The Bosnian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences (BJBMS) was founded in 1998 in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, by Professor Muzafer Mujić, Professor of Physiology at the Faculty of Medicine, University of Sarajevo. Most of the scientific communication at that time, particularly in developing countries, took place through printed media with little access to a broader audience, and editorial communication took place via ground mail. Consequently, communication was much slower than today, and the journal’s readership was primarily composed of members of the local or, at best, national scientific community.Nevertheless, the early editors of the BJBMS set high scientific standards, and this, combined with their diligence, resulted in the BJBMS being listed in PubMed/MEDLINE and Web of Science. These were the crucial initial steps in the journal’s internationalization. The journal was well received by the global scientific community, and submissions from other countries soon began to arrive.A new era began with the widespread use of the Internet. The Internet changed almost every aspect of our lives, including our work. Scientific publishing underwent a revolution due to the vastly improved speed, efficiency, and number of communication channels. Following the trend, the BJBMS launched its first online edition, the website, in 2009. The journal’s online edition was well received by readers and increased the journal’s visibility and reputation, which was reflected in an increase in submissions from the global community. Since then, the BJBMS has experienced continuous growth in terms of quality, readership, visibility, reputation, and scientific metrics.Today, the BJBMS is included in the most relevant scientific databases and is well-known worldwide. The journal has outgrown its national and regional boundaries given that more than 90% of the articles published in BJBMS come from the international community.Because of aforesaid, the national designation “Bosnian” in the title of the journal does not reflect the essence and global significance of the journal. Therefore, the publisher and editors decided to change the title of the journal to more accurately reflect its international character and the content of the articles published.From February 2023 , the title of the Bosnian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences will be changed to Biomolecules and Biomedicine. The new title reflects the increasing number of published research done on subcellular/molecular level as well as translational and clinical research contained in the term Biomedicine. Biomolecules and Biomedicine will continue to be published by the Association of Basic Medical Sciences of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina.


The history of neurotrauma in Ancient Greece intertwines science with literature in an awe-inspiring and fascinating approach. There is great importance in understanding the historical context of medical and scientific progress, as it highlights excellent insight into the epidemiology, causes, and treatments of neurotraumatology. At the same time, it offers a fascinating glimpse into the world of the past. By presenting the stories and achievements of the great minds that have come before us, we celebrate their work and introduce people of all backgrounds to the history and evolution of neurotrauma.e.g., quadriplegia, loss of consciousness) [In ancient times, illness was believed to be cured and caused by the gods  . Nonetheousness) .The Greeks were farmers, athletes, and warriors, with military trauma accounting for as high as 93.68% of all traumas . AnotherThe most relevant observations in ancient Greece were in the works of Hippocrates, Celsus, and Galen, who mentioned changes in consciousness following traumatic brain injury (TBI) and significantly contributed to the advancement of medical sciences through the development of treatment methods . To illuThe Homeric Period (XI-VIII BC), named after the famous Greek poet, revealed some of the first sources of Greek knowledge on neurotrauma in the great literature classics, the Iliad and the Odyssey , 2, 5. THomer, Plato and Plutarch, along with other minds of the time, depict, in their writings, cranial trauma on the battlefields, in accidents, or during athletic games, such as chariot races and boxing (most traumatic sport) . A fasciIn ancient Greece, those affected by neurotrauma were primarily men, and the consequences mentioned included "loss of consciousness, quadriplegia, brain, and brain stem injuries", with trauma being directed mainly towards the faces and necks, as the heads were often protected by helmets .Some of the most notable mentions of trauma were those written by the poet Aeschylos, king Pyrrhos, and Alexander the Great. In their works, they offer insight into the causes of neurotrauma, as they describe the trauma caused by the most lethal weapons of the time: spear (58% of cases), sword 21%), and stones (15%) [1%, and sThe Hippocratic period is named after Hippocrates of Kos, who is considered the "father of Medicine" and contributed tremendously to the advancement of medicine and knowledge on neurotrauma by performing the first systematic approach to TBI in his work: "On injuries of the head" . In his Hippocrates (460–377 BC) wrote the memorable treatise "On Wounds in the Head", a valuable source of insight into head injuries in classical antiquity and the first work in history focusing exclusively on cranial trauma . In his Another bright mind of the time, Plato (429–347 BC), regarded the brain as the "cranial marrow" and the spinal cord as the "vertebral marrow" . AristotOther notable contributions in the domain of neuroscience were those of Praxagoras of Kos, who suggested the existence of neurons . FurtherThe story of neurotrauma in Ancient Greece is fascinating, as it highlights the precocity of great minds in understanding processes that would later be defined by modern medicine. Furthermore, the detailed and vivid observations of poets and writers stand as a testament that medicine and science can intertwine with art and that humanity is only going to benefit from multidisciplinary approaches to advance knowledge on neurotrauma and any other domain.


