In recent decades, nursing has witnessed many changes in Iran. Despite the numerous advances in nursing, the health system faces many challenges in community health nursing. This study aims to review the challenges in community health nursing in Iran and provide an evidence-based solution as well.This article is an integrated review of the literature regarding the challenges in community health nursing published between 2000 and 2021 in the databases Scopus, Medline, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Science Direct, Google Scholar, Scientific Information Database (SID). After performing searches, 20 articles were selected and studied. Data analysis was done using Russell approach (2005).The results of this study were summarized in 6 themes consisting of challenges in community health nursing education, practical challenges in community health nursing, policy-making challenges in community health nursing, management challenges in community health nursing, and infrastructural and cultural challenges. Solutions were also proposed to address each of the above issue.The results of the study showed that diverse challenges exist in community health nursing in Iran, considering that community health nurses play an important role in providing primary health care and community-based care. In order to solve these challenges, the authors have some recommendations: modifying the structure of the health system with the aim of moving toward a community-oriented approach from a treatment-oriented one, developing laws to support community health nurses, creating an organizational chart for nurses at the community level, modifying nursing students' training through a community-based approach, and covering community-based services and care under insurance. An examination of nurses' status and position in the service provision system around the world shows that nurses constitute the largest group of health care workers , 2. CommIn all developed countries, community health nursing has had a significant growth in the health care system . In CanaIran is a populated country in the Eastern Mediterranean region, where health services are provided at public, private, and charity sectors , 17. In health for all as a goal, the proof of which is the presence of nurses in blood pressure screening program in 2012  formulating the research problem, objective, and question, (2) collecting data or searching through articles, (3) evaluating data, (4) data analysis, (5) interpreting and presenting the results .Considering the items discussed in the introduction, this study is conducted to determine the challenges of community health nursing in Iran and the related solutions. Two key questions guiding the review process include “What are the challenges of the community health nursing discipline in Iran?” and “What are the solutions to address these challenges?” Answering these two key questions will help detect the challenges of community health nursing, propose solutions to address them, and promote the community health nursing discipline.In this study, the target population consisted of all the studies (articles and dissertations) that had been conducted in the field of community health nursing regarding its challenges, barriers, and solutions, the full texts of which were accessible. Available resources, including all the studies on the challenges of community health nursing, were reviewed in this study. A comprehensive search was done through the databases Medline, Scopus, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Science Direct, Google Scholar, and Scientific Information Database (SID) for the papers published between 2000 and 2021 in eligible English or Farsi journals.The keywords that were searched consisted of community health nurse, community-based nursing, public health nurse, nursing challenges, nursing position, and primary health care. The keywords were investigated both separately and in combination with each other . FinallyThe relevant articles were evaluated based on the title, abstract, text, as well as the inclusion and the exclusion criteria. The inclusion criteria for the studies consisted of the following: (1) examining the challenges of and barriers against community health nurses and its position, (2) containing the keywords or their equivalent in the title or abstract of the article (3) Being written in either Farsi or English. The exclusion criteria included the following: (1) not accessing the original paper and the information on its methodology, (2) being written in other languages, (3) being irrelevant to the research question. It is noteworthy that in this study, there were no limitations in terms of research method, so that the results of various studies could be used.After doing the systematic search, the studies related to the search keywords were found. After removing the duplicate titles (79 articles), the title, the abstract, and the full text of the studies were reviewed by the research team, and the inclusion and the exclusion criteria were applied. Twenty-four articles were excluded due to being irrelevant and 55 articles entered the screening stage, 20 of which were excluded. Then 35 articles were examined regarding eligibility and, finally, 20 articles were included in the study. The studies were selected by a research team consisting of two nursing professors  and one nursing PhD student . Furthermore, the research team came to a consensus through more discussion regarding the points of disagreement.At this stage, the articles were reviewed separately. Finally, 20 articles related to the purpose of the study were reviewed and analyzed. Each article was read completely and the results of the studies were extracted from them. After extracting the results of the articles, their results and statistical analysis were compared. The results with the highest frequency in these articles were further interpreted in the next phase.At this stage, according to the analysis of the related studies, their comparison, and the data frequency, the following items were extracted.n = 79), 55 studies entered the screening phase and their titles and abstracts were evaluated. In total, 35 studies were included in the selection phase, and 20 remained in the study . Seven reviews were of qualitative type , seven reviews were cross-sectional descriptive, and one was a comparative study. Eighteen reviews were published in English and two were published in Farsi. The majority of the reviews investigated the position and the role of community health nursing in the health service delivery system and its challenges. About 40% of the reviews are related to the studies on the situation of community health nursing and the barriers against its provision in Iran. Two reviews have studied community health nursing education in Iran, and seven reviews proposed strategies to solve the challenges of community health nursing.By analyzing the reviews, six themes emerged in the field of community health nursing challenges, and six other themes concerned the strategies to overcome the challenges. The details are displayed in There are several challenges regarding community health nursing in Iran, which have been addressed in previous studies input, process, and output.Several challenges were mentioned in the literature in regard with the education, which were divided into the three areas Students' poor understanding of community health nursing lessons, considering the community health nursing apprenticeship as futile, and, in some cases, even as a chance to rest, as well as their poor motivation for active participation were mentioned as important challenges . MoreoveAnother challenge in this area is the insufficient skills and experience of nursing educators in the field of community-based educational planning, their inadequacy in conducting community health apprenticeship programs and the related evaluations, and ineffectiveness of community health apprenticeship , 42. In The poor presence of community-based care in the nursing education and focusing on hospital care have been referred to as one of the most important challenges according to several studies. Nursing education in Iran is more focused on clinical education. Most nursing schools train their students to play the traditional nursing role, while community needs the training of nurses according to holistic perspectives , 19, 40.Recruiting nurses only in clinical settings such as hospitals and the absence of a particular and appropriate professional position for nursing and community health nursing graduates in health centers has prevented nursing graduates from acquiring the necessary skills to provide health care , 42.One of the most important challenges in this field is not defining positions for the provision of nursing services in the community and various settings of the health system. Therefore, in hospitals, which are considered as the main position of nurses, appropriate roles are not defined for them with the aim of health promotion . AnotherOne of the important areas of community health nursing is performing home visits and the provision of care and counseling in the home environment. A challenge that community health nurses face in this regard is the problems with ensuring their safety .The lack of mutual interaction between nursing and other institutions of the health system and nurses' lack of involvement in policymaking regarding their own field of study has resulted in neglecting the role and the position of nurses in the health system. On the other hand, health policy makers have not taken the nursing profession seriously because physicians are dominant in the health system. In other words, the nurse's role and position in the field of prevention and community-based services has been ignored. The chaos and the disorder in the health system, as another challenge, has prevented the fulfillment of one's actualrole . On the managerial actions, and the lack of knowledge of the community health nursing profession.In the field of management, several challenges have been mentioned in the articles, which were divided into two areas: The lack of an effective management system for the use of community health nursing services has been mentioned as one of the most important challenges, as health managers have to make appropriate strategic plans . AnotherOne of the important challenges is nursing institutions' lack of knowledge of nursing and its specialty disciplines . The heainsurance coverage and funding, executive protocols, and interdisciplinary cooperation.In regard with of infrastructure, several challenges were pointed to in the articles, which were divided into three areas: Another challenge is the high cost of health service provision in the community in the form of home visits and the fact that they are not paid by insurance. Allocating less funds for providing community-based care than for treatment care and hospitalization is another challenge in the Iranian health system , 31, 33.The absence of clear guidelines for making assessments, classifying patients and care seekers, wages and salaries, allocating funds and determining personnel adequacy and competency in the community-based care and home care system is another important challenge in this regard .There is no interdisciplinary cooperation and coordination among different sectors of community such as health centers, municipalities, and the police to provide community-based care by community health nurses . While tPublic distrust of and negative attitude toward the capabilities of non-physician experts in providing prevention and health services is another challenge in Iran , 16.In previous studies, several strategies were mentioned for each group of community health nursing challenges.In order to solve the challenges in this area, the following strategies can be used:A solution to instructors' challenges: one strategy is to hold training courses for community health instructors so that they can provide and train quality nursing services outside the hospital. It is also possible to provide information on new educational strategies, novel learning opportunities in the field of community health, new tools, and new methods of student assessment to the community health nursing instructors in workshops. In addition, qualified instructors should be hired to teach community health, and short-term training programs should be developed and prepared in the field of geriatric nursing, school nursing, occupational nursing, community-based rehabilitation, and behavioral disease counseling for senior community health nursing professionals in order to promote nurses' position and role in the educational, treatment, and health care teams , 43, 44.A solution to students' challenges: the strategy is to hold pre-teaching workshops in various fields of community health with the aim of preparing students to share their apprenticeship goals and motivate them. Furthermore, to train nursing students for community health nursing discipline, participatory processes with key stakeholders such as health centers and deputies, regional hospitals, clinics and schools as well as specialty nursing programs should be used to empower nurses, instead of providing conventional and routine clinical trainings , 6, 16.Modifying nursing curriculums with the aim of focusing on community-based education, developing evidence-based curriculums based on the health needs of different regions of the country, and considering community health nursing practice is an effective strategy , 2, 29. This group of challenges can be addressed by reviewing and reforming the process of hiring community health nurses and creating an organizational title for hiring community health nurses in schools, factories, prisons, and comprehensive health centers . In otheThis challenge is possible to be solved by involving community health nurses, as professionals in this field, in health-related issues at large scale. Policymakers should also publicize laws and policies in support of community health nurses and develop guidelines that align community health nurses' roles with their skills and areas of practice , 6, 26. community health nurse and its capabilities  which was financially supported by the Nursing Care Research Center in Chronic Diseases of Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences (NCRCCD-9837).The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.


