pubid int32 1.29M 27.9M | instruction stringlengths 177 506 | input stringlengths 87 5.14k | output stringlengths 36 1.81k |
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15,248,378 | Answer the research question based solely on the provided abstracts. If the abstracts support it, say yes; if they contradict it, say no; if they are insufficient or ambiguous, say maybe. Explain in a few sentences.
Question: Are keratin 8 Y54H and G62C mutations associated with inflammatory bowel disease? | Keratin 8 is a major component of intermediate filaments in single-layered epithelia of the gastrointestinal tract. Keratin 8 deficient mice display signs of colitis and diarrhoea characteristic for inflammatory bowel disease. Very recently, two keratin 8 mutations, Y54H and G62C, were identified.
We investigated if t... | I'd call it No. Our data indicate that both keratin 8 mutations, G62C and Y54H, do not play a relevant pathogenic role in inflammatory bowel disease. |
12,721,755 | Below are abstracts and a yes/no-style research question. Synthesize what they imply and respond with your judgment (yes, no, or maybe) plus reasoning.
Question: Does tamoxifen induce apoptosis in Fas+ tumor cells by upregulating the expression of Fas ligand? | Tamoxifen (TAM), a nonsteroidal anticancer agent, is used in the treatment of breast cancer. In the current study, we investigated whether TAM induces apoptosis in tumor cells by altering the expression of Fas and Fas ligand (FasL).
Several tumor cell lines were used to test the ability of TAM to induce apoptosis, whi... | The current study demonstrates that TAM can induce apoptosis in Fas(+) tumor cells by upregulating FasL.
So overall I'd say Yes. |
25,152,207 | Below are abstracts and a yes/no-style research question. Synthesize what they imply and respond with your judgment (yes, no, or maybe) plus reasoning.
Question: Is telbivudine plus pegylated interferon alfa-2a in a randomized study in chronic hepatitis B associated with an unexpected high rate of peripheral neuropath... | This study investigated the antiviral efficacy and safety of telbivudine in combination with pegylated interferon (PegIFN) alpha-2a in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients.
This was a randomized, open-label, multicentre study, in treatment-naïve patients with HBeAg-positive CHB, comparing the efficacy and safety of telb... | Combination therapy carried an increased risk of peripheral neuropathy. Despite the rapid and profound reductions in HBV DNA levels, combination therapy with telbivudine and PegIFN should not be used.
So overall I'd say Yes. |
21,975,431 | Below are abstracts and a yes/no-style research question. Synthesize what they imply and respond with your judgment (yes, no, or maybe) plus reasoning.
Question: Is methylation status of CpG sites in the MCP-1 promoter correlated to serum MCP-1 in Type 2 diabetes? | Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) is a potent chemokine and plays an important role in atherosclerosis of Type 2 diabetes. The aim of this study was to investigate the methylation status of CpG sites in the MCP-1 promoter in Type 2 diabetic patients and its correlation to serum MCP- 1 level, and blood glucose ... | These data suggest that hypomethylation of CpG sites in the MCP-1 promoter region may be affected by blood glucose and TG, which then increase the serum MCP-1 level and may play a role in the vascular complications of Type 2 diabetes.
So overall I'd say Yes. |
22,249,755 | Below are abstracts and a yes/no-style research question. Synthesize what they imply and respond with your judgment (yes, no, or maybe) plus reasoning.
Question: Does the characteristics and factors of emergency service visits for fall? | To analyze the characteristics of visits to the emergency services that result from falls and to identify the factors associated with these visits.
A cross-sectional study of 12,617 visits that resulted from falls, recorded in the National Injury Surveillance System, was carried out. The data were collected in 23 Braz... | The results show that strategies to prevent falls should target residences, schools, and work environments.
So overall I'd say Yes. |
21,177,790 | Answer the research question based solely on the provided abstracts. If the abstracts support it, say yes; if they contradict it, say no; if they are insufficient or ambiguous, say maybe. Explain in a few sentences.
Question: Is bone marrow fat inversely related to cortical bone in young and old subjects? | Recent studies suggest a close local link between bone marrow adiposity and endosteal bone formation. Using magnetic resonance imaging, we examined whether the relation between the amount of marrow fat and cortical bone is present at multiple sites along the diaphyses of the long bones of young and old males and female... | I'd call it Yes. Our results underscore the strength of the local connections between bone and marrow adiposity. Increasing our understanding of the mechanism for this association could lead to better diagnosis and treatment approaches for osteoporosis. |
27,838,873 | Using only the evidence in the following abstracts, address the biomedical question. Include whether you conclude yes, no, or maybe, and briefly why.
Does bawu Decoction ( ) ameliorate benign prostatic hyperplasia in rats? | To evaluate the efficacy of Bawu Decoction (, BWD, Palmul-tang in Korean) against benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).
Twenty-four male Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups, with 6 rats in each group. The 4 study groups included sham-operated group (CON), BPH model group, fifinasteride-treated group, and BWD-treated ... | BWD has suppressant effects on development of BPH through inhibition of serum testosterone and DHT.
That leads me to Yes. |
10,947,890 | Answer the research question based solely on the provided abstracts. If the abstracts support it, say yes; if they contradict it, say no; if they are insufficient or ambiguous, say maybe. Explain in a few sentences.
Question: Is diabetes mellitus a strong negative prognostic factor in patients with myocardial infarcti... | To assess the long-term prognostic values of baseline demographic data, occurrence of vectorcardiographic signs of reperfusion, left ventricular function and coronary angiographic features.
Longitudinal study of morbidity and mortality.
Coronary care unit at Danderyd Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
A total of 222 patie... | I'd call it Yes. The results of the present study emphasize the importance of diabetes mellitus as a long-term prognostic risk factor in patients with myocardial infarction treated with thrombolysis. Further studies are needed to determine the mechanisms behind this increased risk. |
15,338,248 | You are a biomedical assistant. Read the abstracts and the question below. Give a supported conclusion (yes, no, or maybe if the evidence is mixed or unclear) and a short explanation tied to the text.
Question: Are low bone mineral density and bone mineral content associated with low cobalamin status in adolescents? | Cobalamin deficiency is prevalent in vegetarians and has been associated with increased risk of osteoporosis.
To examine the association between cobalamin status and bone mineral density in adolescents formerly fed a macrobiotic diet and in their counterparts.
In this cross-sectional study bone mineral density (BMD) ... | Conclusion Yes. In adolescents, signs of an impaired cobalamin status, as judged by elevated concentrations of methylmalonic acid, were associated with low BMD. This was especially true in adolescents fed a macrobiotic diet during the first years of life, where cobalamin deficiency was more prominent. |
20,403,221 | Using only the evidence in the following abstracts, address the biomedical question. Include whether you conclude yes, no, or maybe, and briefly why.
Does telomerase inhibition alter telomere maintenance mechanisms in laryngeal squamous carcinoma cells? | Telomere length must be maintained throughout cancer cell progression and proliferation. In most tumours, telomerase activity maintains telomere length. Therefore, telomerase is a target for cancer treatments. However, some cancer cells maintain telomere length through an alternative mechanism termed 'alternative lengt... | In the residual cells, telomerase activity was eliminated. However, these cells had higher levels of the alternative lengthening of telomeres biomarker, suggesting an alternative mechanism for telomere maintenance following telomerase inhibition. These results could have a major impact on the design of new cancer treat... |
23,936,848 | You are a biomedical assistant. Read the abstracts and the question below. Give a supported conclusion (yes, no, or maybe if the evidence is mixed or unclear) and a short explanation tied to the text.
Question: Does integrative analysis of methylome and transcriptome reveal the importance of unmethylated CpGs in non-C... | Promoter methylation is associated with gene repression; however, little is known about its mechanism. It was proposed that the repression of methylated genes is achieved through the recruitment of methyl binding proteins (MBPs) that participate in closing the chromatin. An alternative mechanism suggests that methylati... | Conclusion Yes. Our results suggest that methylation represses gene expression mainly by preventing the binding of CpG binding activators. |
25,473,182 | Answer the research question based solely on the provided abstracts. If the abstracts support it, say yes; if they contradict it, say no; if they are insufficient or ambiguous, say maybe. Explain in a few sentences.
Question: Is insulin-like growth factor receptor-1 overexpression associated with poor response of rect... | To explore the potential correlation between insulin-like growth factor receptor-1 (IGF-1R) expression and rectal cancer radiosensitivity.
Eighty-seven rectal cancer patients (cTNM I-III) treated in our department between January 2011 and December 2012 were enrolled. All subjects were treated with preoperative radioth... | I'd call it Yes. IGF-1R expression level may serve as a predictive biomarker for radiosensitivity of rectal cancer before preoperative radiotherapy. |
15,690,350 | Answer the research question based solely on the provided abstracts. If the abstracts support it, say yes; if they contradict it, say no; if they are insufficient or ambiguous, say maybe. Explain in a few sentences.
Question: Does impaired development of mitochondria play a role in the central nervous system defects o... | Alcohol consumption during pregnancy can induce a wide spectrum of adverse effects in offspring. Microcephaly and mental retardation are two major defects of central nervous system (CNS). Most mechanism studies of alcohol-related CNS defects have been focused on the morphologically abnormal tissues, and more attention ... | I'd call it Yes. Impaired mitochondria development plays a role in the CNS defects induced by prenatal alcohol exposure. |
25,920,943 | Below are abstracts and a yes/no-style research question. Synthesize what they imply and respond with your judgment (yes, no, or maybe) plus reasoning.
