Health assessment data assists the well-being and patient care teams' process in drawing up a care and assistance plan and comprehending the requirements of the patient. Comprehensive and precise data about the Quality of Life of cancer patients play a significant part in the development and organization of cancer patient care. Quality of Life has been used to mean a variety of various things, such as health situation, physical function, symptoms, psychosocial modification, well-being, enjoyment of life, and happiness. Chronic diseases such as cancer are among the disorders that severely affect people's health and consequently their Quality of Life. Cancer patients experience a range of symptoms, including pain and various physical and mental conditions that negatively affect their Quality of Life. In this article, we examined cancer and the impact that this disease can have on the Quality of Life of cancer patients. The cancers examined in this article include head and neck, prostate, breast, lung, and skin cancers. We also discussed health assessment and the importance and purpose of studying patients' Quality of Life, especially cancer patients. The various signs and symptoms of the disease that affect the Quality of Life of patients were also reviewed. People's health is a goal of common, financial, conservational aspects, and personal aspects. Besides additional issues, health knowledge is one of the most significant causes of well-being . A healtThe idiom Quality of Life is extensively used to evaluate quality of life and well-being matters . The purThe head and neck are two of the most significant vital diagnostic parts of the body of their complex structure and many physical procedures . Head anProstate cancer morbidity and fatality measures often diverge. The second most common reason for cancer death in men is prostate cancer . There aAfter skin cancer, breast cancer is the most common cancer among women and is the second greatest cause of cancer death in women after lung cancer . Some kiLung cancer is the most common cancer incidence and cause of cancer mortality in men, while in women, it is the third most frequent cancer . AlthougSkin cancer is the most common cancer, and its occurrence is growing as young people expose themselves to vast amounts of ultraviolet radiance (UV) and use minimal skin defense, increasing their danger –90. MelaWe assess and compare the data in the figures of HNC and PC, according to the figures, head and neck cancer affects the role and cognitive function more than prostate cancer. Prostate cancer patients have less appetite than head and neck cancer patients, and affording to the figures, dyspnea is more common in prostate cancer patients than in head and neck cancer patients. The social and emotional function is more affected in prostate cancer, and pain intensity is felt more in head and neck cancer patients than in prostate cancer patients. In both diseases, patients develop diarrhea, but in patients with head and neck cancer, there is more than in patients with prostate cancer. Based on prostate and lung cancer figures, we compare the quality of life of prostate and lung cancer patients. The effect of prostate cancer on the social, cognitive, and emotional functioning of patients is also greater, the severity and amount of pain in prostate cancer patients are higher than in lung cancer patients. Sleep disturbance is seen in both diseases, but they are almost more elevated in prostate cancer patients. Also, in both disorders, the appetite is decreased. Comparing the quality of life of patients with these two cancers, we concluded that the severity of pain that skin cancer patients suffer is much higher than that of head and neck cancer patients. However, skin cancer patients who have not yet had surgery have better mental health, but comparing the data, we concluded that physical function is almost the same in both diseases, but the social part of head and neck cancer patients is better than skin cancer. In patients with prostate cancer, gastrointestinal disorders such as constipation and diarrhea are observed, and even the patient's sleep is disturbed. Prostate cancer has a more negligible effect on functional scales such as social and emotional than skin cancer. Comparing the quality of life of skin cancer with lung cancer, we found that the impact of lung cancer on the patient's physical, social, and emotional functioning is more significant than skin cancer. On the other hand, the severity of body pain in skin cancer patients is higher, although, by comparing breast cancer with other cancers, we found that the intensity of pain that breast cancer patients endure is lower than that of patients with head and neck and skin cancer. According to the data in the figures, nausea and vomiting are lower in breast cancer patients than in head and neck cancer patients. The severity of dyspnea in breast cancer patients is less than that of head and neck cancer. Sleep difficulties experienced by lung cancer survivors and prostate cancer patients are greater than those experienced by breast cancer patients. Comparing the figures, it was concluded that appetites in breast cancer patients in the first 3 months of the disease were reduced more than in patients with head and neck, prostate, and lung cancer. According to the information in the tables, we examined the dimensions of physical functioning and role functioning, social functioning, and emotional functioning among the cancers mentioned in this article, namely head and neck cancer and prostate cancer, breast cancer, lung, and skin cancer, and came to this conclusion. We found that the physical functioning dimension in head and neck cancer is more favorable than other cancers and the physical functioning of head and neck cancer patients is better than other cancers, and this dimension is less affected in head and neck cancer patients. Role functioning among prostate cancer patients is better than other cancer patients in this article. Also, among cancers, lung cancer has the most significant impact on physical functioning and role functioning. Examining the dimensions of emotional function and social function, it can be said that these two dimensions are more affected by head and neck cancer than other cancers, while the social role of lung cancer patients and the emotional function of skin cancer patients were better than the others.We have added four more cancers to this article to expand the research results, and they are shown in the table below. According to the information in the tables, we examined the dimensions of physical functioning, emotional functioning, social functioning, cognitive functioning, role functioning, nausea and vomiting, appetite loss, fatigue, pain, dyspnea, and diarrhea among cancers mentioned in this article, namely head and neck cancer, prostate cancer, breast cancer, lung, skin cancer, cervical cancer, colon cancer, stomach cancer, and esophageal cancer, and concluded. Regarding the four additional cancers added to the table, the patients studied in colon cancer are patients who have undergone 3 months of rehabilitation program . But in Reviewing and researching the Quality of Life of patients can give us essential information about patients' responses to cancer and cancertreatments, and in the communication of diverse responses and the general Quality of Life, the data gained can also affect the care options chosen. As a result, the most critical cancers encompassing breast, head, neck, prostate, lung, and skin cancer were the topical parameters and important items discussed in this article. It can be found that side effects of treatment procedures affect quality-of-life parameters efficiently. Symptoms of cancer can significantly impact the quality of life, which substantially impacts physical, emotional, social, and spiritual health. In general, emotional and physical anxiety and fear of cancer, changes in the patient's appearance, and loss of the patient's ability to perform daily tasks can significantly impact patients' Quality of Life.SJ proposed the main idea and gathered data and RG revised the article. Both authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.


Nature 10.1038/s41586-020-1965-x Published online 5 February 2020Correction to: In the published version of this paper, the members of the Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes (PCAWG) Consortium were listed in the Supplementary Information; however, these members should have been included in the main paper. The original Article has been corrected to include the members and affiliations of the PCAWG Consortium in the main paper; the corrections have been made to the HTML version of the Article but not the PDF version. Additional minor corrections to affiliations have been made to the PDF and HTML versions of the original Article for consistency of information between the PCAWG list and the main paper. An additional affiliation has been added for Husen M. Umer . The affiliation for Erik Larsson has been changed from Computational Biology Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA to Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.


The Donald P. Kent Award lecture will feature an address by the 2021 Kent Award recipient Luigi Ferrucci, MD, PhD, FGSA, of the National Institute on Aging. The Kent Award is given annually to a member of The Gerontological Society of America who best exemplifies the highest standards of professional leadership in gerontology through teaching, service, and interpretation of gerontology to the larger society. The Robert W. Kleemeier Award lecture will feature an address by the 2021 Kleemeier Award recipient Kenneth F. Ferraro, PhD, FGSA, of Purdue University. The Kleemeier Award is given annually to a member of The Gerontological Society of America in recognition for outstanding research in the field of gerontology.