Depressive disorders have become an increasingly significant public health issue. This study is intended to show the trend of the incidence of depressive disorders in China, the United States, India and the world from 1990 to 2019, as well as the impact of age, period and cohort on it.Extracting incidence data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019, we determined trends in the age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) using Joinpoint regression. An age-period-cohort analysis was implemented to describe the effects of age, period, and cohort, as well as the long-term tendencies.From 1990 to 2019, the ASIR of depressive disorders in China was lower than that in the United States; India is lower than the United States in the first 5 years, showing a downward trend. The incidence in India and the United States is higher than the global average. The ASIR of women in the three countries is higher than that of men. In China, the elderly, early period and people born around 1954 have a higher risk of depressive disorders. In the United States, young people born around 1999 have a higher risk of depressive disorders. India is similar to China.From 1990 to 2019, the age effect of China as a whole increased, and the period became stable, and the cohort effect declined. The overall age and period effects of the United States reduced, while the cohort effect increased. The age effect in India increased, while the period and cohort effects decreased. Depressive disorders are becoming ever more serious worldwide, and we’d better take measures to reduce its incidence according to the cohort effect of each age group. With the rapid development of countries, the burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs), including mental disorders, neoplasms, cardiovascular diseases, etc., is increasing .Mental disorder is a condition manifested as cognitive disability, emotional regulation disorder or unusual behavior, which mainly reflects the underlying psychological dysfunction . Mental Depressive disorder is a worldwide shared mental disorder that has a serious impact on our physical and mental health. Symptoms mainly include low mood, negative attitude towards life, lack of passion and fighting spirit in life, insomnia, decreased quality of life, and suicidal tendency . StudiesDepressive disorder is the main cause of the burden of mental, neurological and substance use disorders worldwide, in both developed and developing regions . In 2017In recent years, as mental health has gradually come into public view, related research has also been carried out gradually. However, earlier studies have provided only a cursory analysis of trends in depressive disorders. There are few studies comparing trends in China, the US, India and globally. There are also few studies using the age-period-cohort analysis method on the incidence trend of depressive disorders, which can describe age, period and cohort effects, respectively. Therefore, we present the results of the GBD 2019 study, using age-period-cohort and Joinpoint analysis to assess the trend of depressive disorders incidence in China, the US and India and globally. Our study will help develop prevention strategies to reduce the incidence of depressive disorders.http://www.healthdata.org/)-an independent global health research center at the University of Washington. GBD 2019 uses data from a variety of sources, containing household surveys, censuses, essential statistics and civil registration, to calculate 286 causes of death, 369 diseases and injuries, and 87 risk factors roughly in 204 nations and districts. The GBD estimates the indicators of incidence, prevalence, deaths, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) of each disease, which are reported by year, location, age and gender. GBD aims to establish comprehensive and comparable global health indicators  was provided by the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation  to extract the total incidence of mental disorders and depressive disorders from 1990 to 2019. Age is mainly divided into the following age groups: 20–24 years old, 25–29 years old, 30–34 years old, 35–39 years old, … and 85–89. Countries and regions were selected as China, the United States, India and the global.Using Joinpoint regression analysis, we estimated trends in the age-standardized incidence (ASIR) of mental disorders and depressive disorders over time. This model mainly uses logarithmic transformation of the rate and calculates the standard error according to binomial approximation . The modAge-period-cohort model is a log-linear regression model based on Poisson distribution. Its basic idea is to determine the value of age, period and cohort effect by fitting the regression relation between target event incidence and age, period and birth cohort. Age-period-cohort analysis is an analytical method that can simultaneously describe the impact of social development, historical change, demographic change and environmental factors on people. It eliminates the interaction between age, period and cohort effects, displaying the effect of age, period and cohort alone on incidence. In addition, due to the relationship of cohort = period-age , the AgeWhere M is incidence rate, μ is intercept, α, β and γ are coefficient of age, period and cohort effects, respectively, and ε is random error.This study extracted the incidence of mental disorders and depressive disorders in people aged 20–89 years from 1990 to 2019 in China, the United States and India and globally from GBD. We divided patients into 19 birth cohorts . Patients were divided into five time periods . The incidence of mental disorders was age-adjusted for 14 age groups . According to the WHO  report , the popAs is shown in According to our findings, the ASIR of mental disorders declined slightly or stabilized in China, similar to global levels, but increased in the United States and decreased in India. Furthermore, women outnumber men in China, the United States, India, and around the world. This sex difference has been found and confirmed in previous studies . This isThe study on depressive disorders found that from 1990 to 2019, the ASIR of depressive disorders in China decreased or stabilized slightly, similar to the global level, but the ASIR in the United States increased, while the ASIR of India decreased. Moreover, consistent with mental disorders, the morbidity of women is higher than that of men. This is in line with previous research results . This maIn order to analyze the reasons behind the trend of depressive disorders incidence rate, we could discuss the incidence rate changes from age, period and cohort perspective.In addition to other factors, there is a fairly obvious link between age and depressive disorders. Age has a significant impact on the incidence of depressive disorders in China, the United States, and India. The overall incidence of depressive disorders in China is increasing with age. In particular, the incidence is relatively high in the 20–24 age group, then begins to decline until the 30–34 age group, and then increases with age. The high incidence of the 20–24 age group may be related to Chinese peers’ competitiveness . People The incidence declines with age in the United States, which exhibits the reverse tendency. In the United States, the incidence of the elderly is low, probably because the pension system is more perfect and the pension model is more advanced. In 1935, the United States Congress passed the Social Security Act , the OldThe risk of disease in India increases with age. Previous studies have found that compared with the 18–59 age group, the elderly are 1.35 times more likely to suffer from depressive disorders . The WHORegarding the period’s effect on the incidence of depressive disorders, we can see that it has a significant effect in China, America, and India. In China, RR has been falling from 1994 to 2009. From 1994 to 1999, the reduction was quick, but was gradual from 1999 to 2009. From 2009 to 2019, RR showed an upward trend, rising rapidly before 2014, and then slowing down. In the United States, from 1994 to 1999, there was an upward trend, and from 1999 to 2019, there was a downward trend. The decline was swift from 2009 to 2014, and the RR in 2019 was far lower than that in 1994. India, similar to the global, declined rapidly from 2004 to 2009 and then stabilized.Specifically, the decline in the morbidity from 1994 to 2009 was mostly because of the rapid development of China’s society, the significant improvement in economic level and people’s education level in recent years . In addiThe above tendency in the United States is mainly as a result of the following factors: First, the increase in the incidence rate from 1994 to 1999 was mainly because of some events in these years, the large earthquake in 1994, which affected Los Angeles, Santa Clarita, Fillmore, and many other cities have had a severe impact ; A terroIn India, the risk of depressive disorders declined sharply around 2004. According to previous studies, the rural poverty rate in India decreased around 2004 . In addiFor the cohort effect, China and the United States showed opposite patterns of change, similar to India and the global average.In China, the incidence of depressive disorders was on the rise before 1954 and the decline after 1954. The incidence in 1999 was much lower than that in 1909. The higher incidence of depressive disorders in the pre-1954 birth cohort is mainly due to the fact that they were born during the 1911 Revolution, the 1931–1945 Anti-Japanese War and the 1927–1949 Civil War, when the upheavals of these periods produced great worry and anxiety and caused great pressure which increases the risk of depressive disorders. The WHO estimates that about 10 percent of the population will undergo serious mental health problems after the war, such as depressive disorders . PreviouIn the United States, RR showed a downward trend from 1909 to 1924, and an overall upward trend from 1924 to 1999. Among them, it stabilized from 1969 to 1974. The overall trend is upward. The decline in morbidity in the 1909–1924 birth cohort in the United States may be due to the emergence of the modern mental health movement in 1908, which made people realize the significance of mental health. Incidence rates in subsequent birth cohorts increased year by year mainly due to the Great Depressive disorders of the 1930s, World War II in the 1940s, etc. The 1969–1974 leveling off may be linked to the Community Mental Health Act enacted in 1968 . IncidenBefore 1947, India had been subjected to British colonial rule. During this period, the British government’s oppression of the Indian people increased the risk of depressive disorders . In addiIn addition, it is worth mentioning that this study has certain limitations. First, because this article is built on the data of GBD 2019, there is still some deviation in the completeness and accuracy of the incidence data of mental disorders and depressive disorders that we use, making the results less accurate. Second, we do not possess detailed incidence data for each country and region, and cannot analyze the spatial distribution.In conclusion, from 1990 to 2019, the ASIR of depressive disorders in China and India decreased slightly or remained the same, while that in the United States showed an upward trend, and the incidence of women in the three countries was higher than that of men. As far as the age effect is concerned, China and India are on the rise, while the United States is on the decline. As far as the cyclical effect is concerned, China has shown an upward tendency in recent years, while the United States and India have shown a downward trend. In terms of queue effect, China and India showed a downward tendency as a whole, while the United States showed an upward trend. Both period and cohort effects are related to national policies and whether there is a war. We should take the development of depressive disorders into account, and regulate coping strategies on the basis of the cohort effect of age to effectively reduce the occurrence of such diseases.http://www.healthdata.org/.The datasets presented in this study can be found in online repositories. The names of the repository/repositories and accession number(s) can be found below: the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, CY supervised the study. CY and SW designed the study. SW, TL, RL, TW, LH, and JS collected the data. SW and TL organized the data, analyzed the data, and interpreted the results. SW wrote the first draft. CY, SW, TL, RL, TW, LH, and JS reviewed and edited the manuscript. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.This work was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 82173626 and 81773552) and Health commission of Hubei Province scientific research project (Grant No. WJ2019H304).The authors declare that the research was undertaken in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.


Dear Editor,Mycobacterium leprae, is a chronic infectious disease, which may cause permanent damage to peripheral nerves and deformity.Leprosy, caused by To analyze the sociodemographic and clinical factors associated with MB leprosy in elimination planning areas in Northwest China, three specialized hospitals were included. The medical records of leprosy in province in northwest China from 2004 to 2020 were collected from the Leprosy Management Information System (LEPMIS).This is an observational and retrospective study, involving 305 cases of MB and PB leprosy cases, collected in the LEMPIS from 2004 to 2020. The variables included gender, nationality, occupation, and others. The statistical significance level was p < 0.05. Logistic regression analysis was used to adjust the confounding variables to determine the independent risk factors of MB leprosy cases.Significant differences in sex and some other variables (p < 0.05) were shown comparing MB and PB cases, as shown in These results showed high endemic characteristics of leprosy, suggesting that the delay on leprosy diagnosisPassive detection was a protective factor for MB leprosy, so it is necessary to increase the publicity and education of leprosy prevention and control knowledge in low-prevalence areas, and to improve the awarenessThis study was based on second-hand data obtained from the LEPMIS, so it has some limitations, such as inconsistent information, prevalence bias and the defect of cross-sectional design. Future longitudinal studies or geographical distribution are desirable to clarify factors related to leprosy.In conclusion, MB patients were the main infectious source of leprosy, so early detection and treatment can effectively block the transmission of leprosy in the infectious source control link, which is of great significance to reduce the probability of leprosy in patients with disability. This study has shown the epidemic characteristics and regional characteristics of MB leprosy in northwest China, which may be helpful in effectively preventing and controlling leprosy.None declared.Ge Li: Co-wrote the article; the corresponding author, reviewed the data and results of this article; contributed to interpretation of the data, commented on the manuscript, revised the manuscript, and approved the final version for publication.Chao Li: Co-wrote the article; contributed to interpretation of the data, commented on the manuscript, revised the manuscript, and approved the final version for publication.Qingping Zhang: The corresponding author, reviewed the data and results of this article; contributed to the interpretation of the data, commented on the manuscript, revised the manuscript, and approved the final version for publication.Hong Zhang: Contributed to the collection and acquisition of the article data; contributed to interpretation of the data, commented on the manuscript, revised the manuscript, and approved the final version for publication.Ping Chen: Contributed to the collection and acquisition of the article data; contributed to interpretation of the data, commented on the manuscript, revised the manuscript, and approved the final version for publication.Zhaoxing Lin: Gave guidance on research methods and case review; contributed to interpretation of the data, commented on the manuscript, revised the manuscript, and approved the final version for publication.None declared.


