Virginia M. Bowden, MSLS, PhD, AHIP, FMLA, director emeritus of the Briscoe Library at the University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio  passed away on May 2, 2022, at the age of eighty-two. She was at her home in San Antonio surrounded by her daughters, Sharon and Ellen, and her beloved cat Al. Her husband of sixty-one years, Dr. Charles Bowden, passed away just two months before her on March 1, 2022.Virginia was valedictorian of her class at Stephen F. Austin High School in Houston, and at the University of Texas at Austin, she majored in math and education and took some of the first classes in computer programming. After graduating Phi Beta Kappa in just three years, Virginia worked as a computer programmer for organizations as diverse as Texaco and Bamberger's Department Store. In 1960 she married Charles Bowden, who went to medical school at Baylor University College of Medicine in Houston and did his internship and residency in Chicago and New York City. Virginia earned her master's degree in library science in 1970 at the University of Kentucky in Lexington, Kentucky, while Charles served in the US Public Health Service there.After later settling in San Antonio, Virginia accepted a position at the very new University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio (UTHSCSA) as a library systems analyst. She was soon appointed assistant to the director and then associate library director before being selected as library director in 1985, a position she held until her retirement in 2003.Virginia earned a doctor of philosophy degree in library and information science from the University of Texas at Austin in 1994. Her dissertation, entitled “Current Monograph Collections: Patterns of Ownership and Use in Four Academic Health Sciences Libraries,” combined her interests in collection development and computers and made use of collection and circulation data from four similar health sciences libraries.Her passion for computers and library automation was apparent throughout her career. In 1971, she managed the library's adoption of PHILSOM , a computer-based serials control system developed by the Washington University School Medicine Library. In 1978, she directed the implementation of the Computer Library Systems, Inc. (CLSI) circulation system, shared with another San Antonio institution, Trinity University. Under her direction, the UTHSCSA Library in 1983 became the second library, after Georgetown University, to implement Georgetown's Library Information System (LIS), an early integrated library system designed for health sciences libraries. The switch to an online catalog, locally called the Biomedical Library Information System (BLIS), coincided with the move to a new, larger library building, and when that move was made, the card catalog was left behind [In 1990, the Medical Library Association (MLA) awarded Virginia the third Louise Darling Medal for Distinguished Achievement in Collection Development in the Health Sciences, recognizing “her creative approaches, publications, and innovating use of machine-readable files for collection decision making and cooperative collection development” . VirginiVirginia's mentorship and love of libraries extended beyond health sci-ences including service as president of the Friends of the San Antonio Public Library from 1989-90. In 2003, she was awarded the Julia Grothaus Award by the Bexar Library Association for her dedication to library service in Bexar County, where San Antonio is located. Virginia also served on the Advisory Council of the University of Texas School of Information.In 1992, Virginia and Charles established the Bowden Massey Foundation, which has funded several library-related projects, including the Virginia and Charles Bowden Professor of Librarianship at the University of Texas at Austin, the Bowden Conference Room at the Briscoe Library, and MLA's David A. Kronick Traveling Fellowship. Later in her career, Virginia focused on access to health information, particularly in the Lower Rio Grande Valley at the southernmost tip of Texas. This included surveying physicians on their use of MEDLINE and other databases; introducing health care professionals to Grateful Med, the floppy disk-based predecessor to PubMed; and promoting MedlinePlus to health care professionals and consumers. Under Virginia's leadership, the UTHSCSA Library developed a robust circuit librarian program in South Texas. Two of the circuit librarians were recognized with the Michael E. DeBakey Library Services Outreach Award for serving rural or underserved populations: Mary Jo Dwyer in 1993 (the first year it was awarded) and Greysi Reyna in 2009.Virginia was especially proud of her six grandchildren and always looked forward to family gatherings. She and Charles enjoyed skiing, spending time in the Colorado mountains where they owned a vacation home, and traveling together to over fifty countries on six continents.


Employing edge and fog computing for building IoT systems is essential, especially because of the massive number of data generated by sensing devices, the delay requirements of IoT applications, the high burden of data processing on cloud platforms, and the need to take immediate actions against security threats. By pushing processing and storage closer to IoT devices, it is possible to reduce the number of data sent to the cloud while also reducing communication delay. To this end, new data aggregation and processing methods are required to distribute computation across the edge-to-cloud continuum. Edge and fog computing can also be used to facilitate communication and resource discovery and enhance the security of IoT devices. New architectures are required to facilitate the communication between IoT devices and servers, depending on the type of application. From the data analytics point of view, efficient and scalable data processing at the edge or task offloading to trustworthy edge/fog nodes is critical to avoid significant delays and network congestion. Meanwhile, the massive and rapidly increasing number of resource-constrained IoT edge devices has significantly extended the attack surface, creating new challenges to ensuring data privacy and communication security against emerging threats and establishing trust among multiple communication parties.This Special Issue has accepted nine papers and presents contributions to various aspects of the design, implementation, and evaluation of edge and fog computing architectures and systems in a wide variety of application domains, such as deep neural-network-based computation, ultra-dense networks, intelligent buildings, medical information systems, smart agriculture, and air quality monitoring. It showcases the challenging research issues and the promising future of the edge and fog computing era.In , the autDue to the resource constraints of edge clouds, edge servers are less reliable. The authors of  focus onThe authors of  propose In , the autIn , the autIn , the autIn , the autThe authors of  propose In , the autFinally, we would like to thank all the authors for their outstanding contributions and the reviewers for promptly providing their insightful review comments. We also sincerely appreciate the excellent support by the Editorial Board and Editorial Office of the MDPI Sensors journal.


Rhodococcus and Acinetobacter degraders and for their relative abundance in the microbiome for the functional zones of Moscow. The opposite effect was observed in the Murmansk leaf dust for the Rothia and Pseudomonas degraders and in the Moscow road dust for Microbacterium. The PCA and linear regression analyses showed that the Micrococcus degraders in the dust were sensitive to anthropogenic pollution, so they can be used as a tool for monitoring anthropogenic changes in the biosphere. The data on the degraders’ and microbial communities’ diversity suggest that minor degrading strains can play a key role in PAH degradation.We performed a comparative study of the total bacterial communities and communities of cultivable polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH)-degrading bacteria in different functional zones of Moscow and Murmansk that were formed under the influence of the PAH composition in road and leaf dust. The PAHs were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC); the bacterial communities’ diversity was assessed by metabarcoding. The degraders were isolated by their direct plating on a medium with the PAHs. The PAH total quantity declined in the leaf dust from the traffic to the recreational zone. For the road dust, a negative gradient with pollution was observed for  Betula pendula Roth, thereby making it a good indicator of the anthropogenic load pyrene or phenanthrene, which represented 39.3% and 32.3% concentrations, respectively. The degrading bacteria that was grown on the individual substrates were additionally tested for the degradation of the other PAHs that were used in the work. In addition, salicylate, a key metabolite for the degradation of naphthalene, phenanthrene, and anthracene , was useA cross-check of the substrate specificity revealed that the majority of the strains that were isolated in this work were capable of oxidizing one of the most toxic PAHs, benz[a]pyrene (95.7%). This effect demonstrates the adaptive capacity of the microbial community to the key