Question: Does analytical result in longitudinal studies depended on target of inference and assumed mechanism of attrition? | To compare methods for analysis of longitudinal studies with missing data due to participant dropout and follow-up truncated by death.
We analyzed physical functioning in an Australian longitudinal study of elderly women where the missing data mechanism could either be missing at random (MAR) or missing not at random ... | Appropriate analysis methodology to deal with attrition in longitudinal studies depends on the target of inference and the missing data mechanism.
So overall I'd say Yes. |
24,472,151 | Below are abstracts and a yes/no-style research question. Synthesize what they imply and respond with your judgment (yes, no, or maybe) plus reasoning.
Question: Does spdef deletion rescue the crypt cell proliferation defect in conditional Gata6 null mouse small intestine? | GATA transcription factors are essential for self-renewal of the small intestinal epithelium. Gata4 is expressed in the proximal 85% of small intestine while Gata6 is expressed throughout the length of small intestine. Deletion of intestinal Gata4 and Gata6 results in an altered proliferation/differentiation phenotype,... | SPDEF is a key, immediate downstream effecter of the crypt cell proliferation function of GATA4/GATA6 in the small intestine.
So overall I'd say Yes. |
20,375,536 | You are a biomedical assistant. Read the abstracts and the question below. Give a supported conclusion (yes, no, or maybe if the evidence is mixed or unclear) and a short explanation tied to the text.
Question: Do alpha-2c-adrenergic receptors contribute to basal nasal patency in the anesthetized cat? | Nasal congestion is the most troublesome symptom associated with a variety of upper airway diseases, including allergic rhinitis and the common cold. A better understanding of the mechanisms that regulate nasal cavity caliber may engender the development of novel treatment strategies. It is well accepted that alpha-adr... | Conclusion Yes. The present set of experiments indicates that both alpha(1)- and alpha(2)-adrenergic receptors are involved in the maintenance of basal nasal patency in the cat. Moreover, alpha(2c)-receptors may play a significant role in the sympathetic control of upper airway function. |
20,878,948 | You are a biomedical assistant. Read the abstracts and the question below. Give a supported conclusion (yes, no, or maybe if the evidence is mixed or unclear) and a short explanation tied to the text.
Question: Do human prostate cancer xenografts in lit/lit mice exhibit reduced growth and androgen-independent progress... | The growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor I (GH/IGF-I) axis has been linked to prostate cancer (PCa) risk. Although previous studies indicate that human breast cancers and a murine PCa model develop more slowly in murine hosts homozygous for a missense mutation in the GH-releasing hormone receptor (lit/lit) whose "... | Conclusion Yes. This study demonstrates that circulating GH and IGF-I can promote androgen-responsive growth, CR progression, and AI expansion of PTEN-deficient human PCa cell xenografts and indicates that IGF-I can promote PCa growth in a suppressed GH environment. |
23,183,264 | You are a biomedical assistant. Read the abstracts and the question below. Give a supported conclusion (yes, no, or maybe if the evidence is mixed or unclear) and a short explanation tied to the text.
Question: Do anxiety but not social stressors predict 12-month depression and pain severity? | To determine whether baseline anxiety and social stressors as well their early change (first 3 months) predict 12-month depression and pain severity.
We analyzed data from the Stepped Care for Affective Disorders and Musculoskeletal Pain study, a randomized clinical trial of a combined medication-behavioral interventi... | Conclusion Yes. Anxiety, but not social stressors predict 12-month depression and pain severity. The presence of comorbid anxiety should be considered in the assessment and treatment of patients with musculoskeletal pain and depression, particularly as a factor that may adversely affect treatment response. |
24,992,189 | Using only the evidence in the following abstracts, address the biomedical question. Include whether you conclude yes, no, or maybe, and briefly why.
Does melatonin inhibit the migration of human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cell lines involving JNK/MAPK pathway? | Melatonin, an indolamine produced and secreted predominately by the pineal gland, exhibits a variety of physiological functions, possesses antioxidant and antitumor properties. But, the mechanisms for the anti-cancer effects are unknown. The present study explored the effects of melatonin on the migration of human lung... | Melatonin significantly inhibits the migration of A549 cells, and this may be associated with the down-regulation of the expression of OPN, MLCK, phosphorylation of MLC, and up-regulation of the expression of occludin involving JNK/MAPK pathway.
That leads me to Yes. |
17,916,809 | Using only the evidence in the following abstracts, address the biomedical question. Include whether you conclude yes, no, or maybe, and briefly why.
Does partial inhibition of integrin alpha ( v ) beta6 prevent pulmonary fibrosis without exacerbating inflammation? | Transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta has a central role in driving many of the pathological processes that characterize pulmonary fibrosis. Inhibition of the integrin alpha(v)beta6, a key activator of TGF-beta in lung, is an attractive therapeutic strategy, as it may be possible to inhibit TGF-beta at sites of alpha(v... | Partial inhibition of TGF-beta using alpha(v)beta6 integrin antibodies is effective in blocking murine pulmonary fibrosis without exacerbating inflammation. In addition, the elevated expression of alpha(v)beta6, an activator of the fibrogenic cytokine, TGF-beta, in human pulmonary fibrosis suggests that alpha(v)beta6 m... |
21,063,328 | You are a biomedical assistant. Read the abstracts and the question below. Give a supported conclusion (yes, no, or maybe if the evidence is mixed or unclear) and a short explanation tied to the text.
Question: Does aA-861 appear to suppress leukocyte infiltration induced by traumatic brain injury in rats? | To study the effect of 2,3,5-Trimethyl-6-(12-hydroxy-5,10-dodecadiynyl)-1,4-benzoquinone (AA-861) on intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) and P-selectin expression, leukotriene B4 (LTB4) level, and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity 24 hours after traumatic brain injury (TBI).
This study was carried out in the labor... | Conclusion Yes. The present results suggest that AA-861 might be a potential mediator in the treatment of brain inflammation in TBI. |
10,896,914 | Answer the research question based solely on the provided abstracts. If the abstracts support it, say yes; if they contradict it, say no; if they are insufficient or ambiguous, say maybe. Explain in a few sentences.
Question: Is bax downregulated in inflamed colonic mucosa of ulcerative colitis? | One form of epithelial cell injury in inflamed colonic mucosa in ulcerative colitis (UC) is reported to involve apoptosis of these cells. Bcl-2 family proteins Bax and Bcl-2 are the major regulators of apoptosis. The aim of this study was to elucidate the involvement of the Bax/Bcl-2 system in induction of apoptosis of... | I'd call it Yes. Our study showed for the first time downregulation of Bax in inflamed colonic epithelium of UC. The Bax/Bcl-2 system did not seem to be involved in induction of apoptosis of epithelial cells in the inflamed colonic mucosa of UC. |
22,483,413 | Using only the evidence in the following abstracts, address the biomedical question. Include whether you conclude yes, no, or maybe, and briefly why.
Is a higher rate of eating associated with higher circulating interluekin-1β concentrations in Japanese men not being treated for metabolic diseases? | In this study, we examined the relations between the rate of eating and circulating interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6 levels in Japanese men not being treated for metabolic diseases.
We conducted a cross-sectional study of 170 men 40 to 59 y old (mean ± standard deviation, 51.4 ± 5.7 y old) who participated in health check... | These results indicate that a higher rate of eating is positively and independently associated with circulating IL-1β concentrations in Japanese men not being treated for metabolic diseases.
That leads me to Yes. |
25,185,720 | You are a biomedical assistant. Read the abstracts and the question below. Give a supported conclusion (yes, no, or maybe if the evidence is mixed or unclear) and a short explanation tied to the text.
Question: Does toll-like receptor-4-mediated autophagy contribute to microglial activation and inflammatory injury in ... | Much evidence demonstrates that Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4)-mediated microglial activation is an important contributor to the inflammatory injury in intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH). However, the exact mechanism of TLR4-mediated microglial activation induced by ICH is not clear. In addition, microglial autophagy is invo... | Conclusion Yes. Taken together, these data suggested that TLR4 induced autophagy contributed to the microglial activation and inflammatory injury and might provide novel therapeutic interventions for ICH. |
8,881,808 | You are a biomedical assistant. Read the abstracts and the question below. Give a supported conclusion (yes, no, or maybe if the evidence is mixed or unclear) and a short explanation tied to the text.
Question: Do allopurinol and glutamine attenuate bacterial translocation in chronic portal hypertensive and common bil... | Spontaneous bacterial infections and septicaemia result in morbidity and mortality in patients with portal hypertension and obstructive jaundice.
The aim of this study in rats was to investigate the incidence of bacterial translocation in portal hypertension and obstructive jaundice, and to evaluate the effects of all... | Conclusion Yes. In PH and CBDL rats significant bacterial translocation, ileal mucosal lipid peroxidation, and neutrophil derived MPO activity occurred. Allopurinol and glutamine significantly reduced bacterial translocation, as well as ileal mucosal MDA and MPO activities. |
25,296,127 | Below are abstracts and a yes/no-style research question. Synthesize what they imply and respond with your judgment (yes, no, or maybe) plus reasoning.