Improving carbon reserves is considered to be an important way to alleviate global warming. However, there is a lack of research work based on the perspective of metropolitan area, and there is also a lack of analysis on the leading influencing factors of spatial distribution of carbon storage in subregions of metropolitan area. In this study, Nanjing metropolitan area (NMA) is taken as the research area, and the InVEST model is used to calculate the spatial distribution of regional carbon reserves, and the evolution of carbon reserves distribution in recent 20 years is analyzed. Then, based on the random forest (RF) model, taking the whole study area and subareas as the research scope, a regression model of each selected impact factor and carbon reserves is established, and the leading factors of spatial distribution of carbon reserves in NMA are obtained. The results show that the overall carbon reserves level in the study area is in a downward trend. Through the application of the RF model, the leading factors of the spatial distribution of carbon reserves in NMA and its subareas are derived. The research proves that the application of the RF model in the analysis is helpful for city planners and governments to make plans and improve regional carbon storage more effectively. To meetreserves .2 emissions come from cities [Since 1850, changes of LULC have caused the global terrestrial ecosystem to lose 145 Pg C [m cities , 7. UrbaIntegrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Trade-offs (InVEST) model, which runs fast, requires less data, and is practical, to study the carbon reserves in watersheds [At present, the methods used to study the carbon reserves at home and abroad mainly include biomass method , 9, booktersheds , 14, cittersheds –17, spectersheds , and othWith the deepening of China's urbanization process, the development of Chinese cities has shifted from focusing on each city's own urbanization to focusing on interregional cooperation and development among different cities , 20. TheThe random forest (RF) model is an ensemble learning algorithm , 29, whiTo sum up, we select Nanjing metropolitan area (NMA), the first national metropolitan area in China, as the research area. We calculate the regional carbon reserves spatial distribution by using the InVEST model, and verify and analyze the evolution of carbon reserves distribution in the past 20 years (2000–2020). The core of our work is to establish the regression model of each influencing factor and carbon reserves based on the RF model, and obtain the leading factors of spatial distribution of carbon reserves in NMA, in order to provide the basis for realizing carbon neutralization, improving the carbon reserves capacity of the ecosystem, and reasonably formulating the land use strategy in NMA.Nanjing Metropolitan Area (NMA) is the first planned national metropolitan area in China . NMA is NMA involves a number of different administrative divisions belonging to different provinces, and the regional scale is large, and the economic volume, ecological environment, and other factors of each constituent city are very different. Therefore, we not only explore the influencing factors of carbon reserves change in NMA, but also explore the differences of those factors in different subareas of NMA. Generally speaking, the planning of administrative regions at all levels in China is mostly based on the county level or above . Taking each county-level region in NMA as a unit and combining with the development plan of NMA published by the National Development and Reform Commission of China, the research area is divided into three subareas: urban core area (UCA), urban planning area (UPA), and urban expansion area (UEA). https://www.geodata.cn) of China's national science and technology infrastructure. The extracted images of elevation and slope are from GDEM·V2 of Land Processing Distributed Activity Archive Center (LP DAAC) of NASA. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) data is calculated by using 59 Landsat-8 remote sensing images taken in 2020. Potential evapotranspiration, average temperature, road network, railways network, population, and urban water system data are from the Data Center of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (https://www.resdc.cn/).All the data used in the thesis are projected and resampled in ArcGIS software before further processing. The data describing the spatial distribution characteristics of annual precipitation come from the National Earth System Science Data Center  as the research area, the spatial distribution of regional carbon reserves is calculated by using the carbon module of InVEST model, and the evolution of carbon reserves distribution in recent 20 years (2000–2020) is analyzed.  Second, we select the land use types and the driving factors of land use evolution required for the research as the influencing factors adopted in the research.  Third, based on the RF model, the regression models of various influencing factors and carbon reserves are established for the whole study area and each subarea to obtain the dominant factors of NMA carbon reserves spatial distribution.This thesis can be divided into the following three steps: Ctotal is the regional total carbon reserves, Cabove is the aboveground biomass carbon reserves, Cbelow is the underground biomass carbon reserves, Csoil is the soil carbon reserves, and Cde  a  d is the dead organic matter carbon reserves (t/km2).This paper discusses the regional evolution trend of carbon reserves in NMA based on InVEST model. We calculate the spatial and temporal distribution of Carbon reserves in NMA from 2000 to 2020 using the Carbon module of InVEST model. The carbon reserves calculated by Carbon module include four carbon pools, i.e., aboveground biomass carbon pool, underground biomass carbon pool, soil carbon pool, and dead organic matter carbon pool. The calculation formula of carbon reserves is as follows :(1)CtotaCarbon reserves is affected by factors such as location, altitude, hydrothermal condition, and land use, which leads to differences in carbon sequestration characteristics in different regions, thus affecting terrestrial ecosystems , 44. TheBased on the above, combined with the LULC in 2000, 2010, and 2020, we can obtain the carbon reserves distribution of NMA in the corresponding years. Then, according to the principle of equal interval, the distribution of carbon reserves in NMA obtained in the previous steps is divided into level A, B, C, and D from low to high, and the proportion of the four levels in each year is calculated, respectively. Finally, the carbon reserves data of adjacent years are subtracted to get the change of carbon reserves every 10 years.The distribution of regional carbon reserves is influenced by many factors, which are the result of the interaction of physical and chemical conditions of various types of land and various factors such as nature and society , 44. TheAccording to the scale of the study area and the actual situation of the required data, a sampling surface with a unit grid of 3 × 3 km was set up in NMA by using ArcGIS software, and the grid data including carbon reserves distribution and various influencing factors are sampled. On this basis, taking the carbon reserves of NMA in 2020 as dependent variable and various land use types and driving factors as independent variable, the RF model is used to deduce and analyze the leading factors of carbon reserves' distribution.The random forest algorithm is a combination classification algorithm proposed by Breiman , and it In the process of learning and training of RF, data are generally divided into training set and test set for modeling and simulation (prediction) . FirstlyR2, coefficient of determination) between the predicted values and actual values of test set are analyzed. Generally speaking, if the R2 of the model is greater than 0.8, the model can be considered as meeting the requirements. After the running of the model, we can get the order of the characteristic importance of each influencing factor, so as to get the leading factors of carbon reserves distribution.In this study, the RF model is constructed by using the extracted related variables. According to the method of modeling, the data (feature) sample set is divided into two parts: training set  and test set . The error and goodness-of-fit  and is the most important factor affecting the distribution of carbon reserves in NMA. NMA is located in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River with abundant rainfall. There are a large number of lakes in the area, among which Xuanwu Lake and Gucheng Lake of Nanjing City, Gaoyou Lake of Yangzhou City, Hongze Lake of Huai'an City have relatively large water scales, which directly affects the regional carbon reserves distribution. In urban areas, the vegetation coverage is better in the areas with larger slope, such as Mount Zijin, Mount Niushou, and Mount Lao, where the carbon sequestration is relatively higher. For UCA, vegetation coverage, LULC_Cultivated lands, LULC_Artificial surfaces, and LULC_Water bodies are the leading factors, of which, vegetation coverage has the largest effect (64.10%) and contributes more than half. The UCA has a high degree of urbanization and is the core functional area of NMA. The artificial surfaces account for the largest proportion, and human activities have the most profound impact on the surface cover. The most important source of carbon reserves in this area is the vegetation. Compared with forests, the vegetation coverage derived from NDVI can better reflect the regional vegetation cover, and has a stronger explanation power for the regional carbon reserves distribution. For UPA, LULC_Water bodies, LULC_Artificial surfaces, vegetation coverage, and LULC_Cultivated lands are the leading factors that dominate the distribution of carbon reserves in the region, of which LULC_Water bodies, LULC_Artificial surfaces, and vegetation coverage have the similar explanatory power , with the comprehensive impact rate exceeding half. A large number of lakes are distributed in the UPA, and the urban development in the region cannot be underestimated. At the same time, the forest coverage is better than that of UCA. Therefore, the contribution to the distribution of carbon reserves is higher than that to UCA. For UEA, LULC_Water bodies, slope, and LULC_Artificial surfaces are the leading factors affecting the spatial distribution of regional carbon reserves, of which the contribution of LULC_Water