This article combs the present situation and future development trend of digital economy research in China by means of literature measurement. On the one hand, China's digital economy presents a framework system of industrial digitization, digital industrialization, digital governance, and data value. On the other hand, digital economics has gradually become a dominant science and is constantly challenging the traditional economic research framework. Data are no longer the traditional data, and the data-driven economic and social innovation development model is the future trend. Data privacy, data protection, data ethics, data assets, and so on will become the focus of academic research. The global economy is undergoing digital transformation. With the frequent interaction of digital trade around the world, governments, enterprises, and other subjects are facing digital upgrading. Data have increasingly become a new factor of production, which makes the operation mechanism of the world economy show new characteristics. The socialized application of digital technology has brought the rise of digital society and shaped the form of digital economy characterized by data. The development of digital economy drives the high-quality development of social economy. We should focus on the people, promote the sharing of the dividends of digital economy development among the people, and contribute to the people's sense of gain and happiness, so as to build a community with a shared future in digital space and realize a new global shared digital economy.From the perspective of the development of the theory of the digital economy, the concept of the digital economy has been deepening from the information economy to the concept of the digital economy. In the 1940s, there was a breakthrough in the field of microelectronics. In the 1980s and 1990s, digital technology and information network technologies converged to drive the development of digital economy, and traditional information technology models and business models changed. This has driven the rapid development of digital technologies such as cloud computing and big data. The concept of the digital economy was first proposed by the American scholar Don Tapscott in 1996, followed by the publication of a study on the emerging digital economy by the United States Department of Commerce. Recent years have seen explosive growth in publications related to China's digital economy, such as “Introduction to the Digital Economy: Theory, Practice, and Strategy,” published in 2022 by the China Institute of Information and Communication Research and “Theory and Governance of the Digital Economy” (2021) by Dong Yang and Xinyu Xu. Based on this, this article focuses on the related literature on digital economy research in China through CNKI database. Based on the analysis of the whole article, author, and journal, this article will provide some references and inspiration for digital economy research, and further support the discipline construction, social application, and future trend of digital economy.This article takes CNKI database as the data source, selects unlimited time, and selects Peking University core journals, CSSCI journals, and CSCD journals according to the theme = “digital economy.” As of April 29, 2022, 4060 documents have been retrieved. After literature processing, a total of 3643 literature were selected as sample data, excluding the lack of author, title, keyword, and meeting notice.This article uses CNKI database, VOSviewer, SPSS, and other software to visually analyze the research status of digital economy in China. Specifically, one is to make statistics on the annual production of digital economy papers. The second is to count the number of articles published by authors and journals. The third is to draw the systematic clustering map of high-frequency keywords and analyze the situation of related topics. Through the above research, this article combs and analyzes the development trend and theme context of digital economy.Through the time distribution of digital economy research literature in China, we can intuitively judge the development of academic research on digital economy. As shown in Using UCINET software to draw the co-occurrence chart of authors , a totalJournal of Commercial Economics (100 articles), International Taxation in China (98 articles), Taxation Research (98 articles), People's Tribune (74 articles), and China Finance (58 articles). Journal of Commercial Economics is a journal focusing on the field of commercial circulation; International Taxation in China and Taxation Research focus on the frontier of economic tax theory and practice, and pay close attention to the research progress of digital economy and digital tax; People's Tribune is a comprehensive publication, and China Finance is a financial journal, focusing on the experience of financial reform and discussing economic and financial theoretical issues.As shown in A total of 3643 literature were extracted from the keyword field and measured by co-occurrence  hereina. Use COOFor the content theme of China's digital economy research, the dissimilarity matrix of high-frequency keywords in the sample literature  is introThrough the literature keyword cluster analysis diagram of China's digital economy, the corresponding content framework system of China's digital economy research is obtained. As shown in Cluster 1 includes keywords industrial digitization and digital industrialization. Digital industrialization is the basis of the development of digital economy and the leading force of the reform of digital economy innovation system. Industrial digitization is an important part of digital economy, which brings efficiency improvement by integrating the application of digital technology into traditional industries. Du  believesThe development of digital economy relies on the digital transformation of traditional industrial structure and the construction of digital technology-related industrial systems, so as to achieve mutual synergy between the two and drive high-quality economic and social development. In particular, the convergent innovation and development of new technologies such as artificial intelligence and 5g is an important symbol of the digital economy, which has expanded various digital application scenarios, reconstructed people's production relations and lifestyle, and finally, provided a technical framework for the arrival of the digital era. For example, Internet companies such as Tencent, Huawei, Alibaba, and TikTok have become leading enterprises in the digital economy industry, driving the digital transformation of China's economy and contributing to the construction of Digital China.Cluster 2 focuses on macro policy environment research, including keywords digital service tax, international tax rules, value creation, “the belt and road,” international tax, tax administration, tax governance, and value-added tax. The international and domestic dual cycle development pattern is the content of the national 14th five-year plan, which promotes the development of China's digital economy from the two-way development of supply and demand. To a certain extent, take double circulation as the starting point, actively promote the development level of digital technology, promote the digital synergy of industrial chain, and then improve the governance system of digital economy, build corresponding institutional system, and promote the balanced development of digital economy [The digital wave has become the main melody of the global economy. Especially in the post-epidemic era, governments all over the world are using digital intelligent technology to participate in the epidemic control and the allocation of people's living materials. The construction of digital innovation value system is related to international competition and national strategic development. Improving digital technology innovation capability, promoting the digital transformation of traditional industries, and strengthening platform system governance have become important directions for the construction of China's digital economy ecosystem.Data transactions create value for the digital economy and challenge the current tax collection system. China lacks corresponding tax system for data transactions, and digital tax has become a barrier to the service trade of data media to a certain extent. For data transactions with strong value creation ability but scattered distribution, through the comparison of digital economy tax systems of the United States and the European Union, provide ideas for the construction of tax system for localized data transaction . The priCluster 3 focuses on the research of digital village construction. The keywords include rural vitalization and digital village. The key to comprehensively promoting rural revitalization lies in the revitalization of rural industry, which provides a development opportunity for the construction of digital countryside. Digital technology infrastructure is the hardware foundation for the development of rural industries. Through the construction of digital logistics infrastructure, we can reconstruct the spatial pattern of urban and rural areas, accelerate the flow of urban and rural factors, enable the development of rural industries with digital technology, promote the integration of primary, secondary, and tertiary industries in rural areas, promote the diversified and comprehensive development of rural industries through the cultivation of new industries and new business forms, and attract and cultivate new rural digital farmers. Let farmers become the development subject and beneficiary subject of rural industrial prosperity, and form an endogenous driving force to promote the all-around revitalization of rural areas .China's digital village construction is an inevitable measure of rural revitalization in the new era. The “siphon benefit” of digital economy enables the construction of digital countryside, which lays a foundation for promoting the construction of digital countryside in four aspects: digital industrialization, industrial digitization, digital governance, and data value. We will explore four ways to promote the construction of “digital infrastructure and practice” in rural areas, and build a “digital infrastructure and practice” model, so as to comprehensively promote the construction of rural infrastructure and implement digital governance. We will explore four ways to promote the “digital infrastructure and practice” and promote the construction of rural infrastructure and implement the “digital governance” .Cluster 4 focuses on digital protection and governance. Keywords include data governance, data security, and cross-border data flow. Data elements drive the economy to produce a multiplier effect, promote enterprises' efficient decision-making, improve efficiency, drive innovation, and realize the orderly development of public governance. Data elements need corresponding mechanisms to release their potential value. Data governance system ensures that data elements drive economic development. Among them, data governance policy system includes data privacy protection, data property rights, data competition, and regulatory policies . The proThe development of digital economy drives economic and social transformation. In order to ensure that the legal system is consistent with economic and social development, the reform of the legal system should avoid rigidity, adhere to the principles of inclusiveness and prudence, pay attention to social co-governance, establish a regular evaluation system, and promote the reform of the government supervision system . From thCluster 5 focuses on digital intelligence technology, and the keywords are big data, artificial intelligence, and the Internet. Disruptive digital intelligence technology has changed the traditional social and economic structure system. Starting from technological progress and enterprise operation and development, there is an internal relationship between enterprise digital transformation and enterprise innovation. Digitization is the external motivation to promote enterprise innovation, and enterprise innovation is the internal demand to realize digital transformation. To change the management thinking mode and re-recognize the relationship between people and technology, we need to clarify the development objectives and create a good innovation atmosphere, improve the business ability of enterprises, and provide corresponding countermeasures and suggestions for the innovation of enterprise development model . The colThe analysis framework of organizational resilience looks at the development of new formats of digital economy, ensures that the retail industry has resilience in the uncertain process, presents different segmentation capabilities in different stages, and explores the development status and capacity-building of new formats of retail through live broadcasting and social e-commerce . Xiao etCluster 6 focuses on the research on the integration of digital economy into the development of traditional real economy. The keywords include new development pattern, dual circulation, digital economy, high-quality development, digital gap, common prosperity, global value chain, manufacturing, digitization, new economy, industrial structure, intermediate effect, technical innovation, total factor productivity, digital inclusive finance economic growth, financial technology, innovation, real economy, etc. The digital transformation of the economy under the epidemic provides new impetus for development, deepens reform, and promotes the construction of a community of shared destiny system. In the process of domestic and international double cycles, we use data elements as the starting point to help the high-quality development of the digital economy, meet the needs of the people, and lay the foundation for the new pattern of China's economic development . HoweverLook at the digital economy from the macro-, meso-, and micro-dimensions. From the macro analysis, the application of big data expands the boundary of resource allocation in the planned economy and contributes to the coordination between the government and the market. From this point of view, the innovative mechanism of digital economy has changed the traditional market structure and power structure, forcing buyers and sellers to trade under the mode of complete competition. From the micro perspective, the digital economy integrates economies of scale and breaks the traditional economic profit model . The shaIn the digital age, enterprise boundary breakthrough has become a development trend, and its evolution approach and theoretical logic are rooted in the fact that information and knowledge have become key core production factors in the digital age, which is very important for enterprise core competence and expansion power. Specifically, the core competence of enterprises has changed from the control of tangible resources to the sharing of intangible resources. Data driven has become the key logic for the development of innovative business, that is, enterprises cultivate the ability of data acquisition and mining, so as to contribute to their digital transformation and innovative development . The regDigital economy promotes the refinement of the global value chain division system, breaks through the original time and space constraints, and promotes the evolution of the global value chain division system . StartinCluster 7 focuses on the research of digital economy theory and specific practice. The keywords include platform economy, antivirus, Internet platform, data, production factors, digital trade, digital trade rules, electronic commerce, digital governance, digital government, digital China, Covid-19, industrial chain, digital transformation, sharing economy, digital platform, digital labor, etc. In view of the construction of discipline framework systems such as discipline orientation, research methods, and research contents of digital economics, this article views the transformation and development of discipline paradigm of digital economics from the dimension of technological innovation, attaches importance to the cultivation of digital economy talents, and then constructs the academic community of digital economy research . DigitalThe research on the connotation and discipline development framework of digital economy theory is based on the paradigm of technical economy and the theory of complex economics. The development of digital technology drives the innovation of economic research methodologies, such as machine learning and federal learning, which are applied to economic research, promotes the updating of traditional measurement methods, and deeply excavates the laws of economic activities and economic periodicity with the help of big data, thus contributing to the development of digital economics. Digital economy is a complex of various economic activities with intelligent technology group as the driving force and data as production factors, including driving force, new form structure, value creation activities, etc. The uncertainty of technological evolution, the unknownness of social development, the lag of policies and systems, and the prominence of digital sovereignty limit the development of the technological economy paradigm of digital economy. The development of digital economy will inevitably bring the iterative and phased integration of the economic development paradigm. Starting from the principles of coordination and balance, promote the breakthrough of basic theory, improve the top-level design, and accelerate the development of new economy from the construction of technical facilities and institutional adaptation .Technological revolution has shaped new forms of economy, such as intelligent economy, experience economy, sharing economy, space economy, etc., which requires not only the construction of new economic forms in theory but also the direction of transformation in practice. The new economic form is not a negation of the original economic form, but an innovative development. It is the transformation, optimization, and promotion of the old economic system by the new technology group . With thThe digital economy is the frontier of current academic research and the subject of multidisciplinary integration research. This article studies the literature on digital economy in CNKI database; draws the knowledge map with the help of VOSviewer, SPSS, UCINET, and other software; analyzes the author co-occurrence, keywords, and other maps; and combs the current situation of digital economy research in China, theme context, and other topics. Through the structural analysis of the categories of China's digital economy research, this study reflects the current research status in stages to some extent, but there are some errors in the keyword classification effect, such as the intersection of macro policies and specific practical problems to some extent. For the specific practical process, we need to summarize and predict the future development. The author summarizes the future research direction in combination with high-frequency hot words, The details are as follows.Firstly, the research system of digital economy has become a reality according to the framework of digital industrialization, industrial digitization, digital governance, and data value. To a certain extent, this reflects the current situation of digital economy research. In the future, the transformative development of digital economy innovation system will drive the qualitative change of social-spatial structure and corresponding functions. It will analyze the mechanism changes of digital technology, digital trade, digital finance, digital government, and digital security from the dimensions of economy, culture, politics, and technology, so as to provide strategic support and corresponding guidance for global economic governance .Secondly, the digital economy brings about the overall digital transformation of social and economic space, and moves toward daily, specific, and subtle. In the process of digital integration, building a people-centered digital social space and improving people's digital literacy will become an important topic for future research. For example, rural digital transformation needs to reshape the countryside in an integrated and all-around way, and drive the transformation of rural development mode with the help of digital intelligent technology. This requires not only the digital driving force of rural economic and industrial structure but also the digital reshaping of the overall rural operation system. Clarify the purpose and mode of digital transformation. While empowering urban development, the final value appeal should reflect the value appeal of the people, and finally, truly realize the sharing of development achievements among the people.Thirdly, from the perspective of discipline development, the discipline of digital economy is generating its own unique narrative paradigm, becoming a discipline, and constantly challenging the traditional economic research framework. The development framework of digital economy discipline includes the connotation, essential characteristics, evolutionary development mode, dynamic mechanism, driving mechanism, policy system, experience reference, development dilemma, and optimization path of digital economy. To a certain extent, the development of digital economy discipline will lead the development direction of economic theory in the future.Finally, digital sovereignty, digital rights, and data privacy protection have become the focus of research. Data are no longer traditional data. Data have become a factor of production in the field of production and an important part of digital economy; In the process of social transformation and development driven by digital economy, the digitization of productivity drives the overall digitization of production relations. In the field of daily life and consumption, data privacy, big data mining, and user imaging have become the focus of platform economy, ranging from individuals to enterprises and countries. Digital risks, digital ethics, and digital governance in the digital era have become the focus of academic circles, and interdisciplinary research by experts in multidisciplinary fields is urgently needed, providing constructive solutions for digital ethics and governance.


