This symposium addresses the older body and later life. It focusses on the cultural and social implications of the corporeality of the ageing body. Specifically it seeks to explore the degree to which it is possible to transcend the constraints brought about by the body in later old age. Drawing the distinction between the third and fourth ages for understanding contemporary ageing the papers address three important dimensions of later old age. The first presentation by Gilleard directly addresses the corporeality of late old age noting its seeming undesirability and limitation. Gilleard posits that not only does the ageing body impact on the lived experiences of those in later old age but also acts as a cultural reference point for the representation of this period of the life course. Eliopoulos presents preliminary results from her qualitative study on social exclusion of individuals aged over 80 living in remote island environments of the Pacific Northwest. The research considers how such environments might, even in the absence of high levels of health and social care resources, mitigate some of the constraints associated with the ageing body. The chair, Paul Higgs will discuss the issue of ageism and how it is abstractly inscribed on the ageing body; often with little reference to the lived experiences of older people themselves. He will call for a more reflexive approach to ageism. Overall, the symposium seeks to draw gerontological attention to the complexities and possibilities surrounding the ageing body at later ages.


South African Disaster Management Act and National Disaster Management Framework prioritise DRR in efforts to build resilient communities with local municipalities being required to develop their own Disaster Management Frameworks. The problem is that public participation is treated as of secondary importance yet international agreements such as the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (SFDRR) actively promote public participation in DRR. A bottom-up approach is the most effective in ensuring successful DRR initiatives at the local level because communities take ownership of these initiatives and gain a better understanding of their risks. Community-based disaster risk reduction originated in the paradigm shift away from the traditional disaster management approach, moving away from reactive responses in the top-down approach in disaster risk management to more proactive responses. This research study explored approaches used for public participation to ensure successful DRR initiatives in Katlehong township. The study is exploratory and descriptive, having used qualitative and quantitative research approaches, which included questionnaires and interviews. The results gleaned from the data suggested that the role of public participation in DRR initiatives is ineffective in Katlehong township because of the reluctance of stakeholders to participate in DRR. Accordingly, it was recommended that the municipality host stakeholder sessions where stakeholders are informed about the role of the centre and about their own role in DRR. Such stakeholder sessions should assist in resolving issues such as confusion about the stakeholders’ roles in DRR and help to obtain buy-in from all the stakeholders.Disaster risk reduction (DRR) has become a policy priority worldwide and in line with this trend, the  Disasters are considered to be a local phenomenon because ‘local communities are on the frontlines of both the immediate impact of a disaster and the initial emergency response to a disaster’ ed. Shaw :iii. IncThe social capital theory, which is ‘about the value of social networks, bonding similar people and bridging between diverse people, with norms of reciprocity’ Claridge  is consiThe community-based approach in general emphasises the importance of the community, both as key actors in and primary beneficiaries of an initiative  or to limit (mitigation and preparedness) the adverse impacts of hazards, within the broad context of sustainable development. ommunities must know … what their own responsibilities are, how they can help prevent disasters, how they must react during a disaster (and why) and what they can do and support themselves and relief workers, when necessary.  and the NDMF of 2005 call for the prioritisation of DRR and the engagement of communities. At the time of the study the EMM had both a Disaster Management Plan and a Disaster Management Framework in place, both of which are promulgated by these legal instruments.Public participation is considered to be one of the cornerstones of effective DRR Reddy :43. LegaIt emerged from the literature review that although public participation is considered to be one of the cornerstones of effective DRR and there are policies and/or plans in place, communities in high-risk areas are often excluded from the formal decision-making processes regardless of the fact that disaster risks have been magnified by the increase in vulnerabilities related to underdevelopment and climate variability, among others UN/ISDR :1.The data gathered suggested that public participation in DRR initiatives in Katlehong was focused primarily on informing and consulting the public. The initiatives that have been implemented are focused on providing understanding and education to communities. Moreover, it was found that the stakeholders did not fully understand their roles or how they fitted into disaster risk management. This was identified because some of the respondents referred the researcher to the Disaster Management Centre when they heard the term DRR as they were under the impression that they did not have a role to play in DRR. It is, thus, important that all stakeholders be informed of their roles by means of a stakeholders’ session because it is imperative that all stakeholders are involved if disaster risks are to be effectively reduced.In line with the research findings, the following recommendations are suggested:Stakeholder sessions should be hosted by the Municipal Disaster Management Centre where stakeholders are informed about the role of the centre and about their role in DRR. Such stakeholder sessions would help in resolving certain issues, such as confusion about the stakeholders’ roles  in DRR, thus ensuring both buy-in on the part of all the stakeholders and also that stakeholder input is prioritised and encouraged.The Municipal Disaster Management Centre should enforce the implementation of the existing legal instruments that enable public participation in municipal departments to ensure that the involvement of other stakeholders, such as community members, in its DRR initiatives is prioritised to ensure that its activities are practically and effectively implemented.The link between members of the Municipal Disaster Management Advisory Forum and their colleagues in the various municipal departments should be strengthened. This is necessary because it would appear that some of the respondents at the municipal department were not well informed about disaster risk management despite the fact that their functions were aimed at reducing disaster risks.The Municipal Disaster Management Centre and other stakeholders should find ways in which to encourage community members to participate in DRR initiatives and activities and empower them by recognising their input into the decision-making process. This can be done by having an official present when Ward Councillors are holding community meetings.Awareness campaigns conducted by the Municipal Disaster Management Centre and other stakeholders should not be directed at schools and customer care centres in Katlehong Township only but should also conduct door to door campaigns as some respondents did not know that awareness campaigns had not been conducted in their area. Brochures and pamphlets used should be made available in local spoken languages in addition to the English language.The input of community members should be prioritised and encouraged by the EMM to enable change in policy where applicable and once they know and understand their role in disaster risk management. The municipality and the community members should form a partnership in order to achieve their goals as one.The study also recommends further research on the prioritisation and encouragement of public participation and DRR in municipal departments to ensure that service delivery is enhanced and improved, over a larger geographical area.Limitations to this study included disaster management and other municipal department officials not participating in the study because they have tight schedules while others were of the opinion that the study does not apply to them. Another limitation included community members not willing to participate because they were not getting any incentive for participating in the study, which ultimately led to a smaller sample of data.


The journal and Chief Editors retract the 10 July 2020 article cited above.Following publication, the Karolinska Institutet contacted the editorial office stating that the authors have never been affiliated with it, and contrary to the statement in the article did not receive funding for this work. The authors did not respond to the journal's enquiries and attempt to verify authorship of this article. Therefore the editors no longer have confidence in the integrity of this work.This retraction was approved by the Chief Editors of Frontiers in Neuroscience and the Chief Executive Editor of Frontiers.


Following the publication of this article , similarWhen these issues were raised with the authors, the first author requested that the article  be retraPLOS ONE Editors retract this article [The similarities between  and work article .WJZ and JS agreed with the retraction and apologized for the issues with the published article.


Following publication of the original article , errors These errors have been corrected and the original article has been updated. The publisher apologises to the authors and readers for the inconvenience caused by this mistake.


In the printed version of Oncology Reports for allowing them to have the opportunity to correct these additional errors. Lastly, the authors apologize to the readership for any inconvenience these errors may have caused.The corrected versions of


When this paper first published, it was missing the below conflict of interest statements from the authors. These conflict of interest statements now appear in the paper online.Dr Patrick Blin wishes to record that he is an employee of the Bordeaux PharmacoEpi team in the University of Bordeaux, and the studies were performed by this team at the request of the French Health Technology Assessment agency, with a grant from Lundbeck and according to the European Network of Centres for Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacovigilance (ENCEEP) code of conduct and independence.Dr François Paille wishes to record that he has received payments for consulting activity  and for invitations to speak at conferences connected with Lundbeck, Indivior and Pfizer.


Oxygen therapy is applied in a variety of clinical situations where patients have low levels of oxygen in the blood and is part of one of the procedures in nursing care. Knowing that home care is more beneficial for the patient, because it promotes a faster recovery and guarantees comfort and safety, preserving its autonomy , it is pset of pictograms that complement the clinical nursing procedure on oxygen therapy (teaching step by step the therapeutic) and a good practice manual (helps to understand oxygen therapy and serves as a record and monitoring of the difficulties experienced).An Educational Tool for Health purposes was originally designed using pictograms, which illustrates/anticipates the therapeutic procedures, destined for patients who need oxygen therapy with regularity. The instrument is made up of a The use of pedagogic tools for health using pictograms can be a strategy to improve interpersonal communication between nurse and the patient and/or informal caregiver . They caThe Strategies for Health Education are increasingly relevant on what concerns the change in health behaviour. Pedagogical materials of this nature facilitate the understanding and use of therapeutic procedures used daily, allowing to reduce the excessive dependence of professionals and health services and are fundamental contributions for a greater autonomy and adherence to the health behaviours of the patient and/or informal caregiver.


