In recent years, with the continuous reform and innovation of the sports industry, the national training of sports talents has gradually developed into the training mode of skilled sports talents and professional talents in the field of sports. Therefore, the research on the influence of entrepreneurship education on the entrepreneurial psychology of sports majors has become the inevitable requirement of the development of the sports industry. The purposes are to understand the entrepreneurial psychology and its influencing factors of the students in sports majors after graduation and promote more suitable college students to start businesses and realize self-value. With the students in sports majors in four colleges of Y province as the research object, the typical model in psychology, planning behavior model, is taken as the basic theoretical basis. The questionnaire method combined with the data mining technology based on the decision tree model is adopted to study the influencing factors of entrepreneurial psychology of sports majors. It focuses on the influencing factors and mechanisms of the entrepreneurial drive of sports students. The results show that the three factors, namely, entrepreneurial behavior attitude, entrepreneurial subjective norms, and entrepreneurial perceptual behavior control, are different and interrelated. They are inseparable and can be transformed into each other under certain conditions. Three factors jointly drive the entrepreneurial behavior of students in sports majors. The entrepreneurial drive of students in sports majors in Y province is a dynamic system mechanism, which is analyzed using data mining technology. The entrepreneurial perceptual behavior control is the core factor affecting the entrepreneurial drive of students in sports majors. However, the success rate of entrepreneurs will be higher when the three elements play a reasonable role. The subjective factors driving their entrepreneurship will be reduced in direct proportion when entrepreneurs are deficient in one aspect. The Statistical Bulletin on the Development of National Education in 2020 presented by the Ministry of Education, in 2020, colleges in China enrolled 1,106,600 postgraduates, 9.6745 million undergraduate and junior college students in general higher education, and 3.6376 million students in higher education. Moreover, the growth rate has been rising. The national quality of China has also been improved, but it also brings some practical problems. First, the number of college graduates is increasing, and the competition is becoming increasingly greater. Second, the pulling effect of the economic slowdown of China on employment is weakened, and college students will also be limited by their conditions such as lack of work experience. The current employment situation is not so optimistic under various pressures. Facing this employment situation, more and more college students realize that only with innovative ideas and innovative thinking can they be competitive in the increasingly fierce competition and rapidly changing world. Moreover, more and more college students begin to try to start their businesses. College students have also received the attention and practical support of the government, society, colleges, and other parties.The number of college students continues to grow with the expansion of college enrollment, and more people have received higher education. According to At present, there is a huge contradiction between the growing health needs of the people and the urgently needed professionals in sports. Meanwhile, the endowing status of sports talents by employers has put forward a severe test for the employment of sports college students who are about to graduate. The development of the sports industry and sports cause is inseparable from the cultivation of talents. However, at present, the cultivation of talents in the sports industry has obvious shortcomings when the development of the sports industry has entered the fast lane. The lack of talents has become one of the obstacles restricting the rapid development of the sports industry of China. According to the 13th five-year plan of the national sports industry, the employed population of the sports industry of China reached 6 million in 2020. At present, there are only hundreds of thousands of graduates trained by national sports colleges and non-sports colleges, so there is a large talent gap, let alone many sports graduates who are not engaged in sports-related industries. To realize the employment of college students in sports majors, the state continues to encourage them to start businesses. Hence, the research of entrepreneurship education on the entrepreneurial psychology of sports majors from the perspective of pedagogy is conducive to promoting the entrepreneurship of sports talents with outstanding professional quality and strong comprehensive ability. Besides, it can realize entrepreneurship to drive employment and then fully improve the quality of entrepreneurship and employment of sports majors. Moreover, it can break the shortage of employment in enterprises and the difficult employment of students, meet the health needs of people, and effectively improve the success rate of sports talents.The research innovations are as follows. First, the knowledge of psychology, artificial intelligence, and deep learning are integrated across disciplines. Analyzing the driving factors of entrepreneurship of students in sports majors can make people deeply understand the influencing factors of their entrepreneurship psychology and provide sufficient theoretical guidance for the development of the sports industry and the cultivation of sports talents. Second, with the students in sports majors as the research object, the influencing factors of their entrepreneurial psychology are analyzed. It can make people more specifically understand and grasp the main influencing factors and specific reasons of their entrepreneurial psychology, constantly promote the employment of them by entrepreneurship, and promote the development of sports entrepreneurial talents in China. Third, the uniqueness of group entrepreneurship of college students in the process of model construction is highlighted, and the relevant influencing factors are analyzed from multiple dimensions.The relevant materials of China Academic Journal Network, Wanfang full-text database, and YALU Chinese Journal Network are considered based on the research purpose and content. Besides, they are analyzed and understood in detail by reading the related books of entrepreneurship of college students and entrepreneurship drive theory, to lay a good theoretical foundation for this exploration.The entrepreneurship research status of students in sports majors is as follows. Adi et al.  found thChen  studied Through investigation and research, Ghada  suggesteUnderstanding the cognitive infrastructure supporting entrepreneurial activities can provide a richer perspective on how to cultivate entrepreneurship. The introduction of social cognitive theory in the field of entrepreneurship is conducive to understanding the process of entrepreneurs discovering and utilizing opportunities and exploring the essence of entrepreneurship. Zhang et al.  proposedEntrepreneurship education began in 1947 when Myles Mace offered the course “start-up business management” for MBA students of Harvard Business School. This course is considered to be the starting point of entrepreneurship education. Entrepreneurship education has two definitions: broad sense and narrow sense. The broad sense is to cultivate a pioneering spirit of students, which is a kind of quality education; the narrow sense is an education to train individuals to engage in industrial and commercial activities, train students from job seekers to job creators, provide jobs, and create jobs.Thereby, entrepreneurship education is to focus more on cultivating the entrepreneurial consciousness of individuals engaged in enterprises and business planning, cultivating the entrepreneurial spirit such as pioneering spirit and adventure spirit, enhancing entrepreneurial knowledge and skills, improving the comprehensive quality of individual entrepreneurship, and providing preparation and guidance for the practice of individual independent entrepreneurship.Koh  suggesteLiu  stated tBased on the above theoretical framework and some basic information required in the actual survey, the selection of research variables in the questionnaire mainly includes the following three parts.The first part is to understand the basic information of the respondents; the second part is to understand the current situation of entrepreneurial driving, attitude, and motivation of the respondents; the third part is to further understand the information of the influencing factors of the entrepreneurial driving of the respondents, which mainly includes entrepreneurial behavior attitude factors of college students, perceptual behavior control, and subjective norms. The answers of the respondents to the relevant questions including entrepreneurial behavior attitude factors, perceptual behavior control, and subjective norms reveal the specific relationship of various factors affecting the entrepreneurial drive of college students in sports majors. Ma et al.  suggesteAccording to the research purpose and content needs, 180 undergraduates and graduates in sports majors from 2016 to 2020 in two colleges in Y province and two colleges in S province were selected as the research objects to mainly explore the driving factors of entrepreneurship.Based on the research purpose and content, the relevant materials, such as China Academic Journal Network, Wanfang full-text database, and YALU Chinese Journal Network, were considered. Among them, there were 4 dissertations, 10 journal theses, 5 relevant policy documents, and 15 books on entrepreneurship and entrepreneurship driving theory of college students in sports majors. These materials were carefully analyzed and understood to lay a theoretical foundation for this exploration.This exploration was mainly to discuss the impact of entrepreneurship education on the entrepreneurial drive of sports majors. Hence, a questionnaire method was employed to study the entrepreneurial driving factors of college students in sports colleges and departments of Y province. In the second half of 2020, designed questionnaires were randomly distributed to students from two colleges in Y province and two colleges in S province. Then, 200 questionnaires were collected from graduates on the Internet. Among them, 190 questionnaires were successfully recovered, and the recovery rate was 95%; there were 180 valid questionnaires, and the effective rate was 94.7%. SPSS18.0 statistical software (Chicago: SPSS Inc.) of social sciences was adopted. The questionnaires were distributed, and the effective questionnaires were successfully recovered for necessary mathematical statistics and result analysis.In A total of 20 influencing factors of the entrepreneurial drive were randomly selected as indexes from the three dimensions of the theory of planned behavior. The total score of this questionnaire was 100 points, and the corresponding scores of each dimension were 35, 35, and 30 points, respectively. The Likert-type 5-level scoring method was adopted, with a median of 3.The actual situation of entrepreneurial drive of sports students includes three dimensions: entrepreneurial behavior attitude, subjective norm, and perceptual behavior control. The investigation of entrepreneurial behavior attitude of sports majors involves seven aspects: three views and self-cognition, entrepreneurial cognition, will quality, temper and character, belief and perseverance, entrepreneurial vision planning, and confidence and determination. The investigation of behavior control of the sports students involves six aspects: innovation ability, social skills, management ability, team cooperation ability, market foresight ability, and fund-raising ability. Rivas and Espada  suggesteRegarding the evaluation of their management ability, the number of students who choose general, good, poor, very poor, and very good is 97, 50, 20, 10, and 2, respectively. It clearly suggests that the evaluation of the current college students of their management ability is basically above average; regarding team cooperation ability, the number of students who choose good, general, very good, poor, and very poor is 90, 50, 28, 5, and 2, respectively. It suggests that the evaluation of the current college students of their team cooperation ability is basically above average, and they are more confident; for market foresight ability, the number of students who choose general, good, poor, very poor, and very good is 97, 59, 12, 3, and 2, respectively. Obviously, the current college students can identify with their market foresight ability, and about half of them have strong market foresight ability; for fund-raising ability, the number of students who choose poor, good, very poor, general, and very good is 135, 22, 3, 2, and 2, respectively. It illustrates that one of the main obstacles faced by college students is to raise venture capital, and 80% of the students think it is difficult to raise funds.Rogoza and Zemojtel-Piotrowska  suggesteThe investigation of the subjective norms of sports majors involves five aspects: the subjective attitude of their relatives and friends toward their entrepreneurship, the attitude of the public toward entrepreneurship of sports majors, the praise of local government, mainstream media and the public for entrepreneurship of students, the service awareness of government and colleges for entrepreneurship of college students, and the support of government projects for entrepreneurship. Regarding the attitude of the family and friends toward entrepreneurship of college students, the number of students who choose good, general, very poor, very good, and poor is 102, 50, 10, 9, and 2, respectively. It suggests that the respondents think that their family members and friends around them still show positive and supportive attitude toward entrepreneurship; in the evaluation of their fund-raising ability, the number of students who choose good, very good, general, poor, and very poor is 96, 68, 13, 2, and 1, respectively. Wang and Chen  indicateThe government, the media, and the public praise the typical entrepreneurial behavior. As for their fund-raising ability, the number of students who choose good, very good, general, poor, and very poor is 79, 62, 22, 9, and 8, respectively. It suggests that they praise the typical entrepreneurial behavior positively; for the service consciousness of the government and colleges for entrepreneurship of college students, the number of students who choose general, good, poor, very good, and very poor is 92, 50, 23, 7, and 6, respectively , which has a positive proportional linear relationship. The optimization of the entrepreneurial atmosphere will bring a group effect with the strengthening of entrepreneurial motivation of college students, which will raise the entrepreneurial enthusiasm of the students in sports majors  for the publication of any potentially identifiable images or data included in this article.All authors listed have made a substantial, direct, and intellectual contribution to the work and approved it for publication.This work was supported by Research on the Governance of Henan Province Youth Extracurricular Traning Institutions in the New Era Project approval number: 2021YB0011 and Research on the Educational Standard System of Outstanding Physical Education Teachers in the New Era Project approval number: 21ATY009.The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.


