In the 1980's and 1990's HIV/AIDS was the emerging infectious disease. In 2003–2004 we saw the emergence of SARS, Avian influenza and Anthrax in a man made form used for bioterrorism. Emergency powers legislation in Australia is a patchwork of Commonwealth quarantine laws and State and Territory based emergency powers in public health legislation. It is time for a review of such legislation and time for consideration of the efficacy of such legislation from a country wide perspective in an age when we have to consider the possibility of mass outbreaks of communicable diseases which ignore jurisdictional boundaries. The management of infectious diseases in an increasingly complex world of mass international travel, globalization and terrorism heightens challenges for Federal, State and Territory Governments in ensuring that Australia's laws are sufficiently flexible to address the types of problems that may emerge.Health Act 1958. These sections emphasize the need to protect the privacy of the infected individual and to undertake a staged response which is proportional to the risk presented by the infected individual. The legislation has been very effective with HIV and has been praised for its progressive approach  in the symptoms (though these may vary in severity) or treatment of the virus Australia is a federal system. There are two parallel sets of laws in operation. The Commonwealth Constitution sets out the legislative powers of the Commonwealth. Specific powers are listed in the Commonwealth constitution but State constitutions have broad powers covering matters such as peace, order and good governance. As the Commonwealth has no specific power to legislate with respect to health, other than the quarantine power, national legislative schemes in public health which rely upon a cooperative approach from all States and Territories are cumbersome and difficult.Without a specific head of power, the Commonwealth has limited ability to legislate with respect to health. "That is, the legislative powers of the Commonwealth are specified in the Constitution and do not include expressly most of the activities that together comprise the field of public health" For thisThe quarantine power would be the most likely candidate for a head of power on which to base development of commonwealth laws for the management of public health emergencies. Another possibility may be the external affairs power, if there was a relevant treaty or international agreement which could be given effect to in domestic law. However the legislation would have to be limited to laws giving effect to the treaty.Health Act 1911 (WA), Public Health Act 1952 (NT) based on an 1898 Ordinance (Both these Acts are currently under review). Health emergency powers vary from one jurisdiction to another, but include powers to support disease surveillance, contact tracing and orders to restrict behavior or movement of individuals with an infectious disease in certain circumstances. There are also powers to recall food, search premises and seize property, close buildings and a range of other substantial and intrusive powers.States and territories have a range of emergency powers available to them in their existing public health legislation. Some are relatively old. For example, the It is suggested that it is time to consider whether state and territory public health legislation contains sufficient measures to manage the outbreak of an infectious disease in a modern environment which includes mass travel, swift spread of infection and additional complexity raised by fears of bioterrorism.Currently, in a public health emergency caused by the spread of an emerging infectious disease, Australia could need to rely on a patchwork of legislative measures to assist it to cope. Commonwealth quarantine laws and State and Territory powers in public health legislation may all be needed to address the problem. If an outbreak occurred on a border, or in some area where jurisdiction may be in doubt such as airspace or offshore and a state or territory response was required in addition to any quarantine measures, there could be confusion over jurisdiction for the application of State and Territory powers. State and Territory public health acts do not adequately provide for interjurisdictional communication and cooperation. There could also be difficulties if an infectious disease caused overseas deaths of people from more than one State or Territory in circumstances where an Australian coronial investigation was considered desirable. In such a situation, the jurisdiction of more than one Australian coroner would be triggered. Several State and Territory coronial laws could apply and there could be different inquests under different laws undertaken by different coroners into the same incident.It is suggested that it is time to look at the efficiency of the emergency powers laws of Australia as a whole: to map the laws in each jurisdiction and the Commonwealth quarantine laws and to consider their effectiveness in the face of the outbreak of a fast moving, easily spread infectious disease. The efficacy of Australia's laws should also be considered in relation to bioterrorism. While there were no infections from anthrax in 2003 despite a great deal of media coverage and infections and deaths in the US, a responsible legislature ought to acknowledge the possibility and ensure that the law is ready to support a swift and effective response.It is not enough to consider whether the individual pieces of legislation are up to the task of managing outbreaks of newly emerging infectious diseases. Indeed many of the jurisdictions are currently reviewing their public health legislation and will no doubt give proper consideration to this issue as part of the review. But who is thinking about how the legislation of all jurisdictions and the Commonwealth quarantine fits together? What powers enable communication and cooperation between jurisdictions about the outbreak of infectious disease? What kind of opportunity is there for a coordinated response? Can public health orders made in one jurisdiction travel to another jurisdiction when the infected individual travels? What arrangements can be made if an outbreak occurs on or close to a interstate border? What if there is an outbreak on a bus carrying passengers from Victoria, through South Australia to the Northern Territory?It is encouraging to note that, even without specific legislation, there has been a mechanism to achieve communication and cooperation between jurisdictions through the Communicable Disease Network of Australia (CDNA). This Network has in fact been quite successful in fostering regular communication between the Communicable Disease Units across the country and has been involved in coordinated actions during a number of multistate outbreaks.Despite the existence of this network and other good working relationships between government officials and various agencies in different jurisdictions, a serious outbreak of communicable disease would require the existence of legislative powers. Public health emergencies generate confusion, even panic. Clarity of powers and the way those powers interact with each other would be crucial in an emergency. It became apparent after the Bali tragedy in 2002 that coroner's jurisdiction was triggered differently in different jurisdictions and some acts did not support communication and cooperation when inquests might be needed for deaths of people ordinarily resident in several jurisdictions. The time to find the shortcomings in the legislation is well before the crisis.A review of the efficacy of how these laws work together to protect the public health of all Australians should be undertaken. It has been possible to overcome the hangovers of federation for the betterment of all Australians in relation to corporations law. When doubts were recently raised about the constitutional basis of the corporations law scheme, the States and Territories were able to cooperate and refer the necessary powers to the Commonwealth to provide certainty about the laws which govern our corporations. Is our public health any less important than governance of our corporations? Could we cooperate to give ourselves certainty, flexibility and a consistent approach which protects the rights of those subject to some very broad powers?The States and Territories are generally reluctant to refer powers to the Commonwealth. It may be time to seriously discuss referral of powers in the context of health emergency powers. At the very least, it is time that the Commonwealth, States and Territories recognised the need for the laws to work as a set of laws to protect the whole country, not simply individual laws to protect individual jurisdictions.State Emergency Health Powers Act has been developed in the US in 2001 [There has been work done internationally in this area. A model  in 2001  In the pThe development and adoption of the model food legislation provides a useful model of a cooperative uniform approach. A model act was developed in consultation with all jurisdictions. It covered areas agreed to be core areas of the Act which ought to be the subject of a national approach and other provisions which were considered to be administrative and were to be adopted at the discretion of each jurisdiction. An intergovernmental agreement was signed as a mechanism to protect the uniformity of the legislation. The agreement sets up a Ministerial Council, supported by a Food Regulation Standing Committee. The Council has responsibility for deciding on proposals to amend the model  If a decThe law is an important tool in supporting the management of the outbreak of infectious diseases. The existence of our Federal system has meant that we have a different approach in each State and Territory together with Commonwealth control of quarantine. Newly emerging infectious diseases creating real threats to public health in an era of easy mass travel, and the present threat of bioterrorism mean that it is time Australia examined all laws to contain and manage infectious disease outbreak. The laws should be examined both for their effectiveness in the areas they cover, and as part of a whole which ought enable a response which protects the health of all Australians, and crosses borders as easily as SARS or avian influenza.


The evaluation of the crime of impetus poses problems in seeking clinical elements that configure the total or partial defect of mind. Even in the presence of acute psychotic syndromes it is difficult to identify a psychopathological picture that almost overlaps with the times and methods of the crime itself.From a longitudinal perspective, this contribution intends to propose a method of integrating data derived from psychopathological, criminological and forensic psychiatric analyzes, in order to identify the link between them and the criminal act that qualifies or excludes the mental defect.In the analysis of a criminal event generated during an acute psychotic episode, it’s described the logic and methodology of integrating criminological, psychopathological and psychiatric forensic data for which it was possible to identify the pathological nature of the event.The psychopathological analysis allowed the identification of psychotic manifestations before and after the crime. The criminological analysis included the decision to commit the crime, within a framework of alteration of the reality examination and recognized the delusional purpose in the same methods of carrying out the crime. So, the forensic psychiatric analysis clarified the continuity of the psychopathological manifestations in the time frame in which the crime was planned, organized and committed and to codify such manifestations as an acute psychotic episode.Although it’s not sufficient to circumscribe the criminal act between two pathologically relevant moments, this contribution shows how integrating different methods of analysis makes it possible to identify the quality of the behavior intended as a crime.