This review article presents a good overview of the molecules and how they are produced microbially.This review article focuses on the metabolic pathways involved in the microbial production of aroma and flavor molecules.Chemical and Engineering News highlights the emerging transition of the industry from conventional chemical synthesis to microbial fermentation.This article in the This review article focuses on chemical classes of molecules in flavors and fragrances. It discusses why they are important and how they are produced microbially.This summary links to an article on microbial production of terpenes. Historically, terpenes are among the most important of the flavor and fragrance molecules. Recent bioengineering of the core terpene biosynthetic pathways has opened up new routes to many important molecules.This research study describes the enzymatic synthesis of butyl butyrate.Traditionally, commercial pyrazines for flavor and fragrance applications have been extracted from plant material. Recent advances make it possible to derive these compounds more inexpensively via microbial fermentations.In this popular science article, scientists and business people in the flavor and fragrance are interviewed. They paint a picture that the industry is moving increasingly to microbial production of desired aroma and flavor molecules.In addition to being used to extract pure compounds, microbes have often been added to foods to enhance flavor. This article discusses that point using examples like yogurt and cheese.Escherichia coli and Corynebacterium glutamicum.Methyl anthranilate is not a household name, but it is a popular choice in industry to use for providing grape flavoring and for scent in perfumes. This study describes its production in It is worth wading through the advertisements on this site if one is interested in the history and business of a major player in the flavor and fragrance industry.This Wikipedia entry explains that Givaudan is one of the largest companies in the flavor and fragrance space. Like many of its competitors, the company traditional used synthetic chemistry but currently is increasingly using microbial biotechnology to make important molecules.This commercial site of Sigma‐Aldrich is useful in explaining the different categories of flavor and fragrance molecules. It also has lists of chemicals in each category so one can learn the compounds that are important in the industry.


Bilingualism is a valuable tool that enriches and facilitates cultural, social and lived experiences for autistic and non-autistic people alike. Research consistently finds no negative effects of bilingualism and highlights the potential for positive effects across cognitive and socio-cultural domains for autistic and non-autistic children. Yet parents of autistic children remain concerned that bilingualism will cause delays in both cognitive and language development and are still frequently advised by practitioners to raise their child monolingually. Evidently, findings from research are not reflected in practice or subsequent advice, and it is essential to identify ways to ensure equal access to additional language learning. We briefly summarise the existing literature on bilingualism and autism, considering perspectives from the bilingual autistic community, and experimental research. We identify the most pertinent barriers to participation for autistic bilingual children in terms of familial, clinical and educational perspectives. We propose novel solutions to promote additional language learning and suggest changes to practice that will contribute to an evidence base for families and practitioners. This commentary makes innovative recommendations at both the individual and societal level to ensure that autistic bilingual people have equal rights and opportunities to language learning and are optimally supported in accessing them. While all children should have access to language learning and the opportunities that come with it, as a fundamental human right, this is currently not the case for all autistic children. The U.N. Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities  but choose to use the majority language at home. Unlike fluent speakers . The funding source had no role in the writing of the article or in the decision to submit the article for publication.The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.


In this presentation, the managing editors of GSA’s peer-reviewed journals will discuss how the editorial offices operate and their roles in the publishing process. The topics will include how to navigate the ScholarOne submission system, why it is important to read the Instructions to Authors, and how authors can work with the editorial offices to increase the visibility and impact of their published articles.


Due to an administrative error with the export of abstracts to production, the authors on some of the published abstracts were listed in an incorrect order. The affected abstracts have been resupplied online with the correct author listings.


Journal of Fungi. Because the geometric means of fluconazole and voriconazole in some isolates were not correctly input into the low trailing or high trailing WT group during the visualization process when using GraphPad Prism , the authors wish to make the following corrections to this paper , which wAll co-authors agree with the content of this correction and wish to apologize for any inconvenience to the readers resulting from this error.


The transition to residential care facility may symbolize the joining into the 'community of older people'. This may influence the ways men in late life construct their identities and the intersection of aging and masculinity. Due to some barriers, this experience may be difficult to express explicitly. Bibliotherapy aims to bridge this gap by using literature to address diverse issues in the form of reading and writing activities. In this presentation we will present "The Literary Parliament" project, in which bibliotherapy and poetry groups of men in late life were conducted in residential care facilities in Israel. We will present findings of a qualitative research which explored poems written by group participants, and the way these helped participants to express their perceptions and feelings of ageing and masculinity in the context of residential care. The use of bibliotherapy to encourage psychological discourse among men in late life will be discussed.


The author names were typeset as supplied by the authors in their manuscript and were approved in proofs. However, the authors wish to correct the author list in their article  because This change does not affect the results, discussion and conclusions presented in the article. The published article has been updated.


In part 1 of this remarkable collection, we told you the story of The Protein Data Bank (PDB) ( Susan S. Taylor  and colleagues use cAMP-dependent protein kinase as a model system to show us the many levels of detail of the structural basis of signaling  focuses on how the structures of protein–DNA complexes have provided insights into regulation of transcription  and his colleague Robyn Stanfield trace how structures were pivotal to our understanding of antibody–antigen interactions and revealed the diversity of the antigen receptors and the antigens in the immune system  provides an exciting and informative review of the evolution of the field of protein homeostasis, from the first structures of chaperonins to the recent elucidation of protein aggregate structures  and his colleague Karolina Michalska describe how worldwide structural genomics programs attempted to meet this challenge, developing high-throughput pipelines for all steps en route to structural characterization  as a field unto itself was an outgrowth of the huge amount of data produced by the genome sequencing projects and the resultant challenge of determining the structures of the proteins encoded by every genome. rization . These eAndrej Sali  describes how this type of integrative modeling using results from multiple approaches is done, the challenges it presents, and how a pipeline is being created for archiving these data  and his colleague Mitchell Miller dispel this notion, examining the ways in which biomolecular dynamics are studied (An inadvertent and undesirable outcome from presenting the beautiful structures in the PDB is that they can create an impression that macromolecules are static.  studied . As caseJane and David Richardson (Duke University) and David Goodsell  have together changed how we think of macromolecular structure and how we use images to better understand the biological processes we seek to elucidate (The last review in our collection chronicles how the visualization of macromolecular structure depiction evolved hand in hand with the PDB and advanced the ability of researchers to appreciate and functionally interpret molecular architecture. lucidate . What isThe compilation of wonderful reviews in this second part of our thematic JBC issue celebrating the 50th anniversary of the PDB, together with the reviews included in part 1, illustrates the spectrum of hugely impressive science enabled by the establishment of the PDB to facilitate open sharing of macromolecular structures. Moreover, it is abundantly clear that the advances in biological science in which the PDB played a role also led to a synergistic evolution of the PDB to serve the scientific community in ever better ways. There is so much to celebrate! And so much wonderful science to embrace! We hope you enjoy the terrific articles in this collection as much as we do.The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest with the contents of this article.


Embalming of the dead is more common in the United States than anywhere else in the world. Battles far from home during the Civil War with concern for contagion from dead bodies being shipped home, compelled President Lincoln to direct the troops to use embalming to allow the return of the Union dead to their homes. Viewings were common with war heroes and culminated with the viewing of Lincoln himself. In the 20th century embalming became a tradition despite substantial evidence indicating environmental and occupational hazards related to embalming fluids and carbon dioxide generated from manufacturing steel coffins before placing in concrete burial vaults. Embalming is promoted and considered helpful to the grieving process when families are comforted by a the appearance of a peaceful death. Embalmers are expected to produce an illusion of rest, an image that in some ways disguises death for the benefit of mourners. The dead are carefully displayed in a condition of liminal repose where the 'true' condition is hidden, and death is removed from the actual event. In this paper we highlight the spiritual and cultural complexities of embalming related- issues. We also provide data on the lack of grieving families’ preparedness for the financial burden associated with the death of a loved one and the lack of knowledge of alternative options. We propose an innovative process to empower people facing serious illness, and their families to make shared and informed decisions, especially when death is the expected outcome.