pollutants of the urban ecosystem.Rhodococcus, Bacillus, Micrococcus, Methylorubrum, Acinetobacter, Arthrobacter, Pseudomonas, Microbacterium, Paenibacillus, Rothia, Pantoea, Phyllobacterium, Pseudarthrobacter, Stenotrophomonas, Nocardioides, Exiguobacterium, Methylobacterium, Brevundimonas, Staphylococcus, Streptomyces, Leifsonia, Dermacoccus, Gordonia, Rhizobium, Cellulomonas, Curtobacterium, Kocuria, Deinococcus, Rahnella, Enterobacter, Moraxella, and Shinella. In the Murmansk dust samples, the diversity of the genera to which the isolated PAH degraders belong was two times higher than when it was compared to the samples from Moscow  and recreational  zones in the different Murmansk and Moscow biotopes. No common genera of degrading bacteria were identified for the traffic zone dust between the cities. We carried out a parallel analysis of the taxonomic diversity of the microbial communities from the two biotopes (road dust and leaf dust) of the three functional zones  in Moscow and Murmansk. The range of the total relative abundance of the PAH-degrading genera varied from 2.72% to 10.89% for the dust samples from Murmansk and from 2.51% to 7.12% for the dust samples from Moscow. The relative abundance of each of these genera in the microbiomes of the dust samples from Moscow ranged from 0.01 to 4.00%; for samples from Murmansk, this ranged from 0.01% to 4.20% ; in the recreational zone, these were M GP8BP and M GL1PH (Micrococcus). This indicates the movement of bacteria between the biotopes within the same functional zone. No such effect was detected for the dust samples that were collected in Murmansk.To establish the phylogenetic relationship between the strains that were isolated from the road and leaf dust and to study their diversity, we performed the REP-PCR with the primer (GTG)5 . The phyIxora spp. growing on the roadsides in Thailand were the bacteria of the genera Pseudomonas, Microbacterium, Rhizobium, and Deinococcus [Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas, Pseudoxanthomonas, and Mycobacterium which were isolated from the ornamental plant phylloplane in Bangkok accounted for 1–10% of the microbial community. These bacteria possess a high ability to degrade PAHs, including low-molecular-weight  and high-molecular-weight  compounds [Phyllosphere bacteria can be active degraders of the gaseous and deposited PAHs that are on leaves ,47,48. Tompounds . An analThe isolated strains of the PAH degraders from the leaf dust belonged to the following genera: Rhodococcus, Bacillus, Micrococcus, Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas, Microbacterium, Paenibacillus, Rothia, Pantoea, Stenotrophomonas, Exiguobacterium, Methylobacterium, Brevundimonas, Staphylococcus, Rhizobium, Kocuria, Rahnella, Enterobacter, Moraxella, and Shinella. Rhodococcus, Bacillus, Micrococcus, Methylorubrum, Acinetobacter, Arthrobacter, Pseudomonas, Microbacterium, Paenibacillus, Rothia, Phyllobacterium, Pseudarthrobacter, Nocardioides, Streptomyces, Leifsonia, Dermacoccus, Cellulomonas, Curtobacterium, and Deinococcus. An analysis of the relative abundance of the identified PAH-degrading microbial genera in the road-dust of the functional zones in Moscow and Murmansk is shown in To date, extensive research has been carried out on degrading bacteria and the microbial communities of roadside soils and air ,49. StudArthrobacter were found only in the road dust of all of the functional zones in Moscow. The strains of the genera Phyllobacterium, Pseudarthrobacter, and Methylorubrum were revealed only in the Moscow traffic zone . This is clustered into a separate subgroup. The sample (U TL) is characterized by it having the highest total content and diversity of the composition of the studied PAHs in comparison with that of the other samples of the dust from the leaf surfaces. This is indicative of a strong pollution of atmospheric air and, consequently, of both of the biotopes in the traffic zone of Murmansk. Probably, such a strong pollution of the leaves is because the dust sampling point in the traffic zone is located in the immediate vicinity of the Murmansk Thermal power station ,60.It should be noted that the leaf dust samples from the three functional zones of Murmansk  vary greatly in their composition of PAHs and belong to three different clusters, with the traffic zone being the most polluted. In the case of the leaf dust samples from Moscow, the pattern is different: the dust from the traffic zone (M TL) and the residential zone (M RL) belong to the same subgroup, and the samples from the recreational zone (M GL) are attributed to another cluster. Moreover, the dust samples from the roads of the recreational areas of Moscow and Murmansk (M GP and U GP) are allocated to one subgroup, as are the dust samples from the leaves (M GL and U GL). This suggests that there is a similar pattern regarding the PAH pollution in the recreational areas of Murmansk and Moscow.The hierarchical clusters of both the PAH concentration A and theTo detect the relationship between the isolated degraders, the studied PAHs, and the biotopes of the functional zones of the cities, a PCA and a linear regression were used.Paenibacillus content, and it was negatively correlated with naphthalene  are apparently present in the green zone biotopes which contribute to a higher relative abundance of these degraders’ genera.The PAH-degrading bacteria of the genus Micrococcus, based on their relationship to the level of the PAH pollution in the ecosystems, enables researchers to choose them as a tool for monitoring the anthropogenic changes in the biosphere.The data that were obtained suggest that the degrading strains of the genera which were identified in this work are minor representatives of these genera in the microbial community, and they may play key roles in PAH degradation. These results expand our views of the PAH degraders’ distribution in different functional urban zones. The high indicative capacity of the degrading bacteria of the genus The logical difficulties that are caused by the constant change in the intensity and characteristics of the technogenic load, the variation in the size and configuration of negative anthropogenic influence zones, and the management and natural changes in the phytocenoses and soils as a result of urban redevelopment arise when one is monitoring the distribution and accumulation of the organic pollutants in natural objects under urban conditions. An important aspect of monitoring the urban ecosystem is the assessment of the PAHs’ impact on the changes in the microbial communities of various biotopes. Bacteria with a huge variety of enzyme systems and high lability of their metabolism are mainly responsible for the self-purification of natural ecosystems, including urban ecosystems, and they are capable of carrying out the biodegradation of natural and synthetic xenobiotics, thereby returning the main nutrients to the global cycle. This research is a groundwork for understanding the extent to which the microbial community of a particular biotope has a pool of degrading bacteria that contribute to the purification of the system. Seasonal long-term studies would be required to deepen our knowledge of the capacity of the urban ecosystems for the self-cleaning.


The cauFrom 1st January to August 8th, 2022, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) received reports of 30,189 laboratory-confirmed cases of monkeypox and 5 deaths from 75 countries across all six regions. United States of America  had the most cases overall, followed by the Spain, Germany, and the UK . Asia reVaccine hesitancy is one of the WHO's top ten global health challenges  and if wTherefore, more well-organized public health programs and educational strategies are needed by the government of Pakistan to disseminate accurate information about the treatment and immunization against the monkeypox virus, and this might significantly affect the resolution of vaccine hesitancy problems. Given that many patients infected with the monkeypox virus have a moderate, self-limiting disease course, the prognosis for monkeypox may vary based on factors such as prior baseline health state, immunization status, and co-morbidities. Consequently, it seems acceptable to personalize therapies depending on each patient's probability of contracting a serious illness.This article did not involve patients; therefore, no ethical approval was required.There was no source of funding for this article.Zobia Ansari: conception of the study, drafting of the work, final approval and agreeing to the accuracy of the work. Hurriyah Ramzan: conception of the study, drafting of the work, final approval and agreeing to the accuracy of the work. Ramsha Shakeel: conception of the study, drafting of the work, final approval and agreeing to the accuracy of the work.1.Name of the registry: Not applicable2.Unique Identifying number or registration ID: Not applicable3.Hyperlink to your specific registration (must be publicly accessible and will be checked): Not applicable.The Guarantor is the one or more people who accept full responsibility for the work and/or the conduct of the study, had access to the data, and controlled the decision to publish.Zobia Ansari, Ramsha Shakeel.This study was not done on patients or volunteers, therefore no written consent was required.None.