The name "Ikenna Ebuneyi" is incorrect.The correct name is "Ikenna Ebuenyi".Following the publication of the original article , the autThe correct name is captured both in the author list of this Correction and in that of the original article , which h


To build the complete picture of service provision there is a need to broaden the linked data available to include health, social service provision by Local Authorities, and provision of support by third sector organisations. Data Linkage in Social Care is a pilot project to test the feasibility of linking datasets from a local authority, the NHS and third sector organisations. The focus of this work is individual level data from adults who are referred to social services in order to avoid admission to hospital or to facilitate their discharge from hospital. The data linkage will include data from statutory and third sector organisations and services which provide interventions and support in community settings.The main aims of this research are to:Test the feasibility of linking datasets from Local Authority, the NHS and third sector organisations.Build a more complete picture of service provision using adults who have been referred to social services in order to avoid admission to hospital or to facilitate their discharge from hospital.Assess the range and quality of data available in each of the relevant organisations providing services to those individuals.The research outcome is a better understanding of the utility of data linkage across statutory and third party organisations.A Bangor University led research team partnered with the Gwynedd Local authority to explore the Governance Issues and practicalities of providing an anonymised dataset to the SAIL databank at Swansea. Two third sector agencies were also approached. With the various required Service Level Agreements in place, data were put through the tried and trusted SAIL process for analysis. Data relating to well over 20,000 referrals generated by 17,000+ social services clients in Gwynedd Local Authority from the period 2008 to 2015 were anonymised into the SAIL databank in Swansea, and linked to records from primary and secondary care. We will present results on the success of this process and on the emerging findings from the linked datasets.


To the Editor:The authors reported no conflicts of interest.Journal policy requires editors and reviewers to disclose conflicts of interest and to decline handling or reviewing manuscripts for which they may have a conflict of interest. The editors and reviewers of this article have no conflicts of interest.The ,We thank Dr Timek for his comments regarding the elegant approach to investigating the implications of incorporating (reefing) the anterior mitral leaflet to the anterior annulus.We wish to clarify the issues that Dr Timek has raised with regard to left ventricular outflow tract obstruction and aortic valve incompetence. The pressure components of the hemodynamic parameters altered by the reefing intervention were measured with a solid-state pressure catheter in the left ventricle. We have demonstrated in a separate sheep model that left ventricular outflow tract obstruction causes an increase in intraventricular pressure rather than a decrease.Both reefing the anterior leaflet and insertion of the mitral prosthesis can cause aortic valve incompetence. We performed a detailed echocardiographic assessment at the time of initial reefing and releasing of the anterior leaflet in each sheep. This included an assessment of the left ventricular outflow tract. We did not repeat this assessment for subsequent interventions in the absence of suspicion based on altered hemodynamic parameters.We hope that our findings do add to the basic understanding of mitral valve physiology and acknowledge that there are limitations to the clinical extrapolation. We remain grateful to Dr Timek for his leadership in this field of research.


These observations suggest that iron loaded transferrin influences hepcidin expression and erythropoietin sensitivity, in accordance with the previously described role of transferrin as a signaling molecule  and signals they respond to are needed within the discipline. We look forward to the exciting results that are likely to be reported in the future studies of stress erythropoiesis proposed by the contributors of this Research Topic.


We regret that two of the corresponding authors, Shujun Cao and Min Shen, were not identified explicitly in the original manuscript. The corrected list of corresponding authors for this paper is as shown above.The Royal Society of Chemistry apologises for these errors and any consequent inconvenience to authors and readers.


The poster will showcase the Training & Capacity Building Programme (TCBP) established by the Farr network that is available to PhD students and Early Career Researchers (ECRs) both from within and outside the network.The authors are using a mixed-methods approach to present the current state of the art that has motivated the structure of the TCBP and how the programme has been received by students, academic and industry leaders.Since 2014, the Farr network education leads have worked on a unique education programme that aims to equip students with key professional and methodological skills required by the roles they are likely to take in their future careers.The content of the programme has been informed by current research in the fields of data linkage and analysis of big datasets as well as the immediate experience of researchers, and healthcare and industry leads working actively in the field.We have focussed on developing a community of practice through the provision of an environment that has enabled students to share experiences and knowledge and to start building their own networks of collaboration across the Farr centres.The Farr network of PhD students comprises of approximately 66 students from a variety of backgrounds including bioinformatics, computer science, epidemiology, mathematics, psychology and statistics.The Farr network hosted 2 main events in 2015 that provided the foundation for 34 PhD students to come together to develop skills in written and oral communication, Public and Patient Involvement (PPI), problem-solving, requirements gathering, data visualisation and spatial data analysis.Formal feedback collected from each event suggests that the programme is received well by students who see it as a set of activities that complement their specialised PhD related education. Feedback from supervisors and future employers also suggests that this programme has facilitated the development of skills that are useful for their PhD and employment.The Farr network has laid the foundation for the community of practice around the analysis of real-world health datasets across the UK, and will continue to cultivate this through the enrichment of the programme.


This article has been retracted due to unethical research practices and data manipulation, falsification and fabrication. The misconduct associated with this article was brought to the attention of the journal by senior faculty at Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University and University Hospital Hassan II, who conducted a detailed investigation and provided the journal with the results, signed by the Dean and Vice Deans of faculty as well as the leaders of the departments involved, and the authors themselves.As a result of the investigation, the following infractions were identified, confirmed and detailed in the letter received by the journal:First author Fatima Abdouss submitted the article without the knowledge or consent of her co-authors.Fatima Abdouss knowingly provided a false affiliation as she is no longer a member of the cited research laboratory . Her registration in this laboratory as a doctoral student was not renewed in September 2021 due to a lack of progress in her research work and the presentation of false data.The article was submitted and published without the knowledge of the department heads cited as the source of the patient's data, Prof. Leila Bougnouch and Prof. Fatima Zohra Souilmi. Both had previously refused the submission of this article in 2021 after discovering it contains fraudulent data .Prof. Tarik Sqalli Houssaini confirms that no patient from his Nephrology Department was included in the study, despite the article's claims.The patient consent or legal tutor consent for minors was not obtained despite Fatima Abdouss claiming otherwise in her submission.This article has been retracted as a result of the aforementioned egregious academic fraud and misconduct by Fatima Abdouss. The journal is thankful for the detailed and swift response from the involved institution.


The cited article had been retracted.Following publication, concerns were raised regarding the accuracy and validity of the original data presented in this article. The authors subsequently contacted the Editorial Office to request the retraction of the article, stating that technical errors in the inclusion criteria for the initial literature screening and data extraction do not sufficiently support the reported conclusions. This was confirmed in our investigation, conducted in accordance with our policies.This retraction was approved by the Chief Editors of Frontiers in Medicine and the Chief Executive Editor of Frontiers. The authors agree to this retraction.


Older persons who migrated to the mainland United States bring with them their experiences and culture from their homelands and the process of migration and settlement in their new communities. The attitudes, values and assumptions that emerge will contribute to the interaction of the individual with the formal Long Term Care Services and Support (LTSS) system. Our research focused on better understanding of that process among older Spanish speakers. Data from four focus groups (# of participants) conducted in Spanish about the participants experience with LTSS was used in this analysis. Findings demonstrate the importance of understanding the ways in which the worldview of these persons shape their expectations and use of the formal LTSS system. The findings will facilitate the development of a Social Interaction Model to enable planners, policy makers and practitioners in LTSS to more effectively work with older migrants.


The number of foreigners living in China is very low in international comparison and has further declined recently. While the strict COVID-19-related travel restrictions played a major role in this decline, there are indications that the decline started in part before the pandemic and may well continue once the pandemic-related restrictions are lifted. Against this background, this article discusses the economic challenges that the reduction in the number of foreigners is causing for Western multinationals operating in China and to the Chinese economy more generally. The consequences could spill over to the world economy and reinforce economic and technological decoupling tendencies between China and the West.


The paper will describe the experience as consultation-liaison psychiatrist during the Covid 19 Pandemic in a private hospital in Madrid, what we have learned and its implications given the considerable and increasing interest in European Consultation-Liaison research.Following the request of one of the internal medicine department doctors the service was initially provided for patients admitted with the infection but very quickly included relatives and also the hospital staff.Patients were offered a telephone consultation that in most cases took place on a daily basis. Referrals where made by a doctor, some of them were locums due to the increasing demands of the service since patients from public hospitals were also admitted. Relatives were also referred by doctors and the frequency was more varied, depending on their needs. Members of the multidisciplinary team referred themselves..Patients and their families felt that the telephone consultation was useful to them. The work with some members of the staff is ongoing and will continue given the toxic levels of stress that they had to face and the changes taking place at the institution at the time.The COVID-19 pandemic and the short and long term consequences that will follow will increase our understanding the breadth and depth of Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry and the broad perspective required for a comprehensive evaluation and treatment of patients. My experience as psychoanalytic psychotherapist and organizational consultant proved most helpful.


