a professor and Director of the Department of Biology of the Sun Yat-Sen University. Influenced by Dr. Diels, Sin Shu-szi presided over the scientific investigation of the Dayao mountain in Guangxi together with his colleagues in May 1928, where they collected more than 30,000 specimens. In november of the same year, he and his colleagues conducted a larger field study at the Dayao mountain, which lasted until February 1929. Soon after, Mr. Sin led a third scientific investigation of the Dayao mountain, opening a precedent for large-scale scientific investigation and biological collection in China. The scope of its investigation and collection far exceeded the Yaoshan area, involving the Yunwu, Doupeng, and Fanjing mountains in Guizhou; the Jintong mountain in southern Hunan; Beijiang, Yongchang, and Yaoshan in the Guangdong Province; and the Hainan province.Shinisaurus crocodilurus, the Sinia rhodoleuca, and the Corybas sinii etc. Based on their investigations and collections, a relatively complete animal and plant specimen room was established in the Sun Yat-sen University, which became an important basis and resource to cultivate and attract a large number of specialized personnel engaged in animal and plant research, enhancing the academic influence of China in the international biology community.Mr. Sin and his colleagues collected more than 60,000 specimens, including 30,000 specimens of plants, over 100 specimens of 40 species of mammals, about 4,000 specimens of 210 species of birds, around 500 specimens of 40 species of reptiles, and more than 2,000 specimens of birds. Apart from revealing the treasures of flora and fauna in southern China, he also identified nearly 20 new species, such as the Yaoshan Two-Month Inspection Record, the Zheng Yao Dance Song, the Ki Zi Ge, and the Yaoshan Collection Schedule. Thanks to their efforts, the people and the life of the Yao minority were introduced to, and accepted by, the outside world.In the Dayao mountain study, Mr. Sin and his colleagues broke the barriers between science and humanities, by using breakthrough scientific research methods in the humanities to investigate and report the life and customs of the Yao minority. Based on field visits and interviews with villagers, a map of the village was drawn. In addition, Mr. Sin also produced a considerable quantity of notes on local customs and habits, and compiled a large number of ethnic folklore materials such as the In 1932, Mr. Sin served as the head of the editorial department of the Ministry of Education of the National Government. The next year, the editorial office was expanded as the National Translator-Editor Center, of which Mr. Sin was the first director. He believed that standardizing the scientific terminology was an important foundation for the development of natural sciences in China. Accordingly, the National Translator-Editor Center began to translate and edit the terminology in chemistry, astronomy, geology, medicine, physics, and other fields. In order to facilitate this work, Mr. Sin and his colleagues also enrolled a number of experts and organized a series of academic conferences. The standardization of the scientific terminology in the first years of 1930 gave a crucial contribution to the development of science in China.Realizing the importance of building a scientific community, Mr. Sin built good relationships with other scholars. He was one of the founders and sponsors of the Botanical Society of China, whose preparation and initiation began in mid-summer in 1933. As one of the initiators, Mr. Sin attended the inaugural meeting in Chongqing, when the Constitution of the Chinese Botanical Society was adopted, and Mr. Sin was recommended as a key member Sun, . The estIn 1932, Mr. Sin visited Luoyang and other cities of northwest China, where he found the absence of higher agricultural schools. Therefore, he felt that he should do something to improve the situation in that region. Mr. Sin believed that Wugong, a city in the Shaanxi province, was an important birthplace of ancient Chinese agriculture; for this reason, he advocated the establishment of agricultural colleges in that city. At the end of 1932, he participated in the founding of the Northwest Agriculture and Forestry College in Wugong. In July 1936, the preparation work for the Northwest Agriculture and Forestry College was over. In spite of the harsh conditions in the northwest, he resigned from the position of Director of the National Translator-Editor Center, serving as President of the Northwest Agriculture and Forestry College and, later, as Dean of the Northwest Agricultural College. During that time, he regularly held lectures with teachers and students every week, listening to opinions, and insisting on doing exercises with students in the morning. Therefore, he was not only familiar with the teaching situation, but also knew well teachers and even most students. Many of his students later became