PLOS Genetics to indicate that it has come to their attention that the flies used in this study did not carry the patient derived PRPS mutations described in the article. The corresponding author clarified that in light of their recent findings the results and conclusions reported in this study are unreliable, and requested retraction of the article.Following the publication of this article , the corAll authors agree with the retraction and apologize for the issues with the published article.


The authors independently contacted the Editorial Office requesting that the paper be retracted.Following the publication of this paper, an interested reader drew to the attention of the Office that the GAPDH control bands shown in Fig. 5 were strikingly similar to data appearing in different form in other articles by different authors. Owing to the fact that the contentious data in the above article had already been published elsewhere, or were already under consideration for publication, prior to its submission to The Editor apologizes to the readership for any inconvenience caused.


Community participation in health care delivery will ensure service availability and accessibility and guarantee community ownership of the program. Community-based strategies such as the involvement of Community Health Volunteers (CHVs) and Community Health Management Committees (CHMCs) are likely to advance primary healthcare in general, but the criteria for selecting CHVs, CHMCs and efforts to sustain these roles are not clear 20 years after implementing the Community-based Health Planning Services program. We examined the process of selecting these cadres of community health workers and their current role within Ghana’s flagship program for primary care–the Community-based Health Planning and Services program.This was an exploratory study design using qualitative methods to appraise the health system and stakeholder participation in Community-based Health Planning and Services program implementation in the Upper East region of Ghana. We conducted 51 in-depth interviews and 33 focus group discussions with health professionals and community members.Community Health Volunteers and Community Health Management Committees are the representatives of the community in the routine implementation of the Community-based Health Planning and Services program. They are selected, appointed, or nominated by their communities. Some inherit the position through apprenticeship and others are recruited through advertisement. The selection is mostly initiated by the health providers and carried out by community members. Community Health Volunteers lead community mobilization efforts, support health providers in health promotion activities, manage minor illnesses, and encourage pregnant women to use maternal health services. Community Health Volunteers also translate health messages delivered by health providers to the people in their local languages. Community Health Management Committees mobilize resources for the development of Community-based Health Planning and Services program compounds. They play a mediatory role between health providers in the health compounds and the community members. Volunteers are sometimes given non-financial incentives but there are suggestions to include financial incentives.Community Health Volunteers and Community Health Management Committees play a critical role in primary health care. The criteria for selecting Community Health Volunteers and Community Health Management Committees vary but need to be standardized to ensure that only self-motivated individuals are selected. Thus, CHVs and CHMCs should contest for their positions and be endorsed by their community members and assigned roles by health professionals in the CHPS zones. Efforts to sustain them within the health system should include the provision of financial incentives. Community participation is a “strategy that provides people with the sense that they can solve their own problems through careful reflection and collective action”  for them.” The group is responsible for mobilizing resources for the development of CHPS compounds including the provision of leadership in constructing temporal structures to accommodate midwives so they can stay in the community and provide delivery services.…” These people help to monitor the work of the CHO and mobilize resources for the development of the CHPS compound. Some of them come together and they are able to put up temporary structures for the midwives to conduct delivery services in CHPS compounds that lack delivery rooms. They also ensure that both the CHPS compound and the CHO have security.”The committee also plays a mediatory role where grievances surrounding health care delivery in the communities are channeled through them to providers in the health compound. They work closely with the community health officers to address challenges that the community health compound faces and also to improve communication between the officers and their clients.….” We also, sit with the nurses and collaborate. Sometimes the nurse may say something to a woman, which she is not happy with, she will complain to the CHMC and the committee will sit with the nurses and advise them on how issues should be handled so that we can progress.”Respondents and discussants said the community has the responsibility of responding to calls by the CHMCs regarding meetings, contributions, and other initiatives. The community is also responsible for guiding the conduct of the CHMC members and to ensure that the committee is performing its duty. Community concerns about the community health compound and the services provided are channeled through the committee to the health authorities.This study assessed the selection procedure and the roles of CHVs and CHMCs in the implementation of CHPS. The selection of CHVs and CHMCs is currently not standardized within the health system but generally individuals who are willing, honest, and hardworking serve in these positions. CHVs lead community mobilization efforts and assist in providing basic health services in rural communities while the CHMCs mobilize resources for the development of CHPS compounds including serving as mediators between communities and the CHOs. Both CHVs and CHMCs receive non-financial incentives for their efforts.Communities play a vital role in the participation of volunteers in the CHPS program. They identify and select potential volunteers with specific criteria given by health professionals, who usually train and supervise their work. Although many communities use the health provider’s criteria for the selection process, few do advertise the position and the reason is that the selection of volunteers have received the least attention in the CHPS deployment framework. Thus, some communities do not strictly follow the lay down rules in selecting volunteers . Health Community health management committees are volunteers with different competencies and responsibilities, who guide and mobilize community resources for the planning and delivery of health services , 12. OneVolunteerism typically excludes remunerations or payment of compensations. Thus, both CHVs and CHMCs who are considered volunteers within CHPS are not paid or compensated. Some studies have reported that remunerated volunteers are more likely to be effective in performing their duties than unmotivated volunteers . AlthougThis study has a number of limitations that include recall bias. This could have limited the validity of the data because some participants could have forgotten about past events involving community health workers’ selection and participation in the CHPS program. To minimize recall bias, participants were asked to respond to questions they know about the CHVs and CHMCs. Using different local languages to collect the data could also have distorted the presentation of the questions to the respondents. However, the standard training for field workers and supervisors and the translation and back translation of the questions minimized the language bias and the open-ended interview techniques allowed us to capture the views of the respondents in their own words. This study focused on selection procedures and roles of CHVs and CHMCs within the context of the CHPS program and might not be generalizable to other contexts because of the uniqueness of the design and implementation of the CHPS program in the Upper East region. However, our findings are similar to other programs in developing countries that explained the selection and use of community health volunteers in health service delivery. Social desirability and politeness biases may have been a possibility in this work, but study procedures and training protocols were designed to reduce these kinds of biases and interviewers were university graduates who had no links to the delivery of health services. Respondent bias may have occurred since some respondents were directly involved in selecting and assigning health volunteers and giving them roles in the CHPS program. Despite these challenges, it is important to note that the people we interviewed were forthcoming with information about the program. Four evaluation advisors reviewed and examined the research process and data analysis to ensure that the findings are consistent and could be repeated.The CHPS program is established by the Government of Ghana to provide basic health services in rural areas. CHVs and the CHMCs are the representatives of the community in the routine implementation of CHPS. They play an important role in the implementation of primary health care by mobilizing communities for health programs and provision of basic healthcare services in rural communities. The selection criteria for this cadre of health workers differ from community to community, but there is the need to make the selection criteria uniform to ensure that only self-motivated individuals are selected. Therefore, CHVs and CHMCs should contest for their positions and be endorsed by their community members and assigned roles by health professionals in the CHPS zones. Regardless of the setting, the selection usually ensures that only people with the volunteerism spirit, patience, tolerance, and selflessness are given the chance to serve. Besides non-financial incentives, motivating CHVs financially could help to improve their participation and retention.


In this paper of the Urogenital Research Unit from Brazil we observe the importance of translational research in urology . Basic rThe authors comment in this paper that early weaning can predispose the offspring to greater risk of developing chronic diseases in adulthood and that the consumption of functional foods is able to prevent these effects. The authors performed a experimental study in rats and shows that early weaning resulted in hyperglycemia and important morphological changes in the prostate. During the experimentation the authors shows that dietary supplementation with cocoa powder attenuated these effects on the metabolism and prostatic histoarchitecture, proving to be a good nutritional treatment strategy.


The mission of applied gerontology is to bridge science and practice to benefit the health and well-being of older persons, their families, their communities, and other contexts. This presentation will provide insights from the Journal of Applied Gerontology and its attempts to publish and disseminate scholarship that has international application. Following an overview of the growing internationalization of peer-reviewed submissions to the Journal of Applied Gerontology on a variety of topics and from a range of perspectives, the presentation will highlight key achievements as well as ongoing concerns and opportunities to better achieve the goals of applying gerontological scholarship to aging contexts worldwide. Concluding comments will examine how outlets for dissemination and authors themselves can better position their work to enhance their influence on aging in an international context.


Following the publication of this article , similarWhen these issues were raised with the authors, the corresponding author requested that the article  be retraPLOS ONE Editors retract this article [The similarities between  and work article .WJZ and JS agreed with the retraction and apologized for the issues with the published article.


