Acknowledgments in the original article to include Sonya Ceesay. The revised text appears as below:A correction has been made to We thank the patients and their next of kin for participating in this study and stroke physicians for their support in the recruitment of patients. We thank Dr. Sabine Ameling for assistance in analyzing miRNA data. We thank Sonya Ceesay for supporting the study through control recruitment, blood sampling and data handling.The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.


The Thailand Research Fund, RSA6080009 to author Sirilak Disatian Surachetpong.In the original article, we neglected to include the funder The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.


It was the spiritual dimensions of my friendship with Vern Bengtson that I treasure most. Vern was always willing to discuss the dark sides of himself and to listen to my spiritual pain. His empowering way of advancing the meanings of aging were a spiritual gift. This presentation will address the value of spiritual friendship in human aging. Part of a symposium sponsored by the Religion, Spirituality and Aging Interest Group.


The authors were contacted about these apparent similarities between their review and the thesis, and they agree to this retraction. The Editor of Oncology Letters deeply regrets that this article was not intercepted by our own checks for plagiarism prior to the publication of the review, and sincerely apologizes to the author of the PhD thesis and the readership for the inconvenience caused. We also thank the reader for bringing this matter to our attention.After having conducted an internal investigation, the Editor of


This presentation will focus on the history and development of AGHE beginning in 1972. The issues and concerns of early leaders will be reviewed base on articles, books and early publications of the association. There are core issues of gerontology education that continue to be challenges to the present. Significant contributions to these early years will be highlighted. Part of a symposium sponsored by the Geriatric Education Interest Group.


The students and teachers are major stakeholders whenever there is a change in the curriculum. Objective of the study was to assess the views of Third Year MBBS students and college teachers involved in teaching Third Year MBBS class regarding the inclusion of special pathology to the already cumbersome course content.It was a cross-sectional descriptive study carried out over a period of eight months from April, 2019 to December, 2019. An online questionnaire was used to collect the data from 110 third year MBBS students and 35 medical college teachers involved in teaching the third year MBBS class at HBS Medical & Dental College, Islamabad, Pakistan. The questionnaire contained open ended questions along with a short questionnaire based on 3-point Likert scale for a semi-quantitative analysis. The open ended responses in the interviews were assessed using Mayring’s qualitative context analysis. The similar comments were bundled up as the comments were sequentially processed and the replicates were grouped. The responses were then ranked by the number of times they were selected using Microsoft Excel 2013 and SPSS 21.A total of 105 medical students and 32 medical teachers participated in the study. n=94 (89.5%) of the students agreed that the content taught was incoherent and n= 92 (88%)agreed that the time allocation for the various modules was inappropriate. The important reservation of the students was that the assessment strategies of the past continued to prevail and they were not aligned with the change in the curriculum. They suggested to spread Pathology over four years of MBBS so that true integration can be done. The top ranked reason amongst the students who were in favor of this system was that they could easily leave microbiology on choice and study selectively to pass the exam as the extensive course inhibited the examiners to assess every aspect of Pathology comprehensively especially Microbiology and general Pathology being compromised upon. As far as the teachers are concerned n=28 (88%) agreed that the course content is inappropriate and the students are being bombarded with selective knowledge in a shorter period of time. Important reservation of the faculty members was that they were not trained to deliver the content according to this sudden change which has seriously affected the student’s results.Although curriculum change is a dynamic process and leads to refinement of the existing content but it should be implemented after proper planning, training and validation so that the students and the teachers can cope with and derive maximum benefit. Curriculum revision is encouraged and is frequently practiced in the medical colleges of Pakistan.th year MBBS was shifted to 3rd year MBBS along with General Pathology and Microbiology, Forensic Medicine and Pharmacology. Four medical Colleges namely Islamabad Medical and Dental College, Rawal Medical College, Federal Medical and Dental College and HBS Medical and Dental College affiliated with Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto University endorsed the change. HBS Medical and Dental College, Rawal Medical College and Federal Medical and Dental College observed a drastic drop in the academic performance of the students during their internal block exams along with harsh feedback from the students and the senior faculty members.The idea behind an integrated curriculum was to make the learning experience of the students more meaningful rather than bombarding them with excessive content and camouflaging our teacher centered beliefs of content delivery behind a veil of student centered activities. Recently a change in curriculum was abruptly introduced and Systemic Pathology which was taught earlier in 4rd Year MBBS and the faculty of Pathology, Forensic Medicine and Pharmacology involved in teaching this class at HBS Medical and Dental College to understand the problems faced by these primary stakeholders so that we can come to a favorable solution for the problems encountered.The students and faculty members of Islamabad Medical and Dental College however seemed to be satisfied with the change though they did not share the details of their program and modified table of specifications with the rest of the stakeholders for critical appraisal . Hence, objective of the study was to assess the views of students of 3It was a cross-sectional descriptive study carried out over a period of eight months from April, 2019 to December, 2020. An online self-completion questionnaire was used to collect the data from 110 Third Year MBBS students and 35 medical college teachers involved in teaching the Third Year MBBS class at HBS Medical & Dental College, Islamabad, Pakistan. The study was approved by the Institutional Ethical Review Board  and informed consent of the study participants. Those who failed to give consent were excluded from the study. The questionnaire contained open ended questions along with a short questionnaire based on 3-point Likert scale  assessing the views of students and teachers.The responses of the first segment were evaluated according to the 3-point Likert Scale and their frequency (percentages) calculated. The answers to open ended questions in the second segment were ranked keeping in view the number of times a particular response was given. The open ended responses in the interviews were assessed using Mayring’s qualitative context analysis . The similar comments were combined as the comments were sequentially processed and the replicates were grouped. The responses were then ranked by the number of times they were selected using Microsoft Excel 2013 and SPSS 21. The evaluators ranked the responses and discussed categorization. The interviews questionnaires were reviewed multiple times by the evaluators to reach a consensus.rd year MBBS and 32 medical teachers of HBS Medical and Dental College who were actively involved in teaching the 3rd year MBBS class participated in the study. Ninety two (88%) of the students and 23 (72%) of the teachers agreed that the time allocation for the various modules was inappropriate (One hundred and five medical students of 3ropriate .Detailed views of teachers regarding time management after this change in the curriculum content are shown in One of the major concerns was that only 25% of the students and 13% teachers thought that the current change in curriculum of Pathology would benefit them during their clerkship years ahead. As far as the teachers are concerned 80% agreed that the course content is inappropriate and the students are being bombarded with selective knowledge in a shorter period of time. The students were unable to apply the underlying principles of general pathology to special pathology as they were unable to understand the content of general pathology owing to the extensive course and shortage of time. The main problem that the students highlighted was that the learning objectives were vague and teachers and the course content was compromised as compared to the content delivered to the senior batch.  Tables  & IV.The foremost reservations of the students were that the assessment strategies of the past continued to prevail and they were not aligned with the change in the curriculum while that of the teachers was that they were not trained to deliver the content according to this sudden change and the results of the students had suffered considerably due to this change .The foremost suggestion of the students and faculty was to spread Pathology over four years of MBBS so that true integration can be done .rd Year MBBS along with General Pathology, Forensic Medicine and Pharmacology led to a number of problems highlighted by the faculty members and the students. Time management remains an essential component of successful delivery and understanding of the course content. According to the views analyzed the course content was not congruent with the time allotted due to which teachers had to stick to the ‘must know’ content which led to knowledge of the students being compromised.6Curriculum change is a gradual process and its implementation requires extensive measures.The students were bombarded with content by Forensic Medicine, Pharmacology and Pathology as the faculty had not been given a chance to prepare for this curriculum change neither were the students well prepared to modify their learning strategies to cope up with this abrupt change.10rd Year class for clinical rotation unlike the remaining three colleges where 3rd Year MBBS class was being sent for clinical rotation once a week. This might have been another contributing factor to the difference in the response of students to the change in curriculum. Clinical exposure since the very beginning of medical school has been encouraged and its importance has been highlighted in multiple studiesrd Year with effective integration with Pharmacology and Forensic Medicine, Laboratory Medicine on the other hand can be made part of the clinical clerkship years to give a strong understanding to the student of the diagnostic pathology modalities discussed during multi-disciplinary team sessions.14Another observation was that one of the affiliated colleges was not sending the 3Students and faculty emphasized that laboratory medicine should be made part of the clinical clerkship years and that this aspect is largely neglected in the curricula of medical schools.18Last but not the least the recommendation unanimously given was that curriculum change should be implemented after proper planning, training and validation. The most probable reason for this recommendation was that the faculty and students both felt at a loss of teaching and learning strategies when the change was implemented abruptly.Apart from the primary stake holders who are the students and the teachers there are a number of other stake holders too like the curriculum committee members, QEC and institutional administrators who could not be made part of this study due to time and resource constraints. We intend to broaden the scope of this study in future and document the views of other stake holders as well.Although curriculum change is a dynamic process and leads to refinement of the existing content but it should be implemented after proper planning, training and validation so that the students and the teachers can cope with the change and derive utmost benefit from it.RSJ, JR & WO: Conceived the idea and designed the study, Collected the data are responsible for integrity of research.RSJ & WO: were involved in the data analysis and data interpretation.All the authors contributed towards writing the manuscript and they approved the final version.