Question: Does choroidal osteoma show bone lamella and vascular channels on enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography in 15 eyes? | To describe enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography findings of choroidal osteoma.
Retrospective, observational case series of 15 eyes with choroidal osteoma imaged with EDI-OCT.
The mean age at presentation was 27 years. There were 10 women and 3 men. The visual acuity ranged from 20/20 to hand motion, w... | Enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography reveals characteristic surface topography of choroidal osteoma as dome or undulating (87%) with unique intrinsic features of horizontal lamellar lines (100%), horizontal (60%) or vertical (13%) tubules, and speckled regions (40%). Photoreceptor loss was evident in eve... |
24,612,089 | Using only the evidence in the following abstracts, address the biomedical question. Include whether you conclude yes, no, or maybe, and briefly why.
Does miR-494 act as an anti-oncogene in gastric carcinoma by targeting c-myc? | We recently showed that miR-494 was downregulated in gastric carcinoma (GC). The objectives of this study were to determine the role of miR-494 in GC malignancy and to identify its target genes.
Real-time polymerase chain reaction was employed to quantify the expression level of miR-494 and c-myc in gastric cancer tis... | miR-494 is downregulated in human GC and acts as an anti-oncogene by targeting c-myc. miR-494 plays a role in the pathogenesis of gastric cancer in a recessive fashion.
That leads me to Yes. |
22,375,244 | You are a biomedical assistant. Read the abstracts and the question below. Give a supported conclusion (yes, no, or maybe if the evidence is mixed or unclear) and a short explanation tied to the text.
Question: Do the attenuation of strike acceleration with the use of safety equipment in tae kwon do? | THE OBJECTIVES OF THIS STUDY INCLUDE: (1) Determination of the attenuation of strike acceleration that Tae Kwon Do sparring safety pads provide from kicks from Olympic style TKD fighters, (2) The sex and weight differentiation in acceleration achieved within the thorax model with the roundhouse kicks.
This prospective... | Conclusion Yes. Heavier and male subjects tend to produce more force in strikes. Protective chest guard reduces acceleration to the thorax model, but the utility of instep guards is questionable. |
25,906,977 | Using only the evidence in the following abstracts, address the biomedical question. Include whether you conclude yes, no, or maybe, and briefly why.
Is distal femoral condyle more internally rotated to the patellar tendon at 90° of flexion in normal knees? | The configuration of the distal surface of the femur would be more important in terms of the patellofemoral (PF) joint contact because the patella generally contacts with the distal surface of the femur in knee flexion. Some total knee arthroplasty (TKA) designs configurate medially prominent asymmetric femoral condyle... | Distal femoral condyle is internally rotated to the patellar tendon at 90° of flexion in normal knees. When the symmetric femoral component is aligned perpendicular to the femoral mechanical axis, the patellar tendon would be possibly more twisted than the condition in normal knees, and the deviation of the PF contact ... |
20,427,729 | Using only the evidence in the following abstracts, address the biomedical question. Include whether you conclude yes, no, or maybe, and briefly why.
Is fortification of orange juice with vitamin D ( 2 ) or vitamin D ( 3 ) as effective as an oral supplement in maintaining vitamin D status in adults? | Vitamin D has been added to calcium-fortified orange juice. It is unknown whether vitamin D is as bioavailable from orange juice as it is from supplements.
The objective was to compare the bioavailability of vitamin D(2) and vitamin D(3) from orange juice with that from vitamin D(2) and vitamin D(3) supplements. A sec... | Vitamin D(2) and vitamin D(3) are equally bioavailable in orange juice and capsules.
That leads me to Yes. |
8,090,467 | Below are abstracts and a yes/no-style research question. Synthesize what they imply and respond with your judgment (yes, no, or maybe) plus reasoning.
Question: Is diagnostic management by gatekeepers cost effective for neuro-ophthalmology? | To determine whether the "gatekeeper physician system" for evaluating neuro-ophthalmologic problems is cost effective.
The authors retrospectively reviewed the records of 588 patients referred for neuro-ophthalmologic evaluation between July and December 1989 to determine the frequency and cost of unnecessary diagnost... | The gatekeeper system managed by primary care physicians for these four neuro-ophthalmologic problems not only did not conserve healthcare dollars but also had a negative impact on cost control. For neuro-ophthalmologic disorders, prompt subspecialty evaluation and examination appear to be a cost-effective strategy.
S... |
16,546,736 | You are a biomedical assistant. Read the abstracts and the question below. Give a supported conclusion (yes, no, or maybe if the evidence is mixed or unclear) and a short explanation tied to the text.
Question: Does [ Human cytomegalovirus induce apoptosis of ECV304 endothelial-like cells ]? | To investigate the mechanisms for the cytopathic effect (CPE) of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) in ECV304 endothelial-like cells.
PCR and indirect immunofluorescence were used to detect HCMV infection by examining immediate-early (IE) gene and protein expression of the virus in ECV304 cells. Phase-contrast and electron ... | Conclusion Yes. HCMV can induce apoptosis of ECV304 endothelial-like cells. |
12,845,430 | Answer the research question based solely on the provided abstracts. If the abstracts support it, say yes; if they contradict it, say no; if they are insufficient or ambiguous, say maybe. Explain in a few sentences.
Question: Does the HLA-DR phenotype modulate the humoral immune response to enterovirus antigens? | Enterovirus infections are among the environmental risk factors potentially contributing to the pathogenesis of Type 1 diabetes. The aim of this study was to evaluate virus-host interaction by analysing the enterovirus antibody levels in subjects carrying different HLA-DR alleles associated with either increased or dec... | I'd call it Yes. Diabetes-associated HLA-DR risk alleles were associated with a strong immune responsiveness and protective alleles with a weak responsiveness against enterovirus antigens. This phenomenon should be taken into consideration in serological case-control studies and it might play a role in virus-induced be... |
25,425,713 | Using only the evidence in the following abstracts, address the biomedical question. Include whether you conclude yes, no, or maybe, and briefly why.
Do dexamethasone intravitreal implant as adjunct therapy for patients with wet age-related macular degeneration with incomplete response to ranibizumab? | To evaluate the visual and anatomical outcomes of dexamethasone intravitreal implant (DXI; 700 μg, Ozurdex; Allergan, Irvine, California, USA) as adjunctive therapy for patients with refractory wet age-related macular degeneration (AMD).
Retrospective review of the medical records of seven patients (seven eyes) who in... | DXI appears to be effective in vision stabilisation, decreasing IRF/SRF and improvement of CRT in eyes with refractory wet AMD.
That leads me to Yes. |
24,844,616 | You are a biomedical assistant. Read the abstracts and the question below. Give a supported conclusion (yes, no, or maybe if the evidence is mixed or unclear) and a short explanation tied to the text.
Question: Do kinematic differences exist between transtibial amputee fallers and non-fallers during downwards step tra... | Stair negotiation is biomechanically more challenging than level gait. There are few biomechanical assessments of transtibial amputees descending stairs and none specifically related to falls. Stair descent may elicit more differences than level gait in amputees with and without a previous falls history.
The aim of th... | Conclusion Yes. As anticipated, the fallers walked faster than the non-fallers despite employing the more difficult 'roll-over' technique. Handrail use could help to improve dynamic control during downwards step transitions. |
26,196,430 | Answer the research question based solely on the provided abstracts. If the abstracts support it, say yes; if they contradict it, say no; if they are insufficient or ambiguous, say maybe. Explain in a few sentences.
Question: Does pilot Study of an Active Screen Time Game correlate with Improved Physical Fitness in Mi... | The aim of our feasibility study was to examine the acceptability and utility of "Dance Dance Revolution" (DDR) (Konami of America, Redwood City, CA)) to increase physical fitness in 8-11-year-old black and Hispanic youth.
Twenty-eight 4(th) and 5(th) grade children attending an afterschool program participated. Outco... | I'd call it Yes. DDR appears feasible and acceptable to minority youth. DDR may increase moderate-vigorous physical activity and improve physical fitness in at-risk populations. |
24,749,363 | Below are abstracts and a yes/no-style research question. Synthesize what they imply and respond with your judgment (yes, no, or maybe) plus reasoning.
Question: Does [ REGgamma promote malignant behaviors of lung cancer cells ]? | To determine the expression of proteasome aotivator gamma (REGgamma) in human lung cancer tissues and cell lines and its association with malignant biological behaviors.
Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was used to detect the expression of REGgamma in lung cancer and normal lung tissues. The expressions of REGgamma in lung ... | REGgamma facilitates malignant biological behaviors of lung cancers.
So overall I'd say Yes. |
23,106,428 | You are a biomedical assistant. Read the abstracts and the question below. Give a supported conclusion (yes, no, or maybe if the evidence is mixed or unclear) and a short explanation tied to the text.
Question: Does loss of estrogen receptor Beta expression in follicular thyroid carcinoma predict poor outcome? | Well-differentiated follicular thyroid carcinomas (FTCs) usually act indolently, while aggressively acting tumors are difficult to detect early enough. Estrogen receptors (ERs) have prognostic significance in many cancers. Thyroid diseases, including neoplasms, are associated with the female sex. The prognostic signifi... | Conclusion Yes. ERβ is a differential marker for malignancy and could thus be used as a preoperative tool. FTC patients with a low ERβ score need more thorough follow-up and may benefit from more aggressive treatment. |
16,260,164 | You are a biomedical assistant. Read the abstracts and the question below. Give a supported conclusion (yes, no, or maybe if the evidence is mixed or unclear) and a short explanation tied to the text.