Education is one of the most important components of the advanced world and human life. Virtual education can help increase learning motivation. Since the number of drownings is significant in Iran, this study was conducted to determine the challenges of using new technologies (online education) in the education of drowning prevention in the country.In this research, library resources were reviewed and Iranian databases related to the purpose of the study were searched.The most important challenges related to the topic of the present study include internet restrictions in different parts of the country, broadband disruption, the newness of online education, weak management, poor teamwork, poor infrastructure in online education, insufficient number of experienced and interested teachers, etc. Using new technologies, especially online education to teach drowning prevention in Iran has faced many challenges which can be resolved. Therefore, it is necessary to plan on eliminating these problems and strengthening drowning education.Education, Online Education, Immersion


Evaluation of scenic resources is imperative in national park planning, and 3S technology has been applied for this purpose because it effectively leverages modern geo-informatics technology. We investigated the scenic resources in the Yesanpo National Park based on 3S technology. The Nearest-Neighbor Index, Kernel density estimation, imbalance index, and geographical concentration index in modern geography were introduced into the spatial distribution evaluation of scenic resources, and here, for the first time, the spatial combination index of scenic resources was proposed as one of the quantitative analysis indices of spatial distribution of scenic resources. Moreover, the spatial combination distribution characteristics of scenic resources were analyzed quantitatively and graphically. The characteristics of the spatial distribution of scenic resources in the Yesanpo National Park were as follows: The spatial distribution type of scenic spots in the Yesanpo National Park is a clustered type. The spatial distribution of the scenic resource groups in the Yesanpo National Park was extremely imbalanced and highly concentrated. Based on the identification of scenic resources, we evaluated the scenic resources of each area and propose sustainable development plans for each area. This evaluation method can be applied to similar national parks to promote the quantitative and graphical evaluation of the spatial distribution of scenic resources and provide support for the decision-making processes related to national park planning and management. In the 1980s, national parks, such as Huangshan and Yesanpo, began to develop tourism—the Yesanpo National Park is a typical representative of tourism development in northern China. Since its official opening for tourism in 1986, the economic development of the national park and surrounding areas have been promoted, and Yesanpo has been awarded the “China Environmental Protection Ecological Demonstration Zone, National Agricultural Tourism Demonstration Site, and National Cultural Industry Demonstration Base, 2018 Chinese brand tourist attractions TOP20” and many other awards. In recent years, the coordinated development of tourism in the Yesanpo National Park has received a great deal of attention. The national park is located in the Yanshan-Taihang Mountain contiguous and extremely poor area. However, these impoverished areas have rich and diverse natural scenic resources and great potential for tourism development. The national park actively explores the tourism poverty alleviation idea of “national parks drive village development,” and regards tourism as an important measure to promote the development of poverty-stricken areas. It has been selected in the “World Tourism Alliance Best Practice in Poverty Alleviation through Tourism,” which is a typical area for tourism to promote poverty alleviation and rural revitalization. With the rapid development of the tourism industry, understanding the spatial evaluation of scenic resources has also developed. How to assess the spatial distribution of scenic resources scientifically and accurately is helpful to select suitable areas to develop tourism products, formulate reasonable and effective national park planning, and promote the sustainable use of scenic resources, which is an important basis for the sustainable development of national parks.The spatial evaluation of scenic resources needs scientific and reliable technical support. The advantages of evaluating the spatial distribution of scenic resources based on 3S technology are apparent and the application prospects are broad. Furthermore, 3S technology includes Remote Sensing (RS), Geography Information System (GIS), and Global Positioning System (GPS) . In receWhen identifying and evaluating scenic resources, RS technology is less affected by terrain, traffic, weather as well as other conditions, while it has wider identifying and evaluation range than traditional visual observation; therefore, it can comprehensively evaluate scenic resources in national parks. High-resolution RS images, such as GF-2, have the advantages of rich information, high definition, intuitive images, strong real-time performance, fast image formation, and fast data acquisition, which greatly reduce the difficulty of scenic resource evaluation and have apparent advantages in resource evaluation.The use of GIS technology to establish a scenic resource database can be used for digitization, standardization input, and storage of various data, such as scenic resource spatial data, texts, and charts. It can also perform operations such as spatial analysis, data supplementation, and update, and result output on scenic resource data, which can improve the efficiency of the use and management of scenic resource data and improve the systematic and scientific nature of spatial evaluation.The use of GPS technology can provide accurate spatial positioning information for the evaluation of scenic resources. It has the advantages of fast positioning, high accuracy, and all-weather operations, and can help to verify spatial evaluation results.Therefore, it is urgent to study scientific and operational evaluation of the spatial distribution of scenic resources based on 3S technology. However, to date, in-depth and systematic research on the evaluation of the spatial distribution of scenic resources based on 3S technology has not been conducted in academia.Scenic spots specifically refer to independent scenic resources developed for tourism and have independent viewing or utilization value. Research on the spatial structure of scenic spots in academia started relatively late, mostly focusing on empirical studies of tourist attractions. Research on the spatial structure of tourist attractions can be summarized as follows: the spatial structure of tourist attractions on different scales ; the influencing factors of the spatial structure of tourist attractions; and the analysis methods of the spatial structure of tourist attractions , 8.The systematic study of the spatial structure of tourist attractions began in the 1960s . Deasy aAfter the 1990s, research on the spatial structure of tourist attractions matured. Through the study of literature, the following characteristics were found.In terms of research theory, it focuses on related disciplines, such as urban geography, economic geography, and tourism geography –13, and In terms of research objects, the focus is on the planar spatial structure of a single tourist attraction, multiple tourist attractions, or scenic urban spots. In recent years, large-scale research has gradually decreased, and meso-microscale research has continued to increase . HoweverIn terms of research content, it mainly focuses on the spatial structure distribution characteristics, spatial mutual relations, spatial influencing factors, spatial structure evolution, and spatial structure optimization of the scenic area , 16.As a research method, the nearest-neighbor ratio R, connectivity index , geographic concentration index, accessibility index, average path length, compactness index, fractal theory, and network analysis method have been applied –21. In rIn research related to the spatial identification and evaluation of scenic resources, previous studies mostly focused on individual analysis and evaluation, and rarely on the identification and evaluation of scenic resources from the perspective of spatial combination and structure. However, in actual planning, spatial combinations are more important. Effective areas exhibiting a better spatial combination are often areas where scenic resources are concentrated, and they are also key areas for national park development and planning . TherefoThis study applies the GIS spatial analysis method to the spatial combination and distribution analysis of the Yesanpo National Park, and combines the requirements for the sustainable development of national parks. The “spatial combination index of scenic resources (SCISR)” is proposed for the first time. Taking the Yesanpo National Park as an example, combined with the thematic map of the spatial distribution of scenic resources, we analyze the scenic resource groups and their distribution characteristics from the perspective of three-dimensional space. The results are verified with field survey data in the study area, and the method is proven to be scientific and feasible. The method provides an objective, accurate, and visual way for national park managers and planning units to analyze the combination of scenic national park resources and the characteristics of their distribution from a spatial perspective. The evaluation system helps to improve the science and rationality of the evaluation of the spatial distribution of scenic resources. It is also helpful for identifying areas with relatively concentrated scenic resources and high development potential, and providing a theoretical basis and technical support for the spatial combination and structural analysis of national parks, as well as data support for sustainable development.2. It is located in the northwest of Laishui County, Baoding City, Hebei Province, China, in the deep mountain area at the junction of Taihang Mountain and Yanshan Mountain. The Yesanpo National Park is spread over a large area with a complex terrain, diverse types of scenic resources  under a CC BY license, with permission from , original copyright [2018]). Through quantitative and graphical analysis, we found that Haitang Valley, Shixuan Gorge, Xiezi Ditch, the west, east, and surrounding areas of the Juma River Basin in the Baili Gorge area, the northeast and western Dalongmen Castle, cliff carvings, and waterfalls in the Longmen Tianguan and surrounding areas, Daze Reservoir, Beiyu Tower, Nanbian Bridge and surrounding areas in Baicao Pan, and the four regions in the middle and southwest of the Jinhua Mountain area showed a higher SCISR (SCISR ≥ 10), and the viewing or utilization value of scenic resource groups was higher, along with the developmental value.The SCISR was used to quantitatively analyze the scenic resource space combination. The expert scoring method was used to score the spatial combination value of scenic resources; 20 questionnaires were issued. The corresponding scores of each scenic resource and its combination type were determined through two rounds of surveys, and the scores were recorded in the scenic resource GIS database . The SCIThe KDE map of existing scenic spots was superimposed on the SCISR map, and the pattern between existing scenic spots and the spatial combination of scenic resources was analyzed. Look for areas with a low degree of development, but with a high value for the spatial combination of scenic resources. The results showed there are currently fewer developed scenic spots in the Xiezi Ditch and Juma River basins in the Baili Gorge area, northeast of the Longmen Tianguan area, middle of the Baicao Pan area, and central and southwestern regions of the Jinhua Mountain area. The