bodies is more than half (54.40%). The urbanization rate of UEA is in the relatively lowest position in NMA, and the area distribution of water bodies involved in the region is relatively larger, such as part of Hongze Lake. In addition, a large number of mountains with good coverage of associated vegetation directly affected the regional carbon sequestration and carbon reserves distribution.This paper provides a new idea for the study on the influencing factors of the spatial distribution of regional carbon reserves, and the indexes system adopted can provide a reference for the study of urban carbon reserves. This paper can help landscape and urban planners planning, but also has some limitations.First, InVEST model can be used to evaluate ecosystem services at different scales, and the evaluation results can be displayed visually. However, the evaluation results of this model are greatly affected by the land use classification. For example, in this study, land use types are divided into six categories, and each land use type is assumed to be homogeneous internally, so the model lacks consideration of regional internal heterogeneity. In addition, the differences in economic development of different sites and different metropolitan areas may lead to the nonuniversality of the evaluation indexes system. Therefore, it is necessary to establish the different models to evaluate different regions of different cities, which needs to be considered in further research. At the same time, because the InVEST model is based on land use, factors other than land use may be overlooked in the analysis.Firstly, in future research, we can model different types of cities and evaluate them according to local conditions. Secondly, it can take more cities as the research object, and the commonness and difference between each category can be analyzed at the same time, thus proposing a more universal evaluation indexes system, determining the commonness problems between cities according to the regression analysis results, and proposing a more universal planning strategy. Thirdly, we can list other influencing factors except land use in the follow-up research, so as to carry out analysis and discussion. At the same time, as a holistic and systematic project, carbon reserves research should be actively integrated into related disciplines to promote the overall cooperation among different disciplines.In this study, Nanjing metropolitan area (NMA) was taken as the study area, and the Carbon module of InVEST model was used to calculate the spatial distribution of regional carbon reserves, and the evolution of carbon reserves distribution in recent 20 years was analyzed. Then, based on the random forest (RF) model, taking the whole study area and subregions at all levels as the research scope, a regression model of each influencing factor and carbon reserves is established, and the leading factors of spatial distribution of carbon reserves in NMA were derived.The results show that the overall carbon reserves in the study area is in a downward trend. The leading factors of the whole study area are LULC_Water bodies, slope, vegetation coverage, and LULC_Artificial surfaces, among which the influence of LULC_Water bodies is the most obvious. The leading factors of urban core area are vegetation coverage, LULC_Cultivated lands, LULC_Artificial surfaces, and LULC_Water bodies, among which the vegetation coverage contributes the most. The leading factors of urban planning area include LULC_Water bodies, LULC_Artificial surfaces, vegetation coverage, and LULC_Cultivated lands, among which the explanatory power of LULC_Water bodies, LULC_Artificial surfaces, and vegetation coverage is similar, and the combined contribution offers more than half. The leading factors of urban expansion area include LULC_Water bodies, slope, and LULC_Artificial surfaces, among which LULC_Water bodies is the most important one.Based on the results of the RF model, we can get the order of the characteristic importance of factors, thus providing the basis for decision-making. According to the research results and the above analysis, we can put forward the direction of NMA and the planning of each subareas, especially in the context of the increasingly prosperous carbon trading market. How to improve the regional carbon reserves more efficiently in urban planning, the RF model can have more room to play its role.


Communications Biology 10.1038/s42003-019-0741-7, published online 05 February 2020.Correction to: In the published version of this paper, the members of the Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes (PCAWG) Consortium were listed in the Supplementary Information; however, these members should have been included in the main paper. The original Article has been corrected to include the members and affiliations of the PCAWG Consortium in the main paper; the corrections have been made to the HTML version of the Article but not the PDF version. In the PCAWG Drivers and Functional Interpretation Group, the affiliation for Erik Larsson has also been changed from ‘Computational Biology Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA’ to ‘Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden’. Additional corrections to affiliations have been made to the PDF and HTML versions of the original Article for consistency of information between the PCAWG list and the main paper.


Dear Colleagues,Although the drowning mortality rate has decreased in Iran from ten years ago, it is still considered a serious health problem. Guilan University of Medical Sciences is hosting the 4th National Conference on Drowning Prevention from 7th to 8th of September 2021 which is the fourth one in this series. We once again present a conference about the drowning prevention challenge in Iran. In addition, the event focuses on the following topics: drowning surveillance, national drowning registry system, and how to best utilize primary care system for implementation of drowning prevention strategies. We are also pleased to announce that the accepted abstracts will be published in the Journal of Injury and Violence Research (JIVR).The Drowning Prevention Conference 2021 has been made possible with the support of Non- Communicable Disease Department, Deputy of Health, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Iran, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden, and JIVR Team in Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Iran. I would like to offer my sincere thanks to all of the supporters especially Dr. Alireza Moghisi, head of Injury Department of MOH, Iran, Dr. Reza Mohammadi in Karolinska Institutet, Dr. Alireza Ahmadi in Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, and Dr. Shahrokh Yousefzadeh-Chabok, chair of GRTRC, Iran.Finally, I would like to extend my gratitude to the chancellor of Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Dr.Arsalan Salari for giving us the opportunity to hold this event.


Under the background of the promotion of the Olympic effect of the 2022 Beijing Winter Olympics and the in-depth implementation of the national ice and snow industry's strategy of “expanding from the south to the west and expanding from the east,” China's ice and snow industry has ushered in a new period of development. By applying literature and logical analysis, etc., with in-depth analysis of various subjective and objective supplies for the integration of China's ice-snow industry and ecocultural tourism in Hunan Province, it is considered to be driven by the bidding and preparation effect of Beijing Winter Olympic Games in 2022. The supply capacity of ice-snow industry venues, professional facilities, and public services are gradually strengthened, and the soft power of construction of the ice-snow industry needs to be coordinated and improved. The problem of safety is prominent and it is urgent to build a safety prevention and emergency management of ice-snow tourism.The integration of ice-snow sports and ecotourism industry has gradually became a prototype, but the integration point, line, and surface still need to be further strengthened and expanded. Accordingly, this paper puts forward a method to realize the transformation and upgrading of the commercial operation mode of the integration of ice-snow industry and ecological culture tourism, comprehensively to improve the ecological innovation ability of ice-snow tourism public service, to create multi-industry ice-snow industry cluster area, and to construct the basic framework system of risk prevention and control and management with multisubject participation and other relevant strategies. With the full implementation of the preparation and successful holding of the Beijing Winter Olympics, the effect of the Winter Olympics on promoting the regional ice-snow tourism industry industry is being fully released. Under the background of the new era of symbiosis, sharing and win-win tourism economic development, ice-snow tourism industry, as a new form of tourism development with ecological, economic, cultural, integrated, protective, and systematic attributes, is an important part of the most dynamic and potential sunrise industry, white industry, health industry, and people's livelihood industry in the world-recognized regional tourism . In viewThe prominent green, low-carbon, safe, and balanced attributes of ec-tourism fit the harmonious coexistence of ice and snow industry development and society, human beings, and nature. The deep integration of ice and snow tourism and ecotourism is the historical necessity to realize the sustainable development of the ice and snow tourism industry . HoweverTaking Daweishan Ski Resort, Dongshanfeng Ski Resort, Three Bear Ski Resort, Liuyang Ruixiang Ski Resort, and Changde Taohuayuan Ski Resort in Hunan Province as investigation objects, the integration of skiing industry and regional culture, architecture, commerce, and trade is the main investigation content. This paper conducts in-depth analysis from two aspects: the supply of ice and snow industry itself and its integration with related industries.The obtained data were processed with the commonly used statistical methods such as the average, standard deviation, and single sample-t test of Microsoft-Exeel2017 and SPSS20.1 in OFFICE2017.The methods are as follows: (1) Questionnaire design and testing. According to the relevant literature, combined with the practical needs of this study, this paper constructs the index system of ski industry supply capacity and integration with other