The fifteenth plenary meeting of the International Standards Organization (ISO)/Technical Committee (TC) 108 on Mechanical Vibration and Shock was held at NBS Gaithersburg from March 30 through April 10, 1987. Approximately 130 delegates from 15 countries participated in the two weeks of meetings of the technical committee its four subcommittees, and nearly all of its 27 working groups.The American National Standards Institute (ANSI), the U.S. member body, has held the secretariat for this committee since the latter was established in 1963. Presently, 17 countries are participating and 26 others are observer members. The committee maintains liaison with other TC’s of ISO and of the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC. The chairman for the current term is Robert G. Bartheld of Siemens Energy & Automation; the secretary is Avril Brenig, standards manager of the Acoustical Society of America, which organization has administered the TC 108 Secretariat on behalf of ANSI.Opening the plenary session, the director of NBS, Ernest Ambler, reviewed the contributions to standardization of ISO in general and of TC 108 in particular; he also stressed the communality of interests between NBS and the voluntary standards community. The working meetings that followed addressed standardization in such diverse areas as balancing machines, vibration control on vehicles and structures, calibration of vibration and shock measuring instruments, and evaluation of human exposure to mechanical shock and vibration. Those standards ranged from some very specific problems, such as “rotor-shaft-key convention,” to rather general ones, like "mechanical transmissibility of the human body in the z-direction.”In response to the needs of manufacturers and users, new work items were established, for example, classification of environmental vibration conditions, of concern to users and makers of sensitive equipment, including computers. Several new working groups were created, while others, having completed their tasks, were dissolved. The importance of cooperation and liaison between WG’s and TC’s was emphasized. A new joint working group, consisting of experts from TC 108 and TC 70 on Internal Combustion Engines, will be called into existence to standardize the measurement and evaluation of vibration of reciprocating machines. Also, the collaboration with IEC/SC50A in the development of procedures to assess the shock resistance of mechanical systems will be continued. In all, 30 resolutions pertaining to confirmation or upgrading of standards, establishment of new work items, and creation or dissolution of working groups were adopted at the closing plenary meeting of TC 108.In the closing meeting, Rasa Rajeswaran, representative of the ISO Central Secretariat, expressed appreciation to NBS and to ANSI on behalf of all the delegates. The meeting was closed by William Rockwell, vice president of ANSI. The next plenary meeting is to be held in Shanghai, China, in September 1988.


Pasteur Institute of Iran (PII) is known for its history of benefaction by exquisite characters, the most prominent of who is the family of Farman Farmaian.Dr. Sabar Mirza Farman Farmaian, born in 1912 in Tehran, resided as the director of PII for a period of six years (1971-1977). Furthermore, he devoted his house (located in Shemiranat) for the establishment of a center to study and combat infectious diseases. Both of these events had a significant impact on the fate of PII.He was born to a famous family of Farman Farmaian. His father, Abdol-Hossein Mirza Farman Farmaian, the grandson of Abbas Mirza and Fath-Ali Shah, was born in 1852, in Tabriz. He was known as “Salar Lashkar” and “Farman Farma”. He finished his elementary studies at Dar ul-Funun, after which he went to an Austrian school to learn military skills. He held numerous critical positions during 1881-1919. These include the chief of Kerman and Azerbaijan military troops, governor of Kerman, Tehran, Fars, Khorasan, and Kermanshah, as well as the minister of War, Justice and the Interior. The most prominent of all is his chair as the prime minister during the reign of Ahmad Shah Qajar.In 1922, due to his passion for promotion of health, Abdol-Hossein Farman Farmaian dedicated a vast piece of land  for the expansion of Pasteur Institute of Iran. He is also the benefactor of other medical establishments, including the well-known Firoozabadi Hospital, in Tehran. His five sons, namely Firouz Nosrat-ed-Dowleh, Sabar Mirza, Abbas Mirza, Mohammad Vali Mirza, and Mohammad Hossein Mirza Firouz, all held ministerial positions at one time or another[Initially, Firouz Nosrat-ed-Dowleh, who was the Foreign Minister of Ahmad Shah Qajar in 1919, in cooperation with Zka’almlk, Dr. Mohammad Loqman-e-Adham, Dr. Hakim al- Doleh and Dr. Mahmoud Khan, established Pasteur Institute of Iran, based on the Paris Memorandum of Understanding.Sabar Mirza Farman Farmaian was trained at home in childhood. Sabar Mirza was a small boy who went to Fars Province for one of the missions of his father who was the governor of this province. At the end of the mission, the eight-year-old Sabar Mirza returned to Tehran. At the age of 12, Sabar went to France to continue his education by his father request. After receiving diploma, he started to study medicine in France. He continued his study in medicine in Switzerland and received his degree in 1983 from the University of Geneva[In 1939, due to his father’s illness, he returned to Iran. After his father’s death, he spent his two-year military service as the physician in the army. Then, in the ministry of health, he was the supervisor of health problems in the west of the country. In the summer of 1942, he was appointed as the head of the health center in Hamadan and continued his job until 1943. He was then appointed as the manager of the Malaria Eradication and Control Program in Iran. He was able to control this disease extensively in Iran in three years.Due to his interest, he went to England to study communicable and tropical diseases and received his public health diploma from London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine in 1946. He took care of his younger brother and sisters and did his best for the well-being of Farman Farmaian Family.th July 1952, he became the minister of health in Mossadegh government and continued till 8th June 1953. Then, for a short time, he became the governor of Fars Province. After 1953 Coup and Dr. Mossadegh’s fall, Sabar was forced to leave Iran. Immediately, the World Health Organization (WHO) invited him to work as its representative in Beirut and Cairo during which he implemented various health projects in African countries. He was selected as an expert in the scientific committees of WHO.Dr. Farman Farmaian was one of the strong supporters of Dr. Mohammad Mossadegh during the nationalization of the Iran oil industry movement in 1953. On the 26th WHO Malaria expert meeting in Geneva, as the head of the Department of Tropical Medicine of Tehran University and head of the Institute of Parasitology and Malariology. There, he was selected as one of the main members of the committee for controlling Malaria in the south-west of Asia, including Philippines, Cambodia and Vietnam. He also worked as WHO advisor for some time. In this regard, WHO appointed him as one of the best Malaria experts known in the world.In 1960, Dr. Sabar attended the 13In 1971, the Iranian government invited Dr. Sabar to come back to Iran and work as the director of Pasteur Institute of Iran. He was in this position for six years (1971-1977) before being retired. At that time, production and research in Pasteur institute of Iran were conducted in a single building. Dr. Sabar decided to separate them. Therefore, he purchased a land at Karaj Road for this purpose. He also provided modern laboratory devices for the institute. Employees of PII remember Dr. Sabar’s time as a time of good management, good behavior and effort,4.After being retired, he continued medicine at his home in Shemiranat. Farman Farmaian Family started a fellowship program for the researchers who were interested in the social, political history, culture and civilization of Iran with focus on the Qajar dynasty (1794-1925) in the International Institute of Social History in Amsterdam, the Netherlands.Few months before his death, on November 2005, Dr. Sabar devoted his home in Shemiranat  for the establishment of a vaccination clinic against infectious diseases as well as specialized laboratories of Pasteur Institute of Iran for medical researchers. This new branch of PII started to work on October 2007. This place, formerly, was used as the summer camp of Abdol-Hossein Mirza Farman Farmaian when, in 1929, it was given to Sabar Mirza Farman Farmaian. In addition, proceeds from the sale of his furniture were all spent on studying medical students. Dr. Farman Farmaian died on May 19th, 2006. He was buried in Behesht-e Zahra Cemetery in Tehran. He never got married.One of the reasons of Dr. Sabar’s success was his growth in a big and rich family who was interested in science and could dispatch their children to aboard for continuing their education. Dr. Sabar brother, Firouz Nosrat-ed-Dowleh, was one of the first creators of the Pasteur Institute of Iran and his father was the devotee of this institute. For six years, he was the director of the Pasteur Institute of Iran and devoted his home for improving the institute. Farman Farmaian Family and the Pasteur Institute of Iran are closely related to each other. Owing to the feeling of other-kindness, he devoted part of his life to control malaria in different parts of the world, including Asia and Africa. He was a warm-blooded man working with great people like Dr. Mohammad Mossadegh, his cousin. His valuable life is a worthy part of history of medicine in Iran.Peace be upon his soul.


Reason for Corrigendum:1College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Hunan, China, and 3Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA). The authors apologize for this oversight. This error does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way.In the original article, we neglected to mention the additional affiliation of Xuguo Zhou (The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.