Question: Does nutritional therapy improve growth and protein status of children with a urea cycle enzyme defect? | Poor growth has been described in patients with urea cycle enzyme defects treated with protein-restricted diets, while protein status is seldom reported.
To assess the effects of nutritional therapy with a medical food on growth and protein status of patients with a urea cycle enzyme defect.
A 6-mo multicenter outpat... | Conclusion Yes. Intakes of adequate protein and energy for age result in anabolism and linear growth without increasing plasma NH(3) concentrations. Medical food intakes did not correlate with plasma NH(3) concentrations. |
19,794,292 | You are a biomedical assistant. Read the abstracts and the question below. Give a supported conclusion (yes, no, or maybe if the evidence is mixed or unclear) and a short explanation tied to the text.
Question: Seem aryl hydrocarbon receptor interacting protein mutations to associate with familial non-medullary thyroi... | Over 95% of all thyroid malignancies are non-medullary thyroid carcinomas (NMTC). Familial NMTC are more aggressive and mortality is higher as compared with sporadic carcinomas. Known genetic factors do not explain all familial NMTC. Recently, thyroid disorders have been observed in families with germline mutations in ... | Conclusion No. Our study indicates that germline AIP mutations are rare or do not exist in familial NMTC. |
16,625,113 | Using only the evidence in the following abstracts, address the biomedical question. Include whether you conclude yes, no, or maybe, and briefly why.
Are commercial human albumin preparations for clinical use immunosuppressive in vitro? | We previously reported significant variations in oxidation status and molecular length among sources and lots of human serum albumin (HSA) commercial preparations intended for clinical use. In this report, we investigated what effect the presence of HSA products have on the immune response in vitro.
Laboratory study.
... | DA-DKP was present in significant concentrations in all HSA sources tested and was partially responsible for the immunosuppressive effects of HSA on activated PBMCs and T-lymphocytes in vitro. In view of these findings, administering HSA to immunocompromised critically ill patients might be reevaluated.
That leads me ... |
27,300,318 | Answer the research question based solely on the provided abstracts. If the abstracts support it, say yes; if they contradict it, say no; if they are insufficient or ambiguous, say maybe. Explain in a few sentences.
Question: Does the Central Vein Sign in Multiple Sclerosis Lesions be Present Irrespective of the T2* S... | Previous T2*-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies have used white matter lesion (WML) central veins to distinguish multiple sclerosis (MS) from its mimics. To be clinically applicable, the "central vein sign" needs to be detectable across different T2* sequences. Our objective was to determine if the centr... | I'd call it Yes. The central vein sign can diagnose MS in the clinical setting of modern 3T scanners. However, variations in the T2* sequences need to be considered when defining a threshold for diagnosis. |
26,633,854 | Answer the research question based solely on the provided abstracts. If the abstracts support it, say yes; if they contradict it, say no; if they are insufficient or ambiguous, say maybe. Explain in a few sentences.
Question: Does elevated red cell distribution width contribute to a poor prognosis in patients with eso... | The red cell distribution width (RDW) has also been reported to reliably reflect the inflammation and nutrition status and predict the prognosis across several types of cancer, however, the prognostic value of RDW in esophageal carcinoma has seldom been studied.
A retrospective study was performed to assess the progno... | I'd call it Yes. The present study suggests that elevated preoperative RDW(≧15%) at the diagnosis may independently predict poorer disease-free and overall survival among patients with esophageal carcinoma. |
18,075,471 | Below are abstracts and a yes/no-style research question. Synthesize what they imply and respond with your judgment (yes, no, or maybe) plus reasoning.
Question: Does further evidence for association of GRK3 to bipolar disorder suggest a second disease mutation? | Two genome-wide linkage surveys suggest chromosome 22q12 may contain a susceptibility locus for bipolar disorder (BPD) in the immediate region of the gene G protein receptor kinase-3 (GRK3). We previously published evidence that a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the promoter region of GRK3, designated P5, was a... | These data provide evidence that at least two distinct haplotypes, and possibly two or more different underlying mutations, in GRK3 might be associated with BPD. These new findings add support for the hypothesis that a dysregulation in GRK3 expression alters signaling desensitization and thereby predisposes to the deve... |
24,657,623 | Below are abstracts and a yes/no-style research question. Synthesize what they imply and respond with your judgment (yes, no, or maybe) plus reasoning.
Question: Is salmonella gastroenteritis during childhood a risk factor for irritable bowel syndrome in adulthood? | Acute infectious gastroenteritis increases the risk for irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and functional dyspepsia (FD). Children are particularly vulnerable to gastroenteritis because of the immaturity of their intestinal barrier, enteric nervous system, and immune response to pathogens. We investigated whether acute gas... | Based on data collected from a single culture-proven foodborne Salmonella enteritidis outbreak in 1994, Salmonella-induced gastroenteritis during childhood (but not adulthood) is a risk factor for IBS.
So overall I'd say Yes. |
25,887,408 | You are a biomedical assistant. Read the abstracts and the question below. Give a supported conclusion (yes, no, or maybe if the evidence is mixed or unclear) and a short explanation tied to the text.
Question: Does genome-wide expression analysis suggest a crucial role of dysregulation of matrix metalloproteinases pa... | Thyroid cancer (TC) is the most common malignant cancer of the Endocrine System. Histologically, there are three main subtypes of TC: follicular, papillary and anaplastic. Diagnosing a thyroid tumor subtype with a high level of accuracy and confidence is still a difficult task because genetic, molecular and cellular me... | Conclusion Yes. A progression from FTC to PTC and then to ATC was detected and validated on two independent datasets. Moreover, PTX3, COLEC12 and PDGFRA genes were found as possible candidates for biomarkers of ATC while GPR110 could be tested to distinguish PTC over other tumor subtypes. The genome-wide analysis empha... |
27,456,867 | Below are abstracts and a yes/no-style research question. Synthesize what they imply and respond with your judgment (yes, no, or maybe) plus reasoning.
Question: Does physician compensation for industry-sponsored clinical trials in multiple sclerosis influence patient trust? | Perceived physician financial conflicts of interest of can affect patient trust. Payment to physicians for industry sponsored clinical trials in multiple sclerosis is a relatively new potential source of physician conflict of interest. There is limited available data on how physician payment for trial involvement in mu... | Results of this study demonstrate that physician payment for study participation in multiple sclerosis clinical trials is a potential conflict that can adversely affect patient trust.
So overall I'd say Yes. |
11,373,470 | Answer the research question based solely on the provided abstracts. If the abstracts support it, say yes; if they contradict it, say no; if they are insufficient or ambiguous, say maybe. Explain in a few sentences.
Question: Does liquid lung ventilation reduce neutrophil sequestration in a neonatal swine model of car... | Liquid lung ventilation has been demonstrated to improve cardiorespiratory function after cardiopulmonary bypass. We hypothesized that liquid lung ventilation (LLV) would decrease the pulmonary inflammatory response after cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB).
Prospective, randomized, experimental, controlled, nonblinded study... | I'd call it Yes. The data suggest that LLV reduces the CPB-induced neutrophil sequestration in the pulmonary parenchyma independent of its effects on the circulatory physiology or evidence of early lung injury. |
25,003,864 | You are a biomedical assistant. Read the abstracts and the question below. Give a supported conclusion (yes, no, or maybe if the evidence is mixed or unclear) and a short explanation tied to the text.
Question: Does diversion remain the standard of care for modern management of war-related rectal injuries? | Management of rectal injuries in war-injured patients has evolved over time.
Retrospective review of records of patients sustaining war-related rectal injuries admitted to Walter Reed Army Medical Center from Iraq and Afghanistan.
From 2003 to 2011, 67 males ages 18 to 40 sustained rectal injuries after secondary bla... | Conclusion Yes. Diversion is the preferred treatment of war-related rectal injuries. Loop colostomy is acceptable unless there is potential for evolving rectal injury. Routine use of presacral irrigation and drainage was not supported. |
23,482,758 | Answer the research question based solely on the provided abstracts. If the abstracts support it, say yes; if they contradict it, say no; if they are insufficient or ambiguous, say maybe. Explain in a few sentences.
Question: Does naftopidil induce apoptosis in malignant mesothelioma cell lines independently of α1-adr... | Naftopidil, an α1-adrenoceptor blocker, has been clinically used for the treatment of benign prostate hyperplasia and hypertension. Emerging evidence has shown that naftopidil exhibits an antitumor effect on a variety of cancer types including prostate cancer. The aim of the present study was to investigate naftopidil-... | I'd call it Yes. Naftopidil, as well as prazosin, has the potential to induce apoptosis in malignant mesothelioma cells by activating caspase-8 and the effector caspase-3, regardless of α1-adrenoceptor blocking. |
21,255,467 | Below are abstracts and a yes/no-style research question. Synthesize what they imply and respond with your judgment (yes, no, or maybe) plus reasoning.
Question: Do sMARCB1/INI1 germline mutations contribute to 10 % of sporadic schwannomatosis? | Schwannomatosis is a disease characterized by multiple non-vestibular schwannomas. Although biallelic NF2 mutations are found in schwannomas, no germ line event is detected in schwannomatosis patients. In contrast, germline mutations of the SMARCB1 (INI1) tumor suppressor gene were described in familial and sporadic sc... | These results suggest that patients with schwannomas have a significant probability of carrying a SMARCB1 mutation. Combined with data available from other studies, they confirm the clinical indications for genetic screening of the SMARCB1 gene.