Domains of professionalism are well-described in the literature. Examining the elements of Professionalism in the local context have received less attention from education experts. The aim of the study was to explore the construct of professionalism as perceived by the faculty that fitted the Pakistani context identified in the ABIM framework of professionalism.This qualitative ethnographic research was conducted involving nine participants from Islamic International Medical College in Riphah University Islamabad. A four hours Focus Group Discussion was undertaken to explore the views of the faculty. The focus group session was audiotaped, transcribed and technique of triangulation was employed. Shortened meaningful unit (SMU) were identified from the transcribed data and analyzed to make codes for themes for the behaviors. Forty-six meaningful units were categorized and codes were identified. The themes were identified under the domains of the ABIM frameworks for the Pakistani context.The participants listed 2-8 elements for each domain of the framework describing the professional conduct which lead to 140 shortened meaningful units. These were organized into 46 higher order codes.The study concludes that that ABIM framework can be used to build consensus regarding the domains of professionalism. No difference was found cross contextually regarding the domains of ABIM framework of professionalism. Professionalism comprises of a set of values underlying the social bond between the society and the medical profession and is understood as a complex and multi-dimensional construct.2Expectancies from an undergraduate exiting medical student are many; such as respect for peers, teachers, lab staff, patients and their attendants, paramedical staff, at the level of undergraduate medical education.The literature identifies different qualities to be seen in undergraduate medical students for exhibition of professionalism. According to the American board of Internal Medicine (ABIM) framework which has been mainly developed for the western context there are broadly six domains for the students to show their behaviors and attribute of professionalism. The central values are Honesty and integrity, Altruism, Respect, accountability, empathy, duty and excellence.6Professionalism is being taught vertically in Islamic International Medical College during the five years of medical education. Literature concerning the elements of medical students in the local context is limited.Examining the elements of Professionalism in the local context have received less attention from education experts. Thus, the aim of the study was to explore the construct of professionalism as perceived by the faculty that fitted the Pakistani context identified in the ABIM framework of professionalism.This qualitative ethnographic research was conducted in Riphah University, Islamabad after the approval of Ethical Review Committee . Relevant literature search was done by the strategy recommended by Haig and Dozier.Six open-ended questions for the focus group were developed around the domains identified in ABIM framework in the literature for data collection. The questions were sent to medical educationists of the college for validation. Changes suggested by the medical educationist were incorporated in the questions and were finalized.All clinical faculty members who fulfilled the inclusion criteria of being certified medical educationist and having at least ten years of experience of supervising the final year undergraduate medical students were invited for the discussion. They were sent an invitation for the focus group via email explaining the rationale of the study and the question for focus group. A total of nine faculty members reported for the focus group. The least number of participants for a focus group discussion is six, therefore the discussion was carried on.Focus group discussion was conducted after informed consent. A PowerPoint with a brief overview of the project and the questions was shown to the participants. The format of the questions was open-ended so as to motivate participants to elaborate on the topic to increase the richness of the data.The duration of focus group discussion was four hours. The age group of the participants was between 45-60 years and were from the specialties of Surgery, Medicine, Obs and Gyn, Paeds, Eye and ENT. Technique of triangulation was employed to bring credibility to the results.The recorded data was transcribed on to word document. Data was analyzed manually. The qualities described were color coded. Notes taken by the two members of the research team. Data was condensed and merged into short meaningful unit (SMU). These shortened meaningful units were analyzed to make codes for themes for the behaviors. The codes were then linked to the domains of professionalism.The demographic variable are given in This study was undertaken to explore the views of faculty regarding the professionalism of the exiting clerkship students as identified around the ABIM framework in Pakistani context. There was an agreement amongst all the participants that ABIM framework can be used to build consensus regarding the domains of professionalism. This is in contrast to a Persian study in which only three elements of the framework of professionalism were found to be valid for the Iranian context.The element of professionalism which was the most important in the local context was respect. This domain was the most emphasized as it represented an overall approach of the students towards patients, peers, faculty and health care staff workers. The cultural aspects may make the patient feel that he is not being respected or being treated professionally during interaction with the medical students. It was agreed by the participants that in context of Asian and especially in Pakistani culture with different ethnicities Islam is a common religion which can guide and influence the behavior of doctors. This is in accordance with a study from the Arabian context.5Altruism which is selflessness and encompasses empathy can be shown by the students through an impartial attitude to the patient if he has some problem.13During the FGD the element of accountability overlapped with duty to be performed by the students. In a Muslim society like Pakistan, the ultimate authority to be accountable is Allah the Almighty. If the students have that realization in their hearts, they will be inherently accountable for their actions and will perform their duties in good faith unquestioningly. It is cultural norm to be late in the local context, students think it is acceptable to be late for 10-15 minutes for the classes or for the ward rounds. This effects their punctuality and accountability. If they are on time the students will be able to self-regulate themselves and their responsibilities. This aspect of FGD was in accordance with a study by Ho and Al-Eraky which was done in the Arabian context which states that if the medical students become self-accountable it can lead to tangible improvement in professional conduct.Medical professionalism aims at preparing the exiting students to be able to work in complex hospital environment. Excellence entails a conscientious effort to exceed ordinary expectations and to make a commitment to life-long learning. After respect, this element was the most discussed and ranked highly by the group participants. A key in this is the pursuit of commitment to provide the highest quality of health care through life-long learning education and an individual who can reflect and is able to accept feedback. It was endorsed by all the participants as an essential quality to be exhibited by the student. This was in accordance to a study by Al-Eraky who proposed the four gates model and attributed excellence as the third gate in which becoming a professional doctor is not a destination but a life long journey.15The perceptions of the participants matched with the competencies which have been identified in the revised PMDC curriculum which is being implemented in the Pakistani medical colleges. The framework of PMDC curriculum commits that a medical graduate should be aware of the competencies and fitness to practice guidelines and these characteristic should be exhibited so that the public trust can develop in them.16Results should be considered in the local setting and has certain limitations which are pertinent to qualitative research. Firstly, purposive sampling was employed which did not include the student representative, so the focus group discussion could be biased towards view point of the faculty. Secondly, due to inclusion of the minimum number of participants it is possible saturation point could not have been reached. Future studies could include the student perspective by including the student for their point of views.The study is likely to contribute to knowledge of medical educators in construction of framework of professionalism as they seek to understand, teach and assess it in local context. The participants rated all the attributes for professionalism which are Honesty, integrity, Altruism, Respect, Responsibility, accountability, Duty and excellence as important and no difference was found across culture regarding the basic elements.To the best of our knowledge this is first of its kind in which an effort is being made to validate a conceptual framework of professionalism for local context. The themes can be used as a baseline for developing an assessment tool for exiting student in the local context therefore it is critical to know the perceptions of the assessing faculty.HFK conceived, designed, data collection and did statistical analysis.RY statistical analysis and editing of manuscript.


Cells have checked this case and approved the retraction. Both readers have been informed about the retraction decision. The published paper [The Editorial Office and the authors have taken the decision to retract the published article . The imaed paper  will theMDPI is a member of the Committee on Publication Ethics and takes its responsibility to publish only high-quality research seriously. We regret that this issue was not identified earlier and apologize to readers of the journal.


Voting is a necessary and inherent right of citizens in democracies to select public office holders who decide how public goods and resources are distributed and maintained. It is therefore critical that all citizens who are eligible are able to participate in one of the key aspects of political participation – voting. This study focused on the factors that influence the ability of older adult Ghanaians with disabilities to vote in local and national elections. The study sample of 923 respondents was drawn from the second wave of WHO SAGE study on Global Aging and Adult Health. The results of the logistic regression analyses showed that religion influenced the voting behaviors of all the three people with disabilities groups included in the study. But certain groups are also influenced by interaction with community leaders and personal political interests and characteristics, including gender. Given these findings, it is suggested that an impact community be established around the meaning and ethics associated with the religious activities people with disabilities participate in, and engage them through civic engagement, and personal and community development activities that empower them to live meaningful lives.


