To address the data storage, management, analysis, and mining of ship targets, the object-oriented method was employed to design the overall structure and functional modules of a ship trajectory data management and analysis system (STDMAS). This paper elaborates the detailed design and technical information of the system’s logical structure, module composition, physical deployment, and main functional modules such as database management, trajectory analysis, trajectory mining, and situation analysis. A ship identification method based on the motion features was put forward. With the method, ship trajectory was first partitioned into sub-trajectories in various behavioral patterns, and effective motion features were then extracted. Machine learning algorithms were utilized for training and testing to identify many types of ships. STDMAS implements such functions as database management, trajectory analysis, historical situation review, and ship identification and outlier detection based on trajectory classification. STDMAS can satisfy the practical needs for the data management, analysis, and mining of maritime targets because it is easy to apply, maintain, and expand. China faces an increasing demand for marine resources and ocean space along with economic and social development, bringing a variety of practical challenges to its maritime regulation and security. In the maritime regulation field, it has become more and more difficult to supervise and regulate the ships engaging in illegal fishing and maritime smuggling because these ships evade detection . In the Apart from further strengthening the maritime military forces and increasing patrols and law enforcement efforts, “soft methods” must also be employed to cope with these challenges, e.g., improving the automatic identification system (AIS) receiving stations and radar surveillance stations . The datIn recent years, attention has been focused on the classification and identification of moving targets using data mining technology and AIS trajectory data. Reference  studied This paper takes the AIS as a fundamental platform to design and develop a ship trajectory data management and analysis system (STDMAS) with various functions following the trajectory data management and analysis method. A ship identification method based on the motion features was put forward. With the method, ship trajectory was first partitioned into sub-trajectories in various behavioral patterns, and effective motion features were then extracted. Machine learning algorithms were utilized for training and testing to identify many types of ships. By addressing the practical needs of ship management and regulation, STDMAS can help realize the effective management of ship trajectory data, so as to effectively support and safeguard China’s maritime management and maritime security.The main tasks of STDMAS include managing the storage of ship trajectory data from various sources to provide protection service for the historical data on spatial and temporal ship trajectory; assessing and analyzing the quality of trajectory data from various sources to provide the data support for evaluating the equipment performance based on the collected ship target trajectory data; and analyzing and mining the information on the hot spots and situation regularity in the waters around China to provide the technical support for the analysis and decision making in maritime supervision and management ,6. It caSTDMAS has five modules: database management module, trajectory analysis module, trajectory mining module, situation analysis module, and configuration management module. Among them, the database management module can be further divided into three sub-modules including original maritime information data management, trajectory data management, and geographical information data management. The trajectory analysis module is further divided into two sub-modules: situation review analysis and trajectory quality assessment . The traThe logical structure of STDMAS is designed as shown in Data level: As the fundamental database of STDMAS, this level is mainly responsible for cleaning, filtering, and converting the massive multi-source heterogeneous data of maritime targets. Subsequently, it puts the maritime data into storage in a unified format and provides the corresponding interface for data management, maintenance, and query. For this level, attention is mainly paid to the marine geospatial representation model, trajectory data representation model, massive trajectory fast storage method, and fast temporal and spatial query method, etc.Service level: As the business center of STDMAS, this level is responsible for the central computation service of trajectory data. It involves three modules, i.e., trajectory analysis, trajectory mining, and online analysis processing. It implements such functions as ship historical trajectory review and replay, data quality assessment of various information sources, ship identification, ship navigational regularity mining, ship outlier detection, and situation regularity mining in the waters around China .Presentation level: This level is responsible for presenting the human-computer interaction operations and the results of data analysis. After borrowing the data presentation methods from other similar platforms and soliciting opinions from maritime information supervision users, the GIS display technique and graphic user interface technique are comprehensively applied to present the results of trajectory data computation and analysis to users in the form of maps, diagrams, and data reports.(1)The object-oriented method is employed to design the system. The unified modeling language UML is taken as the analysis tool to enhance the reuse rate of code.(2)The system adopts the C/S architecture based on the Visual Studio 2013.NET development environment. It is developed with the C# programming language that is absolutely object-oriented.(3)The GIS spatial display module is developed using SharpMap. As a completely open source and lightweight GIS rendering tool, SharpMap offers a variety of underlying function interfaces.(4)The database is the open source object-relational database PostgreSQL with the PostGIS spatial module plug-in. Additionally, Npgsql dynamic link library is employed to connect the system with the database ,13.For the design and development of STDMAS, the technical route is determined according to the requirements for system construction and functions. It also ensures that the system is easy to expand and maintain.(1)The data storage cluster is the foundation of the entire system. The data from different information sources have different security levels. Therefore, physical separation is ensured in the storage of the maritime data from different sources to guarantee the absolute security and control of the data. For the efficient, stable, and expandable management of data storage, IP-SAN two-layer data storage architecture is employed, and the data storage disk array supports convenient future expansion. The storage capacity is 100 T.(2)The computation service center is mainly composed of a switch, a router, a computing server, and a management server. The management server is responsible for system configuration and user authority management. The computing server is connected by high speed Ethernet to the data storage cluster. It allows querying and sorting of the maritime data and other operations through the storage server in the data storage cluster. In this way, it can fulfill such functions as maritime and air situation data loading management, storage management, data query, system review analysis, trajectory mining, and situation analysis. Through the client, a user can send a data analysis request to the computation service center. The computing server can then extract the data from the data storage cluster for computation, and transmit the computation results to the client .(3)A client is a computer for any maritime data management user or common user in the local area network. Maritime data users can send a service request through a client to the computation service center, and obtain the corresponding trajectory data, graphic reports, or other views.(4)The network in the system is divided into three parts, i.e., the part in the data storage cluster, the part in the computation service center, and the part for interaction between the computation service center and the client user. After comprehensively considering the needs for functions and the construction cost, optical fiber connection was provided in the data storage cluster (between the storage server and the storage disk array), whereas the Gigabit Ethernet was used in the computation service center . A 100 mThe physical deployment of STDMAS, as shown in The database management module provides the basic data for the upper-layer services such as trajectory data analysis and mining . The claThe OriginalDataManger class implements the storage, query, deletion, and other management services of original maritime information data. The class mainly contains the object dbConfig indicating the database connection configuration, the object fileName indicating the file name of original maritime information data files, and the object originalData indicating the storage of original data. Among the methods used in the class, ReadOriginalData is responsible for reading the original maritime data of different formats from various sources and depends on the LogFileModel class representing the reading of files; PrepareData is used for the cleaning, format conversion, and other operations of the original maritime data after being read and relies on the OriginalDataFormat class for the unified format; Write2OriDB implements the storage of the original maritime data and depends on the DatabaseModel class for realizing the basic database services. Moreover, the OriginalDataManger class can also, upon the user’s request, call the methods Update2OriDB, QueryFromOriDB, and DeleteFromOriDB for the update, query, and deletion in the original maritime database.The TrajDataManager class implements the storage, query, deletion, and other management services of trajectory data. The class mainly consists of the object dbConfig indicating the database connection configuration, the objects timeRange and spatialRange indicating the time and spatial range, respectively, selected by a user, the object trajData saving the constructed trajectory data, and other objects such as movingObject, movingTrajectory, and movingSegment. Among them, the objects movingObject, movingTrajectory, and movingSegment have their type of data depending on the MovingObject, Trajectory and Segment classes for the trajectory data model. Among the methods for the TrajDataManager class, GetOriginalData is used to extract all the original data in the time and spatial ranges given by the user from the original maritime database; TrajPrepare allows reconstructing the trajectory with all the trajectory data of a target, and IsValueble is then employed to judge the validity of the trajectory, remove the invalid points, and smooth the trajectory; ConstructObject, ConstructTrajectory, and ConstructSegment are used to construct the trajectory data model designed in this paper; Write2TrajDB, Update2TrajDB, QueryFromTrajDB, and DeleteFromTrajDB can store, update, query, and delete the data in the trajectory database upon a user’s request. Like those in the OriginalDataManger class, these methods also rely on the DatabaseModel class .The GISDataManager class implements the storage, query, deletion, and other management services of geographical information data. The class is mainly composed of the object dbConfig indicating the database connection configuration, and the object gisData indicating the storage of geographical information data. In the class, readGisFile is used to read the geographical information data, and the methods ConstructSeaAreas, ConstructGrids, and ConstructCells are responsible for converting the geographical information data into the spatial grid model. The three methods rely on the SeaArea class, the Grid class, and the Cell class, respectively. The methods Write2GisDB, Update2GisDB, QueryFromGisDB, and DeleteFromGisDB can implement the storage, update, query, and deletion in the geographical information database upon a user’s request. Similarly, these methods are also dependent on the DatabaseModel model .The class diagram of the trajectory analysis module is shown in The SituationAnalysis class mainly implements such functions as querying all the maritime data in the time and spatial ranges given by a user, performing the review, replay, and analysis of maritime situation, creating the sequence of events for the sea and air situation in the corresponding process, and reproducing the maritime situation evolution process of missions and events in the corresponding time and spatial ranges. The SituationAnalysis class contains the object dbConfig indicating the database configuration, the objects spatialRange and timeRange indicating the time and spatial ranges selected by a user, the object simStep determining the speed of replay, and the object trajData for the storage and query of trajectory data. Among the main methods for the class, SelectTrajs is used to check the trajectory in the trajectory database based on the time and spatial ranges given by a user, and depends on the DatabaseModel class; RunSituation calculates the location of each target at each time of simulation by calling the simulation module (the SimulationModel class) and replays the maritime situation using the simulation step simStep through the geographical information display module (the GISDisplayModel class); TargetStats is employed for the statistics of the information on various targets, e.g., quantity, and displays the information in the form of a report ,21,22.The TrajQualityAssessment class is designed to analyze and assess the quality of the selected trajectories. In the class, the object filterParameter indicates the conditions for selecting trajectories, and the object trajs stores all the selected trajectories. The method GetTrajs can extract the trajectory data from the database or from the trajectories in the replay and analysis module. It depends on the DatabaseModel class and the SituationAnalysis class. The method GetAssessment is used to analyze and assess the quality of the selected trajectories. The method DrawResult displays the results of analysis and assessment to the user in graphical form. The indicators of the trajectory quality assessment include target identification rate, average identification response time, trajectory outlier rate, continuous tracking rate, and fault tracking rate .The UML class diagram of the trajectory mining module is shown in The TargetIdentify class can construct the ship trajectory classification model based on the parameters set by a user and then use the model to determine the category of any unknown ship. The class consists of the database configuration object dbConfig, the trajectory data set targetTraj, and the classifier, etc. In the TargetIdentify class, the method GetTrajs is employed to extract the trajectory data needed from the trajectory database according to the user’s request, and depends on the DatabaseModel class . The metThe PatternRecognition class is used to construct the clustering model based on the trajectory selected by a user and display the trajectory clustering results in graphical form. The class consists of the objects dbConfig, trajs, and clusterModel . The metThe UML class diagram of the situation analysis module is shown in The TDWMaker class is mainly used to construct the trajectory data warehouse. Among its methods, CreateNewTDW can create the new data mart for a new subject; FactTableConstruct can define the fact table and dimension table based on the configuration given by a user; DataLoading can extract the processed data from the trajectory database in the extraction-transformation-loading (ETL) method and then input the data into the data warehouse, but it depends on the DatabaseModel class for implementation .The DataAnalysis class is mainly intended to extract information from the trajectory data warehouse upon a user’s request, and it generates the reports. Among its methods, SelectGranule is used to select the granule of time, space, and other dimensions for data analysis; Measures can further calculate and obtain the measured value of a subject  at each granule; DataReport and GraphicalReport can present the results of data analysis in the form of a data report or graphical report. However, the DataAnalysis class must rely on the GISDisplayModel class in the display of data analysis results, so as to more vividly present the changes of historical maritime situations.Presently, trajectory mining technology offers four features in terms of mission and based on temporal and spatial characteristics, that is, trajectory pattern mining, trajectory clustering analysis, trajectory classification, and trajectory outlier detection . Among t(1)Stop Mode: A ship trajectory contains a segment of continuous sub-trajectories in which the speed at all points is lower than the speed threshold. The distance between any two trajectory points must be lower than the distance threshold, and the duration is greater than the time threshold. At this time, the motion mode of the sub-trajectory is Stop Mode.(2)Turn Mode: The turn threshold is set to (3)Line Mode: In a ship trajectory, the remaining sub-trajectory is in the Line Mode after taking out those in the Stop Mode and the Turn Mode. The three motion modes of a ship trajectory are illustrated in In the studies of trajectory motion mode, many scholars divide trajectory only into Stop Mode and Move Mode. However, ships at sea may take any turn for a specified reason or purpose unlike the moving objects on the ground, e.g., vehicles and pedestrians, which are restricted by road grids. In other words, turn is also an important motion mode of ship trajectory. On this basis, this paper partitions ship trajectory into three basic motion modes, that is, Stop Mode, Turn Mode, and Line Mode ,8.(1)StFor further data mining and knowledge discovery, a ship trajectory can be partitioned in terms of these three basic motion modes in the following procedure:Step 1: Partition a ship trajectory into several continuous sub-trajectory segments;Step 2: Go through all the sub-trajectory segments. When the speed at most of the points in a sub-trajectory segment is less than the speed threshold Step 3: Go through all the sub-trajectory segments in the Move Mode. When the sum of direction changes at the points of a sub-trajectory within the time threshold exceeds the turn threshold, it is judged that the sub-trajectory is in the Turn Mode. Otherwise, it is in the Line Mode;Step 4: Use the outlier detection algorithm to rule out the outliers in the trajectory;Step 5: Add the segmented ship sub-trajectories into the corresponding sets of Stop Mode, Turn Mode, and Line Mode.For higher efficiency of the trajectory data mining algorithm, the trajectory features must be selected in terms of their contribution to ship identification. Based on the above ship trajectory partitioning algorithm, trajectory features are classified into four categories, that is, global features, stop features, line features, and turn features.(1) Global features refer to the extracted general features of the entire trajectory and its sub-trajectories and reflect the features of the trajectory holistically. There were nine global features extracted in this paper, including total sailing time, total sailing distance, total sailing sinuosity, number of sub-trajectories in the Stop Mode, Line Mode, and Turn Mode, and their respective proportion of total trajectory time. Among these global features, trajectory sinuosity represents the ratio of the sailing distance between two trajectory points and the straight distance between them and is employed to indicate the curvature of the path. Total trajectory sinuosity is the ratio of the total sailing distance of a ship to the straight distance between its departure and destination. The total trajectory sinuosity is calculated by the following formula:p1, p2, ……, pn}, the central point of stop C((2) Stop features are the trajectory features extracted from the sub-trajectories in the Stop Mode. The stop features extracted in this paper include two parameters, that is, stop duration and stop range. Stop duration refers to the period of time from the start to the end of a sub-trajectory in the Stop Mode. Stop range is represented by the area of circle of uncertainty for all trajectory points available in a sub-trajectory in the Stop Mode. It is assumed that the stop sub-trajectory is extracted as StopT = {Let the matrix stop error radius Sa is:Then the stop range (3) Line features are the trajectory features extracted from the sub-trajectories in the Line Mode. The line features extracted in this paper involve three parameters, that is, speed, acceleration, and heading. The “global features” for these parameters are calculated with seven statistical quantities including mean, median, standard deviation, average of three largest numbers, coefficient of variation, skewness, and kurtosis. Among them, skewness is a coefficient for measuring the deviation of data distribution from the symmetrical center and is normally represented by the ratio of three-order center distance to the third power of standard deviation. Kurtosis is a coefficient reflecting the aggregation level of data at the center and normally denoted by the ratio of four-order center distance to the fourth power of standard deviation. Skewness (4) Turn features are the trajectory features extracted from the sub-trajectories in the Turn Mode. In this paper, the extracted turn features involve three parameters in total, that is, angular speed, turn speed, and turn angle. Angular speed is the ratio of the direction difference between two trajectory points and the time. Turn speed is the ratio of the distance between two trajectory points and the time. Turn angle is the difference between the destination direction and the departure direction of all sub-trajectories in the Turn Mode.Based on the ship trajectory partitioning and trajectory feature extraction, the classification algorithm in the field of machine learning is employed to obtain a ship trajectory classification model through training. The feature extraction method proposed in this paper is taken to construct the overall framework of a ship trajectory classification model as shown in In this paper, the real AIS data of ships were taken from the ship historical temporal and spatial trajectory library to extract 1000 effective trajectories of fishing boats and cargo ships (500 each) through data cleaning, filtering, conversion, and preliminary processing, for training and testing of the ship classification model . The spaBased on the proposed ship trajectory feature extraction method, 158 trajectory features were extracted from the historical trajectories of fishing boats and cargo ships, including global features, stop features, line features, and turn features of each trajectory. Subsequently, the data sets of trajectory features for fishing boats and cargo ships were created together with the statistics and analysis of features.As shown in To verify the effectiveness of the proposed ship trajectory feature extraction method, some popular single classifier learning algorithms in the machine learning field were selected in this paper for training and testing the ship classification model, including Decision Tree (DT), Naïve Bayers (NB), Logistic Regression (LR), Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), and Support Vector Machine (SVM) . The tes(1) Feature selection and dimension reduction:The principal component analysis (PCA) method  was adop(2) Classification of training set and test set:The feature data set was partitioned with hold-out. Before each test, the feature data set was randomly divided into two mutually exclusive sets, that is, 75% training set and 25% test set.(3) Model training and evaluation:Two indicators were selected to evaluate the results of model prediction, that is, accuracy and area under curve (AUC) . For thiAccuracy indicates the proportion of all predicted results as follows:TPR) and false positive rate (FPR) are as follows:The receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) can be used to reflect the performance of model classification. The true positive rate  has implemented such functions as identification of unknown ships and ship outlier detection in the database management module, trajectory analysis model, and trajectory mining module . In thisWith the database management of the system, a user can read the original files of original maritime data, trajectory data, and GIS data, and can also convert, write, check, update, and delete the data from the database, as shown in This module can implement the fast query of radar detection or AIS target original data and trajectory target within the spatial and time ranges and analyze the variation tendency of the spatial curve, sampling time interval, and distance interval of trajectories , as showBased on the abovementioned trajectory data mining method, the trajectory mining module of STDMAS can implement the identification of unknown targets and the outlier detection of targets. However, both functions depend on the training and implementation of the trajectory classification model .To address the data storage, management, analysis and mining, of maritime targets, an object-oriented method was adopted to design the overall structure and functional modules of the ship trajectory management and analysis system (STDMAS). This paper elaborates the design and technical details of the STDMAS functional modules including logical structure, module composition, physical deployment, database management, trajectory analysis, trajectory mining, and situation analysis. A ship identification method based on motion features was put forward. With the proposed method, ship trajectory was first partitioned into sub-trajectories in various behavioral patterns, and effective motion features were then extracted. Machine learning algorithms were utilized for training and testing to identify many types of ships. The functional modules implemented for the system include database management, trajectory analysis, historical situation review, ship identification, and outlier detection based on trajectory classification. STDMAS can satisfy the practical needs for the data management, analysis, and mining of maritime targets because it is easy to apply, maintain, and expand. Efforts will be made to integrate such functions as trajectory cluster analysis and mining and trajectory situation analysis in STDMAS. Moreover, STDMAS will be connected to the real-time maritime target data receiving system, and then tested to further provide the data support and computation service for research and application personnel in the management, analysis, and mining of maritime target data. Additionally, the system can process a limited size of AIS data at present, so that big data algorithm and cloud computing architecture may be employed to improve the efficiency of mass data processing algorithms in future research.