Therefore, emphasizing on the need for more value-based and patient-centred care, and for the scaling-up of an integrated care model for mental and neurological disorders is important. An integrated care model encompasses the whole care process, from prodromal, early diagnosis to disease management and patient empowerment.The European Brain Council, an organization promoting research in Europe on health and disorders of the brain to improve the quality of life of those living with such disorders, initiated a two-year research project on the value of treatment.. The project included case studies on schizophrenia, Alzheimer disease, epilepsy, headache, normal pressure hydrocephalus, Parkinson disease, multiple sclerosis, restless legs syndrome and stroke. The study’s research framework included the testing of an integrated model and the development of a series of qualitative and quantitative benchmarks to identify treatment gaps and causal factors along the continuum of care in a patient care pathway analysis. The study also estimated the socioeconomic impact and health gains from best practice health-care interventions with an economic evaluation. Case studies were analysed in collaboration with hundreds of experts from the European Brain Council in line with the research framework, applying empirical evidence from different European countries.The value of treatment for brain disorders – policy white paper.In June 2017, the council published the outcome of these case studies in ,For instance, the treatment success rate in schizophrenia can be improved if patients at risk are identified, psychotic symptoms are detected early and treatment is initiated in the prodromal phase. Depending on the stage of the disorder, antipsychotic medication, psychosocial interventions or both, are needed.


Dr. Nicholas J. MacDonald should be included in the author byline. Dr. MacDonald should be listed as the eleventh author, and with the affiliation 3: Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America. The contributions of this author are as follows: Conception and design of the work, acquisition of data, or analysis and interpretation of data; drafting the article or revising it critically for important intellectual content; final approval of the version to be published; agreement to be accountable for all aspects of work; conceptualization; methodology; investigation; and resources.


Sino-Japanese Symposium on Coagulation, Fibrinolysis, and Platelet first held in Hanchow, China in 1990, and again in Taipei, Taiwan in 1992. Thanks to the persistence and hard work of the conference founders and the participation of colleagues from countries around the world, that small, oligo-country conference has evolved into a regional conference now held every two years in cities of the Asia-Pacific region. Since its launch in Taipei, Taiwan in 2000, the APSTH Congress has been, and is now recognized as a key event in our field of thrombosis and hemostasis research.It begins with the State of the Art 2016: Research and Review from the 9th Congress of the Asian-Pacific Society on Thrombosis and Hemostasis, the first-ever publication of our APSTH conference proceedings. Truly, another big milestone.Taiwan has the honor of hosting the congress for the second time in 16 years with a program designed to foster international exchange and friendship in the pursuit of the newest medical knowledge on thrombosis and hemostasis. The best proof of our persistence in this endeavor is now lying before you, Thrombosis Journal, Dr. Yukio Ozaki, and Rachael Sykes from the supplements team at BioMed Central, and the support of Toby Hung, Jeff Boice, and Shih-Yao Lin which were instrumental and invaluable in the preparation and publication of these proceedings. Thank you all.The contributions in this first edition of APSTH proceedings consist of a balanced mixture of basic and clinical research and review papers. It is our hope that this APSTH publication will provide insight and help to advance our understanding in the various fields of thrombosis and hemostasis. We are grateful to the contributing authors for their excellent work. We are indebted to the many international reviewers who rose to the challenge of publication time constraints to provide us their insights and opinions. We wish to acknowledge the guidance of the editorial office of We wish you happy reading.Supplement Editorial Committee, APSTH 2016Ming-Ching Shen, organizerShu-Wha Lin, co-editorChing-Ping Tseng, co-editorJiaan-Der Wang, co-editor


Prospective cohort studies are considered ideal choices to study multiple outcomes and risk factors for Non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Our aim is to set-up the protocol and analyze risk factors, incidence rates, prevalence, trends, and the models of environmental and genetic determinants of NCDs and their outcomes as well as interaction among such determinants.Shahrekord cohort study (SCS) that is a population-based prospective, study on a cohort consisting of people aged 35-70 years started in November 2015 in Iran. The sample size of the original cohort is at least 10,000 people. Annual follow-ups  of the cohort were designed to be conducted up to 2036. Exposures  were measured by relevant standard methods and questionnaires. Incidence of common NCDs , trend of risk factors, hospitalization, disability, and death were considered the outcomes of the cohort. The definition of disease was determined based on the International Classification of Diseases 10th version (ICD-10). Routine hematologic and biochemical tests were conducted and an all-inclusive biobank  of the cohort was stored for future studies. All steps of data collection and examinations are directly monitored by the quality control team.The SCS is a unique study conducted in southwest of Iran that is a notable work given the climate conditions and ethnicity population  of this region. By providing high quality the protocol and introduce it, the SCS can serve as a solid foundation for management and researchers in southwest of Iran. The SCS provides prerequisites for collaboration and regional, national, and international studies on NCDs. Data are available at the modeling in health research center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran, for any collaboration. In the recent years, policymaking, planning, and decision-making in public health and health system have entered a new phase of evolution that is widely known as evidence-based decision-making . AdoptinIn addition to affecting mortality rate, chronic diseases cause inability and influence productivity. Chronic diseases are associated with high prevalence, incidence, and disability-adjusted life year (DALY) in Iran, with various patterns in different provinces, as with other countries –18. For It is widely acknowledged that smoking, obesity, increased intake of salt, and inappropriate lifestyle have adverse effects on health in Ch&B province, other provinces of Iran, and even other countries , 23–28. http://persiancohort.com , and university/executive. At university level, the members of the quality control team are faculty members of the departments of epidemiology and biostatistics, biochemistry, and laboratory sciences. To control field quality, this team also includes three people with master’s degree on epidemiology, biostatistics, and laboratory sciences. All steps of data collection such as census, invitation, examinations, interview, and sampling as well as taking tests and recording their results are directly monitored by the quality control team.The participants complete the executive steps. A checklist is used to monitor the steps and the duration of measuring the exposures. If a participant does not complete any executive step, the reason is recorded and the participant required to have the relevant document till the completion of the executive steps so that he/she can receive the Cohort Identification Card. The checklists data are compared to those registered in the electronic questionnaire by the quality control team to remove potential inconsistencies. The accuracy of the completed items are examined with reference to the outputs of the electronic questionnaire that were converted to an MS Excel file. Every month, three interviews are conducted with each participant, as the interviewer is blind, and the interviews are recorded. The methods of the interviews and the accuracy of the collected data are examined. In some cases, the participants are randomly asked to refer to the Cohort Center again to recomplete a section of the questionnaire  to examine the consistency of the data drawn after each administration. Besides that, a central quality control team of the PERSIAN Cohort monitors affiliated studies regularly and meticulously according to a well-developed protocol. Field quality, the performance of the interviewers, and the calibration of the used equipment are assessed, monitored, and evaluated according to the processes of each part of the interviews and using a checklist daily, weekly, monthly, once every 3 months and annually and the results are recorded.The SCS is a unique study conducted in southwest of Iran that is a notable work given the climate conditions and various population  of this region. Aimed to study chronic NCDs and associated factors, this study can, in the first place, serve as a solid foundation for planning and policymaking in healthcare field and the control of common diseases of the region, provinces of Iran and secondly, be useful for other countries of the Eastern Mediterranean and even worldwide. Although a number of cohort studies were or are being conducted in the Eastern Mediterranean, the current study, representing one of the centers of the PERSIAN Cohort, can provide highly valuable evidence on precision medicine. Notably, the main exposures are measured and registered in the SCS as with other centers of the PERSIAN Cohort. Although the SCS was started a little late following other centers of the PERSIAN Cohort, this delayed initiation became an opportunity as the executors could observe, visit, and gain experience with already initiated cohort studies. As a result, in the SCS, the PERSIAN Cohort Protocol is being thoroughly followed and, according to the codified protocol, certain variables that are likely to play confounding role in analyzing associations and outcomes or be colliders are measured and registered as well. Therefore, an advantage of the SCS over other centers of the PERSIAN Cohort, is taking the EKG, pulmonary function test, and pulse oximetry, measuring body composition, general health, social health, chronic stressor, coping strategies, health literacy, and low back pain as well as conducting examinations for rheumatologic disorders using valid and nativized questionnaires. SCS provides useful evidence for research in social epidemiology, NCDs epidemiology, health services research and genetic epidemiology. In certain centers of the PERSIAN Cohort, a number of these variables are studied. For example, in the Yazd Cohort Study, spirometry is taken, in the Azar Cohort Study, rheumatic diseases are investigated , and in


Dr. Ada Maria de Barcelos Alves should be included in the author byline instead of the Acknowledgments. She should be listed as the seventh author and affiliated with Laboratory of Biotechnology and Physiology of Viral Infections, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The contributions of this author are as follows: Conceived and designed the experiments, performed the experiments, analyzed the data, and contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools.