the backbone of the agricultural field. The teachings of the old Dean were appreciated.In 1940, Mr. Sin left Shaanxi and became professor and Director of the Central University in Chongqing. He was also elected as member of the National Political Participation. Due to the illness of his mother, he resigned his various duties and returned home village to take care of his mother. During his stay in the countryside, he was deeply impressed by its economic and cultural backwardness. He persuaded the government to support education, and participated in the preparation of the Hunan 14th Middle School, the Xuwu Middle School, and the Jiuli Middle School in the Hunan Province. In 1945, Mr. Sin was elected as President of the Hunan Provincial Education Association.On March 26, 1946, Shu-szi Sin was appointed by the government of the Republic of China as principal, responsible for the preparatory work of the Lanzhou University. He believed that running a comprehensive university, composed of five colleges, in Lanzhou was crucial to improve the education of the whole northwest. To make Lanzhou University the capital of northwest education, he first focused on the establishment of the faculty, emphasizing the need to run the veterinary college, the Tibetan language department, and the Russian department, among others, and to train qualified graduates that were urgently needed for the development of the northwest economy and culture. Secondly, he managed to attract scholars at the Lanzhou University. Due to the poor transportation and living conditions of northwest China at that time, few scholars were willing to move to Lanzhou. Mr. Sin visited some scholars in Beijing, Shanghai, and Guangdong, and invited them to the Lanzhou University as visiting professors or short-term lecturers. Thanks to his good reputation and good relationships with other scholars, the Lanzhou University attracted a number of scholars around China. His third contribution was the purchase of a large quantity of books and teaching equipment. With his recommendation, a large number of Chinese and foreign books and academic journals  were collected in the Lanzhou University Library, which in just three years jumped at the top of the northwest colleges and universities.After the founding of the People’s Republic of China, Mr. Sin returned as Dean of the Northwest Agricultural College. He deeply felt the importance of investigating the agronomic heritage of China. In 1952, he established the ancient agronomy research team, which included scholars such as Shenghan Shi (石声汉), Weiying Xia (夏纬瑛), Yao Zhou (周尧), and Yunti Cui (崔允褆). Although there was no funding support at that time, all team members were working hard. In 1965, their efforts were recognized by the government, and the Ancient Agricultural Research Laboratory was established at the Northwest Agricultural College. They studied and sorted the ancient agricultural literature, and addressed the issue of soil and water conservation. They gained experience in studying the ancient agricultural literature, especially in aspects such as the identification of authenticity, the examination of the origins of the literature, and the punctuation, subsection, annotation, and translation (Zhang and Pu, Study of Chinese Fruit Trees History; the New Analysis of Yu Gong; the Study on the Book of Change; and the Preliminary discussion on 159 cultivated plants in the book of agricultural administration. The Study of Chinese Fruit Trees History systematically analyzes and compares the achievements of the earliest fruit trees cultivation in China, according to the records of fruit trees from the Western Zhou Dynasty to the end of the Tang Dynasty, and carefully examines the types and names of fruit trees during this period. In the New Analysis of Yu Gong, Mr. Sin conducts a scientific investigation of “water and soil” and “tribute” such as comb and bag which recorded in Shang Shu · Yu Gong, an ancient article describing the geography, establishing an example of ancient agronomy research. In his later years, Mr. Sin paid great attention to the issue of soil and water conservation in China, especially in the northwest region. He published the Historical Research on Soil and Water Conservation in China, and presided over the preparation of the Introduction to Soil and Water Conservation. In order to collect first-hand information on vegetation damage and soil erosion, he conducted field studies in Shaanxi, Yunnan, and other places. Having reached the age of eighty, he was overworked. When he returned from the Yunnan investigation, he fell ill. He passed away on October 24, 1977.Mr. Sin’s research outcomes include: The As a biologist, ancient agronomist, and educator, Mr. Shu-szi Sin was always passionate in his work and research. His work was visionary and groundbreaking. He loved his motherland, and devoted all himself to the development of science and education, especially in northwest China.