Second, the existing innovation and entrepreneurship education in colleges and universities is investigated with a questionnaire survey (QS) and interviews to discover the challenges that college students face during innovation and entrepreneurship. The QS results provide a data basis for subsequent strategies. The results demonstrate that 19.86% of the students have a complete understanding of innovation and entrepreneurship, while only 9.93% of the students are interested in innovation and entrepreneurship activities. The technical significance of innovation and entrepreneurship activities only accounts for 41.84%. Moreover, the vast majority of students (79.67%) believe that the curriculum of innovation and entrepreneurship education is single, simple, and irrelevant to their majors. Meanwhile, some problems have been found: for example, the teaching faculty is insufficient, and there is not a sound entrepreneurial atmosphere. As per the survey results, an innovation and entrepreneurship education strategy for core stakeholders, namely, universities, society, government, university teachers, and students, is formulated to promote the sound development of innovation and entrepreneurship education in colleges and universities. Besides, a training strategy in line with the awareness of college students toward mass entrepreneurship and innovation is formulated based on the current situation of innovation and entrepreneurship education, which can serve as a reference and has practical significance for enriching and perfecting the innovation and entrepreneurship education system for college students.Against the background of economic globalization, the awareness of college student startup entrepreneurs toward mass entrepreneurship and innovation is analyzed from the perspective of educational psychology, thus responding to national development strategies. First, the  As economic globalization[0mm][-4mm] accelerates, the number of university graduates increases yearly, resulting in severe employment situations and difficulties in self-employment. Data suggest that the number of college graduates in China has increased from about 5 million in 2010 to nearly 9 million in 2019, with only about 70% employment rate  and interview method are selected to investigate college students, thereby determining existing problems of college students in the process of innovation and entrepreneurship, formulating the corresponding strategies. The results provide theoretical support for the development of innovation and entrepreneurship education in colleges and universities.Under the trend of mass entrepreneurship and innovation, many colleges and universities have included courses of innovation and entrepreneurship education. The theoretical research and practical activities of innovation and entrepreneurship education in colleges and universities are highly active, and significant results have been obtained.To contextualize entrepreneurial behaviors, Morales et al.  assessedThe above studies reveal that innovation and entrepreneurship are activities with characteristics of the times. Innovation and entrepreneurship education have become trendy educational topics. Developing innovation and entrepreneurship education has also become a focus and resonance of higher education in the world. However, the current research is relatively shallow, non-systematic, and incomplete, which singles out the innovation and entrepreneurship education of colleges and universities from professional courses. Therefore, the awareness of innovation and entrepreneurship of college students is understood from the perspective of educational psychology. Then, corresponding strategies are proposed, which are of great significance to promoting entrepreneurial awareness of college students.Under the background of economic transformation, the innovation-driven organizational mechanism is discussed. On this basis, the requirements for innovation-driven entrepreneurship education in colleges and universities are analyzed, and the corresponding strategies are explored through case analysis.Theoretically, the purposes are to enrich the theoretical system of innovation and entrepreneurship education in China, put forward systematic and innovative suggestions for innovation and entrepreneurship education courses in colleges and universities, and provide theoretical support to meet the needs of innovation-driven entrepreneurship education in Chinese universities.Practically, the purposes are to provide scientific guidance for the practice of innovation and entrepreneurship education in colleges and universities and help outstanding college students recognize innovation and entrepreneurship education, bravely innovate and start businesses, apply what they have learned, and develop an adaptable innovative and entrepreneurial thinking. Simultaneously, college students are instructed to carry out system innovation to help innovation and entrepreneurship education better interact and promote each other with the regional socio-economic environment  questionnaire  and the technical significance of innovative activities  have no significant relationship with the satisfaction of student. The results are shown in The comprehensive mechanism of various factors in the entrepreneurship education system is complex. Here, the three dimensions of the student QS and satisfaction are statistically analyzed by regression analysis. The result shows that the three dimensions have a significant impact on the satisfaction of students. Meanwhile, multiple regression analysis is conducted to test the relationship between the five dimensions and satisfaction. The result indicates that only the dimension of innovation and entrepreneurship education has a significant relationship with satisfaction, specifically, β = 0.518, Awareness of innovation and entrepreneurship refers to desires and thoughts of people to create or explore ideas or things that they have never felt or have a deep interest in. It shows the will, aspirations, interests, reveries, attitudes, ideas, and emotions of people in creative activities, which is an aggressive, positive, and extremely fulfilling form of expressing human thinking and awareness activities. Besides, it is the premise of human creativity and, ultimately, meets needs of people for social and personal development  believe that innovation and entrepreneurship activities do not have technical significance, with a single curriculum that is irrelevant to the majors of students. Finally, strategies are formulated for core stakeholders, namely, universities, society, government, university teachers, and students, to provide a reference for the sound development of innovation and entrepreneurship education in colleges and universities. However, there are also some shortcomings. First, the scope of the survey and the scale of the sample need further expansion. College students are mainly studied here, but core stakeholders, such as universities, society, government, university administrators, university teachers, and students all are involved in the actual innovation and entrepreneurship education. Therefore, in the follow-up, subject universality should be extended, and more abundant analysis methods can be adopted to compare and analyze the situation of different survey subjects. Meanwhile, the influence of subjective factors should be minimized in QS design, the QS model should be optimized, and the results variables should be introduced for further analysis.The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation.The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by Harbin University of Science and Technology Ethics Committee. The patients/participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study. Written informed consent was obtained from the individual(s) for the publication of any potentially identifiable images or data included in this article.All authors listed have made a substantial, direct and intellectual contribution to the work, and approved it for publication.The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.


John Litt is not included in the author byline. John Litt should be listed as the eighth author and is affiliated with the Discipline of General Practice, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia. The contributions of this author are as follows: Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, Validation.David Edwards is not included in the author byline. David Edwards should be listed as the ninth author and is affiliated with SA Quitline, Cancer Council SA, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia. The contributions of this author are as follows: Conceptualization, Data curation, Investigation, Resources, Validation.The following information is missing from the Acknowledgments section: The authors would like to acknowledge the SA Quitline  as the organisation that provided (and employed) the Counsellors who offered the pro-active call-back smoking cessation program through telephone advice.