So overall I'd say Yes. |
8,294,700 | You are a biomedical assistant. Read the abstracts and the question below. Give a supported conclusion (yes, no, or maybe if the evidence is mixed or unclear) and a short explanation tied to the text.
Question: Does dietary arginine prevent atherogenesis in the coronary artery of the hypercholesterolemic rabbit? | This study was designed to test the hypothesis that long-term oral supplementation of dietary L-arginine (to provide a sustained elevation of nitric oxide activity) would inhibit atherogenesis in hypercholesterolemic rabbits, as assessed by histomorphometric measurements.
Endothelium-derived nitric oxide inhibits a nu... | Conclusion Yes. Dietary supplements of L-arginine prevent intimal thickening in the coronary arteries of hypercholesterolemic rabbits. This antiatherogenic effect is not due to an alteration in plasma total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol or caloric or nitrogen balance. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that nit... |
23,055,543 | Below are abstracts and a yes/no-style research question. Synthesize what they imply and respond with your judgment (yes, no, or maybe) plus reasoning.
Question: Is up-regulation of the complement system in subcutaneous adipocytes from nonobese , hypertriglyceridemic subjects associated with adipocyte insulin resistan... | Dysfunctional adipose tissue plays an important role in the etiology of the metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, and dyslipidemia. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying adipocyte dysfunction are incompletely understood.
The aim of the study was to identify differentially regulated pathways in sc adipocytes of d... | These findings point to an up-regulation of a complement-related transcriptome in sc adipocytes under metabolically stressed conditions, even in the absence of overt obesity. Such up-regulation may subsequently influence downstream processes, including macrophage infiltration into adipose tissue and adipocyte insulin r... |
19,055,649 | Using only the evidence in the following abstracts, address the biomedical question. Include whether you conclude yes, no, or maybe, and briefly why.
Do human TSLP and TLR3 ligands promote differentiation of Th17 cells with a central memory phenotype under Th2-polarizing conditions? | BACKGROUND" Human thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) is expressed in the human asthmatic lung and activates dendritic cells (DCs) to strongly induce proallergic T-helper type 2 (Th2) cell responses, suggesting that TSLP plays a critical role in the pathophysiology of human asthma. Th2 cells are predominantly involved ... | These results suggest that through DC activation, human TSLP and TLR3 ligands promote differentiation of Th17 cells with the central memory T cell phenotype under Th2-polarizing conditions.
That leads me to Yes. |
23,992,229 | Using only the evidence in the following abstracts, address the biomedical question. Include whether you conclude yes, no, or maybe, and briefly why.
Do an update of the statistical methods underlying the FELS method of skeletal maturity assessment? | Evaluation of skeletal maturity provides clinicians and researchers a window into the developmental progress of the skeleton. The FELS method for maturity assessment provides a point estimate and standard error based on 98 skeletal indicators.
This paper outlines the statistical methodology used by the original FELS m... | Improvements to the statistical basis of the FELS method provide a more effective method of estimating skeletal maturity.
That leads me to Yes. |
21,376,693 | Using only the evidence in the following abstracts, address the biomedical question. Include whether you conclude yes, no, or maybe, and briefly why.
Is nonobstructive coronary artery disease as detected by 64-detector row cardiac computed tomographic angiography associated with increased left ventricular mass? | Cardiac computed tomographic angiography (CCTA) permits simultaneous assessment of coronary artery disease (CAD) and left ventricular mass (LVM). While increased LVM predicts mortality and is associated with obstructive CAD, the relationship of LVM with non-obstructive CAD is unknown.
We evaluated 212 consecutive pati... | Non-obstructive CAD visualized by CCTA is associated with increased LVM independent of effects of clinical risk factors and calcium scoring. Whether addition of LVM to stenosis assessment in patients undergoing CCTA enhances risk prediction of future CAD events warrants investigation.
That leads me to Yes. |
10,671,942 | Answer the research question based solely on the provided abstracts. If the abstracts support it, say yes; if they contradict it, say no; if they are insufficient or ambiguous, say maybe. Explain in a few sentences.
Question: Do insulin sensitivity and secretion influence the relationship between growth hormone-bindin... | A direct relationship between body mass index (BMI), visceral adipose tissue, insulin levels and growth hormone-binding protein (GHBP) activity has consistently been reported. It was recently described that GHBP directly depends on serum leptin levels. Since leptin co-varies with insulin secretion and/or sensitivity, w... | I'd call it Yes. Our results suggest that plasma GHBP activity is simultaneouslly influenced by insulin secretion and sensitivity and leptin. Perhaps leptin, through increased insulin secretion, might induce GHBP/GH secretion, explaining the normal to high insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I levels found in overnutritio... |
8,068,467 | Below are abstracts and a yes/no-style research question. Synthesize what they imply and respond with your judgment (yes, no, or maybe) plus reasoning.
Question: Does cardiac Infarction Injury Score predict cardiovascular mortality in apparently healthy men and women? | The Cardiac Infarction Injury Score (CIIS) is an electrocardiogram classification system that was developed to identify ischaemic heart disease. As well as being of diagnostic value, the CIIS may also be of prognostic value.
The prognostic value of the CIIS for mortality of coronary heart disease and cardiovascular di... | These results indicate that a high CIIS is a risk indicator for coronary heart disease mortality in the general population. Classification of electrocardiograms by means of the CIIS seems to be equivalent to classification by a combination of Minnesota code items. Because CIIS coding is simpler and can be performed by ... |
11,684,537 | Using only the evidence in the following abstracts, address the biomedical question. Include whether you conclude yes, no, or maybe, and briefly why.
Do specific and nonspecific immune responses to fasting and refeeding differ in healthy young adult and elderly persons? | Undernutrition is a main cause of immunodeficiency. Many confounding factors limit the interpretation of immune function in hospitalized elderly patients.
We compared the effects of short-term fasting and refeeding on lymphocyte subset distribution and neutrophil function in healthy subjects.
Seven young adult (x +/-... | The lack of response of lymphocyte subpopulation counts and neutrophil function to nutritional changes may help to explain the proneness of elderly persons to infection.
That leads me to Yes. |
25,016,716 | You are a biomedical assistant. Read the abstracts and the question below. Give a supported conclusion (yes, no, or maybe if the evidence is mixed or unclear) and a short explanation tied to the text.
Question: Does acute fluctuation in blood glucose have no effect on platelet aggregation rate? | Short-term acute blood glucose fluctuations are often found among patients with high risk of thrombosis. Influence of the phenomenon on platelet aggregation rate is of clinical importance and should be clearly evaluated.
We measured ADP and arachidonic acid-induced platelet aggregation on 58 patients with type II diab... | Conclusion Yes. There is probably no need to consider the possible influence of acute blood glucose fluctuation on thrombotic events. |
15,187,516 | You are a biomedical assistant. Read the abstracts and the question below. Give a supported conclusion (yes, no, or maybe if the evidence is mixed or unclear) and a short explanation tied to the text.
Question: Are matrix metalloproteinase activities altered in the heart and plasma during endotoxemia? | To investigate whether myocardial and plasma matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activities are altered during endotoxemia.
Prospective randomized, animal study.
University research laboratory.
Male Sprague-Dawley rats, 250-300 g.
Rats were administered either bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or vehicle (pyrogen-free ... | Conclusion Yes. Endotoxemia induced rapid changes in MMP activity in both the myocardium and plasma. An increase in circulating MMP-9 activity may contribute to endotoxemic cardiovascular dysfunction. |
20,594,076 | You are a biomedical assistant. Read the abstracts and the question below. Give a supported conclusion (yes, no, or maybe if the evidence is mixed or unclear) and a short explanation tied to the text.
Question: Do expression of Toll-like receptors 2 and 4 in stifle joint synovial tissues of dogs with or without osteoa... | To investigate the presence or absence of Toll-like receptor (TLR)-2 and TLR-4 in synovial tissues collected from stifle joints (SJs) of dogs with or without osteoarthritis.
21 purpose-bred research dogs, 3 client-owned dogs with SJ osteoarthritis, and 3 dogs without SJ osteoarthritis.
Research dogs underwent arthros... | Conclusion Yes. Increased TLR-4 gene expression in the synovial tissue of SJs with osteoarthritis secondary to CrCLt suggests that activation of innate immunity may play a role in the pathophysiology of SJ osteoarthritis in at least a subset of dogs. |
24,404,542 | Answer the research question based solely on the provided abstracts. If the abstracts support it, say yes; if they contradict it, say no; if they are insufficient or ambiguous, say maybe. Explain in a few sentences.
Question: Does prevalence and correlate of insomnia and obstructive sleep apnea in chronic kidney disea... | Poor sleep quality, insomnia, and restless legs syndrome (RLS) and sleep apnea are common in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Clinical correlates of these problems are poorly understood.
This study was to find out the prevalence and correlates of insomnia and subjects with 'high risk for obstructive sleep a... | I'd call it Yes. Insomnia was prevalent in CKD. Nearly half of these patients are at high risk for sleep apnea and a third of them suffer from insomnia. Hence, these patients should be screened for sleep disorders. |
9,233,744 | You are a biomedical assistant. Read the abstracts and the question below. Give a supported conclusion (yes, no, or maybe if the evidence is mixed or unclear) and a short explanation tied to the text.