Since the rates of female criminality are rising it would appear important to conduct the study of the relationship between criminal behaviour and psychiatric diagnoses in female offenders.The main purpose of this investigation is to find out origins of crimes in women and to reveal the influence of child and adolescent maltreatment on personality disorders in adult women.Clinical psychopathological, psychological, statistical.A cohort of 13 females with diagnosis of personality disorders was examined. All of them had committed crimes of violence. In the majority of the sample women had a previous history of psychiatric admissions . The retrospective review revealed that the majority of women in their childhood were exposed to emotional, physical and sexual abuse in their families. Our results point that maltreatment may distort personality formation and social adjustment and contribute to behaviour problems, negative relation to socialization and criminal behaviour in adulthood.The study revealed that psychiatric disorders in childhood and adolescence are predictive of adult criminality in females and also revealed the risk of girls who are victims of maltreatment to become a perpetrator in adulthood. This findings may be used as prognostic indicators of development of aggression in female forensic patients.No significant relationships.


We will present experience developing a system for monitoring training placements in psychiatry and community paediatrics, and how this was expanded to provide an automated anonymised MSF for trainers for annual appraisal and will identify trainers in need of additional support and other post/training programme issues. The session will be of interest to educators and medical education leads with practical tips and lessons learnt over the last 8 years since the system was first developed.The system was also used to identify trainers in need of additional support and other post/training programme issues.We used an electronic system to gain the infromation as stated in the introduction.Over the last 8 years we have collected data using this system. the results for our trust will be displayed annoymously but the system is the ficus of this presenation.The advantages of the system are that it runs throughout the year (so covers each post and placement), has high trainee response rates, has no selection bias (compared with some other MSF systems) and the results are embedded within local quality systems and individual consultant appraisals. The data that the system collects can help provide robust evidence when investigating concerns that might only arise periodically . We believe that this system will be applicable for doctors providing training in other countries and empowers the improvement of psychiatric training for the profession.No significant relationships.


The traditional approach for patient with epiphora and a blocked naso-lacrimal duct was and external approach Dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR). The technique was popularized by Toti in the early 1900s and has changed little since thenSuccess rates for this procedure have varied widely with report of success as low as the 60% and in the hands of specialized oculoplastic surgeons as high as 95%. In the early 1990's McDonogh & MeiringThis has had implications for the endoscopic techniques developed to access the lacrimal sac as well as for the results obtained with the endoscopic techniques. Early results with the endoscopic DCR were not as good as the best results obtained by external DCR and this was due to the poor understanding of the endoscopic anatomy of the lacrimal sacThe added advantage of the endoscopic DCR technique is that it leave no external scar, does not disrupt the orbicularis oculi muscle which is the main driver of the lacrimal pump and should produce superior results in patients with functional nasolacrimal duct rather than anatomical nasolacrimal duct obstruction. A joint work of the otolaryngologist and the ophthalmologist might be advantageous for the best possible management of the patient with epiphora.The ophthalmologist plays an important role in the pre-operative evaluation of the epiphora. The main indication for sugery is lacrimal duct obstruction. So, other causes must be excluded . During surgery, the ophthalmologist might also help to correct concomitant canaliculus or punctal abnormalities and to canulate the lacrimal sac with a lacrimal probe.The otolaryngologist might correct concomitant nasal and sinus abnormalities such as nasal septum deviation, nasal polyps and adenoids. The mucosal flaps, the lacrimal bone removal and the full exposure of the lacrimal sac are nicely performed under endoscopic assistance. Both the ophthalmologist and the otolaryngologist participate in the post operative care period. Endonasal endoscopic DCR with full sac exposure is now considered the gold standard for the management of nasolacrimal duct obstruction and is increasingly been practiced both by ophthalmologists and rhinologists


Intergenerational interaction has the potential to reduce ageism and increase feelings of generativity in both younger and older adults. To expand aging education beyond our aging and gerontology classes, we collaborated with our campus LGBT Center and community partners to host several intergenerational conversations between younger and older LGBTQ+ adults and allies. The goal was to foster connection across the generations in the LGBTQ+ community through discussions of topics of mutual interest . Participants in the LGBTQ+ conversations reported that they valued the opportunity to talk with members of the community from different generations and that the conversations changed their views of one another in a positive way. We will discuss the strengths and challenges of our program, ideas for future programs and research, and suggestions for integrating discussion of LGBTQ+ aging into the classroom.


Developing a mental illness and being commenced on psychotropic medication are factors that may interfere with the ability of an individual to drive safely as both can impact information processing, psychomotor actions and social interpretation. The Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency (DVLA) suggests that certain medical conditions require driving licence holders to notify them for further assessment of their ability to drive. DVLA notifiable mental disorders include psychosis, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, dementia and personality disorders. The doctor's legal duty is to assess the patient for any relevant diagnosis, inform the patient of their duty to report their medical condition to the DVLA and for the doctor to comply with the legal duty to inform the DVLA of any patient who won't or can't notify the DVLA of their medical condition. The authors conducted a quality improvement project to evaluate and improve the number of fitness to drive assessments completed for patients admitted to the five wards  at Clock View Hospital.The electronic (RiO) record for each inpatient on the five wards was scrutinised for: whether the patient's driving status was established on admission; whether the patient was notified of the DVLA rules if they did drive; whether the patient agreed to fulfil their duty of notification and, in instances where they were not, whether the medical professional had taken appropriate steps to address this.74 patients on the five wards were included in the sample. Only nine of the 74 patients had driving status documented on admission. Three of these nine patients were noted to be driving or learning to drive and were not notified of the DVLA rules. Four of the nine patients were no longer driving and so discussion about DVLA guidance was unnecessary. The remaining two patients were confirmed to be driving and informed of the DVLA regulations. Both patients agreed to comply and therefore no further action was indicated.A review of current practice indicates a deficit in incorporating driving status and fitness to drive assessment into the clerking proforma following admission to Clock View Hospital. The second half of this cycle will implement change and raise awareness amongst inpatient medical and nursing staff of the need to consider this important issue prior to discharge. A re-assessment of the effectiveness of these changes will be carried out in the future.


ICEID is organized by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and Task Force for Global Health, Inc.Emerging Infectious Diseases is providing access to these abstracts on behalf of the ICEID 2022 program committee (Emerging Infectious Diseases has not edited or proofread these materials and is not responsible for inaccuracies or omissions. All information is subject to change. Comments and corrections should be brought to the attention of the authors.


Methamphetamine associated psychosis has increased globally because of the increased usage of the substance. The use of risperidone is noted to reduce the cravings of methamphetamine in patients who have methamphetamine use disorder. This becomes relevant because the number of patients who are being treated with MAP tends to have high relapse rates. MAP is being treated with different antipsychotics and the treatment protocol is made usually for alleviating the symptoms, a formal treatment regimen for patients with MAP is yet to be developed The purpose of this review is to highlight the use of risperidone in reducing the cravings of methamphetamine in patients who have methamphetamine use disorderPubMed, SCOPUS and Web of Science literature databases were screened and filtered.With established Inclusion and exclusion criteria, obtained a total of 15578 hits which was refined to 133articles. A total of 10papers were reviewed in detailMultiple clinical trials have shown that risperidone was effective in lowering drug cravings in methamphetamine use disorder. Along with the effects on craving, risperidone has also been studied for its effect on positive symptoms in patients with MAP (Samei 2016). Risperidone was noted to be effective in reducing positive symptoms.Risperidone can be effectively used in the acute setting for psychosis and future cravings in the patients. Considering the limited clinical trials and research on risperidone and the cravings of methamphetamine use disorder, studies are needed with longer follow-ups and more samples in the future.No significant relationships.


Over the past few decades, psychiatry and mental health sciences have reached several major goals. The importance of mental health and the huge contribution to the burden of disability produced by mental and neurological disorders has been recognized by all and most recently also by the United Nations. Treatment technology has developed and permits the effective management of most mental disorders. Progress has also been made in the recognition of human rights of people with mental illness and those who care for them. More has to be done in these areas but there are also new tasks that are before psychiatry. These include the addition of primary prevention of mental disorders to previous efforts to ensure secondary and tertiary prevention of mental health problems; the development of appropriate ways of work in order to cope with problems of comorbidity of mental and physical disorders; and a fundamental reorientation of training in psychiatry and related sciences.No significant relationships.