The use of patient centered care is promoted by Islam. Many of the countries with the highest percentage of diabetics are Muslim majority countries. The use of patient centered care in these areas is likely to reduce the burden of diabetes in these countries. However there are several challenges faced by the physicians working in these countries. Most of these challenges are sociocultural in origin and a thorough knowledge of the Islamic principles can help overcome these challenges. We thank Larijani and Zahedi for their detailed review  of our aWe believe that the analysis of Larijani and Zahedi represents a slight misinterpretation of our statements rather than a conflict of views. The authors mention that the myths of “disease process is related to supernatural entities” or “fighting against disease is in opposition to God’s will” are not acceptable to patients in Iran; which is admirable. A possible explanation for this difference in behavior may be the literacy level in Iran (85%), which is significantly higher than the rate of 63% in India and 55% in Pakistan [The lower literacy level of South Asia may be in concordance with the suboptimal understanding of modern medical knowledge among some traditional religious leaders. Through our article, we aim to sensitize health care professionals to encourage a pro-health partnership with religious leaders, who hold immense influence on the population. We agree that the religious scholars of the day are definitely more informed regarding the latest medical practices, their pros and cons, in comparison with the previous scholars, and have proven their utility in enhancing diabetes care in the region .The authors also point out that the issues raised under the heading of “common myths and challenges in the Islamic society” are related to the cultural traditions of the population. Our intention was not to label these myths as originating from the Islamic teachings but rather highlight them as the projection of sociocultural norms of the Islamic society of South Asia. The authors rightfully state that these myths do not have any basis in the Islamic teachings. We could not agree more.Islam believes in modernity and encourages patients to take a more pro-active role in their health. Islam promotes the use of PCC and Muslim patients are increasingly moving towards making informed healthcare decisions in partnership with their healthcare professionals. To highlight that Islam supports a pro-active role in healthcare and ensure that the sociocultural issues prevalent in the Islamic society of South Asia are not confused with Islamic teachings, we quoted several Hadiths and verses that clearly reveal that Islam supports modern medicine and is in support of PCC .Nevertheless the importance of culture-bound myths is great, and these need to be handled tactfully and efficiently in order to promote PCC in all societies. It is imperative for all health care professionals to to take a community centered approach to this issue, and to incorporate patient centered care in the daily practice of endocrinology. We thank the journal for highlighting an important aspect of diabetes that is often overlooked.


In this presentation, the managing editors of GSA’s peer-reviewed journals will discuss how the editorial offices operate and their roles in the publishing process. The topics will include how to navigate the ScholarOne submission system, why it is important to read the Instructions to Authors, and how authors can work with the editorial offices to increase the visibility and impact of their published articles.


The published article  has beenNutrients.MDPI is a member of the Committee on Publication Ethics and takes the responsibility to enforce strict ethical policies and standards very seriously. To ensure the addition of only high quality scientific works to the field of scholarly publication, this article  is retra


Injury is one of the main causes of mortality and disability in the world. Improving the trauma care process is necessary to reduce this burden in countries at all levels of the economy. One of the important components of improving the care process in each field is to reduce medical errors. Using a checklist in other medical areas has been effective in improving care and reducing medical mistakes. Field observations indicate that almost all of the emergency departments in hospitals and trauma centers in the country do not use this check list. In this short essay, efforts have been made to emphasize the necessity for coercion with the necessary training to use this checklist from the Department of Health's treatment deputy.Trauma patients, World Health Organization, Emergency, Checklist


The coronavirus pandemic is bringing with it the prospect of severe financial and economic crises. The article investigates its economic consequences in terms of financial instability, economic recession, lower incomes and policy challenges at the national and European levels. What are some of the lessons that can be learned? This article argues that health is a global public good. Public health and welfare systems are crucial alternatives to the market and universal public health is a key element of an egalitarian policy.


However, it is recommended to use the GLIM consensus criteria for malnutrition in parallel with established concepts, including cachexia or sarcopenia.Burtin The authors declare that they have no conflict of interests and certify that they comply with the ethical guidelines for authorship and publishing in the Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle.


The authors were contacted about these apparent similarities between their review and the thesis, although they failed to respond to our query in this regard. The Editor of Oncology Letters deeply regrets that this article was not intercepted by our own checks for plagiarism prior to the publication of the review, and sincerely apologizes to the author of the PhD thesis and the readership for the inconvenience caused. We also thank the reader for bringing this matter to our attention.After having conducted an internal investigation, the Editor of


Although isolated congenital absence of lower lateral cartilages are rare deformities, they deserve special attention of plastic surgeons performing rhinoplasty as these anomalies may pass unnoticed by the patient and the plastic surgeon; until confronting them during surgery.From August 2017 to December 2017, four cases of segmental loss of lower lateral cartilages were discovered accidentally during open primary septorhinoplasty of a total series of 250 cases. They were unnoticed by the surgeon preoperatively and the patients were unaware of these problems cosmetically or functionally. There was no history of trauma, major infection or any intervention in all four patients. Reconstruction of lower lateral cartilages was done with septal cartilage graft as part of the septorhinoplasty procedure.All surgeries were uneventful postoperatively and all patients were satisfied with the results.On examining the patients for the rhinoplasty, one should be aware of subtle signs that may signify an underlying deformity in order for the patient to be informed about the complexity of the technique and for the surgeon to be prepared for the requirement of surgery. All cases were managed by reconstruction of the defected cartilages by septal cartilage graft as a part of the total septorhinoplasty. The anthropological data and the local findings are presented in All patients had an uneventful course postoperatively and all of them were satisfied with the results. ,Isolated nasal deformities are either overt visible deformities or occult deformities like the ones described in this paper3In this series, the incidence of this deformity was about 0.016 of consecutive series of primary septorhinoplasty patients. It deserves the attention to be diagnosed and prepared for preoperatively.The author has nothing to disclose.All patient had given an informed written consent for publishing their data.


The authors were contacted about these apparent similarities between their review and the thesis, although they failed to respond to our query in this regard. The Editor of Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine deeply regrets that this article was not intercepted by our own checks for plagiarism prior to the publication of the review, and sincerely apologizes to the author of the PhD thesis and the readership for the inconvenience caused. We also thank the reader for bringing this matter to our attention.After having conducted an internal investigation, the Editor of


To the EditorI would like to congratulate the authors responsible for the article entitled "The Perme scale score as a predictor of functional status and complications after discharge from the intensive care unit in patients undergoing liver transplantation", the topic of which is extremely relevant to the academic community.This topic, addressing the functional assessment of this patient population, which is highly affected by loss of muscle strength and functionality during the course of the disease and at times of hospital admission, is extremely relevant. For this reason, it raised much interest, and we would like to add some suggestions and observations that we believe are relevant to the study.Patients with cirrhosis who are candidates for transplantation present with important muscle dysfunction over the course of the disease. Such dysfunction includes changes in muscle mass and strength, which are often associated with changes in functional fitness - factors that limit quality of life and increase mortality before transplantation.One aspect related to the worsening of functional status is the time spent on the liver transplant waiting list. In the article, there was no mention of controlling for this variable, which may influence the main outcome of the study. Another criterion to be mentioned is the participation of patients with cirrhosis and hepatopulmonary syndrome, a condition that may be present in up to 30% of patients with cirrhosis. The authors did not exclude this patient subgroup, which may be present in the respective sample and may influence aspects related to dyspnea.Regarding the instrument used to measure patient functional status, we suggest the use of another tool because the Perme Intensive Care Unit Mobility Score is a scale developed specifically to evaluate patients admitted to the intensive care unit, and it cannot be used in settings such as inpatient units or outpatient clinics.


The likelihood of a gradual opening-up of society may pose difficulties for families as the incremental nature of same may restrict certain activities and supports. In addition, the psychological difficulties associated with the possible re-introduction of restrictions are factors that services must be mindful of. Schools may have a critical role in this in not only providing educational material but also offering children an opportunity to link in with familiar staff members. Services are well versed in helping children with autism transition between holidays and school terms but the uncertainty around school openings may hinder this. To the best of the authors’ knowledge no research to date has provided information about the psychological impact of quarantine on children on the autism spectrum. Recent reviews have reported on the significant psychological sequelae of quarantine (Brooks The content of this article is the opinion of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of Health Service Executive.


The session will focus on innovative ways to increase student enrollment, better meet the needs of students and the communities served, and raise awareness of the crucial role of gerontology education in addressing the needs of a rapidly aging society. A panel of Community College and University gerontology professionals will share the innovative ways that they are working to address the three focus areas of this symposium. We will also include opportunities for discussion with participants about their experiences with and ideas for addressing these issues. Community College Interest Group Sponsored Symposium.