One of the special features of IJPR is the publication of special topic issues. This special issue is dedicated exclusively to articles about the field of Pharmacognosy. Pharmacognosy that means the science of medicine has a long history in Iran. Despite the fact that the word was first used in German literature about 200 years ago, its history dates back to 1,000 years ago in Iranian traditional medicine. The documents recorded by the Iranian ancient pioneer physicians, who made important contributions to the field, such as Rhazes, Avicenna, Jorjani, etc. have comprehensively referred to the principles of this science. Due to the variability of climate and geography, vegetation is very rich and strong in Iran. Thus, pharmacognosy research status in this country (and the world) is on the rise and the number of articles and documents obtained from this research is on the increase.In this issue, several articles from authors in various fields of pharmacognosy have been offered. The result of these researches highlight the importance of antioxidant and cytotoxicity of plants , pharmacological activities on animal models, bioassay-guided studies, evaluation of plant effect used in Iranian traditional medicine, clinical trials, the analysis of essential oils, phytochemistry, antibacterial activity, various biological effects, etc. All of these areas may potentially lead the pharmaceutical and medical world to new natural sources for future drug discovery. In addition, IJPR special issues represent outstanding articles by scientists in the field of natural products research. This issue of IJPR is dedicated to Prof. Hossein-zadeh, Mashhad, Iran, for his lifetime achievement. I would like to take this opportunity to thank all reviewers of this special issue for their commitment and hard work. Without their dedication and tremendous efforts, this issue would not have been possible.It is hoped that these papers can document an increase in the Iranian traditional medicine and lead to the development of new drugs effective in the treatment of diseases.Faraz Mojab is currently working as a professor in Department of Pharmacognosy, School of the Pharmacy, Shaheed Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran. He can be reached at sfmojab@sbmu.ac.ir


The application of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has moved from the laboratory to the wider community. This form of non-invasive brain stimulation has been shown in a number of controlled animal and human experiments, over nearly five decades, to modulate brain physiology, cognitive functions, and behavior. While its effects are variable across and within individuals, it is not unreasonable to state that tDCS harbors the potential to enhance executive and physical human performance. In a society increasingly driven to succeed with less effort, performance enhancement with an intervention that has an excellent safety record, is well tolerated, relatively inexpensive and readily available, is particularly appealing. Here, we offer a perspective on tDCS for the enhancement of physical performance in sport. The ethical and legal implications of the transition of tDCS from academic experimental work to general-public use, are discussed elsewhere  tDCS  on trained cyclists , the Football Players Health Study at Harvard University, and Harvard Catalyst|The Harvard Clinical and Translational Science Center .The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views ofHarvard Catalyst,Harvard University and its affiliated academic health care centers, the National Institutes of Health, or the Sidney R. Baer Jr. Foundation.AP serves on the scientific advisory boards for Nexstim, Neuronix, Starlab Neuroscience, Neuroelectrics, Axilum Robotics, Magstim Inc., and Neosync; and is listed as an inventor on several issued and pending patents on the real-time integration of transcranial magnetic stimulation with electroencephalography and magnetic resonance imaging. The other authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.


Fig. 1).The imposing series of personalities from the whole world, who were awarded the “Doctor Honoris Causa” title by “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy in Bucharest, the biggest and oldest University of Medicine in Romania, opened in 1966 by Prof. A. Butendandt from Max Planck Institute in Germany and Laureate of Nobel Prize, continued with three great academic personalities in the field of Dentistry  from the University of Bonn, Germany, in 1971, and in 1972 his DMD  also in Bonn. He has been Chairman of the Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology at the University of Regensburg, Dean of the Faculty of Medicine of the University in Regensburg, and, for more than 20 years, Dean of the Faculty of Dental Medicine of the same university. Moreover, he has been member and President of the Senate of the University in Regensburg .He has been President of several national dental associations such as German Association for Operative Dentistry (DGZ), German Scientific Society for Dentistry (DGZMK) and German Association for Professors in Dentistry (VHZM). He has later been elected Honorary Member of these associations. Fig. 3).At the international level, Prof. Schmalz, MD, PhD has been elected President of the Continental European Division of the International Association for Dental Research (IADR) as well as for the Pan European Region (including Israel) of the same association. He was also President of the Pulp Biology and Regeneration group of IADR . Prof. Schmalz, MD, PhD has published more than 250 articles in PubMed listed journals, with a Hirsch index of 24, and over 1800 citations. For his scientific work, he received more than 35 prices and awards, among which the “European Award for Substitution of Animal Experimentation”, Anny Eck-Hieff Prize for the “Development of an in-vitro pulp chamber system for toxicity testing of filling materials in dentistry”, “Distinguished Scientist Award” for his achievements in Pulp Biology Research, “Distinguished Service Award”, and “Award of Excellence” of the European Federation of Conservative Dentistry. He is Adjunct Senior Scientist at the Houston Center for Biomaterials and Biomimetics, University of Texas and Member and Senator of the German National Academy of Sciences. Since 2014, he has been guest Professor at the Dental School of the University of Bern, Switzerland. In 2015, he received the Doctor Honoris Causa (Dr. h.c.) distinction from “Iuliu Hatieganu” University in Cluj-Napoca, Romania  at the Dental School of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, in 2012.He was member of the Senate of the same University (for five periods) and became Head of the OMFS Department during 2014-2016. During 1999-2016, he was Director of the OMFS University Clinic at the "A. Kyriakou" Children's Hospital of Athens having performed more than 1500 major surgeries of the maxillofacial regions in Children and Adolescents mainly including fractures, benign and malignant odontogenic and non-odontogenic tumors, arteriovenous malformations, clefts and syndromes involving the maxillofacial regions. He was also acting as Director of the post-graduate program on ”Dentoalveolar Surgery”, Dental School, University of Athens (2012-2017). Fig. 5). He has also been President of the Hellenic Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery (2006-2008 and 2014-2017) and Editor-in-Chief of its official Journal, "Archives of the Hellenic Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery". He is member of the European Association for Craniomaxillofacial Surgery, Councilor for Greece (2010-2016), member of the Editorial Board and reviewer of its official Journal .He has also been honorary guest speaker in 14 European countries . He is founding member of the Strasburg Osteosynthesis Research Group (SORG), a leading international scientific Organization with state of art statements concerning treatment of skeletal diseases of face and skull. Recently (2017), his team won the first prize of this group, concerning a research project dealing with syndromic and non-syndromic children treated with mandibular distraction osteogenesis. His main fields of interest are maxillofacial traumatology and oncology for children, orthognathic surgery, clefts, distraction osteogenesis, implantology, and oral surgery  for both local and systemic diseases. Specifically, he developed a new toolbox to unmask "hidden" proteins in saliva, to concentrate and increase signal intensity of protein biomarkers using traditional lateral flow immunoassay tests as a platform for OF rapid diagnostic tests.Fig. 7). His work was supported by many research agencies (more than 30) including the Israeli Science Foundation, United States-Israel Binational Science Foundation, German-Israel Science Foundation, Ministry of Sciences, and Ministry of Health. His work was published in many international leading journals and awarded by many prizes. Prof. Palmon, MD, PhD has served as the president of the Israeli Division of the IADR, Director of the Graduate Program in Bio-Medical Dental Sciences and the Chairman of the Institute of Dental Sciences at The Hebrew University .Within the university system, Prof. Palmon engaged in the administrative leading. Prof. Palmon, is currently serving as the Dean of the Hebrew University-Hadassah, Faculty of Dental Medicine, for a second term, and is the founder and director of the Hebrew University Teaching and Learning Center, the director of MEITAL, which is the Israeli Inter-University Center for e-Learning and management member of the Israeli university forum of teaching and learning centers (The event took place on 15-18 March 2018 in the imposing Boardroom of the Rectorate of "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy in Bucharest, during the second edition of the International Congress of Dental Medicine, dedicated to the 70 years jubilee from the founding of the Dentistry Faculty. Executive Editor Professor Eng. Victor Lorin Purcarea, PhD