Due to a production error, the wrong ethics statement was used. The correct statement is found below:The study was reviewed and approved by Poznan University of Medical Sciences Bioethics Committee . Written informed consent to participate in this study was provided by a participant's parent or caregiver.The publisher apologizes for this error and states that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.


The authors regret that there was an error in the corresponding authors indicated in the original article. There should only be one corresponding author, as indicated above.The Royal Society of Chemistry apologises for these errors and any consequent inconvenience to authors and readers.


In the published article, Liming Bai was incorrectly not listed as the corresponding author. The correct version is shown here.The Royal Society of Chemistry apologises for these errors and any consequent inconvenience to authors and readers.


This study aims to identify the factors that impact the empowerment of Pakistani youth and their entrepreneurial initiatives in Pakistan. A sample of 350 youngsters from renowned Pakistani universities across the country was selected for this purpose. The questionnaire was administered in person and electronically. Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS) was used for analyzing the data. The findings indicated that all the hypothesized factors  had an impact on youth empowerment and their ability to initiate entrepreneurial activities. This study identified the set of factors that impact empowerment in youngsters, and this model can be extended to other contexts and additional factors can be included. The analytical findings from this study serve to help the government formulate appropriate policies for underserved youth and include them in the policy-making process so that the factors that hinder their empowerment and entrepreneurial initiatives could be addressed. Entrepreneurship is related to the creation of new ventures and processes. The entrepreneurial initiatives taken by youngsters form the pillars of socio-economic development of the country , the number of people seeking jobs has increased. Since the youth do not see the government promises being kept, their political participation is also less. Without youth being involved in the political process of Pakistan, youth-focused governmental strategies are unlikely to be developed. Youth development measures and initiatives for empowering them have fundamentally not been very successful. Against this background, the government must undertake a gap analysis of the current youth condition and the shortcomings in the policies targeting youth which can ultimately alleviate the level of depression and stress among youth. It can be hypothesized that the lack of youth political participation has an impact on youth empowerment and entrepreneurial initiatives.H2: Lack of youth political participation has an impact on youth empowerment and entrepreneurial initiatives.The current situation of unemployment in Pakistan is due to the adverse economic and political conditions prevailing in the country. Despite being a country with countless resources, because of political instability, the economic growth of the country has suffered significantly. The political situation of the country has an enormous impact on the economic well-being of the country. Unemployment impacts youth and has adverse societal impacts . The data was collected from youth from provincial and federal capitals of Pakistan to ensure generalizability. After analyzing data from individual cities, a comparative analysis was carried out between the results from different cities. The questionnaire adapted from Fletcher , Soomro The data gathered from the samples was put to analysis in SPSS. The results show satisfactory outputs. In the model summary shown in For ranking the factors that impact the entrepreneurial initiatives of youngsters, the questionnaire used the Likert scale. The data collection involved gathering details from all the big cities of Pakistan. A sample of 1,750 respondents was selected to generalize the findings of the study. The questionnaire was circulated both manually and through online modes. Youth from selected universities all over Pakistan were selected as respondents, as the study is focused on their demography. The methodological basis of the study was quantitative in which the questionnaire was used to gather the data. A sample of 500 respondents was taken from each of the universities.To analyze the data collected from the questionnaires, SPSS was applied. The software is widely used in social sciences studies. The basic information regarding the cities of Pakistan is shown in the tables below.p = 0.000). The creation of job opportunities is one of the prime responsibilities of the government and if they are unable to do so, the youth are distressed. The policies of the government on empowering the youth of the country act as a motivating factor. Due to the environment in the country where everyone waits for getting a good job, there exists a general lack of drive in the youngsters to come up with entrepreneurial ideas. The results show a lack of youth participation in entrepreneurial activities . The lack of adequate employment opportunities due to adverse economic conditions also has a direct impact on youth empowerment and entrepreneurship . The results reveal that the social engagement of youth in different societal activities promotes their entrepreneurial activities and empowerment.Islamabad is the capital city of Pakistan which has the highest number of amenities/resources when compared to the rest of the country. The capital city is also representative of residents from other parts of the country. The results from Islamabad are shown in p = 0.000). Lack of youth participation  and social engagement  were not as influential as other factors. Employment opportunities also demonstrated an impact on youth employment and empowerment. The results are shown in Karachi is the biggest and most populated city in Pakistan. It is also the city that offers the maximum number of opportunities. Youth from Karachi consider that policies made by the government on every level directly or indirectly impact their empowerment and employment , lack of youth participation , employment opportunities (t = 11.484), and lack of social engagement  all had an effect on the motivation of youngsters to engage in the entrepreneurial activities and their empowerment levels. Peshawar, also one of the oldest cities in Pakistan is a cultural and economic hub of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The youth from Peshawar also considered all the identified factors to be impacting youth empowerment and entrepreneurship. The policies devised by the government , lack of youth participation , employment opportunities , and social engagement  as important factors that impact youth empowerment and entrepreneurship. The results are presented in Quetta is another big city in Pakistan where the number of unemployed youth is high. Similar to other cities, youth from Quetta too considered the government policies (t = 14.555; Against the backdrop of government policies and their impact on youth empowerment and entrepreneurial initiatives, research was conducted in different cities across the country and interesting findings have been documented. It is evident from the results that the respondents, drawn from different parts of the country, are of the view that government policies have a significant positive impact on the motivation of youngsters to embark on entrepreneurial initiatives and empower themselves. Similar findings have been reported by Augsberger et al.  in the UOn the impact of political participation by youth on their empowerment and entrepreneurial initiatives, respondents from the provincial and federal capital cities of Pakistan agreed that governments tend to ignore the participation of youth in political processes and policy development procedures. Youth are the biggest stakeholders as the future of the nation rests in their hands. The political system also makes it difficult for the youth to participate in it. The same strained relationship has been studied by others (Taufiq et al., The next hypothesized relationship is the impact of employment opportunities on youth empowerment. The results collected from the respondents show that the presence or absence of job opportunities in society is directly proportional to the entrepreneurial initiatives taken by the youngsters and their level of empowerment. In Pakistan, there is a lack of employment opportunities which further demotivates the youngsters from engaging in any entrepreneurial activity. The impact of employment opportunities has been examined by scholars in other contexts. For instance, Sumberg et al.  studied Finally, on the hypothesized relationship between youth social engagement and youth empowerment and entrepreneurship, this study found a positive impact. The results demonstrate that a high level of social engagement can motivate youth to undertake entrepreneurial initiatives and empower themselves. Social engagement has been examined by other scholars such as Huda et al. , Dahles It was also evident that employment opportunities are lacking in the country. The number of graduating students is increasing per year whereas the government has failed to create opportunities and employment for all of them. All the respondents from different cities unanimously agreed that employment opportunities were rare and this significantly impacted youth empowerment. It demotivated the youth and made them feel less empowered. The general sense of disempowerment also had a negative impact on youth taking up entrepreneurial initiatives. The analysis further showed that youth engagement in social activities can boost their morale to feel empowered and engage in entrepreneurial activities. Prominent business houses and the private sector should organize such activities to engage the youth in their community and motivate them to engage in entrepreneurial activities. However, the respondents from Karachi considered empowerment and initiation of entrepreneurial activities as internal motivation factors of an individual.This study established that youth empowerment and entrepreneurship are affected by all the hypothesized factors. The policies of the government, the reluctance of the youth to take initiative, scarce employment opportunities, and the lack of social engagement among youngsters prevent them from having a broader vision and inhibit their entrepreneurial activities.There are various studies worldwide on youth development, however, very few focus on youth empowerment and entrepreneurial initiatives within a framework of youth development. This research gap was particularly evident in Pakistan, a developing country. Entrepreneurial activities are the economic backbone of any country, and it serves as the cornerstone for numerous job creation and youth empowerment in society. The Pakistani institutes of higher education tend to churn out many graduates into a job market where employment opportunities are minimal which further makes it imperative to empower and motivate youth to be entrepreneurial. The factors that were identified to have an impact on the entrepreneurial behavior of young Pakistanis have been tested in the form of hypotheses and regression analysis was used for the analysis. There is a significant mismatch between the huge number of employable youth and the corresponding availability of resources to help them with good employment. Governmental policies have been questioned at every stage for not catering to the needs of young people. To empower the youth the government needs to develop such strategies which would lead to mainstreaming the youth in developmental planning actions, especially directed toward the empowerment of youngsters and assessment of the consequences of the developmental activities.This study presented a framework of factors that contributes to the existing literature on youth empowerment and entrepreneurship in Pakistan. The perspectives of youth regarding factors such as government policies, lack of youth participation, and lack of employment opportunities have been collected from the responses to the questionnaire. The results of the study suggest that the empowerment of the youth at individual and collective levels would ultimately yield positive outcomes.The government can undertake a need analysis to realistically profile the developmental situation around the country. The development of a youth policy aimed at the engagement of youth should be based on a real analysis of the situations of youngsters. Youth from minority groups should be included in the youth empowerment policies on a special basis so that everyone feels included in the national policy. Furthermore, to make the country prosperous, youth participation is fundamental. Their participation can be encouraged by designing and implementing youth programs in letter and spirit. The participation of youngsters can also be increased by educating them and initiating capacity-building programs. Youth awareness can also be heightened by initiating campaigns using modern means such as the internet, text messages, and social media platforms.There are several reasons behind youth unemployment in Pakistan such as financial crisis, unfocused government policies, and economic conditions of the country. The findings of this study implicate the lack of employment opportunities, but the provision of the right opportunities for entrepreneurship can motivate and empower young entrepreneurs. The policy makers need to realize that participation of youth while formulating national policies is the only solution to the issues being faced by young people. The youth are not just the future but they are also the present in the context of Pakistan and must be prioritized accordingly in every field.Future research can adopt a longitudinal research design to examine other conclusions. The model could be tested further with other factors and in different contexts to yield different results. The data could be collected from other respondents from different demographic profiles and compare the findings with the results from this study on youngsters. Comparison between countries can also reveal interesting insights on youth perspectives from other countries.The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation.The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by Ethical Committee University of Wah. Written informed consent for participation was not required for this study in accordance with the national legislation and the institutional requirements.AJ: manuscript writing and data analysis. ZM: data gathering. MYK: literature review. MA: analysis and interpretation. SM and SSW: draft revision. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.