The presentation and dialogue will focus on the elder justice advocacy community and their work to secure reauthorization of the Elder Justice Act, which was originally passed as part of the ACA. Both grassroots and DC-based efforts have been employed to move this and other legislation forward and to secure much needed funding for the programs designed to end elder abuse.


The journal retracts the 21 January 2019 article cited above.Following publication, concerns were raised regarding the ethical approval of the moxibustion procedure used in the study. After an investigation by the Editorial Office it was confirmed that the moxibustion procedure was not reviewed nor approved by the University of California, Irvine's Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee.The authors concur with the retraction and sincerely regret any inconvenience this may have caused to the reviewers, editors, and readers of Frontiers in Neuroscience.


The application of a variety of innovative qualitative research methods and analysis as well as the possibilities it offers for the selected population to share their personal experience is the main focus of this symposium. We present the relationships between design, methodological approaches and themes of interest for the people who participate in research. The presenters used designs such as ethnographic field research or phenomenological designs. The used photos taken and analyzed by the participants; using photo-voice and tabletop exercise. All speakers will present their designs and methods linked to a specific research theme. Using examples of recent and highly innovative research practices which meaningfully challenge taken-for-granted assumptions in social science and care research, to open new ground for other ways of thinking about doing research in these fields. Goal for the discussion is a critical reflection of the designs and methods used and to provide take away messages


With this notice, Frontiers states its awareness of major concerns regarding the data underlying this study. These concerns have been communicated to the publisher by the institution of the authors at the time of publication, the University of Leiden. This expression of concern has been posted while Frontiers investigates the data concerns.The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.


We commend the effort of the authors, and believe this model of study can be replicated in larger geographical sections to gather information not only about the indigenous healing practices but also about other systems of medical practices .On behalf of like-minded clinicians, we would like to thank the authors for broadening the horizon of medical practice and opening up new aspects to enhance and explore medical science.


Given the global trend in corporate saving over the last decades, the COVID-19 crisis raises doubts about the persistence of companies’ saving behaviour due to the losses which have occurred in many companies caused by the isolation of households and by lockdowns. Before the pandemic, corporate net lending activities had been increasing for decades due to various factors ranging from the rise in uncertainty after the global financial crisis to the increased reliance on internal funding for research and development expenditures. In Germany, the rise in corporate saving was accompanied by an increase in equity capital and a reduction in the corporate sector’s reliance on bank loans. This article argues that the coronavirus crisis is most likely to interrupt the trend in corporate saving in the short run due to the decline in companies’ revenues. Nonetheless, similar to the pattern observed in the aftermath of the financial crisis, it seems reasonable to conjecture that the COVID-19 shock will strengthen corporate saving in the long run as companies may attempt to restore their liquidity and equity capital buffers to better prepare for future shocks. This will in turn create downward pressure on real interest rates and complicate the conduct of monetary policy.


Dear Chief Editor,1 and femur fractures in young children2. Removal of the spica cast is commonly performed in the outpatient clinic or under general anaesthesia. The procedure is not free from complications. Physical or thermal injury to the skin due to the moving blade of the oscillating saw blade may occur especially around the groin area where it is difficult to estimate the thickness of the cast material3. We would like to share a method of hip spica removal that we feel is associated with lower risk of skin injury.Hip spica is commonly used in the management of developmental dysplasia of the hipFirst, we should prepare the basic instruments for hip spica cast removal . The chiThe child with the cast is then put in prone position. Three more lines are drawn on the posterior surface of the cast . The firIn conclusion, the advantage of this technique is that it avoids cuts over the groin crease area. Thickness of cast material over this region is generally not uniform, and the area may be very close to the wound and metal wires used to fix pelvic osteotomies. Moreover, most of the cuttings are approaching the trunk and limbs from the front. Soft tissue tends to fall back due to gravity, and this would further reduce the risk of skin injury.


Aging and health care public policy in Washington can be driven and influenced by the work of GSA researchers, educators, and practitioners from across the nation. This session will examine and explore public policy priorities from an interdisciplinary perspective and consider opportunities for communicating these policies with key policymakers. This session is an interdisciplinary look at policy issues in aging with the speakers representing views from the six sections of GSA. This session, organized by the GSA Public Policy Committee, will provide both GSA section leadership and attendees an opportunity to have an open dialogue on important public policy issues of significance in the field of aging. The session discussant will help to facilitate a robust discussion of the presentations by speakers. Organized by the GSA Public Policy Committee, this dialogue will benefit the work of the Committee in 2021.


In the September issue of the American Journal of Bioethics, Kious and Battin  present We congratulate the authors for their balanced and differentiated argumentation on a highly important and still critically discussed topic in psychiatry. The line of thought they present focuses on the situation in the United States of America and resembles the current discussion in Switzerland. The history of PAD in Switzerland dates back to the early 1980s and has since then been part of the public and psychiatric discourse . The criWe share the opinion that persons suffering from a psychiatric illness should not automatically be excluded from PAD despite having the capacity to decide in this issue. This can be seen as one of the many instances of structural stigmatization this person group has to endure , and it Hence, we propose that before starting a dialogue on potential policy and legal changes regarding PAD and involuntary commitment, the discussion should focus on the conditions under which a severe mental illness might lead to such a pronounced and unbearable state of suffering, with no prospect of therapeutic improvement. Rather than finding measures of suffering and defining thresholds, it is important to look at the complexity of human existence while suffering from a mental disorder. Life constellations of people searching the path of PAD need to be assessed, taking into consideration irreversibility in the context of biological, psychological, social, and spiritual characteristics. It is crucial to empower patients, peer workers, and relatives of people with mental illness to participate in this discourse. Only a participative approach will help us find solutions that bridge the gap between the needs of people with mental illness and society as a whole.AS and CH performed the literature search and wrote the first draft of the comment, all other authors  contributed important scientific information to the paper, read and approved the final paper for submission.The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.


This presentation will summarize the points of consensus reached by the experts and describes the major points of discussion that led to their recommendations for men and women age 50 and older. The GCBH considered questions surrounding what happens in the brain when listening to music as well as creating music. Topics such as music therapy and the clinical dimensions of introducing music into caring for patients will be addressed. Alongside the consensus points, recommendations and practical tips will be presented. Moreover, we will also identify gaps in our knowledge that currently exist in the evidence base surrounding music and brain health.