Background: In China, there are severe unmet medical needs of people living with rare diseases. Relatedly, there is a dearth of data to inform rare diseases policy. This is historically partially due to the lack of informatics infrastructure, including standards and terminology, data sharing mechanisms and network; and concerns over patient privacy protection.Objective: This study aims to introduce the progress of China's rare disease informatics platform and knowledgebase, and to discuss critical enablers of rare disease informatics innovation, including: data standardization; knowledgebase construction; national policy support; and multi-stakeholder participation.Methods: A systemic national strategy, delivered through multi-stakeholder engagement, has been implemented to create and accelerate the informatics infrastructure to support rare diseases management. This includes a disease registry system, together with more than 80 hospitals, to perform comprehensive research information collection, including clinical, genomic and bio-sample data. And a case reporting system, with a network of 324 hospitals, covering all mainland Chinese provinces, to further support reporting of rare diseases data. International standards were incorporated, and privacy issues were addressed through HIPAA compliant rules.Results: The National Rare Diseases Registry System of China (NRDRS) now covers 166 rare diseases and more than 63,000 registered patients. The National Rare Diseases Case Reporting System of China (NRDCRS) was primarily founded on the National Network of Rare Diseases (NNRD) of 324 hospitals and focused on real-time rare diseases case reporting; more than 400,000 cases have been reported. Based on the data available in the two systems, the National Center for Health Technology Assessment (HTA) of Orphan Medicinal Products (OMP) has been established and the expert consensus on HTA of OMP was produced. The largest knowledgebase for rare disease in Chinese has also been developed.Conclusion: A national strategy and the coordinating mechanism is the key to success in the improvement of Chinese rare disease clinical care and drug accessibility. Application of innovative informatics solutions can help accelerate the process, improve quality and increase efficiency. Rare Diseases refer to diseases with a very low incidence, often chronic and progressive, and life-threatening . The rarThere is no single, widely accepted definition for rare diseases. Three elements to the definition as used in various countries are as follows: the total number of people having the disease, its prevalence, non-availability of treatment for the disorder . In the Rare diseases are a global public health challenge. In China, people living with rare diseases have severe unmet needs. Health for All is China’s national healthcare strategy and the improvement of clinical care and drug accessibility for rare disease patients is a key issue to meeting its target. Epidemiological and clinical data for most rare diseases, which provide a foundation for policymaking at both the regional and national level, are missing in China . This isThe Healthy China 2030 Planning Outline was issued by the Communist Party of China (CPC) Central Party Committee and the State Council in 2016 . The Outwww.nrdrs.org.cn)  has developed the National Rare Diseases Registry System  . An init.org.cn) . The aimMeanwhile, with the endorsement of the National Health Commission of China, the PUMCH serves as the national rare diseases center, which is mainly responsible for taking the lead in establishing and improving the working mechanism of the collaboration network, formulating a national plan for doctor training, and treating the most critically ill patients with rare diseases, provides planning, coordinating, management, and technical support, and coordination of a national network of 324 hospitals for conducting direct case reporting on the 121 rare diseases included in China’s First List of Rare Diseases. An online registry updated manually and available to all member hospitals, is complemented by automatic reporting by the member hospitals to integrate their electronic medical record systems with the case reporting server provided by the national center. With the coverage of 324 medical centers designated as the national (1), and regional (323) rare disease centers, the statistician inside each center report weekly all the diagnosed cases of the rare diseases included in the first list of rare diseases. The annual report of the data will be published by the national rare disease center.International standards, including Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) and Logistic Observation Identifiers Names and Codes (LOINC) were applied to ensure interoperability and to support future multi-national studies. Privacy issues were addressed through HIPAA compliant rules. To ensure alignment to the needs of the rare diseases community, increase coverage and population representativeness, a multi-stakeholder involvement strategy was incorporated.The NRDRS now covers the registry of 166 rare diseases and 63,470 registered patients in 185 case reporting forms (CRF)  . A regioIn February 2019, 324 hospitals, representing all the provinces in mainland Chinese provinces, were selected based on their capacity and experience in treating patients with rare diseases to form the National Network of Rare Diseases (NNRD) . This coBased on the data and real-world evidence available in the two systems, the National Center for Health Technology Assessment (HTA) of Orphan Medicinal Products (OMP) has been established. Members of the center are widely representative, including rare disease research experts, HTA research experts, policymakers, clinical therapists, representatives of pharmaceutical companies, payers, and patients’ rights and other stakeholders. And the expert consensus of HTA on OMP has been produced and published . This sethe Diagnosis and Treatment Guidelines for 121 Rare Diseases , genetic sequencing, and other technologies are enabling for the collection, storage, transmission, and analysis of health data. Biomedical and clinical data are being generated by the terabyte, and even petabyte. The importance of the application of real-world evidence in medical decision-making is gaining increasing acceptance, especially for rare diseases . WorldwiPhenotypic information, which is key to the accurate diagnosis of rare diseases , is not Solid and sustainable funding from the central government is key to the success of this registration and case reporting system. The initial funding from the Ministry of Science and Technology of China was an important stimulus for research on rare diseases . Multi-sA national strategy and coordinating mechanism is key for improvement of clinical care and drug accessibility in the treatment of rare diseases in a country with a large population. The application of innovative informatics solutions can help accelerate the process, improve quality, and increase efficiency. With the registry system for scientific research, case reporting system for public health service and policymaking, direct patient and family data ascertainment and the related data-driven systems and services, China has built a data infrastructure for rare diseases research and management to address the unmet medical needs of patients with rare diseases and to achieve the national goal of Health for All.