developmental degree was low, but the SCISR in these areas was relatively high, and the spatial combination value of the scenic resources was also relatively high, which showed high developmental value and great potential, as shown in According to the spatial distribution of scenic resources, scientifically determining the sequence and measures of its protection and development is the basis for sustainable development of national parks, and is important for integrating and using regional scenic resources, enhancing the overall attractiveness of regional tourism. Evenly distributed scenic resources reflect social equity in tourism development, ecological protection, sustainable development, whereas clustered scenic resources are more conducive to the development of scenic resource groups and connecting tourist routes. However, excessive clustering will inhibit the development of the same type of scenic resources , and becWe analyze scenic resources from the perspective of three-dimensional space, determine the spatial distribution types of scenic spots and their spatial clustering areas, determine the balance and concentration of scenic resource groups in spatial distribution, and use the SCISR to quantitatively evaluate the value of the spatial distribution combination of scenic resource groups. The spatial evaluation system of scenic resources constructed in this research can be used to guide national parks to expand tourism space, and integrate internal scenic resources to optimize the layout of tourism space . It provWe overlaid the SCISR on the existing scenic spot data to produce the SCISR maps of six scenery areas, evaluated the scenic resources of each scenery area in the Yesanpo National Park from the perspective of the SCISR, and analyzed the existing problems of scenic resources, finally providing ideas for the sustainable development of each scenery area.The area is located in the southwest of the Yesanpo National Park. The surrounding SCISR in the central part of the area, the west and east of the Juma River basin, is 10–12, which indicates a higher SCISR. It is the area with the most abundant and rich scenic resources and the best combination in the national park, such that its viewing and utilization value is high. The area is characterized by several resources, such as canyons, mountains, water sources, forests, deep valleys, peaks, forests, cliffs, streams, and waterfalls. The typical scenic spots are the surroundings of the Haitang Valley, the Shixuan Gorge, and the Xiezi Ditch. There are rich scenic resources, a good combination of views with a high developmental value, and high development potential. This is the core area of Yesanpo.The main existing problems are as follows:Because the main scenic resources are located in the canyon, the scope of viewing and recreation is small, and during the peak period of the tour, it is easy to cause congestion.The scenic resources in the Xiezi Ditch, the west and east of Juma River basins and the surrounding areas are concentrated and the developmental value is high; therefore, they must be reasonably developed.Some development ideas include the following:Theme of the area: Strange gorge, deep valley, geological wonders.Protect scenic resources and highlight the characteristics of a canyon. The area is characterized by canyons, mountains, water, forests, and other landscapes. The canyon has a peculiar structure, which belongs to the typical landform of a narrow gorge. It is rich in scenic resources in the canyon area and has high developmental value. It is suitable for sightseeing, mountaineering, scientific examination, exploration, leisure, and vacation. The next step should strengthen the protection of existing scenic resources and show each scenic resource one by one, expressing its broad landscape.Scientifically development of the area with a better combination of scenic resources to enhance tourist experience. To date, the development of the area is concentrated mainly around Shixuan Gorge and Haitang Valley, which is the most concentrated area for tourists in the Yesanpo National Park. During the peak period of the tour, congestion likely affects the tour experience, and the area is prone to danger. The next step is to develop Xiezi Ditch, which has a good combination of scenic resources, while extending the tour area to the south and east, developing the southeast mountain area, increasing mountaineering, scientific research, leisure, and other projects, and improving the utilization value of the combination of scenic resources.Pay equal attention to the development and protection of scenic resources. To promote the sustainable utilization of scenic resources, the management department of the scenery area should start an ecological restoration project to renovate the area and stop the destruction of mountains and vegetation caused by constructing roads and disorderly development.The area is located in the northeast of the Yesanpo National Park. The SCISR of Daze Reservoir, Beiyu Tower, Nanbian Bridge, and the surrounding scenic resources is 10–12. This is an area with a higher SCISR, with rich scenic resources and a better combination of views. Its viewing and utilization value is high. It is mainly characterized by high mountains and plant resources. The scenic resources are mainly concentrated in the middle altitude in the east, the ecological environment is relatively fragile, the developmental value is high and the development potential is large. This is the core scenery area of Yesanpo.The main existing problems are as follows:The Daze Reservoir, Beiyu Tower, Nanbian Bridge, and surrounding scenic resources in the central part of the area are relatively concentrated, with high developmental value, which require reasonable development.The types of scenic resources are single and seasonal.There is a single route to and from the area, which is prone to congestion during peak seasons.There is a lack of links to other areas.Some development ideas include the following:Theme of the area: Forest meadow.Protect forest vegetation resources and highlight natural scenery. The main peak of the area is at the top of the monoclinic mountain. This is the highest peak in the Yesanpo National Park. It stands side by side with the neighboring sister peak, Baihua Mountain (1991 m) in Beijing, the highest peak in the west of Beijing. The natural vertical band spectrum of vegetation is evident and rich. The vegetation landscape of the original forest and the original secondary forest is apparent. The next step should be to strengthen the protection of existing scenic resources, especially forest vegetation resources, highlighting birch forests, rhododendrons, Syringa reticulata, alpine meadows, and other plant landscapes, embody the distinctive characteristics of the four seasons, and gradually develop Daze Reservoir, Beiyu Tower, and Nanbian Bridge area.Improve infrastructure and link surrounding areas. Improve the scenic tour system and upgrade service facilities. Strengthen the linkage with other scenery areas of Yesanpo, Beijing Baihua Mountain Scenic Area, and Shangfangshan National Forest Park by increasing comprehensive slow-moving roads and public transportation, promoting the regional linkage development of the Yesanpo National Park.This area is located northwest of the Yesanpo National Park. The SCISR is 10–12 in the northeast, western Dalongmen Castle, cliff rock carvings, waterfalls, and the surroundings, which belong to an area with a high SCISR. It is an area with a good combination of scenic resources, featuring high mountain waterfalls, strange rocks, canyons, and forest landscapes, rich in scenic resources, with high viewing, utilization and developmental value, and great development potential.The main existing problems are as follows:The scenic resources in the northeast of the area are relatively concentrated and the developmental value is high; the resources need sustainable development.Natural resources, especially the combination of high mountains and waterfalls, are fragile and vulnerable to damage.The cultural image of Great Wall is not clear enough and publicity is insufficient; it has not yet become the core tourist attraction of the Yesanpo National Park.The following are some development ideas:Theme of the area: Tianguan waterfall, cultural corridor.Protect scenic resources and create natural scenery features. Protection of scenic resources in the Caishu’an area and surrounding touristic areas. Appropriate expansion of the scope of the core tourist area, better excavation and presentation of the unique natural landscape, and use of the rich natural scenic resources, such as waterfalls, strange rocks, canyons, and forests. Advantages include highlighting natural scenery with high mountains and waterfalls as the core.Highlight wild interest and rationally develop river scenery resources. With the characteristics of the nature and wild, the Xiaoxi River should be reasonably developed, and the protection of water resources should also be considered during development.Relying on the culture of the Great Wall to create high-quality humanistic scenic resources. Strengthening the protection of key cultural relics of the Dalongmen Ancient Castle, conducting more in-depth and textual research, exploring the culture of the Great Wall, and developing cultural tourism and research travel markets.Scientifically setting up tour routes to organically connect natural and cultural scenic resources. The area has many types of natural and human scenic resources, a high degree of combination, a concentrated spatial distribution, and a high developmental value. Through a reasonable setting of tourist routes, the western Dalongmen Castle, cliff carvings, and high mountain waterfalls can be organically connected with the northeast scenic resources to improve the quality of the scenery area and build it into one of the main scenery areas in Yesanpo.The area is located in the northern part of the Yesanpo National Park. The SCISR of Qingquan Temple, Zhuangli Reservoir, Cypress House, and surrounding scenic resources in the middle and southwest of the scenery area is 10–12, which indicates an area with a higher SCISR, featuring mountains, waterfalls, and forests, with high viewing, utilization, and developmental value.The following are the main existing problems:The scenic resources in the central and southwestern parts of the area are relatively concentrated, and the developmental value is high; they need to be reasonably developed.Insufficient protection of cultural resources in villages.The overall development level is not high, the tourist service facilities are obviously insufficient, and there is a lack of connection between scenic resources.Some development ideas include the following:Theme of the area: Rolling peaks and valleys, Xanadu.Priority protection and rational development of scenic resources. Most of the area to the west of the Provincial Highway S236 belongs to the Jinhua Mountain-Henglingzi Brown-Eared Pheasant Nature Reserve. Ecological protection and cultivation should be prioritized here to reduce the negative impact of human activities on scenic resources and make this area a natural green barrier for the entire area. The Zhuangli Reservoir and surrounding scenic resources in the central part of the scenery area are relatively concentrated, with high developmental value, and can gradually be developed for leisure, sports, water tourism, and other projects.Protect humanistic scenic resources and explore traditional culture. Strengthen the protection and development of the Qingquan Temple in the southwest and the ancient residential buildings of Lingnantai in the north. Excavate the culture and folklore of Sanpo mountain dwellings, and achieve rural tourism.Connecting greenways to strengthen the link between scenery areas. Scenic resources are further developed in the central and southwestern parts of the area, connecting the Zhuangli Reservoir, Qingquan Temple, and Lingnantai ancient residential buildings through highways and comprehensive