Culture is not simply the aggregate of individual traits but a more or less coherent system of shared meanings, institutions and practices . It is a repository of meaningful symbols that structure experience both implicitly and through explicit models. Culture shapes how and what psychiatric symptoms are expressed, influences the meanings that are given to symptoms and impacts the interaction between the patient and the health care system. Explanatory models are the ways in which individuals in different cultures see the core reasons of their suffering. The DSM-5 cultural formulation interview is developed to be used as clinical instrument and valuable tool. It is evident that phenomena such as the increasing migratory flows and the globalisation of prevailing social criteria referred to the economy, trade, religion and the perception and the attribution of the causes of disease have determined a shift in the world cultural balance that have direct repercussions on World Mental Health. More specifically, it needs to be seen how the transcultural differences in the personality configurations and psychological operations can be correlated with the cross-cultural differences in psychopathology to arrive at an understanding of these. Furthermore, understanding the central role of culture of mental health and illness must, therefore, be central to any vision of the future of psychiatry. In this presentation transcultural aspects of mental health care in psychiatry will be highlighted and discussed.No significant relationships.


Depressive disorders are one of the most frequent psychiatric comorbidity in epilepsy and they have a negative impact on the quality of life. Depression often requires antidepressant treatment. However, it is often left untreated in people with epilepsy, in part due to fear that antidepressants could cause seizures.The goal of this study was to do a review and describe the evidence of the efficacy and safety of pharmacological treatment for depression in epilepsy.Review of literature sources were obtained through electronic search in PubMed database with special focus in papers published in the last 5 years.The existing evidence of the effectiveness of antidepressants in treating depressive symptoms associated with epilepsy is still limited and response rate was highly variable. It is essential first to optimize seizure control and minimize unwanted antiepileptic drug-related side effects. As the first line of treatment you should consider the use of SSRI or IRSN. The improvement in depressive symptoms ranged from 25% to 82% according to the different studies and depending on the antidepressant administered. A review of the literature indicates that the risk of antidepressant-associated seizures is low although some antidepressants such as amoxapine or bupropion are not recommended.There are few comparative data to support the choice of antidepressant drug or drug class in terms of efficacy or safety for the treatment of people with epilepsy and depression. It would be important to design controlled trials of antidepressants in large cohorts of participants with epilepsy and clinically significant depression.No significant relationships.


The authors regret that the original version of our paper, unfortunately, contained an incorrect picture in Figure The correction made in this erratum does not affect the original data and conclusions. The authors apologize for any inconvenience that the errors may have caused.


Urbanisation is characterised by the high consumption of nonrenewable resources and being resource-intensive in meeting the energy demands of the growing urban population. The growth compels the efficient management of urbanisation to mitigate climate change. The inability to effectively plan and manage urbanisation will result in high consumption of nonrenewable resources, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and pollution, which contribute to the intensification of climate change. Complexity theory as a theoretical framework asserts that the management of urbanisation is both complex and nonlinear. This means that the management of urbanisation cannot be done by reducing the system into individual components. The study adopted both qualitative and quantitative approaches to research. The data were collected from the four areas around the City of Polokwane and officials from the Polokwane Local Municipality. The finding of the study is that the City of Polokwane is still facing multiple challenges such as traffic congestion, lack of community participation, illegal dumping of wastes and a decline in green spaces. Furthermore, the Polokwane Local Municipality has made inroads towards reducing traffic congestion through the implementation of Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) (Leeto la Polokwane). It can be concluded that urbanisation in the City of Polokwane is not effectively planned and managed to address climate change.This article recommends that the Polokwane Local Municipality should implement a solar system plant and generate gas from the increasing level of waste in the City of Polokwane. Furthermore, the Polokwane Local Municipality should transition from operating street lights, office lights and traffic lights with electricity towards the use of solar systems. Globally, the rate of urbanisation has been unprecedented, which has contributed to the intensification of climate change his is because of an insufficient plantation to attract rainfall during the process of photosynthesis. There is a need to plant more trees around the municipality’. Green places are pivotal for the absorption of GHGs in the atmosphere and managing other environmental problems. However, a small proportion of respondents stated that the growth of the city does not necessarily result in the reduction of green spaces. The reduction of green places is attributed to the perception that the municipality continues to discourage the planting of trees and lawns around their yards. It was discovered that communities in the City of Polokwane are discouraged from planting lawns around their houses because of the persistent drought and water scarcity. The growth of the city has been driven by the municipality through the development of new housing projects and road construction around the City of Polokwane. The developments have resulted in placing more people within the city, at the same time reducing the green spaces.The 14.6% of the respondents in Spatial Planning and Land-Use Management Act, SPLUMA. The spatial plan promotes a compact city in which concentration regards transport.’ ‘Polokwane local municipality wants to roll out the Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) transportation which is guided by the Despite the challenges such as traffic congestion, Polokwane Local Municipality is making progress towards improving public transport to reduce congestion, which is guided by SPLUMA. The finding is that different areas around the city are affected differently by traffic congestion because of the location and adequacy of road infrastructure. Furthermore, the City of Polokwane, as an economic hub of Limpopo province, provides multiple economic activities such as workplaces and leisure to influence people’s need to travel. This, coupled with the narrow roads in the city, has contributed to the traffic congestion in the City of Polokwane. The few people stating that there is no traffic congestion might be attributed to different socio-economic challenges within the city and their economic activities taking place later in the morning when there is no traffic congestion.The collection of refuse for disposal is very important to reduce emissions such as methane gas. Planning for and management of urbanisation within cities have a multiplicity of complexities to ameliorate various environmental challenges such as climate change and pollution. This is because urbanisation is associated with industrialisation to improve economic growth, which potentially increases electricity consumption, GHGs, waste production and traffic congestion. The Director of Development Planning in Polokwane Local Municipality stated that:‘The implications of urbanisation need to be put in mind. This is because urbanisation has been demonstrated to have both positive such as industrialisation, economic growth and compact city and negative consequences (GHGs emissions). Some of the strategies implemented are good, but they impact negatively on the institution. The usage of solar, groundwater and gas by households will render the municipality redundant and collapse it.’ Despite the willingness of people to use gas, groundwater, septic tanks and solar systems within their households, it might negatively impact the municipality at the same time by reducing electricity consumption. The management of urbanisation in mitigating climate change demonstrates the nonlinear properties of the complexity theory. The nonlinearity is based on the fact that the reduction of electricity through these solar systems has unintended consequences on institutions. However, the respondent advocates for the application of a compact city where people can work, play and have leisure time in the same space. This can be used as a way to manage urbanisation, because it promotes an opportunity to walk and use a bicycle to work, as well as the implementation of the BRT.Leeto la Polokwane, as it is referred to) provides the potential to increase the usage of public transportation. Quantitative data from the communities provided evidence that the majority of people are not included in municipal planning. Planning and management of urbanisation within the municipality take place in the absence of the community. Therefore, the absence of these factors reveals that the process of urbanisation in the City of Polokwane is not effectively planned and managed.The policy frameworks such as SDF, IDP and SPLUMA are necessary for the management of urbanisation, but they are not sufficient to ensure that this process is managed effectively. Public participation, integrated transport, stakeholder engagement and promotion of green spaces, solar systems and gas are important to ensure effective planning for urbanisation in an attempt to mitigate climate change. The study found that there is no collaboration between the Polokwane Local Municipality and the communities around during municipal planning. The decline in green spaces, lack of public participation, high consumption of electricity generated from the combustion of fossil fuels and reliance on private cars demonstrate that it is not effectively planned and managed in the City of Polokwane. This is coupled with the increasing traffic congestion within the city, which increases GHGs. The implementation of different modes of transport systems and walkways around the City of Polokwane helps to reduce traffic congestion. Furthermore, the rollout of the BRT (The planning and management of urbanisation are very complex. The use of integrated transport systems, solar systems and gas, coupled with effective policy frameworks, are important components to effective manage urbanisation. The rollout of the BRT system provides an important trajectory towards reducing traffic congestion. Therefore, the proper management of urbanisation through the BRT system is significant in reducing traffic congestion, which has the potential to reduce the amount of GHG emissions. This is very important for the introduction of an energy mix for climate change mitigation. This energy mix is embodied in the National Development Plan and municipal IDP and connotes the shifting away from overreliance on the burning of fossil fuel for the generation of electricity. It can be recommended that the Polokwane Local Municipality should develop a strategy that will be used to ensure that the community engage and participate in municipal planning systems. Collaborative planning is an important approach that can remove the persisting top-down approach to planning with Polokwane Local Municipality. Furthermore, the plantation of green spaces is a very important environmental management strategy to reduce GHG emissions. Shifting from the heavy reliance on coal or fossil fuels towards the usage of solar systems and gas appliances by households in urban areas will significantly contribute to climate change mitigation. However, this does not mean the abandonment of the usage of electricity within the households. This connotes the implementation of hybrid systems that use electricity, solar systems, batteries and gas appliances.