In 2018, the Latin American Journal of Nursing (RLAE) reaches 25 years of uninterruptedpublication of articles, resulting from research developed in Brazil and abroad, thuscontributing to the progress of scientific knowledge on nursing and other sciences of thehealth sector in an effective way.The journal is one of the dissemination vehicles of the Nursing School of Ribeirão Preto,which belongs to the University of São Paulo, and it is a Collaborating Center of the WorldHealth Organization for Nursing Research Development. Its 25 volumes published since 1993were composed of articles, originals and literature reviews, strictly selected by renownedresearchers who, voluntarily, contributed to add greater quality to the content of theevaluated articles. The journal adopts the peer review system and has 734 active advisers,of which 30% are foreigners. In addition to the articles, we have also publishededitorials, enabling the discussion of ideas in the academic community on relevant subjectsfor the health and nursing sectors, and seeking to foster the development of studies withstrong scientific evidence.The adopted editorial management seeks excellence in editorial quality, integrity in thedissemination of knowledge, as well as the sustainability of the journal,internationalization and broadening of its visibility. Among some of the strategies used byus, we should cite: the use of an electronic administrative system for processing articles,the use of a similarity detection tool and guides to improve texts, as well as the adoptionof the continuous publishing system (rolling pass).Ad hoc advisers,and those who work in the technical support ,who focused their efforts on accomplishing the complex and continuous editorial demandsrelated to scientific sources, information technologies, licenses and copyright laws,standardizations, database indexing criteria, storage and digital article transfertechniques, analysis of bibliometric indicators, use of digital identifiers, amongothers.For us, speaking about editorial management is gratifying, as it reminds us of a workdeveloped in partnership with a group of dedicated and skilled professionals who haveparticipated throughout these years and who currently participate in the Board ofDirectors, Publishing Committee and Editorial Board, as We have been honored to take part in the Editorial Committee of RLAE since the publicationof its first issue and, since April 1999, to work as the scientific editor-in-chief of thejournal. It is worth highlighting that we were preceded by the editors: Prof. Dr. OlgaMaiomoni Aguillar (1992-1995) and Prof. Dr. Maria Aparecida Tedesch Cano (1995 - March1999).The journal had Prof. Dr. Marcia Bucchi Alencastre as vice-president of the PublishingCommittee (1993-1995), who was succeeded by Prof. Dr. Maria Helena Palucci Marziale (1996 -March 1999) and Prof. Dr. Isabel Amélia Costa Mendes (April 1999 - August 2009); and, since2009, Prof. Dr. Regina Aparecida Garcia de Lima is the scientific editor.Currently, the Publishing Committee is composed of a scientific editor-in-chief, ascientific editor and thirteen associated editors, of which 40% are linked toteaching/research institutions from abroad. The dynamics adopted by the journal andsupported by the Congregation of the institution, aimed at allowing the continuity of thework of a same scientific editor-in-chief during the last 19 years, enabled the developmentof sequential editorial actions in line with the demands of the field of knowledge and withthe editorial tendencies, besides assigning indicators of quality and visibility of thejournal in the scientific community.Until December 2017, we published 2,725 articles of authors from Argentina, Australia,Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, El Salvador, Ecuador,Spain, France, Guatemala, Honduras, Iran, Italy, Mexico, Nicaragua, Peru, Portugal, UnitedKingdom, Sweden, Tanzania, Turkey and Venezuela.This journal is indexed in 21 international and national databases and has its articlesdisseminated, in open access, on the website of the journal (magazine) and in national andinternational journal portals, and articles may also be accessed by the RLAE applicationthrough mobile phones (iOS/Android systems).Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia ,Ciência & Saúde Coletiva , Cadernos deSaúde Pública  and Estudos Avançados .RLAE has the particularity of being pioneer on indexing articles in internationaldatabases. When compared to nursing journals published in Brazil and Latin America, it wasthe first nursing journal published in Brazil to integrate the Web of Science and theJournal Citation Reports; the first Brazilian journal of the sector to provide its entirecollection in open access and published in three languages ; and the only nursing journal, published in Brazil, classified in stratum A1 inQualis/Journals/CAPES - nursing sector. In the last available indicators dated 2016, RLAEobtained the impact factor in the Journal Citation Reports (JCR) of 0.634 in the bienniumand 0.884 in the quinquennium; and in the Scopus/SCIMAGO’s Journal & Country Rank(SJR), it obtained SJR of 0.394 and H-index of 28. The journal heads the SciELO BrazilRanking - Top 10 journals with more hits in the period 2015-2017RLAE is one of the journals with the greatest number of downloads in the JournalsRepository of the University of São Paulo, which is regarded as one of the 50 bestrepositories in the world. Through information provided by the Integrated Library System ofthe University of São Paulo (SIBiUSP) in January 2018, we noted that, in the last fouryears, the RLAE articles had more than one and a half million downloads, which were held bya public from Brazil , United States of America , Mexico ,Portugal , Peru , Colombia , Spain , Germany ,Venezuela , Ecuador , Mozambique , United Kingdom , among othercountries. This data is considered an important indicator of the national and internationalexpression of the journal in question.In We noted that there is a divergence of themes in the articles most searched by readers ofthe journal according to each of the languages, and this data will influence the futurecalls of articles, since the practice of induction of articles about issues relevant to thesector and linked to the national and international research guidelines is part of theeditorial strategies undertaken. We draw attention to the open call for the submission ofarticles about “Human resources in health and nursing”, with priority for the topics“Interprofessional education”, “Practice” and “Skills”.Preprints), which has long beenemployed in the fields of physics and mathematics to advance the pace of dissemination ofinformation, but with resistance of acceptance in the health sector, due to the fact thatthe articles uploaded in repositories do not undergo the evaluation of scientificreviewers; and also that, once published on the Internet, an article is no longer new forthe repository, and this is an important fact for scientific journals that aim to publishnew and reliable knowledge, which may entail scientific advancement. Nevertheless, with theonset of new repositories , itappears that prepresses will no longer be restricted to the physical and social sciences(Currently, the demand for RLAE and other journals of this sector is to decide on theadherence to the repository of prepresses (Accordingly, we celebrate the trajectory covered and continue the relentless pursuit forstrategies capable of enabling us to further improve the editorial management of thisjournal and fulfill the new demands that may arise.


Dear Colleagues,This year marks the 20th anniversary of establishment of the Eurasian Association of Gastroenterology (EAG). Decision about establishing this society was carried in 1996 in Antalya (Turkey) during the days of Turkish National Congress of Gastroenterology, when some famous Turkish scientists and participants from Turkish-origin foreign countries discussed about need in some society for closer scientific contacts between gastroenterologists and surgeons of their countries. The organization of such a scientific association with headquarters in Ankara has been approved by all participants of a meeting and the charter of new society has been prepared and approved soon. Turkey, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, and Northern Cyprus became full members of the created society. According to the charter, main aims and goals of new society were establishment of scientific cooperation, the constant exchange of ideas, and experience among scientistsgastroenterologists and surgeons from these countries, familiar with one another’s achievements, such as help for improvement of professional levels of doctors-specialists. For achievement, these goals were decided carrying the Congresses of EAG no later than once a year in one of the member countries of Association. The first International Euroasian Congress has been carried out in 1997 in the capital of Azerbaijan-- Baku city.The Congress that was carried out with assistance of the government of Azerbaijan had 35 scientists from five foreign countries and about 500 Azerbaijani doctors. Upon completion of Congress, representatives from member countries of new Association have noted the success of the held forum and have emphasized the importance of such meetings for specialists of their countries.In the next years, the Euroasian Congresses of Gastroenterologists and Surgery was carried out in Kazakhstan (1998), Turkey (1999), Uzbekistan (2000), Kyrgyzstan (2001), and again in Azerbaijan (2003).In 2004, Professor of Ankara University, Hasan Ozkan was elected as the President of the Association and till date he successfully directs this scientific organization. It should be noted that in the next Euroasian Congress of Gastroenterologists in Ankara held in 2004, the meeting was held between the new management of Association with members of the international scientific committee of society where a number of important questions were discussed.So, during the meeting participants had expressed opinion about the necessesity of some changes in a format of the held scientific forums. It has been noted that scientists from other non-Turkish-origin countries show a great interest to scientific Congresses of EAG and they repeatedly address to presidium of society about inclusion of their countries in Association like full members of society. Considering it, full members of Association in the next years will be elected in Ukraine, Georgia, Ýran, Russia, Bangladesh, Bulgaria, Pakistan, Bosnia and Herzegovine, Egypt, Albania, Moldova, and other countries. For this reason, the next Congresses of EAG have been carried successfully out in the countries which became new members of the organization—Georgia (2005) and Ýran (2007).The Azerbaijani surgeons and gastroenterologists are one of the most active participants of all events held by EAG from the moment of its establishment. The big and irreplaceable role in formation of EAG and its work belongs to the famous Azerbaijani scientist- academician Beyukkishi Agayev. Under his management in the capital of Azerbaijan, the Congresses of EAG have been carried out six times .In Azerbaijan as well as in other countries, interest of doctors to these significant scientific meetings has grown from year to year that is a graphic evidence of the acquired authority of EAG on the scientific world. So, in the first Congress held in Baku, there were 35 foreign scientists from five countries; whereas in the Congress held in 2013, the foreign delegation was presented by 162 doctors representing the leading medical clinics and universities of 25 countries. Their articles and lectures about modern problems of surgery and gastroenterology, information about new views on diagnostics, and treatment of a number of diseases had a huge value for all participants of the Congress and of course for the young Azerbaijani doctors and residents who were taking the first steps in science.In these Congresses, together with the well-known Azerbaijani scientists (which held in Baku in different years) famous scientists from different countries also took part: H. Özkan, A. Dökmeci, S. Ünal, N. Örmeci, Ý. Balik, Y. Bayraktar, S. Yýlmaz (Turkey) A. Nakao, F. Akbar, H. Miroyama (Japan), R. Gish, S. Gupta (USA), M. Farthing (UK), F. Ezzat, A. Sami (Germany), N. Lygidakis (Greece), M. Abdel Vahab (Egypt), E. Galperin, V. Sandrikov (Russia), A. Hacibayev (Uzbekistan), E. Gerich (Ukraine), M. Al Mahtab (Bangladesh), G. Parodi , J.Heyat (Iran), and others.These Congresses were widely highlighted on local television, on pages of newspapers, scientific journals, and the web sites. A number of participants of the Congress have had official meetings with heads of the Ministry of Health of the Republic and the Azerbaijan Medical University. During these meetings, the Azerbaijani heads emphasized value and role of such scientific forums for scientists and doctors of Azerbaijan, about the need of close contacts among experts for increasing their professional level.Azerbaijani Association of Surgeons and Gastroenterologists (AASG) established in 1997 played a big role in formation and development of surgery and gastroenterology in Azerbaijan. AASG unites more than 1,000 surgeons and gastroenterologists who work in the leading clinics of Baku, scientific institutes, regional hospitals, and polyclinics. The association holds permanent meetings, conferences, and symposiums with participation of foreign experts, where topical issues on diagnostics and treatment of various diseases are discussed. Much attention is paid on questions of prevention and modern methods of treatment of viral hepatitis, surgical and endoscopic treatment of the biliary strictures, parasitic cysts of a liver, a hepatocellular carcinoma, and so on. Because of activity of the AASG, doctors have an opportunity for being informed constantly about the achievements of medicine, new methods of diagnostics, and alternative ways of treatment of various diseases.With an initiative and support of AASG, a number of doctors from Azerbaijan take advanced training courses in the leading clinics of Baku and foreign countries. In 2005, the Association started the journal “Cerrahiyye” (Surgery) whose editorial board includes scientists from 16 countries. The journal publishes materials not only in Azerbaijani, but also in English and Russian languages, so scientists from various countries of Europe, Asia and America have published their articles in journal of AASG.Azerbaijani surgeons and gastroenterologists is playing an important role in cooperation between AASG with EAG. This cooperation allowed a great number of young doctors from Azerbaijan to have scientific trainings and increasing the professional level in the leading clinics of Turkey. With assistance of our Turkish colleagues, a lot of qualified specialists who in recent years have been trained in Ankara, Istanbul, and Izmir are now actively working in the leading clinics and scientific divisions of Azerbaijan institues.In Antalya (Turkey) from April 27th to May 1st of 2016 has passed the XV Congress of Euroasian Gastroenterologists and Surgeons under the chairmanship of the president of EAG, Professor H. Özkan. In the Congress that was organized at a very high level, guests from various countries have highly appreciated activity of society and have emphasized its role in the development of science and preparation of high-quality specialists. In Antalya, they disscussed some prospects of further works and taken a decision about carrying out the next EAG Congress in 2017 in Sarajevo. I am sure that this Congress in the territory of ancient Bosnia will open new prospects in activity of EAG and will serve expansion of structure of Association at the expense of the new countries from the European region.I want you all to note that Euroasian Journal of Hepato-Gastoenterology is playing a very important role in collaboration and connection among scientists from the Euroasian countries and increasing of the EAG’s authority in the scientific world since 2011. In a short period, this journal has become very popular among readers from many countries, including Azerbaijan. Here of course is a big merit of Editor-in-Chief of the journal, Prof Hasan Özkan, co-Editor-in-Chief, Prof Fazle Akbar, and Executive Editor, Prof. Mamun-Al-Mahtab.I want to wish all my colleagues a very good health and success in their professional activity and to wish EAG and Editorial board of EJOHG prosperity and further strengthening of the international scientific authority.Rauf M AghayevPofessor, Department of Surgical Diseases-IIAzerbaijan Medical University,Baku, AzerbaijanEuroasian Journal of Hepato-Gastroenterology