Over the past 20 years significant progress has been made to elucidate some of the neurobiological underpinnings of the development and maintenance of anorexia nervosa and their possible implications for treatment. There is increasing evidence supporting the notion that anorexia nervosa shares neurobehavioral patterns with anxiety disorders and involves reward processing aberrations and habit formation. There is consensus for the need of early intervention to ameliorate the effects of starvation on the adolescent brain and the effects of illness duration on neurodevelopment. Family-based treatment (FBT) is the first line evidence-based treatment for adolescents with anorexia nervosa achieving sustainable full remission rates of over 40%. FBT has an agnostic treatment approach and its mechanisms of change have until now not been fully understood. To help fill this gap in theoretical understanding, this paper will provide a review of the treatment model of FBT through a neuroscientific lens. It argues that FBT is well designed to address the implications of current key findings of the neuroscience of anorexia nervosa and that it is also well aligned with the current understanding of neuroscience principles underpinning therapeutic change. The paper supports the perspective that FBT utilizes principles of parent facilitated exposure response prevention. It concludes that an integration of a neuroscience perspective to the provision of FBT will assist the clinician in their practice of FBT. Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a serious psychiatric illness with a peak age of onset during adolescence  and is aThe need and importance for early intervention has been well established . OutcomeThere have been calls to develop treatments that specifically target some of the underpinning factors contributing to aetiology and maintenance of psychiatric illnesses and move away from treatment approaches that are agnostic to illness aetiology. The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) has developed a framework of Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) based on observable behavior and its underpinning neurobiology with the aim to help develop precision medicine for psychiatry . This haUnderstanding the neurobiology of AN also holds potential for a variety of treatment applications in relation to existing psychological therapies . In ordeThe paper concludes that FBT does address the salient key findings of the neuroscience of AN and that its interventions map well on these neuroscientifically based concepts and models. It argues that it is important that clinicians providing FBT are aware of neuroscience findings of AN and have a general understanding of applied neuroscience informed principles to learning and facilitating change, especially in the context of treatment of anxiety.It concludes that an integration of a neuroscience perspective to the provision of FBT will assist the clinician in their practice of FBT and will also help shift the parents' perspective from a stigmatised view of the illness to an easily understood biological basis, thereby increasing their motivation and perseverance in helping their child recover.FBT is theoretically agnostic with no assumptions about the origin of the disorder . It has The therapist is tasked to support the parents to manage and help regulate the extreme anxiety felt by the adolescent when faced with having to eat more. The therapist emphasizes the need for the parents to be on the same page in order to ensure predictability and consistency. The parents are tasked to help manage the anxiety of the adolescent, maintain sight of the needs and importance to adhere to the goals of full recovery of their adolescent. FBT's use of externalization of the illness helps the parents to maintain a supportive, caring relationship with their child.Cerebral gray and white matter deficits due to malnutrition in adolescents have been well established . BernardAs much as the need for full weight recovery and the risks of malnutrition might appear obvious to both parents and clinicians, having a deeper understanding and appreciation of the actual impact of malnutrition on the brain, which is less apparent than the more visible effects of malnutrition on the physical body, is of great benefit, because it provides a strong clinical rationale to achieve full weight restoration rather than being satisfied with a weight level that might be sufficient to allow the adolescent to function at a greater capacity physically but does not address the impact on adolescent brain development. This issue of definition of full weight recovery tends to often become a challenge during phase 2 of FBT and the adolescent themselves can also be more receptive to a neuroscientific rationale on the effects of brain functioning.AN is characterised by the experience of very high levels of anxiety in the adolescent in the context of eating. AN and anxiety disorders have a genetically overlapping phenotype with a high incidence of premorbid and comorbid anxiety disorders , 25, eleSet-shifting deficits , 31 are Individuals with predisposing traits of anxiety tend to feel easily overwhelmed, which will be further exacerbated by the state of starvation. The adolescent suffering from AN will try to ignore the starvation induced stress signals in order to be able to continue to pursue their goal of weight loss. This conflict between a cognitively based top down motivation to want to lose weight and the inherent biological need of body and brain to have its nutritional energy needs met will create an ongoing internal dissonance, which in itself is causing increasing stress for the adolescent . The impIt can be very helpful to describe to parents and adolescent how this interplay of factors exacerbates the severity of the anxiety and disadvantages the adolescent, rendering them incapable of reversing the negative cycle of anxiety and avoidance without parental help.There have been a number of functional neuroimaging studies , 35 demoThere are a number of fundamental neuroscientific principles underpinning fear-based learning, habit formation and new learning through neuroplasticity that are relevant to the treatment of AN. A highly aroused anxious state involves an inability to utilize the left prefrontal cortex to down-regulate emotions and instead is entirely directed towards immediate threat avoidance , 42. FeaThis can provide compassion and understanding in the parents for their child and at the same time a recognition that they, at least initially, need to be the agent of change to facilitate new behavior.The cost of fear-based learning is closed loop neural activation of entrenched patterns of avoidance , 44. RepERP is the treatment of choice for both OCD and anxiety disorders. It is now understood that extinction processes largely rely on the development of new inhibitory learning pathways through new positive associations with the original stimuli as opposed to just the habituation to fear stimuli . This kiSteinglass et al.  conducteIt is a plausible concept to view FBT as a form of parent facilitated exposure, utilizing extinction processes with facilitation of inhibition learning through the development of new behaviors . The neuThis paper proposes that an understanding of a neuroscientific model of AN can enhance the clinician's practice of FBT and may help explain to both practitioners and families why certain principles and practices inherent in FBT are effective. The provision of psychoeducation on the neuroscience of AN can help families shift away from a perspective of stigmatised illness with attributions of blame, to accepting the biological basis of AN and thereby assist with the process of externalization of the illness . UnderstThe past 20 years of research have not only established and confirmed the efficacy of manaualized FBT but have also increasingly provided more data to develop neuroscientific models of the aetiology and maintenance of AN and to improve our understanding of the mechanisms by which treatment works. The task is now to integrate that knowledge into existing therapies like FBT.The content of this paper is solely the responsibility of the author.The author declares that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.


Considering that pools should work under severe health and safety conditions at all hours of day and throughout year, the design of swimming pools should be in accordance with the standards of building and environmental engineering. The safety of sports places deals with how to use sports facilities to develop all aspects of sport so that it is consistent to the international standards. In most advanced countries, it has been working on safety and health standards. Unfortunately, this issue has not been taken seriously in Iran. This is a descriptive-comparative study that aims to describe the safety status of pools in the country and to examine the quality of the safety of different spaces, especially the main parts of existing pools in Iran, and the degree of inconsistency to the international standards. Paying attention to the standards and safety guidelines in swimming pools can help reduce related accidents. Determining standards or desirable models is one of the most important steps in the control process. Examining case studies showed Iranian pools do not have the required safety features. Providing and observing guidelines for designing in the implementation and construction of pools can promote the pools’ quality and safety in the optimum level. Pool, Standard, Safety