Question: Is increased artificial deadspace ventilation a safe and reliable method for deliberate hypercapnia? | To develop a simple method in an animal model to achieve deliberate hypercapnia, which can be used easily and safely to regulate the pulmonary vascular resistance without changing mean airway pressure and compromising oxygenation.
Prospective study, with each animal used as its own control.
Minipigs, weighing 11 to 1... | Conclusion Yes. A gradual increase in artificial deadspace ventilation produces a state of deliberate hypercapnia. In our animal model, a moderate increase in artificial deadspace significantly increased the pulmonary vascular resistance but was not associated with detrimental respiratory acidemia. Larger volumes of ad... |
21,748,771 | Below are abstracts and a yes/no-style research question. Synthesize what they imply and respond with your judgment (yes, no, or maybe) plus reasoning.
Question: Is endothelial nitric oxide synthase a key mediator of hepatocyte proliferation in response to partial hepatectomy in mice? | Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) is a critical modulator of vascular tone and blood flow and plays major roles in liver physiology and pathophysiology. Nitric oxide (NO) is widely recognized as one of the key humoral factors important for the initiation of liver regeneration in response to partial hepatectomy. ... | Collectively, these results highlight a hitherto unrecognized role for eNOS activation in hepatocyte proliferation with implications for targeted therapies to enhance liver regenerative response in chronic disorders.
So overall I'd say Yes. |
18,359,700 | You are a biomedical assistant. Read the abstracts and the question below. Give a supported conclusion (yes, no, or maybe if the evidence is mixed or unclear) and a short explanation tied to the text.
Question: Does [ Rapamycin combined with donor bone marrow-derived immature dendritic cells induce mouse skin allograf... | To investigate the synergic effects of rapamycin and donor bone marrow-derived immature dendritic cells (DCs) in inducing skin allograft tolerance in mice.
The recipient BALB/c mice receiving transplantation of skin allograft from C57BL/6 mice were divided into control group (without perioperative treatments), rapamyc... | Conclusion Yes. Rapamycin and donor bone marrow-derived immature DCs have synergic effects in inducing skin allograft tolerance in mice. |
20,546,267 | Below are abstracts and a yes/no-style research question. Synthesize what they imply and respond with your judgment (yes, no, or maybe) plus reasoning.
Question: Is prevalence of comorbid depression high in out-patients with Type 1 or Type 2 diabetes mellitus . Results from three out-patient clinics in the Netherlands... | Depression is common in diabetes, but the scope of the problem and associated correlates are not well established in specialist diabetes care. We aimed to determine the prevalence of depression among adult outpatients with Type 1 (T1DM) or Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) using both self-report measures and a diagnostic intervie... | Depressive symptoms and major depressive disorder constitute a common comorbid problem among Dutch out-patients with T1DM or T2DM and appear particularly common in migrants and women with T2DM.
So overall I'd say Yes. |
11,711,772 | You are a biomedical assistant. Read the abstracts and the question below. Give a supported conclusion (yes, no, or maybe if the evidence is mixed or unclear) and a short explanation tied to the text.
Question: Is quantitative phalangeal bone ultrasound normal after long-term gluten-free diet in young coeliac patients... | To determine bone mass using quantitative phalangeal bone ultrasound in young coeliac patients after a long-term gluten-free diet.
A total of 99 patients with coeliac disease (CD) (52 girls, mean age 15.5 +/- 9.7 years; 47 boys, mean age 14.4 +/- 8.4 years) and 44 healthy subjects matched for age, weight and height (2... | Conclusion Yes. In patients with CD, gluten-free diet and increased nutritional intake were accompanied by normal bone mass values as determined by ultrasound on phalanges. |
9,464,758 | Answer the research question based solely on the provided abstracts. If the abstracts support it, say yes; if they contradict it, say no; if they are insufficient or ambiguous, say maybe. Explain in a few sentences.
Question: Is base deficit superior to pH in evaluating clearance of acidosis after traumatic shock? | This study was done to evaluate the differences in base deficit (BD) clearance, pH normalization, and the occurrence of complications between survivors and nonsurvivors after trauma.
Concurrent data entry with retrospective review.
Trauma patients meeting registry criteria from July 1990 through August 1995 with arte... | I'd call it Yes. Base deficit reveals differences in metabolic acidosis between survivors and nonsurvivors not shown by pH determinations and is clearly a better marker of acidosis clearance after shock. |
24,332,931 | Below are abstracts and a yes/no-style research question. Synthesize what they imply and respond with your judgment (yes, no, or maybe) plus reasoning.
Question: Does central visfatin potentiate glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and β-cell mass without increasing serum visfatin levels in diabetic rats? | Our previous study revealed that plasma visfatin levels were lower in pregnant women with gestational diabetes (GDM) than non-GDM independent of prepreganacy BMI. We examined whether central visfatin modulates energy and glucose homeostasis via altering insulin resistance, insulin secretion or islet morphometry in diab... | Central visfatin improved glucose homeostasis by increasing insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity at euglycemia through the hypothalamus in diabetic rats. Therefore, visfatin is a positive modulator of glucose homeostasis by delivering the hypothalamic signals into the peripheries.
So overall I'd say Yes. |
12,967,138 | Answer the research question based solely on the provided abstracts. If the abstracts support it, say yes; if they contradict it, say no; if they are insufficient or ambiguous, say maybe. Explain in a few sentences.
Question: Does overexpression of the R2 subunit of ribonucleotide reductase in human nasopharyngeal can... | Ribonucleotide reductase is the rate-limiting enzyme in the de novo synthesis of deoxyribonucleotide triphosphates, which are utilized in both DNA synthesis and DNA repair. We reported previously that RR enzyme activity and R2 (catalytic subunit of RR) protein levels were increased after exposure to ionizing radiation ... | I'd call it Yes. An increase in R2 protein levels and RR activity in KB/M2 cells results in IR resistance, which appears mediated by enhanced IR damage repair during G2. R1 protein overexpression in these isogenic human tumor cells (KB/M1) did not affect RR activity or IR response. |
18,475,159 | Below are abstracts and a yes/no-style research question. Synthesize what they imply and respond with your judgment (yes, no, or maybe) plus reasoning.
Question: Does telmisartan increase fatty acid oxidation in skeletal muscle through a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma dependent pathway? | Telmisartan is an angiotensin II receptor blocker and selective modulator of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma reported to increase energy expenditure and improve glucose and lipid metabolism compared with other angiotensin II receptor blockers. As muscle fatty acid oxidation is a major determinant of en... | The current results are consistent with the possibility that telmisartan may increase energy expenditure and protect against dietary induced obesity and features of the metabolic syndrome at least in part by increasing muscle fatty acid oxidation through activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma.
... |
21,156,761 | Using only the evidence in the following abstracts, address the biomedical question. Include whether you conclude yes, no, or maybe, and briefly why.
Does a genome-wide association study suggest contrasting associations in ACPA-positive versus ACPA-negative rheumatoid arthritis? | Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) can be divided into two major subsets based on the presence or absence of antibodies to citrullinated peptide antigens (ACPA). Until now, data from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have only been published from ACPA-positive subsets of RA or from studies that have not separated the two s... | ACPA-positive and ACPA-negative RA display significant risk allele frequency differences which are mainly confined to the HLA region. The data provide further support for distinct genetic aetiologies of RA subsets and emphasise the need to consider them separately in genetic as well as functional studies of this diseas... |
11,025,778 | Answer the research question based solely on the provided abstracts. If the abstracts support it, say yes; if they contradict it, say no; if they are insufficient or ambiguous, say maybe. Explain in a few sentences.
Question: Is the mismatch repair gene hMSH2 mutated in the prostate cancer cell line LNCaP? | Mismatch repair genes are responsible for the coordinated correction of misincorporated nucleotides formed during DNA replication. Inactivating and inherited mutations in the prototypic mismatch repair gene hMSH2 have been described in a cancer predisposition syndrome known as hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer. Pati... | I'd call it Yes. The well described prostate cancer cell line LNCaP has a mutation in the hMSH2 gene, resulting in loss of expression and possible evidence of microsatellite instability. To our knowledge our finding is the first demonstration of a genetic alteration in hMSH2 in a prostate cancer cell line. |
19,509,029 | Using only the evidence in the following abstracts, address the biomedical question. Include whether you conclude yes, no, or maybe, and briefly why.
Is sGLT1 a novel cardiac glucose transporter that is perturbed in disease states? | Cardiac myocytes depend on a delicate balance of glucose and free fatty acids as energy sources, a balance that is disrupted in pathological states such as diabetic cardiomyopathy and myocardial ischaemia. There are two families of cellular glucose transporters: the facilitated-diffusion glucose transporters (GLUT); an... | Our data suggest that cardiac SGLT1 expression and/or function are regulated by insulin and leptin, and are perturbed in disease. This is the first study to examine the regulation of cardiac SGLT1 expression by insulin and leptin and to determine changes in SGLT1 expression in cardiac disease.
That leads me to Yes. |
22,571,969 | Using only the evidence in the following abstracts, address the biomedical question. Include whether you conclude yes, no, or maybe, and briefly why.