Aging has become a universal concern of the world, and its process is accelerating, which leads to the shortage of the care resources and increased burden of social development. Based on this problem, The concept of time banking has been gradually applied to geriatric caring, forming a model of mutual support for older people, which has been practiced in different countries. However, there is no consensus about the effect of time banking for older person. Thus, the aim of this review was to integrate research on the application of time banking to summarize the benefits for older people and challenges faced in different countries. Moreover, the review put forward solutions to provide references for the localization of time banking in China. PubMed, Wiley Online Library, Web of Science, SAGE Journals Online, Science Direct, EbscoHost, SpringerLink and CNKI databases were searched to include 22 eligible studies. Qualities of included studies were assessed, evidences about the benefits for older person and challenges regarding time banking was synthesized. Although the overall study quality was medium, consistent evidence was existed to indicate that time banking has beneficial effects which containing social values and personal values on the older people. Furthermore, the comprehensive evidences also showed that time banking would be improved in the following four aspects: diversity of volunteers, improvement of service quality, variety of incentives and scientific management. Additional well-designed and high-quality studies are needed for us to better understand the opportunities and challenges of time banking.


Based on the theme of sports risk prevention and control in colleges and universities, the connotation and classification of sports risk in colleges and universities are recognized and screened, the theoretical basis of sports risk prevention and control in colleges and universities is interpreted, and the needs of sports risk prevention and control in colleges and universities are analyzed. On the basis of questionnaire and expert interview, the analytic method is used to construct the evaluation index system of sports risk prevention and control in colleges and universities, including 5 first-level indexes, 9 second-level indexes, and 27 third-level indexes in colleges and universities, teachers, students, parents, and communities, in order to find out the characteristics and occurrence rules of sports risk in colleges and universities in Changsha, Zhuzhou and Xiangtan, Hunan Province. We find out the loopholes and shortcomings in the risk management of sports in colleges and universities and provide theoretical reference for reducing the risk of sports in colleges and universities in the region and improving students' physical quality. Physical exercise, as an important way to improve and consolidate college students' physical and mental health, plays an important role in promoting college students' physical health, training their will quality, regulating emotional pressure, and developing healthy exercise methods. However, sports always have different degrees of sports risks, which have an impact on college students' physical and mental health and even life safety. Especially in recent years, the frequent occurrence of sudden death cases in campus sports has become an embarrassment and a challenge that universities have to face –3. AlthoSports risk is derived from sports science and risk management. At present, many experts and scholars have different cognitive perspectives on sports risk, and the concept of sports risk is also different. Wang  believesThe risk prevention and control of college sports is an important way to ensure the personal safety of college students' participation in sports. The personal safety of college students' participation in sports is mostly caused by human factors, which has the characteristics of complexity, diversity, and suddenness. According to Hou , the preHuman factor management theory was put forward by the American Safety Engineer Heinrich in the 1920s through the study of American industrial safety accidents, also known as Heinrich causal chain theory or domino theory . AccordiThe theory of energy destructive release was founded in Harton in the 1970s . StartinThe new public service theory was proposed by the Danharts in the 1970s. Taking the “three E” as the basis of their own value, this paper puts forward the principles of public interest as the goal rather than by-product, democratic action, serving citizens rather than customers, responsibility is not single, serving rather than steering, paying attention to people rather than just productivity, strategic thinking, and exceeding entrepreneurial identity . It consThe polycentric governance theory was proposed by the American Ostroms in the 1960s. With the help of multiple power centers and organizational systems to provide public services, governance of public things, emphasizing the interactive process of participating groups and active creation of governance rules, governance forms, with the choice of diversity, reduce free-riding behavior and reasonable decision-making characteristics . For theSystem security theory was founded by Johnson in the 1950s. The security theory and method system formed by this theory in order to solve the problem of “system accidents caused by management negligence and errors” is a comprehensive system security management method and system security engineering to comprehensively identify potential risks of the system. Targeted control measures are adopted for the system to bear the lowest risk, and the system security is the best and runs through the whole life cycle of the system . The sysAs the last station of school education, college physical education shoulders the responsibility of cultivating and consolidating college students' sports habits and lifelong fitness consciousness. However, for a long time, due to the influence of the state, society, and family on the excessive emphasis on college entrance examination and the change of life style in the Internet age, students lack exercise consciousness and exercise habits, and their physique is not optimistic –21. AccoAt present, the physical problems of college students are still more prominent, and the campus sports safety is frequent, which has brought negative effects to college students' physical exercise. In 2016, a senior student in Wuhan University suddenly fainted in the process of physical fitness test and died after rescue . In 2016The diversity of sports events in colleges and universities, the immobility and complexity of sports venues, the personalization of college students, and the special sports equipment or equipment of many sports events must be considered comprehensively when constructing the risk prevention and control evaluation index of sports in colleges and universities .The sources of sports risk in colleges and universities mainly include the level of colleges and universities, teachers, students, parents, and communities. The types of sports risk in colleges and universities are divided into direct factors such as sports itself, facilities and equipment, and students themselves and indirect factors such as management, climate environment, and society. Therefore, the construction of university sports risk evaluation index should be comprehensive analysis of risk sources and classification .Sports risk in colleges and universities has the characteristics of objectivity and sociality, suddenness and measurability, variability and invisibility, inevitability and uncertainty, contingency, and controllability. In addition, it also has the characteristics of damage and potential, multifactor and behavior correlation, and the process of risk generation, development, and damage. University sports risk is a collection of various risk factors and dynamic changes. Effective prevention and control should be implemented on the basis of full analysis of risk characteristics and processes in the construction of risk prevention and control evaluation indexes of university sports.The theory of system security and human factor management believes that “management negligence and errors lead to accidents in the system” and “quantitative changes cause qualitative changes,” and the world is constantly changing. At present, there may be very small hidden dangers. With the accumulation of quantitative changes to qualitative changes, the consequences may be unthinkable. With the extensive development of sports in colleges and universities, the attention of the state and society to the physical health of college students and the development of high technology the rapid development and improvement of sports in colleges and universities is inevitable, and the accompanying risks are also developing and changing. Whether the risk prevention and control evaluation index system of sports in colleges and universities can adapt to the changes and continuously improve and develop is crucial to reduce the risk.Because the university sports risk prevention and control involves the university, the teacher, the student, the parents, and the community and each level contains many domains, therefore, in the setting of evaluation indexes for the prevention and control of sports risks in colleges and universities, we should not only comprehensively consider the factors of colleges and universities, teachers, students, parents, and communities, but also focus on covering the whole picture of the prevention and control of sports risks in colleges and universities from an overall perspective, which can not only focus on reflecting the basis of the prevention and control of sports risks in colleges and universities, but also comprehensively control the dynamics of the prevention and control of sports risks in colleges and universities.