The authors regret that, in the original publication of this article, some author affiliation details were missing.An extra affiliation has been added for the authors Karnekanti Dhanalaxmi and John Mondal. Full details are provided in the affiliations section of this document.The Royal Society of Chemistry apologises for these errors and any consequent inconvenience to authors and readers.


The current audit aims to identify the gaps in the practice of administering prn buccal midazolam, for management of epilepsy in people with intellectual disability and to review training needs, with a view to improve patient care.Convulsive status epilepticus is a medical emergency requiring admission to hospital and has a mortality as high as 20% (SUDEP -Sudden Unexpected Death in Epilepsy). It is imperative that the carers are fully aware of the risks associated with the epileptic attacks, are able to recognize the attacks and offer rescue medication to the patient in a timely and effective manner. National guidelines have been drafted jointly by ESNA  and ILAE  for prn administration of buccal midazolam. The use of rescue medication by trained carers can significantly improve the outcome and reducing the risk of hospital administration and chances of SUDEP. Buccal midazolam is widely used to manage prolonged seizures. Administration should be undertaken only by people who have received both epilepsy awareness and buccal midazolam training.All patients with intellectual disability with epilepsy were studied and patients who were prescribed prn midazolam have been shortlisted shortlisted for data analysis. A template was designed and data are being collected from the carers, community nurses and the prescribing clinicians. Data are categorized under headings of background information about epilepsy, recognizing complications during a seizure and the ability to administer buccal midazolam. Further information about the type and the frequency of training courses (including the refresher courses) being offered to the carers for administration of buccal midazolam would also be documented. There is also data collection pertaining to the timely review of the care plan by the prescribing clinicians and the about the licenced or unlicensed used of midazolam. The quality of epilepsy awareness training is being explored in depth and also the competency of the county council nurses offering the training to the carers shall be analysed under different headings.Data are currently being collected in Hertfordshire and Essex mental health services.After the data analysis, the short comings shall be addressed and effective measures shall be put in place to improve the quality of training being provided to the carers and to standardise the practice for prn midazolam prescription.


More than 99% of the DNA code is identical for all people. The remaining percentage is of interest to forensic scientists because of the variations in the DNA that exist between individuals and that allow to identify them. The purpose of the presentation is to give an overview of the strategies developed by the forensic experts to identify criminal offenders, to resolve unestablished paternity or identify remain of unknown soldier. Examples provided by our works on forensic or historical cases will illustrate this presentation.


Following publication, concerns were raised to the editorial office regarding the reliability of the scientific evidence as presented in some figures. The authors failed to provide a satisfactory explanation during the investigation, which was conducted in accordance with Frontiers' policies.This retraction was approved by the Chief Editors of Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine and the Chief Executive Editor of Frontiers. The authors did not agree to this retraction.


To measure the standard of care provided to patients who had a natural and expected death whilst in secure care at Roseberry Park Hospital, Middlesbrough.Mallard ward is a low secure psychiatric ward for older aged men suffering from cognitive difficulties and significant physical comorbidity in addition to a severe and enduring mental illness. The patient population is such that it will remain the most appropriate placement for some patients until their death. It is vital that staff members on Mallard ward and indeed all parts of the Trust are aware of the priorities for care of the dying person and ensure that care is provided in accordance with these priorities.The Leadership Alliance for the Care of Dying People (LACDP), a coalition of 21 national organisations, published One Chance to get it Right – Improving people's experience of care in the last few days and hours of life in June 2014. This document laid out five priorities for care of the dying person focussing on sensitive communication, involvement of the person and relevant others in decisions and compassionately delivering an individualised care plan.The data collection tool was adapted from End of Life Care Audit: Dying in Hospital, a national clinical audit commissioned by Healthcare Quality Improvement Partnership (HQIP) and run by the Royal College of Physicians. Data were collected from both electronic and paper records. There were three natural and expected deaths in the last two years.For all three patients, there was documented evidence that they were likely to die in the coming hours or days.End of life care discussion was held with the nominated persons and not with the patients due to their lack of mental capacity.The needs of the patients and their nominated persons were explored in all three cases.All patients had an individualised care plan which was followed.The palliative care team supported the staff with the care of these patients.The care provided was largely consistent with the priorities listed.The national audit compares performance of only acute NHS Trusts with no data to reflect the performance of mental health hospitals. It is imperative that mental health services work in collaboration with physical health and palliative care services so they are able to continue providing a high level of care to this patient group. Clinicians and staff involved in the care of dying patients also need to be adequately trained.


The authors have retracted this article. After the publication, the authors engaged in follow up work which yielded different results to this article. The authors believe this is due to inconsistencies in the results of the surgeries and have therefore lost confidence in the reliability of the results.Sheng Zhang, Huagui Mo, Yucheng Liu and Guohua Zhu agree to this retraction. Bin Yu has not responded to any correspondence from the publisher about this retraction.


In the last two decades, the roles of microRNAs in the biology and progression of human cancer have been extensively studied; at present, these small non-coding RNAs are considered powerful gene regulators. microRNAs are involved in almost all biological and cellular processes, such as proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis . AberranThis Special Issue includes eleven papers—five original manuscripts, six reviews and one systematic review—investigating the biological role of microRNAs in different tumor types and potential diagnostic and clinical approaches.Lin and colleagues  presenteThe discovery of the potential role of microRNAs as a biomarker in the detection of the early stage of the disease represents one of the most promising developments in microRNA research. It is well documented that microRNAs are released into body fluids, and their detection represents a powerful noninvasive and sensitive method for early diagnosis. Aita and colleagues  analyzedThe results from studies of circulating microRNAs are often not reproducible due to a lack of accurate quantification of these molecules. The lack of standardization in the protocols has been identified as a possible cause of this issue, particularly the use of different strategies to normalize microRNA expression. Oto and colleagues  reportedAll the research presented in this Special Issue provides an overview of the potential use of microRNAs to understand tumor biology and explain their roles as biomarkers to modulate the biological pathways that are critical for cancer development and progression, as well as providing useful insights to predict clinical outcomes or responses to therapy. We are only at the beginning of the journey to understanding and clinically applying the knowledge of microRNAs. We hope that the studies presented in this Special Issue can spark additional interest and trigger new, insightful research in this field in rapid expansion.


Formative work by Groenewegen et al. established in the early 1990's that the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus (PVT) was a major source of afferent inputs to the nucleus accumbens of the ventral striatum (Berendse and Groenewegen, It was evident in numerous studies using expression of the immediate early gene c-Fos that the PVT is a region of the brain strongly activated by emotionally arousing and stressful conditions [see Hsu et al. ]. The fiThe topic includes seven articles exploring the functional role of PVT including two new empirical contributions that examine the function of the PVT in a rodent model of drug-seeking and brain imaging of human subjects. The topic also includes five timely review papers that discuss some of the most significant experimental findings to date implicating the PVT in wide variety of appetitive and aversive behavioral response. We anticipate that this collection will provide those who are interested in studying the PVT a useful starting point for their own investigations.Matzeu and Martin-Fardon further establish the contribution of the neuropeptide orexin in the PVT in reward-seeking in rats made dependent on ethanol by chronic intermittent vapor exposure. They show that pharmacological blocking of orexin receptors in the PVT prevented stress-induced reinstatement of ethanol and a food reward seeking in ethanol-dependent rats. These experimental findings are consistent with the view that the PVT integrates and relays stress-related signals to regions of the brain involved in modulating motivation and that exposure to addictive substances leads to maladaptive behaviors.Kark et al. examine functional connectivity patterns of the PVT in resting human subjects using MRI imaging. These findings indicate that the PVT in human subjects is functionally coupled with many regions of the brain known to be structurally connected in rodents and non-human primates. The study suggests that the PVT is integrated into the default mode network associated with self-referential thought. This study provides foundational information for investigating how the PVT functions in human subjects.Kooiker et al. discuss the potential contribution of the PVT by which early-life emotional experiences influence a wide range of behaviors throughout the lifespan and contributes to resilience or vulnerability to mental health disorders. The paper highlights what is known about the anatomy and function of the PVT in the regulation of behavior and discusses how novel technical approaches can be used to better understand how early-life experiences produce enduring behavioral changes by modifying PVT circuits.Curtis et al. combine findings in the published literature with their observations from the Allen Brain Atlas to describe the distribution of neuropeptides in PVT neurons of the rat and mouse with a special focus on neuropeptides known to be involved in regulation of behavior. They observe that different neuropeptides are not evenly expressed across the anteroposterior axis of the PVT. They further discuss potential functional differences between the anterior and posterior aspect of the PVT based on the distribution of neurons expressing these neuropeptides in the PVT.Kirouac describes the anatomical connections of the PVT with forebrain regions known to regulate aversive behaviors and discusses the evidence that shows that neurons in the PVT integrate viscerolimbic information and threat signals from diverse regions of the brain. Research findings are discussed demonstrating that stress can produce a long-lasting enhancement of orexin signaling in the PVT in a way that can lead to anxiety-like behavioral tendencies. These experimental observations along with recent anatomical discoveries are used to generate a model of how the PVT regulates anxiety-like behaviors.Iglesias and Flagel review the significant findings implicating the PVT in the regulation of motivation including some of the differences between the anterior and posterior aspects of the PVT. There is a focus on the importance of a hypothalamic-thalamic-striatal circuit where it is posited that the PVT integrates information regarding the internal states and the external environment to translate it into motivated actions. They discuss their research findings that orexinergic innervation from the hypothalamus encodes the incentive motivational value of reward cues.McGinty and Otis discuss the contribution of the PVT to behavior and highlight some of the contradictory findings reported in the various investigations. They discuss some of the afferent inputs and efferent projections by which the PVT regulates conditioned appetitive and aversive responses and the novel approaches that have been employed to study the PVT as well as some of their limitations. The authors discuss the fact that the PVT is anatomically complex and provide suggestions on how to further our understanding of the PVT's role in motivation.The experimental findings and theoretical discussions regarding the function of the PVT clearly point to the need to further explore how the PVT fits within the brain circuits that mediate adaptive behavior including learned and motivated responses and those associated with stress adaptation. It is also apparent that the PVT is both neurochemically and anatomically complex and that the development of novel experimental approaches will be instrumental in furthering our understanding of the functions of the PVT.Both authors were involved in writing this Editorial and approved it for publication.The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.