industries in Hunan Province. Through two rounds of expert interviews and adjustments, the validity of the questionnaire is ensured to be greater than 80%. (2) Questionnaire survey and recovery. Using cluster sampling, five ski resorts currently operating in Hunan Province were selected as the survey objects and field research methods were adopted. Through paper questionnaires and face-to-face interviews with ski resort managers, the actual situation of each index in the supply of ice and snow tourism and its integration with other industries were collected. Five questionnaires were sent out with a recovery rate of 100%.With the combination of strategic transplantation and strategic innovation, this paper studies the realization path of deep integration of ice and snow sports industry with other industries.Influenced by natural geography and climatic conditions, the development of ice-snow industry sports for the masses in the south of the Yellow River in China is hindered by more realities . The supAs can be seen from 6. From the internal point of view of the ice and snow industry, as a type of tourism, the ice and snow tourism industry is inseparable from the six elements of tourism . From the external point of view, the ice and snow industry is closely related to the service industry, agriculture, and manufacturing. In the integration of ice and snow industry and other industries, the construction of a core industrial chain and extension industrial chain of ice and snow industry are the main manifestations. In this complex system, the integration of ice and snow industry should first consider the integration of ice and snow sports with elements such as catering industry, hotels, shopping centers, and transportation. With the upgrading of ice and snow industry, the integration of ice and snow industry with manufacturing, construction and cultural industries will continue to strengthen. The development of ice and snow industry in southern China is relatively late. The first ski resort in Hunan Province opened in 2011, with a short operating time and low integration with other local industries. Far from meeting the needs of public tourism, Hunan indoor ice and snow tourism venues tourism product homogeneity degree is high, there is no characteristic ice and snow brand. From the perspective of tourists, the lack of characteristic ice and snow service supply will greatly reduce the value and attraction of regional ice and snow tourism industry [The ice-snow tourism industry is a new sports tourism industry with the characteristics of ice-snow resources and tourism industry produced by the cross-integration of ice-snow tourism and other industries . The intindustry . From thindustry . TherefoWith the bid to host the 2022 Beijing Winter Olympic—Zhangjiakou Winter Olympic radiation effect, China' ice-snow tourism industry ushered in the golden decade of rapid development. However, the sudden public security crisis during 2019–2021 had a negative and profound impact on the tourism industry . The iceIce‐snow industry is an information intensive industry type. The complexity of the ice-snow tourism industry market and the details of tourism products containing information components affect and determine the share of the ice-snow industry . The uniIce-snow tourism industry is a complex system with specific structure, function, and goal. It is a complex system involving social, economic, and environmental factors. It has its own spatial structure, time structure, and space-time structure. The exchange and normal operation of energy, material, and information with the outside world can be realized only by maintaining stable interrelation and orderly interaction among the elements of the system . Ice-snoHunan province is the birthplace of Huxiang culture. After thousands of years of historical and cultural breeding and practice, Hunan Province has formed unique sports, food, architecture, drama, folklore, manufacturing, and other characteristics of culture. It can be said that these regional tourism superstructures, as well as the creation of tourism products on the basis of multilevel and more complex tourism attraction, are more likely to realize the sustainable development of the tourism industry. To achieve the integration of regional ice-snow industry and ecological culture in Hunan Province, it is necessary to reflect the regional spatial characteristics and advantages, organically combine Hunan civilization with ice-snow industry and ecological civilization, realize ecological guidance, continuously coordinate the relationship between economic benefits and environment, and provide effective supply of ecological ice-snow tourism industry experience and related tourism ecological services for sports tourists. From the perspective of time dimension, the integration of ice-snow industry and ecocultural tourism should also undergo a dynamic periodic process of germination, development, consolidation, stagnation, decline, and revival. All aspects and stages of industrial integration are intertwined and continuous. At different stages, the integration of ice-snow industry and ecological culture tourism shows different risk conditions. The challenge of how to solve the problems in the integration of the two needs to rely on the extensive and reliable information data of the fusion destination. On the other hand, time dimension can also be understood as a social structure and operational structure. Foreign research shows that in the process of deep integration of the two, it is increasingly dependent on the coordinated participation of technology, organization, and other changes, especially marketing activities and management. Tourism, as one of the largest industries in the world, has significant social, environmental, economic, and political implications. Its own spatial and temporal structure characteristics show that the impact of tourism development is far more complex than what decision makers usually say. The impact of tourism not only occurs in destinations but also occurs at all stages of tourists' travel. The integration of ice-snow industry and ecocultural tourism is affected and restricted by broader social and environmental changes. It is also destined to the continuous adaptation and adjustment process of ice-snow tourism industry and related industries, select a reasonable integration model, and enhance the operational potential of local tourism planning and management departments.Objectively speaking, it is complex to accelerate the integration of ice-snow tourism industry and ecocultural tourism, which not only needs to be promoted from the aspects of government policy support, cultural derivation of ice-snow tourism industry, and industrial technological progress but also needs to be driven by innovation of strategic opportunities of Beijing Winter Olympics. First of all, the Beijing Winter Olympics can not only provide a huge market space for China to promote the upgrading of the ice-snow tourism industry industry itself but also provide important support from the regional ice-snow industry venues and the landing of ice-snow industry. projects. It can form a strong impetus for the upgrading of regional ice-snow tourism industry industry to promote the sustainable development of regional ecological economy from the transformation of government management functions and the consumption concept of public ice-snow tourism industry. Second, as a sunrise industry with high correlation, strong driving force, vigorous vitality, and great growth potential, ice-snow tourism industry will also become an important foundation and driving force to promote regional ecological and economic development under the incentive of Beijing Winter Olympics. At the beginning or earlier stage of industrial development, various factors should be comprehensively considered, and the protection of the ecological environment should be implemented in the whole tourism industry and its subsidiary industries, as well as the continuous adjustment and optimization system construction, that is, the ecological function should be implemented in the whole process of tourism industry and related industries, and the ice-snow industry and related related industries should be specifically implemented. Its management and operation should highlight the ecological development direction and implementation path from the aspects of enterprise planning, product marketing, human resources management, and so on. In the integrated development of ice-snow industry and ecotourism, the government should cooperate and interact with tourism enterprises and nonprofit organizations in advance. From the formulation of ecological policies, implementation in supervision, reward, and punishment, the government should innovate the theory and method of tourism public service to explore and innovate the way, service system, service organization, service concept, and service function of tourism service and establish a new performance evaluation system to make the government's public service work measurable. The government should actively build a communication bridge between the tourism industry and related industries and the people, mobilize the national social media force, and carry out multidimensional low-carbon, environmental protection, safety, and balanced ecological national education.The public service of ice-snow tourism industry scenic spot is an important supply factor of ice-snow tourism industry destination, and it is the core index parameter in the construction of modern ice-snow tourism industry brand. It reflects the soft power level of modern ice-snow tourism industry brand and the core competitiveness of tourism products. In a modern society full of competition and rapid growth, tourism itself and tourism demand are changing rapidly. New technologies, more experienced consumers, global economic restructuring,, and damage to the ecological environment pose some challenges to the industry. Compared with the super regions of ice-snow industry in Europe and America, the supply of China's ice-snow tourism industry is more manifested in the limitations and deficiencies of tourism service level and ability. From the domestic point of view, in addition to the gap between the scale of ice-snow tourism industry, tourist reception, and other quantitative indicators, the reception capacity and service level of ice-snow tourism industry scenic spots in China are also different from those in the north. Especially with the continuous deepening of the integration of ice-snow industry. and