Society for Mycotoxin Research by several research groups from Toulouse led by Dr. Isabelle P. Oswald and Dr. Olivier Puel and their team “Biosynthesis and Toxicity of Mycotoxins” at the Research Center in Food Toxicology, TOXALIM, INRAE, in cooperation with the Chemical Engineering Laboratory, the Purpan Engineering School and the Pharma-DEV laboratory. The 43rd Mycotoxin Workshop took place at the Hôtel-Dieu Saint-Jacques, which is an ancient hospital from the twelfth century beautifully situated on the left bank of the Garonne River.After 2 years of COVID restrictions, with no Mycotoxin Workshop in 2020 and an online only workshop last year, around 180 scientists from 21 countries met in person at the 43rd Mycotoxin Workshop in Toulouse, France, from May 30 to June 1, 2022. The workshop was organized on behalf of the Society for Mycotoxin Research, Prof. Dr. Hans-Ulrich Humpf, welcomed all participants and emphasized that the Society is a non-profit organization focusing on scientific exchange in the field of mycotoxin research and supporting particularly young scientist. Members benefit from a free print subscription of the official journal of the Society, Mycotoxin Research, and are entitled to a discounted registration fee for the Mycotoxin Workshop. The head of the Research Center in Food Toxicology, Isabelle P. Oswald, also warmly welcomed all participants with some information about Toulouse, details about the scientific and social program, and great thanks to the local organizing team as well as all sponsors supporting the Workshop.During the opening ceremony, the president of the During the scientific program, especially, young scientists presented their latest mycotoxin research results directly from the lab bench in 37 lectures and 83 poster presentations. The following research topics were covered in 8 sessions: (1) occurrence and analyses of mycotoxins in food, feed, and physiological samples; (2) genetics, biology, and new secondary metabolites of toxigenic fungi; (3) effects of mycotoxins on human and animal health; (4) toxicity and risk assessment; and (5) food and feed safety. The scientific program covered new challenging topics, such as the contamination of new feed material, the health aspects of mycotoxins on salmon due to grain-based feed, human biomonitoring, and co-exposure scenarios of mycotoxins with other contaminants such as acrylamide. Other presentations addressed metabolomics approaches to assess toxic effects of mycotoxins, insights into JECFA risk assessment, and mimicking the influence of climate change scenarios on aflatoxin production. In a frame of the scientific tradition, the analytical methods for the determination of mycotoxins in various matrices were a key topic. It was demonstrated that approaches with sensitive mass spectrometry techniques might answer complex questions, such as the mode of action of mycotoxins and their precursors in various cell culture models. Along with in vitro techniques, several in silico methods were presented and discussed. Computational tools have much evolved in recent years and could be successfully used not only for toxicokinetic studies but also for genotoxicity investigations. Besides the major — and well known — negative aspects of mycotoxins on human and animal health, new research fields aiming at the use of mycotoxins (and derivatives thereof) as new, future therapeutic agents were also presented.Society to provide a platform for deepening scientific discussions, creating new contacts between researchers from different countries, and initiating new scientific collaborations. Besides the excellent French finger food for lunch, a walking tour in the city of Toulouse, a boat trip on the Canal du Midi, and an outstanding gala dinner at Hôtel-Dieu Saint-Jacques were provided by the local organizers. During the closing session, all participants thanked the organizers with standing ovations and long applause for the excellent conference and some splendid days in Toulouse.The scientific programme was accompanied by several, really great social events. These have a long tradition in Mycotoxin Workshops, in accordance with the aim of the Society for Mycotoxin Research, the president, Hans-Ulrich Humpf, gave a report on the recent activities of the Society, including the proceedings of the meetings of the board of directors during 2021 and 2022. The scientific highlight last year was the 42nd Mycotoxin Workshop, first ever online conference of the Society, organized from the Institute of Food Chemistry at the University of Muenster, with around 300 participants from 31 countries  of the Society’s own scientific journal Mycotoxin Research, Prof. Dr. Ewald Usleber, informed the board that he would like to step back from his position after holding it for 15 years. Finding a new EiC was a demanding task, but after intensive internal and external discussions, Hans-Ulrich Humpf agreed to take over this position from January 1, 2023. At the same time, he then will step back from his current position as president of the Society. According to the bylaws of the Society, the board decided that the current vice-president, Prof. Dr. Madeleine Plötz , should take over the position of the president of the Society. The board of the Society is happy to have Dr. hab. Magdalena Twarużek, university professor , as a new vice-president, until the next official election in 2023, and hopefully beyond that . As this is a major change of the board, the members of the Society were asked for their vote, and they unanimously supported the suggested composition of the new board.During the regular meetings of the board of the Society, Prof. Dr. habil. Manfred Gareis was elected as an honorary member of the Society by the board for his long-lasting activity in the board, acknowledging his outstanding support of the Society.Furthermore, the president reported that the former president of the Society did not fulfill current standards, for example with regard to safety, a new homepage was brought online with the great support of Dr. Carsten Krischek. The new internet portal of the Society can be found at https://www.mycotoxin.de/ and for the Mycotoxin Workshops: https://www.mycotoxin-workshop.eu/. The websites are still under construction and will be continuously improved.As the homepage of the Society, Dr. Benedikt Cramer, gave a short report about the financial situation, which overall developed positively, thanks to reductions in personal costs and a significant gain at the last Workshop.The treasurer of the Mycotoxin Research, gave a short report about the current situation of the journal. Mycotoxin Research and its impact on the scientific community continue to develop very well. In its 38th year of continuous publication, the Society can proudly claim that Mycotoxin Research enjoys an increasingly well reception within the scientific community. For example, the current impact factor  for 2021 is now 4.082. Mycotoxin Research is covered by all major scientific databases worldwide, and online access is guaranteed by our publisher, Springer/Nature. Ewald closed his final report as the EiC with thanking the authors, editorial board members, reviewers, and the publishers of Mycotoxin Research. Without their perseverance, and without the continued support from the membership of the Society, the success story of Mycotoxin Research would not have been possible.Ewald Usleber, the current EiC of Society for Mycotoxin Research. Further information will be available at the website of the Society for Mycotoxin Research (www.mycotoxin.de).The next and 44th Mycotoxin-Workshop will take place on June 5–7, 2023, in Hannover, Germany, and will be organized by the group of Madeleine Plötz from the University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover in cooperation with the