Following publication of the original article , the autLetter of ethical clearance was obtained from Haramaya University, Department of Statistics and submitted to the University of Gonder Teaching Referral Hospital to get permission to conduct the research. This study was developed in accordance with established legislation and complies with the norms of good clinical practice, and informed consent was being not necessary as personal identifying information was kept separate from the research data. Finally, the study protocol was approved by the ethics committee or medical directors of the University of Gonder Teaching Referral Hospital.The authors would like to apologise for this mistake and are very sorry for the inconvenience caused.


Veterinary Medicine and Science encourages post publication discussion and would welcome readers to contact the journal if errors are identified.We would like to thank the reader who highlighted the errors in this published review on parasites in horses in Iran for bringing this matter to our attention. The authors have addressed many of their concerns and the correction has been published here.


Animal Frontiers has published several issues in which components of animal agriculture are examined in the context of a sustainable food system  meat production systems over 30 yr, and As mentioned previously, part of creating sustainable ruminant livestock systems is the ability to develop indicators of sustainability, including the measurement of greenhouse gases and other emissions. Animal Frontiers demonstrates not only the importance of the task to create sustainable animal agricultural production systems but also the progress we have made.In summary, significant progress has been made in the identification of indicators and the creation of an environment in which sustainable development can occur. The SARS-COV-2 pandemic has identified barriers to adaptability to sudden changes that can and are being addressed. New knowledge is available as the field progresses with the development of models and decision tools and that knowledge is actively translated to livestock producers through active outreach and extension programs. There are also increasing numbers of arenas in which people can work together such as the Global Roundtable for Sustainable Beef and Dairy Sustainability Framework. This issue of


The transition to residential care facility may symbolize the joining into the 'community of older people'. This may influence the ways men in late life construct their identities and the intersection of aging and masculinity. Due to some barriers, this experience may be difficult to express explicitly. Bibliotherapy aims to bridge this gap by using literature to address diverse issues in the form of reading and writing activities. In this presentation we will present "The Literary Parliament" project, in which bibliotherapy and poetry groups of men in late life were conducted in residential care facilities in Israel. We will present findings of a qualitative research which explored poems written by group participants, and the way these helped participants to express their perceptions and feelings of ageing and masculinity in the context of residential care. The use of bibliotherapy to encourage psychological discourse among men in late life will be discussed.


The COVID- 19 pandemic has demonstrated the value of digital solutions to patient care and to patient safety. here are many solutions that have yet to be fully implemented. In this commentary we discuss the value of barcode technology to ensure secure supply chains and the delivery of reliable and efficient processes in healthcare. This will facilitate the implementation of WHO policies on supply chains as well as support initiatives on medication safety.


More attention of the medical staff to this sign can lead to faster diagnosis and timely treatment of patients. More attention of the medical staff to this sign can lead to faster diagnosis and timely treatment of patients. In addition, physical examination revealed bluish gingival pigmentation.The patient was a factory worker who had been in contact with molten lead in a battery factory for four years, so we decided to do related evaluations of lead poisoning for him. The laboratory testing revealed a lead blood level of 165 mg per deciliter  and hypochromic microcytic anemia. Basophilic stippling was seen in the peripheral blood smear (Figure The patient has been admitted to our hospital's toxicology and poisoning department with the diagnosis of lead poisoning and has been treated with the succimer as a chelator therapy. Other treatments and diagnostic evaluations are being followed.We consider bluish gingival pigmentation at the gum tooth line, Burtonian, or lead line, a rare presentation of lead poisoning and may not be presented if the patient had good oral hygiene.More attention to this rare sign can lead to faster diagnosis and timely discontinue of contact with the lead and prevention of chronic lead poisoning.None.Mohammadreza Moslemi is the corresponding author and contributed to conception and design of the report and final approval of the version to be submitted. Ali Banagozar approved the final version of the submitted article. Alireza Mirghaffari prepared the figure and revised the article critically for important intellectual content. Morteza Haramshah drafted the article or revised it critically for important intellectual content.This study was performed according to the principles outlined by the World Medical Association's Declaration of Helsinki on experimentation involving human subjects, as revised in 2000 and has been approved by the ethics committee of the Tabriz University of Medical Sciences.Written informed consent was obtained from the patient for the publication of this report and clinical images. Consent has been signed and collected in accordance with the journal's patient consent policy.


There was an important omission in the Acknowledgments section as published. There must be a reference to an institutional funder of the work on the article. The corrected Acknowledgments section is shown below.ACKNOWLEDGMENTSThe article was prepared within the framework of the HSE University Basic Research Program. We thank Caroline Schnelle for her tireless assistance in digging up the pertinent social science literature, and Dr. Georgi Dragolov for his invaluable help with data handling.The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.


Following publication of the original article , the autThe authorship has been updated in the original article and the correct authorship may be seen in this correction.The authors apologize for this mistake and any inconvenience caused. All authors agree to this correction of authorship.


The recent pandemic has shown the threat posed by infectious diseases to the general population. Throughout the pandemic, the importance of vaccines, therapeutics, and diagnostics was evident to aid in the management of the COVID-19 outbreak. This is true for any infectious disease where diagnostics is critical to inform a person of their infection status and therapy to aid in the recovery. The use of antibodies in the development of diagnostics and therapeutics was evident with the surge of antibody development projects during the recent pandemic. This Research Topic focuses on the recent development of recombinant antibody technology for infectious diseases.Roth et al., where they detailed the application of phage display for the development of antibodies against various infectious agents. The review provided a comprehensive view on the technology and its potential applications. Additionally, Spencer et al. discussed the role antibodies play in the HIV prevention. They were eloquent in describing the challenges faced for moving broadly neutralizing antibodies from discovery to clinic. This has always been seen as a major hurdle for any antibody project. The breadth of coverage conferred by antibodies was highlighted with the review by Longoni et al. where they discussed the role antibodies play in protozoan infections.The role of recombinant antibodies in infectious diseases was clearly described by Moreira et al. provided an account of how phage display is applied to identify monoclonal antibodies for the detection of Listeria monocytogenes. Liu et al. exhibited the potential of phage display to be used for the development of antibodies against chikungunya virus. The work pays homage to the variability of different recombinant antibody formats that can be engineered. The work focused on the stability of domain antibodies against chikungunya. The application of recombinant DNA technology to engineer improved characteristics can also be witness by the publication from Schneider et al. They showed how lyophilized Fc-fused scFv formats can aid in prolonging the shelf life of the antibodies which is very essential for the applications of antibody therapeutics, but also diagnostics, in countries where a constant cold chain for transport and storage cannot be guaranteed.With the lessons learned from the latest pandemic, it is evident that the role of recombinant antibodies is critical in times of health crisis for the rapid development of diagnostics and therapeutics. Therefore, constant advancements in technology not only for the isolation and identification of monoclonal antibodies against infectious diseases is crucial, but also for the further development of diagnostic approaches as well as preclinical development.All authors listed have made a substantial, direct, and intellectual contribution to the work and approved it for publication.The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.