Since its foundation in 1928 at the second International Congress of Radiology in Stockholm, Sweden, the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) has continuously developed and improved recommendations for radiological protection. The aim has always been to protect people and (later) the environment from the detrimental effects of ionising radiation without unduly limiting its beneficial use.ICRP periodically issues General Recommendations that describe the overall structure of the System of Radiological Protection (‘the System’), and more frequently develops specific publications that elaborate elements of the System in more detail or provide essential information for implementation.Publication 26  assesses and reports levels, effects, and risks of exposure to ionising radiation. Based on these and other scientific evaluations, along with ethical and practical considerations, ICRP develops the System. The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) is one of the key organisations that formulates standards and guides used internationally for the protection of people and the environment from harmful effects of ionising radiation.Because ionising radiation is a ubiquitous natural phenomenon which affects everyone’s daily life, and is also used in many modern technical applications, e.g., in medical imaging and radiotherapy, research, industry, and electricity generation, there are many other organisations interested in how ICRP advances radiological protection. Consequently, ICRP maintains formal relation with 30 international organisations, including, but not limited to, the IAEA, the International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements (ICRU), the International Labour Organisation (ILO), the International Radiation Protection Association (IRPA), the Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA) of the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), UNSCEAR, the World Health Organisation (WHO), the World Nuclear Association (WNA), and a number of others including international medical associations and radiation research platforms.In announcing that the next cycle of revisiting the System of Radiological Protection has started  in their field of expertise. For example, UNSCEAR has recently defined its Programme of work for 2020–2024 and has identified priorities evaluation of radiation-induced diseases of the circulatory system, of the nervous system, radiation-induced eye lens opacities, radiation effects on the immune systems, and other radiation-induced non-cancer effects, such as acute radiation syndrome, respiratory disease, endocrine disease, and transgenerational effects Unscear .Likewise, in recent years, various European radiation research platforms have systematically developed SRAs to identify research topics relevant in their respective fields. For example, the European Radioecology Alliance (ALLIANCE) has identified short-to-medium-term research priorities in radioecology to improve the scientific basis and reduce uncertainties in human and environmental risk assessments, increasing radiation protection of humans and wildlife ALLIANCE . The recInterestingly, an effort has just been initiated to provide recommendations on re-initiation of a low dose research program in the United States NAS . Each orThe System must cross all different orientations and questions and must draw upon not only the traditional scientific areas of inquiry, but also upon the wide range of social science and application sciences. In particular, implementation sciences can help to understand how individuals think and act, which is an equally essential part of defining the System in a way that it is truly fit for purpose. From this perspective, questions can emerge which may be usefully answered in the near term to support the current review of the System, as well as longer term areas that will contribute to the future. ICRP finds itself in a unique position of looking across the entirety of the research spectrum and recognises that while all the lines of inquiry are important, some aspects may contribute more directly to the review of the System. From this perspective, ICRP has thus found it useful to suggest areas of work, not to supplant the agendas of its partner organisations, but to help formulate a crosscutting and coherent view of work that can contribute to the revision of the System.In the present issue of Radiation and Environmental Biophysics, the ICRP paper by Laurier and co-workers , Don Cool (ICRP Vice-Chair), Christopher Clement (ICRP Scientific Secretary).


Monnier, MD.Professor of Case Western Reserve University“A living legend, a leader of the field of the Maillard Reaction”Photo: Dr. Vincent Monnier with Dr. Paul Thornalley, Dr. Naoyuki Taniguchi and his colleagues in Osaka University Medical School when he joined the IMARS meeting in 2001This document is dedicated to a living legend, a leader of the field of the Maillard Reaction, Vincent M. Monnier MD. Since he began his carrier, he has been in the center of the field and has dedicated himself to further innovations in this area of research. He was one of the original organizers of the International Maillard Reaction Society (IMARS) and continues to contribute to its ongoing activities. During his career, numerous postdoctoral researchers have passed through his laboratory, and many of them have continued to contribute to progress in the field of the Maillard Reaction as well as to the scientific community in general. He remains an active researcher in the field of Maillard chemistry and at the forefront of the field. We look back his achievements below.Dr. Vincent Monnier was born in Switzerland, to a family of scientists. He obtained his medical degree and diploma in chemistry from the University of Basel. From 1977 to 82, he did postdoctoral research in Anthony Cerami’s lab at Rockefeller University . In 1982, he was appointed to the faculty of the Institute of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, and since then, he has continued his research on in vivo aspects of Maillard Reaction, including studies with the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT) group. He was awarded the Paul E. Lacy Award in 1990 and the Nathan Shock Award  in 1996, and became an elected Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 2015.Science in 1981 with Dr. Cerami, which proposed that the Maillard Reaction is intimately involved in the aging process [New England Journal of Medicine in 1986, which described the nature of the association of Maillard Reaction and diabetic complications in Type 1 diabetes [To overview Dr. Monnier’s research, we review some aspects of the history of Maillard Reaction research. The Maillard Reaction, which involves a reaction between monosaccharides and amino groups, was originally described by Maillard, in 1912 [diabetes . These pOne of Dr. Monnier’s achievements is the elucidation of the molecular mechanisms by which glycation and glycoxidation leads to impaired protein function. The glycation reaction is extremely complicated, and he has been examining the precise pathways and determining the structures the glycation products, including pentosidine –6, LW-1 Dr. Monnier also examined the importance of glycation in aging and in age-related diseases, including diabetes, cataract formation and renal diseases, revealing that glycation theory explains the hyperglycemic memory in the pathology of diabetic complications –18. His Dr. Monnier has also attempted to develop methods to slow down the speed of glycation. His search for soil microorganisms that are capable of digesting Amadori-products resulted in his discovery of FAD-containing fructosyl-amine oxidases , 25, andSince his research remains ongoing, it is not possible to completely summarize his work, but it is possible for us to review his contributions to the research community. As mentioned above, he has been involved in the advanced training of numerous researchers, including many post-doctoral fellows from Japan. Among these we include Drs. Fumitaka Hayase, Satoshi Miyata, Shinji Taneda, Motoko Takahashi, Atsushi Araki, Yoko Nishikawa, Makoto Satake. Many of those post -doctoral scientists have remained in the field of Maillard Reaction and continue to contribute to the community, including Drs. David Sell, Ram Nagaraj, Monika Pischetsrieder, Marcus Glomb, Manuel Portero-Otin, Frederic Tessier, and more. Dr. Monnier’s contributions toward the community is substantial.Here, I (Taniguchi) would like to introduce a brief history of the IMARS and the Japan Maillard Reaction Society (JMARS).The first symposium of IMARS was held in Uddevalla, Sweden in 1979 , the 2ndThis year, the 19th IMARS will be held in Qatar with Dr. Paul Thornalley serving as the host. Dr. Thornalley is now the president of IMARS. JMARS has continued to scientifically contribute to IMARS activity. Drs. Reiko Inagi (University of Tokyo) and Ryoji Nagai (Tokai University) are actively involved in activities related to IMARS and edit the highlights of the Maillard Reaction in the IMARS web site and in international networks as well.Dr. Vincent Monnier has made great contributions to the efforts to launch JMARS. He participated in the 3rd IMARS meeting that was held in Japan in 1985 and on the way back to the US he visited Hokkaido University, Sapporo, because he has a good friend there, Ichiro Fukushima, Professor of Physiology (Hokkaido University) who spent some time as a research fellow at a laboratory at Rockefeller University. At that time, I (Taniguchi) was an associate professor at the Cancer Institute at Hokkaido University. When Dr. Monnier gave a lecture on the campus of Hokkaido University School of Medicine, Fukushima asked me to chair the session. Many years ago, I was a visiting associate professor at the Cornell University Medical School, which is located just next to the Rockefeller University and Fukushima is also a good friend of mine. He lived in the housing at Rockefeller University, which was located on the upper east side, and I lived in an apartment complex called Sutton Terrace which is located just across the street from his apartment.In 1988, Drs. John Baynes (University of South Carolina) and Vincent Monnier organized a meeting at NIH . This meThe second research meeting was again held at the Ono Pharmaceutical Company in Osaka and was organized by Naoyuki Taniguchi. Since the 3rd meeting at Kyoto, which was organized by Dr. Yukio Shigeta , many clinicians with interests in in diabetes mellitus participated in the meeting and many additional persons with interests in clinical aspects of diabetes from various locations in Japan also attended the meeting. The meetings were the 9th meeting and, in 2000, the meeting name was changed to the 10th JMARS and was organized by Dr. Toshihiko Osawa (Nagoya University).In 2001, the 7th IMARS and 11th JMARS joint meeting at Kumamoto was organized by Drs. Seikoh Horiuchi, Taniguchi, Fumitaka Hayase (Meiji University), Tadao Kurata and Toshihiko Osawa , and theFinally, we wish to thank all those who contributed to this Special Issue on: Advances in Glycation: from food to human health and disease. We also wish to express our particular thanks to the Glycoconjugate Journal staff, Editor Prof. Sandro Sonnino and the production staff at Springer Co., for their help with publishing these proceedings. We finally wish to acknowledge Dr. Milton S Feather for his help with the review this Editorial.