From 24 February 2022 to 29 March 2022, Poland has taken 2,377,000 refugees fleeing Russia's invasion of Ukraine. They are mostly women, children, and the elderly. In this article, we present all activities and types of medical resources provided and organized in Poland for refugees from the first days of the conflict. Information has been compiled from the data available on the Polish Ministry of Health, other governmental and non-governmental organizations, foundations, and medical societies. From 24 February 2022 to 29 March 2022, due to the attack of the Russian Federation on Ukraine, thousands of Ukrainian citizens began to travel to Poland in search of shelter and support. By the tenth week of the conflict, 2,377,000 refugees had crossed Poland's borders , mostly Aim: We seek to identify characteristics of all activities and types of medical resources that are provided and organized in Poland for refugees from Ukraine territory affected by the war from the first days of the conflict.Online resources were systematically searched using the following terms: “Ukrainian refugees” and “Polish medical aid.” Information was obtained from the Polish Ministry of Health and other governmental and non-governmental organizations, foundations, and medical societies. This analysis was supplemented by a review of Polish law acts.Organizing medical points at Ukrainian-Polish border crossings and reception areas in each voivodeship.In these areas, first aid is provided by doctors, nurses, paramedics, and volunteers.Government relased an act for assistance to Ukrainian citizens in connection with armed conflict in Ukrainian territory on 12 March 2022.The special act, in force from 24 February 2022, grants the right to medical benefits, reimbursement for drugs, and the supply of medical devices to Ukrainian citizens who came to Poland due to aggression from Russia on the same terms as for all insured Polish citizens  for the injured/wounded because of military actions, young patients with cancer patients, patients in palliative care, pregnant women, women with toddlers, and children and/or orphans from Ukraine.Each train can carry up to 160 patients, including 80 patients lying down. In such cases, medical assistance is provided by highly specialized medical centers. The National Hospital in Warsaw is prepared to receive the wounded. Moreover, 120 hospitals are deemed ready to accept the victims of the war.Organization of oncological treatment for young Ukrainian patients with cancer.To coordinate the activities, a transfer center was established in Bocheniec—the “Jednorożec” clinic of Marian Wilemski (Unicorn Clinic). More than 500 Ukrainian children with cancer have been evacuated to a Unicorn Clinic. The facility adopts medical triage. Children and their families receive medical assistance and shelter there. Then, they are transported to specialized clinics in Poland and abroad . St. Jude Children's Research Hospital has set up a command center to help manage information and coordinate treatment worldwide.Provision of targeted, highly specialized medical assistance, such as oncology, hematology, nephrology, diabetes, and neurology treatment, at departments and clinics in Poland.Launch of a 24-h crisis hotline dedicated to border services and staff of reception points accepting refugees from Ukraine to aid disabled people.Proxy of the Minister of Health for transfer and continued treatment outside the Republic of Poland for Ukrainian patients staying in the territory of the Republic of Poland in connection with the ongoing war in the territory of Ukraine.Launch of the Teleplatform of First Contact with permanent medical service provided to Ukrainians.Launch of a free helpline in Ukraine for people in need of psychological support.Launch of a free search engine for medical entities, in which communication in Ukrainian, Russian, or English language is possible. The search engine enables automatic location on a map and indicates the nearest units. One can also enter a specific city or address.Glossaries and medical translators.In the first days of the war, the Naczelna Izba Lekarska  prepared translations of medical interviews and glossaries for medical staff to communicate with refugees from Ukraine.The war and humanitarian crisis in Ukraine brought about a significant exodus of the inhabitants of Ukraine mainly to Poland. The armed conflict in Ukraine and the wave of refugees flowing into Poland pose a particular challenge for the Polish public health system in terms of providing these people with medical, social, and economic care. Medical assistance in response to health threats accompanying mass migrations, organization of education, labor market, and risks related to the destruction of the migrants' social lives and environment are some of the problems and challenges related to the humanitarian catastrophe caused by war; the effects of which are being and will also be borne by Poland.The implementation of each of the abovementioned tasks related to medical assistance requires an efficient system for monitoring incoming refugees to identify their needs, including medical needs. Thanks to this, it will be possible, among other things, to direct those in need of help to the appropriate medical centers and to implement appropriate prophylactic, diagnostic, and treatment processes, which in the long run, will have a positive impact on both the assisted and interests related to the health security policy of Poland.It is important, however, that every citizen of Ukraine in Poland benefits from free hospital care, specialist treatment, dental services, outpatient treatment or first aid from a family doctor, and diagnostic tests (as directed by a doctor). Services provided to Ukrainian citizens are settled by the Polish healthcare payer, the National Health Fund. The situation remains very dynamic, and the range of needs will evolve over time.EF, MM-W, and SD-G analyzed the data, did critical discussion and reading, and wrote the paper. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.This work was supported by the Grant of Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland.The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.


