With the rapid development of the economy and society, the low efficiency and high loss of the traditional power grid can no longer meet the growing social demand, and the power grid market is facing a reform. Smart grid, as a next-generation power system, it can effectively improve the performance of traditional power grids. The ubiquitous power Internet of Things (UPIOT) replaces the traditional grids with efficient, safe, reliable, and flexible new grids, improves the utilization efficiency of the grid, reduces the loss of the power grid in the transmission process, and can meet the needs of different types of markets and users. As an advanced information acquisition and processing technology, wireless sensor networks have been widely used in medical, industrial, agricultural, commercial, and public management fields. It is an important means to promote future economic development and build a harmonious society. In the power system, wireless sensor network technology can be widely used in many fields such as line fault location, real-time monitoring, smart meter reading, and relay protection. In this paper, the basic concepts and overall architecture of ubiquitous power Internet of Things are summarized. Then, we summarize the research status of the wireless sensor network in smart grid, including power equipment, line monitoring, smart grid wireless automatic meter reading, distribution network relay protection, power assets life-cycle management, power grid fault location, and power grid fault diagnosis. In view of the technical characteristics of wireless sensor networks, combined with the production links of power systems, the application framework of wireless sensor network technology in the power systems is constructed. The application of wireless sensor networks is prospected from the aspects of network development of relay protection, application research of smart substation, application research of power grid catastrophe, security protection of power system, and deep-seated ubiquitous power Internet of Things. The traditional power system monitoring and diagnosis system is realized by wired communication, but the wired monitoring system has the high installation and maintenance costs and inconvenient installation , 2. TherThe smart grid combines advanced technologies including sensing, measurement, control, and decision-making. On the basis of the integrated and high-speed communication network, the intellectualization of power grid is brought into full play . ThroughWith the increasing proportion of new energy grid access and the deepening of power reform, the traditional power grid and power enterprises are facing greater external competitive pressure, while the traditional equipment is difficult to match the volatility of new energy, and the lack of interaction with the external environment makes it difficult for enterprises to meet more new demands of users . The intProvide a review of the basic concepts of power Internet of things and the overall architecture of ubiquitous power Internet of Things.Present a comprehensive review of the application statuses of WSNs in ubiquitous power Internet of Things with the aim to represent the state-of-the-art technology by including the most recent approaches.Summarize the challenges of WSNs in ubiquitous power Internet of Things.Provide a review of the development trends of WSNs in ubiquitous power Internet of Things.In this paper, we have deeply studied the application status of wireless sensor networks in the ubiquitous power Internet of Things, challenges, and prospects for future research. In comparison with the current general selection approaches, the main contributions of the proposed work are as follows:The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. The online monitoring of important operation parameters in various links of the ubiquitous power Internet of Things can strengthen the prediction, prevention, and control of equipment status from the aspects of safety, reliability, adjustability, and antidisturbance and provide intelligent auxiliary decision-making for reliable monitoring of transmission lines and scientific operation and maintenance of distribution links , 23, thuWireless sensor network mainly deploys a large number of sensor nodes in the target area, collaboratively perceives and collects various environments or monitoring object information, deeply integrates multiparameter parameters and collaborative processing, and abstracts the state of the environment or object objects . With itFor the smart grid, the general architecture of the ubiquitous power Internet of Things can be divided into the perception layer, the network layer, and the application layer .The sensing layer is mainly composed of several sensing nodes deployed in each sensing object. The sensing network is built up in a self-organizing manner to realize intelligent collaborative sensing, intelligent identification, information collection and processing, and automatic control of the grid object and the operating environment. Through a variety of new microelectromechanical system sensors, intelligent sensors based on embedded systems, intelligent acquisition equipment, and other technical means, the identification and acquisition of the mechanical state, energy consumption, and environmental state of key equipment in each link of smart grid, such as the power generation, transmission, substation, distribution, power consumption, and dispatch, are completed.The perception layer integrates and expands different types of communication networks, such as power wireless broadband, wireless public communication network, wireless sensor network, and power optical transmission network. It realizes the functions of information transmission, routing, and control between the perception layer and the application layer and provides high reliability, high security, and large-scale data transmission services for the perception information. In the application of smart grid, the transmission, convergence, and control of information in power Internet of things are mainly realized by the power communication network, supplemented by the public telecommunication network. The network layer generally includes an access network and a core network. The core network is mainly a power backbone optical fiber network, and the access network is mainly a power fiber access network, a power line carrier, and a wireless digital communication system. The power communication network provides a high-speed bandwidth two-way communication network platform for the application of power Internet of Things.The application layer analyses and processes the information and data of the perception layer according to different business needs. The application layer includes application infrastructure, middleware, and various applications. The various applications of the application layer involve the production and management of the whole life cycle of the smart grid. Through the use of intelligent computing, pattern recognition, and other technologies, the comprehensive analysis and processing of power grid information and the continuous improvement of the level of intelligent decision-making, control, and service of power grid can be realized, so as to promote more convenient, green, and efficient power.Power equipment and line condition monitoring mainly utilizes the increasingly perfect information data platform and various business systems to obtain a large number of equipment, line status, power grid operation and environmental meteorology, and other related data of power equipment operation . Then, bThe high-voltage overhead transmission line is an important part of the power grid. The breeze vibration caused by the breeze and the wind deflection of the wire are the main reasons for the fatigue and breakage of the high-voltage overhead transmission line . The linThere are many types of equipment for transmission, transformation, and distribution in the power grid, and the operation and maintenance workload is large . UsuallyCarry out the state maintenance of power transmission and transformation equipment to improve the utilization rate of equipment, extend the lifetime of equipment, reduce the number of blackouts/blackouts time, and improve the efficiency of transmission. The status monitoring of power transmission and transformation equipment also serves as a diagnostic tool for auxiliary equipment status and plays a huge role in the state maintenance of power transmission and transformation equipment . ThroughUbiquitous power Internet of Things combined with a variety of sensors to form a collaborative sensing network, wireless sensor network technology. In accordance with certain strategy deployment, vibration, displacement, and voltage change, infrared sensors are installed on outdoor lines, poles, distribution transformers, and other equipment . CollectSome experts and scholars have carried out a lot of research on power equipment and line condition monitoring. Morales-Velazquez et al. proposed a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) technology for smart meters based on remote monitoring of grid operation. This technology allows the reconfigurable architecture, allows users to select appropriate processing modules according to their applications, so as to realize real-time understanding of system performance and detection of potential faults . In ordeBased on the main ideas mentioned above, the main structure diagrams of smart grid power equipment and line online monitoring are summarized. The structure diagram of smart grid power equipment and line online monitoring is shown in The traditional electricity consumption statistics use the manual meter reading method, which is usually counted once a month, so that the electricity statistics will have errors. The most important thing is that the power consumption cannot be monitored in real time, which does not meet the requirements of real-time electricity price. The application of the wireless automatic meter reading system based on the wireless sensor network, instead of manual meter reading, can greatly reduce the cost and can monitor the electricity consumption in real-time . The reaAccording to the characteristics of the smart home metering system with short communication distance and large number, the wireless sensor network is introduced into the metering system, and the wireless sensor nodes are installed in the home appliances, coordinating each other between household appliances and smart meters in wireless networks. Neto et al. presented several proposed and existing smart utility meter systems as well as their communication networks to identify the challenges of creating scalable smart water meter networks . In 51]51], an aFrom the system architecture, the network is divided into four parts, namely, smart meters, collectors, concentrators, and