Research, understanding, and prediction of complex systems is an important starting point for human beings to tackle major problems and emergencies such as global warming and COVID-19. Research on innovation ecosystem is an important part of research on complex systems. With the rapid development of sophisticated industries, the rise of innovative countries, and the newly developed innovation theory, innovation ecosystem has become a new explanation and new paradigm for adapting to today’s global innovation cooperation network and the scientific development of complex systems, which is also in line with China’s concept of building an innovative country and promoting comprehensive innovation and international cooperation with scientific and technological innovation as the core. The Innovative Research Group at Peking University is the most representative scientific and technological innovation team in the frontier field of basic research in China. The characteristics of its organization mechanism and dynamic evolution connotation are consistent with the characteristics and evolution of innovation ecosystem. An excellent innovative research group is regarded as a small innovation ecosystem. We selected the “Environmental Biogeochemistry” Innovation Research Group at Peking University as a typical case in order to understand and analyze the evolution of cooperation among scientific and technological innovation teams, improve the healthy development as well as internal and external governance of this special small innovation ecosystem, promote the expansion of an innovation team cooperation network and the improvement of cooperation quality, promote the linkage supports of funding and management departments, and improve their scientific and technological governance abilities. Through scientometrics, visual analysis of knowledge maps, and an exploratory case study, we study the evolution process and development law of team cooperation. It is found that the main node authors of the cooperation network maintain strong cooperation frequency and centrality, and gradually strengthen with the expansion of the cooperation network and the evolution of time. Driven by the internal cooperative governance of the team and the external governance of the funding and management departments, this group has gradually formed a healthy, orderly, open, and cooperative special innovation ecosystem, which is conducive to the stability and sustainable development of the national innovation ecosystem and the global innovation ecosystem. Global warming, the COVID-19 epidemic, earthquakes, ecological destruction, sudden and extreme events, and their accompanying social and economic disasters pose severe challenges to the sustainable development of mankind. However, due to the complex structure of the Earth system and the many nonlinear interactions, there are significant difficulties and obstacles for individuals aiming to understand and to predict emergencies and disasters under these complex systems; nevertheless, research on complex systems in the scientific community has not stopped ,3. The NWith regard to the rise and development of research on innovation ecosystem, because of the rise of Silicon Valley and the success of high-tech companies such as Apple Inc., Cupertino, CA, USA, marked by two scientific and technological innovation and research reports of the President’s Committee of Advisors on Science and Technology (PCAST) in 2004, some researchers believe innovation ecosystem has been formally put forward as the core concept and normative content, and therefore have focused their attention on innovation ecosystem. It is believed that the leading position of the United States in science and technology, economy, and politics in the world mainly depends on an “innovation ecosystem” which is dynamic, evolving, and has a good top-down design ,9,10. SuIn the 21st century, China pays special attention to the construction of an innovative country. Recently, China has been focusing on the innovation-driven development strategy, accelerating the overall innovation with scientific and technological innovation as the core, and constantly advancing the modernization of the national governance system and governance capacity. Facing the changes in international trade and economic situations and the impact of the COVID-19 epidemic, China, as a big economy and complex innovation ecosystem, has achieved relatively good and stable responses and development. Some scholars believe that the development and connotation of innovation ecosystem theory are highly consistent with China’s innovation-driven development strategy and the concept of accelerating comprehensive innovation with scientific and technological innovation as the core ,21,22,23The source and production of scientific and technological innovation are basic research. Most basic research requires promotion of the state, inclination of science and technology policies, and support of science funds. Systematic and cooperative innovation needs to be completed through a scientific and technological innovation team. From a macro perspective, the national innovation system and innovative country are large innovation ecosystems, while from a micro perspective, industries, organizations, enterprises, and innovation teams are also small- and medium-sized innovation ecosystems. Some studies on innovation ecosystem have focused on regions and regional perspectives, such as the global innovation system, national innovation system, and regional innovation system ,15,24. TAccording to existing studies, the innovation ecosystem has time series, self-organization, and community characteristics ,6,7,8. FScholars from various countries have many definitions and discussions on the connotation of “innovation ecosystem” ,21,22,23According to the relevant regulations of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC), an “Innovative Research Group” refers to “a research group with excellent middle-aged and young scientists as academic leaders and the backbone of research, jointly carrying out innovative research around an important research direction, and cultivating and bringing up a research group that occupies a place in the forefront of international science . An innoAn innovative research group takes universities, scientific research institutes, and other institutions as supporting units, and the academic leaders, research backbone, and formal team members must belong to the supporting units, which are regional, interval, and community to a certain extent; meanwhile, the assessments of an innovative group advocate interdisciplinary research, frontier exploration, and international cooperation, and the team is also open and innovative. The members of an innovative research group have information communication and close cooperation; in addition to the formal internal cooperation network, they also cooperate with other high-level scholars or groups, which will gradually evolve into an increasingly expanding cooperation network and ecosystem during the progress of a project and subsequent development and evolution. Therefore, an innovative research group has the basic characteristics of an innovation ecosystem, which is itself an innovative cooperation network and an open and complex system that is constantly evolving in time sequence. It is of necessary theoretical and practical significance to explore the regular contents of its cooperation network and time-series evolution from the perspective of innovation ecosystem.According to many scholars’ studies and research on the development and evolution of innovation ecosystem ,18, reseAs the case study and evolution analysis involve the period presentation and analysis of innovation cooperation network, as well as the cooperation frequency and network centrality of the main node authors, these all need to be analyzed with the methods of scientometrics and visual analysis of knowledge maps. Scientometrics (Scientific Metrology) has a wide connotation and scope, including citation analysis, bibliometrics, etc. that were widely used in the early stage, and visual analysis of knowledge maps, knowledgometrics, altmetrics, etc. that were developed in the later stage ,40. A knIn order to deeply analyze the cooperation mechanism and time sequence evolution of an innovation group cooperation network from the perspective of innovation ecosystem, we selected the excellent Environmental Biogeochemistry” Innovation Research Group of the Earth Sciences Department of the NSFC for the exploratory case analysis, supplemented by scientometrics and visual analysis of knowledge maps, and therefore clearly show the process and connotation of the cooperation network and time sequence evolution.According to our previous research on innovative research groups ,41,47,48During the research period of the project, from 2001 to 2006, 183 SCI documents were retrieved from the academic achievements of the main backbone members. Three years after the completion of the project, from 2007 to 2009, 116 documents were retrieved. Through scientometrics and knowledge map visual analysis, using CiteSpace software, we describe the time sequence evolution of cooperation, distribution, and clustering of main node authors ,43,44,45With the support of the NSFC, the innovative reasearch group invested eight researchers during the project implementation period from 2001 to 2006, with S. Tao as the academic leader and J.-H. Fang, J.-Y. Hu, and X.-J. Wang as the research backbones. The eight members of the team included two academicians of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (one member was selected during the project implementation and one member was selected after the project conclusion) and five members were winners of the National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars (three members were funded before the project was launched and two members were funded after the project was completed), two members were selected into the New Century Excellent Talents Plan of the Ministry of Education of China (one member during the project implementation and one member after the project was completed). It can be seen that this group, as an innovation ecosystem, has achieved good research results and cultivated and expanded the team of research talent in the expansion and time evolution of the cooperation network.According to the interview, report materials, and previous studies ,41,47,48Science, Nature, and Environmental Science & Technology, which has made the group an internationally renowned academic group engaged in environmental biogeochemistry research [During the implementation of the project, this group made a series of breakthrough achievements in the related attributes of the terrestrial ecosystem carbon cycle and its response to climate change, the regional environmental process of persistent organic pollutants, and the environmental fate and ecological effects of endocrine disruptors, etc. For example, the research group perfected the application of the “Continuous Biomass Conversion Factor Method” proposed earlier in a regional scale carbon assessment and studied the carbon budget of Japanese vegetation by using this method, which solved the dynamic change problem of the Japanese carbon budget that Japanese scholars had not solved for many years. The ecological risk assessment method with the expected loss of population sustainability as the evaluation endpoint was established, and the ecological risk of the Taihu Lake Night Heron population caused by DDE exposure was evaluated. Many original achievements have been published in the world’s top journals such as research .We drew the paper cooperation network knowledge maps (node map and timeline map) of the main group members during the project implementation period, as shown in Nature and Science journals, were completed by cooperation with team members and foreign scholars during the project research. Other backbone members, such as F.