(1) Principles of objectivity and operability: the evaluation index system of sports risk prevention and control in colleges and universities should not only be widely adapted to and serve the practical needs of sports risk prevention and control in colleges and universities, but also fully consider the particularity of the current development of sports in colleges and universities, and according to the current policies and spirit of sports risk prevention and control in colleges and universities, the established evaluation index system of sports risk prevention and control in colleges and universities should try to select indicators that are easy to quantify, obtain, and are less disturbed by human factors, which is conducive to convenient, fast, and accurate implementation of data collection and statistics, so as to speed up the process of sports in colleges and universities and improve service levels. (2) The principle of division and cooperation and keeping pace with the times: the risk prevention and control of sports in colleges and universities is managed by many relevant functional departments. The screening of evaluation indexes for risk prevention and control of sports in colleges and universities must adhere to clear division of labor, mutual cooperation, and unified coordination. And because the risk prevention and control evaluation of college sports in China has just started, although some scholars have constructed the evaluation system, the rapid development of new technology and culture and the extension and connotation of college sports are constantly enriched. Therefore, the construction of university sports risk prevention and control evaluation index system should be based on the current, focusing on the principle of keeping pace with the times in the long run. (3) Principles of systematicness and comparability: when determining each index, the evaluation index system of sports risk prevention and control in colleges and universities cannot simply consider the problem from the index itself. Instead, this index should be placed in the overall environment of the research object of sports risk prevention and control in colleges and universities, reflecting the main characteristics and conditions of the sports risk prevention and control system in colleges and universities and making vertical and horizontal comparisons as far as possible.According to the overall goal and decision-making plan of the construction of the evaluation index system of sports risk prevention and control in colleges and universities, it is divided into three levels: goal, criterion, and scheme. Referring to the construction model of the evaluation index system of sports risk prevention and control in primary and secondary schools of Zhang and Wang , using fThe specific operation process is as follows: first is the use of analytic hierarchy process theory to grasp the university sports risk prevention and control research problems, construction of university sports risk prevention, and control hierarchical structure; secondly, the judgment matrix of college sports risk prevention and control is constructed to compare the relative importance of a certain factor at the previous level and all factors at this level. Again, determine the scale using AHP theory to determine the weight calculation and consistency test. The weight of university sports risk prevention and control index is based on the Ministry of Education “Interim Measures for School Sports Risk Prevention and Control” . ThroughA, the maximum  eigenvalue λmax of the judgment matrix A is obtained, and then the corresponding eigenvector W is solved by using its corresponding characteristic equation AW = λmaxW, and then its eigenvector W is normalized. Then test the consistency C of the judgment matrix is C = λmaxn−/n−1. When C = 0, the judgment matrix is consistent. The larger the value of C is, the more serious the inconsistency of the judgment matrix is. The inconsistency degree of the judgment matrix can still be used in a certain range, so the random consistency index R = λmaxn−/n−1 is introduced. When the random consistency ratio CR = C/R < 0.1, the inconsistency of A is still acceptable; otherwise, the judgment matrix must be adjusted.After constructing the judgment matrix In the university sports risk prevention and control classification index, the weight of the first-level index is in the top three: students, teachers, and universities. Universities are the platform and guarantee for sports risk prevention and control, teachers are the backbone of sports risk prevention and control, and students are the main body of sports risk prevention and control. From a macro perspective, the prevention and control of sports risks in colleges and universities should make use of the platform and resources of colleges and universities, give full play to the subjective initiative of teachers, effectively act on students, and realize the closed-loop control of sports risks.Among the secondary indexes of sports risk prevention and control in colleges and universities, students' safety awareness, learning attitude, teachers' sports practice, and risk education in colleges and universities occupy a large weight, which indicates that cultivating students' sports risk awareness and correcting students “learning attitude, teachers” scientific implementation of extracurricular sports practice and sports risk education in colleges and universities are the key. From the medium level, risk prevention and control in colleges and universities should be scientifically planned, focus on, and prevent and control the occurrence of sports risks.In the three indicators of college sports risk prevention and control, the top seven factors are self-security awareness, group awareness of prevention and control, emotional level, cognitive level, training preparation, sports risk education platform, and sports risk training and certification. From a microperspective, how to improve college students' safety awareness, awareness of prevention and control, and emotional level needs more detailed planning and design of teaching and training by universities and teachers. This means that teachers' teaching and extracurricular sports training design should fully take into account the above elements. In the arrangement of teaching and training content, the use of teaching methods and the control of exercise intensity should fully consider the initial state of students, so as to meet the current situation and needs of students. Colleges and universities should be responsible for building sports risk prevention and control information and training platform, cultivate students' awareness of prevention and control, improve students' knowledge reserve of prevention and control, and improve students' ability to prepare for sports training.According to the situation and characteristics of sports risk prevention and control in colleges and universities, through the research on the related theories and models of sports risk prevention and control in colleges and universities, the guiding ideology of the evaluation index system of sports risk prevention and control in colleges and universities is established. Based on the principles of constructing the evaluation index system of sports risk prevention and control in colleges and universities, the evaluation index system of sports risk prevention and control in colleges and universities is established. Through questionnaires and interviews with experts and then according to expert advice using analytical methods such as qualitative and quantitative analysis, we determine from colleges and universities, teachers, students, parents, and community five first-level indicators, nine second-level indicators, and 27 third-level indicators to build college sports risk prevention and control evaluation index system see :In the uIn the college sports risk prevention and control indicators, students, teachers, colleges, and universities have higher weight, which is the focus of college sports risk prevention and control factors. Student factors, which are self-security awareness, group awareness of prevention and control, emotional level, and cognitive level, are the key points of student sports risk prevention and control. Teacher factor, which is training preparation, is an important part of college sports risk prevention and control; university factors, which are sports risk education platform, sports risk training, and certification, are the key parts of university risk prevention and control.Sports risk prevention and control as a grand and complex system engineering needs close cooperation between universities and society, parents, and individual college students. (1) For colleges and universities, firstly, in addition to making rules and regulations such as “sports risk prevention and control plan” and “emergency and accident handling mechanism,” it is necessary to strengthen the construction of sports venues and facilities and the improvement of teachers' skills to meet the individualized needs of college students' sports needs; second, it is necessary to strengthen the publicity and training of campus safety. Through lectures and training such as health and safety knowledge, safety management, and emergency rescue, the “college students' campus sports safety manual” is prepared. Health and safety education is carried out by means of “online + offline” methods such as propaganda columns, radio stations, WeChat, SMS, and the Internet, so as to improve college students' understanding of the risks of college sports and master the methods to avoid sports risks. (2) For teachers, first of all, they should timely and correctly obtain the current school sports risk information, so as to have a good mind. Second, according to students' physical ability and practical needs, select the appropriate extracurricular sports training content, take reasonable teaching methods, and set up personalized training programs step by step for the implementation of training intensity and quantity arrangements. (3) For students, they should fully understand the importance of physical health and the risks existing in sports, consciously learn and master sports risk prevention and control knowledge, improve sports risk awareness, and strengthen the ability to avoid sports risks.


Since October 2017 till 2019 the project of Psychosocial Care for internally displaced persons and the war affected population in Ukraine has been in place . In 2020 this project continuing for counselling pandemic affected persons.The counsellors are professional psychologists who were trained within the scope of the project. Sessions may be held in Russian or Ukrainian, according to the user’s choice.Analysis of protocols of online counseling sessions and supervisions.The key and most frequent issues mentioned by the clients are loneliness, the loss of the sense of life, fear, uncertainty, anxiety, difficulties in family relations, in particular, with children, job insecurity, addictions, psychosomatic disorders and so others. They are closely related to the situation in the country . The above issue is in potential clients’ inadequately high suspicion level (in some cases on the border of paranoid fantasies), which is manifested in the fear of the possible infringement of confidentiality, over-listening, surveillance, recording of talks etc.The online counseling is the way to provide professional, accessible, free for the users and fully anonymous psychosocial care. Most frequent issues mentioned by the IDPs and the war affected population peoples has been indicated. When presenting the project service, the focus is always made on the high level of data protection and strict confidentiality.No significant relationships.