host computers. As the lowest-level device of the system, smart meters are meters that measure the use of electrical energy. In the system, the collector acts as the terminal node of the network and is responsible for collecting the data information of the electric energy meter and the data information of the electric energy meter of the station area. The concentrator in this system mainly implements two functions. The first is to implement the function of the network coordinator, responsible for setting up the network. The second is to achieve communication with the host computer. The upper computer actually connects the remote automatic meter reading system with people. The upper computer can view the energy data in real time and can also perform data analysis.In the power grid system, the relay protection is an important measure to protect the stable operation of the power system, which is involved in the measurement and control system of the power system. In order to ensure the sensitivity and reliability of the relay protection device, it is required to install differential protection in the small- and medium-sized motor. Due to the high magnetic field strength inside the motor, if the signal transmission line of the sensor is not well shielded or the wiring is not suitable, the motor differential protection may malfunction due to possible electromagnetic noise. The wireless current sensor combined with the coil can be conveniently installed, and there is no conventional current transformer secondary current saturation problem, and wireless communication is used to avoid complicated wiring problems. The sensor sends digital information containing the current amplitude and phase of some of the motors, and these transmitters have time-division multiplexing without interfering with each other. When the frequency of the receiver is set to the same as that of the transmitter, the signal is received and demodulated to obtain the current measured by the sensor on the spot. This information is used to calculate the differential root mean square (RMS) to trigger an alarm or signal.When the current differential protection is outside the fault, the current transformer error caused by the current transformer saturation is an important factor causing the current differential protection to malfunction. At present, many methods have been proposed for this problem, but these methods are all analyzed and calculated under the condition that saturation has already occurred, and the problem of saturation is not fundamentally solved. Various differential protection systems for coil-based electronic wireless current sensors make it possible to completely solve this problem. Furthermore, the wireless sensor node is coupled with the electronic current sensor, which can replace the wired transmission medium to solve the problem of current signal transmission between the high and low voltage of the electronic transformer. Zhan et al. presented an optimal distributed generation placement method to maximize the penetration level of distributed generation in distribution networks without changing the original relay protection schemes . In 57]57], the The wireless sensor network provides great convenience for the work of relay protection to collect information and ensures the reliability and stability of this information, and fully exerts the function of relay protection. For the substation protection equipment in which the sensing technology is applied, the parameters are set correspondingly not only in the original transformer current and voltage loop, but also in the position of the transformer itself and the primary and secondary equipment. These include current, voltage, and temperature sensors. These settings will give full play to the monitoring function of the sensor and improve the effect of relay protection.In recent years, electric power enterprises have put forward specific management requirements for their asset life-cycle management and actively carry out the linkage correspondence between the stock assets data . The linThe application of different levels of RFID technology is carried out throughout the life cycle of the grid assets to realize storage, batch reading, and data transmission of equipment information, realize the precise management of equipment life cycle, and bring good economic benefits. The use of RFID technology can effectively solve the input and output of important assets and business process control tracking in the whole life-cycle management process of the grid, thereby realizing the optimal management of power assets, thereby reducing the error rate of manual operations. This is extremely important for improving the informationization level of asset management. RFID technology can effectively embed the daily management of assets into the asset management system, realize effective management of daily operations of assets, and strengthen the daily supervision of the system, so as to reduce the pressure of daily management of assets. In , the autWe use the radio frequency identification and identification coding system to automatically identify and locate power equipment, provide technical support for realizing life-cycle management of power assets, improve operational efficiency, and improve management level. The intelligent wireless sensor is installed on the transformer to calculate the cumulative running time and the actual load level; the smart wireless sensor installed on the circuit breaker can automatically record the number of circuit breaker actions, overcurrent conditions, and contact temperature. The data recorded by intelligent sensors are transmitted to the control center through wireless ad hoc networks, and then the remaining service life of the equipment and the current operation status of the equipment are obtained through cloud computing processing data and intelligent analysis and calculation of expert systems. Faults are detected as early as possible, condition maintenance is done well, service life of the equipment is improved, and the life-cycle management of the power assets of the whole network is achieved.In order to ensure the safe and reliable operation of the power transmission network, it is ensured that the background monitoring system can monitor the running status of the transmission line in real time and report the fault location information in time when problems are found on the equipment site. Some experts and scholars use wireless sensor network technology to solve the problem of grid fault location. The block diagram of the wireless sensor network fault location system in the smart grid is shown in Due to the uneven distribution of power plants and power loads, power transmission through long-distance transmission lines is required, which increases the risk and probability of grid failure. Therefore, after the grid failure, the dispatch center needs to collect accurate fault location information immediately. At present, a large number of universities and state grid enterprises have conducted research on this issue and achieved corresponding results.Liang et al. proposed a general method for fault location in complex power grid, and the Manhattan distance is adopted to find out the accurate measuring combinations, by which the preliminary fault location is calculated . Aiming Wireless sensor networks have been recognized as a technology for seamless, energy-efficient, reliable, and low-cost remote monitoring in smart grid fault diagnosis applications. In these power systems, the required information can be provided to the power facility monitoring center via wireless sensor systems, which can greatly improve inspection efficiency and reduce maintenance costs. Real-time information gathered from these sensors can be analyzed to diagnose problems early and as a basis for taking remedial measures. The intelligent technology of wireless sensor network technology applied to power grid fault diagnosis is reviewed. By combing the research on fault diagnosis methods of multiple intelligent technology fusion, the smart grid fault diagnosis method is shown in Excessive temperature in electrical facilities is a common cause of facility failure. In , the autIt can be seen from the above literature that wireless sensor networks have broad application prospects in smart grids and use wireless sensor network technology to realize the intelligentization of power grids in all aspects of power generation, transmission, and power consumption. In the power generation, wireless sensor network technology is used to realize online monitoring of the operating unit, improve the safety and stability of the unit, and realize the state detection and condition maintenance of the power generation equipment. In the transmission and transformation, wireless sensor network technology can effectively monitor the transmission line and substation equipment online, ensure the safe operation of transmission lines and substation equipment, improve transmission efficiency and transmission reliability, and achieve automatic diagnosis. In the power distribution link of the power grid, wireless sensor network technology is used to realize online monitoring and early warning of the status of the distribution network, so as to realize the rapid positioning of distribution line faults and ensure the safe and stable operation of the distribution network. In the power consumption of the power grid, wireless meter reading technology based on wireless sensor network technology can be used to monitor power usage in real time, optimize load forecasting and grid load scheduling, and guide users to save electricity and prevent electricity from being stolen . The chaIn the online monitoring of transmission lines, the deployment of wireless sensor networks will face severe communication networking technology challenges as transmission lines extend in a linear manner. In addition, most of the high-voltage transmission lines are installed in inaccessible places, and the lines are long and narrow. It is necessary to realize multihop wireless network protocols under the condition of ensuring low energy consumption, which has great technical challenges. Another technical constraint is the power supply problem of online monitoring devices. In addition to the serious electromagnetic interference caused by the transmission system transmission, the wireless sensor network is in a strong electric field environment, and it is also easy to couple to generate high induced voltage and penetrate the burnt equipment. This also poses a severe challenge to the transmission line monitoring equipment.In the field of power distribution site operation supervision and intelligent inspection, although the existing system already has the level of intelligence, the application of RFID tags in the existing system is limited to equipment