-L. Xu and J.-Y. Hu, also have high cooperation frequency and network centrality, and each member has their own subgroup and network cluster.It can be seen from During the research period of the project, the five representative papers of this group are shown in 2 absorbed by China’s land could offset the share of CO2 emissions from industrial sources, providing a relevant reference and a basis for China’s relevant departments to formulate energy conservation and emission reduction policies and for China’s international negotiations on climate change. By cooperating with botanists from all over the world, the team members have established a distribution database of Chinese woody plants containing more than 11,000 species. It was found that the number of species in China and North America was indeed limited by energy, as predicted by the “metabolic theory”, but the size of spatial scale greatly affected the relationship between energy and diversity. The first global inventory of PAHs emissions was established and published. The concept of gene susceptibility was quantitatively introduced into exposure and risk simulation, which quantitatively confirmed that polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were an important pollutant inducing lung cancer in Chinese residents. A multicomponent method for the determination of trace estrogen, androgen, progesterone, glucocorticoid, and mineralocorticoid in the environment was established. It was found that there were serious deformities in the juvenile of wild Chinese sturgeon in the Yangtze River, and it was proven that triphenyltin was the main substance causing the distortion of wild Chinese sturgeon.On the basis of the results achieved during the implementation of the project, the group members carried out further research after the conclusion of the project and achieved remarkable results . For exaThe five representative papers in the three years from 2007 to 2009 after the project completion are shown in We drew the knowledge maps of the SCI papers cooperation network of major members of the “Environmental Biogeochemistry” Innovation Research Group from 2007 to 2009, as shown in It can be seen from Science, reported it. The “Continuous Biomass Conversion Factor Method”, which was proposed to calculate regional forest biomass, has been used as a general method and is widely used. The multi-media source analysis method established by the research group has been praised by peers as “an important contribution to our understanding of pollutant sources and environmental behaviors, and represents “culmination” in the aspects of source characterization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, analysis of a large number of samples, application of fugacity model, statistical analysis and sensitivity, and uncertainty analysis. Papers on the county-level resolution emission list of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in China were listed as the highest cited papers of the year after Environmental Science & Technology was published. The quantitative research results of lung cancer risk caused by respiratory exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in China are listed as important articles in the current period by the PNAS. The direct evidence of fish distortion caused by environmental pollution has become an important reference for explaining fish distortion in wild ecosystems. The research results on steroid pollution in municipal wastewater have become an important basis for peers to carry out research on new persistent pollutants.According to the interview, report materials and previous studies ,41,47,48The research group has a certain international influence in relevant research directions. At present, many people have served in international academic organizations  working group, “SETAC Asia Pacific chairman, etc.) and served as the editorial board of foreign academic journals.Through the exploratory case analysis of the cooperation network and time sequence evolution process of innovation groups, it can be found that as a small innovation ecosystem, excellent innovation groups have formed a good cooperation structure and the innovation network for their scientific research teams and research communities, academic leaders as “head geese”, and other research backbone structures is reasonable. On the basis of young scientists, combined with other researchers and postgraduates, an innovative ecosystem community was formed; at the same time, the community exchanged and cooperated with other community members individually or as a whole, and gradually expanded into a larger cooperative network, forming an open, complex, and dynamic ecosystem in the time sequence evolution.As an innovation ecosystem, the innovative research group is also supported and funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC), managed and reviewed by the foundation committee and the expert review committee, and supervised and managed by the supporting units, and therefore organically combines external governance with internal cooperation of the team . At thisIn the typical case report materials submitted to the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) and National Center for Science & Technology Evaluation (NCSTE), the group thinks that: (1) For the members of the group, the