The purpose of this study is to describe council structure, its benefits, supportive and obstructive factors and developmental needs as a part of shared governance in a university hospital.This is a descriptive study, where semi-structured interviews with 12 nurses was conducted in 2014 and documents from 75 council meetings from 2009 to 2014 were gathered and analyzed. Qualitative content analysis method was used on the data.The study hospital has been developing nursing shared governance with unique structure and processes of councils. Professors and university researchers act as chair and members are voluntary nursing staff. The factors supporting the councils are nurse managers’ support, enthusiastic personnel and neighboring university. The factors obstructing the councils are lack of time, understanding and skills. The work of the councils benefits the organization by improving patient care, harmonizing nursing practices and informing decision-making. The council’s developmental needs were more visibility, concentration into everyday problems and interprofessionality.Applying nursing shared governance structures into an organization improves the professional practice environment of nursing personnel.The study hospital has its own, unique council structure. It did not cover the whole hospital or all of the nursing personnel, but it is already producing promising results. It should be given an official status and more support from nurse managers, and it should be developed into an inter-professional discussion. The results presented here indicate that shared governance, even, in its early stage, contributes positively to the quality of care, harmonizes nursing practices and informs decision-making. Applying shared governance structures into an organization improves the professional practice environment of nursing personnel. The study showed concrete supporting and obstructing factors that should be notified in nursing leadership.Despite the extensive empirical studies on nursing shared governance, there is very little research on councils in the Scandinavian countries. Shared governance is a leadership strategy where staff nurses and nurse leaders work together to develop nursing practice. The principle idea of shared governance is, that use of power and decision-making should be done in the right place . The decShared governance was first introduced in nursing during the 1980s, when the first tentative models where constructed. These models include a committee/council structure to provide venues for nurses to partner with other colleagues in addressing clinical and administrative challenges . After tThe realization of shared governance models has adapted to different organizations in different environments . Each orThere has been a lot of research into the shared governance structures. It has been shown that shared governance improve work environments and empowerment of the nurses . This leIn Finland, shared governance is still relatively new , and checked by the principal researcher. Most interviews were held in private offices.Along with the interviews, the chairs of the councils were also asked for documents such as memos and minutes from the meetings. Altogether, there were 75 meetings and 150 pages of memos. In total, 171 people took part in the work of the councils during years 2009-2014. The total amount of data was 223 pages.The documents were analyzed by gathering information about the work of the councils, for example who acted as chair, and how often the meetings where held and what issues were dealt with. This data answers the first research question and the data from the interviews was used to answer the rest of the research questions.The data from the interviews were analyzed by using qualitative inductive content analysis. The analysis was done step by step and began with transcribing the interviews. Then the entire data was read through several times to get an overview of the content  guided tThe project was approved by the study hospital. Finnish research ethical legislation  does notHowever, in line with the Declaration of Helsinki, all participants took part voluntarily, received written information and signed written consent before interview . The meeThe findings are arranged according to the research questions and the data to the first question is derived from the documents of the council meetings and to the rest of the research questions, the data is derived from the interviews.The categories describing the structures and processes of the councils were members, reaching decisions, matters discussed and the integration of the functioning of the councils. All together 171 persons participated in the councils during the years of 2010-2014. The chair of the councils is usually a professor or a university researcher. Members act as secretaries, taking turns. New members are recruited via intranet every other year. In the Research Council, members are students in the university or degreed Masters of Science. Other councils admit nurses and others interested.The councils meet once a month or less in the hospital. Members and outsiders can suggest matters for discussion; also the official policies of the organization direct the agenda. Councils can use experts to inform them of various matters. The decisions are reached through open discussion and smaller committees can be selected to prepare certain matters and report back to the council. Matters are discussed according to the agenda and minutes are written of the meeting.The personnel of the organization are informed of the work of the councils in the Evidence Based News -bulletin that is published a few times a year. Memos of the meetings are sent to nurse leaders and the members of the councils are expected to share the information in their own units.The councils organize different types of continuing education for the personnel of the organization. Most of the time spent in the meetings was used to plan and revise these educational opportunities. Issues dealing with the normal functioning of the councils, such as changing the chairperson or secretary, selecting new members, and writing the annual reports took an abundance of time.We suggest, that the participants from the next EBP training would be made members of the Council because we still need new members to replace the old ones. Document: EBP Council 2011Scientific articles and ideas to promote evidence based nursing in the organization were discussed. Issues dealing with student guidance were dealt with by The Student Guidance Council.Evidence based nursing should be made easier approachable and a part of the everyday practice on the wards and the council members should promote this by their own actions. Document: EBP Council 2012According to the nurses, there are three factors supporting and four factors obstructing the functioning of the councils . The strThe situation here is that we have excellent nurse leaders, they have had the vision, they want to develop things, they see the chance. Interview 4The organization had recently opened a unit for teaching and developing nursing where clinical experts can give support to the councils. The organization is also offering educational opportunities in evidence-based-nursing and the personnel were seen over all to be enthusiastic about developing nursing care.[…] members are very motivated and have an interest to the matter. We have a few nurses by the bedside that have a higher degree education and are interested in developing nursing care. They are taking part in the work of the councils. Interview 4The idea of developing evidence-based-nursing in the organization is evident in the strategy of this Health Care District and it guarantees systematic leadership. The neighboring university has played a large role in contributing to the councils.The participants felt that lack of time was the main obstructing factor to the councils. Sometimes personnel cannot take part in the meetings during their work hours and do not have time to prepare matters for the meeting. They also felt that their colleagues did not always understand the meaning of the councils and therefore questioned the need to use work hours for the meeting.[…] they have had to justify the use of work hours and doubted themselves if it is all worth it. Interview 5As a rule, the idea of evidence-based-nursing was not familiar in the everyday work of the personnel. That led to a lack of interest and will to commit to it.[…] they don’t seem to understand that it could serve my work. That reflects into not being interested and willing to commit to it, like taking part in the work. Interview 12Lack of skills needed to find, address and apply information was also seen to obstruct implementing evidence-based-nursing.The participants felt that councils benefit the organization in many ways . They en[…] if the managers would use the councils to their advance they could direct the discussion into certain themes and get good material to support the decisions making. Interview 9The councils were either seen as integrating well into the organization or not to integrate at all. Most of the nurses felt that the councils integrated well into the work of the organization. Nursing is a big part of the mission of the organization and the councils were seen to strengthen the visibility of nursing and nursing research, and to bring forth current research questions, as well as spread vital information in the organization. The Councils offer a venue for the personnel to discuss common issues and support the implementation of Best Practices.I know that it is very tightly integrated into the work of the hospital, because nursing is such a big part of the whole work of the hospital. Interview 6The councils were seen to improve the image of the organization as an employer by supporting structures that enable personnel to express their thoughts and ideas and further one’s career. It was be seen as making the organization a magnetic place to work. Active development in nursing was also seen to be a pivotal role of a teaching university hospital. Most of the participants felt that councils offer possibilities to have an impact on their work and accountability for developing new ways of thinking. Nurses can show their personal interest in matters and their willingness to develop nursing.I can make a difference, I can take part, I can be a part of what is happening in our organization. That is a huge benefit. Interview 4That can then lead to better work opportunities and be personally empowering. Engaging in the councils with others can strengthen the sense of community and therefore ease every day work and enable nurses to see the bigger picture in the organization.Nurses had different kinds of development ideas. The councils should be made more visible in the organization. This could be achieved by better informing personnel about the councils and by bringing evidence-based-nursing into the everyday work. Council members should bring more information from the councils into the wards and research articles should be made available in Finnish in order for them to be easily applied.[…] every council member should inspire their own ward and tell about the work in different meetings. Document: Research Council 2013The respondents wanted to see more results from the councils. This could be achieved by optimizing the performance of the councils and by concentrating the discussion into solving everyday problems rather than discussing more general issues. This would call for tightening the role of the nurse leaders to ensure that the councils would concentrate to strategically important matters. More support from the supervisors was also expected to enable personnel to take part in the councils.The nurse leaders are very important because they make it possible for personnel to take part and as many as possible to take part. Interview 1The respondents wanted to see development in the working methods of the councils, for instance, they felt that publicizing skills would be needed. They would also want to see different disciplines taking part in the councils, such as therapists, doctors, as well as patients. Furthermore, they hoped that decision-making would be more shared in the organization, and that nursing governance would be one of the issues developed.This study is one of the first studies of this topic in Finland. The purpose of this study was to describe council structures, its benefits, supportive and obstructive factors and developmental needs as a part of shared governance in one university hospital. We set about this task by reading through meeting documents and interviewing participants.Councils as a form of shared governance are relatively new in this country and are still seeking form. It has taken courage for the nurse leaders in the study hospital to find a way to make the councils work. The strong support of the nurse leaders has earlier been seen important for functioning of the councils . ParticiCreating a new way to do things takes time. The lack of time was seen to be the main obstructing factor to the functioning of the councils. The participants felt that their colleague nurses did not always understand the meaning of the councils and therefore questioned the need to use work hours for the meetings. The nursing staff’s difficulty to understand the meaning of the councils is a general phenomenon .Even though the councils in the study hospital are in an early state, many positive results can already be seen. The councils were seen to strengthen the visibility of nursing and nursing research, and to bring forth current research questions, as well as spread vital information in the organization. The results suggest that networking of the personnel supports the functioning of the organization as a whole. Engaging in the councils with others can strengthen the sense of community and therefore ease every day work and enable nurses to see the bigger picture in the organization.Positive results can also be seen in improvement of the quality of care, harmonization of nursing practices and better informed decision-making. Personnel are having more opportunities to express their opinions and further their expertise and careers, as also seen in earlier litterature .The study hospital has its own and unique model of councils and the work processes that work well in that organization. The data from the documents reveals that the work of the councils is arranged hierarchically. A professor or a university researcher act as chair and members are voluntary nursing staff. Maybe next step would be to develop the work processes so that the leadership positions are given to staff nurses as a way to empower them more. Opening the discussion in the councils to all professionals in the care team would also strengthen the work processes. To develop shared governance further in the study hospital, the presence of shared governance in the hospital should be measured. This could be done for example by using The Index of Professional Nursing Governance (There are several limitations to this study. First, the sample size was small and second it was not random, but rather based on suggestions from other participants, which may have caused bias by eliminating nurses with more critical opinions about the councils. The study concentrated to describe the work of the councils in one hospital and as such does not claim to be able to replicate or generalize these findings.Despite the noted limitations, this study adds value to the existing literature, as it describes one way of realizing shared governance in Nordic nursing.Our results indicate that the councils as a part of shared governance are promising method to involve nurses to develop nursing. It is also a way to give an option for the nurses to participate in decision-making. Our study shows that the councils produce benefits to the organizational level, nursing and patient care. In addition, councils are important to the development of nurses’ career. Councils are only an example of shared governance and it is import to study other views. In future, the international comparative research about councils is needed.The study hospital has its own, unique, council structure. It did not cover the whole hospital or all of the nursing personnel, but it is already producing promising results. It should be given an official status and more support from nurse managers and it should be developed into interprofessional discussion.The results presented here indicate that shared governance, even, in its early stage, contribute positively to the quality of care, harmonize nursing practices, and informs decision-making. Applying shared governance structures into an organization improves the professional practice environment of nursing personnel. The study showed concrete supporting and obstructing factors that should be notified in nursing leadership.