identification and does not have the functions of confirming object status, matching work procedures, and recording operation process, and cannot achieve the ultimate goal of reducing the risk of misuse and potential safety hazards. In addition, the video sensor of the same type of system is not used, and the real-time interaction between the dispatching command center and the field operators cannot be realized. The inspection work (such as the supervision mechanism for the inspection personnel and the automatic information collection process) still needs to be further improved to achieve the purpose of effective, reliable, and safe inspection.In terms of intelligent power consumption information collection, the current power consumption information collection and transmission technology has preliminary application, but there are still problems of reliability, availability, maintainability, and practicality. A single communication technology cannot solve the problem of reliable transmission of power usage information in different areas of electricity.In the construction of intelligent electricity service, the communication network resources for the customer side are insufficient, the interaction functions between various systems and users are not sufficient, and the requirements for intelligent power service cannot be fully adapted. The system functions need further development and integration.In terms of user service technology and equipment, the original system construction is less standardized, and the technical solutions and functions are greatly different. The terminal equipment is diverse in form, the level of intelligence is not high, and the functions are limited.At present, some applications of wireless sensor networks have been explored in the power industry, but there are some problems, such as single business-oriented applications and lack of top-level planning and design for unified applications of ubiquitous power Internet of Things. Moreover, the application environment of the power wireless sensor network is complicated, and the communication technologies involved in the application are diverse, the protocol is complicated, and the data collaborative processing is difficult. For the specific application of power grid transmission and distribution system, the application of the wireless sensor network in power grid has some challenges in five aspects: transmission line inspection, distribution site operation supervision and intelligent patrol inspection, intelligent power information acquisition, intelligent power service construction, and user service technology and equipment.Wireless sensor networks have many distinctive features: (1) peer-to-peer network, data-centric; (2) modularization of hardware structure, simple and convenient system construction; (3) dynamic change of network topology; (4) strong transmission capability, low packet loss rate; (5) high energy efficiency; (6) strong anti-interference ability; (7) multihop routing. The application framework of the wireless sensor network in ubiquitous power Internet of Things can be summarized as data acquisition, data preprocessing, model training, parameter tuning, feature output, function, application unit, and so on. The technical framework of WSNs in ubiquitous power Internet of Things is shown in At present, the ubiquitous power Internet of Things is developing towards high proportion of renewable energy, high proportion of power electronic equipment, multienergy complementary comprehensive energy utilization, and deep integration of physical information. Therefore, it is faced with new energy consumption, safe operation of large power grid, multienergy and high efficiency cascade utilization, information security protection, and intelligent fault diagnosis of equipment. Self-organizing, multihop routing, application correlation, security reliability, and anti-interference based on the technology of wireless sensor network, and its application in relay protection network development, smart substation application research, power grid catastrophe application research, power system security protection and deep-seated ubiquitous Internet of Things are prospected.With the rapid development of Internet technology, information technology has been applied to various fields of power grid. In the relay protection technology, it should also be fully integrated with the network technology to achieve information sharing and information transmission by means of the network technology, so that the speed of information transmission is greatly improved, and the effectiveness and accuracy of information can be guaranteed. In addition, the networking of substation can promote the networking of relay protection. The power equipment is connected by wireless communication network technology, the power information can be transmitted efficiently, which provides great convenience for power work, and the relay protection system is more widely used.Intelligent substation is an important foundation and support for a strong smart grid. The intelligent substation is made up of advanced, reliable, energy-saving, environmentally friendly, and integrated equipment. It transmits information by high-speed network communication platform and automatically completes basic functions, such as information collection, measurement, control, protection, measurement, and monitoring, and supports advanced application functions such as real-time automatic control, intelligent adjustment, online analysis and decision-making, and collaborative interaction. Wireless sensor network technology integrates the intelligent sensor technology, the distributed information processing technology, and the wireless communication technology. Different sensors are used according to the practical application detection needs. According to the communication delay and bandwidth requirements in practical application, different radio frequency communication technologies can be adopted. It is very suitable for monitoring nonelectrical parameters in smart substation. The construction of smart substation can be greatly accelerated by using wireless sensor network technology.The primary goal of the smart grid is to improve its safety and reliability. The main causes of natural disasters causing large-scale power outages in the power grid are failure of the longitudinal protection channel, failure of the main protection, destruction of the power infrastructure, and changes in the protection caused by the grid. At present, most of the existing power communication networks in the world use wired methods for communication. Even a small number of wireless communication networks rely on base stations to transmit information, that is, the existing power communication networks are inseparable from basic communication devices. Under the natural disasters, basic communication devices are very fragile and easily cause network failure. Wireless sensor networks have the characteristics of self-adaptation, self-organization, and multihop. As an effective means to cope with power grid disasters, it is extremely urgent to introduce a new power communication network.The smart grid is a typical information physical fusion system. It uses a large number of sensing devices and complex communication networks to form a complex system of real-time sensing, information services, and dynamic control. Deep information flow interaction will make the power system face more potential threats. The network attack of the power system has the characteristics of strong concealment and long latency. Although it does not directly damage the primary equipment, it can destroy the secondary system to achieve the purpose of attacking the physical power grid. The wireless sensor network technology can automatically identify the characteristics of the network attack and can be used for malware detection and intrusion detection to realize network security protection of the power information physical system. Compared with traditional machine learning methods, wireless sensor network technology can effectively improve the detection efficiency and correct rate of network security attacks.Ubiquitous power Internet of Things is a kind of intelligent service system with comprehensive state perception, efficient information processing, and convenient and flexible application, which makes full use of modern information technology and advanced communication technology, such as mobile interconnection, artificial intelligence, to realize interconnection, and human-computer interaction in all aspects of the power system. It includes a four-layer structure of the sensing layer, the network layer, the platform layer, and the application layer. Through the extensive application of information technology and intelligent technology such as big data, cloud computing, Internet of Things, mobile interconnection, artificial intelligence, block chain, and edge computing, all aspects of resources are brought together to provide sufficient and effective information and data support for planning, construction, production and operation, management, comprehensive services, new business model development, and enterprise ecological environment construction.In this paper, the core technologies of wireless sensor network technology and ubiquitous power Internet of Things are studied in depth, and the power communication network is extended to the production site and users of power grid. It has important guidance and demonstration value for constructing ubiquitous sensing network covering various nodes of grid production, operation, management, and service. On the one hand, the ubiquitous sensing power Internet of Things achieves coverage of more nodes and can comprehensively improve the overall perception, data collection, and service interaction capabilities of grid production, grid services, and grid management. On the other hand, the construction of power Internet of Things and the development of a large number of sensors, terminals, and systems for the collection of the Internet of Things provide a convenient means for data collection, greatly reducing the cost of perceiving various types of data perceived by the power Internet of Things and laying a technical device and the network foundation for the large-scale development and application of large-scale data acquisition and data in the smart grid.With the continuous development of the scale of the ubiquitous power Internet of Things and the accumulation and increase of the data collection scale, the follow-up work will further develop and study the cross-professional integration, deep sharing, and accurate user service technologies based on the data collected by the power Internet of Things, which can provide more scientific, efficient, and intelligent decision support for the production, operation, and management of the power grid.