The checklist was applied to 16nurses of 8 surgical units and submitted for validation by a group of eightexperts using the Delphi method online. the instrument was validated and it was achieved a mean score ≥1, level ofagreement ≥75% and Cronbach’s alpha >0.90. The final version included 97 safetyindicators organized into six categories: identification, preoperative, immediatepostoperative, immediate postoperative, other surgical complications, and hospitaldischarge. the Surgical Safety Checklist in the Pre and Postoperative periods is anotherstrategy to promote patient safety, as it allows the monitoring of predictivesigns and symptoms of surgical complications and the early detection of adverseevents. Nurses’ decision-making processes encompass knowledge in the area of care andmanagement, with an emphasis on patient care. However, for their success, they mustoccur in line with planning and evaluation, based on an appropriate information system.The information within a health service not only favors decision making, but also thestructuring of innovative strategies that significantly help in the management. This isthe challenge, from a wider perspective, for the insertion and performance of nurses inthe organizational structure of health systemschecklists, may promote the early identification of the mostfrequent problems in the planning of nursing care during hospital stay, discharge plandevelopment and guidance on home careAmong the management actions is the decision making of the nurses, it is possible tohighlight those actions related to patient safety aiming at the prediction and reductionof complications, as well as the early detection of aggravations and adverse events inthe postoperative periodchecklist for the safety of surgical patients, was a study conductedby experts of the World Health Organization (WHO) in eight countries . In total 7,688 patientswere investigated, of which 3,733 were investigated prior to the use of thechecklist and 3,955 after filling out thechecklist, which showed a 36% reduction in surgical complications, 47%in mortality, 50% in infection rates and 25% in the need for a new surgicalintervention. It was concluded that the use of the checklistpractically doubled the possibility of using safe care standards during surgicaltreatment of the patientsThe initial milestone, which demonstrated the benefits of using aChecklist (SSC) werehighlighted in the WHO Second Global Patient Security Challenge. In Brazil, the Ministryof Health has implemented the Safe Surgeries Programme and recommends the use of SSCbefore anesthetic induction, before the surgical incision and at the end of the surgery,before the patient leaves the operating roomThese results on the use of the Surgical Safety checklists areconsidered instruments to coordinate care, promote team union and reduce postoperativecomplications. Such complications frequently involve pneumonia, pulmonary embolism, deepvein thrombosis, surgical site infection, unplanned return to the operating room, bloodloss, death, suture dehiscence, cerebrovascular accident, acute myocardial infarction,vascular graft failure, systemic inflammatory response syndrome, septic shock, cardiacarrest and acute renal failureA systematic review concluded that surgical safety checklists is a practice encouragedby reducing memory and intuition dependenceOther studies show that the use of checklist in the pre and postoperative periods in the hospitalsurgical units. This allows identifying the appropriate preparation of the patientsbefore their referral to the surgical center, as well as the predictive signs ofpostoperative complications. Considering that the WHO SSC model is applicable in surgical centers, that is, inperioperative moments , it is justified the need for aspecific Another study concluded that the prevention of problems related to the safety ofsurgical patient should also be focused on the pre and postoperative periods, as it isestimated that 19% of incidents are associated with the organization of services andcarechecklists for otherin-hospital services, as a way of stimulating the safety cultureThe WHO recommends the development of new checklist for patients in the pre and postoperative periods insurgical hospitalization units.The objective of this study was to develop, evaluate and validate a surgical safetyMethodological study, with a quantitative approach, conducted in a large public teachinghospital, located in the South Region of Brazil, from March 2013 to October 2014, withthe participation of 16 nurses of eight surgical services . checklist forpatients in the pre and postoperative periods (SSCPP) was guided by the principles ofthe Safe Surgery Saves Lives Programme of the WHO: simplicity, applicability andmeasurement capacity of the checklist-type instrument to the safesurgeryPlan, Do, Check, Act)The development, assessment and validation of the The methodological steps of the implementation of the PDCA Cycle are presented asfollows. checklist. The Planning Phase consisted of three meetings: the first one with nurses of surgicalunits, for awareness on the surgical safety, identification of gaps and analysis ofproblems related to the surgical safety of patients in hospitalization units,presentation, agreement with the research project and signing of the Informed ConsentForm (TCLE). The inclusion criteria were: nurses who have been working for more thanfour weeks in a surgical unit and with a 20 hours weekly shift or over; as exclusioncriteria: nurses on probationary period, on vacation, or nurses away from work onsick leave. The sample consisted of 16 nurses, all professionals of 8 surgical units.Two other meetings took place in continuity with the Action Plan, for the preparationand implementation of a pilot test of the checklist; b) two workshops were held with the nurses to improveversion 1, resulting in version 2 of the checklist. Two actions were taken in this phase: a) together with the participating nurses, theresearchers identified and listed the items for version 1 of thechecklist wassubjected to a pilot test in the surgical units. The size of the sample was not set,and each nurse was asked to fill out as many instruments as possible during the pilottest period. The researchers have followed up the instrument by means of daily visitsin the eight units; the researchers were responsible for clarifying doubts,encouraging the filling out the instrument and taking note of the suggestions infield diaries. At this stage of the PDCA Cycle, version 2 of the checklist, and definitionof version 3. At the end of the three-month period, suggestions were considered, such aswords/sentences exchange, exclusion or inclusion of items in the instrument,completion of the necessary changes in the checklist tothe validation process by the Committee of Experts, using the Delphi method, throughan online panel to reach a consensus. It was established a minimum concordance of 70%for the results of the Average Ranking (AR) in the assessmentThis phase refers to the submission of version 3 of the checklist. On the side of the23 questions, there was a specific space to write the comments of the experts.The data collection instrument was named the Experts Form and was composed of 23questions, distributed in three blocks according to the Likert scale, with thefollowing weights: (-2) Strongly Disagree, (-1) Disagree, (0) Indifferent, (+1) Agreeand (+2) Strongly Agree. In the first block, with nine questions, the assessmentfocused on the effectiveness and comprehension of the writing of the items,application to the practice and contribution to the construction of knowledge. In thesecond block, with eight questions, the content of the questions related to patientsafety, the need for inclusion and/or exclusion of items, the contributions of theinstrument to care planning and the possibility of its replication were assessed. Inthe third block, with six questions, the assessment focused on the content, form,applicability and credibility of the checklist, as well as the Experts Form, theinvitation letter and the TCLE were sent by electronic mail, and a 14 days deadlinewas set out for feedback. The recruitment of the experts was carried out using theCNPq Lattes Platform, among those PhDs with expertise in surgicalclinic, publications related to the safety of the surgical patient and who agreed toparticipate in the research.Version 3 of the Acceptance or rejection of the suggestions was based on their consistency with theWHO Safe Surgery Saves Lives Manual. The number of assessment rounds was notpreviously set, but there would be as many as necessary to reach consensus. To evaluate the reliability of the results, the Cronbach’s alpha test was used tocorrelate the answers of the experts when the options are staggered , as described in the Experts Form. In this respect, the following criteria wasused: >0.90 - excellent; 0.81 to 0.90 - good; 0.71 to 0.80 - acceptable; 0.61 to0.70 - questionable; 0.51 to 0.60 - poor and 0.41 to 0.50 - unacceptable. The development of the study followed the national and international standards ofresearch ethics on human beings and was approved by the Ethics Committee underprotocol number 546.183. The confidentiality of nurses and experts was ensured by theabsence of identification throughout the data collection process.The 16 nurses participating in the research, all women, with an average age of 40 years,postgraduated and more than 10 years of employment relationship with the hospital understudy, worked in care and/or management positions in the surgical units.The results of the methodological research are presented according to the progressionand application of the PDCA Cycle and its respective phases.(Plan) - Planning Phase - there were three meetings with thenurses participating in the study, from March to April 2013, when the Action Plans werewritten and approved aiming at the development and subsequent implementation of thepilot test of the checklist.(1) P Do) - Development Phase - in meetings with nurses, the mainelements of care provided to patients in the pre and postoperative periods in clinicalpractice were listed. The relationships of care provided by the nurses resulted in thepreliminary design of version 1 of the checklist, followed by workshopsto improve that version, resulting in version 2 of the instrument. This phase took placefrom June 2013 and March 2014.(2) D (Check) - Checking Phase - version 2 of thechecklist was subjected to assessment and changes in the form andcontent, by means of a pilot test, with the application and filling out of 450checklists, in eight surgical hospitalization services from April toMay 2014. After analysis of the results of the instrument, the necessary changessuggested by the participating nurses were made, resulting in version 3, called theSurgical Safety Checklist in the Pre and Postperative periods(SSCPP).