Martin C. Mihm, Jr. (15 March 1934–19 July 2022), Professor of Dermatology, Pathology and Dermatopathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA .Dr. Martin C. Mihm, Jr. passed away on 19 July 2022, and the whole dermatopathology community is deeply saddened by this sudden loss. Dr. Mihm, a world-renowned international consultant for melanoma, other skin tumors and cutaneous inflammatory diseases, was one of the greatest names in dermatology and dermatopathology, and he made countless contributions to these fields.Dr. Mihm graduated from the University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine and joined the Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) at Harvard Medical School as a trainee in Dermatology in 1964. He was board-certified in Dermatology, Pathology and Dermatopathology. However, it was his passion for dermatopathology that led to an appointment as the Chief of the MGH Dermatopathology Unit in 1974, where he served for the next two decades. Within the Department of Dermatology at the Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Dana-Farber and Brigham and Women’s Cancer Center, where he remained the Director of the Mihm Cutaneous Pathology Consultative Service, a second opinion dermatopathology service and the Director of the Melanoma Program, Dr. Mihm consulted on more than 350,000 cases, nationally and worldwide, and offered accurate diagnosis, prognosis and treatment recommendations for routine and challenging cases in dermatology and dermatopathology. He also served as an associate director of the Center for Melanoma Oncology at Dana-Farber and Brigham and Women’s Cancer Center, as a co-director of the Melanoma Risk and Prevention Clinic at Dana-Farber and Brigham and Women’s Cancer Center and as a Professor of Dermatology at Harvard Medical School. Dr. Mihm was also active internationally; he was a co-founder of the Rare Tumor Institute of the WHO in Milan, Italy, and acted as an external coordinator for five years. He was also the co-director of the Melanoma Pathology Program of the European Organization for the Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC).New England Journal of Medicine [Since the beginning, he was interested in melanoma pathology, and with his mentor and friend, Wallace Clark, he published a paper in 1969 entitled “The histogenesis and biological behavior of primary human malignant melanoma of the skin” [Medicine . In thesJournal of Cutaneous Pathology to honor Dr. Mihm’s 75th birthday and his achievements [Dr. Mihm was the first director of the Harvard Dermatopathology Training Program, founded in 1975. His precise and revolutionary approach to the practice of cutaneous pathology led to the birth of modern dermatopathology, and thanks to his inexhaustible academic energy, he trained countless dermatologists and dermatopathologists all over the world. In 2010, a special issue was published in the evements .Dr. Mihm loved giving lectures worldwide; he accepted numerous invitations nationally and internationally. He had been in Geneva, Switzerland many times to give his great lectures for clinicopathological meetings and to train dermatopathologists in different courses organized by the University Hospital of Geneva Dermatopathology.Dr. Mihm published more than 400 original manuscripts, more than 100 reviews and chapters and more than a dozen textbooks and monographs. Among the very long list of his substantial contributions to dermatopathology, we can cite the following: the recognition of melanoma tumor progression: radial and vertical growth; the identification of different clinicopathological types of melanoma; the recognition of immunologic variants of cutaneous necrotizing vasculitis; the identification of syngeneic human graft-versus-host disease; the definition of the specificity and clinical utility of the lupus band test; the discovery of CD1a expression on human Langerhans cells and the demonstration of the utility of CD1a immunophenotyping for Langerhans cell histiocytosis; the recognition of borderline/minimal deviation melanoma variants; the introduction of classification schema for conjunctival melanocytic lesions; the development of a grading system for cytologic atypia in dysplastic nevi; the characterization of nevoid melanoma; the significance of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes in melanoma nodal metastases; the description of osteogenic melanoma; the establishment of guidelines for histological reporting of melanoma excisions; the clinicopathological insights into animal-type melanoma; the description of pigmented epithelioid melanocytoma; the description of use of MITF in melanoma diagnosis; the key contributions to AJCC melanoma staging; the discovery of a new marker (GLUT1) for juvenile hemangiomas; the contribution to the development of engineered melanoma vaccines based on dendritic cells; the setting of an EORTC melanoma policy; the identification of tumor lymphangiogenesis as a novel indicator of melanoma prognosis; the identification of the biology of desmoplastic melanoma; the elucidation of lentiginous subtype melanoma; the discovery that Prox-1 promotes the invasion of kaposiform hemangioendotheliomas .Dr. Mihm was an outstanding physician, scientist and dermatopathologist; however, he also had great humanistic qualities. Despite his huge medical and scientific knowledge, he was humble, eternally optimistic and always wanted to help people around him. He was a hero, a father figure and a spiritual guide for many colleagues. He was a rare intellect, spoke several foreign languages, including German, French and Italian, had a great culinary taste and loved classical music. He always said that if he were not a physician, he would want to become the Chief Conductor of a Symphony Orchestra.Marty, as we, your close friends call you, wonderful friend, educator, and mentor, you have been the Chief Conductor of Dermatopathology; we have been fortunate to experience your teaching, brilliance, kindness and generosity. Thank you for what you have done for dermatology and pathology. Rest in peace. We will never forget you!


Rehabilitation must be based on the individual needs and specific goals of the person and must be adapted to his abilities. According to the recommendation of the World Stroke Organization, the team involved in conducting rehabilitation should be multidisciplinary. One of the treatments that are applied within the multidisciplinary approach to a neurological patient is educational-rehabilitation treatment, which is multi-component in nature. Before starting educational-rehabilitation treatment, an educational-rehabilitation clinical assessment is necessary, which aims to detect difficulties caused by impairment; identify potentials and constraints in these areas; determine the specifics, course, and forecasts of difficulties; formulate clear treatment recommendations; form a watch list that will be available to all team members in the process of diagnosis, treatment, education, and to evaluate the effectiveness of treatment; and continuously monitor the ability and adaptive behavior of the person. Educational-rehabilitation clinical treatment includes treatment of cognitive abilities, treatment of motor skills, relaxation, treatment of adaptive skills, as well as informing the person about the disease and counseling.This review focuses on some aspects of rehabilitation such as treatment of cognitive and motor disorders, treatment of adaptive skills, relaxation issues, and informing and counseling patients from the perspective of an educational rehabilitator with practical experiences in this area of rehabilitation. An individual and holistic educational-rehabilitation approach in the rehabilitation of stroke patients, with a multidisciplinary team of experts, covers the complex motor and non-motor consequences of the disease, which affect the functional recovery and quality of life of the patient.Educational-rehabilitation treatment is based on a bio-psycho-social model in which biological, psychological, and social factors must be observed simultaneously, and rehabilitation must be focused on the person as a whole to achieve optimal physical, mental, and social potentials.Educational-rehabilitation clinical treatment includes treatment of cognitive abilities, treatment of motor skills, relaxation, treatment of adaptive skills, as well as informing the person about the disease and counseling.1According to the World Health Organization, rehabilitation is “a set of measures that help individuals, who have or are likely to have a disability, to achieve and maintain optimal functioning in interaction with their environment”.2 Treating a chronic patient does not only mean treating the disease but also all aspects that the disease affects, especially economic and social factors.3 Approaches to the treatment of patients should be holistic because without working on the cognitive, emotional, and physical aspects, the healing process is slowed down as well as the desired effect of medication.5Rehabilitation must be based on the individual needs and specific goals of the person and must be adapted to his abilities.6 Functional recovery is based on the restitution of brain tissue and on the relearning of, and compensation for, lost functions.9 An important concept in rehabilitation is that of brain plasticity, which implies that it is possible to modulate or facilitate reorganization of cerebral processes by external inputs.10 Stroke rehabilitation is a process; its objectives are to prevent deterioration of function, improve function, and achieve the highest possible level of independence  within the limits of the persistent stroke impairments. During this process, treatment and training are provided to stroke survivors to help them return to normal life. By regaining and relearning skills of everyday living through rehabilitation, many stroke survivors obtain greater independence in activities of daily living and improved functional capacity. Hallmarks of effective stroke rehabilitation practice include multidisciplinary/interdisciplinary team work, team work coordinated by regular meetings, goal-focused activities and individualized goals, emphasis on functional activities, involvement of patient and family in rehabilitation process, education provision to patients and families, and staff with specialized skills and interest in stroke.11Stroke is the largest single cause of severe physical disability, and rehabilitation to reduce functional deficits is the most effective treatment.12 The team involved in conducting rehabilitation should be multidisciplinary to include professionals such as a neurologist, physiatrist, nurses, physiotherapist, educational rehabilitator, speech therapist, neuropsychologist, occupational therapist, and social worker. Communication and coordination among these team members are paramount in maximizing the effectiveness and efficiency of rehabilitation.13The World Stroke Organization has for the past 2 decades emphasized the importance of a multidisciplinary approach in providing recovery and rehabilitation services after stroke.14 It is divided into stimulative treatment (encouraging