S.C.R.

SUPREME COURT REPORTS

NAGUBAI AMMAL & OTHERS

B. SHAMA RAO & OTHERS.

[S. R. DAS, C.J., VENKATARAMA AYYAR

and JAFER IMAM JJ.]

Lis pendens, Scope of-If prevents passing of title as between the transferor and the transferee-Nonjoinder of Receiver in insolvency in the execution proceeding-Effect-Transferee pendente lite, if entitled to attack execution sale on that gronnd-Limitation and adverse possession against a purchaser in execution of a decree on a prior mortga.ge-Oommencement-' Ool lusive' Mid 'Jra.1td11lent' - Distinction- Admission-Evid entiary valuc-TVhen can shift the burden of proof -Ma.xim that 'a person ca.nnot a.pprobate and reprobate'-Applicability-Transfer of Property Act (IV of 1882), s. 52-Indian Limitation Act (IX of 1908), Art. 142.

The appellants as defendants in a suit for declaration of title to certain building sites sought to resist the respondents' claim, arising by purchase from a purchaser in a sale in execution of a mortgage decree passed on a mortgage deed of 1918, by a counter-claim based on a purchase of the same lands made in 1920 by their predecessor-in-interest from one of the mortgagors against whom was then pending a suit for maintenance and for declaration of a charge on the land in s"uit.

That suit was decreed in 1921 and the lands were purchased by the decreeholder in execution of her decree in 1928.

The mortgagor had been adjudged an insolvent in 1926 and the Official Receiver in whom his estrite vested was not made a party to the execution proceeding.

Suit to enforce the mortgage deed of 1918 was brought in 1933 impleading the Official Receiver and the purchaser in execution of the maintenance and charge decree but not the appellants. In execution of the decree passed in this suit, the lands in suit were sold to a third party in 1936 and in 1938 the respondent's father purchased them.

The respondent did not specifically raise the question of lis pendens in his pleading nor was an issue framed on the point but he raised the question at the very commencement of the trial in his deposition, proved relevant documents which were admitted into evidence without any objection from the appellants who filed their own documents, cross-examined the respondent and invited thq, court to hold that the suit for maintenance and a charge and the connected proceedings evidenced by these documents were collusive in order to

aoid. the operation of s. 52 of the Tansfer of Property Act.

The District Judge held that the appellants title acquired by the purchase of 1920 was extinguished by the sale held in execution of the charge dec1ee by the operation of .s. 52 of the Transfer of Property

1:;0

April 26

N agubai Ammal

and others v.

B;· Shama Rao and others

Act and decreed the suit and his decision was affirmed by the High Court in appeal.

Held, that the decisions of the courts below were correct and must be affirmed.

That in the facts and circnmstances of the case the omission of the respondent to specifically raise the question of !is pendens in his pleading did not take the appellants by surprise and was a mere irregularity which resulted in no prejudice to tliem. Rani Chandra Kunwar v. Chaudhri Narpat Singh ([1906] L.R. 34 I.A. 27), applied.

Siddik Mad Shah v. Mt. Saran and Others (A.LR. 1930 P.d. 57), explained and held inapplicable.

That s. 52 of the Transfer .of Propety Act did not prevent the - vesting of title in a transferee in a sale pendente lite but only made it subject to the rights of other parties as decided in the suit and subsequent insolvency of the transferor could not, therefore, vest any title in the Official Receiver or make the title of the execution purchaser liable to attack on the ground that the Receiver was not made a party to the execution proceeding. That even assuming that title could not wholly pass by a transfer penden"te lite and some interest would still subsist in the transferor to vest in the Receiver, the lands in suit having been sold in execution of a charge decree, the sale would at the most be not binding on him and he could, if he so chose, move to set it aside; but the transferee pendente lite or his representative could not be allowed to make his nonjoinder a ground for attacking the sale.

Wood v. Surr ([1854) 19 Beav. 551), applied.

Inamullah Khan v. Shambhu Dayal (A.LR. 1931 All. 159).

Subbaiah v. Ramasami Goundan (I.L.R. [1954] Mad. 80) and Kala Chand Banerjee v. Jagannath Marwari ([1927] L.R. 54 I.A. 190), referred to.

That no question of limitation or adverse possession really arose in the case. It was well settled tht a claim of adverse possession could not affect the right of a prior mortgagee to bring the properties to sale and adverse possession against the purchaser under that sale could not commence prior to the date of sale.