ecological culture tourism, the quality and efficiency of public services in ice-snow industry and related industries are higher. From the perspective of tourism public security services, the international spread of new pneumonia from the end of 2019 to 2020 has a significant impact on the world tourism economy. The expectation for the ecological security of tourism and related industries in society can be said to exceed all periods of history. From the perspective of ice-snow tourism industry itself, at present, the participation mode of ice-snow tourism industry in China is also changing from the ice-snow tourism industry of the travel agency team to the self-help tourism of the destination. The personalized, popular, scattered, and normalized trend of ice-snow tourism industry activities is becoming increasingly obvious. This kind of change causes the passenger to the ice-snow industry tourist scenic spot security, the ice-snow industry tourist scenic spot information release and provides the ice-snow industry tourist scenic spot traffic guidance service demand to be stronger. At the same time, with the continuous improvement of people's participation in southern ice-snow tourism industry activities, tourists' awareness of rights protection is increasing. Visitors for snow and ice tourism scenic safety complaints, snow and ice tourism information and self-driving tour services, snow and ice tourism scenic information, and other public service platform requirements are also increasing. Based on the above changes in security, technology, and demand, it is urgent for the current ice-snow industry enterprises to upgrade public tourism services.Under the background of globalization, the supply of public services for the integration of ice-snow industry and ecological culture tourism in China has undergone profound changes, and the traditional tourism public service practice has also become more humanized and fragmented. The construction of public services for the integration of ice-snow industry and ecological culture tourism is a huge, complex, and dynamic system. Its supply includes various forms of government, market, and social organization, which requires the establishment of a variety of cooperative mechanisms for governance subjects. This process is usually manifested as a dynamic system formulation and implementation process. With the deepening of the integration of China's ice-snow industry and ecological culture, the public service of China's ice-snow tourism industry destination has undergone unprecedented changes. China's ice-snow industry and related industries are more dependent on technology supply, which is not only reflected in the efficiency and scope of professional services, medical security, health, and safety guarantee network supply but also reflected in the connectivity of tourism traffic, in advance payment, marketing, catering, hotels, and other aspects. The ice-snow industry and related industries in the new era of public service requirements also need to re-bound government, market, and social relations. The state's public service function of tourism destinations has gradually transited and transferred to the market-oriented supply mode, and the state supply has begun to shift from dominance to regulation. The government intervenes in the level and quality of public services in ice-snow tourism industry areas through market access, service quality, and interval regulation. In the process of forming this goal, the government provides subsidies in the form of state payment for parts that are difficult to bear by enterprises, so as to ensure that public services meet the increasing public demand for tourism destinations. By innovating the regulatory mechanism of tourism public services and other legal construction, the state optimizes the efficiency of tourism administrative services and provides strong policy support and effective supervision for the integrated development of enterprises. In terms of public services of China's ice-snow industry enterprises, according to the higher requirements of the technical specifications of the market-oriented management of public services, it is necessary to improve the construction of the standardization system of tourism public services in a timely manner, optimize the tourism public service environment, and use scientific and technological means to build a network service platform, so as to provide data support for the integration of ice-snow industry. and ecological and cultural tourism, so that society and consumers can use the network service platform to rating and comment on the tourism process, so as to better improve their services and provide a convenient, safe, fast, and green service for ice-snow industry tourists.The prevention and control of ice and snow tourism is an important guarantee for the sound operation of ice and snow tourism. Based on Feng's ice and snow tourism prevention and control model , combineIt shows the key factors of tourism prevention and control in different periods of the integration of ice and snow sports and ecological and cultural tourism. From With the deepening of integration, the integration system and policy system of ice-snow industry and ecological and cultural tourism are further improved. The capital operation of ice-snow industry enterprises is more rational and standardized, and the role and status of science and technology are becoming more and more prominent. The integration of ice-snow industry and high-tech leads to a large number of new formats. The state gradually gives way to enterprise risk management, and the integration work is more completed through enterprises. From the development of the European ice-snow industry enterprises, it can be seen that in the late stage of the integration of ice-snow industry and local culture, ice-snow industry is more closely intertwined with culture, architecture, food, catering, and other elements. Industrial integration makes the independent industrial value chain partially or completely integrated, and new formats become a new driving force for regional economic development. Big data and artificial intelligence are more closely combined with these industries. Enterprises rely more on market rules, and risk early warning mechanism is more perfect and reliable.From the current development trend of ice-snow industry. in Europe and the United States, the integration of ice-snow industry and ecological culture tourism will be more “human needs.” The risk of ice-snow tourism industry mainly focuses on service safety risk, ecological risk, and scientific and technological safety. The risk prevention and control of ice-snow industry enterprises pay more attention to the operational process, and the prevention and control is more institutionalized and operable. The ice-snow industry enterprises can more accurately analyze the current situation of organizations, environment, goals, tools, measures, and other factors and optimize the construction of early warning, supervision, evaluation, and control mechanisms. As the supervisor, the state uses policy advantages to further strengthen market supervision and enterprise operation supervision, so as to effectively avoid the existing and potential risks from the market and enterprises and form a solid defense barrier. However, the prevalence of new coronavirus pneumonia has brought an unprecedented impact on China and the world's ice-snow industry and has brought great challenges to the prevention and control of China and the world's ice-snow industry sports industry. Although the state and society have initiated emergency mechanisms and established a risk-based prevention and control strategy based on risk levels and regional gradual increase, top-down command, bottom-up feedback channels, and joint prevention and control of different departments in China + neighboring countries + the world, but unpredictable risks still exist. Therefore, in this sense, the construction of risk prevention and control system is still a long way to go.To realize the great-leap-forward development of China's ice-snow industry, it is necessary to reform and adjust the following aspects: Firstly, on the basis of accelerating the construction of the dynamic mechanism of expansion of the south, west, and east of the construction of the ice-snow industry venues, improving the supervision and management subject, investment subject and the periodic effect of the construction of the regional ice-snow industry venues, the government's policy of promoting the construction of the ice-snow industry venues, market demand, construction funds, investment and financing methods, accelerating the self-upgrading of the regional ice-snow industry in the process of marketization, commercialization and informatization, and optimizing the industrial structure of the ice-snow industry. In order to improve the supply quality and efficiency of ice and snow industry, it is necessary to comprehensively improve the professional equipment and human resource allocation of ice and snow industry in the region; correctly handle ice and snow tourism product innovation and business model innovation. Increase the supply of public service products in ice and snow tourism attractions, in order to promote the development of China' s ice and snow industry in the south, west and east.. Second, it is necessary to resolve the shortage of funds for promoting the development of ice-snow industry's “expanding from the south to the west and expanding from the east” by the Beijing Winter Olympics, and to use a variety of models to promote the multicenter spatial integration of ice-snow industry, so as to realize the new situation formed by the Beijing Winter Olympics in promoting the development of ice-snow industry and promote the sustainable development of ice-snow industry expanding from the south to the west and expanding from the east.