(3) C ((Act) - Action Phase - after the assessment and developmentphases of the SSCPP, the selection and recruitment of the experts for the validation ofits form and content was initiated by using the Delphi method online. As for thetraining process of the group of Brazilian experts, 16 professionals were contacted,from the invitation letter, of which eight accepted to be part of this study. (4) A The committee of experts was composed of two professors of surgical nursing care, twospecialists in surgical nursing, two nurses with specialization in patient safety andtwo surgeons. averageranking of the three blocks of questions. The SSCPP underwent two rounds of assessment by the experts, from June 2014, a consensusemerged and version 4 of the instrument is shown next. The results below refer to theresponses of the Experts Form, with levels of agreement and average ranking ≥1. average ranking ≥1, in the first round of assessment by using theDelphi method. checklist; the item “Fall” was excluded because it was anincident and not a complication; and the item “dehiscence” was removed because it wasalready placed in category IV (immediate postoperative period), referring to theevaluation of the surgical site.After the first round of the Delphi method, at the suggestion of the experts, theexpression “demarcated surgical site” was included in category II . In category III , the experts requested space to describethe type and location of the drainage and inclusion of the word “others”, with space towrite in the item related to permeable venous access. In category V (complications), thetitle was “Other postoperative complications”, and the types of shock were added -“septic”, “hypovolemic”, “cardiogenic”, “neurogenic” and “other” - with space to write.As for the exclusion, there were only changes in category V. The item PTE (PulmonaryThromboembolism) was removed because the term VTE (Venous Thromboembolism) was alreadyin the average ranking ≥1.38.In general, the requests of the experts were more related to the presentation of theitems than to the content of the instrument. It is inferred that the structure of theitems of the manuscript corresponds to the need of checking the surgical safety. Aftermodifications, the instrument was submitted to the second round of assessment by theDelphi method, and all questions assessed by the experts reached a level of agreement≥88% and The Cronbach’s alpha test was used to check the reliability of the SSCPP. The resultsshowed an index of reliability of 0.9515 for the characteristics and purposes, 0.9396for the possibilities of its use and 0.9858 for the general assessment.The experts validated the form and content of the SSCPP instrument, which includes 97indicators of safety distributed in six categories: identification, preoperative,immediate postoperative, postoperative, other surgical complications and hospitaldischarge . The category Identification of the SSCPP includes information about the patient andother indicators of surgical safety, as suggested by WHO: right patient, right surgeryand right side. These data provide minimal information, but aim to avoid adverse eventsand ensure the quality of care. In the category of the preoperative period, the actions of the nurse are listed torecognize and register items, such as: clinical history and other mandatory documents,imaging tests, preoperative preparation according to the surgical indication andidentification devices.In the category postoperative period, the SSCPP lists items such as: level ofconsciousness, stability of vital signs, nausea/vomiting, type of anesthesia, skinconditions and tissue perfusion of extremities, drainage systems, surgical dressing,mobility/sensitivity of the limbs, postoperative medical prescription, transoperativenursing record, postanesthetic recovery and recommendations. In the category of the immediate postoperative period, the SSCPP contemplates theevaluation of the patient’s pain: Respiratory, Digestive and Urinary, Cardiovascular andTegumentary Systems, in addition to the evaluation of the surgical site.The central focus of the category hospital discharge is the register and guidelines forhome care, outpatient return, and post-surgical clinical reevaluation. It includesreports on general patient status, devices and surgical wound evaluation.This study was an example of the feasibility of implementation of the PDCA Cycle as anorganizational method, recommended for processes of continuous quality improvement. ThePDCA Cycle is in line with the experimental scientific method, as it promotes theprediction of the results to be achieved, in addition to making it possible to measurethe results and evaluate the impact of health interventionsPlan, Do, Check, Act)to elaborate and evaluate a surgical safety checklist model, for thepre and postoperative periods, to be used in hospitalization units, was based on theparticipation and dialogue with nurses of surgical units. It served as a guide to bringto reality the needs and decisions of care, in a methodological and resolutive way. Thejoint efforts of researchers and nurses demonstrated their willingness and interest ininnovate, bring practicality and give impact to the care actions of nursing teams.The development of the phases of the PDCA Cycle (For the nurse who participated in this study, this was a moment of convergence betweenthe theoretical and managerial knowledge and the experience of professional practice,adding value to the research. The observation of attributes such as simplicity,applicability and the possibility of measurement contributed to the guidance on thedevelopment of the instrument, as well as to the possibility of turning a new workinginstrument more feasible. It should be considered that instruments such as PDCA help in improving safety quality,however, require from the nursing professionals the incorporation of behavioral changes,continuous expansion and dissemination of knowledge, development of skills and,consequently, changes in attitude. Although this instrument has been widely accepted inthe area of health, providing structure for changes in the quality of services in thearea in question, it is necessary to improve the patterns for the assessment aiming attheir use, in a systematic and rigorous wayIt can be understood, then, that the use of PDCA served for the purposes of this study,the development and assessment of the SSCPP and its standardization for use, resultingin the version validated in the hospital. This is the conclusion of implementing thePDCA cycles, however, the implementation of this method and the assessment of theresults of its impact should occur in practice.In another study aiming at estimating the prevalence of risk in a surgical clinic, 750hospitalizations were studied, among 5,672 records of incidents, and 218 werecharacterized as adverse events, as they caused harm to the patient. The most frequentincidents were acute postoperative pain, unplanned removal of tubular devices, probeand/or drain, failures in technical procedures requiring surgical intervention, as wellas adverse and allergic reactions to medications, hospital infections; pressure ulcers,falls, inadequate maintenance of medical equipment, adverse reactions or lack of bloodproducts and deathchecklist has demonstrated that the instrument can preventperioperative errors and complications, reducing the rates of postoperativecomplications and mortality, besides providing a greater patient safety and improvedcommunication among the care teamA systematic review on the impacts and the implementation of a surgicalchecklistsmay contribute to reduce harms to patients. In addition to guiding the evaluation in theperioperative period, the information stored in these lists can also serve to feeddatabases, and provide support for health institutions and professionalsThe results of the mentioned studies reveal that the use of However, a validated instrument, as shown here, can provide more reliability for patientsafety, reducing the costs of the health system and, in this scenario, the nurse is theprofessional who collaborates for this reality. In all areas of knowledge, includingnursing, the development of validated assessment instruments is a complex process.However, it allows to recognize avoidable risk situations, to plan awareness actions, aswell as to favor professional development. In addition, they call for reliability andconsistency, as they reflect the quality of the measurementThe results of this study confirm the reliability of SSCPP and its contribution to thepractice of surgical nursing. The confirmation of its reliability shows that theinstrument serves to assess the quality of care, effectively manage care aiming at theidentification of avoidable risks, and allows corrective actions and readjustment in theobjectives through administrative and educational strategiesThe overall assessment of SSCPP was based on the information that, in North America, theimplementation of this instrument caused an increase in the frequency of validationstudies in the nursing area, increasing the relevance of assessment and measurement ofthe outcomes of this professional practicechecklists are likelyto be effective, depending on the implementation process of each hospitalchecklist, such as organizational and cultural factorswithin each hospital. One strategy for achieving success is the continuousfeedback from professionals of the service to the hospitaladministration in order to identify the factors that prevent the effectiveimplementation of checklists for safe surgeries. In addition, theeffectiveness of a checklist will depend on the ability of theinstitution’s leaders to implement it, and on the adaptation measures needed for eachchecking instrument-It is important to highlight that the impacts of checklist may serve as an example of good clinicalpractice and contribute to the development of safety behaviors.In this context, it is recommended including contents related to patient safety in theundergraduate and postgraduate nursing courses, as well as the training in healthservicesThis instrument may represent a guideline for pre and postoperative care in thehospitalization units, providing indicators to assess the quality of care and enablingthe development of new strategies for the improment of health services. The development of this study allowed the elaboration, assessment and validation of theSSCPP for surgical safety, based on the guidelines and objectives of the WHO SafeSurgery Saves Lives Programme. By consensus among the participants, it was consideredthat this tool is capable of assisting nurses in their clinical practice. At the end of this research, SSCPP was standardized for use in the institution. TheSSCPP favours the adoption of preventive actions, as well as the monitoring of warningsigns and symptoms, the early detection of complications and the minimization of risksfor the patient. This instrument also contributes to the planning of the nursinginterventions and improvement of the communication among the multiprofessional team onthe care provided. The result of this research may be an effective and efficientinstrument for the safety of the surgical patient, in addition to being adaptable toother health care contexts.checklist only in a public and teachinghospital was a limitation of this study. It is recommended to use this instrument inother health services and, when necessary, adjust it according to the context of theinstitution.The implementation of this