Firmicutes, Bacteroidota, Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Fusobacteria, and Verrucomicrobia. Among the African population, the typical members of the microbiota are Bacteroides and Prevotella. The gut microbiome of Asians is very diverse and rich in members of the genera Prevotella, Bacteroides Lactobacillus, Faecalibacterium, Ruminococcus, Subdoligranulum, Coprococcus, Collinsella, Megasphaera, Bifidobacterium, and Phascolarctobacterium. Among Buddhists and Muslims, the Prevotella enterotype is characteristic of the gut microbiome, while other representatives of religions, including Christians, have the Bacteroides enterotype. Most likely, the gut microbiota of people of different nationalities and religions are influenced by food preferences. The review also considers the influences of pathologies such as obesity, Crohn’s disease, cancer, diabetes, etc., on the bacterial composition of the guts of people of different nationalities.High-throughput sequencing has made it possible to extensively study the human gut microbiota. The links between the human gut microbiome and ethnicity, religion, and race remain rather poorly understood. In this review, data on the relationship between gut microbiota composition and the nationality of people and their religion were generalized. The unique gut microbiome of a healthy European  is characterized by the dominance of the phyla  Bacteroidota, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Fusobacteria, Verrucomicrobia, and Cyanobacteria, and they are represented in different proportions . As a result, the fasting microbiome is characterized by several features ,91,92,93Firmicutes and Actinobacteria were dominant in pre-fasting Pakistanis compared to the Chinese, who showed an increase in Bacteroidota. At the end of the fast, the Chinese group showed increased levels of Dorea, Klebsiella, and Faecalibacterium. The Pakistani group was characterized by enrichment with Sutterella, Parabacteroides, and Alistipes [Prevotella type was the characteristic enterotype of the intestinal microbiome. The Bacteroides type was characteristic of the Chinese microbiota. Based on these studies, a conclusion was drawn regarding the correspondence between enterotypes and religions; i.e., for Buddhists and Muslims, the Prevotella type is characteristic, while for representatives of other religions, the Bacteroides type is characteristic [It has also been found that fasting promotes a change in the beta diversity of the gut and some taxa . The stulistipes . Similarlistipes . A groupteristic .The study of the microbiome of the Slavs is of great scientific interest. This is due to the fact that representatives of this ethno-linguistic group are widely settled in the territories of Southern, Northern, and Eastern Europe. This geographical factor contributes to the features of culture and lifestyle, including nutrition, which is directly related to the characteristics of the human microbiome . ScientiThe bacterial composition of the gut is directly dependent on lifestyle, diet, and diseases of various origins, including obesity, diabetes mellitus, pyelonephritis, hypertension, etc. ,112,113.Studies of the microbiome of the Slavs living in Western Europe, in countries such as Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Hungary; in Southern Europe, including Slovenia and Macedonia; and in Eastern Europe, namely in Ukraine, mainly aimed to investigate the bacterial composition in regard to the pathological processes in the body and the norms ,115,116.Firmicutes, Bacteroidota, Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Fusobacteria, and Verrucomicrobia. At the same time, about 90% of the gut microbiota are Firmicutes and Bacteroidota [It is important to note that studies of the gut microbiomes of healthy people are rarely found in scientific journals. However, a few studies that have been presented to date play a significant role in understanding the relationship between the human microbiome and factors of the external and internal environment . The maieroidota .Actinobacteria were the most abundant members of the microbiome in summer, and Bacteroidota were much less common in the samples, while the content of Firmicutes did not depend on the season.It is known that the dietary habits of people often directly affect the composition of the gut microbiome. For example, it has been suggested that the features of the microbiome composition of the Ukrainians may be associated with the consumption of rye bread and pork fat . The depFaecalibacterium, Bacteroides, and Roseburia were regular components of the microbiomes of all research objects [Actinobacteria and Firmicutes in the intestine increased, while Bacteroidota steadily decreased, with age. An increase in the Firmicutes/Bacteroidota ratio was correlated with age [Enterococcus faecalis in the microbiome depended on the mode of delivery, and the Bacteroides/Prevotella ratio was correlated with birth weight and the baby’s weight at the end of the first month of life [The microbiome of Slovenians was also studied . It is k objects . Studieswith age . The dev of life .Firmicutes and a lower level of Bacteroidota were found in obese people [One of the goals of studying gut microbiota is to discover the role of the microbiome in the development of diseases of various origins, including obesity. Currently, the gut microbiota is perceived by the scientific community as a separate “metabolic organ” ,119. ThuFirmicutes and Bacteroidota were found to be the predominant components of the microbiome, Clostridia and Bacteroidia were also common classes, and Clostridiales and Bacteroidales were the most numerous orders inhabiting the intestine [Firmicutes/Bacteroidota ratio in the gut microbiota of obese people, specifically.Recent studies have shown that gut bacteria play an important role in maintaining normal body weight. For more than a decade, a significant increase in the prevalence of obesity in adults and children has been recorded ,125. Polntestine . Similarntestine . There wLactobacillaceae and Enterobacteriaceae.Work by Czech researchers was devoted to the study of the microbiome in short bowel syndrome, which described the effects of the intestinal microbiome on clinical outcomes of patients with this disease . A charaBacteroidetes , coupled with a decrease in Firmicutes  [It has been proved that the bacterial composition of the gut directly depends on the state of human health ,127. AccLactobacillus in people with autism [Bacteroidota/Firmicutes in the gut and the existence of a correlation between the severity of autism and the severity of gastrointestinal dysfunction.As noted earlier, the composition of the gut microbiome is associated with the functioning of the brain . The assh autism . In addiRikenellaceae, Clostridiaceae, Christensenellaceae, and Ruminococcaceae.A similar relationship between dysbiosis and neurological and mental illness was found in the Czech Republic . The resClostridia and Bacteroidia classes are involved in inflammation of the mucous membranes. Increased contents of Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria were revealed, while the contents of Bacteroidota and Verrucomicrobia were reduced in comparison with the control group. Similar studies were carried out in the Czech Republic [Akkermansia muciniphila, Butyricicoccus pullicaecorum, and Clostridium colinum were decreased in the gut. In studies on the microbiomes of the population of people living in the central part of Russia, an increase in the bacteria Haemophilus, Olsenella, Prevotella, Cedecea, Peptostreptococcus, Faecalibacterium, Lachnospira, Yersinia, and Leuconostoc was shown [Changes in the intestinal profiles of Polish patients with ulcerative colitis were shown . It was Republic . It was as shown .Prevotella, Bacteroides, Clostridium, and Faecalibacterium as such indicators [Prevotellaceae family compared to patients with subclinical atherosclerosis.In addition to obesity, cardiovascular diseases, particularly atherosclerosis, are common and dangerous diseases in Europe ,134. BacBacteroides, Bifidobacterium Veillonella, and Lactobacillus in the intestine, while the number of Staphylococcus and Pseudomonas is increased significantly.It is known that a pathological immune response can be initiated in the intestine and that it can cause the development of multiple sclerosis . This diBacteroidota, Firmicutes, and Actinobacteria, accompanied by an increase in Proteobacteria, including the prevailing members of the family Enterobacteriaceae. For example, it was shown that, during the period from June to the end of November, there was a decrease in the bacteria typical of inflammation, such as Eggerthella lenta, Fusobacterium spp., Bacteroides spp., Helicobacter spp., etc. The numbers of Pediococcus spp., Clostridium spp., and Escherichia/Shigella spp. increased.A team of scientists from the University of Bratislava examined the microbiomes of patients with inflammatory bowel disease . IntestiBifidobacterium content and an increased Candida content in contrast to a healthy group of children [Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus increased compared to those children whose diet was not changed [In a study of the microbiome, the state of the intestines of patients of different age groups, including children, was assessed. The intestinal condition of children with stable idiopathic nephrotic syndrome was characterized by a decreased children . Changes changed .Bacteroides, and a higher abundance of Prevotella. The authors explained this finding by the fact that the inverse correlation of the Prevotella bacteria was associated with the consumption of sucrose.It is not only the cases of changes in the microbiome under the influence of a particular disease but also cases of changes under the influence of other factors, such as lifestyle, that attract the interests of researchers. For example, an interesting study examining the gut microbiome in athletes was carried out in Poland . In contFirmicutes and Actinobacteria, which are associated with a healthy gut) and underrepresented communities rich in Bacteroidota [Firmicutes and Actinobacteria, which nutritionally specialize in starch [R. bromii and E. rectale) showed an increase when resistant starch was introduced into the diet [The microbiota of the Russian population is of particular interest to researchers since Russia includes a wide range of environmental conditions and ethno-geographic cohorts. In one of the studies, the geography of the sampling covered a significant part of the densely populated zone of the territory of Russia, including regions of Europe and southern Siberia. The urban-type settlements were represented by four of the ten most populous cities in Russia , and the rural centers by eleven villages and towns in Tatarstan, Omsk, Tyva, and Khakassia. New features of the Russian microbiomes included gut microbial communities . The subgroups of Tatarstan and Tuva differed in their composition; both were formed by similar metagenomes based on butyrate-producing Firmicutes , while the latter also contained high proportions of the Firmicutes. The rural subtypes found were especially interesting because of the strong associations of these bacteria with the health of the host. It was found that the composition of the microbiota profiles of the rural population was similar within each region and was represented by the taxa of bacteria associated with a “healthy” gut. The composition of the microbiota profile in the urban population was less diverse than in the rural population. This difference is most likely associated with the diets of the people [Another large-scale study also showed significant differences between the microbiomes of the populations of Russia, the United States, Denmark, and China. Most genera of the Russian microbiome belonged to  samples ,142. Theobserved . Other uSince some of the identified communities are mainly composed of species associated with a healthy gut, microbiome research is of significant interest for identifying local configurations of the human microbiota and altering the microbiota functions regarding to health and disease.Proteobacteria was found, due to the prevalence of the classes Betaproteobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria in allergic asthma, and in patients with the non-allergic phenotype of the disease, mainly due to the class Gammaproteobacteria. In bronchial asthma, a disturbance of the metabolic function of the intestinal microbiome was revealed: the proportion of taxa producing butyrate  and acetate (Alistipes) decreases [Moreover, studies of the intestinal microbiomes of the Russian population were carried out about various pathologies. The intestinal microbiota of people suffering from bronchial asthma is characterized by the same diverse taxonomic composition of metagenomes as the microbiota of healthy people; however, some differences were found. In patients with bronchial asthma, an increase in the proportion of ecreases .Lactobacilli, which form the basis of a normal intestinal microbiome, were detected in only 53.3% of the examined children. The most pronounced dysbiotic manifestations in adult patients with tuberculosis were those of Enterococcus spp. and E. coli, with normal enzymatic activity [In children with respiratory tuberculosis, the intestinal microbiota has some characteristic features. activity .Gemmiger sp. And unclassified Ruminococcaceae was associated with this disease. The most significant change associated with multiple sclerosis was a relative abundance of some members of the phylum Firmicutes, such as Acidaminococcaceae, Eubacteriaceae, and Christensenellaceae, as well as some unclassified Firmicutes and Clostridia. The family Desulfovibrionaceae, with the genera Bilophila and Desulfovibrio, represented by one OTU of Bilophila wadsworthia and seven OTUs of unclassified Desulfovibrio, turned out to be more numerous in the cohort with primary progressive multiple sclerosis. Although Desulfovibrio piger is found in the intestines of some healthy individuals, higher numbers of this species may be associated with certain gastrointestinal diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease or autism [The gut microbiota largely shapes human health by contributing to the development of various autoimmune diseases, both intestinal and non-intestinal, including multiple sclerosis. Altered composition of gut bacteria was found in patients with primary progressive multiple sclerosis compared to healthy subjects. A marked increase in the relative abundance of the two dominant OTUs , r autism .Firmicutes sequences, which are the dominant component of the gut microbiota of healthy people in Russia, was lower in patients with ulcerative colitis, while the proportion of Proteobacteria sequences was higher. In some samples, significant sequence contents of the pathogenic representatives of Firmicutes and Proteobacteria were also found, including Acinetobacter spp., Enterococcus spp., K. pneumoniae, P. mirabilis, S. aureus, St. maltophilia, Streptococcus spp., and C. difficile [The proportion of ifficile .Bifidobacterium spp., Bacteroides spp., and Lactobacillus spp. In addition, a large number of E. coli, including the enteropathogenic strains, was detected in the bile of the patients. Enterococcus isolated from the gallbladder of patients with cholelithiasis was characterized by a wide range of pathogenicity genes. Moreover, in the microbiocenosis of the gallbladder, a strain of E. faecium with a gene providing resistance to the antibiotic reserve vancomycin was found [In Russian patients with cholelithiasis, a wide range of bacteria localized in the gallbladder were revealed, mainly representatives of the genera as found .All races and nationalities are distinguished not only by their genetic potentials but also by the living conditions in which they are formed. The concept of the multifactorial action of the environment provides a special contribution to the process of the formation, growth, and development of gut microbiota. These factors are, first of all, the geography of residence, social status of a person, religion, health, and socio-cultural environment, as well as food habits and preferences. These factors leave an imprint on the composition of the bacteria inhabiting the gut and their numbers. Therefore, we can discuss a direct relationship between the gut microbiome and ethnicity.Firmicutes, Bacteroidota, Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Fusobacteria, and Verrucomicrobia, with Firmicutes and Bacteroidota dominating (90%). To date, several studies have been carried out that can provide generalized information about the features of the intestinal microbiomes of people living in different countries and with different income levels, cultural and religious statuses, dietary habits, and diseases. Thus, the Prevotella enterotype of the intestinal microbiome is characteristic of Buddhists and Muslims, while the rest of the representatives of religious movements, including the peasantry, have the Bacteroides enterotype. It is important to understand the lifestyle of a person. For example, among athletes, unlike sedentary people, the bacterial taxon Prevotella predominates in the gut microbiome. In terms of disease, the dominance of Firmicutes over Bacteroidota is a characteristic pattern of the gut microbiomes of obese people.The dominant bacterial taxa of the intestines of any healthy person are Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidota, Proteobacteria, Fusobacteria, and Verrucomicrobia over the rest of the bacterial taxa, while only Firmicutes predominate in the guts of Americans. Among the African population, the characteristic microbiota is Bacteroides and Prevotella. The gut microbiomes of Asian residents are very diverse and rich in members of the genera Prevotella, Bacteroides, Lactobacillus, Faecalibacterium, Ruminococcus, Subdoligranulum, Coprococcus, Collinsella, Megasphaera, Bifidobacterium, and Phascolarctobacterium. In general, it can be assumed that the Asian type of gut microbiome is the healthiest. This can partly be explained by the food preferences of the inhabitants of this region. Regarding the healthiest microbiome in terms of religion, it is difficult to draw any conclusions about the healthiest microbiome due to the limited publications on this issue.The uniqueness of the healthy intestinal microbiome of a European  lies in the dominance of the phyla Further detailed large-scale studies of the bacterial diversity of the intestines of various peoples and races will provide clear information about the distinctive and unique components of the microbiomes inherent in each of them.