In 2022, the National Program for Influenza Prevention coalition will have its 10th anniversary; it is one of Poland’s oldest educational initiatives. The National Program for Influenza Prevention was initiated to prevent a further decline and promote influenza prevention in the A(H1N1) post-pandemic years. In this review, we summarize the structure and operational model of the coalition and identify core functional elements that make it a key non-governmental organization involved in the prophylactics of communicable diseases. The coalition-based organization can operate in a complex environment, such as vaccinations requiring scientific, economic, social, and psychological involvement, and communications with different groups. Anchored to the history of the National Program for Influenza Prevention, we review Poland’s vaccination landscape changes from the last ten years. In Europe, before the COVID-19 pandemic, influenza ranked the highest in burden of disease among all communicable diseases . In the Low vaccination coverage, distrust in the effectiveness of seasonal vaccinations, and false beliefs forced collaborators to change the knowledge, attitudes, trust, and the Polish vaccination organization system. Who ignited this change? They were parents of children negatively affected by influenza and young lawyers who opposed the inert attitudes of the state toward the primary prophylactics and healthcare organizations in Poland. In November 2012, the National Program for Influenza Prevention (NPIP) was established. The NPIP focused its educational initiatives on the medical society, the public, local politics, employers, and finally, the government, to shape the influenza infection prevention and treatment system in Poland. The core of the NPIP was medics; however, the initiative quickly gained support from people in the media, science, culture, and business organizations. In 2022, NPIP had its 10th anniversary, making it one of the oldest educational initiatives in Poland. This review, authored by the members of the NPIP scientific council and supporters, discusses the structure and aims of the program, its operational model, and changes made in the flu vaccination landscape in Poland. We present diversified and long-term activities of the NPIP, which enabled better access to influenza vaccines, modified social attitudes, and gradually increased the vaccination rate in Poland.The NPIP has a transparent structure and principles of governance. The NPIP has a council that maintains and directs initiatives and projects. The council includes leaders of infectious diseases, pulmonology, cardiology, pediatric clinics, national and regional consultants in different disciplines of medicine, representatives of pharmacists, and local authorities. Medical stakeholders proactively shape the organization’s culture to support evidence-based practices in its initiatives. Experts from different regions of Poland support them. The council’s role is to adhere to evidence-based and promising practices supporting a straightforward goal to increase the vaccination rate. Supporting members include healthcare practitioners who help to extend the council’s influence via role modeling, i.e., presenting the behaviors required to carry out strategic actions. Operational changes, e.g., the promotion of vaccinations to peers and patients, are more likely to succeed when professionals become part of the change and recognize its value . Other sHealthcare organizations should use evidence-based practices to improve the quality of care. To fulfill this requirement, data-driven decision-making, combined with practitioners’ knowledge, are key determinants in the performance of NPIP. In recent years, NPIP has striven to create a benchmark for institutionalizing evidence-based practices . CreatinVaccinations are the most cost-efficient methods to decrease healthcare costs, morbidity, and mortality of influenza. Considering Poland’s low vaccination coverage, the NPIP focused on identifying actions to increase Poland’s vaccination rate. The VENICE project (completed in 2012) filled the gap in information about national vaccination policies in Europe . VaccinaEarly, the organization received support from experts from the National Institute of Public Health, the National Influenza Center, the Polish Society of Health Education, the Polish chapter of the European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and Associations (EFPIA), and the consultancy company Ernst & Young. They consisted of the core of the future NPIP coalition. Members of the NPIP had a common goal: to increase the awareness of the influenza burden and advocate for the influenza vaccination. In time, the scope of the endorsement of NPIP activities increased by developing links with other groups. In the last 10 years, the organization partnered with the Ministry of Health, the president of Poland, the parliament, the Main Public and Military Sanitary Inspectorates, the Ministry of Labor and Social Policy, employer associations, local authorities, and commercial companies. Public health challenges are complex and can be better solved by stakeholders working together. The diversity of partners helps to address the necessary different aspects of problems, which often go beyond medical issues and require social, economic, and public policy insights. The size and heterogeneity of the coalition indicate that NPIP succeeded in attracting individual members and organizations around the common value.The organization became the primary source of public information concerning the number of vaccinations performed every flu season. When the official number was limited to the number of vaccines reimbursed by the payer, NPIP combined data from distributors and the National Institute of Public Health to provide the broadest possible view of annual vaccination action . The datThere are many other examples of evidence-based content and recommendations created by the NPIP. This scientific background is necessary to shape vaccination policies and support the decisions of health authorities. In addition, the fact-based approach easily engages the media—a critical contributor to increase the awareness and education of immunizations.A change in policy rarely immediately follows a recommendation. The NPIP activities require persistence and patience to pursue objectives over a long period. There was an early reaction to the proposition to establish vaccinations against flus in pharmacies. However, two years later, the Minister of Health was vaccinated by a pharmacist. Thus, resistance to failures and persistence to defined priorities are well established in the NPIP. The work of the NPIP is organized around specific routines that help evaluate effects and plan new actions. At the beginning of each year, the scientific council of the organization meets to plan areas of focus and activities. Despite a shared broad vision, the council focuses the annual agenda of the NPIP on a set of key priorities. They include changes in the healthcare system, roles, processes, capabilities that are required to manage vaccination programs, leveraging HCP’s involvement, and improving social communication and access to vaccines. In recent years, the outcomes of the scientific council meetings were published in the white papers , which dFor example, the white paper on pharmacy-based vaccinations  reviewedThe white paper “Together against infectious disease” targeted HCPs and healthcare institution managers . Here, tCouncil meeting outcomes and white papers are consult by partners and are released during the annual flu meeting. The past flu season is summarized during the event, considering the incidence of the flu and the vaccination rate. It is also the time to recognize journalists who are involved in driving the change in the flu prophylaxis landscape in Poland. The media is a critical stakeholder in increasing the awareness and education about immunization; thus, incentives to engage with media and recognize good journalism, such as annual health feathers, are apparent.The time after the flu season is not silent; the distribution of the outcomes continues in the media during the Academy of Flu organized for HCPs and contacts with local authorities implementing health programs/preparing educational campaigns. The new flu season starts with the flu forum, which provides recommendations for the new influenza season, and the experts debate about necessary systemic changes. During the flu forum, representatives of municipalities are awarded for the organization of educational campaigns and local flu prevention programs. The NPIP looks for and takes opportunities to promote influenza vaccinations in different settings. In 2016, before the Olympic Games in Rio de Janeiro, athletes were vaccinated, with vaccines recommended both for northern and southern hemispheres . The comThe NPIP has an annual calendar and rhythm of engagement, making it a leader among national stakeholders. The scope of actions of the NPIP was recognized as the most comprehensive among different vaccination coalitions . This reEvery NPIP coalition member has a role to play, and partners work together to leverage their strengths. However, none of the achievements can be attributed solely to an NPIP action since they edge on multiple opportunities and synergies. All actions of NIP are directed to specific groups or individual shareholders defined in the VENICE project  and the Key initiatives targeting health authorities were to increase the influenza vaccination in the hierarchy of obligatory and recommended vaccinations in the annual National Immunization Program (NIP), broadening access to vaccinations through reimbursement, and creating possibilities to get vaccinated. The NPIP formed an additional coalition for vaccinations in pharmacies with the Main Chamber of Pharmacy in Poland, supported by members of the Pharmaceutical Group of the European Union (PGEU) and the Employed Community Pharmacist in Europe (EPhEU). The new coalition collected evidence and showed that vaccinations at pharmacies are safe and desired by society ,31. ThisThe NPIP reviewed the different strategies for promoting vaccinations and concluded that these (based on HCP recommendations) are the most effective. Every profession had an outline of activities  and pracThe NPIP collaborates with local authorities regularly. In 2014, the NPIP and the Central and Eastern European Society of Technology Assessment in Healthcare prepared guidelines, a calculator, and a model of the flu prevention program for local governments willing to invest in prevention . They coThe complexity of the vaccination landscape makes it impossible to attribute success to a single stakeholder, even when the NPIP operates based on a broad coalition. The NPIP contributed to policy changes, guidelines, laws, and attitudes toward vaccinations in the last ten years. In 2014, influenza vaccines began to be recommended in the NIP to all children above six months as well as adults instead of only to the groups with high risks of the disease . At thatThe COVID-19 pandemic changed the vaccination landscape in Poland. Vaccinations have never been so crucial for adults before. In the 2021/2022 season, flu vaccines were provided for free for the first time to all adults. Influenza vaccination coverage in older adults reached over 22% as this group shares a common risk of severe courses of both diseases. The NPIP recommended the joint plan for flu and COVID-19, which is based on the synergies between both vaccinations and aims for further improvements in the vaccination coverage [After a dip and years of stabilization at low levels, vaccination coverage started to grow again in recent years . HopefulThis review showed that the long-term and diversified activities bring the desired changes in providing access to vaccines  and vaccinations , as well as a gradual increase in the percentage of Poles vaccinated against influenza.