The 2021 Master Plan for Aging outlines five bold goals to pursue over the next ten years, including addressing the issues of housing, health, and quality of life, finance, and caregiving, the plan also addresses public safety and emergency services, community programs and public spaces, access, inclusion, and equity. In order to prepare the workforce to meet these goals, California Community Colleges have the unique opportunity to collaborate and develop Aging Specialists in fields not traditionally age-focused. This presentation explores the possible scope and path toward curriculum development of five innovative collaborations that will prepare Gerontology specialists for the workforce that will be created through the execution of the California Master Plan.


Ucides occidentalis  and the environment , sampled at fifteen sites over five stations. Consistent spatial distribution of metals in the Guayas estuary was found. Nickel levels in the sediment warn for ecological caution. The presence of As in the crabs generated potential concerns on the consumers’ health, and a maximum intake of eight crabs per month for adults is advised. The research outcomes are of global importance for at least nine Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The results presented can support raising awareness about the ongoing contamination of food and their related ecosystems and the corresponding consequences for environmental and human health worldwide.Mangrove wetlands provide essential ecosystem services such as coastal protection and fisheries. Metal pollution due to industrial and agricultural activities represents an issue of growing concern for the Guayas River Basin and related mangroves in Ecuador. Fisheries and the related human consumption of mangrove crabs are in need of scientific support. In order to protect human health and aid river management, we analyzed several elements in the Guayas Estuary. Zn, Cu, Ni, Cr, As, Pb, Cd, and Hg accumulation were assessed in different compartments of the commercial red mangrove crab  Increasing degradation of ecosystems is not only causing biodiversity loss but also affecting the quality of water-related ecosystem services. These services cover a wide range of benefits, including water purification, carbon capture and storage, natural flood protection, and provision of water for agriculture, fisheries, and recreation . For insIn recent years, pollutants have been found to end up in rivers and eventually in mangrove wetlands as a result of increasing human activities . For insMangrove ecosystems are known as environmental sinks, accumulating various types of contaminants since their sediments act as a chelating matrix for metal(loid)s  are compounds with both metal properties and non-metal properties. As arsenic was investigated in this research as the only metalloid, for reasons of simplicity, it will be included in the term metal throughout the manuscript), pesticides, petroleum, and other contaminants ,15. MoreToxic effects tend to occur when a threshold concentration is exceeded, which is strongly determined by the bioavailability of the considered metal. Therefore, insight into the occurrence, distribution, and bioavailability of different metals is crucial in assessing the toxicity of surface waters worldwide . The metUltimately, the combination of these environmental processes threatens fisheries stocks in the mangrove wetlands ,26,27. FUcides occidentalis)  and the environment , sampled at 15 stations in the Guayas estuarine ecosystem. The Guayas River Basin in Ecuador has been subjected to growing agricultural and industrial activities during the past few years, and several studies have shown the accumulation of contaminants in the ecosystem . Pb. Pb77]. Regarding the environmental compartments, apart from Ni in water and Cd in sediment, no significant differences were present between the five sampling stations . This inA useful indication of the grade of sediment contamination is given by the Igeo. Muller has defined seven classes of geo-accumulation index ranging from Class 0  to Class 6  . The indp > 0.05). In addition, no significant difference was found between the exposure results for children and adults. The results indicate that the crab-consuming population (children and adults) is exposed to the metals Zn, Cu, Ni, Cd, and Hg at levels that do not exceed the toxicological reference values  and anthropogenic sources related to domestic, agricultural, industrial, oil processing, and mining activities ,12,85. PTrace metals are known to be one of the most common contaminants bound to estuarine sediments . These eFurthermore, the Igeo index indicated a moderate contamination of As in the mangrove sediment. However, it must be observed that the Igeo index uses general background values and does not consider the high contribution of volcanic rock to the presence and concentrations of As in soils and sediment in Ecuador.Arsenic and Ni are widely distributed in nature as a result of environmental sources  and anthropogenic pollution, which is to a great extent caused by smelting of nonferrous elements, glass manufacturing, thermal power plants using fossil fuels, agriculture, and fertilizers ,93,94,95The distribution of the different metals in the crab tissue between the different stations was perceived to be significantly different for certain stations, depending on the crab tissue. On the contrary, no significant differences between the stations were observed for the metal concentrations in sediment, water, and leaves, apart from Ni in water and Cd in sediment. These metal concentrations in the sediment, leaves, and water of the Guayas mangroves were more homogeneously distributed than expected, in contrast to the different pollution inputs at each station . The resThe risk assessment exposure results indicated a potential risk for consumers of the red mangrove crab due to the presence of As. Inorganic arsenic has been classified as a carcinogenic agent by the International Agency for Research on Cancer ,103, as The assessment of metal distributions in agricultural soils and aquatic ecosystems and the identification and management of associated risks and impacts is crucial to achieve the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals and to prevent adverse environmental and health impacts ,22,30,31The dispersion of conceivably toxic metals in aquatic ecosystems and related food is a public health concern of global urgency. As metals do not degrade, the detected elements Zn, Cu, Ni, Cr, As, Pb, Cd, and Hg remain in the mangrove life cycle for a long time and end up in the red mangrove crabs. Elevated Ni concentrations in the mangrove sediments could lead to potential adverse health effects for sensible aquatic organisms. The risk assessment exposure results indicated a potential risk for consumers of the red mangrove crab due to the presence of As. It is advised to the consumers of crab meat to apply a consumption limit of eight crabs per month for adults and four crabs per month for children to protect their health in the long term. However, these recommended limits were set without considering additive exposure of As contaminated rice and/or water. As shown in this research, the assessment of metal distributions in aquatic ecosystems and management of associated risks are paramount regarding food safety and associated socio-economic aspects of fisheries. Further research is required regarding the sources of the metals, the metal uptake and accumulation mechanisms of the crab, along with the presence of inorganic as and methylmercury in the red mangrove crab, as this study is seen as a first exploration in this area.


A hundred and twenty years ago, the Butantan Institute was founded by the Brazilian physician and scientist Vital Brazil, combining, in the same institution, medical research, and the transfer of results to society in the form of health products. Its foundation was a reaction to the outbreak of bubonic plague in the city of Santos, São Paulo State of Brazil, but the Institution soon also showed its specialization in the study of venomous animals, their venoms, and the production of antivenoms. More than a century after its foundation, the Institute maintains its tradition and initial mission regarding important contributions for collective health. Today, Butantan is an outstanding biomedical research center, which integrates basic research, technological development, the production of immunobiological, and scientific divulgation, seeking the permanent updating and integration of its resources. Butantan is internationally known for its research on venomous animals, and houses one of the largest collections of snakes in the world. Butantan scientists have published countless studies on the characterization of the composition of venoms, the mechanisms of action of their toxins, and the use of toxins as lead molecules for the development of new drugs. The Butantan Institute also operates the “Hospital Vital Brazil”, which is specialized in accidents involving venomous animals. The dissemination of scientific knowledge occurs at different levels and media; the institution is a pioneer in the training of graduate students in the field of Toxinology for MSc and PhD degrees.Toxins celebrates the 120th anniversary of the Butantan Institute, in recognition of their contribution to international Toxinology, highlighting the current production by house scientists and collaborators from other institutions. We selected 19 original articles and 4 reviews approaching several points of Toxinology. The venom of snakes was approached in different aspects as the structural and functional variability in the composition of venoms from individual snakes [This Special Issue of l snakes , the mecl snakes , metallol snakes ,7,8, andl snakes , scorpiol snakes ,12, fishl snakes ,14, and l snakes , includil snakes . The grel snakes , and thel snakes , anticoal snakes ,22 effecIn conclusion, this is a small recognition of the institute’s contribution to the field of Toxinology that demonstrates its continued and relevant role in this field. I hope you enjoy reading this, and congratulations to the Butantan Institute, scientists, and collaborators, on their 120th anniversary.