Frailty has become an increasingly important aspect in the field of health research in studies of vulnerability to adverse events and individuals functioning due to accumulated health deficits. Yet, there is no agreement on how to measure frailty or identify adults as frail, resulting in high heterogeneity between estimates of frailty and identification of frail individuals. The purpose of this poster is to provide a summary of the process in the development of a frailty index with robust psychometric properties to be used in research using longitudinal health study sets.


The authors wish to make the following corrections to this paper :Error in FigureThe replacement of panels d and e in Additionally, the authors also wish to publish the corrected panel e of The authors apologize for any inconvenience caused and state that the scientific conclusions are unaffected. This correction was approved by the Academic Editor. The original publication has also been updated.


In this presentation, the managing editors of GSA’s peer-reviewed journals will discuss how the editorial offices operate and their roles in the publishing process. The topics will include how to navigate the ScholarOne submission system, why it is important to read the Instructions to Authors, and how authors can work with the editorial offices to increase the visibility and impact of their published articles.


Because the assisted living industry is neither federally regulated nor federally licensed, methodologies to study the quality of long-term care used in other settings  do not exist for the large and growing number of assisted living communities and their residents. The objective of this presentation is to present a vision for the future of assisted living research to inform quality using large, national datasets. To do this, the presenter will discuss existing approaches to identify and characterize assisted living communities and their residents using administrative data. A specific focus will be to highlight the opportunities and challenges associated with each approach. The presenter will offer suggestions for possible enhancements in existing approaches and next steps in the study of assisted living aimed at understanding and improving the quality of care delivered in these settings.


None of the original full blots could be found for any of the published figures despite the paper being published so recently and no explanations were given for the duplicated panels. The authors re-analysed their stored samples and supplied replicate blots and analyses, insisting that the conclusions of the paper remain sound. Raw data for all graphs and other cell images were supplied.The journal concluded that without the original data for all the published figures, we have no option but to retract this paper. This course of action follows the advice set out by COPE (Committee on Publication Ethics), of which Biology Open is a member.All authors agree with this retraction.


Following publication of the original article , the autThe published article has now been updated with the correct version of the figure, and the corrected figure may be found in this erratum.The author thanks you for reading this correction and apologizes for any inconvenience caused.


This project builds on previous work linking routinely collected data from birth registration, birth notification, death registration and hospital discharges, extending it to six million births in England and Wales from 2005 to 2014. This linkage is creating a new dataset to investigate previously unanswerable questions about variations in time of birth and its outcome which are highly contested in the health service in England and Wales:How do numbers of births vary according to time of day, day of the week and time of year of birth and how does this relate to modes of onset of labour and delivery?How do patterns of birth vary between maternity services in relation to variations in medical and midwifery staffing, patterns of intervention and size of unit?How does the outcome of pregnancy, in terms of mortality and morbidity rates at birth and in the first year of life, vary according to time of birth in relation to gestational age, and intervention in the onset of labour and delivery?Have the patterns changed over the years 2005 to 2014?Routinely collected national datasets for 2005-14 have been linked using patient identifiable data items. They differ in the way data items are recorded. Methods of linkage, quality assurance and data cleaning have been improved, compared with those developed in the original project.This unique approach links clinical data from hospital admissions with more reliable data on birthweight from birth registration and with gestational age and time of birth from birth notification. This enables investigation of the associations between day and time of birth with its outcome.This is also the first study to link mothers' and babies' hospital discharge data for England and Wales and to draw on public and patient involvement to include outcome measures specifically designed to be women-centred. Overall, the linkage has created a fuller range of data.Results will be available by the time of the conference. Initial results already clearly illustrate differences in timings of birth by time of day and day of the week by mothers' age, gestational age and birth setting and for singleton and multiple births. The study has created a valuable linked dataset that will uniquely enable analyses of associations between timing of birth and its outcome. These results will potentially be able to inform and impact NHS service provision.


The authors regret that affiliation e was missing in the original article. In addition, the institute name in affiliation b was incorrect. The correct affiliations are as presented here.The Royal Society of Chemistry apologises for these errors and any consequent inconvenience to authors and readers.