In the mental health area, the most problematic issues are the involuntary placement of the mentally ill in closed institutions, both under civil and criminal proceedings, and their involuntary treatment. Despite the international efforts of harmonizing measures, the nature and practice of the services still vary from country to country.To analyse involuntary placement of persons with mental disorders in closed institutions under civil and criminal proceedings, which include both psychiatric hospitals and care institutions.Review and analysis of regulations and practice of involuntary placement of a person with a mental disorder in a closed institution in the context of Estonian, Finnish, Russian, and English law, health care and social system.Estonian, Finnish, Russian, and English law distinguish between criminal and civil proceedings regarding involuntary placement of a mentally ill person in a closed institution. However, specifics of the proceedings are different among the countries, e.g. judicial involvement, and deadlines. Also, the provision of forensic mental health services differ among these countries, e.g. in Estonia offenders and non-offenders are kept separately, whilst in England and Russia patients are not distinguished so strictly.The distinction between involuntary placement of the mentally ill in criminal and civil proceedings is distinguished primarily for the reason that in one case the risk arising from the person is directly realized by committing an unlawful act and in the other case the risk arising from the person is directed at themselves or is not qualified as an unlawful act.


Over the last decade, ophthalmology has significantly benefited from advances in vivo non-invasive ophthalmic imaging techniques that play currently a fundamental role in the clinical assessment, diagnosis, management, and monitoring of a wide variety of conditions involving both the anterior and posterior segment ,3,4,5,6.The detection of tissue microstructural changes, even at the subclinical level, can improve our ability to not only make an appropriate diagnosis, but also to elucidate pathogenetic mechanisms and to plan an appropriate management strategy for several pathological conditions. In this regard, for instance, an analysis of the retinal and corneal changes associated with SO tamponade provided important information on the potential effects of this compound on ocular tissues and facilitated the early detection of complications ,13,14,15With regard to the anterior segment, corneal topography and tomography have an established role in the accurate evaluation of the corneal shape as well as in the preoperative assessment for refractive and cataract surgery . They arWith regard to posterior segment, the advent of OCT and OCTA and their recent developments has dramatically improved the assessment of retinal and choroidal disorders. The diagnosis and the management of medical retinal diseases, including AMD, DR, and retinal vein occlusion, has been optimized by the use of these techniques, and the need for more invasive investigations, such as fluorescein angiography, has decreased ,36,37. TThe possibility of combining different imaging modalities can optimize the processes of differential diagnosis, particularly in diseases sharing multiple common clinical aspects, including macular oedema of different etiologies  or inflaFinally, there is a growing interest in the use of artificial intelligence (AI) and deep learning in ophthalmology due to the promising results achieved in the detection of common ocular diseases such as AMD, diabetic retinopathy, and glaucoma, and the potential applications for screening, diagnosis, and monitoring of these conditions . The higIn this issue, we aimed to highlight the multiple potential applications of imaging techniques in ophthalmology, and we hope that this will be appreciated by readers.


Hip fractures are a common type of fracture in the elderly and are characterized by many complications and high mortality. Many topics concerning postoperative rehabilitation of hip fracture in elderly people still remain controversial, and the global research trend in this field has not yet been well studied. The aim of the present study was to illustrate the overall knowledge structure, development trends, and research hot spots of postoperative rehabilitation of hip fracture in elderly people.Articles and reviews regarding postoperative rehabilitation of hip fracture in elderly people from 2001 to 2021 were identified from the Web of Science database. An online bibliometric platform, CiteSpace, and VOSviewer software were used to generate visualization knowledge maps, including annual trends of publications, contributions of countries, institutions, authors, funding agencies, and journals, and clustering of keywords.Injury: International Journal of the Care of the Injured was the most productive journal concerning the research of postoperative rehabilitation of hip fracture in elderly people. The keyword co-occurrence analysis identified six clusters: quality of life study, rehabilitation and outcomes study, cognitive impairment study, operative approaches study, mortality study, and osteoporosis study.A total of 1,724 publications were identified from Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC). In the past 20 years, the number of published studies on the rehabilitation of hip fracture in the elderly has exhibited an overall upward trend. The USA was the leading contributor in this field, with the largest number of publications  and the most citations . The international cooperation map among relevant countries/regions indicated that the USA collaborated most closely with Canada and China. The University of Maryland and Professor Marcantonio were the most prolific institution and influential author, respectively. There will be an increasing number of publications on the research of postoperative rehabilitation of hip fracture in elderly people, and the United States will stay ahead in this field. Our findings could offer practical sources for scholars to understand the current status and trend of studies on rehabilitation of hip fracture in the elderly and provide references and suggestions for the development of related research in future. Hip fractures are a common type of fracture in the elderly and are characterized by many complications and high mortality . These pLiterature is an important way to explore a certain research field and an important part of global scientific research. Bibliometric analysis can provide information based on a literature database and bibliometric characteristics for qualitative and quantitative assessment of research activity trends over time. It provides a way to capture developments in a field and predict future research directions , 10.Worldwide, many authors have published clinically relevant research findings on hip fracture, including studies on surgical treatment of choice, risk factors affecting prognosis, perioperative management, rehabilitation training, anti-osteoporosis treatment and management measures for patients after discharge –15  of the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC). Web of Science is an internationally recognized database reflecting the level of scientific research. It includes numerous influential high-quality journals in the world. It is also one of the most frequently used databases in previous bibliometric studies .The retrieval strategy was as follows : TI: “hiThe full record of each document, including title, date of publication, author, countries/regions, published journal name, keywords, and abstract, was downloaded from the WoSCC as a txt file and imported into Microsoft Excel 2019 for further data processing and graph plotting. Two authors independently sifted and extracted data for entry and collection. Any differences were resolved by consensus through discussion. Data extracted from the selected articles include the general information about the annual number of publications, citation frequency, average citations per item (ACI), original countries and institutions, authors, journals, funding agencies, and H-index.VOSviewer, CiteSpace  and an online analysis platform were used to perform this bibliometric study. VOSviewer is developed by Van Eck and Waltman of the Center for Science and Technology Studies (CWTS) of Leiden University in the Netherlands. It is a document knowledge unit visualization software based on similarity visualization (VOS) technology, which has unique advantages in mapping the display of the knowledge domain. VOSviewer is used to visualize the coauthorship of countries, authors and organizations, the co-citation of sources, and the co-occurrence of keywords. In the network visualization map created by VOSviewer, different nodes represent various