Introduction: The Situation Room is a physical or virtual space where experts systematically analyze information to characterize a health situation, especially during emergencies. Decision-making processes are made toward solving health needs and promoting collaboration among institutions and social sectors. This paper presents the context and circumstances that led the University of Guadalajara (UdeG) to install a local health situation room (HSR) to address the COVID-19 pandemic at this institution based in the state of Jalisco, Mexico, a narrative is also made of its working processes and some of its results.Methods: The design of this situation room for COVID-19 was based on the methodology established by the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO)/WHO. This local-type situation room was installed on February 12, 2020. The health problem was characterized, and strategic lines, objectives, and goals were established; the first analysis was derived from an action plan deployed at the UdeG. The strategic lines were situational diagnosis, preventive actions, and containment strategies.Results: The situation room influenced the activities of the UdeG before the epidemic cases started in the state. One of the actions with the greatest impact was developing a mathematical model for predicting COVID-19 cases. Subsequently, new models have been developed according to the epidemiological evolution of the disease, helping manage the epidemic in the state. Another important result was the early closing of face-to-face university activities, reducing contagion risks and the mobility of more than 310,000 students, faculty, and administrative personnel throughout Jalisco.Conclusions: A consequence of the closure was that the confinement generated by the pandemic was the change to virtual meetings from April 2020 to date; but at the same time, this working format was a strength, since it influenced the decision of the university board to change all the academic activities to virtual format before other educational, economic, and social activities in the state did. By April 2020, the situation room transcended its institutional boundaries and was invited to participate at the Jalisco State's Health Committee. Its recommendations have helped to maintain the state with one of Mexico's lowest COVID-19 incidence and mortality rates. The Health Situation Room (HSR) is a term adopted from “war rooms”, which refers to closed physical spaces, which were housed in some secret place during wars where the military chiefs with knowledge about war strategies, international political conflicts, specialists in political communication, and key members of the government gather to analyze and decide the actions to take during war conflicts . It has According to the WHO and the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), epidemiology is a health science that is responsible for studying the distribution and the determinants of disease or health events and their application for the control of diseases and other health problems , 3. EpidThe situational health diagnosis later evolved to be called Health Situation Analysis (HSA). PAHO points out that HSA is the production of scientific evidence to support decisions on health issues . The genOn the other side, the HSR is defined generically as the space where the HSA takes place. Even more, HSR is understood as “the physical and virtual space where health information is systematically analyzed by a work team to characterize the Health Situation of a population, especially during emergency situations. The information is presented and disseminated in various formats, such as tables, graphs, maps, technical documents, or strategic reports to make decisions based on the evidence; in this way, the HSR becomes an instrument for institutional management, political negotiation, the identification of needs, the mobilization of resources, and for the monitoring and evaluation of health interventions” . The maicampi), more than 170 high schools, and one virtual education system, distributed all over the state. This conglomerate of campi and schools conform to what is called the University Network of Jalisco. The Health Science Center integrates more than 130 educational programs in the area of health, based at the campus located in the city of Guadalajara, capital of Jalisco.The University of Guadalajara (UdeG) is the second-largest higher education institution in México with more than 310,000 students and is based in the state of Jalisco, Mexico. It is organized in 16 higher education centers  was based totally on the implementation methodology of Situation Rooms established by PAHO/WHO for the Region of the Americas . AccordiThe objectives of an HSR should be (a) detecting and responding to communicable health problems on a timely, complete, and regular basis, (b) handling high-quality information, early detection, and prediction of epidemics, (c) providing an intervention plan during epidemics, and d) efficiently monitoring the planned intervention. These objectives are achieved through the implementation of four very precise actions: (1) training in epidemiology, (2) strengthening laboratories, (3) making communications more efficient in the health sector, and (4) giving special attention to health systems as a front line for health surveillance. According to these definitions, the operation of a situation room is based on three elements: the collection and processing of data, the analysis of the data, and the generation of the analysis products.Therefore, installing this UdeG-HSR followed the next procedure, based on the aforementioned PAHO/WHO recommendations:An initial request from the Provost of the Health Sciences Center was issued to the Department of Public Health, for the UdeG-HSR design and integration.Invitations to the participants that would integrate at the UdeG-HSR.Select the sources of information, the indicators that would be worked, and the databases that would be consulted.Enable the physical space and the necessary resources to access valid and reliable data and information to carry out the HSA. This implied the use of statistical analysis systems, geographic information systems, trends, and inequity analysis systems.The initial collection of the data available at the time of start-up and selection of the indicators that would be analyzed at the UdeG-HSR.Encourage the analysis process so that the members of the HSR made the appropriate decisions based on evidence, with all the computer and communication resources during the sessions at the physical space, or remotely.Constant and permanent collection of the data that would be generated and updated of the indicators subject to analysis by the participants.Generate the elements to obtain an initial diagnosis, identify its determinants and risk factors, define priorities, carry out preventive actions, and identify potential needs for technical cooperation.Generate specific prevention and effective communication actions for the entire community of the UdeG.These recommendations were set at the forefront strategy of the UdeG-HSR with only minor adjustments. Nevertheless, the authorities and coordinators imprinted their particular operative functioning due to the conformation of the University Network and the local-type configuration of this HSR.At the request of the provost of the Health Sciences Center, two meetings were held in early February 2020. During the first meeting, the pertinency for the creation of an HSR was identified, also the advantage of having that local-type HSR, according to the classification of PAHO/WHO , as a reIn January 2020, the Health Sciences Center and the whole University Network had already undertaken some prevention and sanitary actions for all the institutions, but it was not until the UdeG-HSR was formally installed that a catalog of data-based measures was communicated to all the institutional networks. To make this, the room was organized into two groups: the analysis group of the HSR (HSR-AG) and the HSA-extended group (HSA-e). The HSR-AG was integrated by a president (the President of UdeG), a general coordinator of The Provost of the Health Science center, an executive coordinator , and six more specialists, while the HSA-e group was integrated by a technical coordinator, two PhD students, and 14 more members . After bIt is worth mentioning that among the members of the HSA-e group, there were four epidemiologists, two molecular virus diagnosis researchers, three infectious diseases researchers, an expert in community nursing, one applied psychology, and one immunology researcher. During the meetings held over the first month, the pandemic problem at UdeG was elucidated and the strategic lines, objectives, and goals were established, which resulted in an Action and Execution Plan . This PlPreventive actions (information for the university community). This strategic line allowed to estimate the intended coverage of the exposed population groups of the community, applying the most appropriate prevention or control measures, such as health protection, sanitation, and epidemiological surveillance.Control strategies. Measures aimed at the prevention and protection of community health, necessary to adapt and create a culture of prevention.University's Situational Diagnosis. Analyzing the new reality in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic, for decision-making, articulation, and directionality of plans, training programs, control, and monitoring.Identification of the determinants and risk factors. Analysis of the indicators of determinants for the health status of the university community, recording vital activities and surveys for data administration.Contact and support of suspected cases. Deployment of a surveillance program for those positive and suspected cases, by analyzing the data to provide care recommendations, and presentation of a proposal to strengthen prevention and containment measures.Technical reports. Generation of analysis and results reports from the meetings, directed to the HSR-AG and the general council. Those reports contributed to the preparation of periodic messages to the university community.Epidemic monitoring. Provide health information to all the University Network, monitoring the trends of the COVID-19 cases, through the analysis, interpretation, and contextualization of national, state, and local data.Priority definition. The analysis allowed identifying priorities and offering interventions for decision-making aimed at evaluating the results and the impact it generated in the university community.Evaluation. In terms of evaluation, the UdeG-HSR undertook a combination of quantitative and qualitative methodologies in order to promote compliance with the programs for the improvement of health actions, contributing to the orientation of strategies, fulfillment of the goals, and applying the planned methods and procedures with constant monitoring of the event.These nine strategic lines guided the work of the UdeG-HSR, keeping its main objective in view and achieving the established goals. The main objective of the situation room was “to define the actions that will be carried out by the UdeG to attend the COVID-19 epidemic by SARS-CoV-2, both for the prevention of contagion and the diffusion of information toward the university community and the adequate handling of suspicious cases on the part of the dependencies of the Network.” Furthermore, four specific objectives were identified:Disseminate the preventive messages of COVID-19 throughout the University Network.Implement the infrastructure and resources to apply effective actions for