The pandemic from COVID-19 causes a health threat for many countries and requires an internationally coordinated response due to the high spread of the infection. The current local and international situation gives rise to logistical and ethical considerations regarding the imbalance between needs for assistance and availability of health resources in the continuation of the emergency. A shortage condition will require healthcare professionals to choose between patients who will have access to respiratory support and those who will have to continue without. The sharing of criteria for the introduction of patients to the different therapeutic paths is fundamental to prevent the onset of ethical issues. The present paper analyzes the critical issues related to the scarcity of healthcare resources and the limitation of access to intensive care with the aim of proposing ethically sustainable principles for the management of the current pandemic situation. The declaration of pandemic from COVID-19 released by the World Health Organization (WHO) on March 11, 2020 sanctioned the beginning of a public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC). This state of emergency causes a health threat for many countries and requires an internationally coordinated response due to the high spread of the infection  engaged human and material resources far beyond the tolerance limits of health systems, producing conditions of extraordinary lack of care .The management of ethical disputes in the emergency period requires advance planning that provides specific guidelines to hospital management and healthcare professionals. Among the challenges to be addressed, limiting access to intensive care represents the main and most discouraging issue. The severity and duration of respiratory problems due to COVID-19 is able to saturate the intensive care system in a very short time . A shortThe sharing of criteria for the introduction of patients to the different therapeutic paths is fundamental precisely to prevent the onset of ethical issues when the time for evaluating alternatives will necessarily be scarce .The present paper analyzes the critical issues related to the scarcity of healthcare resources and the limitation of access to intensive care with the aim of proposing ethically sustainable principles for the management of the current pandemic situation.The current pandemic scenario has led to a serious shortage of respiratory support machines requiring a rapid “arms race” for crisis management. According to previous estimates, a pandemic may require tripling the availability of mechanical ventilators .System overload is made it impossible to provide respiratory support to patients with respiratory failure who need mechanical ventilation to survive. The deficiency status raised unprecedented allocation dilemmas that imposed the subordination of any decision to public health goals . As wellUnder normal conditions, the lack of resources for intensive care constitutes a sporadic event that can be resolved through an assignment based on the “first come, first served” principle. Sporadic shortages generally lead to the development of short-term measures to increase the availability of intensive care. Among other things, it is important to divert patients to other hospitals, cancel elective surgery, use post-operative rooms as temporary Intensive Care Unit (ICU) beds. Furthermore, it is possible to accelerate the transfer to the ward of patients weaning from intensive care to maximize the availability of ventilators. It is absolutely clear how such measures cannot be feasible during the present health emergency precisely because of the severity and duration of the current coronavirus disease.The emergency context requires instead to review the general principles for the allocation of scarce resources with a view to maximizing health outcomes, giving priority to patients who can be treated more efficiently . AlthougThe first ethical issue concerns the possibility that the goal of maximizing the number of lives saved could take over the patient's autonomy. Public health officials, clinical experts, and political representatives should agree on criteria for establishing the care priorities that individual healthcare professionals and patients should follow.Secondly, it is not disputed that patients with a high probability of survival after a few days of intensive care should receive the highest priority. However, the characterization of such a group of patients is extremely difficult since the evidence is currently scarce and incomplete ; in factThe third issue is related to equity and perception of equality during a public health emergency. The population is more inclined to subordinate personal interest to the common good if the constant application of the same criteria is evident. Specifically, people are less likely to accept mandatory emergency measures and to sacrifice for the community if apparently some are receiving special consideration or favoritism .Finally, the fourth problem concerns the obligation to ensure transparency during the emergency phase. The priorities and policies of triage should be accessible in order to make the methods for allocating resources known to the population and prepare the community for any individual discussions on access to care .Although there is a broad consensus on the use of triage to minimize loss of life during a pandemic, hospitals, and healthcare professionals are forced to face heterogeneous situations and make difficult decisions in specific cases .The complexity of the problem is increased by the need to re-evaluate patients who have already had access to intensive care. In fact, patients receiving respiratory support may have a worse prognosis than new patients with respiratory failure. The continuation of intensive care in patients with poor prognosis and low expectations of maintaining the state of health determines a limitation of access for patients who instead, despite being able to benefit from respiratory support, are directed toward other care paths.Therefore, the non-inclusion of patients already admitted to intensive treatment in the triage process can lead to a decrease in the total number of lives saved. On the other hand, discontinuing intensive care for patients with poor prospects for improvement would violate the ethical rules that the physician should be loyal to patients and act in their best interest. Although the choice to stop treatment is emotionally difficult for healthcare professionals and the patient, logically there is no difference between the interruption and the initial exclusion if in both cases the justification complies with the emergency rules and has been discussed between the subjects involved.With a view to profitable crisis management, it may be useful to separate the roles of triage and care to allow doctors to keep the patient's interests a priority. An out-of-care physician in the intensive care unit can be appointed to make triage decisions so that the doctors involved in care are not obliged to decide to maintain or stop mechanical ventilation. Such an approach creates a situation in which the triage doctor can make decisions based on the overall results for the population, while the attending physician is free to serve the patient's best interest.If the shortage of means for intensive care persists after the application of the probability of survival and short-term need for mechanical ventilation criteria, several other criteria may be considered for the assignment of respiratory support. These criteria could include life expectancy and likely quality of life after treatment. However, the use of such criteria should be limited or even avoided in emergency conditions due to the physician's evaluative subjectivity, possible disagreements with the patient and concerns about injustice.Unfortunately, patients with respiratory failure who do not have access to ventilatory support can experience death. Therefore, such patients should be candidates for respectful and compassionate palliative care pathways, including at home . Death fThe response of health systems to the pandemic emergency imposes medical, scientific, moral, and ethical considerations on the political and health authorities involved . The revPreliminarily it is essential to establish that the scope of the guidelines for the selection of access to intensive care must be universally limited to contexts in which there is an effective scarcity of health resources. In fact, the aprioristic application of the triage procedures would be in clear contradiction with the previously mentioned principles.Governments and healthcare systems must provide hospitals and healthcare professionals with explicit criteria for assessing patients with respiratory failure under conditions of limited access to intensive care. Similarly, it is essential to prepare guidelines for the practical management of critical issues during the implementation of triage procedures.For a correct allocation of resources, it is essential to aim at maximizing therapeutic successes and safeguarding public health by prioritizing patients who can be treated in a more profitable and efficient way. In this perspective, it is important to plan health care according to the integration between home and hospital care through the formulation of shared operational protocols; in this way, it would be possible to identify patients manageable at home avoiding the excess of requests for hospitalization. Such an objective presupposes the implementation of territorial systems through the recruitment of health professionals and specific training.Triage procedures should be conducted by professionals not directly involved in patient care. Based on the criticality of the conditions at the local level, the triage procedure should be extended by re-evaluating the subjects already admitted to intensive care.In view of the objective difficulties weighing on the prognostic evaluation of patients, the recommendations should be promptly updated based on the evidence on COVID-19.Nonetheless, the regulatory obligation to inform patients on decision-making criteria emerges to foster trust in care relationships. Particular attention must be paid to fragile individuals who may be at risk of family and social isolation at the time of need for assistance. Sharing the established criteria with public opinion is fundamental in order to promote acceptance of the sacrifice for the benefit of public health and limit discussions during the management of concrete cases.Of course, given the impossibility of guaranteeing access to intensive care for all patients, it is necessary to plan paths for the provision of respectful and compassionate palliative care. The administration of analgesic and sedative drugs should however be carried out maintaining the objective of alleviating suffering and avoiding active euthanasia practices.The outbreak and rapid evolution of the COVID-19 pandemic forced national health systems to redefine the priorities for access to care due to the increased need for assistance and the scarcity of resources. The present discussion has outlined the general principles that should be considered in the management of the current pandemic emergency for the protection of public health.The main question in a pandemic situation concerns compatibility between the restrictions imposed by the need to allocate health resources and the assistance obligations of health systems. Specifically, it is necessary to establish whether in a context of rationing it is necessary to review the ethical principles underlying medical care. Obviously, ethical foundations of care must change in consideration of the dramatic increase in health care loads imposed by the pandemic .Certainly, the ordinary “first come, first served” criterion must deal with the critical issues related to the scarcity of resources making it necessary to adopt practical choices . TherefoThe extraordinary nature of the pandemic scenario, especially in the acute phases of the different waves, cannot lead to the overcoming of fundamental ethical values. The COVID-19 health emergency highlighted the importance of promoting macro-allocation policies capable of guaranteeing the protection of the individual even in exceptional conditions. In other words, the implementation of health policies aimed at investments in preparation is fundamental so that, in the emergency state, one should not be forced to choose which individuals to treat. What happened during the pandemic must lead to a reflection on the protection of the individual and on the need for maximum inclusion in care pathways so that the rationing or scarcity of available resources should not lead to the identification of criteria for selecting the value of human life. Ultimately, it is crucial to avoid “loosening of the mesh,” even if only temporary, of the protection network of the fragile individual to avoid the risk of marginalization, discrimination, and disproportionality in access to care, even outside the emergency. The goal of health systems must be to ensure the greatest number of lives saved, guarantee life expectancy and aim to improve the quality of life. In this perspective, it is necessary to ask whether the health professional can independently be a resource allocator and whether he can alone make choices that penalize the most vulnerable people .Considering that the right to health is universally thought fundamental, inalienable, and essential for the dignity of life, the need to support health professionals in the emergency context is evident, making sure that the individual is not forced to decide for himself which patient to sacrifice.The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/supplementary material, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author/s.All authors contributed equally to manuscript drafting, critical discussion, and approved the final version.The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.