Held further, that there was a fundamental distinction between a collusive and a fraudulent proceeding in that while the former was the result of an nnderstanding between the parties, both the claim and the contest being fictitious, and the purpose to confonnd third parties, in the latter the contest was real, though the claim was untme, and the purpose to injure the defendant by a verdict of the court obtained by practising fraud in it;

that an admission was a mere piece of evidence and could not be conclusive except by way of estoppal when it he.d been acted

upon to his detriment by the person to whom it we.a made, the weight to be attached to it depending on the circumstances of each case, and the onus of proving that it was not true could not shift to the maker of it unless it was so clear and nnambi guous as to be conclusive in absence of any explanation from him.

Slatterie v. Pooley, ([1840] 6 M. & W. 664) and Rani Chandra Kunwari v. Choudhri Narpat Singh ([1906) L.R. 34 I.A. 27), refer red to.

That the maxim that 'a person could not approbate and repro bate' had its origin in the doctrine of election and was confined to reliefs arising out of one and the same transaction and against the parties to it. Where, however, there was no question of election, as the relief claimed was one and the so.me, although based on diff erent and inconsistent grounds, the maxim had no application.

Verschures Creameries Ltd. v. Hull and Netherlands Steamship Company Ltd. ([1921) 2 K.B. 608), considered and distinguished.

CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDIOTION: Civil Appeal No. 216 of 1953.

On appeal from the judgment and decree dated the 8th March, 1951 of the Mysore High Court in Regular Appeal No. 123 of 1947-48 arising out of the decree dated the 23rd June 1947 of the Court of District Judge, Bangalore in Original Suit No. 84 of 1945-46.

K. S. Krishnaswami Iyengar and M. S. K. Sastri for the appellants.

R. Ganapathy Iyer and K. R. Krishnaswamy for the respondent No. 1.

1956. April 26.

The Judgment of the Court was delivered by

VENKATARAMA AYYAR J.-This appeal arises out of a suit instituted by one Krishna Rao, since deceased, and now represented by his son and heir, the respondent herein, for a declaration of his title to certain building sites situate in Bangalore in the State of Mysore, and for consequential reliefs. These properties belonged to one Munuswami, who died leaving him surviving his third wife Chellammal, three sons by his predeceased wives, Keshavananda,

1951!

Nagubai Ammal

and others v.

B. ShamaRao

and others

N agubai Animal

and others v.

B. Sha1na Rao and others

Venkatarama Ayyar j.

Madhavananda and Brahmananda, and three minor daughters, Shankaramma, Srikantamma and Devamma. On 1-9-1918 the three brothers executed a usufructuary mortgage for Rs. 16,000 in favour of one Abdul Huq over a bungalow and vacant sites including the properties concerned in this litigation. A period of three years was fixed for redemption. There was a lease back of the properties by the mortgagee to the mortgagots on 3-9-1918, and it was also for a period of three years. On 6-9-1918 the three brothers effected a partition under a deed, Exhibit K, which provided inter alia that they were to pay each a sum of Rs. 8 per mensem to their step-mother, Chellammal, for her maintenance, and that their step-sisters should be under their protection.

On 6-6-1919 Chellammal presented a plaint in forma pauperis claiming maintenance and praying

that it might be charged on the properties specified in the plaint.

That was Miscellaneous Case No. 377 of 1918-19. At the same time, she also presented as the next friend of her minor daughters, Srikantamma and Devamma, two plaints in forma pauperis, Miscellaneous Cases Nos. 378 and 379 of 1918-19 claiming maintenance and marriage expenses for them, and praying that the amounts decreed might be charged on the schedule-mentioned properties. The properties which are involved in this suit are included in item 8 in schedule A annexed to all the three plaints.

On 17-6-1920 permission to sue in forma pauperis was granted in all the three cases, and they were registered as Suits Nos. 98 to 100 of 1919-20.

We are concerned in this appeal with only one of them, the suit of Devamma which was Miscellaneous Case No. 379 of 1918-19, subsequently registered as Suit No. 100 of 1919-20.

The suits were contested, 'and decreed after trial on 12-12-1921.

The decree in 0. S. No. 100 of 1919-20 directed the defendants each to pay to the plaintiff a sum of Rs. 6 per mensem for maintenance until her marriage and Rs. 1,500 for marriage expenses, and the payment of the amount was made a first charge on the properties.

In execution of this decree, the

properties with which we are now concerned, were sold on 2-8-1928 and purchased by Devamma, the decree-holder. A sale certificate was issued to her on 21-11-1930 (Exhibit J-5).