slow-moving roads, as well as the Longmen Tianguan scenery area in the southwest with the corresponding service facilities, which form a special tour with a leisure theme, water sports, and traditional culture experience.The area is located in the southeast of the Yesanpo National Park. The SCISR of the scenic resource groups in the scenery area are 3–5, indicating a low value for viewing or use. The central, southern, and eastern combination indices are relatively high, with the Juma River and its tributaries as the core landscape, the type of scenic resources is single, and the river and its shores have a certain developmental value.The main existing problems are as follows:Scenic resources are mainly single type rivers, lacking representative landscapes with a single-tour structure.Some buildings along the river are inadequately set back and are located within the planned river regulation line, which affects the waterfront landscape.There are few types of plants and a lack of characteristic views.Some development ideas include the following:Theme of the area: Green hill, green shadow, Water Rhyme Gallery.Renovate the river and coastal environment to build the Beijing West Gallery. The area stretches along the Juma River and its tributary Xiaoxi River. The riverside is an important external traffic source that passes through the entire area, and most towns, villages, and other residential areas are concentrated along the river and the road. Therefore, the focus of the construction was to create landscapes along the river. Protecting the ecological environment of the mountains and forests along the river should be strengthened, the landscape should be improved, and the damaged landscape should be ecologically restored. By strictly adhering to the “Hebei Province Blue Line Management Regulations” within the river regulation line and prohibiting illegal construction, the river bank should maintain its ecological and natural nature. Simultaneously, wild flowers and color-leaf plants that reflect local characteristics can be used to create a botanical landscape with four seasons, colorful, and local characteristics.Build riverside greenways to meet leisure needs. A slow-moving greenway along the riverside can be constructed along the entire Juma River, connecting various scenery areas, creating an aesthetic and leisure road.Relying on scenic resources and facilities along the road, water tourism, strolling, cycling, and other excursions can be conducted.The area is located in the middle of Yesanpo National Park. Most areas in the scenery area have an SCISR of 3–5, indicating a low SCISR, but the viewing and utilization value of the scenery area is not low. The reason for this phenomenon is that the most distinctive Yugu Cave and Yugu Spring are karst caves and spring scenery resources in the scenery area. They are located underground and cannot be identified using RS images and DEM data. Therefore, the score of the SCISR is low.The following are the main existing problems:The types of scenic resources are single and there is a lack of connection among various scenic resources.The protection and utilization of war relics, such as egg tuo and the historical relics of the Buddha Cave Tower and other scenic resources are insufficient and they have not been included in tourist attractions.Damage to the mountain caused by road construction is evident, and ecological restoration is urgently needed.Some development ideas include the following:Theme of the area: Enjoyable cave, clear pond, and unique spring.Strengthen the protection of Yugu Cave and Yugu Spring, highlighting the characteristics of “spring” and “cavity.” Increase the protection of Yugu Cave and Yugu Spring, conduct scientific investigations, highlighting their cultural connotations and scientific value.Exploit humanistic scenic resources and highlight the local culture. The battle site of the Pingxi Base Area was excavated based on the deeds of the five warriors of the egg tuo.According to the comprehensive evaluation results , the spaBy summarizing the related studies on the evaluation of scenic resources in the Yesanpo National Park, it is found there are few related documents—less than 10 papers. Furthermore, most previous studies used data collection and sorting, the field survey method , questioTherefore, we proposed a comprehensive spatial identification and evaluation system for scenic resources based on 3S technology. This study used multisource data  and multiple platforms  to identify and evaluate scenic resources. Based on the evaluation model of the evaluation criteria, such as the NNI, KDE, imbalance index and geographic concentration index models, and the spatial characteristics of scenic resources, an SCISR evaluation model is proposed. The SCISR is regionally more specific than the previous landscape or geographic evaluation standards. It can graphically present the spatial combination evaluation results, and the results obtained are more objective and accurate. After verifying the results of the Yesanpo National Park field survey as well as previous studies, it was found that the identification and evaluation results of this method better reflect the actual situation of the scenic resources, have high consistency, and prove the feasibility and reliability of the method. They can provide a scientific reference basis for the sustainable development and utilization of scenic resources and related planning work.We have explored and improved the field of research on the spatial distribution of scenic resources, and our innovations are reflected in the following three points:In terms of research theory, previous studies were mainly based on theories of geography –13. ThisIn terms of research objects, previous studies mostly focused on the planar spatial structure of tourist cities and tourist attractions . AccordiIn terms of research content and methods, previous studies have mainly focused on a single platform and a single data source to evaluate the planar spatial structure of scenic resources –21. ThisChina’s existing national park planning policies do not require the evaluation of the spatial combination of scenic resources. However, as the government and the public are paying increasing attention to the sustainable development of national parks, one of the important tasks for the planning and management departments is the comprehensive and accurate identification and evaluation of scenic resources. The identification and evaluation system proposed herein can provide a scientific basis and an easy-to-implement evaluation system for improving the planning and management of national parks, meeting the actual needs of planning and management departments and rendering them easy to operate and promote. Furthermore, the rapid development of 3S technology has facilitated big data collection and analysis. Using multisource data and multiple platforms for conducting spatial evaluation research of scenic resources is a key topic that requires comprehensive studies, and this study can provide a reference basis for this research field.This study has primarily three limitations. First, the time dimension was not added while evaluating the spatial distribution of scenic resources. In future research, it is necessary to consider the influence of time factors, such as annual and seasonal changes, on the spatial distribution of scenic resources. Second, the identification and evaluation system needs to be supplemented and improved. The different types of spatial combination and evaluation indicators of the scenic resources need to be further supplemented, refined, and improved. For example, a combination of scenic resources, such as weather landscape, animal resources, and human landscapes, needs to be added. Moreover, comprehensively integrating the results in the fields of landscape architecture, geography, ecology, aesthetics, history, and art can supplement and improve the spatial evaluation indicators of scenic resources. Third, the data sources used in this study can be further expanded and optimized. In the future, we can attempt to introduce technologies such as higher-resolution RS images and drone tilt photography for the identification and evaluation of scenic resources to meet the requirements of national parks with different precision, different planning, and sustainable development management requirements.Social and economic developments have increased problems with the sustainable use of scenic resources, which has now become one of the research hotspots in this field. The key is to identify and evaluate the spatial distribution of scenic resources and conduct their scientific planning and management. We used GPS field measurements, RS image recognition, GIS spatial analysis, mathematical methods in geography, based on multiple data sources and platforms, to identify and evaluate scenic resources, which is technically difficult and highly comprehensive. Moreover, SCISR was proposed for the first time to evaluate the value of scenic resources from the perspective of spatial combination. The NNI, KDE, imbalance index, and geographic concentration index models were used as indicators of the spatial distribution characteristics of the scenic resources, which promote the quantitative and graphical evaluation of the spatial distribution of the scenic resources, helping units and related departments to understand the spatial distribution of the scenic resources more comprehensively, identify areas with relatively concentrated scenic resources, high developmental value, and greater development potential, and provide data support for decision making in national park planning and management. On-site verification was consistent with the actual data. Therefore, several indices can be considered important indicators for the evaluation of the spatial distribution of scenic resources and planning of national parks. This study provides the theoretical foundation and technical support for high-precision digital and systematic evaluation of scenic resources.The multisource data used in this study are multiperiod and digitized data with characteristics such as stability and high accuracy, which can reduce the workload and difficulty of field investigations and improve the efficiency of planning and management of scenic resources. The methodology and system are easy to popularize and apply, and thus, can be incorporated into the national park planning and management system. In addition, based on previous studies, this research has contributed to the identification and evaluation system of the spatial distribution of scenic resources. However, with continuous technological development, future research should attempt to combine scenic resource identification and evaluation systems with advanced technologies, such as big data, artificial intelligence, and three-dimensional virtualization, to improve the automation and intelligence of scenic resource identification and evaluation.S1 Appendix(TIF)Click here for additional data file.S2 Appendix(TIF)Click here for additional data file.


Policymakers, practitioners, and researchers need a balanced, thoughtful, and analytical resource to meet the challenge of global aging at a rate that’s historically unprecedented. The Journal of Aging & Social Policy (JASP), which was founded in 1989, serves this role by drawing contributions from an international panel of policy analysts and scholars who assume an interdisciplinary perspective in examining and analyzing critical phenomena that affect aging and the development and implementation of programs for older adults from a global perspective. Study settings extend beyond the United States to include Europe, the Middle East, Australia, Latin America, Asia, and the Asia-Pacific rim. This presentation will document the scope, content, and focus of JASP, including the rise of international submissions, which now account for approximately half of articles published. Opportunities for publishing in JASP will be discussed; so too will strategies for navigating the peer-review process successfully.