Sporting and cultural events allow us the space to explore the contested terrain that events can act as a force for good and agents of change whilst acknowledging that the promises are often overstated and the evidence of change more limited (Misener et al., There is growing recognition that events and festivals take place in public and civic spaces, adding to public life, and that they have the potential to leave a lasting positive social legacy. This affords us the opportunity to engage in debates and dialogue that explore how events add to public value, how they can show normative consensus, how they can be used as progressive opportunities and how they can benefit global citizens who at times are marginalized and excluded. Mega and major events theoretically offer the potential to foster just and inclusive societies which are free from fear and violence. Yet, as we have seen in most recent times around mega sport events, the challenge to make good on these promises of peace is becoming even more challenging. Sport mega-events offer the vehicle for aspirations aligning with the SDGs albeit not without controversy.This Research Topic has produced four thought-provoking intertwined manuscripts that offer different perspectives on the debates about the role of sport and events in supporting the SDGs. Each contribution offers unique viewpoint that can help inform policy makers, governments and event agencies of the power and disempowerment of events in contributing to global challenges that lie ahead. The approaches to understanding the role of sport and events are shaped around legacy expectations and planned externalities perceived from host citizens from mega-sport events, the hybrid threat covid-19 played to global society evidenced through the response to the Tokyo Olympics, the shortcomings of hosting mega sports events with the potential for associated abuses of human rights and lastly, the potential of virtual reality to be positioned as a new avenue for understanding social legacies of disability to broader impacts of events.Oshimi et al. present and extend the understanding of the role of social impact as a predictor variable for residents' behavior and intention to support events by using panel data before and after the Rugby World Cup in Japan. Their study extends the knowledge on consumer expectancy roles which are critical for host cities seeking to support the use of events for broader social agendas. Their study contributes to extending the use of social exchange theory in sporting events by identifying which impacts are more effective in forming residents' positive intention toward the event. Prospective host cities can look to this work to understand how to position the positive social impact potential of hosting an event.The four manuscripts provided in this first collection of the Sport, Leisure and Tourism section of the journal offer an interesting mix of critical realism and future potential of the role of events in addressing the goals of the UN SDG's and national/federal government's agenda for legacy and sustainability. Byers et al. break new ground in innovative approaches to considering social impact and the ways in which new technologies can support positive social legacies. They offer the possibility of the using virtual reality as tool for understanding disability leading to more opportunities for social inclusion. They specifically examine the potential of virtual reality as a technological innovation which can help create a social inclusion legacy in the context of Paris 2024 Olympic and Paralympic Games. Their conceptual model identifies legacy as a “wicked problem,” one in which host cities struggle with to develop outcomes that are realizable. They argue that we need to be embracing innovation with regards to legacy, by suggesting a new application for virtual reality technology in the context of legacy related to social inclusion. Investment in different approaches to create social legacies could help future host cities realize their desires to positive social impacts.Ilevbare and McPherson present a conceptual and somewhat controversial discussion of the term hybrid threat and offers an re-conceptualization of the term to include COVID-19. Their discussion highlights how COVID-19 as a hybrid threat, affected Japan's ability to use the Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games as a soft power tool. The global pandemic realities threatened the very foundations of what the Olympics stood for, as a force for good. Further, the authors suggest that this hybrid threat in the Games environment was symbolic of the broader global vulnerabilities calling into question the basis for Governmental planning of the use of sports events in soft power strategies. The resulting effect is that Japan was unable to re-establish the soft power narratives that are typically brought about through the hosting of the Games. Thus, the Games failed to be the act of public diplomacy that it was intended to be when Tokyo acquired the events.Ross and McDougall suggest a broader need to situate sport within the field of International Relations by outlining civil and human rights intrusions across successive Games. Their works suggest that the IOC, their partners and host cities are wedded in a symbolic and symbiotic courtship that manufactures local consent for and normalizes human right infringements. This all occurs while simultaneously providing the architecture for the spread and imposition of neoliberal order on the citizenry, masking the damage done by and through the hosting of the Olympics and Paralympic Games. The authors attest that the Olympics can leave a shadow legacy of damage for host cities, in particular what they describe as vulnerable cities. But the paper is not doomsday cry for the Games, rather it's a call for new theoretical understandings that bring together cultural sociology and entrepreneurship as an avenue for hope for the future of the Olympics.Finally, This section of the journal was launched in early 2020, and this Research Topic along with the launch. Thus, getting submissions early on proved a challenge. Nonetheless, the breadth of manuscript herein is demonstrative of the need to explore and challenge the evidence of legacy, social impact and achievement toward the UN SDG's beyond the rhetoric of bid documents and political statements. Scholars are coming up with creative theoretical approaches and are offering innovative social impact opportunities that support the idea that events can be a force of transformation for good. But this work is not without its challenges and much more needs to be done. As we move into a post-COVID era of rebuilding sport and events, and reconciling the losses and opportunities of the past several years, the time is ripe with opportunity to critically assess where and how events will be part of the ongoing global transformation.Both authors listed have made a substantial, direct, and intellectual contribution to the work and approved it for publication.The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.


Following publication of the original article , the autThe tables have now been corrected in the published article, and the corrected tables may be seen in this erratum for reference. The authors thank you for reading this correction and apologize for any inconvenience caused.


There is a current trend towards an increase in the number of elderly prisoners due to the increase in life expectancy and the change in the attitude of society and the judicial system. The cut-off for “older offender” is defined from the age of 50, due to the lifestyle previous to prision and premature ageing.The authors intend to understand the challenges of aging in prison and forensic services, highlighting the psychiatric comorbidities of inmates and how these services can adapt to the needs of this population.Non-systematic review of the literature.Studies of elderly in prisons and elderly forensic psychiatric patients are limited. Prisoners have increased physical and psychiatric morbidity and early mortality as they are more exposed to risk factors and more likely to have at least one health problem compared to older adults in the community. Compared to older people in the community, older prisoners are at higher risk for most psychiatric disorders including depression, psychosis, bipolar disorder, cognitive impairment, personality disorder and anxiety. Suicide rates are also higher among elderly prisoners. The inadequacy of the prison system to respond to the unique needs of elderly prisoners has a detrimental impact on their overall experience of incarceration. The development of specific services for elderly prisoners or the adaptation of mixed units for the elderly population is proposed.The elderly population in prisons is growing and has higher risk of psychiatric pathology compared to community elders. Prison services with difficulties in identifying and meeting these needs.No significant relationships.


Our aim is to establish a network for clinicians working in or with an interest in the growing specialty of old age liaison psychiatry to provide peer support (inclusive of disciplines and geography) and access to CPD opportunities, to raise the profile of this subspecialty and enable it to continue to develop, to facilitate collaboration and integration with related disciplines and pathways and to strengthen the voice of clinicians in lobbying for improvements in mental health services for older people in the general hospital.Old Age Liaison Psychiatry is a growing subspecialty in the UK and nationally, following widespread investment in development of liaison services in line with Department of Health strategy. With this expansion comes an increasing need for continuous professional development, networking and collaboration opportunities in order to nurture the specialty and those working in it.Over 100 people registered for the initial webinar, and many more have watched the recording. Since the webinar the network has grown to 350 members. The webinars were received very positively, with many suggestions made for topics to be covered at future events.The network has been established successfully and founders are now planning future events with the support of the Royal College of Psychiatrists, including a half day learning event in late 2022.


Following the publication of this article , concernPLOS ONE Licences and Copyright policy, and the article is being retracted upon request from the data owner. The retracted PLOS ONE article was removed from the PLOS ONE website at the time of retraction and the removed contents are no longer offered under the Creative Commons Attribution License.In light of the institutional finding, this article  does notThe authors either did not respond directly to the editorial decision to retract this article or could not be reached.


One Health is an approach characterized by the integration of human and animal health, plants, and ecosystems and encourages multisectoral and multidisciplinary efforts to achieve optimal levels of health and collaboration among different sectors and scientific areas to address challenging health problems. Through this approach is possible to obtained better results since the actions taken are normally focused to obtained co-benefits in several of the Sustainable Development Goals, including health for all and cost savings. The dissemination of One Health research and experiences is important to raise awareness for this approach. In this workshop, this will be done with the presentation and discussion of several themes where the One Health approach is of most relevance allowing to identify the most relevant barriers and opportunities for integrating One Health more widely.


Tinnitus can be defined as the perception of sound in the absence of any external sound stimulus. According to the World Health Organization, approximately 15% of the world’s population have tinnitus and this prevalence increases with age.The study of tinnitus forces the physician to dive into the anatomical and physiological universe of the auditory pathways and their connections in an attempt to understand its origin and the reactions it can cause. The knowledge of the various neural networks involved in the different aspects of the symptom made tinnitus no longer seen only as an auditory phenomenon and started to be considered a sensory, cognitive and emotional disorder. The generation occurs mainly in the peripheral auditory pathways, detection occurs in the subcortical centers, but the perception takes place in the auditory cortex, which makes each patient experience different reactions to the symptom.The diagnosis of the factors involved in the origin of tinnitus is the greatest challenge in the management of these patients. Once this difficulty has been overcome, the next stage consists of an art: treatment. Science has been very generous on this point as several tinnitus treatment options are emerging. The art consists of knowing how to choose and use each one of them. Treatment must take into account not only the etiology but also the patient’s reactions and expectations regarding tinnitus.Due to the large association between tinnitus and hearing loss, improving acoustic stimulation to overcome the lack of stimulation of the auditory pathways is critical. In this sense, the use of hearing aids and/or sound generator are the first treatment option. In addition, environmental sounds also can help to minimize the effects of maladaptive cortical reorganization and reduce the perception of tinnitus. Sound therapy is also indicated for patients with tinnitus and normal hearing.To date, there is no medication with specific indication for the treatment of tinnitus. However, many of them can be useful in controlling associated symptoms such as depression and anxiety or improving the function of the inner ear and their choice must take into account the patient’s needs. Some options are drugs that improve vascular supply, inner ear metabolism and neuronal function , drugs that act on ion channels (Gabapentin and Carbamazepine), drugs that act on neurotransmitters,  etc.The anatomical and functional associations between the ear, head, temporomandibular joint and neck are well known and are the origin of a very common subgroup of tinnitus: the somatosensory. The mechanism is complex and involves the disinhibition of dorsal cochlear nucleus activity through the serotonergic somatosensory pathway. This condition has been increasing nowadays with the home office and consequent inadequate postures. In addition, the incidence of bruxism has been increasing due to the stress caused by the Covid-19 pandemic and the acceleration of daily activities. In this context, the physical therapy approach to myofascial trigger points is the indicated treatment for this type of tinnitus.The variety of factors that can generate tinnitus and influence the degree of discomfort point to the need for an individualized and generally interdisciplinary approach. Maybe the best approach is to counseling and offer sounds. But there are several instruments available for treat tinnitus and improve the negative reactions caused by it. Unfortunately, some are only available in research centers, but the majority are accessible to all patients. It is up to the conductor to choose which instrument or instruments to use and to conduct the orchestra.