Tuberculosis is an infectious disease that affects humans and animals. This study aimed to review the influence of economic and organizational, veterinary, and sanitary measures on the epizootic situation of animal tuberculosis and the epidemiological situation of human tuberculosis in the Republic of Kazakhstan.The epizootic situation of cattle tuberculosis in Kazakhstan was studied based on the annual statistics of allergy testing of animals with tuberculosis by the Committee for Veterinary Control and Supervision of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Kazakhstan, according to the results of allergic, clinical, and pathological studies, including laboratory studies of biomaterials from animals that reacted to tuberculin. Tuberculinization of cattle in the country is performed twice in the spring and autumn using tuberculin purified protein derivative for mammals. In addition, mass diagnosis of human tuberculosis is conducted by radiology.The authors assessed the epizootic situation of tuberculosis in cattle in Kazakhstan from 1991 to 2019. The analysis results showed that at the beginning, the epizootic situation in cattle tuberculosis was challenging. However, since 2001, there has been a noticeable decrease in tuberculosis in animals in Kazakhstan, which has had a favorable effect on the epidemic situation of human tuberculosis.According to the analysis results, the measures used in the Republic of Kazakhstan to prevent tuberculosis improved the well-being of livestock farms. The proper conduct by qualified veterinary specialists on allergy testing of animals and differential diagnosis of nonspecific tuberculin reactions allows establishing an accurate epizootic picture of tuberculosis. Furthermore, strict adherence to instructions on the diagnosis and prevention of tuberculosis, implementation of developed veterinary, sanitary, and organization, and economic measures can improve the epizootic picture of tuberculosis, reducing the risk of human tuberculosis. Mycobacterium bovis [Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC), suggest that M. tuberculosis species, Mycobacterium africanum, M. bovis, Mycobacterium caprae, Mycobacterium microti, and Mycobacterium pinnipedii, be grouped, and they used the infraspecies term “var.,” for example, M. tuberculosis var. bovis. Tuberculosis is an infectious anthropozoonotic disease affecting mainly cattle and is the cause of 5-10% of human cases of tuberculosis, also being widespread in domestic and wild animals [Tuberculosis is a widespread infectious disease of animals and humans. In some regions of Kazakhstan, it causes significant economic damage and has great social significance. The bovine tuberculosis pathogen, recognized as a chronic zoonotic infection by the World Organization for Animal Health , is um bovis . Howeverum bovis , based o animals -6. Cattl animals .et al. [Due to the existence of a scientifically grounded system of measures in Kazakhstan, there has been a tendency to improve the epizootic situation of tuberculosis. However, tuberculosis remains a complex infectious pathogen of animals. It most often chronically occurs and is characterized by several specific body changes, including the formation of tuberculosis foci in the lungs and lesions of regional lymph nodes. The chronic and asymptomatic course has led to its significant spread. Tuberculosis is most common among cattle, and its increased prevalence in humans corresponds to areas of intensive cattle breeding . Howeveret al. , the relCattle tuberculosis on the territory of Kazakhstan was registered back in the 1930s, and for more than 70 years, the epizootic situation of this disease remained challenging. Infection manifestation was characterized by the stationarity of areas affected by tuberculosis in certain regions of Kazakhstan, the reemergence of infection in the previously rehabilitated farms, and the spread of the bovine tuberculosis pathogen among people. During the Soviet reign, party and economic bodies, by administrative measures, prohibited the reduction of animal population in farms and demanded the fulfillment of the plan for the supply of livestock products, such as milk and meat. Because of the untimely removal of sick animals and their overexposure in the herd, healthy animals were reinfected, and the infection spread. As a result, farms affected by a double infection (tuberculosis and brucellosis) were widespread. In some farms, cattle sick with tuberculosis were kept for a long time in “isolation wards,” which were not examined.The Soviet Union, including Kazakhstan, disintegrated in 1991. The Republic of Kazakhstan proclaimed its independence and began reforming its economy, which also affected agriculture. State and collective farms were denationalized, and new private agricultural formations were created. Since 2000, in Kazakhstan, one could observe the creation of small agricultural formations, including family-operated and private farms, and a significant increase in livestock in the private sector. Organizational, economic, structural, and legal transformations aimed at creating conditions for stabilizing agricultural production. Thus, a diversified economy with various forms of ownership was formed. The main problem in preventing tuberculosis in animals was the weak economic condition of economic entities and animal owners. The diversity of agricultural formations provided for a qualitatively new approach of veterinary specialists in performing special livestock events in the personal, subsidiary, family-operated, and private farm households, which contained up to 80% of cattle. However, the measures taken to eradicate tuberculosis in farm animals did not meet the requirements, aggravating the resulting complex epizootic situation. The decline in the epizootic situation caused a complication of the epidemiological situation of tuberculosis among the population. In this regard, the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan adopted resolution No. 839, “On urgent measures to protect the population of the Republic of Kazakhstan from tuberculosis.”In connection with the change in the culture of animal husbandry, there was a shift in emphasis on the development of methods of intravital diagnostics, means of specific prevention, and improving the systems of measures to combat tuberculosis in animals. Along with improving chronic infections at farms, the isolation of animals that reacted to tuberculin continued in tuberculosis-free agricultural entities. There was a reorganization of the structure of the veterinary service and the adoption of new veterinary legislation. Diagnostic tests for tuberculosis are conducted by the veterinary service specialists of the regional offices of the Veterinary Control and Surveillance Committee twice a year, in spring, before the animals are put out to pasture and in autumn when the animals return to their stables. It is mandatory to test all cattle and, if necessary, other animal species. An intradermal allergy test with purified protein derivative (PPD)-tuberculin for mammals is used for diagnosis. If tuberculin-responsive animals are detected in a tuberculosis-free farm, they are separated from the main herd, and differential diagnostic tests are performed using a simultaneous test and diagnostic slaughter for veterinary and sanitary examination of the carcasses. If morphological changes in internal organs are detected, biomaterial samples are taken for bacteriological examination at regional divisions of the Republican Veterinary Laboratory. If tuberculin-responsive animals are detected in a diseased farm, they are recognized as infected and slaughtered within 5 days. According to official veterinary reporting, the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan is free of animal tuberculosis. The frequency of isolation of animals with tuberculosis in Japan is 10% , 17% in , M. tuberculosis adapts to antibiotics; thus, modern medicines have a less detrimental effect on circulating populations of mycobacteria [The main reason for maintaining a challenging epizootic situation in cattle tuberculosis is the resistance of mycobacteria to adverse factors and long-term survival in environmental objects . In addibacteria .This research aimed to study the epizootic situation of animal tuberculosis in the Republic of Kazakhstan, the effectiveness of special veterinary, organizational, and economic measures in reducing tuberculosis prevalence in animals, and sanitation of farms from the infection. Furthermore, we show how the reduction in tuberculosis prevalence in animals has affected the prevalence of human tuberculosis in the Republic of Kazakhstan. In addition, we monitor the spread of tuberculosis in the different regions of the Republic of Kazakhstan and assess the strategy to control animal tuberculosis based on their research.The research protocol was discussed and approved at the meeting of the local ethical committee of the Kazakh Research Veterinary Institute of the Science Committee of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan on August 29, 2017.The study of the epizootic situation of tuberculosis in cattle was carried out in the Republic of Kazakhstan for the period from 1991 to 2019. Experimental studies on laboratory diagnosis of tuberculosis were carried out at the Kazakh Research Veterinary Institute in Almaty.Epizootic monitoring for tuberculosis of farm animals was conducted according to the “Epizootic research methods and theory of the epizootic process” . The epiin vivo diagnosis of animal tuberculosis is the allergy method . The tuberculin (PPD) for mammals produced by the BioVet Research and Production Center (the Republic of Kazakhstan) with an activity of 50,000 TU in 1 mL is used. The activity of tuberculin was harmonized with that of PPD bovine tuberculin obtained from the National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (United Kingdom). Tuberculin was injected into animals with a needleless injector intracutaneously in a dose of 0.2 mL into a preshaved and 72% ethanol-treated area of the upper third of the neck. The reaction was recorded after 72 h. A thickening of the skin fold by 3 mm or more was considered positive. The OIE recommends producing tuberculin from virulent strains of bovine mycobacteria, M. bovis [The main method of M. bovis . AccordiM. bovis , in tubeM. bovis .Studies of the selected biomaterial were conducted in the bacteriology laboratory of the Kazakh Research Veterinary Institute. During the work, bacteriological methods for diagnosing tuberculosis were used with the presowing processing of diagnostic biomaterial and biological tests. For this, the material was cut into small pieces in a mortar, covered with 5% sulfuric acid solution, and left for 20 min to suppress the growth of acid-unstable microflora. Then, the acid was decanted, and the material was washed with saline and homogenized. The resulting suspension of biomaterial samples was sown on the surface of a dense nutrient Lowenstein–Jensen medium (control) and thermostated at 37°C.The mass diagnosis of tuberculosis in humans is conducted by X-ray, and every working citizen of the republic must undergo a fluorography once a year. In