To improve the usability, availability, quality, and timeliness of surveillance data as part of the CDC Surveillance Strategy  strategy to streamline NNDSS and access to data for users; NMI is a component of the CDC Surveillance Strategy. This consolidation of information reflects the recommendations of a CDC-wide workgroup, consisting of representatives from the CDC Excellence in Science Committee, the Surveillance Science Advisory Group, and


CFTR gene enables the phenotype–genotype association studies (including the response to drugs), considering the wide clinical and laboratory spectrum dependent on the mutual action of genotype, environment, and lifestyle. Regarding the CF disease, personalized medicine is the treatment directed at the symptoms, and this treatment is adjusted depending on the patient’s phenotype. However, more recently, the term precision medicine began to be widely used, although its correct application and understanding are still vague and poorly characterized. In precision medicine, we understand the individual as a response to the interrelation between environment, lifestyle, and genetic factors, which enabled the advent of new therapeutic models, such as conventional drugs adjustment by individual patient dosage and drug type and response, development of new drugs , genome editing by homologous recombination, zinc finger nucleases, TALEN (transcription activator-like effector nuclease), CRISPR-Cas9 , and gene therapy. Thus, we introduced the terms personalized medicine and precision medicine based on the CF.The advent of the knowledge on human genetics, by the identification of disease-associated variants, culminated in the understanding of human variability. With the genetic knowledge, the specificity of the clinical phenotype and the drug response of each individual were understood. Using the cystic fibrosis (CF) as an example, the new terms that emerged such as personalized medicine and precision medicine can be characterized. The genetic knowledge in CF is broad and the presence of a monogenic disease caused by mutations in the  Currently, numerous and significant advances have been achieved on the pathophysiological and genetic knowledge of numerous diseases. These advances are associated with the advent of new technologies related to diagnosis, treatment, and reduction of costs from genetic studies and implementation of new management approaches, resulting mainly from multicenter studies and meta-analyses. These studies have shown significant population variability and enabled the implementation of databases with numerous genetic variants, including mutations and polymorphisms .Figure 1).The importance of these skills to the internist, researchers, geneticist, and other health professionals is that, increasingly, every disease is demonstrated as a complex of many diseases, regarding the symptoms, divided into numerous genotypes, phenotypes, and endotypes . In recent decades, the implementation of genetic knowledge on CF occurred, mostly, by obtaining and using new methods to identify genetic variants .CFTR gene in chromosome 7q31.2 (CFTR)  . From thCFTR gene, not every spectrum of the disease is known or even understood, including the interaction between socioeconomic status and health outcomes , as well as the response to the treatment and new therapeutic modalities. In recent years, CF has been a model for numerous studies , and, in most of them, genetics and management go hand in hand , and theFigures 2).On the other hand, based on the knowledge gained from the molecular study, the implementation of the personalized medicine occurred, mainly, for the new read-through drugs, enhancers, CFTR protein stabilizers and amplifier compounds  , who described the ubiquity of the individual variation, both in cases of diseases and in the identification of the human variability .Figure 1). In CF, we have multiple gravity phenotypes and clinical manifestations that are described and come from complex interactions between mutations in the CFTR gene, modifier genes, environment, and lifestyle .In precision medicine, the molecular information maximizes the accuracy with which the patients are categorized and treated, i.e., we have an endotype (or phenotypic variant) of a disease, which comes from a gene or group of genes and their interaction with the environmental factor and lifestyle   traditional medicine should not be denied and must be recognized as the basis of precision medicine; (ii) precision medicine is not equal to simple convergence of new technologies – the relevant information for genomic knowledge requires effective integration with classical genetics, metabolomics, and clinical phenotypes  to compose an individual and complete biological database, and contribute to diagnosis and treatment that are based on the patient’s individuality; (iii) precision medicine is not equal to a simple and individualized drug, but a medicine that combines standardization and individualization .On the other hand, the implementation of precision medicine presents barriers that need to be overcome, such as: (i) regulation by governmental and medical entities, including the use of new ethical regulations; (ii) high cost for its implementation and for the pharmacological treatments obtained from the knowledge acquired; (iii) how to use and disclose information appropriately; (iv) how to approach and direct what will be done with patients who are part of the research projects before the status of the Government, the pharmaceutical industry and expectations of patients and/or family members; (v) analysis of bioinformatics that is still limited; (vi) the computational data analysis system needs to be better implemented; (vii) construction of prediction and interaction programs for clinical, laboratory, and genetic evaluation; (viii) large-scale sequencing, as well as punctual, also not available to all individuals who may benefit from the future of precision medicine . MoreovePrecision medicine, despite the use of complex techniques and data analysis, still follows the analysis model of reconstruction, based on the reductionist theory, showing difficulty in understanding the adaptive degree of the body regarding change, as well as the quest to control the precision of the method applied. Thus, we should seek a model to study and apply precision medicine at the holistic level, which is a barrier we will have to overcome for greater development in the application of the theory in the next years .Cystic fibrosis is one of the most important examples to describe the precision medicine. However, the problems found in CF for precision medicine treatment are complex to be solved, although CF is a monogenic disease. However, when dealing with other diseases, such as asthma, which is complex – resulting from the interaction of the environment with multiple genes (polygenic): each gene determines a small fraction in response to the drug used – the use of complete and complex tools that determine metabolic networks for polygenic modulation must be implemented and enables the use of precision medicine  and/or tResearchers on CF offered us the publication of numerous studies, which enabled new prospects for the treatment of the disease, especially the pulmonary disease, with studies focusing on precision medicine . Thus, tFigure 2).Despite the numerous studies on CF, there are still doubts about the applicability of precision medicine, then called personalized medicine, when we considered the read-through drugs, enhancers, stabilizers, and amplifiers . MoreoveCFTR molecular dynamics enabled the understanding of the interaction between the different effectors of the metabolic pathway that composes the CFTR protein expression and the evolution in the treatment and knowledge of the new drugs   and genoctitious .CFTR gene, with reduction of age for the beginning of drug use  in which the drug exists, there is lack of therapeutic efficacy. Another limiting factor is the high cost related to the diagnosis and application of precision medicine drugs. We must also consider the need to expand medical education for the new era of genetics, with broad knowledge of human genetic diversity and applicability in the treatment and follow-up of various diseases, including the CF disease.In recent years, many advances have been made in medical genetics, which led to the development of personalized medicine and precision medicine, making real a dream of many researchers, family members, and patients.Personalized medicine is the treatment directed to the symptoms, and this treatment is adjusted depending on the patient’s phenotype. However, more recently, the term precision medicine began to be widely used although its correct application and understanding are still vague and poorly characterized. In precision medicine, we understand the individual as a response to the interrelation between environment, lifestyle, and genetic factors, which enabled the advent of new therapeutic models, such as conventional drugs adjustment by individual patient dosage and drug type and response, new drugs development ,genome editing by homologous recombination, zinc finger nucleases, TALEN, CRISPR-Cas9, and gene therapy. Thus, this mini review introduced the terms personalized medicine and precision medicine based on the CF.1 and has been successful in adding data from healthy individuals that could contribute in future studies of precision medicine.Many of the problems related to the implementation of precision medicine could be solved with initiatives such as the BIPMed, which gathers members of five CEPIDs  supported by the FAPESP (São Paulo Research Foundation). The BIPMed is the first public genomic database in Latin AmericaFM was responsible for gathering bibliographic data, writing the draft, editing, and submitting the article to the journal. CB and JR revised the manuscript, made a critical revision, and gave the approval for the final submission.The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.