Understanding the Sichuan potted landscapes, one of the five types of traditional Chinese potted landscapes, is important for exploring the development of Sichuan landscape architecture in Southwest China. In this study, we analyzed the shape and aesthetic characteristics of the traditional regular bonsai of the Sichuan style according to trunk features, branch patterns, tree shape, branch arrangement, and branch and plate numbers. Studies have shown that the flat-branch-type branch plate slopes downward and the bottom rises, and the number of branch plates is 2n + 1 , which is a proportional sequence. The ratio of the main pile height to the footplate is approximately 1.5:1–2:1, the pot:footplate ratio is <1:1, and the maximum bend:trunk ratio is <1:2. There were extremely significant differences between the length of the foot plate and its adjacent branch and plate length and the distance between the branch and plate. Interestingly, the rolling branch-type plants are characterized by vertical curved branches, oblique curved branches, and curved branches, reflecting the beauty of harmony and symmetry. Overall, the regular-style Sichuan tree potted landscape is mainly characterized by the beauty of rhythm and symmetry. Chengdu, Sichuan, is known as the land of abundance. The long cultural and historical evolution in the region has nurtured the development of the elegant and elaborate Bashu culture and rich and colorful local traditional arts, including the Sichuan art of potted landscapes (Bonsai and Penjing) that represents the intersection between landscape and culture. The Sichuan art of potted landscapes originated in the Shu-Han period, and the most prominent examples are the Zhangsong ginkgo potted landscapes in Lidui Park in Dujiangyan . During Traditional Sichuan potted tree landscapes can be divided into two types: regular style and natural style. In the regular style, the branches and twigs of the entire plant are incorporated. Twigs are colloquially called lamellar branches , also knThe Sichuan-style regular tree stump bonsai model has existed in China for nearly a thousand years. Previous studies have retained a large number of documents, but some documents are difficult to understand due to their long history. At present, the existing modern literature on the shape of the branches and plates of Sichuan-style bonsai mainly describes ten regular bonsai and the Three Shapes and Five Styles modeling characteristics of their branches and plates ,9. In teIn general, there are many regular bonsai works with a history of hundreds or even thousands of years existing around Chengdu that are worthy of esoteric exploration. At the same time, the research on the shape of the branches and plates of the Sichuan-style bonsai mainly focuses on various branch and plate techniques, and there are few records of the arrangement of the relevant branches. To address this gap, this study analyzes the expressiveness, rhythm, stem proportion, and flexibility of the regular-style Sichuan potted tree landscape from the aspects of the trunk height, branch and plate shapes, quantity, arrangement, and branch and trunk ratio of the entire regular-stump bonsai. Its aesthetic patterns and forms are detailed so that the world can more easily understand the Sichuan-style bonsai and innovatively absorb and apply it to bonsai production and garden landscaping.As shown in We found that the center of gravity of all trees was located on the centerline, which was also in accordance with the general law of natural plant growth. Moreover, each layer consisted of left and right branches, which were symmetrically distributed on both sides of the trunk ,13. TherAs seen in Traditional regular-style Sichuan potted landscapes are characterized by the proportional relationship among the branches. The length of the branch plate on the stump is generally determined by the length of the foot plate  ,23. The In this study, we also found that there were some customary ratios for the relative heights of various parts of the trunk. For example, there was a large bend in the lower part of the trunk for the drop-turn A, three-There are two types of traditional flat-branched trees in Sichuan potted landscapes: standard flat-branched and nonstandard flat-branched types. The common features of the two types are that the twisted and flat branches of the entire plant are flat and downward sloping, and the leaf tips are raised. However, there are obvious differences between the two types of branches; standard flat-branched branches have clear veins, some left branchlets that are similar to leaves, and some right branchlets that are similar to lateral veins, which are evenly distributed on both sides of the main branch, and all branches are neatly arranged ,18. In cTraditional regular-style Sichuan tree potted landscapes have 5–15 layers of branches from bottom to top; the top layer usually has only one branch, which is formed by the confluence of left and right branches, and the numbers of branches and twigs of the whole tree are consistent ,20. The The branches in the traditional regular-style Sichuan tree potted landscape imitate the natural shape of the natural tree crown, so all potted landscape artists shape the branches into structured layers. Each layer consists of a pair of branches, and several branches are arranged according to the rules of the structure to form a regular canopy ,25. In tIn production, it is not easy to achieve a standard regular pattern. The tree stumps in potted landscapes have natural forms. Due to the limited number of branches of tree stumps, branch trays are sometimes not grown in predetermined positions but are grown to preserve the symmetry of the trunk and balance. However, flay and float branches can overcome this issue because of their flexibility . The flaAs shown in From the lateral view, both the large curly branch type and the small curly branch type had a regular cone shape surrounding the trunk, and the branches were distributed in a well-proportioned manner throughout the stump. From the vertical perspective, however, both were elliptical. All branches were neatly arranged around the trunk, and the space among the branches was full and natural.For large branches, the following features were observed: the leaves and branches faced outward slightly; the top of the trunk, side branches, and branches were not cut off; all the space was filled; the leaves faced outward; the top of the branches faced outward; and the entire tree potted landscapes were plump and formed a standard cone, arranged neatly, with no convexity or concavity. For small branches, the top of the trunk did not stick, but there were vertical bent branches, oblique bent branches, and back bent branches. There were gaps in the branches, branches were pointed at open areas, the branches of the entire plant were evenly arranged, and the overall form was cone-shaped ,27. For For Sichuan potted landscapes, if the flat branch type highlights the overall effect, then the curly branch type is more prominent in terms of the combination of flowers and leaves ,5,7. In The semiflat/semirolled type is between the flat branch and the rolling branch types. The flower branch approach was similar to that of the flat branch type but also similar to the small rolling branch subtype of the rolling branch type. The only difference was that there were no twisted branches and vertical curved branches with several consecutive curves or occasional curved branches .Malus halliana to the flat-branched type and slightly more difficult to convert Chaenomeles speciosa. Most of the pile heads of this style had no branches on the top and had pointed tops when they were first plastered. Therefore, the ancient M. halliana and the stem heads of C. speciosa all exhibited a flat branch-type plate with a dignified and vigorous posture , as well as field work observations, explanations from 100 bonsai masters (belonging to generations of bonsai family inheritors) during on-site production, and accurate measurement methods.Taking Sichuan bonsai as an example, this study focused on visiting 10 Sichuan-style bonsai museums, including the bonsai garden of Chengdu Dufu Thatched Cottage Museum, the bonsai garden of Chengdu Wuhou Temple Museum, the bonsai garden of Chengdu Baihuatan Park, the bonsai garden of Chengdu People’s Park, the Lidui Park of Dujiangyan, the bonsai museum of Sanyi Horticulture, the Chengdu Wangjianglou Park, Chengdu Wenjiang Chen’s bonsai garden (Kaiqin Chen’s former residence), Baihua Garden in Zigong Guangzhou Garden, and Chongqing Nanshan Botanical Garden bonsai garden, as well as 108 bonsai gardens in 9 municipal districts, 4 county-level cities, and 6 counties around Chengdu and 32 bonsai gardens in Chongqing, including Xiaochangkou, Guanyin Bridge, Daping, Dadukou, and Yangjiaping. The research samples were determined in accordance with the classification method and related standards of Chen’s Banjing Pile-Heading Technique , and theIn particular, several research methods were utilized: field visits, questionnaires, interviews with well-known potted landscape artists, comparisons of potted landscape books, the observation of field works in various regions, obtaining on-site production explanations by potted landscape masters, and comparisons of product quality. Different types of data were collected during the study: plant height, number of branches and trays, distance between branches and trays, length of branches and trays (the distance from the base of the branch to the center of the tip), the ratio of the length of the branches, and the height and width of the pot where the stump was located. More than 5000 potted landscapes were tested. The classification of potted landscape samples was performed in accordance with the classification method and related standards of Chen’s “The potted landscapes Pile-head Pantying Technique” ,17,22,23In Sichuan regular-style bonsai, under the principle of following a strict structural rhythm, all the tissues of the modeled trees, such as branches, panels, flowers, and fruits, etc., are shown to exist harmoniously and serve completely around the main trunk, reflecting the ethical spirit and logical morality. Specifically, the trunks of ten kinds of bonsai with different shapes rotate in a straight line around the center formed by the top of the trunk and the root. The “flat branch-style” branch plate of the Sichuan school slopes downward, and the bottom rises. There are certain regularities between the number of branch plates, the height of the main pile and the foot plate, the pot and the foot plate, and the largest bend and the trunk. The front of the whole plant is trapezoidal in shape, and the sides are different, which embodies the beauty of rhythm, symmetry, and harmony. The rolling branch plant type of the Sichuan style is conical from the plane view and oval from the top view, emphasizing the harmonious beauty and symmetry of the plant. These findings of this study could evoke a deep understanding of the Sichuan regular-style bonsai, and on this basis, innovatively develop Sichuan-style bonsai while absorbing and applying it to Sichuan bonsai production and urban garden construction.