Proceedings were also taken in execution of the decrees obtained by Chellammal and Srikantamma and of one Appalaraju, and all the properties comprised in the mortgage were sold and purchased by third parties.

It must be mentioned that all the three brothers were adjudicated insolvents on their own application, Brahmananda by an order dated 23-3-1923 in Insolvency Case No. 7 of 1921-22 and Keshavananda and Madhavananda by an order dated 19-2-1926 in Insolvency Case No. 4 of 1925-26.

It also appears from the evidence of D.W. 5 that at about this time all of them left the place.

While these proceedings were going on, Abdul Huq, the mortgagee, filed on 16-8-1921, O.S. No. 27 of 1921- 22 against Keshavananda and his two brothers for recovery of arrears of rent due by them under the lease deed, and obtained a decree on 21-10-1921 but was unable to realise anything in exec1,1tion thereof, and the execution petition was finally dismissed on 22-1-1926.

He then filed a second suit against the mortgagors, O.S. No. 86of1931-a2, for arrears of rent for a period subsequent to that covered by the decree in O.S. No. 27 of 1921-22 and for possession of the properties on the basis of the lease dated 3-9-1918, and obtained a decree on 22-3-1932 but was unable to get possession, as the properties were in the occupation of third parties under claims of right. Abdul Huq died on 20-3-1933, and thereafter, his legal representatives filed on 30-8-1933 O.S. No. 8 of 1933-34 to enforce their rights under the mortgage deed dated 1-9-1918. Among the defendants who were impleaded in this suit were the mortgagors Keshavananda and Madhavananda, Gururaja, son of Brabmananda who bad died, the Official Receiver and the purchasers of the mortgaged properties in execution of the maintenance decrees and the decree of Appalaraju.

Devamma was the third defendant in this action.

The plaint alleged that the mortgagors had failed to

Nagubai Ammal and others v.

B. ShamaRao

and others

Venkatarama AyyarJ.

N agubai Ammal

and others

B. Shama Rao and others

Venkatarama

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pay rent as provided in the lease deed dated 3-9-1918, and had suffered collusive decrees to be passed against them in the maintenance suits and other actions, and that properties had been sold fraudulently in execution of those decrees. On the basis of these allegations, the plaintiffs prayed for a decree for possession as against the purchasers including Devamma, and for a sum of Rs. 5,000 as damages. In the alternative, they prayed for a decree for sale of the mortgaged properties for the amount due under the mortgage.

The suit was contested, and issues raised as to whether the sales were collusive, and whether the plaintiffs were entitled to possession and damages, and alternatively, as to what amounts were payable under the mortgage and to what reliefs the plaintiffs were entitled. At the trial, the plaintiffs abandoned the relief as to possession and damages, and it accordingly became unnecessary to go into the question as to the collusive character of the maintenance decrees and the execution sales. On 26-9-1935 a decree was passed determining the amount payable to the plaintiffs on redemption, providing for payment thereof on or before 26th January 1936, and in default, directing the sale of the properties. In execution of this decree, the properties were sold in court-auction sometime in 1936, and purchased by one Chapman, and possession was taken by him through court on 18-2-1937. On 25-1-1938, Saldhana, who was the agent of Chapman, and became his executor on his death, sold the building sites now in dispute and forming part of the properties purchased in court auction, to Krishna Rao, the plaintiff in the present action. When Krishna Rao attempted to take possession of the sites, he was obstructed by one Garudachar, claiming title under a sale deed dated 1-12-1932 executed by one Lokiah, the husband of Srikantamma, sister of Devamma, and he accordingly filed O.S. No. 92 of 1938-39 in the court of the Subordinate Judge, Bangalore for establishing his title to the suit properties, and for an injunction restraining . Garudachar from interfering with his possession. The

suit was decreed on 23-7-1940, and the matter having been taken in appeal to the High Court by Garudachar, the parties entered into a compromise, and a decree, Exhibit E-1, was passed in terms thereof on 18-9-1942. Under this decree, the title of the plaintiff to the suit properties was recognised. After obtaining this decree, Krishna Rao started building on the sites, when he met with fresh obstruction, this time from the appellants who set up that they were in possession under a claim of title.

Under the partition deed entered into by the mortgagors on 6-9-1918 (Exhibit K), Keshavananda was allotted two plots, Nos. 3 and 4 to the west of East Lal Bagh Road in the plan, Exhibit G.