addition, applicants, students, job applicants, and the rest of the population must be diagnosed by X-ray when they visit a health center. If the X-ray shows signs of tuberculosis, the patient is referred to a tuberculosis clinic, where X-rays, bacteriological tests on sputum samples, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests are conducted.considered responsive to tuberculin, and those with characteristic changes in internal organs at slaughter, isolation of the tuberculosis pathogen in bacteriological examination of biomaterial, and the case identifying animals responsive to tuberculin in a tuberculosis-positive farm were considered sick. As a result, 553,983 herds were handed over for slaughter, considering the store cattle. Among other infectious diseases of cattle within the decade, the proportion of animals with tuberculosis was 16.6%.From 1991 to 1999, 37,670 cattle were slaughtered or died from all infectious diseases in Kazakhstan, including 21,631 animals that died of tuberculosis, amounting to 59%. According to the results of the antituberculosis measures performed in Kazakhstan for 10 years from 1991 to 2000, 290,085 animals reacting to tuberculin and 172,925 patients with cattle tuberculosis were found, which amounted to 463,010 herds . AnimalsSince 2002, there has been a decrease in animals reacting to tuberculin, from 2231 herds in 2002 to 165 herds in 2008 . This isIn 2012, three farms were registered as affected by tuberculosis. The Ushtube-Aydin LLP located in Baktybai of the Eskeldinsky district of the Almaty region was considered to be affected by tuberculosis. Out of 440 animals studied, 54 reacting to tuberculin were found, amounting to 12.3%. Postmortem assessment of macroscopic changes, histopathology, and bacteriological research methods is the standard method for diagnosing tuberculosis in animals [M. tuberculosis cultures from biomaterial samples. In the Shokan and Co. LLP, located in Shokan, Saryozek district, Almaty region, during a planned allergy study, 124 animals that reacted to tuberculin were found  reacting to tuberculin were found, and in 719 heads (0.01%), the diagnosis of tuberculosis was confirmed during slaughter. A high percentage of morbidity in cattle was noted in the Kostanay region (0.2%). The Prirechenskoye LLP, Denisov district, Kostanay region, where 717 cows with a positive reaction were found at one farm, was declared affected by tuberculosis. During the diagnostic slaughter of animals that reacted to tuberculin, visible tuberculous changes in the internal organs and lymph nodes were established .In the Karaganda region, in the Shet district, at the Sulu Madine farm, 64 herds that reacted to the PPD tuberculin for mammals were found. At the slaughter of the reacting animals, a veterinary and sanitary analysis of carcasses confirmed the diagnosis of tuberculosis. As a result, tuberculosis prevalence in animals on average in the rural district equaled 0.015%. In the Nuftiyeva private enterprise of the Almaty region, during a planned allergic study of 78 cows, 17 reacting animals were found, during the slaughter of which we also found tuberculosis in the internal organs by veterinary and sanitary examination.M. tuberculosis were isolated from samples of the selected biomaterial.In 2014, 1690 animals that reacted to tuberculin were found in the Kostanay region. In the Karaganda region, 790 herds responded to tuberculin, including in the Abai district, the Yubileiny rural district, the Mayburnak winter farm, and the Ata family-operated farm. The diagnosis of tuberculosis was confirmed by veterinary and sanitary examination of carcasses during the slaughter of two reacting animals and bacteriological examination. In addition, cultures of In 2015, cattle tuberculosis was registered in the Karaganda region, Bukhar-Zhyrau district, Dubovsky rural district in the village of Alabas, and the Arslan family-operated farm. During the selective control and diagnostic animal slaughter and veterinary and sanitary analysis of carcasses, tuberculosis was diagnosed, and 24 herds recognized as sick were sent for slaughter.In the Almaty region, an intradermal tuberculin test was conducted on 2990 herds, and 95 (3.1%) animals that reacted to tuberculin were found. In addition, 58 herds were subjected to diagnostic slaughter. Twenty-six animal carcasses were subjected to veterinary and sanitary examination, and tuberculosis was confirmed in 100% of cases. Simultaneously, a generalized form of tuberculosis was established in five animals, and widespread tuberculosis  was noted in seven animals. In five cows, specific tuberculous lesions were found in the mesenteric lymph nodes. The bacteriological method was used to study biomaterial from seven cows. In all cases, a culture of bovine mycobacteria was isolated. Furthermore, four cows that reacted to tuberculin were found at a private farmstead, and when they were slaughtered, the diagnosis of tuberculosis was confirmed by veterinary and sanitary examinations.In 2016, in the Karaganda region in the Karkaralinsky district of the Besobinsky rural district, 281 animals that reacted to tuberculin were found in Abai during an allergy study. During the commission control and diagnostic slaughter of five cows, the veterinary and sanitary examination established the diagnosis of tuberculosis. All animals that responded to tuberculin were sick with tuberculosis and sent to meat processing institutions for slaughter. There was also a case of tuberculosis in cattle at a personal farmstead in Zhezkazgan, Karaganda region. During the veterinary and sanitary examination of the carcass, tuberculosis was established in one herd.Recently, much work has been done in Kazakhstan to prevent tuberculosis in tuberculosis-free farms and improve the health of economic entities affected by tuberculosis. As a result, there is a shift in emphasis on developing methods of intravital diagnostics, means of specific prevention, and improving systems of measures to combat tuberculosis in animals. The CVCS of MA, employing local veterinary workers, annually conducts a double allergic study of the livestock, which as of 2020 amounted to 8,800,000 herds. According to the veterinary reports of the CVCS, no animals reacting to tuberculin were found in Kazakhstan. Presently, Kazakhstan is considered free from animal tuberculosis.According to the chief state sanitary doctor in the Republic of Kazakhstan, there is a stable epidemiological situation concerning human tuberculosis. Over the past 8-9 years, about 4000 people were diagnosed with tuberculosis yearly. The diagnosis was confirmed by radiological and laboratory tests . In 25% of these people, cultures of mycobacteria of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis were detected. Over the past 3 years, the prevalence rate of tuberculosis in people in Kazakhstan has decreased by 1.1 times  and the mortality rate by 1.4 times . In 2019, the prevalence rate of tuberculosis was 34.7, and the mortality rate was 1.6/100,000 people. Thus, the yearly rate of decrease in morbidity and mortality is 7-8%. Effective diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis have saved the lives of more than 53,000 people who had contracted tuberculosis over the past 3 years.The widespread observance of the requirements in livestock farms is described in detail in the instructions for the diagnosis and prevention of tuberculosis. Furthermore, strict implementation of the developed rules allowed the reduction of tuberculosis prevalence in animals and humans. These measurements positively impacted the epizootic situation in the republic, which ultimately decreased the prevalence of tuberculosis in people in Kazakhstan .M. bovis and M. caprae are recognized as the most relevant causative agents of tuberculosis in animal husbandry [The epizootic situation in cattle tuberculosis in Kazakhstan has significantly improved. Among the ecotypes grouped within the MTC, usbandry -25. The usbandry ,27.According to the veterinary reports, in 2011, 201 herds responding to tuberculin were found. In 2012, out of 12,369,722 animals studied, 816 animals reacting to tuberculin were found. As a result, the diagnosis of tuberculosis was confirmed at three places affected by tuberculosis in 529 herds. In 2013, 6,897,895 herds were tested for tuberculosis. Simultaneously, 1072 animals reacting to tuberculin were found. In two places affected by tuberculosis, the diagnosis of tuberculosis was confirmed in 719 herds during slaughter. In 2014, 1690 animals that reacted to tuberculin were found in the Kostanay region. In the Karaganda region, 790 herds of cattle that reacted to tuberculin were found, including in the Abay region in the Ata family-operated farm. The diagnosis of tuberculosis was confirmed when the reactive animals were slaughtered. In 2015, cattle tuberculosis was registered in the Karaganda region, the Bukhar-Zhyrau region in the village of Alabas, and the Arslan family-operated farm.in vivo testing of cattle, reducing the prevalence of disseminated tuberculosis [During the slaughter of the reacting animals, tuberculosis was confirmed, and 24 herds recognized as sick were sent for slaughter. In the Almaty region, 2990 herds were examined, and 95 (3.1%) animals that reacted to tuberculin were found. Furthermore, 58 herds were subjected to diagnostic slaughter, and 26 animal carcasses were subjected to veterinary and sanitary examination; tuberculosis was confirmed in 100% of cases. In 2016, in the Karaganda region in the Karkaralinsky district in the Abai procuring center, animals that reacted to tuberculin were found during an allergy study. During the slaughter, the animals were diagnosed with tuberculosis. Two hundred eighty-one herds were sick with tuberculosis and sent to meat processing establishments for slaughter. These results were expected because airborne transmission is the most common route of infection in cattle, resulting in damage to the respiratory tract and associated lymph nodes, and then oral transmission through ingestion of bacilli, resulting in damage to the digestive tract and associated lymph nodes. Furthermore, generalized systemic infection is associated with a terminal illness, which is rare due to periodic rculosis .Tuberculosis is an anthropozoonotic infection. The tuberculosis pathogen circulation in nature and its impact on human and animal morbidity in the Republic of Kazakhstan were studied in the last century at the Tuberculosis Institute of the Ministry of Health in Almaty under the direction of Blagodarny . ConvincIn this work, a correlation between the reduction in the prevalence of tuberculosis in animals and its impact on the prevalence of tuberculosis in humans in the country has been established. Planned allergy testing of animals for tuberculosis, timely culling of compromised animals that react to tuberculin, careful veterinary and sanitary control of livestock products, and restrictions on the delivery of livestock products to consumers from sick animals reduce the risks of tuberculosis people. Implementing special veterinary and sanitary measures to control tuberculosis in Kazakhstan allowed the recovery of livestock farms from this chronic infection. Thus, it is necessary to continue to carry out the measures stipulated in the instruction “On measures to prevent and eliminate tuberculosis in animals” to maintain the achieved status.The epizootic situation of bovine tuberculosis in the Republic of Kazakhstan was studied. According to the analysis results, the measures used in the Republic of Kazakhstan to prevent tuberculosis have improved the well-being of livestock farms. Appropriate allergy testing by qualified veterinary professionals and differential diagnosis of nonspecific tuberculin reactions can establish the true epizootic picture regarding tuberculosis. Strict adherence to the instructions for diagnosing and preventing tuberculosis, implementing developed veterinary and sanitary, and organizational and economic measures can improve the epizootic of tuberculosis, decreasing the risk of tuberculosis prevalence in humans.KAT: Conception and design, acquisition of data, analysis and interpretation of data, and drafted and revised the manuscript critically. AMB: Conception and design, drafted and revised the manuscript critically. AAP: Acquisition of data, and analysis and interpretation of data. RKT: Conception and design, acquisition of data, and analysis and interpretation of data. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.