the development of various abilities and skills), corrective treatment , and compensatory treatment (based on the development of compensatory strategies). The methodology and organization of work should be flexible, guided by the characteristics and capabilities of the person and his environment, and not by some pre-given criteria for adapting to the requirements of the environment. The general approach to treatment is ecological, aimed at developing the potential and alleviating the limitations of the person in specific life circumstances and in light of the unique requirements of these circumstances.15One of the treatments that are applied within the multidisciplinary approach to a neurological patient is educational-rehabilitation treatment (ERT), which is multicomponent in nature. Educational-rehabilitation treatment is based on a bio-psycho-social model in which biological, psychological, and social factors must be observed simultaneously, and rehabilitation must be focused on the person as a whole and on achieving optimal physical, mental, and social potentials.Before starting ERT, an educational-rehabilitation clinical assessment is necessary, which aims to: detect difficulties caused by impairment; identify potentials and constraints in these areas; determine the specifics, course, and forecasts of difficulties; formulate clear treatment recommendations; form a watch list that will be available to all team members in the process of diagnosis, treatment, education and to evaluate the effectiveness of treatment; and continuously monitor the ability and adaptive behavior of the person.Educational-rehabilitation clinical treatment includes treatment of cognitive abilities, treatment of motor skills, relaxation, treatment of adaptive skills, as well as informing the person about the disease and counseling.16 The basic cognitive functions are attention, long-term memory, perception, while the higher cognitive functions are speech, language, decision-making, and executive functions.17 Frith and Dolan18 state that the difference between higher and lower cognitive functions is that the lower ones are automated and do not require special effort, while higher cognitive functions are under conscious control. However, as some higher cognitive functions, such as reading and understanding language, may become automated, the most important feature that distinguishes them is the fact that higher cognitive functions require more cognitive effort than lower cognitive functions. Cognitive training conducted by an educational rehabilitator has 4 levels.Cognitive functions are intellectual processes by which we become aware of something, perceive, and understand ideas. Therefore, they refer to the processes by which we receive and process information.19 Sensory stimulations of impaired central nervous system functions, with appropriate series of stimuli, chart a new path for collaterals of weakened or lost neurons and participate in their connection.20 The program of sensory stimulations includes visual, auditory, tactile, olfactory, gustatory, proprioceptive (sense of movement), and vestibular stimulation (sense of self-awareness—body position and movement in relation to gravity).The first level includes the treatment of cognitive functions that provide observation and input of new information, selection, and sorting of relevant information, as well as information maintenance, planning, organization, and control of activities. Namely, our sensory organs accept information from the environment and the body, and the process of sensory integration enables the brain to organize them and give them meaning. The brain can use only organized and integrated sensations for movement, learning, and behavior.The ERT of visual functions include eye movement and focusing exercises, visual shape perception exercises , spatial relationships , spatial orientations , visual-motor integrations , visual memories , and speed of visual information processing .21 They also affect information processing speed, perceptual speed, as well as visual search .22 Achtman et al23 proposed computer games as part of vision rehabilitation because of their impact on neuroplasticity of the visual system and visual learning. There is a large selection of vision exercises for impaired motility, binocular vision, and accommodation, for example, brock String, exercises with eccentric circles, Marsden ball, space fixator, McDonald field recognition exercise, Wayne Saccadic Fixator, and the like. Visual exercises primarily exercise visual functions but they also affect the functions of visual perception, such as visual-motor integration, visual-spatial organization, reaction speed, etc.24 Although the bulk of the voice of stroke rehabilitation is on the recovery of motor and communication functions, visual impairment is slowly beginning to receive the same amount of attention.25 The research indicates the need for vision rehabilitation to achieve maximum possible recovery in comprehensive rehabilitation and more successful performance of daily life activities.27 Vision rehabilitation has a positive effect on visual field width recovery,28 and visual field function can be compensated by increasing visual search field29 and increasing perception speed during visual search.22 The results confirmed the impact of vision rehabilitation on visual functioning in daily activities.30Difficulties in visual perception cause difficulties in the area of higher visual functions and cognitive difficulties in terms of visual agnosia, alexia, prosopagnosia, achromatopsia.39There are numerous reliable sources on visual perception of patients with stroke.Difficulties in auditory information processing can be manifested by difficulty focusing on auditory stimuli, limited ability to listen continuously in the presence of noise, difficulty in understanding verbal information, limited ability to directly reproduce auditory information and follow orders of varying complexity, poor recognition and interpretation of different voices, reading and writing difficulties, poor speech, and lower academic achievement. Difficulties in the speed of processing auditory information can be reflected in understanding longer instructions and completing tasks related to reading and writing in a limited time . The treatment of auditory functions includes speed of auditory information processing, auditory discrimination, auditory sequencing, and auditory integration.44 Namely, after the somatosensory training, the somatosensory and functional changes of the upper extremities improve in terms of improving the ability to interpret bodily sensations and the feeling of control over one’s hand. Somatosensory training eases the use of the hand in daily life activities which is essential for continued brain and arm recovery.45Treatment of sensory problems includes increasing tactile awareness, discrimination, and stereognosy through various tactile sensations . The program of kinesthetic perception includes differentiation of body scheme in gestural space, differentiation of facial mimicry, somatic stimulation of body and its parts, perception exercises in deep sensibility, and exercises for building and restoring body scheme. Several authors in their clinical research report that somatosensory training can lead to sensory improvement after stroke.Attention is a means by which limited mental processes are directed to the information and cognitive processes that are most important at a given moment. The most common manifestations of attention difficulties are forgetting instructions, difficulties in organization of materials and activities, and difficulties in solving tasks. Disorders in the domain of visual and auditory attention can make it difficult to adopt and perform complex activities of everyday life, primarily due to difficulties in processing information or directing attention to relevant aspects of information. Educational-rehabilitation treatment contains 4 components of attention: focusing, maintaining, alternating, and sharing attention. The first group of exercises that are used are auditory attention range exercises . The second group of exercises is focused on the development of strategies for processing and storing auditory verbal information . In the treatment of the range of visual attention, exercises are used, which consist of a series of visual thymuses  of increasing complexity, which a person should separate from a larger group and reproduce. Selective attention is practiced by applying tasks that require search, monitoring, rapid activation and inhibition of responses, and coordinated motor activity. In the domain of auditory attention, tasks are given in which the respondent should react  to the target word or sound in a series of auditory stimuli.46 Memory difficulties can occur in the areas of encoding , consolidation , and recollection . The treatment should focus on metamemory, the creation, and the application of memory strategies. Exercises are of increasing complexity in different sensory modalities—auditory , visual , and tactile-kinesthetic. In the field of auditory memory, exercises for direct and delayed reproduction of verbal and nonverbal information are applied. The skills that the client will stimulate through exercises are visual-auditory-kinesthetic strategies, associations, tracking orders, and recalling information. After memory-based cognitive rehabilitation, stroke patients reported fewer memory problems in everyday life immediately after treatment compared with control groups; however, there was no evidence that these beneficial effects persisted over a longer period.47The second level of cognitive treatment includes memory treatment. Memory allows us to retain and find in our experience the information we use in the present.The third level of cognitive treatment refers to information processing and thinking that are responsible for the mental organization and reorganization of information: classification and organizational skills . The skills that the client will stimulate through exercises from this level are verbal and visual reasoning, thought organization, convergent reasoning, logic, comprehension, integration, reasoning, and problem-solving.The last level includes the treatment of functions that ensure the expression and output of information  and the treatment of difficulties in the field of academic skills .48 suggest that rehabilitation programs, for persons with stroke, should concentrate on increasing attention, concentration, information processing skills, memory, and patients’ judgmental ability to improve social cognition.Kim et al49 and exercises aimed at the functional use of the hand and arm.Treatment of motor skills includes reeducation of motor skills, exercises for the development of basic and higher motor skills,50 Reeducation of motor skills uses movement as a sensorimotor and psychomotor activity which summarizes the entire developmental course of the relationship to oneself and others that was formed during the sensorimotor and psychomotor relationship between a person and the world. In case of increased anxiety or other psychosomatic disorders, certain forms of motor reeducation