To better explain the cause of gas explosion accidents, based on the existing accident-causation theory, this paper proposes an accident-causation model of gas explosion accidents based on safety information transmission. Based on this, a new method for the prevention of gas explosion accidents can be developed. By analysing the connection between safety information transmission and the causal factors of gas explosion accidents, it is inferred that the loss of safety information transmission is the key factor leading to accidents. Safety information transmission is a process chain in which information is transmitted between the information source and information subject. This process involves the stages of information generation, conversion, perception, cognition, decision-making, and execution. Information loss is inevitable during the transmission process. When the information loss of the degree of safety affects the judgment of the information subject on the current situation and decision making, the possibility of accidents increases. Therefore, in this study, we constructed an accident-causation model for gas explosion accidents based on the three elements and six stages of safety information transmission. Subsequently, the DEMATEL-ISM method was used to quantitatively analyse the causes of gas explosion accidents. Through a multilevel hierarchical structure division of the accident causes, the cause, result, and root factors affecting accidents were identified, and countermeasures were proposed to provide a theoretical basis for the prevention of gas explosion accidents. Various types of accidents occur in coal mines, including gas and coal dust explosions, coal and gas outbursts, suffocation accidents, fires, floods, roof falls, and haulage accidents. Gas explosions are undoubtedly the most serious type of accidents ,2,3. OncThe coal mine production system is a complex adaptive system, and the working environment is complex and dynamic . There aUnderwood and Waterson 2013) concluded that factors, such as information loss, have a major effect on system safety, and a high proportion of accidents are caused by information loss . Zhao an concludeTherefore, based on the three elements of the source–channel–information subject and the six stages of information generation, conversion, perception, cognition, decision-making, and execution of safety information transmission, an accident-causation model was constructed in this study. Subsequently, the Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) combined with the interpretive structural modelling (ISM) method was used to study the relationship between complex system factors. The causal factors of gas explosion accidents were analysed qualitatively and quantitatively, and the logical relationship between the causal factors was discussed to provide a theoretical basis for the effective prevention and reduction of gas explosion accidents in coal mines.Li and Chen 2007) stated that safety information is a specific form that reflects the differences between safety features and their changes, including warning information, production status information, and safety instructions . Zhao an07 statedAt present, the definition of safety information is not unified, but the essential attributes are consistent. It is mainly intended to protect the physical and mental safety of people, eliminate potential accidents, reduce accident losses, and ensure work safety. The relevant dataset reflecting the system safety state, such as safety warning signs, alarm information, and operation guidelines, are all safety information. The classification of safety information differs according to different classification standards. From the state of safety information, information can be divided into static and dynamic safety information. The safety information involved in underground production systems in coal mines includes safety signs, monitoring data, safety reports, rules, regulations, and daily records. Safety information is a specific representation of system safety. The identification of system hazards, occurrence of emergencies, development trends of the mastery, and intervention are all realised through the acquisition, analysis, and utilisation of safety information.Research on safety-information loss has mainly focused on safety-information asymmetry, missing safety information, and uncertainty in safety-information perception . The essSafety information loss primarily occurs during information transmission. The entire process from information generation to information reception and use causes information loss, which includes information error, missing information, dislocation, and delay. Safety information transmission mainly involves transmission between the information source and subject as well as transmission between the information subject and subject. Among these, there is a large amount of signal noise in the transmission process between the information source and information subject. At the same time, owing to the chaotic crossover of channels, conflict, and collision, confusion can easily occur when people receive information, which affects the accuracy and timeliness of information transmission. In addition to poor channel capabilities and other reasons, the information transmission rate is low, resulting in the distortion of the information transmission. In the process of information transmission between information subjects, owing to differences in the cognitive ability, understanding, and environment of people, they may selectively receive information, which inevitably results in information loss. The degree of information loss directly affects the possibility of accidents. Information transmission and subject responses are key links to ensure the spread of original information. Information distortion is more serious when the information transmission link is longer. For higher comprehension quality of the information-receiving subject, the utilisation rate of the information is higher.A gas explosion can occur if the three following conditions are met simultaneously: (1) The gas concentration must be within the explosive limit , (2) the oxygen content in the air must be higher than 12%, and (3) a high-temperature ignition source  must be present. In underground places, except for blind lanes, the oxygen concentration reaches 20%. Therefore, the prevention of gas explosion accidents must be controlled based on two aspects: the gas concentration and ignition source. Claus postulated that information is the product of data processed by human consciousness. Gas concentration data is used as safety information to prevent gas explosions. Once the limit is exceeded and not detected in time, safety information is lost. Gas concentration monitoring involves tile inspectors, workers, safety supervisors, etc. Gas concentration overrun is the direct cause of gas explosion accidents, and the causes of overrun mainly include ventilator failure, insufficient air volume, chaotic ventilation systems, and inadequate implementation of tile inspection systems. The fundamental reason for this is deviation in safety-information acquisition, monitoring, and transmission. Missing information and information asymmetry, caused by deviations in the transmission of system safety information , are the main causes of gas explosion accidents.Through a large number of accident cases and theoretical analyses, it can be correctly stated that safety information is the specific manifestation of the mechanism and influencing factors of gas explosion accidents. The essential phenomenon of the accident evolution path and logical relationship is the transmission of safety information. This includes gas concentration monitoring, oxygen content, and ignition sources, which are categorized as dynamic, explicit, and objective safety information. These is also key safety information to prevent gas explosion accidents. Critical information loss is the root cause of such accidents. Based on the accident mechanism, the reasons and factors that cause critical information loss are analysed at the macro and micro levels. The macro level is mainly at the organisational level, including the social environment and coal mine management. The micro-level is mainly at the individual level, including the behaviour of miners and the state of objects.Considering the macro-level of coal mine production systems, gas explosion accidents are reduced with the progress of society and technological innovation, strengthening of government regulation, social supervision, and enterprise management. According to on-site research and interviews, there are differences between the implementation documents issued by the government and the actual conditions of the coal mines. The phenomenon of mismatch of technical measures, unequal information, and simple rote writing is common. There are many problems in the information transmission process, and information quality is the basic condition to ensure the effectiveness of information transmission. If the information is misinterpreted or the original information is incorrect, the accident risk can increase from the root.Considering the micro-level of coal mine production systems, human factors cause fire source and gas accumulation that leads to coal mine gas explosions. Unsafe behaviour by miners is the main cause of gas accumulation and the presence of fire sources. From the perspective of informatics, gas concentration is the source of information, which is obtained through equipment detection. The information loss in this stage mainly involves two aspects: the frequency of the concentration detection and the accuracy of the detection equipment. However, regarding concentration prediction, once gas accumulation occurs, if the concentration is not detected in time to make a judgment, there can be potential explosion hazards.In the entire process of safety-information generation, conversion, perception, cognition, decision-making, and execution transmission, the information source, channel, and subject are the key constituent elements of information transmission. In the process of information flow, information carrier defects or limited function, information conversion, external interference, insufficient information stimulation intensity, and time duration cause information loss, distortion, delay, and dislocation. Information loss ultimately affects the behavioural response of workers. Therefore, information loss in the process of information transmission can directly or indirectly lead to the occurrence of gas explosion accidents and affect their further expansion. Avoiding crucial safety information loss is key to preventing the occurrence and expansion of accidents.There are many types of safety information in underground coal mine production systems, and dynamic information is complex and changeable. Safety information is the key connection point to ensure the orderly and stable operation of the system. In the entire process from information generation to decision transmission, the factors and causes of safety information loss can be analysed from three constituent elements of information transmission  and six main processes . The constituent elements of information transmission are the basic elements that ensure the authenticity of information. Once a certain element fails or has defects, it leads to information loss, thus affecting the normal operation of the system. The six main processes of information transmission are key links that affect the degree of information loss. A critical point in the degree of information loss that leads to an accident is called crucial safety information. Crucial safety information refers to the minimum amount of information required to ensure safe operation of the system. Once crucial safety information is transmitted with error, missing data, delay, dislocation, and other losses, it can affect the safety prediction, decision-making, and other follow-up links of the information subject. Decision-making errors can lead to unsafe behaviour by workers and unsafe state of equipment, which can cause accidents.By analysing the information sources, channels, and subjects involved in the entire process of safety information transmission, it is evident that the defects in safety information sources develop into faults under the influence of the outside environment, resulting in inaccurate and false information release. Channel failure due to external influences results in poor channel and channel interruptions, and safety information cannot be transmitted normally. Information subjects cannot receive accurate safety information, and cannot make correct predictions, decisions, and execution behaviour, resulting in increased possibility of accidents.From the perspective of the entire process of information transmission, changes in the safety information quality, safety information dissemination environment, and safety information subjects all affect the effectiveness and reliability of information, which are the main factors causing information loss, as shown in Safety information quality is the basic condition for the effective