the management of suspected COVID-19 cases.Reduce the risk of contagion by COVID-19 at the university areas.Continuously evaluate compliance with the objectives of the Action and Execution Plan.Finally, the goals established at that time were the following:An Action and Execution Plan for the prevention and management of suspected cases of COVID-19 was distributed to all the University Network on March 17, 2020.All the University Network disseminating the information material on COVID-19 as of March 16, 2020.All the University Network with access to a service area for suspected cases of COVID-19 as of March 20, 2020.All the University Network with access to trained personnel to handle suspected cases of COVID-19 as of March 20, 2020.All cases throughout the University Network with acute respiratory symptoms suggestive of COVID-19 were timely attended and adequately referred.These elements were the starting work for three consecutive meetings in the generation of the Action and Execution Plan that served as the basis for the activities and recommendations that this HSR issued to the university authorities to face the COVID-19 pandemic in a timely manner and prevent, as established in the general objective, contagion among members of the university community, and the timely dissemination of quality information for their care. As of that date, the participants met every week 26 more times, physically until March 17, and virtually through videoconference, from March 24 to date.The UdeG-HSR soon had direct involvement in the actions of UdeG. One of the elements with the highest impact was the implementation of the predictive model of COVID-19 cases, which was based on the incidence of cases and the national population parameters, to predict the possible number of cases that would occur on the following days/weeks. Section 3.4 will detail these models.As of March 19, when the University closed its doors, the UdeG-HSR continued having weekly virtual meetings through a videoconference platform. This implied that the members became familiar with these platforms but did not restrict the wealth of contributions and observations that were generated to inform the university authorities about the pandemic evolution and support them in making decisions for the community.As established in the strategic lines of the room, three technical reports were issued during 2020, which contained a series of recommendations for the management of the pandemic at the University. The characteristics of each report are:Technical Report no. 1. Issued on March 19, 2020, and recommended that university authorities recognize that COVID-19 was a real threat against which they should disseminate the appropriate information and be prepared to act; promote the active participation of the university community in actions for the prevention and containment of COVID-19 cases in accordance with the state, national, and international guidelines, and apply the guidelines of the Action and Execution Plan issued by this UdeG-HSR .campi of the University Network until the close of the 2020-A term and suspend the previously scheduled academic activities of the 2020 summer term, so that this period could be used for regularization activities of the 2020-A term, privileging non-contact modalities. Finally, integrate a Specialized University Committee to update the Institution's Educational Model that allowed to face this and other types of contingencies in a timely and flexible way, without affecting the performance of students, teachers, and administrative personnel .Technical Report no. 2. Issued on April 7, 2020, and recommended that the university authorities continued with the academic activities of the 2020-A term in a virtual format until the end date of the courses scheduled by the General Coordination of School Control. Maintain administrative activities to a minimum in all Technical Report no. 3. Issued on October 22, 2020, with the annual activity report of the UdeG-HSR, in which all the work carried out, the projects that derived from it and the communication and dissemination work of scientific and preventive information for the university community was reported .Weekly reports were carried out in which data were collected by selecting the population indicators for epidemic surveillance based on the most appropriate sources of information, through the constant updating of databases and from the information that came from the different agencies, such as the Ministry of Health  official technical communications. Subsequently, an analysis was carried out to support the management of the monitoring and evaluation of the scenario. Those reports were created based on the preparation of information sheets, in addition to carrying out the corresponding preparation of the presentations for each session. Those presentations included fundamental sections where the agenda of the day was presented.In addition, these activities were made: a series of TV, journals, and radio interviews were given by the members of the UdeG-HSR; a dissemination plan for the university community where active participation in the mass-media was carried out; on a preventive basis, information campaigns were designed and published by the Social Communication Office with prevention measures, official announcements, and news, for example, “take care of COVID-19” and “protect yourself”, among others. The General Provost handed nine reports and memos related to the work of the UdeG-HSR, 12 press conferences were organized by the UdeG Media office, 68 press releases highlighted by the UdeG press office, and about 200 “Coronavirus, The Pandemic” TV programs cast by channel 44 . The official communication website was created to publish all the information generated; in addition, Google Trends reported 873 direct searches with the word “Test COVID UdeG”, 384 direct searches with the word “COVID UdeG”, 32,800 results associated Google with a “UdeG Situation Room”, and 125,000 results associated with the “UdeG Situation Room”, with 350 interviews in different media. All this activity occurred to sensitize the university community to maintain prevention measures and actions against the COVID-19 pandemic.campi and high schools on how to proceed to prevent the disease. This information, together with the Action Plan designed by this HSR, was implemented through the operative teams. These teams were called Operative Rooms or Auxiliary Commissions at the different centers of the University Network depending on their physical and community size.One of the actions that have had the highest response on our university community was advising the different During the execution of the Action Plan, a large number of direct and indirect results were obtained, some of the direct results are the abovementioned predictive models that estimate the magnitude of the epidemic in the state of Jalisco and the University Network, with monthly updates of the disease; the Geospatial Analysis of Jalisco and the central-western region of Mexico, through 24 presentations and 11 special reports published on the official website of the pandemic, focusing on the analysis of suspected and confirmed cases, and incidence and mortality rates at different levels of disaggregation; permanently monitoring the epidemiological panorama at international, national and state levels, and the preparation of a weekly synthesis and epidemiological report, was presented at every meeting of the HSA-e group. Another activity was the training of the University Network teams, based on the Operative Model of the University Network creating a MOOC-type course-workshop which allowed to face from the beginning any eventuality and handling of suspected cases at the university network, this activity could not be deployed without the collaboration of the Medical Unit of UdeG. The Integral Psychological Care for Well-being Clinic (CAPIB) was created offering online psychological counseling for students, free of charge, with 24/7 service; the Strategy for the Diffusion and Dissemination of Science program was created to develop the information campaigns aimed at the university's and state's community; also, the HSR-AG designed the University Epidemiological Surveillance Project, establishing the bases and guidelines for epidemiological surveillance at the return to personal classes at the university facilities; other research projects that are in process from the departments of Molecular Biology, Public Health, and Applied Psychology, these projects are detailed below.Indirect results obtained by the work of the UDG-HSR are the following: a Call-Center was established at the UdeG that, as a support for the Ministry of Health of the Government of Jalisco, which goal was to help the population to identify the risk of having the disease and, when appropriate, schedule them for the RT-PCR, antigen or antibody tests at the COVID-19 diagnostic laboratories; the COVID-19 Diagnostic Laboratories was organized in a Diagnostic System, which came into operation on April 16, 2020 and included 10 diagnostic laboratories at the University Network where they run the tests as a Drive-Thru service; this system also includes the Rapid Test Center for antigens and antibodies detection. Another indirect result is the participation at the Radar Jalisco strategy, coordinated by the Ministry of Health of Jalisco, where the laboratories of UdeG and the Civil Hospital of Guadalajara collaborated in the application of RT-PCR tests and reporting the results. Another important result is the online system that evaluates the risk of contagion, designed by a group of researchers at the Engineering Sciences Center, this system is offered on a website that is linked to the Ministries of Health  where individuals can evaluate the infection risk on recent days and make specific recommendations according to the result obtained. The project proposal “Am I a COVID-19 case?” with the collaboration of a group of physicians working at the Civil Hospital of Guadalajara that addresses the crisis or lack of information in the population about the symptoms and the procedures to follow in case of being virus carriers or having health complications.To estimate the magnitude of the pandemic, as described before, the HSR-AG developed several predictive models. The first model was presented on February 28, 2020, as a written report at the HSA-e group meeting, this model was based on epidemiological data from the John Hopkins University & Medicine, Coronavirus Resource Center , and theLater this year, the REPLICA model was created in collaboration with researchers from the University of California and the University of Georgia . The REPThese reports had a high influence in determining the academic activities at the university, advising to continue online classes, and keeping students and teachers at home, to avoid or reduce the risk of contagion. These reports served also as input to the Health Committee of Jalisco for the decisions and actions that took place at the state level. The main limitation of these models was the imprecision due to the different factors involved. However, they gave an overview of trends, which contributed to more informed decisions.Scientific progress during the health contingency was also essential to know the behavior and development of the pandemic. For this reason, some members of the HSR-AG along with other UdeG researchers developed a group of scientific projects that contributed to this aim, and their results have already been published or still in press. Some of these projects are:Vitamin D and COVID-19: A review on immunomodulatory effects of vitamin D in the prevention of