parameters, such as countries, journals, and keywords. The size of nodes in the map is proportional to the number of publications, references, or occurrences. Total link strength (TLS) represents the connection strength between the nodule and other nodes .CiteSpace is a visual analysis software that focuses on analyzing the trends and dynamic changes in scientific research literature and identifies key points in a given field. Betweenness centrality (BC) is an important parameter of centrality that can assess the scientific importance of the nodes in a network, where nodes with high BC value (≥0.1) are usually indicated by purple rings. For the dual-map overlay of journals, the labels represented different research subjects covered by the relevant journals. The left side of the map displayed citing journals, while the right side displayed cited journals. Different colors and widths of lines originating from the citing map and ending at the cited map indicate the paths of the citation links . In thisA total of 1,724 publications, including 1,571 articles and 153 reviews, were extracted from WoSCC. In the past 20 years, the number of published studies on the rehabilitation of hip fracture in the elderly has exhibited an overall upward trend. Since 2016, more than 100 papers have been published per year with a peak in 2021, with 183 papers . ResearcThe top 10 countries/regions of publication of these papers are noted in For the analysis of institutions, the rough estimate is that more than 2,255 institutions have made contributions to this field. As shown in The economic foundation plays an important role in scientific development. In view of this, a brief summary of the top 10 most active funding agencies and sponsors in this area is provided in Injury: International Journal of the Care of the Injured published the most articles/reviews (84 papers). Disability and Rehabilitation ranked second, with 62 publications, followed by Osteoporosis International (60 papers). According to the JCR 2020 standards, the top 10 most active journals were classified as Q1 in 5, Q2 in 2, and Q3 in 3. The highest Impact Factor (IF) belongs to the Journal of the American Geriatrics Society , followed by the Journal of the American Medical Directors Association  and Osteoporosis International . The IF of the top 10 journals ranged from 2,586 to 5,562. Disability and Rehabilitation, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, and Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. A dual-map overlay of the journals on rehabilitation of hip fracture in the elderly is shown in A total of 362 journals have emerged recently in this research field. The 10 journals with the most publications on rehabilitation of hip fracture in the elderly are listed in Journal of the American Geriatrics Society has been cited 754 times and is the top-cited paper in the field. The second and third most-cited papers were published by Braithwaite et al.  and the Guangdong Provincial Administration of Chinese Medicine Research Project (No. 20201168).The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.


Dry eye disease (DED) is one of the most common diseases worldwide that can lead to a significant impairment of quality of life. The diagnosis and treatment of the disease are often challenging because of the lack of correlation between the signs and symptoms, limited reliability of diagnostic tests, and absence of established consensus on the diagnostic criteria. The advancement of machine learning, particularly deep learning technology, has enabled the application of artificial intelligence (AI) in various anterior segment disorders, including DED. Currently, many studies have reported promising results of AI-based algorithms for the accurate diagnosis of DED and precise and reliable assessment of data obtained by imaging devices for DED. Thus, the integration of AI into clinical approaches for DED can enhance diagnostic and therapeutic performance. In this review, in addition to a brief summary of the application of AI in anterior segment diseases, we will provide an overview of studies regarding the application of AI in DED and discuss the recent advances in the integration of AI into the clinical approach for DED. The advancement of computer science and the availability of big data has enabled the emergence of artificial intelligence  images; thus, previous studies have mostly focused on the integration of AI into the diagnostic approach of posterior segment diseases, such as diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, macular degeneration, and retinopathy of prematurity ,12,13,14An ML model using an SVM showed an accuracy of 97% (97% sensitivity and 99% specificity) for the diagnosis of anterior segment disorders, including arcus senilis or cataracts, suggesting the potential of AI as a screening tool . SubsequAI can also be helpful for the diagnosis and management of various ocular surface diseases. Recent studies have shown that DL algorithms can automatically detect the presence of pterygium, classify its grade, and identify referable cases with high accuracy ,25,26, sThe integration of AI into evaluation algorithms based on corneal topography has been proven to improve the accuracy of the discrimination of keratoconus, even in early cases ,38,39,40AI may be useful for the automated evaluation of the corneal endothelium, which might be useful for the long-term assessment of corneal grafts ,49,50,51Dry eye disease (DED) is one of the most common diseases, with a prevalence of 10–40% worldwide ,56,57. IThe lack of correlation between dry eye symptoms and signs has often been reported, which renders the diagnosis and monitoring of DED challenging ,63,64. TTo overcome these challenges, AI can be applied to the analysis of DED tests and the construction of protocols for the diagnosis and monitoring of the disease. Many studies have reported promising results of AI-based algorithms for the diagnosis of DED and analysis of the results of DED tests. Herein, we aim to provide a comprehensive overview of the studies and discuss the recent advances in the integration of AI into the approach for the diagnosis and treatment of DED.In 1999, Grus et al.  proposedPhotographs or videos of anterior segment structures, such as the cornea, conjunctiva, and eyelid, taken during a slit lamp examination can provide information regarding the diagnosis of DED and monitoring of its treatment. However, assessment of the photos and videos is often less reproducible and repeatable because of the lack of tools for reliable, objective, and quantitative analysis, in which the application of AI is expected to be helpful for the development of reliable interpretation tools.® 5M . In this study, the frequency of the incomplete blinking measured using the AI model was closely associated with the signs and symptoms of DED, suggesting the potential of the DL algorithm as a diagnostic tool for DED [In 2007, Yedidya et al.  develope for DED .In 2022, Wang et al.  proposedChun et al.  developeWe have recently shown that AI-based algorithms for the analysis of histopathological images might be a reliable method for the quantitative assessment of the histopathological features of pterygium , suggestInfrared meibography enables the visualization of the two-dimensional silhouette of MGs, and it can provide information regarding the amount of the MG’s dropout, the area of the MG’s acini, and the length of the MG’s duct ,83. HencIn 2012, Koh et al.  proposedTear film interferometry is a valuable tool for the diagnosis and monitoring of DED ,94. It aSubsequently, da Cruz et al.  proposedIVCM is a non-invasive imaging modality that enables real-time visualization of the ocular surface tissue and changes in the ocular surface microstructures associated with DED ,101. HowIn 2016, Al-Fahdawi et al.  introducA new DL algorithm based on GANs, an emerging DL model for the processing of medical images, was first introduced for the automated segmentation of corneal subbasal nerves in IVCM images in 2021 . In compAI can also be helpful for the detection of MGD using IVCM ,111. MarThe results of these studies suggest that AI-based analysis of IVCM images may provide information regarding changes in the corneal nerve, DCs, and MG. However, these microstructural changes may often have little correlation with the symptoms and signs of DED ,63,64. TAS-OCT can provide cross-sectional images of the tear meniscus and a quantitative assessment of tear film parameters, such as the height and area of the tear meniscus, which may be helpful for the diagnosis and monitoring of DED ,113,114.In 2020, Stegmann et al.  introducThe favorable results of the studies introduced in this review indicate that AI can be a critical tool for the management of DED in the future. AI can allow the diagnosis of DED and precise assessment of its severity by integrating the symptoms, signs, ocular and systemic risk factors, and results of various test devices. It can also enable precise monitoring of the treatment response of DED by detecting and analyzing subtle changes in dry eye signs, symptoms, and test results. With technological developments, images of anterior segment structures, meibomian glands, and the tear film can be obtained using mobile devices. By integrating and analyzing these images and clinical information provided by patients and primary healthcare providers, AI can enable telemedicine for the monitoring of DED and mass screening for the disease. AI can also improve the accuracy of the analysis of big data for the evaluation of the risk factors and prevalence of DED in the general population, which may enable the estimation of the risk of DED in each individual in the near future.Advances in ML technology, particularly DL algorithms, have enabled the application of AI in various anterior segment diseases, including DED. AI is expected to be able to integrate the data from medical records, test results, and large population-based studies and provide optimized protocols for the diagnosis and management of DED . The ana