Medicine is based on knowledge from scientific studies and the validation of clinical experience. Medical knowledge must be well established before it can be considered as the basis for decision making. Journals have a clear responsibility to help readers recognize the level of evidence for the claims published in their manuscripts. Levels of evidence alone do not determine the quality of the article but help readers to understand the significance of the claims.We recognize that our discipline, radiology and medical imaging, also suffers from a certain lack of reproducibility of its results when translated into practice. Although our clinical work is firmly based on years of practice and well-known criteria and characteristics, new proposals and some older standards are not free of errors and biases.Authors are encouraged to specify in the manuscript the appropriate level and recommendation of their claims, following the criteria of this journal. The categorization into only three levels is based on publications in addition to critical approach to technical and clinical studies related to medical imaging [This is the main reason why our journal encourages authors to follow this guideline when analyzing referenced papers and their own work Table . The lev imaging –5. These


The Care Programme Approach (CPA) can be an effective tool in coordinating the care and treatment needs of people with mental illness and learning disabilities. Within prisons settings, the CPA has been poorly implemented and the principles underpinning this approach have been lost. The aim of this research was to look at the key themes identified as part of a consultation process to develop quality guidance on planning effective mental healthcare in prisons in relation to the CPA.The consultation exercises included telephone interviews and hosting a national consultation event to represent the views of prisons nationally. It was conducted by the Quality Network for Prison Mental Health Services, a quality improvement initiative organised by the Royal College of Psychiatrists’ Centre for Quality Improvement.The results derived from the consultation process indicates that CPA in prisons is inconsistently adopted and that there is lack of confidence in the process from prison mental health teams, particularly with how to engage community mental health teams.This concludes that there is a substantial need for standardisation and consistency in the application of the CPA process within prisons, for the purposes of enhanced care delivery, greater continuity of care, and improved patient outcomes. The Quality Network for Prison Mental Health Services used the findings from this consultation to produce a national guidance document on planning effective mental healthcare in prisons, which can be accessed for free by all prison mental health teams.


PLOS ONE and subsequently withdrawn by the authors. Despite high similarity between the two bodies of work, the authors and affiliations listed on the withdrawn submission are different from the authors and affiliations listed on the published article.Following the publication of this article , the ediPLOS ONE policy.The authors have not responded to communications regarding the similarity between the submissions and the authorship concerns. It remains unclear who conducted the research described in this article  and whetPLOS ONE Editors retract this article.In light of the unresolved concerns the The authors either did not respond directly or could not be reached.


Professional socialisation is significant in nursing as it involves immersing learners in the profession so that they adopt the ethical values and conduct of the profession. It is in the clinical learning areas where learners observe and practise those values. The objective of the review was to explore the factors that promote professional socialisation of learners in the clinical learning areas. The problem is the inadequate support for learner nurses in the clinical learning areas. The South African community has lost trust in nurses and that was even acknowledged in the national nursing summit in 2011.To present a review of the factors that facilitate professional socialisation among undergraduate nursing learners.A systematic review was conducted on literature from 2008 to 2018. The literature search focused on factors that facilitate professional socialisation of learner nurses. A search of databases was conducted in CINAHL, MEDLINE, Google Scholar and Science Direct. The search focused on literature on professional socialisation of learner nurses published from 2008 to 2018. The search resulted in 3035 articles which were further reduced to 13 after further synthesis. Critical appraisal skills programme was used to assess the quality of the studies.Three main themes emerged. Learner factors, factors in the clinical learning areas and interpersonal factors were identified as the factors that facilitate professional socialisation of learners.Learners should have self-motivation and be supported and assisted to develop a positive professional identity. The clinical learning environment should have effective communication that fosters learning. Professional nurses should act as exemplary role models so that learners can emulate the conduct and practice. The review brought to light that the professional socialisation of learners is affected by the learner factors, clinical learning areas and personal factors. Professional socialisation is the process whereby a person who is new in the profession adopts the norms and values of the profession to make them his/hers and act as such. Dinmohammadi, Peyrovi and Mehrdad  defined The journey to professional socialisation is not a smooth process as one must suddenly adopt and adapt to a certain way of behaviour and conduct. Professional socialisation happens through professional identity which is complex and can only be met through socialisation and conformity to the expectations of the organisation  indicated that professional nurses are responsible for the clinical supervision of learners. Mutual respect between the clinical staff and learners is the key ingredient in professional socialisation as it allows the learners to explore the impact of clinical learning and they can learn in a relaxed environment. This was confirmed by a study in Malaysia which indicated that there was a positive association between providing support and encouragement to learners, and the learners’ performance in the clinical learning areas  What are the factors in the clinical learning areas that facilitate professional socialisation for undergraduate nursing learners? (2) What role do professional nurses play in the professional socialisation of learners? The results were used to identify factors in the clinical learning areas that impact professional socialisation among undergraduate nursing learners in an attempt to effectively socialise these learners in the nursing profession.A systematic review was used to obtain data from the reviewed literature. Systematic review is research synthesis conducted to identify and retrieve international evidence relevant to a question/s and to appraise and synthesise the results  research checklist and the CASP Singh  were useThe papers were assessed for their clear indication of the aim of research, methodology and research design applied, ethical issues, sufficient data analysis, findings and the value of the research. The researcher first reviewed the articles and then sent them to two other researchers for their evaluation. Each of the researcher reviewed the articles separately and then came together to discuss the findings. This is the last stage in the review. It is the process of coding of findings reported by the primary studies Siddaway . The iniThe themes that emerged from the review were as follows: (1) Learner factors that facilitate professional socialisation, (2) Factors in the clinical learning areas that facilitate professional socialisation, and (3) Interpersonal factors that facilitate professional socialisation.The summary of the reviewed literature is indicated in A positive professional development and identity lead to effective professional socialisation , feedback is a well-known component of teaching and learning that can enhance and motivate a learner, or conversely intimidate and demotivate them depending on how it is given and received. The findings revealed inadequate communication between the nursing education institutions and the clinical learning areas.A sense of belonging for learners in the clinical learning area is significant in promoting professional socialisation. Tirgari  argued tBelonging and acceptance are human needs, which are placed in the middle level of five tiers as described in Maslow and Lewis’s  hierarchA study on nursing students, belongingness and workplace satisfaction (Borrott et al. Role modelling was identified as a major factor that influences professional socialisation. Learners indicated witnessing inappropriate behaviours by professional nurses during patient care which they identified as being wrong. On the contrary, there were also positive role models whom the learners admired and wanted to emulate in future. To enhance professional socialisation, professional nurses should act as exemplary role models to learners. Role modelling is an ‘unintentional act of not only observing the behaviours of others but also interacting with other healthcare professionals’ Kelly . In IranProfessional nurses need to demonstrate therapeutic communication, critical thinking, compassion, enthusiasm and positive attitudes all the time in the clinical areas. This is also supported by Gibbs and Kulig  who indiThe presence of exemplary role models in nursing practice is very important as this kind of behaviour and attitude in the profession will empower the learners to have appropriate skills, knowledge, values and belief of the profession. Learners are inspired by professional nurses who have a positive attitude to challenging situations, who can multitask with diligence, who effectively communicate with the patient, members of the health team and manage to challenge clinical situations professionally. They consider such professional nurses to be role models and want to emulate such behaviour and conduct. The sentiment was also shared by Lyneham and Levett-Jones  who indiIn another study by Mendes, Da Cruz and Angelo  studentsIn a situation where professional nurses act in a manner that does not uphold the moral and ethical principles of the profession, they are unintentionally sending the wrong message to the learners that it is ‘acceptable’ to act as such. This is supported by Paliadelis and Wood  in theirTo enhance the professional socialisation of learners in the clinical areas, the following recommendations were identified:Lay a foundation through the teaching of ethics and professional values before clinical placement.Ethics and professional conduct should be thoroughly deliberated with the learners for them to have information about the topic.Students should be encouraged to attend events where ethical conduct is discussed.Have constant communication with the clinical learning areas to discuss clinical issues that impact professional socialisation of learners.Professional nurses to act as exemplary role models as they are the ones who are always with the learners in the clinical learning areas.Managers in the clinical learning areas to offer support to professional nurses so they have the adequate resources to provide care to patients.The Nurses Pledge of service should be discussed often in the clinical learning areas to enhance internalisation and understanding of the code so that professional nurses and learners are reminded of their commitment.The primary limitation of this study was that the study was only about nursing learners whereas the concept of professional socialisation affects all professions. The other limitation was that the researcher reviewed the qualitative literature; quantitative literature could have also had valuable information about the phenomenon.To enhance professional socialisation, the learner must be motivated to be in the profession and must be taught about the accepted behaviours that the profession demands. The theory is always taught in the NEIs but applied in the clinical learning areas. The intrinsic motivation should drive the learner to want to be the nurse and develop the identity in the profession. A positive professional identity enhances socialisation. The clinical learning area must play its part in ensuring that the environment is conducive for learning. An environment which is supportive and where communication is effective will foster professional socialisation. Learners are like blank pages when they enter the clinical learning areas. The professional nurses are the authors of the professional socialisation, who write on these blank pages through role modelling and creating a conducive environment for learning in the clinical areas.