David Hunter Hubel was one of the most outstanding neuroscientists of the twentieth century Fig. . Born onAfter graduation in 1951, he did three years of hospital training plus a year of clinical neurophysiology at the Montreal General Hospital, under the mentorship of Herbert Jasper, for whom Hubel was reading electroencephalograms , and wasAfter a year, he was drafted by the army and assigned to the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Neuropsychiatry Division. Hubel had no experience in electrophysiology or animal research  but coulJournal of Physiology [It was in 1958 that Hubel started his collaboration with Torsten Wiesel, who had experience with retinal cell recording, having worked with Ken Brown . Hubel aBy performing experiments on cats (and then monkeys) with the microelectrode mentioned above, an advancer and an ophthalmoscope, Hubel and Wiesel explored a region that hardly anyone else was focusing on . They weBrain and visual perception: the story of a 25-year collaboration [Their collaboration, portrayed in the book boration , culminaboration . Their fAmong the many other accolades, Hubel, who was the John Franklin Enders University Professor of Neurobiology, was elected to the National Academy of Sciences (1971), awarded the Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize from Columbia University (1978), was a founding member of the World Cultural Council (1981) and was elected as a Foreign Member of the Royal Society (1982). He won the Golden Plate Award from the American Academy of Achievement and the Ralph W. Gerard Prize in Neuroscience from the Society for Neuroscience (1993). He was also the President of the Society for Neuroscience between 1988 and 1989.David Hubel was innovative, enthusiastic, and witty , yet worOn the 22nd of September 2013, seven months after his wife Ruth passed away, he died from kidney failure in Lincoln, Massachusetts, survived by three sons and four grandchildren. In addition to his breakthrough discoveries and beautifully crafted papers, David Hubel’s scientific legacy includes his passion for fundamental, discovery-based research , which h


Victor Chee Wai Hoe is not included in the author byline. Victor Chee Wai Hoe should be listed as the ninth author, and his affiliation is 1: Centre for Epidemiology and Evidence-based Practice, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The contributions of this author are as follows: Conceived and designed the experiments, contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools, and approved the final version to be published.