Our understanding of craniosynostosis has evolved substantially over the past several decades. Once a condition treated almost exclusively in the realm of neurosurgeons, craniosynostosis is now the focus of a very robust community of craniofacial surgeons and neurosurgeons working together for the care of these complex patients. Indeed, perhaps one of the greatest changes is the understanding that these conditions can be far more complicated than previously understood and have lifelong implications for the child with regard to the aesthetic and neurocognitive outcomes. It is now widely accepted that children with these conditions benefit from care at craniofacial centers that offer expertise in all aspects of their management.In addition to improved understanding of the condition, there have been many innovations in technology that have led to treatment evolutions over the past several decades. Some of these innovations include minimally invasive surgery employing endoscopes as well as postoperative adjuvant therapy such as placement of springs or the use of external orthoses to guide cranial growth. From a teaching and training perspective, the use of simulation also offers substantial potential benefits, especially for rare and complex conditions for which a 3D model can allow the surgeon to plan and practice the operation before an incision is made. Finally, other technologies such as external distractors and new devices such as piezoelectric surgery for bone cutting are also changing the field.In this exciting video journal dedicated to craniosynostosis, the authors evaluate some of the basic techniques and then describe the use of these new and innovative techniques for the treatment of single-suture and multisuture syndromic synostosis. The reader should be able to appreciate many of the nuances in the treatment of these disease processes and see how surgeons are dealing with the conditions using the new innovations available in the modern era.We would like to acknowledge the passing of a master in the field of craniofacial surgery, Dr. James Goodrich, whom we lost this past year. He was a pioneer in his techniques and known for his immense dedication to the field and to the children with these conditions. It is a sad loss for our community.


Following publication, concerns were raised regarding the integrity of the images in the published figures. The authors failed to provide a satisfactory explanation during the investigation, which was conducted in accordance with Frontiers’ policies.Given the concerns, the editors no longer have confidence in the findings presented in the article.The authors do not agree to this retraction.This retraction was approved by the Chief Editors of Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology and the Chief Executive Editor of Frontiers.


Comorbidity of severe mental disorders and physical illness: issues arising Comorbidity of mental and physical illness is a major, perhaps main problem facing medicine in the years before us. In addition to shortening the life expectancy of people with mental illness comorbidity with physical illness comorbidity significantly and negatively affects the quality of life of the people who experience the mental and physical illnesses and their carers and increases the cost of health care. What makes the problem even more and challenging is that medicine is currently in the process of fragmentation into ever more narrow specialties which adds difficulty in the provision of care, Most of the solutions which have been proposed – collaborative care, in-service education of general practitioners and others did not turn out to be effective solutions in dealing with the problems of comorbidity. A significant revision of undergraduate and postgraduate training in medicine is most probably an essential component of the answer to the challenge of this type of comorbidity which will also require a reorganization of health services and their financing.No significant relationships.


Applied Surface Science.1 Although different data and results are reported in each article, the Applied Surface Science article should have been cited in this RSC Advances article.The Royal Society of Chemistry has been made aware of a closely related paper, published by the authors at nearly the same time in The authors have been contacted but have not responded to our communication.The Royal Society of Chemistry apologises for these errors and any consequent inconvenience to authors and readers.


Many nations are faced with challenges regarding the sustainability of their healthcare systems. Rising costs and limited financial and human resources mean that difficult decisions regarding the provision of healthcare are imminent. Which care should be provided, when and where? These decisions will affect all current and future users of healthcare. This has given rise to calls from policy makers and others to include citizens in the decision making process. The question is how this can be done. What are viable ways of citizen participation in healthcare? What are critical issues to take into account? And how do citizens themselves want to participate?We use results from a literature review, six interviews with organizations in the field and the results of two citizen platforms to map the challenges and opportunities for citizen participation in healthcare. We study the case of the Netherlands, a country with a long and singular tradition of participatory policies.Preliminary findings indicate there are six key decision variables that are instrumental in shaping citizen participation in the field of healthcare. Among those are the kinds of knowledge that participants possess and the valuation of these kinds of knowledge by agents in the field of healthcare.We interpret the results using a Bourdieusian conceptual framework, which emphasizes the contextual framing of participation. Citizen participation can be understood as an intervention in the field of healthcare. Participation is structured by the different forms of knowledge of participants as capitals. This highlights power differences that must be understood in order to design fruitful participatory processes.• Citizen participation in healthcare understood as an intervention in the field of healthcare.• Understanding power differences is crucial for designing and implementing this intervention.


The European Association of Clinical Psychology and Psychological Treatment (EACLIPT) board has decided to nominate Ambassadors of Clinical Psychology and Psychological Treatment. Ambassadors are selected according to their achievements for our field, but also according to the perspectives for further fostering the visibility and impact of clinical psychology. The typical profile of our ambassadors is the high quality of translational research. Ambassadors commit to show their support for the association and its mission. We are proud that two extremely well-known colleagues confirmed to become ambassadors for EACLIPT: Paul Emmelkamp and Peter Fonagy, and they will be introduced in this issue. We are extending this list and will announce it in future issues of CPE, and we promise to consider gender and diversity issues. Congratulations to Paul Emmelkamp and to Peter Fonagy, and to all of us because we have tremendous personalities in our group.Claudi Bockting(President of EACLIPT)Winfried Rief(Editor of CPE)


Journal of Diabetes ResearchJournal of Diabetes Research has retracted the article titled “Fructose Diet-Induced Skin Collagen Abnormalities Are Prevented by Lipoic Acid,” , due to The authors responded to explain that the similarities between the gels could be because the same set of collagen proteins were screened, but in different fractions. The running patterns of enriched protein bands and residual protein bands are not discrepant within the lane, which the authors considers confirmation that these are accurate images. Additionally, the authors noted that most of the similarities pointed out are artefacts identified by software when the contrast of the picture is altered, and researchers routinely performing SDS page and Western blotting would agree that such things occur commonly.The authors were unable to provide the original images, which they state is due to the length of time since the experiment was conducted, and were unable to satisfy the concerns of the editorial board. The article is therefore being retracted due to concerns with the reliability of the data. The authors agree to the retraction.


Following publication of the original article , it cameThe affiliations information of the corresponding authors has been corrected in the published article, and the correct information may be found in this erratum.


The journal retracts the 01 December 2021 article cited above.Following publication, concerns were raised regarding the inclusion of proprietary information in the article. The data in question was generated whilst the corresponding author was working for another commercial company and was included in the article without proper authorization.This retraction was approved by the Chief Editors of Frontiers in Plant Science and the Chief Executive Editor of Frontiers. All authors agree to this retraction.


Clinical studies had shown a correlation between mindfulness and changes in the immune response. Other studies had observed an interaction between sensory neurons and neuropeptide-mediated immune response.This research aims to provide theoretical support to carry out a clinical study based on psychoneuroimmunology.For this, An epistemological analysis of the concepts of autopoiesis and evocative body was carried out to explain the self-conformation of the organism.The result of this analysis indicates that the autopoietic process of the organism can be experienced from the three levels proposed by the concept of the evocative body . It is posible to generate a nexus between the preontological and the logical in the autopoietic process through the ontological level. Mindfulness is the tool through which it is possible to access the ontological and thus express the preontological in the logical, thereby generating the theoretical possibility of being able to influence our therapeutic process.This analysis supports the concept of the self-management in health as a measurable therapeutic tool in a clinical study.No significant relationships.


Dear Editor,I would like to provide some clarifications regarding the questions raised in the letter about our article.,,,,Enteric duplications are rare but can occur anywhere along the digestive tract from the oral cavity to the rectum.As stated in our paper,The letter states that we did not mention anything about the communication of the lesion with the native intestinal lumen, or about the blood supply for the lesion, even though both of these are important features for its characterization.However, the requirements set forth by the author of the letter were described in This description conforms with the blood flow signals of


While it is too early to confirm the depth and the sustainability of this new trend towards slower globalisation, it may be happening in more domains than we are fully aware of, at least for the near term given the renewed backdrop of the Russia-Ukraine war and the wider use of sanctions globally.


This author shares first authorship, and contributed equally to the final publication as the first named author.In the published article there was an error regarding the attribution of author Lalani L. MunasingheThe authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.


Collaboration among various disciplines is essential to the gerontology curriculum because it is a a new and comprehensive subject. This presentation will discuss the design of interdisciplinary courses to include practical applications in the study of aging. The presenter will share examples based on personal experience to illustrate how music and psychology may be applied to the study of aging. In addition, the presentation will include analysis of actual course designs to show how different fields can be integrated in the classroom setting. This symposium presentation intends to improve cross-discipline applications as well as help students contribute to and benefit from the study of aging.