Dear Editor,We read with great interest of the report by Tang et al.  about thUsually, when identifying predictors, it is necessary to evaluate interactions and multicollinearity within the independent variables and to improve the performance of the modeling through a process of variable selection such as stepwise. In this study, although the details of the variables selected by the authors are explained in detail, the relationships among the variables and the selection criteria are not discussed. Evaluating variables improves not only the performance of modeling but also has the advantage of reducing the number of variables to be captured and applied in practice. The author will need to discuss the discussion on variable evaluation. This study could be used to model the prediction of PTSD in families who have experienced bereavement in the ICU. To do so, it is also necessary to discuss the external validity of the obtained model. In this study, only the construction of the model was conducted, and external validity was not examined. It is necessary to discuss whether or not to examine the external validity of the model in the same characteristic group, as has been partially discussed in the literature review. PICS-F, including PTSD in families who have experienced bereavement in the ICU, is becoming more well known but not well proven . A more  We appreciate the interest expressed and comments provided by Dr. Yagome and colleagues to our publication. A more advanced model of prediction of severe PTSD symptoms for bereaved family members of ICU decedents was suggested by examining interactions and multicollinearity among the proposed independent variables, selecting variables through stepwise regression, and evaluating external validity of our final model.We aimed to exploratorily and comprehensively examine the predictors of severe PTSD symptoms for bereaved family members of ICU decedents from immutable family and patient characteristics and modifiable factors of EOL care in ICUs to fill the gap of current limited and inconclusive knowledge about factors associated with ICU bereaved family members’ severe PTSD symptoms as indicated in the Introduction section. Without a well-established theory  or conce


This Retraction follows an Expression of Concern relating to this article previously published by Portland Press.Bioscience Reports at the request of the Editor-in-Chief and the Editorial Board following receipt of a notification from a reader, alerting the Editorial Board to unusual repeated background features in the Western blots.This article is being retracted from The authors have been contacted in regard to the retraction and were asked to provide the raw images for these Western blots. However as the images provided during the investigation differed from those in the published paper and appear to show signs of editing, the Editorial Board stands by the decision to retract. The authors were asked to agree to the retraction but did not respond to the Editorial Office.


The COVID‐19 pandemic and the resulting containment policies have hit the Philippines harder than most developing countries. The government lockdown is among the strictest in the world, and blanket school closures are the lengthiest. This article uses a novel simulation model to estimate the gendered and regional impacts of these factors on labour, income and poverty, and a case study of school closures points to the losses in employment among private school teachers and in the income of parents with young children. The authors find that the pandemic has had unprecedented implications for economic activity and has disproportionately affected women.


Furthermore, flow cytometric data featured in Fig. 2D were strikingly similar to those in another previously published paper, and cell cyle data included in Fig. 3 had apparently previously published elsewhere.Owing to the fact that the contentious data in the above article had already appeared in different form in other articles prior to its submission to Molecular Medicine Reports, the Editor has decided that this paper should be retracted from the Journal. The authors also expressed their intention to retract the paper on the grounds that the corresponding author and several of the authors failed to confirm the approval of the final version of the manuscript. The Editor apologizes to the readership for any inconvenience caused.


Affiliation a was incorrectly given in the original article. The correct affiliation is as shown in this Correction notice.The Royal Society of Chemistry apologises for these errors and any consequent inconvenience to authors and readers.


Cellular oncogenes have been identified by the biological activity of tumour DNAs in transfection assays and/or by homology to the transforming genes of retroviruses. In some tumours, the biological activity, organization or expression of these genes is altered, suggesting that such alterations contribute to the development of neoplastic disease. Experiments leading to the identification of cellular oncogenes are reviewed and our current understanding of the mechanisms by which they induce transformation of cells in culture and may contribute to the pathogenesis of neoplasms in vivo is discussed.


Prescribing practices for patients with cancer pain among populations of doctors in the United Kingdom have been assessed by means of a postal questionnaire. The results indicate that amongst the sample of doctors completing the questionnaire the basic principles of pain control in cancer appear to be understood. Regular oral morphine or diamorphine are most often chosen with the dose being determined mainly by the severity of pain with no arbitrary upper limit. Fears of addiction and respiratory depression, and a relatively long prognosis no longer appear to be major deterrents to the use of strong opioid analgesics. These data indicate considerable shifts in opinion in the doctors responding to the questionnaire and these results and their implications for current and future teaching about the management of cancer pain are discussed.


Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research shortly after submitting the article to European Spine Journal. European Spine Journal accepted the article [Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research in November 2006. Since it has been brought to the attention of all authors that duplicate submission and publication have taken place the decision has been made to retract the article published in Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research. Dr Wenbao Wang accepts full responsibility for this unfortunate situation and is deeply sorry for any inconvenience this may have caused to the editorial staff of Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research and its readers.The corresponding author, Dr Wenbao Wang, submitted this article  to Journ article  in Septe


Most monoclonal antibodies that have been raised to human epithelial tumours bind to only some of the cells in a tumour, showing that tumour cells are very heterogeneous in their expression of antigens. Normal epithelia show the same heterogeneity of antigen expression, as also do cell lines and clones of epithelial cells in culture. It is not related to the mitotic cell cycle. Many, probably most of the antigenic determinants to which the antibodies bind are carbohydrate structures. It is not clear whether variations in antigen expression reflect variations in the differentiated state of the cells or merely variations in the carbohydrate structures on otherwise identical cells, nor is ir clear whether antibodies could be made that bind to all tumour cells by avoiding antibodies to carbohydrate structures. The normal and apparently reversible nature of this heterogeneity of antigen expression conflicts with conventional views that heterogeneity among cells of a tumour is due to permanent genetic change. The heterogeneity within normal clones suggests that cloning is not an adequate way to study heterogeneity in tumour cells. The implications of heterogeneous expression of antigens within tumours for therapeutic and diagnostic application of antibodies are discussed.


Study of expression of ras-related oncogenes in human premalignant polyps and malignant tumours of the colorectum, as well as in normal colorectal mucosa, shows a significant elevation in the premalignant and malignant tissues as compared to their respective colorectal mucosa. These results suggest that activation of the ras oncogene family occurs in the development of colorectal tumours and that elevated expression at a premalignant stage may well be critical in the process of carcinogenesis but not in itself sufficient.