significantly contribute to the reduction of physical and mental difficultiesMotor reeducation is a multidimensional therapeutic approach in working with children and adults with motor disorders. Psychomotor reeducation is a specific field in educational and rehabilitation practice that focuses on the development of motor and motor skills, dexterity, balance, movement coordination and speed control, development of perceptual and gnostic abilities, and cognitive functions and contributes to the enrichment of sensory-motor and psychomotor experience.52 Motor reeducation treatment includes general reeducation exercises and specific reeducation exercises.The goal of reeducation is to stimulate, facilitate, or substitute dysfunctional cognitive mechanisms with more functional mechanisms to improve the client’s performance in those domains of behavior in which dysfunction or deficit is manifested.53General motor reeducation exercises include massage, hydrotherapy, exercises with passive movements, exercises for defining the experience of body integrity, exercises for defining the experience of gestural space, exercises for independence of movement, exercises for equalizing muscle tone, observation exercises, stabilizing lateralization, exercises of experience and mastering the rhythm, exercises of experience, duration and orientation in time, exercises of coordination of movements, exercises for control of impulsivity, exercises for knowing the shape and weight, and exercises for noticing the presence of another. Exercises of specific reeducation of motor skills are directed toward individual and specific clinical pictures and are classified as follows: exercises for agraphia, exercises for alexia, exercises for acalculia and agnosia, exercises for apraxia, and exercises for motor speech disorders caused by neurological damage to nerves that participate in shaping voice with specific speech therapy treatment.15 Upper extremity apraxia is a common stroke-related disorder that can reduce patients’ levels of independence in daily activities and increase their level of disability.54 The treatment of apraxia that has been studied in the literature,57 especially in stroke patients,58 proved effective. An adequate apraxia rehabilitation program can improve independence in daily life activities and accelerate the natural recovery process.59Exercises for the development of basic motor abilities and skills are used to achieve better posture in different positions and activities, for better maintenance of balance at rest and movement, for more successful coordination of movements, for achieving greater precision of movement, and for more successful bimanual activities. The goals of treatment of higher motor abilities and skills are more precise execution of voluntary non-transitive and transitive movements, more harmonious organization of transitive movements in space and time, better organization of elements in 3-dimensional, 2-dimensional, and graphic space, and more successful coordination of movements with verbal or nonverbal orders. The following exercises are applied: exercises of melokinetic practice, ideomotor practice, ideational practice, construction exercises in 2-dimensional and 3-dimensional space, according to reproduction model or independent construction, exercises of graphomotor activities and visual-motor coordination (copying geometric shapes and drawings and drawing), and non-verbal movement regulation exercises.The educational-rehabilitation program also includes motor skills exercises , exercises aimed at functional hand and arm use by performing coordinated activities required to move and handle objects using fists and hands , and exercises aimed at improving fine motor skills by performing coordinated activities of handling objects, lifting, handling, and releasing by using 1 hand, fingers, and thumb .62 In stroke patients, the upper extremities recover more slowly functionally than the lower extremities.63Damage to the upper extremities after a stroke most often involves difficulties in moving and coordinating arm, hand, and fingers and often causes difficulties in performing daily activities such as eating, dressing, and washing. Dysfunction of the upper extremities, after stroke is the biggest reason for limitations in the functional use of hand in the daily activities of patients and their socialization.64 and influence muscle relaxation, and improve concentration and attention.65 Some of the common methods for achieving a state of deep relaxation are: guided imagination, meditation, progressive muscle relaxation, self-training, yoga, abdominal breathing, soothing music, and the like.64 Guided imagination is the process of imagining objects, spaces, people, and situations, that is, stimulating visual, auditory, olfactory, taste, and proprioceptive sensations that are complementary to the sensory and aesthetic criteria of an individual. In this way, in addition to encouraging pleasure and satisfaction, more adequate imaginary systems of dealing with reality can be encouraged.66 Imagination also affects almost all important physiological mechanisms, such as respiration, pulse, blood pressure, sexual function, and the immune response, and can be used to relieve anxiety, depression, and stress symptoms.69 Breathing exercises are the basis of techniques used in different relaxation techniques with different therapeutic effects.72Relaxation refers to a specific physiological state that is completely opposite to the way the body reacts when under stress or during a panic attack. Regular practice of deep relaxation can alleviate generalized anxiety and frequency and intensity of panic attacks, prevent stress accumulation, increase energy and productivity, improve concentration and memory, reduce insomnia and fatigue, reduce a number of psycho-somatic disorders75 regardless of the severity of the stroke.76 Assessing and diagnosing adaptive skills are of great importance because adaptive skills help a person in performing everyday life activities.77 The treatment of adaptive skills aims to achieve an optimal level of independence in everyday life. In order for people with neurological diseases to have a better quality of life, it is very important to enable the acquisition of practical skills and to focus rehabilitation on strengthening independence and autonomy.Adaptive behavior is a set of conceptual , social , and practical skills (activities of everyday life), which a person learned to function in everyday life. The level of adaptive behavior is conditioned by a number of personal and environmental factors, so when considering the approach to treatment, it is necessary to assess all potential factors that could be important for the development and modulation of various adaptive skills. As a result of impaired body structures and functions, after a stroke, a person may have difficulty performing basic activities of daily living which can lead to limitations in participation ,78Information about the disease and counseling of patients are carried out with the aim of changing health behavior and raising the level of motivation of the individual in order to increase his desire for cooperation in rehabilitation and readiness to achieve goals aimed at successful rehabilitation. Motivation means the mental readiness of an individual to accept information. It depends on the relationship with the person conducting the education (information) and has the ability to convey the message in an understandable appropriate way. The most important for informing and educating patients is the interaction-communication relationship between educators and patients. At the very core of the relationship is empathy, as the educator’s ability to enjoy the role of the patient, to provide and enable support to the patient to make his or her own decision. Information and learning depend on the characteristics of the patient, such as his prior knowledge of the disease, resistance to the disease or its acceptance, and the support of the family and social environment. Positive transfer and countertransference are prerequisites for the success of the transmission of educational messages. Counseling as a 2-way relationship of patient training is essential for independent and successful solving of individual problems. It can be used in agreement on behavior change  and agreement on change of attitudes .79People react differently to the realization that they are seriously ill: they become disoriented, confused, their emotions numb, they distance themselves from the environment, and things that used to make sense become irrelevant. Therefore, support in coping with the disease is important, sometimes crucial for building a constructive response to the new situation. The patient is encouraged to think only about the next step, about small shifts, but special attention is paid to each achievement.80Providing information to patients and caregivers improves their knowledge of stroke and increases patient satisfaction with some of the information they have received about stroke. An effect on reducing patients’ depression was also found. Providing information in a way that it involved patients and caregivers more actively, for example, when given more opportunities to ask questions, had a greater effect on patients’ mood than 1-time provision of information. There is little evidence that providing information has effects on independence or social activities.81 All these disorders should be included in the comprehensive rehabilitation process, which implies the multidisciplinarity of the team, which must have a physiotherapist, speech therapist, neuropsychologist, and occupational therapist in addition to the educator-rehabilitator.Since stroke carris with it two types of conseauences (motor and non motor) and rehabilitaion program should be focused equally on both areas, motor and non motor, respectively. Today, rehabilitation is more focused on the treatment of motor consequences, while non-motor ones are not given enough attention although they are an integral part of the clinical picture with a high prevalence and significantly incapacitate patients with stroke. The non-motor consequences of stroke, in addition to the cognitive ones we talked about, include speech, reading, writing, arithmetic disorders, neglect phenomena, anosognosia, agnosia, dysphagia, sleep disorders, as well as anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, etc.Rehabilitation of patients with stroke should be focused on the person as a whole and on achieving optimal physical, mental, and social potentials. An individual and holistic educational-rehabilitation approach in the rehabilitation of stroke patients, with a multidisciplinary team of experts, covers the complex motor and non-motor consequences of the disease, which affect the functional recovery and quality of life of the patient.In this review, the focus is only on some aspects of rehabilitation such as treatment of cognitive and motor disorders, treatment of adaptive skills, relaxation issues, and informing and counseling patients from the perspective of an educational rehabilitator with practical experiences in this area of rehabilitation.