project provides relatively sufficient research funds and condensed the research direction of the team. The implementation of the talent funds has high flexibility, is not strictly limited by specific research programs, and is easy to exert initiative and creativity, which provides important conditions for young scientists to become talents. (2) For the group, the implementation of the project provides better conditions for cooperation among members, enabling them to freely cooperate, innovate, grow, and evolve . TherefoThis study is based on the perspective of innovation ecosystem and uses a case study, as the mainstream method of related research, to explore the process and connotation of the evolution of a cooperation network and time sequence of an outstanding innovation group as a special type of innovation ecosystem. It is considered that the innovative research group conforms to the connotation and characteristics of the innovation ecosystem, and has the characteristics of interval, openness, innovation, dynamics, and complexity. In the evolution and development of the cooperation network, through the guidance and drive of academic leaders and research backbones, it continues to coordinate integration and cooperative innovation, and therefore achieves a series of important research progress and talent training objectives. It has also formed an innovation ecosystem of symbiotic evolution.Specifically, at the level of practice and case study, we select the “Environmental Biogeochemistry” Innovative Research Group, organize its development and governance context according to relevant materials and timeline, draw the knowledge maps of the scientific research cooperation network in the periods of the project implementation and completion, and analyze the characteristics of cooperation among the main node authors of the network . According to the materials, we summarize the external management of the Science Fund for Innovative Research Group, the National Natural Science Foundation of China, team cooperation, and internal governance of innovative research groups, which can promote the expansion of the innovative research group cooperation network and time sequence evolution, and promote it to form an open and complex innovation ecosystem.From the Earth and the country, down to organizations, teams, and individuals, in the face of routine changes and emergencies, the concepts and methods of complex network systems help to achieve stability and sustainable development. From a macro perspective, in the period of COVID-19, China’s economic development, technological innovation, international cooperation, health of people, and stability of working life all benefited from the construction of a good innovation ecosystem. At the same time, China has actively strengthened international cooperation in scientific and technological innovation and public health, actively integrated into the world innovation cooperation network, nested and integrated the national innovation ecosystem with the global innovation ecosystem, and symbiotically evolved.Meanwhile, at the micro level, as a special small innovation ecosystem, science and innovation teams such as innovative research groups also need to form an open and expanded innovation cooperation network and ecosystem that is nested, linked, and integrated into larger science and technology organizations and innovation ecosystems of industry, country, and the world under the collaborative promotion of internal cooperation governance of the team and external governance of relevant departments. As a result, from the micro to macro level and from the inside to outside multi-layer linkage, science and innovation teams could truly achieve comprehensive innovation, and promote the development of global innovation ecosystem, to effectively respond to global warming, economic crises, COVID-19, and other major challenges and unexpected events.


This supplement contains seven revised and extended papers selected from CIBB 2018 and CIBB 2019, the 15th and 16th editions of the international conference on Computational Intelligence Methods for Bioinformatics and Biostatistics. CIBB is a venue that embraces researchers with different backgrounds, ranging from mathematics to computer science, from materials science to medicine, and from engineering to biology, all interested in the investigation and application of computational intelligence methods to open problems in bioinformatics, biostatistics, systems biology, synthetic biology, and medical informatics.CIBB 2018 was held at Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal, from 6th to 8th September, 2018 [CIBB 2019 was held at the Department of Human and Social Sciences of the University of Bergamo, Italy, from the 4th to the 6th of September 2019  collecteCIBB dates back to 2004, and it was organized as a special session of different Italian conferences up to 2007. In particular, CIBB was part of WIRN 2004 in Perugia, WILF 2005 in Crema, FLINS 2006 in Genoa, and WILF 2007 in Camogli. Afterwards, the Steering Committee of CIBB planned the 2008 edition in Vietri  as an independent conference. From that moment onward, by relying on the increasing support of the community, CIBB has been organized as a conference, first held only in Italian venues—Genoa (2009), Palermo (2010) and Gargnano (2011)—then, starting from 2012, with an international scope. CIBB 2012 was organized in Houston (TX), then in Nice (France) in 2013, Cambridge (UK) in 2014, Naples  in 2015, Stirling (UK) in 2016, Cagliari  in 2017, Lisbon  in 2018, and Bergamo  in 2019.Thanks to the synergistic effort of the Organizing, Program and Steering Committees, and to the support of sponsors and participants, the success of CIBB conference series is still growing.