This work presents the results of four cooperative-creative game programs (Game Programs). In all four studies, experimental designs with repeated pretest-posttest measures and control groups were used. Validation samples ranged from 86 to 178 participants, randomly assigning participants to the experimental and control conditions. Before and after each program, a battery of assessment instruments was applied to measure the variables under study. The intervention consists of conducting a weekly game session during the school year. The results of the posttest covariance analyses confirmed a significant impact: (1) in social development, by increasing various positive social behaviors and decreasing many negative social behaviors; by increasing assertive cognitive strategies and prosocial resolution of interpersonal problems; and by enhancing relationships and positive communication among group members; (2) in emotional development, by improving self-concept, peer image, and emotional stability; and (3) in cognitive development, by increasing verbal intelligence, verbal and graphic-figurative creativity, as well as creative personality behaviors and traits. This work provides empirical evidence of the relevance of cooperative-creative play in child development. Play is inherent to a child’s very nature, and psychologists, philosophers, and pedagogues have referred to its importance for the development of personality. From the conclusions of the studies, it is clear that “play, that activity par excellence of childhood, is a vital and indispensable activity for human development, as it contributes relevantly to psychomotor, intellectual, social, and affective-emotional development” . From diVarious observational, experimental, and correlational studies  have conConcerning the development of intelligence and creativity, scholars of the subject have underlined the relevant role of children’s play in the evolution of thinking that leads to abstraction, as well as in the development of creativity e.g., . RegardiOther observations relate to affective-emotional development, where play is seen as an activity that allows achieving psychological balance in the first years of life. Play provides the opportunity to express negative feelings, experiment with alternative solutions, process new information without the consequences it would have in real life, resolve affective crises, and express/control emotions e.g., . DifficuPlay is an instrument of expression and emotional control, essential for growth. This activity contributes to the integration of the personality because children play for pleasure, to express aggressiveness, to master their anxiety, to increase their experiences, to establish social contacts, etc. Play has a vital role in children’s affective-emotional balance, as it enables the expression and release of childhood tensions. Various cognitive and emotional processes are deployed in the symbolic game of representation, developing children’s creative thinking and key emotional competencies . The diaRecapitulating the contributions of play to children’s integral development, we can confirm that play is a vital activity for human development because the ludic activities that children perform throughout childhood allow them to develop their thinking, meet needs, elaborate traumatic experiences, discharge tensions, explore and discover the joy of creating, fulfill their fantasies, reproduce their acquisitions by assimilating them, relate to others, broaden their horizons, etc. Therefore, it can be said that stimulating play is synonymous with promoting child development, and this activity also has a significant preventive and therapeutic function. A recent review  of the e(I) Physical and sensory development: Thanks to the movement games that children play from early ages , children can discover new sensations; progressively coordinate the movements of their body, which become more refined, more precise, and more effective; structure the mental representation of the bodily schema, the “I-body”, which is the first “brick” in the construction of personality; discover themselves at the origin of the material modifications they produce when they build or model; explore and expand their sensory and motor skills; conquer their own body and the outside world; have mastery experiences that foster self-confidence; and more importantly, they obtain intense pleasure.(II) Intelligence and creativity: Motor and sensory manipulative games are an instrument for the development of motor thinking. Play, in addition to being a source of learning, opens up areas of potential development. In play, attention and memory are doubled. Representative play fosters cognitive decentralization, which drives the development of symbolic thinking, or representative intelligence. Symbolic play encourages fantasy–reality discrimination. Social play facilitates language development. Play promotes the development of higher psychological functions because fiction is a necessary avenue for the development of abstract thinking. Play originates and develops imagination and creativity.(III) Social development: Games of representation stimulate the development of positive social behaviors  and decrease the negative ones (aggressiveness). In games of representation, children discover the social world of adults, the rules that govern these relationships, and how to prepare for work. Games of representation promote moral development because they are a school of self-control and will and an assimilation of norms of conduct. Games of representation foster various social competences . In addition, studies that have analyzed the effects of rule games (structured around objective rules whose transgression constitutes a fault), i.e., games of sensorimotor combinations  or intellectual games , conclude that, in these games, children develop strategies of social interaction and learn to control aggressiveness because the rules regulate the control of behavior, and they are a school of responsibility and democracy.(IV) Affective-emotional development: Play is a pleasurable activity that generates emotional satisfaction and feelings of happiness. Symbolic play, games of representation, is an activity that allows the control of the anxiety generated by difficult and traumatic experiences. Play is an activity that allows the control of the anxiety generated by internal sources, aggressiveness, and child sexuality. Symbolic play, games of representation, is the performance of forbidden and/or unattainable desires. Play encourages the expression of emotions and facilitates emotion regulation. The game of representation facilitates the progressive process of psychosexual identification. Play is a means of learning conflict-resolution techniques. Play in general improves self-esteem, is a means of self-affirmation, is proof of children’s personalities, and is an early source of a sense of identity. Symbolic play, games of representation, enhances the capacity for empathy. Play has a significant therapeutic value.Cooperative games are defined as games in which the players give and receive help to contribute to a common end. These games stimulate communication, cohesion, and trust, and they are based on the idea of accepting, cooperating and sharing, and playing and inventing together . Within According to Since the 1970s, observational and experimental studies have proven the benefits of cooperative play in child development. The results of the review of these studies can be seen in In addition, research comparing the differential impact of cooperative and competitive games confirms the advantages of cooperation. Some studies  confirmeIn summary, previous studies have shown the effects of cooperative games on variables of social, emotional, and psychomotor development, although few have shown the effects on variables related to intelligence and creativity. Therefore, this work aimed to show the positive effects of “Game Programs”, cooperative play programs, in all the dimensions of child development. The empirical studies carried out with the four intervention programs had three main objectives: (1) to design the intervention programs configured with cooperative-creative games targeting different age groups; (2) to carry out an experimental implementation of the programs that consists of applying a weekly intervention session during an entire school year; and (3) to evaluate the effects of these cooperative experiences on factors of social, affective-emotional, and psychomotor development, as well as on intelligence and creativity.The current work summarizes the effects of four psychoeducational intervention programs based on the research question about how cooperative-creative play may have significant benefits for child development. Throughout the last two decades, different studies were carried out to test the significance of results regarding competency development, and in this current work, we proposed to review these findings, offering a global perspective of the outcomes and postulating that cooperative-creative games have relevant benefits for several variables of socio-emotional development, as well as for the development of intelligence and creativity. The programs designed and evaluated in the previous work and summarized in the current manuscript contain games with two structural components: cooperation and creativity. On the one hand, they are configured with cooperative games, i.e., games that consist of giving and receiving help to contribute to a common goal and to achieve team goals with the necessary contribution of all players, and, on the other hand, they are configured with creative games that structurally contain dynamics that activate verbal, graphic-figurative, plastic-constructive, and/or dramatic creativity.Validation samples in each of the four programs were chosen randomly, and participants were randomly assigned to the experimental and control conditions. In the Game Program 4–6 years , there wThe four Game Programs were evaluated experimentally and are evidence based. In order to measure the effects of each program on child development, successive investigations were proposed using the experimental designs of repeated pretest-posttest measures with control groups.After selecting the educational centers, in the four studies carried out to evaluate the effects of each program, a set of evaluation instruments was administered before and after applying each program (September and June) to measure different development variables that the program was hypothesized to affect. The groups were randomly assigned to the experimental or control conditions. The experimental participants performed an experimental implementation of the programs, consisting of receiving a weekly intervention session during an entire school year. The duration of the sessions was variable: 75 min in preschool (4–6 years), 90 min in the first and second cycle of Primary Education (6–10 years), and 120 min in the program of the last cycle of Primary Education (10–12 years).To avoid the Hawthorne effect, the control participants carried out the curricular activities of their school program, thereby receiving a different type of instruction and the same level of attention. They carried out the activities of the tutorials that the educational centers had detailed in their educational projects. In these tutorials, for example, they talk about the problems that may exist in the group, about issues related to social interactions or emotions, etc. Therefore, it is unlikely that the Hawthorne effect was produced in the control participants, since during the time that the experimental ones were carrying out the cooperative-creative game program, the control ones were carrying out tutoring activities, which offered them the same level of attention.The study met the ethical values required in research with human beings, following the fundamental principles included in the Declaration of Helsinki, its updates, and current regulations . The participants and their parents were informed of the study. Consent was obtained from all parents of the participants involved in the research. Parents had to inform if they did not want to participate in the study (passive consent). All parents accepted the participation of their children, largely due to the expectation of the benefits that the programs could have on their children’s development. The children were informed and also had the opportunity not to participate; however, all the children accepted to participate in the cooperative play sessions.To evaluate the effects of the four programs before and after each intervention, several evaluation instruments, with psychometric guarantees of reliability and validity, were administered to measure the dependent variables that the program was hypothesized to affect. The variables evaluated and the instruments used are presented in Taking previous works as a reference, a line of psychoeducational intervention configured with four cooperative and creative game programs, the Game Programs were systematized. These programs, which targeted children in early childhood (pre-school) and Primary Education  prevention, as this experience attempts to prevent developmental problems; (2) development, as these experiences are intended to enhance the integral development of children who do not present difficulties in their growth, focusing primarily on various socio-emotional aspects and creativity; and (3) therapy because, through these games, we try to socially integrate children who have difficulties in their social, emotional, or intellectual development. On a more specific level, the Game Programs propose the following concrete objectives.They promote social development by stimulating children’s knowledge of each other, increased multidirectional, friendly, positive, and constructive interactions with their group peers, and group participation; friendly intra-group relationships; verbal and nonverbal communication skills, such as