There is increasing global interest among social scientists of the widening social inequalities which characterize many societies across the world. Interest in the significance of social inequalities related to divisions such as class, gender, age, race and ethnicity, place and location, sexuality, ability, religion, identity, and the intersections between these, is not new. Sociologists have long been interested in how they are experienced, how they shape life chances, and how they help make sense of social relationships. However, the scale and pace of growth in various forms of inequality in the last decade or so, many of which have been exacerbated by COVID-19, has rekindled interest in the corrosive effects of inequality on individuals, communities, and whole societies not only among academics, but also policy-makers, politicians, world leaders, the media, and those whose lives continue to be affected by them.The politics of equality and inequality is also of interest among sociologists of sport, since it is well-established that sports are social phenomena that reflect, reveal, reproduce, and reinforce social inequalities, ideologies, and social exclusion. Sports are also potential sites of resistance to social inequality, of producing social change, of improving life chances, and of fostering social relationships which provide the basis for a more humane social world.The papers in this Research Topic bring together bodies of knowledge in sociology, sport, politics, and policy analysis to examine the production and reproduction of social inequalities, and of the potential challenges to them, in and through the various relationships and processes which constitute sport. In particular, the papers examine inequalities in contemporary social relations which exist in sport focusing on the experiences of women, transgender persons, young people, and older adults. The papers are informed by a range of theoretical approaches including Marxism, Feminism, Bourdieu, and Putnam. The data collected draws from policy reviews, interviews, observation, and co-production methods. The findings demonstrate the significance of ideology, policy, community, and place when understanding how sport can be both a cause of, and solution for, social inequalities, as well as providing sites for promoting health and wellbeing, quality of social relationships, social capital, and trust.Burnett's paper analyses policy frameworks in the context of post-Apartheid South Africa to consider the ways in which people “do gender” as part of the multiple layers of relative disenfranchisement which also includes class and race. The article demonstrates the continued impact of patriarchal ideology, hegemonic gendered culture, significant others, and the availability of resources and democracy on the lives of women and girls, particularly in terms of barriers to participation in, and leadership of, sport. Burnett makes the case for structural and systemic reform to enable full gender inclusivity and empowerment in sport and society.Pike et al. evaluate a community-led physical activity programme for young people in the United Kingdom. Their findings demonstrate the potential of such programmes for improving levels of physical activity, while also offering the potential for improving relations within neighborhoods and developing a sense of community. The paper argues for the significance of social capital as both cause and effect for successfully influencing policy, and the need to combine social capital with elements of social movements to ensure sustained outcomes.Mansfield et al. critically evaluate the disconnect between research, policy and the promotion of physical activity for older adults. They draw on findings from a coproduced community sport project for older adults with limited income. Their findings demonstrate the need to move beyond focusing on practical barriers to consider the intersections of biological, psychological, and social experiences of older adults to develop a fuller understanding of the complexity and inequality which impact on engagement in, and enjoyment of, physical activity.In the third article, Caudwell and centers on the transgender and non-binary experiences of recreational swimmers. The article examines the impact of feeling unsafe in sports spaces and, in particular, the display of embodiment in public swimming pools. These impact on the experiences of physical activity and also the production of inequality in and through sport. Caudwell demonstrates the potential for such research to inform evidence-based interventions to address social inequality.The final paper in this Research Topic is by Collectively the papers draw critical attention to the various ways in which social inequalities intersect and shape experiences of sport and physical activity participation among particular social groups, and how these experiences simultaneously express, reinforce and exacerbate existing patterns of inequalities in engagement in sport and physical activity. The papers also reveal how participating in community-based programmes can produce various social and health outcomes, including the promotion of opportunities for people to be physically active, but that their impact is limited by the pervasive effects of the deeply entrenched social inequalities which characterize those communities and the societies of which they are a part. As the scale of social inequalities continue to widen across the world, and within individual and between individual countries, the findings of the papers included in this Research Topic will provide an important starting point for future research which investigates the complex relationships between sport, the politics of inequality and our wellbeing.Both authors listed have made a substantial, direct, and intellectual contribution to the work and approved it for publication.


The author demonstrates the psychodynamic understanding of schizophrenia and describes the ensuing personality-structural psychotherapy. Schizophrenia from a psychodynamic understanding is a disease in the core of the identity with disturbances of the personality functions of identity, ego-demarcation, aggression, fear, narcissism, perception, cognitive abilities and the body- ego. It is the concern of the author to investigate how schizophrenically structured patients and their family members experience the group dynamic field in which the patients grew up and its relations to the illness. The following five topics: contact and experiences within the family of childhood, body care and physical contact, kindergarden and school life, puberty, and contacts outside the family have been investigated.The aim is to show how the family settings and backgrounds are conducive to developing schizophreniaThe author chosed for her investigation the method of biographical interviews, introduced by Witzel (1985). This method of interviewing is problem centered, object and process oriented. The analysis of the exhaustive tape-recorded interviews was made by using the method of qualitative analysis based on the grounded theory.Schizophrenia from psychodynamic understanding is a disease in the core of the identity with disturbances of the personality functions of identity, ego-demarcation, aggression, fear, narcissism, perception, cognitive abilities and the body- ego.It is the concern of the author to investigate how schizophrenically structured patients and their family members experience the group dynamic social energetic field in which the patients grew up and its relations to the illnessNo significant relationships.