Is covariation bias for food-related control associated with eating disorders symptoms in normal adolescents? | Covariation bias refers to the phenomenon of overestimating the contingency between certain stimuli and negative outcomes, which is considered as a heuristic playing a role in the maintenance of certain types of psychopathology. In the present study, covariation bias was investigated within the context of eating pathol... | These findings provide further support for the notion that covariation bias is involved in eating pathology, and also demonstrate that this type of cognitive distortion is already present in adolescents.
That leads me to Yes. |
16,768,729 | Using only the evidence in the following abstracts, address the biomedical question. Include whether you conclude yes, no, or maybe, and briefly why.
Are allosensitized humans at no greater risk of humoral rejection of GT-KO pig organs than other humans? | The availability of pigs homozygous for alpha1,3-galactosyltransferase gene-knockout (GT-KO) has enabled study of the incidence and cytotoxicity of primate antibodies directed to antigens other than Galalpha1,3Gal (Gal), termed non-Gal antigens.
Sera from 27 healthy humans and 31 patients awaiting renal allotransplant... | More than half of the healthy humans tested had cytotoxic antibodies to GT-KO PBMC, but allosensitized patients will be at no greater risk of rejecting a pig xenograft by a humoral mechanism.
That leads me to Yes. |
26,795,889 | Using only the evidence in the following abstracts, address the biomedical question. Include whether you conclude yes, no, or maybe, and briefly why.
Is large-bowel disease presenting as small-bowel obstruction associated with a poor prognosis? | Small-bowel obstruction (SBO) is a common cause of admission to the surgical service. On rare occasions, a diagnosed SBO is actually due to large-bowel pathology combined with an incompetent ileocecal valve. The purpose of this study was to investigate this phenomenon.
We performed a retrospective medical record revie... | Patients that present with SBO due to a large-bowel source have a much higher mortality rate than those that present with other causes. Rapid identification of these patients will allow for more timely and appropriate treatment.
That leads me to Yes. |
19,250,544 | You are a biomedical assistant. Read the abstracts and the question below. Give a supported conclusion (yes, no, or maybe if the evidence is mixed or unclear) and a short explanation tied to the text.
Question: Is the multidrug resistance 1 ( MDR1 ) gene polymorphism G-rs3789243-A associated with disease susceptibilit... | Smoking, dietary factors, and alcohol consumption are known life style factors contributing to gastrointestinal carcinogenesis. Genetic variations in carcinogen handling may affect cancer risk. The multidrug resistance 1(MDR1/ABCB1) gene encodes the transport protein P-glycoprotein (a phase III xenobiotic transporter).... | Conclusion No. The MDR1 intron 3 (G-rs3789243-A) polymorphism was not associated with a risk of colorectal adenomas or carcinomas in the present Norwegian study group. Thus, this MDR1 polymorphism does not seem to play an important role in colorectal carcinogenesis in this population. |
17,534,797 | Using only the evidence in the following abstracts, address the biomedical question. Include whether you conclude yes, no, or maybe, and briefly why.
Are serum LDL levels a major prognostic factor for arteriovenous fistula thrombosis ( AVFT ) in hemodialysis patients? | Arteriovenous fistula thrombosis (AVFT) is still a common cause of morbidity in patients undergoing regular hemodialysis (HD). Many factors have been found to induce AVFT. Some of those factors are local and others are systemic ones. In this study, we evaluated some local and systemic factors simultaneously, to predict... | LDL value is a major prognostic factor for AVFT in HD patients and lowering it to <130 mg/dl could improve fistula patency.
That leads me to Yes. |
18,435,468 | You are a biomedical assistant. Read the abstracts and the question below. Give a supported conclusion (yes, no, or maybe if the evidence is mixed or unclear) and a short explanation tied to the text.
Question: Is ribavirin exposure after the first dose predictive of sustained virological response in chronic hepatitis... | The impact of ribavirin exposure on sustained virological response (SVR) in patients with chronic hepatitis C is unknown. Preliminary studies showed marked inter-individual variability of ribavirin concentrations despite dose adjustment for body weight (BW) and suggested there was a correlation between single time poin... | Conclusion Yes. Ribavirin exposure at D0 is significantly related to SVR. To our knowledge, this is the first study to give an early pharmacokinetic predictor of SVR. We propose a minimum AUC(0-4h) threshold of 1755 microg/hour/L at D0 as a target for ribavirin dose adjustment. |
22,541,930 | Answer the research question based solely on the provided abstracts. If the abstracts support it, say yes; if they contradict it, say no; if they are insufficient or ambiguous, say maybe. Explain in a few sentences.
Question: Do morphometric spectral-domain optical coherence tomography features of epiretinal membrane ... | To identify visually significant spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) features of epiretinal membranes (ERM) in patients with uveitis.
Retrospective cohort and cross-sectional study.
Eighty consecutive eyes with uveitis and SD-OCT-documented ERM were included. Clinical data were collected at the time... | I'd call it Yes. In most eyes with uveitis and ERM, VA remains stable if ocular inflammation and comorbidities are addressed appropriately. |
15,545,503 | Below are abstracts and a yes/no-style research question. Synthesize what they imply and respond with your judgment (yes, no, or maybe) plus reasoning.
Question: Do sentinel lymph node metastases detected by immunohistochemistry only mandate complete axillary lymph node dissection in breast cancer? | The significance of breast cancer sentinel lymph node (SLN) metastases detected only by immunohistochemistry staining (IHC) remains poorly understood. This study attempted to quantify the risk of non-SLN metastases.
A prospectively collected database of 750 consecutive SLN biopsy procedures in breast cancer patients w... | CALND could have been or was safely omitted in 29 of 29 patients with T1 or T2 primary tumors and metastases detected by IHC. Such patients should be counseled about this low risk before CALND is recommended.
So overall I'd say No. |
19,223,494 | Answer the research question based solely on the provided abstracts. If the abstracts support it, say yes; if they contradict it, say no; if they are insufficient or ambiguous, say maybe. Explain in a few sentences.
Question: Does short pigment epithelial-derived factor-derived peptide inhibit angiogenesis and tumor g... | Pigment epithelial-derived factor (PEDF) is a potent angiogenesis inhibitor with multiple other functions, some of which enhance tumor growth. Our previous studies mapped PEDF antiangiogenic and prosurvival activities to distinct epitopes. This study was aimed to determine the minimal fragment of PEDF, which maintains ... | I'd call it Yes. P18 is a novel and potent antiangiogenic biotherapeutic agent that has potential to be developed for the treatment of prostate and renal cancer. |
21,602,117 | Using only the evidence in the following abstracts, address the biomedical question. Include whether you conclude yes, no, or maybe, and briefly why.
Does [ Liver X receptor agonist T0901317 inhibit TGF-β1-induced α-SMA expression in normal human lung fibroblasts ]? | To investigate the effect of liver X receptor agonist T0901317 on transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1)-induced expression of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) in normal human lung fibroblasts.
Primary normal human lung fibroblast isolated from the lung specimens of lung cancer patients by explant culture technique were ... | Liver X receptor agonist T0901317 can inhibit the upregulation of α-SMA in normal human lung fibroblasts induced by TGF-β1, suggesting the potential value of liver X receptor agonist in the treatment of lung fibrosis.
That leads me to Yes. |
17,568,952 | You are a biomedical assistant. Read the abstracts and the question below. Give a supported conclusion (yes, no, or maybe if the evidence is mixed or unclear) and a short explanation tied to the text.
Question: Does alcohol affect dark adaptation or luminance increment thresholds? | It has been proposed that alcohol might induce within the retina a state akin to dark adaptation. However, the evidence to support this proposal is quite indirect. Another possibility is that alcohol might affect retinal gain control rather than sensitivity. To investigate these proposals psychophysically, we measured ... | Conclusion No. Together, these data indicate that moderate alcohol ingestion does not affect the recovery of visual sensitivity in the dark nor does it affect gain control at the retinal level. |
25,735,793 | Using only the evidence in the following abstracts, address the biomedical question. Include whether you conclude yes, no, or maybe, and briefly why.
Does intracellular Osteopontin Induced by CagA-positive Helicobacter pylori promote Beta-catenin Accumulation and Interleukin-8 Secretion in Gastric Epithelial cells? | Osteopontin, an important immune modulator and oncogenic promoter, is upregulated in H. pylori-infected gastric mucosa. However, the underlying mechanisms and biological significance are poorly understood. We investigated whether osteopontin was upregulated in gastric epithelial cells by H. pylori and the virulence fac... | H. pylori is dependent on CagA translocation via the type IV secretion system to induce intracellular osteopontin expression in gastric epithelial cells. Upregulated intracellular osteopontin may promote gastric carcinogenesis via increased β-catenin accumulation and interleukin-8 secretion.
That leads me to Yes. |
18,503,630 | Answer the research question based solely on the provided abstracts. If the abstracts support it, say yes; if they contradict it, say no; if they are insufficient or ambiguous, say maybe. Explain in a few sentences.