severe COVID-19 ;Vitamin D Levels in COVID-19 Outpatients from Western Mexico: Clinical Correlation and Effect of Its Supplementation ;Association of Food Intake Quality with Vitamin D in SARS-CoV-2 Positive Patients from Mexico: A Cross-Sectional Study .Factors related to COVID-19: COVID-19 Screening by Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Seropositivity: Clinical and Epidemiological Characteristics, Comorbidities, and Food Intake Quality .COVID-19 diagnosis: RT-qPCR Assays for Rapid Detection of the N501Y, 69-70del, K417N, and E484K SARS-CoV-2 Mutations: A Screening Strategy to Identify Variants With Clinical Impact  creating an HSR based on the PAHO/WHO model to respond to health problems as other Latin American countries have done; (2) organize its members in two groups, the HSR-AG and the HSA-e groups; (3) the support to the institutional and state's governmental levels; and (4) effective communication of the results to the university network and the community of Jalisco.The PAHO/WHO model for HSRs defines a specific set of principles. According to the level of application, they can be national, state, county, or local type. In comparing the functioning and results of UdeG-HSR with other Latin American experiences we found that in Argentina, Brazil, Costa Rica, Venezuela, and Mexico, there have been similar efforts, following the same PAO/WHO model but sometimes with different objectives (not everyone attending COVID-19). In Argentina to start, the federal government installed a state-type HSR on each one of its departments, aimed to analyze the situations of departments and to generate actions according to each department's characteristics , but folA different experience took place in Brazil in 2010, when they promoted the use of data to offer dynamic diagnoses and improve the health of the population through a National-type HSR, thus making it possible to prepare plans that were compatible with the identified needs, to promote the improvement of the health care system which results allowed the application of new public health policies . In CostThe National-type HSR created in Venezuela in 2018 intended to have a better interpretation of the health and disease processes. All the administrative processes could be understood in a better way since the planning prior to the intervention at the cities and departments. Analyzing data in a more accurate way for the main causes of morbidity and mortality, health promotion, and approach to public policies to meet local, national, and regional indicators .Regarding the current pandemic, again in Argentina a COVID-19 National-type HSR was created, where an epidemiological analysis of the disease situation was carried out at the international, regional, and national levels . All theFinally, in Mexico, the response to the disease involved timely and immediate actions by various states of the Republic, operating manuals for the epidemiological and sanitary intelligence units were published by the Mexican Ministry of Health, where the implementation of Crisis Rooms and Intelligence Rooms constituting another epidemiological tool for decision-making in Public Health based on Evidence , howeverAs can be seen, these Latin American countries have implemented situation rooms at different levels, they all used the same PAHO/WHO model as the UdeG-HSR. The grounds and processes remain similar along with these countries, though some operating activities and implementation have been different. In the end, the results are very similar: a group of experts addressing a health situation based on quality data, adequate analysis, and a strong methodology and support from the authorities.The UdeG-HSR has worked under the situation room model generated by PAHO/WHO for more than 1 year. Though it followed the recommendations for its organization and operation, this HSR was organized into two groups: the HSR-AG and the HSA-e groups. This arrangement was considered to widen its scope at the university network because the first group was focused on the analysis of the evolution and impact of the pandemic, and the second was to recommend the strategies and operative activities at the institution.However, in light of the different contexts where HSR have been implemented in other Latin American countries , we idenThe University Network is ready to receive students and faculty, the return to the university has been delayed until October 15, 2021, however, the UdeG-HSR and the authorities have declared that the control of the epidemic lies in joint responsibility with the university community. A return-to-classes plan has already been prepared to keep everyone safe when the conditions are set properly in Jalisco and Mexico. At the beginning of 2021, the Provost of the Health Sciences Center authorized the continuity of the situation room for this year, with the agreement of the University's President. Both groups will continue working with minor changes and additions in their integrating members and their functions.Most of the reported projects are concluded, but there are some other research projects and publications in planning or development, they are focused on the epidemiologic, molecular biology, public health, and psychology characteristics of the disease. The internal activities will also continue and the two groups will maintain their collaboration with the state's Health Committee and with other Universities or Institutions, to support a positive Public Health impact on the population, containing or controlling the pandemic. The indirect results of the UdeG-HSR were mainly over the activities of the state, thanks to the openness of the ministry of health and the governor of Jalisco. It is clear that an institutional local-type HSR cannot limit its work for in-house benefit only; therefore, the results and impact will go beyond its boundaries and surely will affect the near society.In sum, the creation of the local-type UdeG-HSR had a positive impact as it provided data-based decisions and communication resources to issue the necessary recommendations and strategies as a response to the COVID-19 pandemic, whose main focus was monitoring and responding to a health problem with public health measures, identifying the risk factors and predicting its spread rhythm and time.One of the most evident impacts of the UdeG-HSR is the incidence and mortality rates at the state of Jalisco, reported among the lowest in the country by the time this article was written. For instance, in January 2021, the federal government reported that there were 53,810 confirmed cases and 6,254 deaths in Jalisco due to COVID-19, the fifth-highest (out of 32) in Mexico in both indicators . In spitThis study shows the actions taken by the UdeG-HSR in face of the COVID-19 pandemic. The conclusions are:This HSR was created as a local-type room, therefore, its scope was limited to the institution's boundaries. However, due to the relationship with the state government, its actions and recommendations went beyond it.The timely installation and work of the UdeG-HSR helped the state of Jalisco to maintain one of the lowest incidence and mortality rates in the country, in part because the institution maintained virtual activities since last year avoiding the mobilization of more than 310,000 students, faculty, and administrative personnel.There were direct and indirect products of the situation room, one of the most important was the mathematic models to analyze the pandemic evolution, which has evolved.Communicating campaigns and programs were effective to target the university community; the response was immediate and kept everyone at home.The evaluation of impact and effectiveness has not been done, yet it has been scheduled for late 2021. This evaluation requires a validated methodology and analysis criteria that are at a preparation phase, as mandated at the Action and Execution plan.The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/supplementary materials, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author/s.JM and GM contributed to the conception of the UdeG-HSR. JM, GM, IR, DR, and AL contributed to establishing its fundament. JM is the general coordinator of the UdeG-HSR, represents it in the health group of the State Government, and has managed its relationship with different sectors. GM is the executive coordinator of the ISS analysis group and has represented it in the state government health group. IR was the technical coordinator for the expanded UdeG-HSR group. IR, DR, and AL wrote the first draft of the manuscript. All the authors contributed to critically reviewing it for important intellectual content and approved the submitted version.The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. The handling editor declared a past collaboration with one of the authors IR.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.


Leprosy is one of the neglected diseases in the world and Brazil is the second country with more cases. A retrospective study was conducted based on the medical records of 196 leprosy patients diagnosed during the course of 13 years at a university hospital. The aim was to describe the adverse effects of polychemotherapy, as well the most prevalent and most vulnerable populations. In the study, dapsone was the most implicated drug, especially in women, and the risk increased with age. The authors conclude that with this patient profile, greater vigilance should be taken regarding possible adverse effects, especially anemia. The multidrug therapy (MDT) recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) has dramatically changed the natural history of leprosy. It reduced the prevalence and development of antimicrobial resistance.In a retrospective study from 2002 to 2014, 371 leprosy patients were evaluated and the socio-demographic profile and adverse effects (AE) of the standard MDT were evaluated. Paucibacillary (PB) and multibacillary (MB) patients who underwent less than four and nine supervised doses, respectively, were excluded; 196 patients remained.Of the 196 patients, 97 were males and 99 females; 41.32% were treated with MDT-PB, 53.05% with MDT-MB, and 5.61% with an alternative regimen . A totalMost AEs occurred in the first few supervised doses, 33.92% in the first and 76.78% until the fourth . DDS wasIn the cohort of 196 individuals studied, most MB treatments were in male patients. Nobre et al. reported twice as much MB cases in men .DDS was responsible for the largest number of AE cases, mainly in the first trimester. Anemia was the most frequent, mainly in women. The risk of AE increases with each year of age. These findings reinforce the need for greater vigilance at the beginning of treatment, in women, and in older patients.None declared.Violeta Duarte Tortelly: Approval of the final version of the manuscript; design and planning of the study; drafting and editing of the manuscript; collection, analysis, and interpretation of data; effective participation in research orientation; intellectual participation in propaedeutic and/or therapeutic conduct of studied cases; critical review of the literature; critical review of the manuscript.Egon Luiz Daxbacher: Approval of the final version of the manuscript; design and planning of the study; effective participation in research orientation; critical review of the literature.Arles Martins Brotas: Approval of the final version of the manuscript; critical review of the literature; critical review of the manuscript.Sueli Carneiro: Approval of the final version of the manuscript; design and planning of the study; drafting and editing of the manuscript; critical review of the manuscript.None declared.