Outcomes research is a relatively recent field of study in animal health and veterinary medicine despite being well-established in human medicine. As the field of animal health is broad-ranging in terms of animal species, objectives, research methodologies, design, analysis, values, and outcomes, there is inherent versatility in the application and impact of the discipline of outcomes research to a variety of stakeholders. The major themes of outcomes relevant to the animal health industry have been distilled down to include, but are not limited to, health, production, economics, and marketing. An outcomes research approach considers an element of value along with an outcome of interest, setting it apart from traditional research approaches. Elements of value are determined by the stakeholders' use of products and/or services that meet or exceed functional, emotional, life-changing, and/or societal needs. Stakeholder perception of value depends on many factors such as the purpose of the animal  and the stakeholder's role . Key areas of application of outcomes research principles include comparative medicine, veterinary product development, and post-licensure evaluation of veterinary pharmaceuticals and/or biologics. Topics currently trending in human healthcare outcomes research, such as drug pricing, precision medicine, or the use of real-world evidence, offer novel and interesting perspectives for addressing themes common to the animal health sector. An approach that evaluates the benefits of practices and interventions to veterinary patients and society while maximizing outcomes is paramount to combating many current and future scientific challenges where feeding the world, caring for our aging companion animals, and implementing novel technologies in companion animal medicine and in production animal agriculture are at the forefront of our industry goals. Outcomes research has been defined as research concerned with outcomes, or end results, and entails the application of clinical and population-based methods to optimize healthcare practices and interventions . Albeit Currently, the veterinary and animal health sectors are facing substantial challenges including an increase in the pet population, increase in the costs of veterinary care and products, increased financial limitations of owners and managers, and pressure to increase food supply , 9. ThesThe key themes of outcomes vital to the animal health industry can be distilled to health, production, economics, and marketing, although there are often points of overlap among them. Health and production outcomes are many and well-known in the companion and large animal veterinary fields. Varying based on the targeted species, economic outcomes in companion animals typically reflect cost to the pet-owner, willingness to pay, and overall affordability of veterinary care on an individual animal basis. As food animals are considered a commodity, livestock producers are most interested in an overall low cost and/or an increased net-return on investment. Marketing outcomes, instead, include any characteristic that can be used to market a product and/or service that demonstrates a clear value proposition , such asThe overarching goal of healthcare providers, either human or veterinary, should be to achieve projected outcomes and improve value for patients . Value, For a review on the origins and evolution, as well as principles and application of outcomes research in veterinary medicine, the reader may refer to Cernicchiaro et al. .Every year, the International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research (ISPOR), the international organization for the advancement of policy, science and practice of the discipline of outcomes research, publishes the “Top 10 Health Economics and Outcomes Research (HEOR) Trends” . Though The use of digital technologies in animal health is also of recent interest for areas like willingness to pay for veterinary telemedicine  and asseReal-World Evidence (RWE) in decision making has prevailed as a top trend in recent years . The appThe utility of outcomes research in the areas of comparative medicine, veterinary product development, and evaluation is demonstrated in the following sections.In comparative medicine, human and veterinary medicine are considered as “two branches of one medicine”, as they share similar problems and approaches to solutions for humans and animals . In humaAnimal models are also commonly used in the development of human and animal vaccines for infectious disease prevention and management . Swine hThe longevity of companion animals has been substantially extended thanks to the improvements made in veterinary care as well as the advances in dietary and medical technologies. Attempts to understand the phenomenon of aging, as a way to increase the healthy lifespan of people and animals, has led to innovative initiatives such as the Dog Aging Project , which afunctional and emotional values, leading the way toward an overall improvement of the quality and longevity of human and animal life.Outcomes research in comparative medicine utilizes animal models for veterinary and human medicine evaluation, refinement, and ultimately approval of human and veterinary therapies and interventions, and considers relevant outcomes addressing primarily In the veterinary field, pharmaceutical products and biologicals rely solely on research to provide pivotal information under regulatory guidance in order to receive approval for licensure from the respective agencies . TraditiOutcomes research has been a formal discipline for over two decades, although more formally implemented in the animal health industry in recent years. The foundation of outcomes research is comprised of two elements, outcomes and value. This added component of value is what sets the discipline of outcomes research apart. Value can be measured by many characteristics that satisfy four primary needs: emotional, functional, societal, and life-changing, with the perceived value being determined by the stakeholder. Although decision-makers/stakeholders and values can differ in animal health, human health outcomes research continues to pave the way through shaping outcomes research based on current trends, and through the development and implementation of novel methodologies. Though easily transferable to the animal health industry, work is still needed in interpreting novel technologies utilized in human healthcare, such as long-term cost-effectiveness and decision analytical models. Additionally, the use of Real-World Data and Real-World Evidence to aid and/or supplement in the product licensure process in animal health could transform veterinary product development. While underrepresented in the literature during development due to confidentiality and intellectual property issues, outcomes research plays a role in licensure of veterinary products during the development phase as well as post-licensure as the focus of marketing veterinary products is through comparative efficacy and value proposition. Future efforts of outcomes research in the animal health industry should focus on bridging the gap between novel methodologies and technologies utilized in human health and translating their efforts into the context of animal health.The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/supplementary material, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.DD and NC conceived and outlined and wrote the manuscript. DR, BB, KD, and MM contributed to the article, reviewed, and approved the final version of the manuscript.This study was funded by the Center for Outcomes Research and Epidemiology, the Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, and the College of Veterinary Medicine at Kansas State University.Author KD was employed by Latham BioPharm Group. Author MM was employed by Zoetis. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.


New insights into the pathophysiology of mental disorders and innovations in psychiatric care depend on the availability of representative, longitudinal and multidimensional datasets across diverse, transdiagnostic populations. Biobanks usually attempt to collect such data in parallel to clinical routine, which is resource-intensive, puts additional burden on health-care providers, and may reduce the generalizability of the results. Despite containing rich phenotypic and biological information, data generated in routine clinical care is seldomly used for research purposes, because it is usually unstructured and locked in data silos. To truly link clinical practice and research, solutions that optimize the generation and scientific utilization of real-world clinical data are needed.Evaluation of a new digital infrastructure which warrants the efficient, automatized, and structured collection of real-world data in psychiatric care, and integrates the generated data into existing biobanking efforts.We have developed a new documentation system which augments the existing IT-structures, enables the collection of routine clinical data in a structured format and involves patients in the data generation process. In an implementation science approach, to replicate and extend the findings of Blitz et al. , we are investigating the acceptance, efficacy, and safety of the system in our outpatient clinic for affective disorders.First results describing the technical safety, usage metrics, and acceptance of the system, and the quality of the collected data will be presented.Challenges of collecting real-world data for biobanking and research purposes and perspectives on future digital solutions will be discussed.No significant relationships.


Understanding the underlying structure of evolutionary processes is one the most important issues of scientific enquiry of this century. In the twentieth century, scientific thinking witnessed the overwhelming power of the evolutionary paradigm. It not only solidified the foundations of diverse areas, such as cell-biology, ecology, and economics, but also fostered the development of novel mathematical and computational tools to model and simulate how evolutionary processes take place.In addition to the application of the evolutionary paradigm and the discovery of the evolutionary features for processes of diverse nature, there is another interesting aspect which touches upon the emergence of novel evolutionary processes. Namely, the emergence of an evolutionary process requires a complex transition between a prior form where no evolutionary process is undergoing and a posterior form where the evolutionary process has been triggered.Theoretical methods to describe the emergence of evolutionary processes require the consideration of complex systemic notions, such as self-organization, resilience, contextuality, among others. Therefore, complexity and evolution became intertwined notions: evolution not only leads to but also depends on the development of increasingly complex forms and functions.In this Special Issue, we put together eight articles, mostly of interdisciplinary nature, that explore from recent advances in the modeling of complex systems, as well as of the increasing modeling power and growth of databases associated to evolutionary processes.Our first article , by PeteOur second article , by SergOur third article , by Evo Our fourth article , by YukiOur fifth article , by DiedOur sixth article , by TomaOur seventh article , by TomaOur last article , by Laks