In the last two years, progress has been observed in the incorporation ofInterprofessional Education (IPE) into policies on human resources for health in thecountries of the Region of the Americas.The Pan American Health Organization/ World Health Organization (PAHO/WHO) has encouragedits Member States to adopt the approach and support policymakers in expanding itsusePAHO’s Strategy on Human Resources for Universal Access to Health and Universal HealthCoveragePAHO/WHO has adopted a series of initiatives to provide policymakers with proposals toestablish commitments to incorporate IPE as an innovative approach to the transformationof health systems, with the above-mentioned strategy as a point of reference. Among other actions, on 5-6 December 2017, the second regional technical meeting on IPEwas held in Brasilia, Brazil. The event, organized jointly with the Ministry of Healthof Brazil, was attended by representatives from different parts of the world, 22 of themfrom countries of the Region of the Americas. The purpose of the meeting was to discussprocesses for incorporating IPE into policies on human resources for health, toestablish a common agenda for strengthening IPE in the Region of the Americas, to fosterthe preparation of action plans to implement the approach, and to formalize theestablishment of the Regional Network for Interprofessional Education in the Americasand the approval of its directives. As a result, 18 countries presented action plans for the implementation of IPE in theirhealth policies between 2018 and 2019. The content of the proposals, for the most part,includes aspects that denote the clear commitment of governments to defining nationalpolicies that promote the adoption of IPE by educational and health institutions,promoting activities to strengthen institutional support, review curricular content, anddevelop teaching staff capable of working with IPE. According to the WHO 2010 Framework for Action on Interprofessional Education andCollaborative Practice(3), EIP can be difficult to explain, understand, and implement,since health professionals believe they are acting collaboratively, when in fact theysimply work together with other professionals from a multiprofessional perspectiveThe challenge now is to give continuity to the plan, and results have already beenachieved. The Regional Network for Interprofessional Education in the Americas(REIP)Bolivia, Brazil, Cuba, Chile, Honduras, and Peru are moving forward with proposals toincorporate IPE into the curricular guidelines of undergraduate courses in the area ofhealth and to formulate proposals for teacher qualifications. Argentina and Guiana arediscussing proposals for carrying out research in this area. And Guatemala, Nicaragua,Panama, and Venezuela have presented strategies for the qualification of health serviceprofessionals, making use of the theoretical and methodological bases of IPE. Some countries, such as the Dominican Republic and Suriname, are proposing theestablishment of National IPE Networks, while others, such as Paraguay, Uruguay,Colombia, and Costa Rica, are conducting surveys on the subject at the national level. It is expected that, though cooperation with PAHO/WHO, countries will be able toimplement IPE as a potential approach to strengthening their health systems. In thecurrent global context, it is no longer enough for health professionals to be moreprofessional; they also need to be interprofessional.


On electron microscopic radioautograms obtained from each animal, the numbers of mitochondria, the numbers of labeled mitochondria, and the mitochondrial labeling index labeled with 3H-leucine that showed protein synthesis in each hepatocyte, both mononucleate and binucleate cells, were counted and the averages in respective aging groups were compared. From the results, it was demonstrated that the numbers of mitochondria, the numbers of labeled mitochondria, and the labeling indices of intramitochondrial protein syntheses in both mononucleate and binucleate hepatocytes of mice at various ages increased due to development of animals. The numbers of mitochondria, the numbers of labeled mitochondria, and the labeling indices of intramitochondrial protein synthesis in binucleate hepatocytes were more than those of mononucleate hepatocytes at the same aging stages.In order to study the aging changes of intramitochondrial protein synthesis in mouse hepatocytes, 10 groups of aging mice, each consisting of three individuals, total 30, from fetal day 19 to postnatal year 2, were injected with


The European Federation of NeuroRehabilitation Societies (EFNRS) is the most representative European organization dedicated to neurorehabilitation, an international non-profit organization centered on research, education, intellectual and scientific exchanges, advocacy, and philanthropic activities in the medical field of neurorehabilitation and of the related expertise branches. EFNRS includes all the neurorehabilitation societies in the European Union countries, to which experts and scientific researchers in the whole world, dedicated to this special and important field, are added. With its permanent headquarters in Vienna, According to the statutory provisions, the election of the new president of the European Federation of NeuroRehabilitation Societies, for a two years mandate, took place at the end of last month, during the Fourth Edition of the European Congress of NeuroRehabilitation (ECNR), in Switzerland, Lausanne. As a new recognition of the continuity of performances of the Romanian doctors and of the Romanian School of Medicine in the world medical field, Romanian Neurology received another confirmation of its incontestable value through the election of Prof. Dafin Mureşanu, MD, PhD, in this honorary position.“A new and prestigious recognition of value and professional completion of the Romanian School of NeuroRehabilitation at an European level, confirmed by the vote offered to Prof. Dafin Fior Mureşanu, MD, PhD, of leading, as president, the European Federation of NeuroRehabilitation Societies (EFNRS), the most representative European organization dedicated to neurorehabilitation”. This event is presented in a news bulletin of the European Federation of NeuroRehabilitation Societies as Before his election as president, Prof. Dafin Mureşanu, MD, PhD, was vice-president of EFNR and, for almost ten years, he coordinated the whole package of educational programs at a European level, also contributing to the development strategy of the modules in the future educational program, dedicated to obtaining the competency in neurorehabilitation. Prof. Dafin Mureşanu, MD, PhD, is currently the director of the Department of Neurosciences in “Iuliu Haţieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj Napoca, member of the Academy of Medical Sciences in Romania, co-president of the Scientific Panel of Neurorehabilitation of the European Academy of Neurology, president of the Society for the Study of Neuroprotection and Neuroplasticity, and, until May this year, he was president of the Romanian Society of Neurology. Dafin Mureşanu, MD, PhD, with modesty.“During the last 10 years I have been working so hard for this European Federation, in which all the neurorehabilitation societies in each European state are included. I held the position of vice-president, dealing with aspects and projects regarding education and communication and, during this biannual congress that took part in Lausanne, I was, to my surprise, proposed and elected president of the European Federation, despite some dislikes from the Nordic countries, let’s say, structural, towards Romania, I did not receive any negative vote. This represents a new beginning, horizon, and recognition for the neurorehabilitation in Romania. No matter what, I consider that I have done many good things and I have opened many paths in this field. However, I believe that we will be looked at differently and this has already started happening. In this new position, I intend to promote an educational program at the level of a European MBA program, which should be able to offer a position and sketch the framework of this subspecialty, which we would like to turn into specialty. Moreover, my intention is that, together, we will place Romania better on the world map. The vote received from the EFNRS members honors me and, at the same time, makes me fulfill my promises and duties. My election in such an important position is the result of a decade of team work both at a European and at an international level”, declared Prof. Distinguished Professor Dafin Mureşanu considers that Romania has a high potential for top research, for the investigation and study of new directions, in the benefit of the patients, and can be and must be a good partner for the most important groups of international research.Through the same effort sustained by the whole team at the EFNRS level we will continue the project of the integrated approach of neurorehabilitation in all its dimensions, motor, cognitive, and emotional. This desideratum cannot be reached without a proportional contribution of all the specialties involved, eventually in the reconstruction of the human being in all its dimensions after the great existential impact, the suffering due to the disease”, noted the new president of the European Federation of NeuroRehabilitation Societies, at the beginning of his mandate.„Executive EditorProfessor Eng. Victor Lorin Purcarea, PhD.


Testicular cancer (TC) remains as a relatively infrequent tumor type, considered about 1% of all men cancers worldwide . TC may In GLOBOCAN project, the estimated number of new cases and deaths of TC in a region or country in 2015, 2020, 2025, 2030 and 2035 is calculated by multiplying the age-specific rates estimated for 2012, by the corresponding expected population for 2015, 2020, 2025, 2030 and 2035. Based on GLOBOCAN project in the world in 2012, the number of 55266 new cases of TC was observed that among them 52305 cases (94.64%) were in the age group below 65 yr and 2961 cases (05.35%) were in the age group 65 yr and older. Moreover, in this year, the number of 10351 cases of death were observed that among them 7790 cases (75.25%) were in the age group below 65 yr and 2561 cases (24.75%) were in the age group 65 yr and older. According to the predictions in the years 2015, 2020, 2025, 2030 and 2035, the number of new cases of TC in the world respectively is equal to 57209, 60007, 62903, 65827 and 68351 cases. Besides, the number of deaths of TC respectively be equal to10904, 11790, 12781, 13847 and 14886 .However, the number of incidence and mortality of TC will be increasing trend, but this increase will be more in the age group 65 yr and older. Thus, diagnosis and treatment of patients with TC in the early stages of disease lead to improving the quality of life and survival rate of patients.