In recent years, improvements in imaging techniques have profoundly changed the diagnosis of pathologies of the maxillofacial district. Three-dimensional radiographic diagnostic exams, with a lower dose of ionizing radiation and the same, or a higher, resolution, are frequently applied to dentistry and the maxillofacial district for the diagnosis and treatment of pathologies and conditions that, until a few years ago, required several radiographic examinations ,2,3,4. Cone Beam computed tomography (CBCT) represents the most widespread and most-used 3D exam in dentistry. This diffusion is allowed because the equipment is the least voluminous, allows extremely reduced, high-quality acquisition times compared to other tests, and has a lower cost than other diagnostics equipment, such as Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) ,5,6.The ability to modify the FoV while maintaining a very high image quality and the functionality of various image management and re-processing software allow for its use in dentistry, ranging from use in the smallest FoVs for a few dental elements in endodontics to larger FoVs, for example, in orthodontics ,7. In enMoreover, this also allows for the study of the temporomandibular joint in gnathology, offering most of the indications that are useful to the clinician when completing the treatment plan, assisted by MRI . TherefoThe main and most relevant dilemma in the use of this technique is represented by the presence of ionizing radiation, the importance of which is often underestimated in the prescription of this kind of diagnostic exam . In thisConsidering the ultrasounds and their physical characteristics, their application in dentistry, considering the superficiality of the structures to be studied, is extremely valid. Vascular lesions of the tissues of the oral cavity, of the oral tissues themselves, or of the more superficial bone and alterations, with the appropriate probes, seem to be simple to apply, free of ionizing radiation, minimally invasive, and easily available in the office for constant use during daily clinical practice ,15.Recent evidence makes it possible to consider MRI as a complete dental diagnostic examination, which allows for both an investigation of the anatomy of the soft tissues at certain frequencies and the volumes and bone density . FurtherUnlike resonance, ultrasound allows for a more specific evaluation of a superficial mucous or bone site, but allows for the possibility of modifying the parameters to increase the definition of the collected images or the depth of the vision. With specific parameters, this examination also allows for the evaluation of dental hard tissues, which has not been explored with this method to date. It is non-invasive, does not cause biological damage, and avoids the use of intraoral periapical or bite-wing radiographs ,15. Further in-depth studies and in vitro studies will be required to ascertain the effectiveness and innovation brought about by the application of these techniques for a use that is not practiced today, and, subsequently, the instruments for oral use will have to be implemented, especially the probes for diagnostic examinations with ultrasound.The margins of success are wide, guided by the non-invasiveness of these procedures and the absence of biological damage caused by ionizing radiation.


Artificial intelligence has been applied in all aspects of cultural industry, and has affected the micro, meso, and macro level of cultural industry, accelerated the transformation of cultural industry, and changed the structural system of cultural development. Based on artificial intelligence technology, this paper studies 52 years of coastal rainfall and analyzes the characteristics of rainfall pattern by observing the latest meteorological observation data in southern China from 1969 to 2020. Based on the analysis of rain patterns in South China, it is found that only 8% of the annual precipitation in a southern region of China has a significant increasing trend. The monthly trend showed the most obvious downward and upward trend in April and November. Finally, by analyzing the results of artificial intelligence research, we can create a model of global cultural communication system based on artificial intelligence application. The logic model combines the elements of power, system, service and research framework knowledge, and puts forward the idea of system optimization based on artificial intelligence application to solve subsystem problems; For the service subsystem, artificial intelligence should be used to strengthen the supply and demand of services; For knowledge subsystem, artificial intelligence is needed to improve education and training skills, including knowledge service skills and knowledge management skills. The global cultural communication system must use artificial intelligence to improve the synergy of subsystems. Through the analysis of coastal rainfall pattern and the study of global cultural communication based on artificial intelligence, this paper applies it to cultural communication and promotes the development of global cultural communication. As an important part of weather and hydrological cycle, rainfall has changed in recent years due to the impact of global climate change. The spatial and temporal distribution of rainfall restricts the social and economic development of the region to a certain extent, and plays an important role in preventing regional floods, resisting drought, and effectively using water resources , and specific elements of meteorological humidity are used. The data covers the period from January 1969 to December 2020, with a spatial resolution of 2.5 ° × 2.5 °, East longitude 0 ° to 357.5 °, 90 n ° to 90 s °, Use 144 × 73 grid division of the world. The monthly mean data set of meteorological elements includes four dimensions: longitude, latitude, isobaric surface (from 1000 HPA near the ground to 300 HPA above sea level), and monthly dimension.Mann Kendall trend test method is widely used to determine whether meteorological data and hydrological data change significantly with time. sgn(xj-xi): In the randomized controlled study, if the sample data does not conform to the trend, then t follows the normal distribution, and the corresponding mean value is 0. The difference is calculated as follows: To calculate the statistical value of ZMK test according to the normal distribution, refer to the following contents: The value of P can be understood as the probability of a low probability event, and its value is calculated as follows: Nowadays, the precipitation models commonly used in design at home and abroad includes Chicago precipitation model and P.C. precipitation model. Because the Chicago precipitation model is based on the rainstorm formula, it is easy to determine the precipitation intensity at different times under different return time periods and maximum aspect ratio, so as to obtain the precipitation process designed for different periods, and obtain the corresponding precipitation model effect, which is more reflective  and different saturation states (unsaturated and saturated). The operation process of the precipitation model is shown in Fig. For lid measurement, three different initial saturation states are established: unsaturated, semi saturated, and fully saturated. According to different initial saturation conditions, different return time and rainy season are simulated. Under the condition of precipitation, lid measurement results compare the operation of different precipitation models with the same return value (During rainfall, the peak value of rainfall will come soon, and the rainwater from lid measures has no time to penetrate and absorb. Therefore, lid measures have adverse effects on runoff regulation of primary precipitation in semi saturated and fully saturated states.With the gradual closure of the summer water vapor channel, the summer water vapor in the southwest and south of the South China Sea gradually decreases, while the dry cold water vapor flows out from the northeast and gradually increases, resulting in the gradual weakening of autumn rainfall. Secondly, a typhoon circulation was found in the South China Sea in September. The westward flow from the Indian Ocean flows eastward through the bay of Bengal and produces a large amount of water vapor accumulation in the southern coastal area of H Province in China Fig. . This haIn order to analyze the causes, the monthly water vapor budget of each pressure layer in southern China is calculated see Fig. . It can The establishment of cultural industry can be divided into three categories: first, the establishment of cultural content and its carrier. The cultural content mainly includes words, images, audio, video, modeling, and comprehensive types. The carrier mainly consists of publications, raw materials, equipment, and facilities. The second is to provide cultural services, such as art performance, cultural creation, entertainment and cultural places, cultural fairs, cultural intermediaries, and vocational training; The third is the composition of the product, that is, the mixture of the first and second articles. In the production process of cultural industry, artificial intelligence can be competent in creating database and selecting theme, creating auxiliary or independent theme, modifying content, checking and correcting, changing operator, etc. The cultural creation of artificial intelligence has attracted the attention of the society (Ayoob and Gupta AI link applications have the following differences: first, the Internet, Internet of things, and traditional media are migrated to the network structure of intelligent media, and intelligent management is used to reduce the lack of information, poor performance, and more connections between media, as well as idle and waste resources, sharing management, sharing services, etc. The transportation cost is reduced and the transportation speed is improved. Secondly, through intelligent social interaction, entertainment, communication can become lively and interesting, can take a variety of forms and can be accepted.As the link to realize the value of cultural industry, consumption is the value of selling, trading, receiving, using experience, and feedback. The articles used are products with cultural connotation, cultural service products, and components. The AI application in this link will at least include the following contents: first, use AI technology to quickly and accurately analyze the needs of consumers, and then actively provide them with services such as content distribution, product recommendation, personal customization, and supply to meet their needs. Secondly, create a new, interesting, exciting, and practical smart grid application, such as photo editing, beauty, dubbing, karaoke, and so on, to attract many users to experiment and use (Azizullah et al. Chinese culture not only follows a single concept of communication. In order to achieve long-term development, we must adhere to the concept of communication diversity and integration, and create an environment conducive to the external communication of Chinese culture in the 21st century.Marxist ideology is not only the advanced theory guiding people to develop social life, but also the theoretical basis for people to develop culture. The main factor of Chinese culture communication is the opening of Chinese culture to the outside world. Marxist cultural thought is not only the basis of foreign cultural communication thought, but also includes doctrinal thought, in order to further strengthen the comprehensive development of culture, spread good Chinese culture and promote cooperation and cultural exchange. Marx said: “the globalization of production and communication will inevitably lead to the globalization of culture, which is the inevitable result.” Marxist cultural vision has always stressed the need to maintain tolerance and develop cultural virtues, and that the world is culturally diverse, only mutual learning and improvement can maintain the exchange of world civilization (Borysewicz-Lewicka and Opydo-Szymaczek The dissemination of Chinese culture is an inevitable choice to adapt to the trend of globalization. The trend of globalization is promoting the interaction and exchange between countries and regions. Consistent with the analysis of globalization theory, globalization in modern civilization is an inevitable process of history. In a specific sense, economic globalization continues to promote the development of cultural globalization, and different countries have established their own values and world outlook in continuous exchanges (Chen et al. In the context of modern culture, the spread of Chinese culture in the outside world has been inseparable from the spirit of the Chinese nation. With the smooth progress of reform and opening up and the continuous improvement of social process, the spirit of China’s times is of more and more importance, and more and more patriots are willing to add a part of their power. In the socialist modernization construction of the country, we should actively promote the socialist culture with the spirit of the times, and show the positive role of the spirit of the times in the process of cultural transmission.The spirit of the Chinese nation can promote cultural exchanges Choubisa . For exaThe national spirit of different periods also reflects the new development of Chinese culture in different periods, such as “four comprehensive” and “Beidou spirit in the new era” (Currell et al. At the beginning of the new century, China has carried out cultural cooperation and cultural exchanges with other countries in different ways, so that the people of many countries can feel the profound cultural heritage of China. As for the existing communication effect, there are still some areas to be improved in the process of external cultural communication. Looking for new methods of cultural communication can help to improve the current situation of cultural communication (Daiwile et al. Only when we have a comprehensive understanding of Chinese culture, can we pay attention to the characteristics of Chinese culture in foreign exchanges and improve the communication ability of excellent culture. We should give full play to the advantages of different cultural communication themes, constantly study the uniqueness of Chinese culture, and establish different cultural communication channels. China’s cultural departments and official media organizations give full play to various cultural and diplomatic functions, actively carry out cultural exchanges on a regular basis, emphasize the spirit of the Silk Road, and shape a good national image (Ding et al. In the process of spreading Chinese culture to foreign countries, we can also deepen cultural communication through academic exchanges, tourism projects, exhibitions of Chinese culture and history, and cooperation with Chinese and foreign education (Fallahzadeh et al. The trend of globalization promotes multidimensional cooperation and participation in the process of mutual exchanges between countries, which is also the key condition for people to carry out cultural exchanges. There are differences in history, culture, economy, and national interests between countries, which also means that “users” have many differences, and their information needs, information choices, psychological acceptance, and use effects are also different (Ganyaglo et al. There are obvious differences in language communication, cultural customs and economic conditions among countries, which hinder the establishment of “five links”. Language exchange is not only the most important factor in cultural exchange, but also an important bridge for international cultural exchange and an effective way to communicate with other countries (Khaliq et al. With the development of globalization, many countries also have a strong interest in Chinese culture. Every country has its own works, language and customs, so Chinese teachers, scholars, and translators have become the mainstay of China’s external cultural communication. Nowadays, China mainly relies on the Confucius Institute as the main body of communication to strengthen the cooperation and exchange between countries and regions, so as to meet the needs of the world for Chinese culture. China should actively promote the construction of Chinese teachers, improve the Chinese learning system, so that people all over the world can better understand the richness and depth of Chinese culture in the process of learning Chinese.S city is located somewhere in the south of China. It is also the most populous city in the south of China. As an important city in China’s modernization and high-tech development, s city is vulnerable to bad weather, such as strong winds, short-term rainstorms, and storms. In recent years, due to the continuous increase of weather disasters, huge economic losses, and personnel losses have been caused in s city. Therefore, it is very important to study the spatial and temporal characteristics of rainfall distribution in South China, which plays a key role in supporting and maintaining the local flood control and drought relief policies. This study uses the latest meteorological observation data of 63 weather stations in South China from 1969 to 2020 to study the climate characteristics at the temporal and spatial level. Finally, this paper aims to study the issues related to global cultural communication. The research on world cultural communication will not only focus on new technology, but also on the connection of many disciplines and methods, and will focus on general research. In order to further improve the development of global cultural communication theory, we can find better communication channels from the perspective of discipline integration.