Question: Is tissue factor pathway inhibitor-gamma an active alternatively spliced form of tissue facto... | Tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) is a potent inhibitor of tissue factor procoagulant activity produced as two alternatively spliced isoforms, TFPIalpha and TFPIbeta, which differ in domain structure and mechanism for cell surface association. 3' Rapid amplification of cDNA ends was used to search for new TFPI iso... | I'd call it Yes. TFPIgamma is a third alternatively spliced form of TFPI that is widely expressed in mouse tissues but not made by human tissues. It contains the first two Kunitz domains and is a secreted, rather than a cell surface-associated, protein. It is a functional anticoagulant and may partially explain the res... |
23,337,295 | Below are abstracts and a yes/no-style research question. Synthesize what they imply and respond with your judgment (yes, no, or maybe) plus reasoning.
Question: Is intraoperative use of dextran associated with cardiac complications after carotid endarterectomy? | Although dextran has been theorized to diminish the risk of stroke associated with carotid endarterectomy (CEA), variation exists in its use. We evaluated outcomes of dextran use in patients undergoing CEA to clarify its utility.
We studied all primary CEAs performed by 89 surgeons within the Vascular Study Group of N... | Dextran use was not associated with lower perioperative stroke but was associated with higher rates of MI and CHF. Taken together, our findings suggest limited clinical utility for routine use of intraoperative dextran during CEA.
So overall I'd say Yes. |
19,637,194 | Answer the research question based solely on the provided abstracts. If the abstracts support it, say yes; if they contradict it, say no; if they are insufficient or ambiguous, say maybe. Explain in a few sentences.
Question: Is overexpression of the far upstream element binding protein 1 in hepatocellular carcinoma r... | We identified the far upstream element binding protein 1 (FBP1), an activator of transcription of the proto-oncogene c-myc, in a functional yeast survival screen for tumor-related antiapoptotic proteins and demonstrated strong overexpression of FBP1 in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Knockdown of the protein in H... | I'd call it Yes. Our data establish FBP1 as an important oncoprotein overexpressed in HCC that induces tumor propagation through direct or indirect repression of cell cycle inhibitors and proapoptotic target genes. |
18,698,144 | You are a biomedical assistant. Read the abstracts and the question below. Give a supported conclusion (yes, no, or maybe if the evidence is mixed or unclear) and a short explanation tied to the text.
Question: Is very-low-density lipoprotein-induced triglyceride accumulation in human mesangial cells mainly mediated b... | Very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) in vitro can induce foam cell formation in human mesangial cells. Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) expressed in the arterial wall plays a key role in atherogenesis by actions of enzymolysis and 'molecular bridge', and, thereby, leads to the formation of lipid-loaded foam cells. It is known t... | Conclusion Yes. VLDL-induced triglyceride accumulation in human mesangial cells is mainly mediated by LPL, and the enzymolysis action of LPL could be a major factor in this process. These results suggest that LPL may be an important factor participating in the initiation and progression of VLDL-mediated lipid renal inj... |
20,174,822 | Answer the research question based solely on the provided abstracts. If the abstracts support it, say yes; if they contradict it, say no; if they are insufficient or ambiguous, say maybe. Explain in a few sentences.
Question: Does nutlin-3 cooperate with doxorubicin to induce apoptosis of human hepatocellular carcinom... | Despite recent advances in chemotherapeutic agents for Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) treatment, the results of chemotherapy remain unsatisfactory. Doxorubicin (DOX) still represents the cornerstone in HCC chemotherapy, but resistance and toxicity to normal cells are major obstacles to successful chemotherapy. Therefor... | I'd call it Yes. Taken together, our findings suggest that Nutlin-3 will be active in the treatment of HCC and offers new prospects for overcoming DOX resistance. |
26,538,092 | You are a biomedical assistant. Read the abstracts and the question below. Give a supported conclusion (yes, no, or maybe if the evidence is mixed or unclear) and a short explanation tied to the text.
Question: Is aIP1 a novel Agenet/Tudor domain protein from Arabidopsis that interacts with regulators of DNA replicati... | DNA replication and transcription are dynamic processes regulating plant development that are dependent on the chromatin accessibility. Proteins belonging to the Agenet/Tudor domain family are known as histone modification "readers" and classified as chromatin remodeling proteins. Histone modifications and chromatin re... | Conclusion Yes. AIP1 is a novel Agenet/Tudor domain protein in plants that could act as a link between DNA replication, transcription and chromatin remodeling during flower development. |
10,478,212 | You are a biomedical assistant. Read the abstracts and the question below. Give a supported conclusion (yes, no, or maybe if the evidence is mixed or unclear) and a short explanation tied to the text.
Question: Do [ Rationale and limits of echo planar magnetic resonance imaging ]? | The use of Echo Planar Imaging (EPI) techniques has extensively increased in the last few years. The technical improvements in new Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) systems satisfy the instrumental requirements for these complex high-speed methods. The latest commercial systems are provided with standard EPI sequences. ... | Conclusion Yes. EPI improves the resolution time of MRI, which is an intrinsically slow imaging procedure. Images can be obtained in few tenth of a second so that MRI suits the short temporal range of many interesting physiological processes. Recently the main goal of functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) has be... |
17,545,527 | Below are abstracts and a yes/no-style research question. Synthesize what they imply and respond with your judgment (yes, no, or maybe) plus reasoning.
Question: Is kIF14 messenger RNA expression independently prognostic for outcome in lung cancer? | The mitotic kinesin KIF14 is overexpressed in multiple cancers including lung cancer. Therefore, we investigated KIF14 expression in association with clinical variables and the effect of KIF14 on in vitro colony formation in non-small-cell lung carcinoma.
RNA was extracted from 129 untreated, resected tumors and KIF14... | KIF14 expression is independently prognostic for disease-free survival in lung cancer and knockdown decreases tumorigenicity in vitro, showing that it is a clinically relevant oncogene and an exciting therapeutic target for further study.
So overall I'd say Yes. |
11,453,958 | Answer the research question based solely on the provided abstracts. If the abstracts support it, say yes; if they contradict it, say no; if they are insufficient or ambiguous, say maybe. Explain in a few sentences.
Question: Are low serum concentrations of insulin-like growth factor I associated with femoral bone los... | Cross-sectional studies suggest that the decline in insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-1) levels with age may contribute to age-associated bone loss. However, prospective data on the relation between circulating IGF-I and bone loss in old age have not yet been reported.
A longitudinal study (follow-up time 3.3 years) o... | I'd call it Yes. Our data suggest that low circulating levels of IGF-I in elderly women are associated with greater femoral bone loss, and support previous findings of gender differences in the relation between serum IGF-I and BMD in older age. |
18,067,778 | Answer the research question based solely on the provided abstracts. If the abstracts support it, say yes; if they contradict it, say no; if they are insufficient or ambiguous, say maybe. Explain in a few sentences.
Question: Does shenfu injection attenuate neurotoxicity of bupivacaine in cultured mouse spinal cord ne... | Our previous in vivo study in the rat demonstrates that Shenfu injection, a clinically used extract preparation from Chinese herbs, attenuates neural and cardiac toxicity induced by intravenous infusion of bupivacaine, a local anesthetic. This study was designed to investigate whether bupivacaine could induce a toxic e... | I'd call it Yes. Although Shenfu injection itself has no effect on spinal neurons, it was able to reduce the bupivacaine-induced neurotoxicity in vitro. |
12,759,623 | Below are abstracts and a yes/no-style research question. Synthesize what they imply and respond with your judgment (yes, no, or maybe) plus reasoning.
Question: Is temozolomide active in childhood , progressive , unresectable , low-grade gliomas? | To assess the activity and tolerability of temozolomide in children with progressive low-grade gliomas (LGGs).
The authors reviewed the records of 13 children (6 months to 19 years old) with progressive LGGs and magnetic resonance imaging evidence of unresectable tumors who were treated with temozolomide at the author... | Temozolomide is active in children with LGGs. It is effective in previously treated patients and in patients with neurofibromatosis type 1. The 42-day regimen appears less toxic than the 5-day regimen. Any impact on survival for these patients remains to be demonstrated.
So overall I'd say Yes. |
25,539,595 | Below are abstracts and a yes/no-style research question. Synthesize what they imply and respond with your judgment (yes, no, or maybe) plus reasoning.
Question: Is homeobox gene expression in acute myeloid leukemia linked to typical underlying molecular aberrations? | Although distinct patterns of homeobox (HOX) gene expression have been described in defined cytogenetic and molecular subsets of patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML), it is unknown whether these patterns are the direct result of transcriptional alterations or rather represent the differentiation stage of the leuk... | Our results demonstrate that specific molecular genetic aberrations, rather than differentiation per se, underlie the observed differences in HOX gene expression in AML. Moreover, the observed correlations between epigenetic modifiers and HOX expression that are specific to malignant hematopoiesis, suggest their potent... |
22,539,541 | Using only the evidence in the following abstracts, address the biomedical question. Include whether you conclude yes, no, or maybe, and briefly why.
Does peperomia leaf cell wall interface between the multiple hypodermis and crystal-containing photosynthetic layer display unusual pit fields? | Leaves of succulent Peperomia obtusifolia (Piperaceae), and its related species, contain a large multilayered hypodermis (epidermis) subtended by a very small single-layered photosynthetic palisade parenchyma, the latter containing spherical aggregates of crystals called druses. Each druse is in a central vacuole surro... | These results imply an intriguing possible efficient photosynthetic adaptation for species growing in low-light environments, and provide an opportunity for future research on how evolution through environmental adaptation aids plants containing crystals associated with photosynthetic tissues to exist under low-light i... |
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