According to the current international consensus , bruxismTemporomandibular disorders (TMD) can be defined as a set of clinical problems involving the masticatory muscles, the temporomandibular joints, and related structures, and is related to alterations in the structure, function, or physiology of the masticatory system and may be associated with other systematic and comorbid medical conditions . TMD is Therefore, we encourage reading the important and novel articles published in this Special Issue, entitled “Temporomandibular Disorders Related Pain among Sleep & Awake Bruxers: A Comparison among Sexes and Age”. The articled are related, but not limited, to: the assessment of SB intensity in tobacco smokers and alcohol drinkers, assessment of masticatory muscle electromyographic (EMG) activity in both children diagnosed with pain-related TMD and AB and in children without TMD, symptoms of sleep masticatory muscle activity among women and their association to OSA, assessment of the effect of the current COVID-19 pandemic on the prevalence of bruxism, oral parafunctions and painful TMD among dental patients and to evaluate the influence of the pandemic on both sexes, testing the association between a single observation point self-report and ecological momentary assessment (EMA) of AB, cardiovascular implications of SB, and others. It is worth noting that readers can probably find, for the first time in the literature, research about the prevalence of TMD and bruxism among sex workers .


In recent years, with the development of wind energy, the number and scale of wind farms have been developing rapidly. Since offshore wind farms have the advantages of stable wind speed, being clean, renewable, non-polluting, and the non-occupation of cultivated land, they have gradually become a new trend in the wind power industry all over the world. The operation and maintenance of offshore wind power has been developing in the direction of digitization and intelligence. It is of great significance to carry out research on the monitoring, operation, and maintenance of offshore wind farms, which will be of benefit for the reduction of the operation and maintenance costs, the improvement of the power generation efficiency, improvement of the stability of offshore wind farm systems, and the building of smart offshore wind farms. This paper will mainly summarize the monitoring, operation, and maintenance of offshore wind farms, with particular focus on the following points: monitoring of “offshore wind power engineering and biological and environment”, the monitoring of power equipment, and the operation and maintenance of smart offshore wind farms. Finally, the future research challenges in relation to the monitoring, operation, and maintenance of smart offshore wind farms are proposed, and the future research directions in this field are explored, especially in marine environment monitoring, weather and climate prediction, intelligent monitoring of power equipment, and digital platforms. Owing to concerns over the global energy crisis and air pollution, the development and utilization of wind energy, solar energy, and other renewable energy sources have been given increasingly more attention all over the world ,2,3. WinWith the growing emphasis on clean energy, the installed capacity of offshore wind power has been increasing faster than ever. However, due to the particularity of the offshore wind farm environment, offshore wind farms are usually accompanied by high temperature, high humidity, high salt fog, typhoon, lightning, and so on; thus, the probability of power equipment failure is higher . MeanwhiAt present, many scholars have studied the construction, monitoring, operation, and maintenance of smart offshore wind farms ,11. CompAround the world, governments are vigorously developing offshore wind power and have accomplished a lot in many fields. As shown in The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. With the rapid development of offshore wind power, only offshore wind farms in coastal waters have had difficulty in meeting the requirements for wind energy development; these offshore wind farms have a greater impact on the marine environment ,24. TherSea–sky monitoring mainly includes the climate, meteorology, floating pollutants, wind information, and some bird species, and can provide experience and optimization strategy information for the construction and operation of smart offshore wind farms in the future . Sea–skyThe machine noise, light, and magnetic field produced by offshore wind farms will have a certain impact on the foraging, breeding, and migration of birds ,27. For It is not only necessary to protect the local ecological environment, but also to monitor the local weather, wind speed, and other information in order to provide effective historical data for better operation and production in the future. Trombe et al. ,37 perfoMonitoring of the sea surface mainly includes the measurement and evaluation of offshore wind energy resources, marine ecological protection and construction planning, global marine environmental protection, maritime search and rescue, emergency monitoring for red tide and sea ice, and other measures in disaster prevention ,44,45,46Wind energy resource is an important factor affecting the economy of offshore wind farms, and the measurement and evaluation of wind energy resources is the key to the success of wind farm construction ,48. Sea The monitoring of marine natural disasters and environmental pollution is of great significance to the construction of smart offshore wind farms, especially of storm surges, red tide, oil spills, sea ice, and so on ,67,68,69The offshore wind farms may damage the sea floor environment and cause the death of benthos. This section will discuss the advanced monitoring equipment for the sea floor environment, earthquake monitoring, benthos monitoring, large marine organism monitoring , and other advanced technologies ,88,89,90Some researchers have found that offshore wind turbines do cause some damage to marine organisms ,92. For Although the harsh marine environment brings a lot of inconvenience to the operation and maintenance of smart offshore wind farms, the application of underwater robots and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) improves the convenience of operation and maintenance activities as well as reduces the safety risk for workers. Therefore, a robotic system is also a key part of smart offshore wind farms. The underwater environment is dangerous and complex, and robots can stay in the water for a longer time or work in a deeper environment as compared with human beings . Figure Since the offshore wind farm environment is harsh and complex, the equipment fault rate of offshore wind farms is significantly higher than that of onshore wind farms ,103,104.The structure of an offshore wind turbine is basically the same as that of an onshore wind turbine, which is mainly composed of a foundation, tower, nacelle, hub, wind wheel, drive train system, gearbox, generator, brake system, pitch system, yaw system, sensors system, electrical system, control system, communication system, and so on . As showThe monitoring data source is composed of all kinds of sensors installed on the equipment, and the main signals monitored are the vibration, acoustic emission, generator speed, stress, torque, temperature, oil, electrical signal, SCADA data, and so on ,112,113.The gearbox is an important part which often causes the downtime of wind turbines, and the fault diagnosis of gearboxes has been a concern of many scholars. Cheng et al.  proposedGenerator fault is one of the main factors that lead to the wind turbine shutdown, which is why generator fault diagnosis has been a hot research topic ,127. TheIn addition, some scholars have studied condition monitoring and fault diagnosis for towers, blades, foundation, sensors, and so on ,144,145.With the development of large-scale offshore wind power, AC transmission technology will be limited by the transmission distance. DC transmission technology will become the development direction of offshore wind power long-distance transmission, especially the flexible high-voltage direct current transmission, which can automatically adjust the voltage, frequency, power, and so on . For exaAlthough there are various means to improve the reliability of the power electronic converter system, the fault is still difficult to avoid ,155. In The short-circuit fault is mainly caused by overheating, over-voltage breakdown, wrong driving signal, etc. Moreover, it is destructive and easy to burn other components of power electronic devices. The hardware protection methods for IGBT short-circuit faults mainly include the desaturation detection method , inductaGenerally, the main causes of IGBT open-circuit faults are device fracture, binding wire fracture or welding off, poor wiring, circuit faults, etc. . AccordiWith the development of the smart grid, the data-driven fault diagnosis technology of power electronic converters has become a research hotspot in the industry ,168,169.Submarine cables are key components