Journal of Xenobiotics was launched in 2011 with the mission to publish novel research articles in the fields of the occurrence and biochemical effects of xenobiotics on all living organisms and it has been published over the past nine years by PAGEPress Publications [Molecules [MDPI was founded in 1996 as a non-profit project for the promotion and preservation of the diversity of chemical compounds . Since tolecules , was lauolecules , includiJournal of Xenobiotics from PAGEPress and continue to publish the journal.To ensure that we serve all academic communities well, we are delighted to take over the publication of We will publish two quarterly issues in 2020, and regularly publish four quarterly issues in 2021.Journal of Xenobiotics!Enjoy publishing in


Diversity is increasingly taken into account in scientific research, funding schemes and publishing policies—as illustrated by the Frontiers statement on Diversity and Equity . DimensiThis recognition does not immediately translate to the teaching context. In the US, diversity is reflected in most medicine curricula and sometimes in public health schools . This isThe Association of Schools of Public Health in the European Region (ASPHER) is an independent organization aiming to build the capacity of public health workforces for sustainable professionalization. In advocating for the improvement of public health education in Europe, ASPHER fully endorses the need of bringing diversity more into the focus of teaching. ASPHER therefore develops a policy on diversity competence to be an element of the ASPHER 2025 strategy. This approach goes beyond the notion of cultural diversity as ASPHER envisages an intersectional, holistic notion to reflect on multiple dimensions of diversity that affect the health of populations. To reach this goal, ASPHER member schools are developing teaching syllabi in a participatory process that offer guidance on how to address different dimensions of diversity that can add to existing curricula. The overall aim of the syllabi is to help establish a teaching program encouraging the reconsideration of normativities within public health while highlighting the intersectionalities between different markers of diversity. The teaching programme adopts a transformative learning approach to contribute to higher sensitivity toward diversity and simultaneously higher standards of the European public health education and training.The theory of transformative learning is understood as the core principle of adult education and allows students to assess and if necessary, alter their perspectives about and responses to the world around them with the aim to educate socially responsible, autonomous actors . For leaThe ASPHER teaching initiative focusing on diversity and health equity will help to prepare public health students to respond to the social challenges throughout their career. Besides intellectual and practical skills  scholars should also be well-versed in social responsibility  for the OR had the initial idea for the initiative and made significant contributions in the writing. LW and YN conceptualized the design of the initiative and drafted the initial manuscript. JM and RO revised the manuscript  critically for intellectual content. All authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript.JM is President of the Association of Schools of Public Health in the European Region (ASPHER). RO is ASPHER Director. OR is member of ASPHER's Executive Board. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.


Discrepancies in scopeDiscrepancies in the description of the research reportedDiscrepancies between the availability of data and the research describedInappropriate citationsIncoherent, meaningless and/or irrelevant content included in the articlePeer-review manipulationThis article has been retracted by Hindawi following an investigation undertaken by the publisher . This inThe presence of these indicators undermines our confidence in the integrity of the article's content and we cannot, therefore, vouch for its reliability. Please note that this notice is intended solely to alert readers that the content of this article is unreliable. We have not investigated whether authors were aware of or involved in the systematic manipulation of the publication process.Wiley and Hindawi regrets that the usual quality checks did not identify these issues before publication and have since put additional measures in place to safeguard research integrity.We wish to credit our own Research Integrity and Research Publishing teams and anonymous and named external researchers and research integrity experts for contributing to this investigation.The corresponding author, as the representative of all authors, has been given the opportunity to register their agreement or disagreement to this retraction. We have kept a record of any response received.


Chronic neurodegenerative diseases encompass a wide spectrum of disorders and affect millions of people worldwide. These diseases are characterized by progressive axonal loss that ultimately leads to apoptosis and consequently to neuronal death . In the Recent advances in the field of motor neuron diseases shed light to various underlying mechanisms implicated in their pathophysiology and revealed several useful biomarkers; nevertheless, no radical change has been observed in the clinical course of these diseases . AlthougSimilarly, non-pharmacological approaches may also ameliorate the quality of life of people living with other neurodegenerative conditions. One such approach is neurorehabilitation, which has proven to be a significant tool in the treatment of brain damage . In thisDementia is one of the most common and detrimental manifestations of neurodegeneration. Extensive research focusing on the detection of biomarkers and potential risk factors for the development of dementia is being conducted . ArtificNeurodegeneration is now at the center of focus of current research in multiple sclerosis and it is considered to be a major contributor in the accumulation of disability in these patients . TherefoThis Special Issue provides an interesting collection of articles focusing on early detection and management of various neurodegenerative diseases. We anticipate and we hope that in the near future, neurodegenerative diseases will be better understood and more efficiently treated. Nevertheless, further research is needed in order to achieve our goal which is to provide better care for our patients.


Psychiatrists postgraduate training in Ukraine lasts only for 18 months and the curriculum includes psychotherapy. However, little is known about its quality and provision. The aims of the research were to investigate the current psychotherapy training status in Ukraine, to examine how it is included in psychiatry training and to identify access to it. An anonymous online survey was conducted among early career psychiatrists . The findings show that the minority had access to psychotherapy training though the majority of responders consider it to be an important part of psychiatry training. This study encourages to improve the accessibility and quality of psychotherapy training in Ukraine. It shows that despite the low accessibility of psychotherapy training for psychiatry trainees there is a high need in it. It is even more relevant in times of war, given its negative consequences for mental health and the growing need for educated psychotherapists.None Declared


Discrepancies in scopeDiscrepancies in the description of the research reportedDiscrepancies between the availability of data and the research describedInappropriate citationsIncoherent, meaningless and/or irrelevant content included in the articlePeer-review manipulationThis article has been retracted by Hindawi following an investigation undertaken by the publisher . This inThe presence of these indicators undermines our confidence in the integrity of the article's content and we cannot, therefore, vouch for its reliability. Please note that this notice is intended solely to alert readers that the content of this article is unreliable. We have not investigated whether authors were aware of or involved in the systematic manipulation of the publication process. Wiley and Hindawi regrets that the usual quality checks did not identify these issues before publication and have since put additional measures in place to safeguard research integrity.We wish to credit our own Research Integrity and Research Publishing teams and anonymous and named external researchers and research integrity experts for contributing to this investigation.The corresponding author, as the representative of all authors, has been given the opportunity to register their agreement or disagreement to this retraction. We have kept a record of any response received.


One of the authors, Dr Farnaaz Sharief, is a director of Manage Your Mind CHC.’The author affiliations and funding for this paper were declared at the point of submission and included in the final published version. The journal was made aware of a potential author competing interest in this article after publication. After consultation with the authors, the journal is satisfied that this competing interest does not affect the validity of the research presented in the article. The competing interest disclosure statement is provided below for reader transparency.


Discrepancies in scopeDiscrepancies in the description of the research reportedDiscrepancies between the availability of data and the research describedInappropriate citationsIncoherent, meaningless and/or irrelevant content included in the articlePeer-review manipulationThis article has been retracted by Hindawi following an investigation undertaken by the publisher . This inThe presence of these indicators undermines our confidence in the integrity of the article's content and we cannot, therefore, vouch for its reliability. Please note that this notice is intended solely to alert readers that the content of this article is unreliable. We have not investigated whether the authors were aware of or involved in the systematic manipulation of the publication process.Wiley and Hindawi regrets that the usual quality checks did not identify these issues before publication and have since put additional measures in place to safeguard research integrity.We wish to credit our own Research Integrity and Research Publishing teams and anonymous and named external researchers and research integrity experts for contributing to this investigation.The corresponding author, as the representative of all authors, has given the opportunity to register their agreement or disagreement with this retraction. We have kept a record of any response received.


Discrepancies in scopeDiscrepancies in the description of the research reportedDiscrepancies between the availability of data and the research describedInappropriate citationsIncoherent, meaningless and/or irrelevant content included in the articlePeer-review manipulationThis article has been retracted by Hindawi following an investigation undertaken by the publisher . This inThe presence of these indicators undermines our confidence in the integrity of the article's content and we cannot, therefore, vouch for its reliability. Please note that this notice is intended solely to alert readers that the content of this article is unreliable. We have not investigated whether the authors were aware of or involved in the systematic manipulation of the publication process.Wiley and Hindawi regrets that the usual quality checks did not identify these issues before publication and have since put additional measures in place to safeguard research integrity.We wish to credit our own Research Integrity and Research Publishing teams and anonymous and named external researchers and research integrity experts for contributing to this investigation.The corresponding author, as the representative of all authors, has been given the opportunity to register their agreement or disagreement to this retraction. We have kept a record of any response received.


Discrepancies in scopeDiscrepancies in the description of the research reportedDiscrepancies between the availability of data and the research describedInappropriate citationsIncoherent, meaningless and/or irrelevant content included in the articlePeer-review manipulationThis article has been retracted by Hindawi following an investigation undertaken by the publisher . This inThe presence of these indicators undermines our confidence in the integrity of the article's content and we cannot, therefore, vouch for its reliability. Please note that this notice is intended solely to alert readers that the content of this article is unreliable. We have not investigated whether the authors were aware of or involved in the systematic manipulation of the publication process.Wiley and Hindawi regrets that the usual quality checks did not identify these issues before publication and have since put additional measures in place to safeguard research integrity.We wish to credit our own Research Integrity and Research Publishing teams and anonymous and named external researchers and research integrity experts for contributing to this investigation.The corresponding author, as the representative of all authors, has been given the opportunity to register their agreement or disagreement this retraction. We have kept a record of any response received.