transmission of information, including the reliability of information sources, clarity of purpose, normative information, and timeliness. If the information itself contains errors or is invalid, it can directly affect the decision-making behaviour of people, which can lead to accidents. In the process of effective information transmission, owing to the impact of untimely dissemination, signal-to-noise destruction, channel diversity, and other environmental influences, there is deviation or loss in the information transmission process. Therefore, the information-dissemination environment significantly affects the transformation and transmission of safety information. The carrier, manifestation, and time of information transmission mainly include dissemination timeliness, signal-noise destructiveness, diversity expression, system complexity, and channel diversity. The perception, cognition, and decision-making process of information receivers for safety information are affected by the level of personal safety awareness, emergency response ability, safety knowledge and skills, physical and mental conditions, and work experience. This is closely related to the overall quality of an individual.Studies have shown that unsafe behaviour is the root cause of accidents, and the loss of safety information is the main factor that causes unsafe behaviour, which plays a decisive role in the occurrence of accidents ,23. TherThe occurrence of gas explosion accidents is accompanied by the whole process of information transmission. Safety information loss, such as inadequate information transmission, neglect of safety (danger) information, deviation of information perception, and incorrect or untimely information responses, are the key factors that lead to gas explosion accidents. This includes the actions of neglecting safety information, such as the failure to take response measures in time when the gas exceeds the limit, failure to obtain timely gas concentration information, the chaotic nature of the ventilation system, and the wrong operation process. The essence of accident prevention and control is to control, regulate, and manage the material, energy, and information flow in the system through the identification, guidance, monitoring, warning, and regulation of safety information (positive effect). Safety information that wrongly reflects the state of material flow and energy flow in the system can lead to accidents or expand the impact of accidents (negative effect). Therefore, it is necessary to give maximum importance to and correctly use the guidance and control effect of safety information flow on material flow and energy flow to ensure the efficient transmission and timely and correct response to safety information.The DEMATEL method is a methodology for solving complex problems proposed by American scholars Gabus and Fontela. It calculates the degree of influence of each factor on other factors by determining the size of the direct influence relationship between the factors in the system. It obtains the centrality and causation degree of each factor to determine the cause and result factors . The ISMThe construction of the accident-causation model of gas explosion accidents, is based on the influencing factors of safety information loss. These include hidden danger information leading to gas explosion accidents, and the impact of the external environment, including gas concentration overruns, ignition sources, government regulations, and social supervision. The causal factors of gas explosions based on safety information transmission are listed in Eight experts in the field of coal mine safety and emergency management were invited to participate and assess, according to the scale 0–3 . The scoring method was used to quantitatively evaluate the direct influence relationship and degree of influence among various factors of gas explosion, and the direct influence matrix is shown in K to form the standardized direct influence matrix N.① Standardize the direct influence matrix T is constructed based on Equation (4).I indicates the unit matrix of the same order as N.② To further analyse the indirect influence relationship and degree of influence of the causal factors of gas explosions, a comprehensive influence matrix T, and the degree T; The influence degree It is evident from As shown in L was constructed according to the comprehensive influence matrix T, and the adjacency matrix L was added to the unit matrix I to form a new matrix H based on Equation (6). Then, according to the operation properties of Boole, MATLAB software was used to perform multiple Boolean operations on matrix H until the formula Z was obtained, as shown in L. T.The adjacency matrix Z, and this process was repeated to divide the accessibility matrix Z into structural levels [Z, Z, Z.According to the hierarchy principle, the factor satisfying l levels . By consThrough hierarchical division, the hierarchical structure and correlation characteristics of the factors influencing gas explosions were clarified. Regarding the causal factors of gas explosion accidents, more attention should be paid to higher hierarchical structure levels. As shown in (1)The information subject is not only the recipient of safety information, but also the transmitter of information. Work experience, safety awareness level, and the physical and mental state of information subjects have a significant impact on information transmission, which directly affects the accuracy and effectiveness of information transmission and use. Therefore, coal mining enterprises need to improve the safety awareness level, information cognition, and processing ability of their employees through daily safety training and assessment. In addition, signal noise, dissemination channels, and information expression forms in the information transmission process have a certain impact on information loss. It is necessary to consider the ways and manifestations of information transmission from the perspective of information types, the needs of the information subjects, and understanding. This can help avoid the homogenization of information transmission and further improve the effectiveness of information transmission.(2)Owing to the complexity of underground production systems, there are many types and structures of safety information in the coal mine production process. There are problems in the quality assurance of the source, the transmission environment is complex and changeable, and the comprehensive quality of the information recipients is uneven, which leads to problems in the process of information transmission. Different degrees of loss result in gas accumulation or the emergence of fire sources, which leads to gas explosion accidents. Therefore, in view of the complexity of the system, it is necessary to comprehensively analyse the information types, characteristics, attributes, and target states. Additionally, the safety information should be divided according to the urgency, manifestation, and response needs. The information transmission efficiency and information utilisation rate must be improved, and the role of safety information must assume full importance.In this study, we analysed the entire process of safety information transmission and postulate that the loss of critical safety information is the main reason for accidents. Therefore, improving the quality of the source, improving the information transmission environment, and strengthening the comprehensive quality of the information recipients can ensure the accuracy and timeliness of safety information transmission and avoid the loss or misuse of critical safety information. In this study, we provide a new idea and method for the prevention of gas explosion accidents.(1)Loss of safety information is a key factor in gas explosion accidents. Based on the entire process of safety information transmission, the factors affecting safety information loss were extracted, including safety information quality, safety information environment, safety information subjects, three first-level indicators, and fourteen second-level indicators.(2)The three elements  and six stages  of safety information transmission were analyzed. This was combined with the case of gas explosion accidents to develop an accident-causation model of a gas explosion accident based on safety information transmission, which has a certain guiding significance for the prevention of gas explosion accidents.(3)Eighteen causal factors were extracted according to the accident-causation model of a gas explosion, based on safety information transmission. The DEMATEL-ISM quantitative analysis method was used to determine ten cause factors and eight result factors. Among them, C8, C14, and C17 were the root factors affecting the occurrence of gas explosion accidents, and C2 and C16 were the surface factors.The loss of critical safety information is the fundamental factor leading to accidents. This paper analysed the causes of gas explosion accidents based on the whole process of safety information transmission, but lacks a quantitative assessment of safety information loss. In the future, we will continue to classify and extract the safety information of various types of accidents in coal mines, and quantify the loss in the transmission process, and conduct further in-depth research on coal mine accidents from the perspective of the amount of safety information loss.


Global temperature change is related to the destiny of all mankind, and carbon mitigation, as well as greenhouse gases control, are key points. In order to explore the basic knowledge, research hotspots and trends in global carbon mitigation research, this paper, based on 15,304 carbon mitigation articles from Web of Science, from 1991 to 2021, conducts spatio-temporal distribution, country distribution, research hotspots and cooperation network analysis, and draws frontier knowledge graphs of carbon mitigation by using CiteSpace, Gephi and other scientific knowledge mapping and literature analysis software. The key scholars, important literature, main contribution institutions and countries/regions in the field of carbon mitigation research were extracted, and the research basis and evolution law were displayed. The study found that: (1) The research on carbon mitigation is increasing every year, which can be roughly divided into four stages: germination, low-speed development, medium-speed development and high-speed development. (2) The spatial distribution of carbon mitigation research is unbalanced, mainly showing a characteristic of “one super and many strong” centered on the United States. (3) The research hotspots of carbon mitigation have gradually evolved from phenomenon analysis, policy guidance, method exploration to mechanism improvement. Further research might focus on ocean carbon sink, carbon trading and carbon-negative technology. Garcia, Lewis and Griscom suggest that photosynthetic carbon capture by trees may be one of the most effective strategies to limit the rise of global COntration ,4,5. Asuntration ,7. Woolfntration ,9. Marshntration ,11. Withntration ,13, the ntration ,15, carbntration , ecosystntration ,18, forentration ,20 and ohttps://www.webofscience.com/, accessed on 4 January 2022), uses dynamic network analysis and visual techniques and tools to analyze the research structure, research hotspots and future development trends of carbon mitigation, which provide an important reference for research in the future. The aim of this study is to analyze the intellectual structure, hotspots and trends of global carbon mitigation.To sum up, in addition to carbon mitigation methods, relevant research also involves agriculture, ecosystems, land use and other aspects. Particularly, research panorama, spatial distribution, regional disparities and hotspots are important for promoting carbon mitigation. In order to grasp the panorama of carbon mitigation research, regional disparities and other research status, this study, based on the global literature data of Web of Science (WoS)  covers the world’s most influential research findings. Based on the WoSCC information retrieval platform, this study extracted the global carbon mitigation research literature with the theme of “carbon mitigation”, covering the period from 1991 to 2021, and retrieved a total of 18,314 articles. The data of English literature from the WoSCC database was retrieved on 4 January 2022 through a search by “TS” = (carbon mitigation) for all years of the collection span. After duplication screening with CiteSpace, a total of 18,314 articles were found, spanning from 1991 to 2021. After data normalizing and filtering , a total of 15,304 papers were retained as research samples for trend analysis of global carbon emissions research.CiteSpace is an information visualization software developed by Professor Chen Chaomei, School of Computing and Informatics, Drexel University, USA, based on White and Griffith’s  author cCiteSpace has the most comprehensive functions to process and analyze the documents in WoS database, mainly including national/regional cooperation network, institutional cooperation network, author