presenting, actively listening, dialoguing, negotiating, and making decisions by consensus; an increase in social behaviors that facilitate socialization , as well as a decrease in disruptive socialization behaviors ; prosocial behavior ; and moral development, such as accepting social norms implicit in the instructions of the games .The Game Programs promote affective-emotional development by fomenting the identification of various emotions; the understanding of various causes of positive and negative emotions, as well as the consequences thereof; the expression of emotions through dramatization, activities with music-movement, and drawing and painting; coping with or the resolve of negative emotions; empathy for the emotional states of other human beings; emotional stability; self-concept-self-esteem; and feelings of pleasure and subjective psychological well-being.They stimulate the development of factors of intelligence and creativity, such as attention; memory; the capacity for symbolization; verbal logical reasoning; and verbal creativity (language), graphic-figurative creativity (drawing/painting), plastic-constructive creativity (construction of objects), and dramatic creativity (representation of roles).As previously explained in the introduction, games within the program stimulate communication, cohesion, trust, and the development of creativity underpinned by the idea of acceptance, cooperation and sharing, playing, and inventing together. This is conducted through the following 5 essential points: (1) everybody’s participation; (2) dialogue and active communication; (3) mutual cooperation; (4) fiction and creation; and (5) fun. Programs contain various types of games and use various group dynamic techniques for the development of action and other techniques to stimulate and regulate discussion.The Game Programs contain a wide range of cooperative games that stimulate prosocial behavior  and creativity . Many programs and game books were reviewed to design these game proposals. Some of the activities included were adapted from other programs that had similar objectives. For example, some are games of In the implementation of the program, a weekly game session is carried out throughout the school year of variable duration, 75 min in preschool, 90 min in the first and second cycle of Primary Education (6–10 years), and 120 min in the last cycle of Primary Education (10–12 years). The experience takes place on the same day, on the same weekly schedule, and in the same physical space (a large classroom free of obstacles). The same adults always direct the sessions, including the teacher of the group, who directs the dynamics of the game, and an adult with psycho-pedagogical training (psychologist), who carries out the assessment before and after implementing the program and the systematic observation of the game sessions.The organization of a game session was generally structured with a sequence of 2–4 cooperative-creative recreational activities and their subsequent debates. The session was organized around three phases, led by the group’s regular teacher.Opening phase: The sessions begin with the group members sitting in a circle on the floor. In this spatial position, the objectives of cooperative and creative games are briefly discussed: having fun, making friends, learning to help each other, learning to collaborate with classmates to perform things as a team, learning to listen to each other, be respectful of others’ ideas, and be original, creative, imaginative, etc. Usually, the adult communicates the opening of the cooperative play session to the group, and, in the first sessions, he/she informs them about the general objectives of the experience, but after 2 or 3 sessions, he/she asks the group about its objectives to encourage two-way communication (feedback) about the objectives of the game program.Development phase of the game sequence: In this phase, the 2, 3, or 4 games that make up the session are carried out successively, with the following procedure for each recreational activity. (1) The adult presents the instructions of the game to be played, and the members of the group play the game following the instructions. (2) After each game is played, a discussion takes place related to the actions and interactions that occurred in the game. For this purpose, the players sit on the floor in a circle, and the adult asks questions related to the objectives of the program, the specific objectives of the game performed, or what he/she observed during the game .Closing phase: After performing the game sequence, the closing phase begins, in which reflection and dialogue about what happened during the game session  take place. The adult leading the intervention asks the group members how they felt during the game session and whether they want to comment on any aspect of the session that was not addressed in the dialogue or debate phases after each game. Closure is an exercise of reflection during which the players verbalize the positive aspects of the experience, as well as the problems that arose and the solutions to them. Thus, its role in the children’s cognitive-moral development is important. In this phase, the adult, besides promoting communication within the group about the experience, provides social reinforcement, the verbal assessment of the helping behaviors, dialogue, or cooperation observed, emphasizing the value and creativity of the products elaborated in the activities involved in this process.To clarify the type of activities contained in the Game Programs, three games are described below, informing about the specific developmental functions they stimulate.Cooperative drawings: Teams of 4 players are formed, and each player receives one-half of a sheet of white cardboard and a pencil. First, each team member makes a drawing for 10 min, for example, a house. Then, the adult says, “pass the drawing to the right”, and each player gives the drawing they have made to their classmate on the right. Now, they have 5 min to add elements to their classmate’s drawing; for example, to the drawing of the house, the player adds a tree. The operation of passing the drawing is conducted 3 times, so that all the members of the team add elements to the drawing of their three classmates, resulting in 4 drawings made with everyone’s cooperation. In the last pass, each player receives the drawing that they began and colors it to their liking with the paint box they share. At the end, there is an exhibition with all the drawings, and the participants comment on them. This game encourages non-verbal communication (active listening), group cohesion (feelings of belonging), cooperation , the pleasure of creating (feelings of achievement and mastery that improve self-concept), feelings of acceptance (each player has a necessary role to perform the game), as well as attention, the ability to symbolize, graphic-figurative creativity, visual-spatial perception, and eye-hand coordination.Discover the excitement: The group is divided into teams of 6–7 players, to each of whom an emotion is assigned . The players of each team have 15–20 min to agree on how to represent the situation so that the rest of the players can guess the emotion from the scene. For example, they may express sadness by dramatizing a funeral or joy by representing a birthday. Team members clarify how to represent the emotion, they disguise themselves, and they create some supporting material for the performance. Subsequently, each team performs the representation in turns, and the rest must guess the emotion expressed. This game stimulates verbal and non-verbal communication (active listening and decision-making), cooperation (role representation and coordination with other roles to represent the scene expressing the emotion), group cohesion (feelings of belonging), the pleasure of representing and guessing the emotion expressed, the ability to identify and express emotions through dramatization, feelings of acceptance (each player has a necessary role to perform the game), attention, symbolization, and dramatic creativity.The new evolution of species: The group is divided into teams, and each team receives a sheet of white cardboard, several photos of animals, scissors, and various glues. The game consists of cooperatively inventing a new animal species. To do this, team members must select photos of animals, and then cut out different anatomical parts  that they will use to form the body of the new animal. When they have enough cutouts of different body parts of different animals, they begin to paste them onto the cardboard, configuring a new invented animal made up of parts of other existing animals. Then, they invent a name for their animal and make a brief description of it . Finally, an exhibition is held with the animals created and each team presents its animal. This game promotes verbal communication (active listening and decision-making), cooperation , group cohesion (feelings of belonging), the pleasure of creating (feelings of achievement and mastery that improve self-concept), feelings of acceptance (each player has a necessary role to perform the game), attention, the capacity for synthesis (configuration of the whole through the integration of parts), plastic-constructive creativity, visual perception, and eye-hand coordination.d: <0.2, small, 0.5 = medium and >0.8 large). To calculate the ANCOVAS, the usual procedure was followed. In each variable, the posttest was introduced as the dependent variable, the pretest score as the covariate, and the condition  as a fixed factor.To analyze the effects of the program with the data obtained in the assessment instruments applied in the phases pretest-posttest, we calculated the means and standard deviations of each target variable for the experimental and control participants in the pretest phase, in the posttest phase, and in the differences pretest-posttest. In addition, we conducted univariate analyses of variance (ANOVAs) with the pretest and the posttest scores, comparing the experimental and control conditions. To further probe these effects, taking into account the differences between the two conditions in the pretest phase, analyses of covariance (ANCOVAs) were then performed with the posttest scores (covarying out the pretest scores) on each of the dependent variables, and effect sizes were calculated  in each of the four investigations validated these experiences. The evaluation of the programs for the four age levels ratified numerous positive effects when comparing the change in various development factors in the children who participated in these cooperative-creative game experiences during the school year  compared to those who did not have the opportunity to play the games that academic year (control group). The descriptive (means and standard deviations) and inferential  results in the pretest and posttest phases and the pretest-posttest difference are presented in In the evaluation of the program targeting preschool children , the resIn the research on the program for children aged 6 to 8 years , the resIn the research of the program for children aged 8 to 10 years , the resThe results of the posttest covariance analyses see  in the eThe results obtained in the successive studies confirmed the positive effects of the Game Programs on various social, emotional, intellectual, and psychomotor factors of child development, validating this line of psychological intervention based on cooperative and creative play for the development of children’s personalities from ages 4 to 12 years. These results provide empirical evidence of the relevance of cooperative-creative play in child development and validate game programs to promote child development in educational, family, and therapeutic contexts.These results point in the same direction as other studies that confirmed the positive effects of play on various factors of social, emotional, and psychomotor development  and alsoThe work of the design, implementation, and evaluation of the four Game Programs, which have been developed for more than two decades, provides empirical evidence of the contributions of play to integral child development. This line of research allows us to conclude that play, cooperation, and creativity are relevant activities for child development, providing empirical evidence of the important contributions of cooperative-creative play to psychomotor, intellectual, social, and affective-emotional development. In addition, the results ratify the perspective of many psychology and education professionals who emphasize the inclusion of ludic group activities as a preventive and developmental instrument in clinical and educational contexts.The effects of the programs on the different variables of social, emotional, psychomotor, and intellectual development are derived, on the one hand, from the characteristics of the games themselves and, on the other hand, from the emphasis that is made during the debates of the game sessions. In these phases, we reflect on the satisfaction generated by receiving positive messages about oneself, as well as on the moral damage and its impact on one’s behavior of perceiving negative messages about oneself. It also reflects on the benefits of cooperating versus competing, the difficulties of working in a group, or the pleasure of creating, etc., thereby stimulating cognitive and moral development with their consequent implications on behavior and development. In addition, in these debates, the adult who directs the intervention values and reinforces the prosocial behaviors observed in the course of the session, the expression of feelings, the creativity of the ludic products elaborated cooperatively, etc., and all this promotes positive behavioral, cognitive, and emotional change.The results obtained when evaluating the intervention programs, on the one hand, ratify many of the hypotheses proposed and, on the other hand, are consistent with various investigations carried out on children’s play . In the