With limited medical resources, it is of great significance for countries all over the world to explore architectural design methods to enhance the value of medical facilities. Therefore, it is very necessary to carry out an extensive international comparison. In order to grasp the research trend of healthcare facilities in the world, this paper conducts co-occurrence analysis, cluster analysis, and trend analysis of the keywords of 334 English articles and 153 Japanese articles related to healthcare facilities published in important academic journals in the USA and Japan in the past 15 years. We not only compare the similarities and differences in healthcare facility research between the USA and Japan, but also explore the reasons for these differences. It is found that by introducing three kinds of value variables, such as time, space, and behavior, we can not only well explain the difference in the solution of healthcare facilities in the USA and Japan to reduce medical costs but also provide new ideas for architectural design to enhance the value of hospitals. Based on the above analysis, a conceptual framework of value-based design of healthcare facilities that combines the advantages of the USA and Japan is proposed in this paper. Healthcare systems all over the world are facing the problem of both improving the quality of healthcare and controlling medical costs. Thanks to the booming medical technology, the average human life expectancy has increased rapidly from the 40s before World War II to nearly 80 years at present over the past three-quarters of a century. However, due to the infinite increasing characteristics of healthcare services, medical costs all over the world might increase faster during this period. For example, healthcare costs in the USA reached 16.7% of GDP in 2019  survey, has played an increasingly important role in healthcare design, and the currently popular evidence-based design (EBD) approach was formed under such a trend , which was founded in 2007  Journals, which include the Journal of Architecture Planning, Journal of Structural and Construction Engineering, Journal of Environmental Engineering, and AIJ Journal of Technology and Design, are the top academic journals in the field of architecture in Japan  patient safety, fall, risk, sleep, and activation; (2) patient-centered care and family-centered care; (3) infection control, contamination, and transmission; (4) human factors, efficacy, and quality improvement, which are important issues for the research-based design of healthcare facilities.Cluster 1 labeled as Users' Perspective mainly includes the following aspects: (1) satisfaction, particularly patient satisfaction; (2) preferences; (3) health, particularly mental health; (4) stress, anxiety, depression, burnout, pain, and mood; (5) nature, art, music, positive distractions, and social support.Cluster 2 labeled as Healthcare Providers' Perspective mainly focuses on the environmental design of efficient and effective care in the nursing unit, emergency department, and so on. The main research topics include the following aspects: (1) impact, efficiency, outcomes, and quality; (2) communication, teamwork, and collaboration; (3) security, safety, visibility, and mortality; (4) work and workflow.Cluster 3 labeled as Design mainly includes the following aspects: (1) noise, sound, lighting, and light; (2) perception, way-finding, and behavior; (3) ergonomics and errors; (4) nurse satisfaction, exposure, and fatigue; (5) management, performance, reliability, etc., which are the important issues for the general design of healthcare facilities.Cluster 4 labeled as Healthcare Providers' Perspective are still important even in the patient-centered era.As shown in Cluster Set I labeled as Community-based Integrated Care includes cluster 1 and cluster 9. It mainly focuses on environmental design that contributes to the quality of life for the elderly  the way to promote the widespread use of healing arts in the hospital  reducing nurse burden and walking distance through the reasonable layout of ICU and acute care unit in Cluster set III; and (4) optimizing the design of medical aid stations and improving the initial action system of disaster base hospital by careful preparedness in Cluster Set IV.As shown in hospital  in ClustThe 4 cluster/cluster set labels and the most frequently occurring keywords in the articles selected from HERD and AIJ Journals are shown in Users' Perspective and Healthcare Providers' Perspective, respectively, and the two sides of the horizontal axis in Patients' Perspective and Nurses' Perspective, respectively. The research objects of the USA and Japan on the horizontal axis are similar, indicating that both users and healthcare providers are key research topics in healthcare facilities in different countries.First, the two sides of the horizontal axis in Design and EBD, respectively. The Design cluster focuses on general design issues, while the EBD cluster focuses on design issues that require in-depth study. The upper and lower sides of the vertical axis in Emergency and Disaster Preparedness and Community-based Integrated Care, respectively, because Japan is prone to many disasters and has an aging population.Second, the longitudinal axis in care unit design is taken as an example to further discuss the similarities and differences in healthcare design research between the USA and Japan, which is described in detail in the following section.The As one of the main means of reducing medical costs, the USA has paid great attention to research that can shorten the length of stay. The results published in HERD articles suggest that factors that can shorten the length of stay include sunlight , views o2 (11.2 m2), 160 ft2 (14.9 m2), and 250 ft2 (23.2 m2), respectively , 8584, 8Studies on nurse activities have always been concerned in Japan . EspeciaOnly the decentralized nurse stations equipped with HIS , 88 and Unlike the traditional follow-up survey, many new technologies have been applied in the study of nurse activities in recent years. For example, ultrasound positioning technology has been used to collect data on nursing activities consecutively for 1 week , and BIMOverall, the USA studies of care units focus on the healthcare environment that could shorten the length of stay and improve patient and staff satisfaction, while Japan focuses on the spatial layout to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of nursing care. Taking patient satisfaction as an example, there have been 90 related articles in HERD since 2007, accounting for 26.9% of the total, while there are only two related articles in AIJ Journals, accounting for 1.3% of the total.Research goals are also significantly different between the USA and Japan. In the case of studies related to the physical environment, such as indoor environment or view outside the window, most Japanese studies just stay at the level of reducing patient or staff stress and anxiety, while American studies will even achieve the level of performance, such as healing effects or length of stay .As for research methods, EBD occupies a central place in the USA, while Japanese architectural planning mainly refers to POE analysis or computer simulation based on field surveys.As shown in As mentioned above, the research topics and solutions for the healthcare environment with limited medical resources are quite different in the USA and Japan. Through further comparative study between the USA and Japan, we found that time variables such as length of stay, space variables such as bed area and the number of care units per floor, and behavior variables such as nurse activities and nurse system play key roles in care unit design. In this paper, these variables are defined as value variables .First, we discuss the length of hospital stay. The average length of hospital stay in acute beds has fallen from 8.3 days in 1969 to 5.4 days in 2019 in the USA and from 34.4 days in 1994 to 16.0 days in 2019 in Japan in order to cut medical costs , and it 2/bed in Japan, which is only half of the AIA standard  to balance safety, efficiency, comfort, and economy in healthcare facilities with limited medical resources.As shown in As shown in The comparative study of the keywords of HERD and AIJ articles can help researchers and designers to grasp the research system of health facilities in the USA and Japan as a whole and to clarify the position of one research topic in the system and the relationship with other research topics.The USA and Japan have their own strengths in the study of healthcare facilities. EBD occupies a central place in the USA, focusing on revealing the micro-mechanisms between environmental variables and healthcare outcomes. The architectural planning approach adopted in Japan focuses on the relationship between hospital layout and improving care processes, increasing medical efficiency, and reducing health care costs.The differences reflected in the solutions of American and Japanese hospitals in controlling medical costs can be well explained by introducing three kinds of meso-level value variables of time, space, and behavior. Value-based design that combines the advantages of healthcare design in the USA and Japan can largely bridge the gap between macro master plans and micro evidence, which can help architects select, integrate, and absorb the most appropriate research results in healthcare design.Through the coordination between different types of value variables, the concepts and methods of value design help to achieve the balance of safety, efficiency, comfort, and economy of healthcare facilities under limited medical resources.The differences in the value of value variables in different countries reflect the different cultural concepts and value orientations behind them, and the understanding of this point can help architects in developing countries to learn from the experience of developed countries.The limitation of this paper is that it only discusses the value variables of the inpatient department, and further study is required for the outpatient department and the medical technology department. The authors also hope to take this study as an opportunity to trigger more discussions in the academic community.YZ and YS conceived and designed the analysis, collected the data, performed the analysis, and wrote the paper. YX contributed to figure preparation. HY collected some data. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 51978143) and the Healthy Building Industry Technology Strategic Alliance.The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.


In the published article, there was an error in the affiliation. Instead of “Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Department of Radiotherapy Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China,” it should be “Department of Radiotherapy Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.”The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.


The declaration of the conflict of interest is as follows:The authors have informed the Publisher that a conflict of interest was missed in the above-mentioned article published online on September 22, 2021. DOI of the article isDr. Shishir Shetty declares that he received consultation fees from Faron Pharmaceuticals, and the payment was managed by his institution, University of Brimingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.


In “mHealth Intervention to Improve Treatment Outcomes Among People With HIV Who Use Cocaine: Protocol for a Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial” :e28332) the authors noted two errors.First, in the originally published article the affiliation for author Archana Krishnan appeared as follows:Department of Social Scienes, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, United StatesThis has been corrected as follows:Department of Communication, University at Albany, State University of New York, NY, United StatesSecond, in the originally published article a footnote appeared below the affiliations as follows:*all authors contributed equallyThis was deleted in the correction, as it is not applicable.The correction will appear in the online version of the paper on the JMIR Publications website on April 7, 2022, together with the publication of this correction notice. Because this was made after submission to PubMed, PubMed Central, and other full-text repositories, the corrected article has also been resubmitted to those repositories.


Dear colleagues,To keep pace with the dynamism of the evolution of medical knowledge, the journal that transmits it must be equally dynamic and, as an example, prioritize articles that deal with emerging diseases, such as monkeypox, adverse events, or the impacts of anti-SARS-CoV2 vaccines. or even endemic diseases that show high sanitary impact.In addition to the important structural change described above, there are adjustments to the text of the other sections, guidelines, and useful links to help authors. The link to a checklist of summarized reports on each section and its rules, specifications regarding images, tables, and requirements regarding documentation is highlighted.We remain fully committed to the quality and dissemination of ABD, not only within the national and Ibero-Latin American scientific community but also in the dermatological academic world as a whole. We move forward with the common objective of reporting the best science, for the improvement of dermatology, and, as a result, the best care for the patient. Come along, ABD reader, and be a part of this effort.None declared.


The Western Pacific and the Southeast WHO regions of Asia have a variety of economies, from middle-income India, Laos, and Myanmar to high-income OECD countries, such as Japan and South Korea. These regions are home to a sizable population and act as an epicenter of global manufacturing and industrial capacity .While most of Asia was under colonial rule before World War II, it became the fastest-growing economic region of the world in recent decades, manifesting some of the world's longest economic booms, starting from Japan in the 1950s, to South Korea, China, and recently to India and the Tiger Cub Economies, such as Singapore and Malaysia . In contIn addition to these ups and downs, a meager proportion (approximately 4–7%) of total GDP has been invested in the health sector in most Asian countries, in comparison to approximately 12% or more of that in European countries, the United States, and other high-income countries. Increased health awareness leading to increased health demand has, directly and indirectly, pressurized the ruling governments in the region to invest in the health sector, leading to multiple and mixed avenues of different opportunities and challenges for health sector growth.Of the total 17 manuscripts accepted for this Research Topic, 14 are original research papers, two are reviews, and one is a perspective article. The manuscripts and total numbers are found under the following six themes: Primary Health Care (PHC) and Health Systems Development (HSD) (four manuscripts);  insurance, governance, and universal health coverage (UHC) (four manuscripts); public health screening (two manuscripts); urban and green economics, and sustainability (two manuscripts); health care profession, ethics, and leadership (three manuscripts); and health tourism and migrants' health (two manuscripts). Geographic coverage is as follows: seven and two manuscripts are from China and Nepal, respectively, and one each represents Asia, the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), Mongolia, Malaysia, South Korea, Japan, and Indonesia .The editors observed that shifting infrastructure development to less developed regions, focusing on women's empowerment, and guiding the referral system may enhance access to PHC and thereby advance health and social development (HSD); for which the non-state actors should work in close collaboration with the state. In order to achieve UHC, the health sector in the next decade is expected to grow and move beyond HSD. For this, in addition to financial and non-financial barriers to health insurance, alternative strategies to existing insurance schemes are crucial, including social health insurance (HI), as some Asian and African countries are moving closer to UHC by HI reforms , 8; imprThe editors believe these valuable and diverse topic contributions might open new horizons of knowledge. Last but not least this is a unique opportunity to open the floor for a public debate on the Asian challenges through the lens of the Global South's health sector growth . The maiMJ and CA prepared the manuscript draft while MJ, CA, and LW revised it for important intellectual content. All authors fulfill ICMJE conditions for full authorship. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.