Due to a misunderstanding between authors, two of the original authors were not listed on this article at the time of submission and publication. All three authors have discussed this and determined that adding the two missing authors is the best solution. The two new authors are:Neha ShahDepartment of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Northwestern Medicine at Marianjoy Rehabilitation Hospital, Wheaton, USAPrempreet BajajDepartment of Orthopedic Surgery and Rehabilitation, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, USA


Social and emotional learning (SEL) has acquired great prominence in recent years, due to the skills it develops in students, influencing personal and social well-being. At the same time, society is moving toward a model in which understanding oneself and others is a fundamental aspect in order to function properly on a social level. Studies on SEL programmes have been carried out in various parts of the world, although recent reviews have focused exclusively on the Anglo-Saxon context. Therefore, the aim of this paper was to synthesize research on the efficacy and effectiveness of SEL programmes in Ibero-American contexts in early childhood, primary and secondary education. Systematic review was used as the method of enquiry, following the standards of The Campbell Collaboration. In total, 22 empirical studies of SEL programmes implemented in Ibero-America were collected. The results showed that the SEL variables with the highest incidence and significant results were self-awareness, social awareness, self-control, relationship skills, decision-making, school climate, well-being, and academic achievement. While no studies focused on sense of belonging or school safety. Finally, the establishment of programme components, duration, and integration, for each variable, scientifically evidences the keys that can ensure the success of future SEL programmes. Over the past few years, there has been a considerable increase in educational, social, and political interest in social and emotional learning (SEL), a trend that seems to have arisen from the need to address the high incidence of social, emotional, and behavioral problems among children, adolescents and young adults in today's society, and to build protective factors that enhance their well-being and performance  that have been developed in Latin American countries on this type of intervention with pre-school, primary, and secondary school students?What are the most relevant characteristics of the SEL programmes  that have been implemented in Latin American contexts with students between 3 and 18 years of age?What is the significant evidence of the studies, with respect to the variables of the SEL model, to generate socioemotional and academic improvements among infant, primary and secondary school pupils in the Ibero-American context?The first action of this systematic review, as specified in the guidelines set out by The Campbell Collaboration  and the The inclusion criteria were determined according to the general objective of the systematic review, initially establishing the definition or operational characteristics of the independent and dependent variables, and then specifying the methodological designs, the participating population and the geographical, cultural and temporal restrictions.In this sense, SEL programmes (independent variable) refer to those educational interventions that are based on the SEL model and are aimed at students acquiring and effectively applying the knowledge, skills, and attitudes necessary to develop healthy identities, manage their emotions, set and achieve positive personal and collective goals, feel and show empathy for others, establish and maintain positive and supportive interpersonal relationships, manage interpersonal situations in a constructive way and make responsible and caring decisions , as these are the educational stages in which this type of programme is most developed and recommended, especially as a preventive measure against the problems of school adjustment that students tend to present , ProQuest  and Scopus.The complementary search involved the following actions: (a) Manual searches of the reference lists of each of the studies included in this systematic review; (b) Google Scholar searches, aimed at identifying unpublished studies on the web; (c) personal contacts with national and international researchers of recognized prestige, with the aim of identifying unpublished reports and research in development or in progress; (d) searches in open access resources or gray literature: OpenGrey GreyNet International-Gray Literature Network Service, National Technical Information Service (NTIS), Directory of Open Access Repositories (OpenDOAR), Open Access Scholarly Information Sourcebook (OASIS), Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (BASE), COnnecting REpositories (CORE) y Library Hub Discover; (e) resource searches on development research: Community Research and Development Information Service (CORDIS); Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) Regard database, Center for Reviews and Dissemination (CRD), NBER Working Papers, The Campbell Collaboration and RePEc; and (f) searches in relevant networks and institutions: What Works Clearinghouse, Evidence for ESSA, EPPI Center, Educational Evidence Portal (EPP), IZA World of Labor, Social Science Research Network (SSRN), The Campbell Collaboration, CASEL and Panorama Education.Search terms were selected using the Education Resources Information Center Thesaurus, based on the study inclusion criteria specified above, trying to strike a balance between sensitivity  and specificity .*” OR “program*” OR “practice*” OR “train*” OR “initiative*” OR “action*” OR “project*”) AND .The search strategy was modified according to the specifications of each platform and electronic database, as well as any other resources used . In this sense, for those resources, platforms and electronic databases with advanced search functions, the search terms (in English and Spanish) were classified into two categories , which were included in the various search engines to identify the papers under study from the title, abstract and keywords. These categories were combined using the Boolean operator “AND,” while the Boolean operator “OR” was used for the search terms in each category and their synonyms. For resources or databases with basic search functions, search terms were adjusted to the limited functionality of their search engines, so searches were conducted by keyword and/or topic-topic, combining or including separate search terms. For example, the terms and combinations used in the search of Web of Science, ProQuest, and Scopus are specified below:  AND  first level of screening, where two team members worked in parallel to identify and eliminate duplicate records; (b) second level of screening, where two team members identified and eliminated in parallel those studies that, after careful examination of their title and abstract, did not clearly meet the inclusion criteria; and (c) third level of screening, where two team members in parallel read the full text versions of the studies to determine their eligibility against the inclusion criteria. At the second and third levels, an Once the final sample of studies had been confirmed, two members of the team extracted and coded the data and information from each study in parallel around the following variables , while disagreements about it have been resolved through consultation and discussion with a third member of the working team. Finally, the approach adopted for data analysis was, considering the aim of this systematic review, a narrative content analysis Dochy, .The general process of searching and selecting records was represented graphically in a PRISMA flow chart  Page et.N = 18), Portuguese (N = 2), and Spanish (N = 2). Of the studies reviewed, all 23 were journal articles.The selected studies come from four countries: 12 from Portugal, six from Spain, two from Brazil and two from Chile. The studies were published between 2010 and 2020 . The language of publication was English (M = 777.45). The sample size ranged from 50 participants to 5,145 participants. The gender distribution did not vary between the studies, all 23 included samples composed of both males and females. The ages of the participants ranged from 5 to 17 years. The educational stage on which the studies focused was primary education (N = 13) and secondary education (N = 9).In terms of the total sample, 17,104 participants were examined in these studies  and missing in 1 study (4.55%).ad hoc instruments. Regarding the research design, all 22 studies included a quasi-experimental pretest-post-test design, all of them including a non-equivalent control group design.In relation to the assessment instruments, 21 studies used standardized scales and only one study used In terms of research context, the vast majority of experiences took place in public schools located in urban settings . However, there are studies that covered the implementation of SEL programmes from an urban and rural perspective (three with a comparative character).Regarding the characteristics of the programmes, The instruments used to measure the different constructs assessed in the experiences are also detailed. The Test of Emotion Comprehension (TEC), the Global Self-Esteem scale and the Socialization Battery 3 (BAS-3) stand out for their frequency of use.On the other hand, The purpose of this systematic review was to synthesize the main characteristics and evidence on the effectiveness of SEL programmes to improve school and socio-emotional outcomes of early childhood, primary and secondary education pupils in Ibero-American contexts. In this regard, with respect to the first research question, the results obtained show that Portugal, Spain, Chile, and Brazil have been the