These are the very plots, which form the subject-matter of the present suit. On 30-1-1920 Keshavananda conveyed these properties to Dr. Nanjunda Rao under a deed of sale, Exhibit VI. There was on the same date a sale by Brahmananda of plots Nos. 1 and 2 to Dr. Nanjunda Rao, but those properties are not involved in this litigation. On the death of Dr.

Nanjunda Rao, his sons partitioned the properties, and in the division the suit properties fell to the share of one Raghunatha Rao, and on his death in 1938, his estate devolved on his widow, Nagubai, who is the first appellant. On 28-5-1939 she executed a. trust deed settling a moiety of these properties on the Anjaneyaswami Temple at Karaikal, and the trustees of that institution are the other appellants in this appeal. In view of their obstruction, Krishna Rao instituted the suit out of which the present appeal arises, for a declaration of his title to the sites in question, and for an injunction restraining the defendants from interfering with his possession, or in the alternative, for a decree in ejectment if they were held to be in possession. The claim made in the plaint is a simple one. It is that the title of Chapman as purchaser in execution of the decree passed on the mortgage dated 1-9-1918 prevailed against all titles created subsequent to that date, and that accordingly Dr. Nanjunda Rao and his successors acquired under the sale deed dated 30-1-1920 no title which could be

Nagubai Ammal

and others v.

B.ShamaRao

and others

V<nkatarama

Ayyar J.

Nagubai .-1tnmal

and other&

B. Shama Rao and others

Venkatarama

AyyarJ.

set up as against that of the plaintiff. The defendants contested the suit on the ground, firstly, that as they were not impleaded as parties in the suit on the mortgage, O.S. No. 8 of 1933-34, their right of redemption remained unaffected by the decree passed therein or the sale in execution thereof; and secondly, that the suit was barred by limitation, because the plaintiff was not in possession within 12 years of the suit, and also because the defendants had acquired tit.le to the suit properties by adverse possession for over 20 years.

The District Judge of Bangalore, who tried the suit, held tha.t the title of Dr. Nanjunda Rao to the suit properties under the sale deed dated 30-1-1920

was, under section 52 of the Transfer of Property Act, subject to the result of the maintenance suit of Devamma (O.S. No.100of1919-20), and was in consequence extinguished by the purchase by her in executioi; i of the charge decree in that suit. On the question of limitation, the learned Judge held that the plaintiff had established possession of the properties within 12 years of the suit, and that the defendants had failed to establish title by adverse possession. In the result, he granted a decree in favour of the plaintiff.for possession of the suit properties. The defendants appealed to the High Court, Mysore and by their judgment dated 8-3-1951 the learned Judges agreed with the District Judge that by reason of section 52 of the Transfer of Property Act, the title of Dr.

Nanjunda Rao based on the deed dated 30-1-1920 came to an end when Devamma purchased the properties in execution of her maintenance decree, and dis missed the appeal, but granted a certificate under article 133(1) of the Constitution, and that is how the appeal comes before us.

Notwithstanding the tangle of leg.al proceedings extending over 30 years, which forms the background of the present litigation, the single and sole question that arises for decision in this suit is whether the sale deed dated 30-1-1920 under which the appellants claim is subject to the result of the sale dated 2-8-1928 in execution of the decree in O.S. No. 100 of

1919-20 by reason of the rule of lis pendens enacted in section 52 of the Transfer of Property Act. If it is, it is not in dispute that it becomes avoided by the purchase by Devamma on 2-8-1928. If it is not, it is equally indisputable that the appellants as purchasers of the equity of redemption from Keshavananda have a right to redeem the mortgage dated 1-9-1918, and not having been impleaded in O.S. No. 8of1933-34 are not bound either by the decree passed therein or by the sale in execution thereof.

On this question, as the plaint in O.S. No. 100 of 1919-20 praying for a charge was presented on 6,6-1919, the sale to Dr. Nanjunda Rao subsequent thereto on 30-1-1920 would prima facie fall within the mischief of section 52 of the Transfer of Property Act, and would be hit by the purchase by Devamma on 2-8-1928 in execution of the charge decree. Sri K. S. Krishnaswami Ayyangar, learned counsel for the appellants, did not press before us the contention urged by them in the courts below that when a plaint is presented in forma pauperis the lis commences only after it is admitted and registered as a suit, which was in this case on 17-6-1920, subsequent to the sale under Exhibit VI-a contention directly opposed to the plain language of the Explanation to section 52.