Tamarindus indica L. in the drylands of southeastern Ethiopia; although the majority of farmland trees produced <5000 fruit year−1, the selection of Tamarind germplasm in its natural ranges could improve production [The Special Issue “Environmental, Ecological and Food Resources in the Biodiversity Overview: Health Benefits” wants to underline the importance of classification, cataloguing and analysis of environmental, agricultural, ecological, botanical and food sources—from native species to unconventional sources and wastes—which should be promoted from the perspectives of biodiversity and sustainability . In thisoduction . Anotheroduction  that shoStudies on the impact of biodiverse environments in food production and nutrition should be promoted, especially in terms of the exploitation and promotion of wild and native foods from the perspective of responsible human consumption and health outcomes.Management, modelling and the sharing of environment and biodiversity information and data are encouraged. Addressing to the promotion of diversities, to building synergies throughout food, agriculture, sustainability, nutrition and health systems and sharing of knowledge represent a future integrate and multidisciplinary direction, in the perspective of one health outcomes ,4.The production of food composition data for nutrients and biologically active compounds, as well as the definition of new biomarkers and indicators, represent key determinants in understanding the linkage and crosslinks between food, environment, nutrition and health ,6,7,8,9.The Special issue explored the developments, management, applications and utilizations of agricultural, ecological, botanical, food and environmental interoperable, multidisciplinary and multi-purpose resources, repositories and infrastructures from environmental to nutritional- and health- related fields. Current research trends are towards integrated web-based models, e-services and e-platforms in the perspective of data sharing and digital era.


The winking earlobe sign is a sign of tricuspid regurgitation, characterized by the movement of the earlobe coincident with the pulse. The winking earlobe sign is a sign of tricuspid regurgitation, characterized by the movement of the earlobe coincident with the pulse. A physical examination showed Frank's sign, a diagonal crease in the earlobe, and remarkable systolic pulsations of the earlobe (winking earlobe sign) and the neck with jugular vein distension Video . MoreoveThe winking earlobe sign is a sign of TR, characterized by the movement of the earlobe coincident with the pulse.None declared.RO contributed to patient management, conception, and design of case report; acquisition, analysis and interpretation of data, and drafting the article. TI, KA, and HK contributed to patient management, conception, and design of case report. YK contributed to interpretation of data and revised the article critically. All authors gave final approval of the article and have agreed to be accountable for all aspects of the work.Written informed consent was obtained from the patient.Written patient consent has been signed and collected.Supplementary MaterialClick here for additional data file.Supplementary MaterialClick here for additional data file.


Dear Editor,As onychocryptosis is a frequent demand in dermatological assistance, and its surgical management requires both specific training and indication criteria, we read with interest the article by Ma,Currently, there is no consensus, nor a body of evidence on the specific differences of the several surgical techniques for onychocryptosis, or on their comparison in terms of effectiveness, morbidity, infection, cost-effectiveness and technical difficulty. Therefore, the development of new methods is of scientific relevance and should be critically appreciated considering the described surgeries, especially regarding the technical differences and recurrence rates after 12 months.Despite the interesting results presented by Dr. Ma, the proposed surgical technique sequence is very similar to the classic matricectomy described by Winograd (1929),Surgical techniques for the treatment of onychocryptosis require careful systematization of the operative sequences and approach to the matrix, as well as the precise indication according to tissue hyperplasia, nail plate situation and pyogenic granuloma. Only the comparative analysis of the performance of the techniques, stratified according to the indications, can lead to criticism, aiming to maximize the performance of the procedures.Due to the peculiar anatomy of the nail apparatus, surgical approaches to onychosis require specialized training by the dermatologist. However, despite the high prevalence of onychocryptosis and impact on quality of life, there is a lack of well-conducted comparative clinical trials that favor the personalization of indications. Moreover, it is crucial to review the previously described surgical techniques, both for their historical and scientific value, when one proposes the standardization of a new surgical technique.None declared.Anna Carolina Miola: Approval of the final version of the manuscript; drafting and editing of the manuscript; critical review of the literature; critical review of the manuscript.Giovana Piteri Alcantara: Drafting and editing of the manuscript; critical review of the manuscript.Luciane Donida Bartoli Miot: Drafting and editing of the manuscript; critical review of the manuscript.Hélio Amante Miot: Approval of the final version of the manuscript; drafting and editing of the manuscript; critical review of the literature; critical review of the manuscript.None declared.


East African Health Research Journal (EAHRJ), a new no-fee, open-access, peer-reviewed journal that focuses on research conducted in and relevant to East Africa. Established by the East African Health Research Commission (EAHRC) of the East African Community , the primary aim of the journal is to present evidence that can be the basis for better health policy and practice in the countries of the EAC. The journal also aims to:represent the East African perspective on health and health related-issues,provide information that is relevant to the EAC,be a platform for sharing and dissemination of knowledge,enable scholarly recognition of professionals and institutions,support professionals’ career development,provide forum for health professionals from East Africa to be more visible globally, andprovide direction in setting up health priorities in the region.We are pleased to present The EAHRJ will promote and facilitate the application of knowledge from research to strengthen national and regional health policy and practice; development of human-resource capacities and skills; exchange and dissemination of health-research information; and advocacy of evidence generated from health research.The Issues of the journal will include original articles, reviews, short communications, surveys, commentaries, opinions, book reviews, essays, special and supplementary issues, and reports, and cover a broad range of health and related aspects, including medicine, geo-medicine, dentistry, nursing, pharmacology, toxicology, pharmaceutical science, veterinary science, food science, environment, health-related agriculture science, and public health.EAHRJ will be published three times a year online, at www.eahealth.org, and in hard copy. Hard copies will be distributed to all relevant stakeholders, such as government institutions and organisations, research institutions, academic institutions, relevant NGOs, civil society organisations, etc.The We are publishing the first issue of the journal in conjunction with the 6th East African Health and Scientific Conference (EAHSC) taking place in Bujumbura, The Republic of Burundi, 29–31 March 2017. The theme of the conference is Preparedness for, and control of disease outbreaks, epidemics, and pandemics in the context of climate change, globalisation, and gaps in health systems. We have aligned the articles published in the first issue of the EAHRJ with the theme of the conference.We expect that this journal will add value to the various initiatives taken to improve health and wellbeing of the people of East Africa and the world in general.