Ibero-American countries that have made the greatest commitment over the last decade to the application and, especially, the evaluation of this type of interventions in compulsory education . Particularly, by a systematic and rigorous evaluation, characterized by the selection of quasi-experimental evaluation methodological designs, with comparison groups, mostly non-randomly configured, but with statistical adjustments that guaranteed their equivalence in the pretest phase. In the rest of the Ibero-American countries, as in the early childhood education stage, no studies with these characteristics have been identified regarding SEL practices.In fact, the number of programmes incorporated in this review can be considered quite small, fundamentally when compared to the number of interventions included in systematic reviews developed in the Anglo-Saxon field . However, all SEL programmes, as established in the specialized literature   the literature search, both primary and complementary, was completed in February 2021, so literature published after that date has not been included in the systematic review; (b) researcher bias in selecting manuscripts may have influenced the final sample of studies, although its effects were attempted to be attenuated by the parallel development of the selection process by two researchers, resolving any dissonance with the participation of a third investigator; and (c) the amount of gray literature included in the review is limited, despite the use of the different search engines that collect this type of literature, which may have increased the threat of publication bias, although a large number of these studies were actually excluded in the selection process, mainly because they used low-quality methodological designs.As future lines of research, a meta-analysis of the studies collected should be carried out in order to find out the overall effect size of the research. It is also worth highlighting the possibility of continuing to implement SEL programmes in the Ibero-American context with the variables sense of belonging or school safety, since at present no study addresses these SEL variables. The practical implications of the work are linked to the establishment of the key implementation factors of the SEL models for each variable, in terms of programme components, duration and integration. This shows scientific evidence that can ensure the success of future programmes.The scientific production on the design, implementation, and evaluation of SEL programmes in the Ibero-American context over the last decade differs greatly from the research, practices and policies that have been developed over the last 25 years in the Anglo-Saxon context  of the University of Granada and the Tomillo Foundation (Reference: CNT4547).The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.


Atopic dermatitis (AD) is one of the most common chronic inflammatory skin disorders. Dupilumab, the first targeted biological drug approved for the treatment of AD, has been widely used, along with increasing ocular adverse effects (AEs).To perform a bibliometric analysis of all the qualified literature involving ocular AEs during the treatment of AD with dupilumab.Relevant studies were extracted from the Web of Science database and screened by researchers. The bibliographic analysis was performed using the VOSviewer.British Journal of Dermatology published the highest number of articles. The United States was the country with the most publications. Sanofi (France) and Regeneron Pharmaceuticals (USA) were the leading organizations with the most contributions. Conjunctivitis was the most common ocular AE. The management of AD will continue to be the research hotspot and development trend in this area. The milestone research is the first article “Two Phase 3 Trials of Dupilumab vs. Placebo in Atopic Dermatitis” published in the New England Journal of Medicine. Most of the top 10 papers were mainly randomized, placebo-controlled phase 2 and phase 3 clinical trials and real-life large cohort studies.A total of 138 articles were enrolled in this study. The first study was published in 2016 by Oregon Health and Science University from the United States. The majority of publications were published in the past 3 years. This study may help better understand ocular AEs in the dupilumab treatment of AD, and grasp the research trends and most influential topics in this field. Atopic dermatitis (AD) is one of the most common chronic inflammatory skin disorders, and affects patients of all ages in all aspects, from physical health to psychological condition and economic burden , 2. The Atopic dermatitis is believed to be the result of complex interactions between genetic and environmental factors that affect the immune system and epidermal barrier function . The infIn 2014, Beck et al.  first reAND TOPIC: (atopic dermatitis) AND DOCUMENT TYPES: (Article OR Letter) AND LANGUAGE: (English).Relevant studies in relation to dupilumab in the treatment of atopic dermatitis were extracted from the Web of Science Core Collection database on August 30, 2021. The detailed search strategy was as follows: TOPIC: (dupilumab) Two researchers (QN Jia and J Qiao) further performed literature screening of the title and abstract independently, with full text downloaded if necessary. Research regarding ocular adverse events in the treatment of atopic dermatitis with dupilumab were retrieved and collected, such as research letters and case letters. Articles that meet the following criteria were excluded: (1) ocular adverse events were uninvolved in the main topic of article; (2) the article was a review, systematic review, meta-analysis, correspondence, expert opinion, retracted article, conference article, or guideline. With the guidance of a senior expert (YP Zeng), a final agreement was reached on the literature screening.For articles that met the criteria, we recorded all the available information, such as title, authors, institutions, funding organization, country/region, abstract, keywords, journal of publication, year of publication, citations, and cited references. Journal impact factor (IF) was queried from the 2020 Journal Citation Reports.The bibliographic information was analyzed using the VOSviewer (version 1.6.17). The co-occurrence analyses of authors, organizations, countries/regions, and keywords were performed with VOSviewer, as well as the analyses of reference citations, and co-citations. The related maps of the above analyses were produced.We extracted 494 articles on the topic of patients with AD treated with dupilumab from the Web of Science Core Collection database following our search strategy. After literature screening by researchers, a total of 138 articles reported the occurrence of ocular AEs and were enrolled in this study. By document type, 138 articles were categorized into 97 original articles and 41 letters. The flow diagram of the present study is shown in All 138 articles were published between 2016 and 2021. The number of publications of each year are displayed in Allergy, Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology and JAMA Dermatology) had an IF higher than 10. Eight out of the 10 journals belonged to a dermatologic field (80%). British Journal of Dermatology took the lead and had the highest number of publications , followed by Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology , Dermatologic Therapy , Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology , and JAMA Dermatology .All the articles analyzed in this study were published in 47 journals, including 22 Dermatological journals. The other 25 journals were classified into Ophthalmology , Medicine, General & Internal , Immunology , Allergy , Pharmacology & Pharmacy , Medicine, Research & Experimental , and Multidisciplinary Sciences  . The number of publications varied from 1 to 18 in these journals. The journal IF was distributed between 0.22 and 91.245. There were 33 countries/regions reporting ocular AEs during the treatment of AD with dupilumab. The United States published the highest number of publications , followed by France , Germany , Italy , and Netherlands . The collaborative network among the major countries/regions was generated by VOSviewer and presented in In total, 326 organizations had made contributions in this study area. Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc. made the most contributions with 21 articles (15.22%), followed by Sanofi , University Medical Center Utrecht , Oregon Health and Science University , and Northwestern University . Oregon Health and Science University was the first to report ocular AEs in this medication field, subsequently with Oregon Medical Research Center, Sanofi, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munchen, and Aarhus University Hospital, etc. When it comes to the cooperation network, there were 20 nodes and 158 links . The orgA total of 788 authors participated in this research field. Both Graham NMH  and Simpson EL  published the largest number of articles in this study area , followed by de Bruin-Weller M , Blauvelt A , and Chen Z . Co-authorship analysis revealed 34 nodes and 300 links . The topAs shown in New England Journal of Medicine and Lancet with an IF of 91.245 and 79.321.Of the 138 papers, the analysis of reference citations discovered 134 nodes and 686 links . The vasNew England Journal of Medicine , Lancet , and British Journal of Dermatology . Other journals were the Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology-In Practice, JAMA Dermatology, and JAMA. The top 2 papers were identical to those in the analysis of citations, and were undoubtedly the most co-cited papers with 87 and 82 citations, respectively. “Dupilumab with concomitant topical corticosteroid treatment in adults with atopic dermatitis with an inadequate response or intolerance to ciclosporin A or when this treatment is medically inadvisable: a placebo-controlled, randomized phase III clinical trial”  rl trial”   by Zirwas et al. .In recent years, bibliometric analysis has been gradually applied in a variety of medical fields, such as respiratory medicine, ocular disease, and cancer. In dermatology, several research fields have been analyzed with bibliometric methods, such as general dermatology, melanoma, psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, toxic epidermal necrolysis, and Stevens-Johnson syndrome –25.To the best of our knowledge, this is the first bibliometric analysis focusing on ocular AEs during the treatment of AD with dupilumab. In this study, we investigated published documents involving dupilumab in the treatment of AD, identified all the related ocular AEs, and systematically analyzed the basic characteristics of literature, such as the journals, collaborative networks of countries/regions, organizations and authors, co-occurrence of keywords, and citation network.The analysis of document type showed that less than one-third of documents were case letters or research letters, and most papers were original research studies. With regard to the publication time, the earliest study was published in 2016, and the majority (89.86%) of publications were published in the past 3 years (2019–2021), indicating