cooperation network and co-occurrence or co-word analysis based on references, keywords, subject headings, etc. This paper mainly analyzes the knowledge base, discipline structure and research frontier in the field of carbon mitigation through CiteSpace. The co-citation network composed of the cited literature can clearly reveal the knowledge base of a certain academic topic; keyword co-occurrence network can clearly show the disciplinary structure of a certain field; the citation groups and references cited by the citation groups can show the frontier characteristics of the research in this field. This paper analyzes the co-citation network, keyword co-occurrence network and emergence words of literature on carbon-mitigation-related research topics published from 1991 to 2021 in the WoSCC database to clarify the progress of carbon mitigation knowledge Graph.The scientific knowledge graphs from CiteSpace analysis are mainly presented in the form of nodes and links. The size of nodes reflects the frequency of the analysis objects ; the thickness of links reflects the strength of cooperation, co-occurrence or co-citation; the color of nodes represents different years; the color of the line corresponds to the time of the first co-occurrence or co-citation of the node . In CiteThe interannual variation in the number of published papers in a certain field can reflect, to some extent, the attention that researcher pays to the field, which is helpful to the overall research and analysis of the development status and trend of a certain field. The number of publications in a country/region in a certain field usually represents the degree of activity in that field, which helps to analyze the relationship between countries/regions. In this paper, CiteSpace is used to map the national/regional cooperation network in the field of carbon mitigation , to analFrom the analysis of China’s nodes and statistical data, China’s scientific research participation in this field was relatively low in the early stage of carbon emission reduction research and the period of low-speed development. In recent years, as more and more Chinese scholars have joined carbon emission reduction research, China’s publication volume in this field has increased sharply. Since 2018, it has surpassed the United States to become the country with the highest number of publications in this field. It can be seen that China is paying more and more attention to the research on carbon mitigation.Distribution of Research and Funding Institutions for Carbon Mitigation ResearchNational scientific research institutions represent strategic scientific and technological strength, and funding institutions reflect the degree of attention. 2 Emissions. Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis [The knowledge base of carbon emission research can be explored from the co-citation network constructed by the cited literature. ce Basis , publishce Basis . In 2008ce Basis . In the ce Basis , which lThe scientific knowledge map constructed by the key words of the cited literature can more intuitively reflect the discipline structure from the micro level. 2 have been studied for the longest time, indicating that the relationship between global warming and atmospheric CO2 has been widely considered by scholars. From 2000 to 2012, the main emerging words in the reduction research are carbon sequestration, ecosystem, agriculture and clean development mechanism. This depicts that scholars have not only carried out long-term research on agricultural ecosystems and carbon sequestration, but have also gone deep into clean energy and other fields. From 2012 to 2021, the emerging words in this research field focus on carbon footprint, life cycle assessment, carbon dioxide emission and consumption, which reveals that carbon mitigation research has entered the phase of innovation system construction. Energy structure and its efficiency are the key factors affecting carbon emission reduction. Efficient renewable energy technology requires continuous innovation and accelerated docking with the carbon market, while technological innovation and market promotion are inseparable from strong support in policy and financial guarantees.In this paper, Burst Detection  is used to analyze the keywords of the cited literature on carbon emission reduction, which can clearly show the scientific frontier and trend of carbon emission reduction. From 1991 to 2021, the research literature related to carbon mitigation increased year on year, generally showing four stages of germination, low-speed development, uniform medium-speed development and high-speed development, and the number of papers published in various countries/regions is parallel to the overall trend. Among the developed countries, the United States, Britain, Germany, Australia, Canada, the Netherlands, Italy and France have made great contributions to carbon mitigation. Among the developing countries, besides China, India has also made great efforts to reduce carbon emissions. Although a latecomer in this field, China has surpassed the United States to become the country with the largest number of publications since 2008. From the analysis of the national/regional cooperation network, the United States has the most extensive cooperation in this field, despite the fact that China has published more articles than the United States. However, it is still essentially necessary to expand the network of international cooperation with wider and deeper impact. From the analysis of the institutional cooperation network, the Chinese Academy of Sciences has the largest number of publications and plays an important role among the global scientific research institutions.Carbon mitigation is a public issue at the global level. In the context of the unbalanced spatial distribution of carbon mitigation research, it is necessary for all countries in the world to mobilize their efforts more actively to jointly respond to the challenges brought by carbon emissions, and to put forward requirements and measures for carbon mitigation based on the actual situations by different countries/regions.In the process of carbon mitigation research, scholars, including Searchinger, Smith, Fargione and other scholars, have provided new branches and directions, laying the disciplinary foundation in this field. The research in Soil Science, Agricultural Economics and Policy, Oceanography, Ecology and other related fields provides a basis for the knowledge system, technology realization and industrial transformation of carbon mitigation. The discipline structure of carbon mitigation research can be divided into four aspects: concept and carbon source exploration, policy formulation, technical methods and carbon mitigation measures. It is worth noting that policy formulation plays a positive role in promoting the research in this field. The initial research on carbon mitigation focused on the status quo of global warming and the release of relevant international policies, such as the Kyoto Protocol and the Paris Agreement. Countries around the world have begun to explore carbon mitigation methods and the corresponding mechanisms from the aspects of carbon mitigation, such as renewable energy, clean development, land use and so on. At present, carbon mitigation has formed a mature institutional mechanism, which has been gradually improved in terms of methodology, such as LDMI and BECCS, and technical support, such as solid oxide electrolysis, life cycle assessment and carbon footprint.The formulation of carbon mitigation policy has effectively promoted the relevant research, but the innovation of technical methods and the implementation of carbon mitigation measures cannot be separated from the support of the government and the guarantee of funds.From the overall analysis of the emerging keywords, the current research hotspots include carbon capture and storage, biomass energy, clean energy and other new technologies, new materials related to emission mitigation technologies, and emission mitigation measures.At present, scholars mostly focus on the research of land use, farmland ecosystem and other carbon sinks. However, the global ocean area accounts for about 70%, which has a huge potential for carbon sinks. With the development of economy and the shortage of land resources, marine carbon sinks will be more widely considered by scholars. Low-carbon-oriented economic development will provide a new development model for the global economy. The development, trading and related activities of low-carbon projects will be conducive to promoting low-carbon economic development. To achieve carbon neutrality, negative carbon emission technology will be conquered sometime in the future, which would make it possible to control carbon emissions and absorption.Although carbon mitigation has attracted global attention and countries have responded positively and taken measures, it is still necessary to combine carbon mitigation with economic development in the future.Based on the WoSCC data platform, 15,304 carbon mitigation research studies were retrieved, with the time, countries/regions and institutional distribution of the literature being studied using scientific knowledge graphs and bibliometrics. Meanwhile, the main research countries/regions and institutions in the world were also analyzed. Through analyzing the cited literature by the keywords, the prominent words and the prominent papers, this paper discusses the discipline foundation, research hotspots and future trends in this field. The following conclusions are drawn:From 1991 to 2021, the research literature related to carbon mitigation increased year on year, and its development process can be roughly divided into four stages. From 1991 to 2002, it was in the embryonic stage, with a small number of articles and focusing on phenomenon analysis. From 2002 to 2007, although the number of published articles increased compared with the previous stage, the growth rate was slower. From 2007 to 2016, the number of published articles increased linearly and was in a state of uniform development. From 2016 to 2021, the number of published articles grew exponentially and is now in a high-speed development trend.The spatial distribution of carbon mitigation research is unbalanced, mainly showing one super with multi-strong distribution. The United States is in a dominant position, in terms of the total number of papers, cooperation networks and research history, while China, Britain, Germany, Australia, Canada, the Netherlands and other countries are evenly matched in carbon mitigation research. Overall, developed countries have invested a lot in carbon mitigation research and made great contributions to this field. Except for China and India, other developing countries have a lower research input and contribution in this field. Institutional research also shows a similar trend. Carbon mitigation, as a public issue facing the world, needs to more actively mobilize countries around the world to jointly respond to the challenges posed by carbon emissions.Carbon mitigation research has gradually evolved from phenomenon analysis, policy guidance, technical methods to emission mitigation measures, and the current research hotspots include carbon capture and storage, biomass energy, clean energy and other new technologies, new materials-related emission mitigation technologies, and emission mitigation measures. In the future, it may develop towards marine carbon sink, carbon trading, carbon-negative emission technology and so on. This paper reveals the development status of carbon mitigation research, and analyzes the hot research directions and development trends in this field, which can provide basic support for global carbon mitigation policy formulation and researchers in this field.In this paper, only the English literature was analyzed, and there was a lack of analysis on carbon-mitigation-related research in the Chinese literature. In addition, there are differences in carbon mitigation studies in different regions, and the reasons for the length of the paper are not fully discussed. Due to the different parameter settings and data processing of CiteSpace software, the knowledge graphs obtained in this paper are slightly different, but the overall analysis and conclusions are reliable.


The authors wish to add the following information to their Research Paper:In the original published version of this article, one of the affiliations for Prof. G. Santulli was incomplete; the correct affiliation is reported below: Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Einstein Institute for Aging Research, Institute for Neuroimmunology and Inflammation, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA. Moreover, a declaration concerning the competing interest of one of the authors was not included. This issue has now been rectified; the corrected Declaration of Competing Interest can be found below.Prof. B. Trimarco reports personal fees for speaker bureau, outside the content of the current manuscript, from Malesci, Damor, MSD, and Fidia.The authors would like to apologise for any inconvenience caused.