of offshore wind power transmission and play an important role in the development of offshore wind power . The conIn order to ensure their safe operation, many scholars have studied the online monitoring of submarine cables . Zhu et In addition to offshore wind turbines, power electronic converters, and submarine cables, some scholars have studied offshore booster stations, sensors, uninterruptible power supply (UPS), offshore wind power structures, and so on ,189.The offshore booster station , fault repair, equipment spare part management, etc. Therefore, wind power operation and maintenance ships, helicopters, and so on are essential for the daily maintenance of offshore wind farms (as shown in In order to reduce the cost of operation and maintenance and improve the availability of offshore wind farms, it is necessary to scientifically and reasonably plan the operation and maintenance work for offshore wind farms so as to improve the quality and efficiency of operation and maintenance as well as reduce the attendance times and the cost of operation and maintenance .Compared with onshore wind farms, the operation and maintenance of offshore wind farms are more affected by the environment and climate, and the operation and maintenance efficiency are lower. The operation and maintenance of offshore wind farms need to meet certain marine meteorological conditions. For example, when the wind speed is too fast or the waves are too high, operation and maintenance tasks cannot be completed. Martini et al.  analyzedThe operation and maintenance strategies for offshore wind farms mainly include preventive maintenance and post repair; preventive maintenance mainly includes regular maintenance and status maintenance, and post repair mainly includes fault repair and emergency repair . Li et aThe harsh environment makes operation and maintenance more difficult in offshore wind farms, but also brings great challenges to the operation and maintenance personnel. Offshore wind power maintenance personnel are usually scattered across different wind turbines or ships, and there are some potential risks such as falling from height, drowning, asphyxiation, poisoning in semi-enclosed spaces, electric shock, and so on. Therefore, it is not only necessary to strengthen the ability and quality of operation and maintenance personnel before taking posts, but attention should also be given to the state of operation and maintenance personnel during operation and maintenance, and human errors should be avoided as much as possible in the operation and maintenance process of offshore wind farms .In order to improve the rescue efficiency and reduce loss due to marine accidents, many scholars have studied the search scope, rescue methods, etc. As shown in The smart dispatching system, the offshore wind power radar multi-source detecting and tracking system, the boundary warning system, and the operation supervision system of offshore wind turbine platforms were used to ensure the safety of ships, operation and maintenance personnel, wind turbines, and submarine cables. As shown in 1.During the construction of offshore wind farms, it is necessary to monitor the marine environment and marine organisms for a long time, and to try to avoid or reduce the impact on the habitats and migration routes of birds, fish, and other marine organisms. At the same time, the integration of offshore wind farms and marine ranches can be considered to realize the efficient output of clean energy and safe aquatic products, which will be an important industrial mode and future development direction.2.Due to the high cost of operation and maintenance helicopters and ships, the advanced data analysis platform, model display platform, and visualization platform should be considered, which can make full use of the accumulated operation data to predict and analyze the state of the offshore wind power equipment so as to scientifically carry out the operation and maintenance of offshore wind farms, to fully realize predictive maintenance and intelligent maintenance for offshore wind power equipment, to optimize the frequency of operation and maintenance, and to reduce the operation and maintenance cost.3.In the power equipment intelligent monitoring field, the current intelligent monitoring method relies too much on data samples. In addition, the domain knowledge-driven method can be employed, which can reduce the dependence on data samples. In particular, some expert experience and knowledge can be used for feature extraction, which can effectively reduce the dependence on data samples of different operation conditions.4.In a long-distance sea voyage, the special operation and maintenance ship is likely to be affected by the weather and sea conditions. For example, when the operation and maintenance ship sets out, the sea state is still calm, but it has to turn back due to the sudden change in weather halfway to the operation site, which creates unnecessary operation and maintenance costs. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen the prediction capabilities for regional climate and weather at the offshore wind farms and to provide real-time weather information for the reasonable planning, operation, and maintenance of offshore wind farms so as to reduce unnecessary operation and maintenance times and costs.This paper summarized the research on the monitoring, operation, and maintenance of smart offshore wind farms. The environmental monitoring technologies, some advanced equipment and technologies, some power equipment monitoring methods, and the operation and maintenance strategies for smart offshore wind farms were discussed in detail. In order to improve the stability of offshore wind farms, to improve the quality and efficiency of operation and maintenance, and to increase the revenue of offshore wind farms, this paper puts forward the following research points and trends:


Dear Editor,Due to the relevance of cutaneous melanoma to the health system and the scarcity of large series of cases with longitudinal follow-up in samples from the Brazilian population, we read with great interest the article by Castro e Souza et al.,There is consistent evidence of an increase in melanoma diagnoses worldwide in recent decades; in parallel, there is an intense discussion about factors associated with this phenomenon, such as population aging, increase in sun exposure during leisure time, use of immunosuppressants, greater population awareness, greater access to the health system, and even greater diagnostic accuracy by dermatologists and pathologists. Nevertheless, the population-specific mortality did not show any signs of decrease, further alluding to the possibility of overdiagnosis.3Shorter survival in men with melanoma have also been identified in other countries; however, the tumor biological behavior considering the hormonal differences, as defended by the authors, may not fully justify this fact, especially since the greatest divergence of mortality between the sexes occurs in old age, when sex hormones are less active.4vs. 73.1 years), undergo fewer hospital admissions (except for obstetric ones), and have a greater perception of their own health care, such as adherence to vaccination, regular examinations and routine outpatient consultations. In the meantime, behavioral aspects related to masculinity should be considered as possible determinants of delay in the diagnosis of melanoma, contributing to its worse prognosis.It is considered relevant to mention that all diseases have biological, environmental and sociocultural dimensions. In Brazil, women have a life expectancy that is 9.6% higher than men (2019: 80.1 To corroborate this hypothesis, the data from Castro e Souza et al. was reanalyzed regarding the Clark and Breslow levels – considering such variables as ordinals. When analyzing them using the Chi-Square test of tendency, which considers the influence of the effect by the variable order,In conclusion, the results of Castro e Souza et al. should be seen from the perspective of primary and secondary prevention, aiming to substantiate policies that promote early diagnosis, especially in groups at higher risk and mortality, such as men and the elderly, since the worse melanoma survival in men may also reflect the socio-cultural determinant associated to gender, leading to late diagnoses in groups less aware of the importance of the disease.None declared.Anna Carolina Miola: Design and planning of the study; statistical analysis; drafting and editing of the manuscript; critical review of the literature; critical review of the manuscript; approval of the final version of the manuscript.Juliano Vilaverde Schmitt: Design and planning of the study; statistical analysis; drafting and editing of the manuscript; critical review of the literature; critical review of the manuscript; approval of the final version of the manuscript.Hélio Amante Miot: Design and planning of the study; statistical analysis; drafting and editing of the manuscript; critical review of the literature; critical review of the manuscript; approval of the final version of the manuscript.None declared.