research on ocular AEs is a novel and emerging field.New England Journal of Medicine and Lancet) have higher IFs than dermatologic journals. The top 6 journals were the British Journal of Dermatology, Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, Dermatologic Therapy, Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology, JAMA Dermatology, and American Journal of Clinical Dermatology. All of them were dermatologic journals, and 5 out of 6 journals were world-class dermatologic journals with IFs higher than 6.The bibliometric analysis of journals found a total of 47 journals of publication. Dermatologic journals  and ophthalmologic journals  were undoubtedly the top 2 categories, followed by Medicine, General & Internal and Immunology/Allergy categories. The reason why Medicine, General & Internal journals published quite a few papers might be that some general medicine journals , followed by North America (2), East Asia (2), Australia (1), and South America (1). The vast majority (86.67%) of countries/regions were in the Northern Hemisphere. Except for Brazil, all the other countries/regions were developed countries/regions.In the bibliometric analysis of organizations, 326 organizations had made contributions in this study area. Oregon Health and Science University published the first article reporting ocular AEs during the treatment of AD with dupilumab. Most organizations were universities and research centers. However, organizations leading the way were Sanofi (France) and Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc. (USA), since dupilumab was jointly developed by them. University Medical Center Utrecht (Netherlands) was the leading university, followed by Oregon Health and Science University (USA), and Northwestern University (USA). Thus, the main forms of research group were biopharmaceutical companies, universities, and research centers. Regarding the cooperation network, Sanofi containing Sanofi Genzyme ranked first in the cooperation intensity with the highest total link strength, followed by Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., demonstrating the dominant position in the development of dupilumab. Half of the top 10 organizations with the most citations were from the United States, reflecting the great influence on this research field.On the subject of authors, we summarized a total of 788 authors participating in this research field. Concerning first authors, Graham NMH  and Simpson EL  were the most prolific authors with the most citations. In the co-authorship network, the top 10 authors with the highest link strength mainly came from organizations of the United States, in which Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc. made up the largest proportion. Additionally, the contributions of ophthalmology specialists are significant in the correct classification and management of eye involvement in the treatment of AD, and several articles have highlighted the significance of the cooperation between dermatologists and ophthalmologists .With respect to the co-occurrence analysis of keywords, conjunctivitis was the most common ocular AE identified in this study. Plenty of clinical trials have demonstrated that AD patients treated with dupilumab had a higher incidence of conjunctivitis than those treated with placebo. The term “conjunctivitis” contained the following diseases: conjunctivitis, conjunctivitis allergic, conjunctivitis bacterial, conjunctivitis viral, and atopic keratoconjunctivitis, with all being reported as AEs in the literature. Other ocular AEs, such as dry eyes, eye pruritus, blepharitis, blepharoconjunctivitis, and cicatricial ectropion, were also reported.Notably, in our study, allergic conjunctivitis, blepharitis, keratitis, and atopic keratoconjunctivitis were also complications at baseline in some cases. Previous studies have proved that the above ocular diseases are common comorbidities occurring in nearly half of patients with AD . MoreoveFurthermore, keywords regarding the management of AD made up the largest proportion in the co-occurrence network of keywords, such as the safety and efficacy of dupilumab, quality of life and care of the patients, and daily practice. Clinical lesions of AD usually tend to be recurrent and may last for a lifetime. Moreover, topical treatments have relatively limited efficiency for moderate-to-severe AD, and systemic therapy with long-term significant efficiency and safety is required for treatment. Therefore, for a long time, the management of AD is one of the great concerns in dermatology, and remains to be a therapeutic challenge for clinicians. The occurrence network of keywords indicated that the management of AD will continue to be the research hotspot and development trend in this medical area.New England Journal of Medicine, took the lead with 741 citations, such as both citing and cited conditions. This article was the first study discovering ocular AEs of dupilumab in the treatment of AD, and thus became the milestone research in this field. The top papers with the most citations were mainly randomized, placebo-controlled phase 2, and phase 3 clinical trials. Except for clinical trials, real-life evidence and clinical reports have also provided fundamental evidence for future studies. A clinical report “Conjunctivitis occurring in atopic dermatitis patients treated with dupilumab-clinical characteristics and treatment”  and Regeneron Pharmaceuticals (USA) were the leading organizations with most contributions; conjunctivitis was the most common ocular AE; the management of AD will continue to be the research hotspot and development trend in this area; the milestone research is the first article “Two Phase 3 Trials of Dupilumab vs. Placebo in Atopic Dermatitis” published in New England Journal of Medicine; most of the top 10 papers were mainly randomized, placebo-controlled phase 2 and phase 3 clinical trials and real-life large cohort studies.In summary, the present study presented a comprehensive bibliometric analysis concerning ocular AEs during the treatment of AD patients with dupilumab. The first study was published in 2016 by Oregon Health and Science University from the United States; the majority of publications were published in the past 3 years; Our results predicted that research on ocular AEs was the frontiers and promising field, and the management of AD was the great concern and difficulty and would be the future research direction. In conclusion, this study may help better understand ocular AEs in the dupilumab treatment of AD, and grasp the research trends and most influential topics in this field.The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation.QNJ, JQ, and YPZ contributed to concept, design, literature search, and edited the manuscript. QNJ and KF contributed to data acquisition and analysis and statistical analysis. QNJ drafted the manuscript. QNJ, JQ, KF, and YPZ reviewed the manuscript. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.


Plant enhances the capacity of the ecosystem and agricultural systems, enabling human beings to survive and multiply on the earth. Since the human being appeared, plants and their production have played a pivotal role in the development of human civilization, which is mainly reflected in four aspects, including ecological value, edible and medicinal value, ornamental value, and cultural value. In the growth process of both aquatic and terrestrial plants, we need to consider plant protection from the four following levels. 1) at the level of maintaining ecological diversity: we need to explore soil improvement and protection, ecological and supply-demand balance of precise fertilization, meteorological prediction and warning and prediction of plant pest and disease epidemic patterns, etc.; 2) at the level of agricultural production: scientific breeding and seed selection, plant phenotyping, food safety and traceability, intelligent diagnosis and control of plant diseases and pests, intelligent weeding, automatic harvesting, quality grading and division, water and fertilizer integration, quality monitoring, growth monitoring, plant nutrition maintenance, ecology, soil, fertilizer and crop resources and nutrient balance, etc.; 3) at the level of plant high standardized farmland construction: explore smart orchard, smart tea garden, smart field, smart facility farmland, etc., explore recycling agriculture, Photovoltaic Agriculture  caused by long-term labor work.Similar challenges also exist while judging whether an insect is a pest or a beneficial insect, and judging what kind of a weed it is. At present, in order to effectively cope with the grand challenges, we suggest the research on the following five aspects:Based on Internet of Things, Image Processing, and Knowledge Graph technology  management tools and decision support system could be supplied to planters to ensure the implementation of the necessary changes .In the process of biological control, it is necessary to consider the impact of various factors, e.g., environmental conditions, host plants, host pests, application methods, product batches, on natural enemies of pests and pathogenic microorganisms. It is of great importance to confirm the effect of biological control through large-area monitoring. However, the traditional manual method is time-consuming and laborious to know the whole control effect accurately, which is not beneficial for the development of biological control technology, and for the establishment of evaluation standards and systems about biological control effect.In order to effectively cope with the challenges of green intelligent biological control, we suggest the researches on the following two aspects:Based on Internet of Things, Artificial Intelligence, Satellite Remote Sensing, Aerial Image Processing, Big Data, Knowledge Graph, and other technologies, we can carry out the researches on the epidemic law, and comprehensive prevention and control for plant diseases and pests, weeds, on the treatment of degraded grassland, and on the integrated soil and water management. For example, the pest monitoring network can help cultivators anticipate problems in advance and take the initiative to solve them , Intelligent Equipment, and UAV, we can carry out researches on guiding the unmanned tractor to work on the designated path and guiding the UAV to collect plant growth information on the preset path;Based on Satellite Remote Sensing and Aerial Image Processing, we can carry out researches on evaluating forest and pasture germplasm resources, selecting breed, protecting beneficial insect, and monitoring the farmland, e.g., drought of farmland and the alien species invasion in forage grass.In the era of unmanned smart plant protection, a high level of plant science is technologically achievable with the favor of computer science.Both authors listed have made a substantial, direct and intellectual contribution to the work, and approved it for publication.This work was supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under (Grant 62072248), and by the Jiangsu Agriculture Science and Technology Innovation Fund under (Grant CX(21)3060).The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.