This article has been retracted by Hindawi following an investigation undertaken by the publisher .Discrepancies in scopeDiscrepancies in the description of the research reportedDiscrepancies between the availability of data and the research describedInappropriate citationsIncoherent, meaningless and/or irrelevant content included in the articlePeer-review manipulationThis investigation has uncovered evidence of one or more of the following indicators of systematic manipulation of the publication process:The presence of these indicators undermines our confidence in the integrity of the article's content and we cannot, therefore, vouch for its reliability. Please note that this notice is intended solely to alert readers that the content of this article is unreliable. We have not investigated whether authors were aware of or involved in the systematic manipulation of the publication process.Wiley and Hindawi regrets that the usual quality checks did not identify these issues before publication and have since put additional measures in place to safeguard research integrity.We wish to credit our own Research Integrity and Research Publishing teams and anonymous and named external researchers and research integrity experts for contributing to this investigation.The corresponding author, as the representative of all authors, has been given the opportunity to register their agreement or disagreement to this retraction. We have kept a record of any response received.


Discrepancies in scopeDiscrepancies in the description of the research reportedDiscrepancies between the availability of data and the research describedInappropriate citationsIncoherent, meaningless and/or irrelevant content included in the articlePeer-review manipulationThis article has been retracted by Hindawi following an investigation undertaken by the publisher . This inThe presence of these indicators undermines our confidence in the integrity of the article's content and we cannot, therefore, vouch for its reliability. Please note that this notice is intended solely to alert readers that the content of this article is unreliable. We have not investigated whether authors were aware of or.involved in the systematic manipulation of the publication process.Wiley and Hindawi regrets that the usual quality checks did not identify these issues before publication and have since put additional measures in place to safeguard research integrity.We wish to credit our own Research Integrity and Research Publishing teams and anonymous and named external researchers and research integrity experts for contributing to this investigation.The corresponding author, as the representative of all authors, has been given the opportunity to register their agreement or disagreement to this retraction. We have kept a record of any response received.


Following publication, concerns were raised regarding the methodological soundness and scientific validity of the article. An investigation was conducted in accordance with Frontiers' policies. The author failed to provide a satisfactory explanation and as a result, the conclusions of the article have been deemed unreliable and the article has been retracted.The retraction was approved by the Specialty Chief Editor of Personality and Social Psychology. The author agreed to this retraction.


PLOS ONE Editors to notify us of concerns related to this article [A representative of UC Riverside has contacted the  article  followinPLOS ONE Editors have followed up with the corresponding author, who stated that total particulate matter (TPM) measurements were accurately recorded during the study period and repairs made to the smoking machine were documented; however, records from the period in question are no longer available. The corresponding author stated that they had access to and reviewed the raw data prior to submission of the article, but indicated that not all data remain available. The last author has indicated that while TPM records are no longer available, records of the maintenance and repairs of the smoking machine, as well as the operation protocol used in the lab, are available, and that the underlying data for the behavioral experiments  and the Affymetrix array data remain available. The editors were unable to clarify the extent of the unavailability of the underlying data at the time of preparation of this notice.The PLOS ONE Editors issue this Expression of Concern to inform readers about the concerns that have been raised but could not be fully resolved in editorial follow up.The PLOS has been informed that litigation was initiated by the corresponding author against UC Riverside and at the time of this notice’s publication the litigation remains pending.


Discrepancies in scopeDiscrepancies in the description of the research reportedDiscrepancies between the availability of data and the research describedInappropriate citationsIncoherent, meaningless and/or irrelevant content included in the articlePeer-review manipulationThis article has been retracted by Hindawi following an investigation undertaken by the publisher . This inThe presence of these indicators undermines our confidence in the integrity of the article's content and we cannot, therefore, vouch for its reliability. Please note that this notice is intended solely to alert readers that the content of this article is unreliable. We have not investigated whether authors were aware of or involved in the systematic manipulation of the publication process.Wiley and Hindawi regrets that the usual quality checks did not identify these issues before publication and have since put additional measures in place to safeguard research integrity.We wish to credit our own Research Integrity and Research Publishing teams and anonymous and named external researchers and research integrity experts for contributing to this investigation.The corresponding author, as the representative of all authors, has beengiven the opportunity to register their agreement or disagreement to this retraction. We have kept a record of any response received.


Discrepancies in scopeDiscrepancies in the description of the research reportedDiscrepancies between the availability of data and the research describedInappropriate citationsIncoherent, meaningless and/or irrelevant content included in the articlePeer-review manipulationThis article has been retracted by Hindawi following an investigation undertaken by the publisher . This inThe presence of these indicators undermines our confidence in the integrity of the article's content and we cannot, therefore, vouch for its reliability. Please note that this notice is intended solely to alert readers that the content of this article is unreliable. We have not investigated whether authors were aware of or involved in the systematic manipulation of the publication process.Wiley and Hindawi regrets that the usual quality checks did not identify these issues before publication and have since put additional measures in place to safeguard research integrity.We wish to credit our own Research Integrity and Research Publishing teams and anonymous and name external researchers and research integrity experts for contributing to this investigation.The corresponding author, as the representative of all authors, has been given the opportunity to register their agreement or disagreement to this retraction. We have kept a record of any response received.


Since about a year there has been an influx of refugees from Ukraine due to the current war situation.Data on the mental health condition of Ukrainian refugees will be reviewed and compared to the mental health conditions to refugees from other parts of the world in Germany. Moreover, the psychosocial and socioeconomic situation of refugees from Ukraine will be reflected on the background of the situation of refugees from other countries.Conclusions from the recent experiences for the mental health care system will be drawn and discussed with the aufience in a European perspective. Special highlight will be given to pilot best practice modells for mental health care of Ukrainian refugees within the German mental health care system.None Declared


Discrepancies in scopeDiscrepancies in the description of the research reportedDiscrepancies between the availability of data and the research describedInappropriate citationsIncoherent, meaningless and/or irrelevant content included in the articlePeer-review manipulationThis article has been retracted by Hindawi following an investigation undertaken by the publisher . This isThe presence of these indicators undermines our confidence in the integrity of the article's content and we cannot, therefore, vouch for its reliability. Please note that this notice is intended solely to alert readers that the content of this article is unreliable. We have not investigated whether authors were aware of or involved in the systematic manipulation of the publication process. Wiley and Hindawi regrets that the usual quality checks did not identify these issues before publication and have since put additional measures in place to safeguard research integrity.We wish to credit our own Research Integrity and Research Publishing teams and anonymous and named external researchers and research integrity experts for contributing to this investigation.The corresponding author, as the representative of all authors, has been given the opportunity to register their agreement or disagreement to this retraction. We have kept a record of any response received.


Dear Editor,We thank Leite T. and Paravidino V. B. for the interest and thoughtful comments, and we agree that the topic of this article is of great clinical relevance.The decision of considering the restricted period (between 2014 and 2017) was mainly due to two reasons. The first one was to reflect the new recommendations adopted by the International Society for the Study of Hypertension in Pregnancy (ISSHP), which has broadened the definition of preeclampsia after 2013.The present review aimed to update the available evidence on the best timing of delivery for preterm preeclampsia. We do understand all the requirements on the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews and also acknowledge previous published reviews on the topic by the Cochrane initiative.The other key concern about the search strategy is also very relevant. We did initially use many other Medical Subject Headings (MeSh) terms, but chose the simplest combination of terms, with no loss of retrieved articles. To make sure this was true, we have now performed again the same search using the suggested terms and have retrieved the exact same final papers. The same happened with the databases. We should have stated that Lilacs and Embase were searched, but we again chose to present the most straightforward approach.It is clear from the thoughtful comments presented that there are still unanswered questions on this topic, and we hope to stimulate future studies to guarantee adequate patient care and counseling in cases of preterm preeclampsia. We invite the comment authors to join forces in future researches and reviews on the topic.


Discrepancies in scopeDiscrepancies in the description of the research reportedDiscrepancies between the availability of data and the research describedInappropriate citationsIncoherent, meaningless and/or irrelevant content included in the articlePeer-review manipulationThis article has been retracted by Hindawi following an investigation undertaken by the publisher . This inThe presence of these indicators undermines our confidence in the integrity of the article's content and we cannot, therefore, vouch for its reliability. Please note that this notice is intended solely to alert readers that the content of this article is unreliable. We have not investigated whether authors were aware of or involved in the systematic manipulation of the publication process.Wiley and Hindawi regrets that the usual quality checks did not identify these issues before publication and have since put additional measures in place to safeguard research integrity.We wish to credit our own Research Integrity and Research Publishing teams and anonymous and named external researchers and research integrity experts for contributing to this investigation.The corresponding author, as the representative of all authors, has been given the opportunity to register their agreement or disagreement to this retraction. We have kept a record of any response received.