And he also conceded and quite rightly, that when a suit is filed for maintenance and there is a prayer that it be charged on specified properties, it is a suit in which right to immovable property is directly in question, and the lis commences on the date of the plaint and not on the date of the decree, which creates the charge. But he contends that the decision of the courts below that the sale deed dated 30-1-1920 is hit by section 52 is bad on the following three grounds:

(1) The question of lis pendens was not raised in the pleadings, and is not open to the plaintiff.

(2) The suit for maintenance, O.S. No. 100 of 1919-20 and the sale in execution of the decree passed therein are all collusive, and section 52 has accordingly no application.

(3) The purchase by Devamma in execution of the decree in O.S. No. 100 of 1919-20 on 2-8-1928 is void and inoperative, as the Official Receiver in whom 60

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and others v.

B. S/lama Rao and others

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the estate of Keshavananda had vested on 19-2-1926 was not a party to the sale proceedings. These contentions must now be considered.

l. We see.no substance in the contention that the plea of lis pendens is not open to the plaintiff on the ground that it had not been raised in the pleadings.

It is true that neither the plaint nor the reply statement of the plaintiff contains any avermeut that the sale is affected by the rule of lis pendens. Nor is there any issue specifically directed to that question. It is argued for the respondent that the allegations in para 4 of the plaint and in para 5 of the reply statement that Dr. Nanjunda Rao being a transferee subsequent to the mortgage could claim no right "inconsistent with or superior to thoe of the mortgagee and the auction-purchaser" are sufficiently wide to embrace this question, and reference was made to issue No. 3 which is general in character. Even if the plaintiff meant by the above allegations to raise the plea of lis pendens, he has not expressed himself with sufficient clearness for the defendants to know his mind, and if the matter had rested there, there would be much to be said in favour of the appellant's contention. But it does not rest there.

The question of lis pendens was raised by the plaintiff at the very commencement of the trial on 8-3-1947 when he went into the witness-box and filed in his examination-in-chief Exhibit J aeries, relating to the maintenance suits, the decrees passed therein and the proceedings in execution thereof, including the purchase by Devamma. This evidence is relevant only with reference to the plea of lis pendens, and it is significant that no objection was raised by the defendants to its reception. Nay, more. On 13-3-1947 they cross-examined the plaintiff on the collusive character of the proceedings in Exhibit J aeries, and filed documents in proof of it. The trial. went on thereafter for nearly three months, the defendants adduced their evidence, and the hearing was concluded on 2-6-1947. In the argument before the District Judge, far from objecting to the plea of lis pendens being permitted to be raised, the defendants argued

the question on its merits, and sought a decision on the evidence that the proceedings were collusive in character, with a view to avoid the operation of section 52 of the Transfer of Property Act. We are satisfied that the defendants went to trial with full knowledge that the question of lis pendens was in issue, had ample opportunity to adduce their evidence thereon, and fully availed themselves of the same, and that, in the circumstances, the absence of a specific pleading on the question was a mere irregularity, which resulted in no prejudice to them .

. It was argued for the appellants that as no plea of lis pendens was taken in the pleadings, the evidence bearing on that question could not be properly looked into, and that no decision could be given based on Exhibit J series that the sale dated 30-1-1920 was affected by lis; and reliance was placed on the observations of Lord Dunedin in Siddik Mahomed Shah v.

Mt. Saran and others(1) that "no amount of evidence can be looked into upon a plea which was never put forward". The true scope of this rule is that evidence let in on issues on which the parties actually went to trial should not be made the foundation for decision of another and different issue, which was not present to the minds of the parties and on which they had no opportunity of adducing evidence. But that rule has no application to a case where parties go to trial with knowledge that a particular question is in issue, though no specific issue has been framed thereon, and adduce evidence relating thereto. The rule applicable to this class of cases is that laid down in Rani Chandra Kunwar v. Chaudhri Narpat Singh: Rani Chandra Kunwar v. Rajah Makund Singh(2).

There, the defendants put forward at the time of trial a contention that the plaintiff had been given away in adoption, and was in consequence not entitled to inherit. No such plea was taken in the written statement; nor was any issue framed thereon.

Before the Privy_ Council, the contention was raised on behalf of the plaintiff that in view of the pleadings, the question of adoption was not open to the defendants.. It was

(1) A.LR. 1930 P.O. 57.

(2; [1906-07] IJ.R. 34 I A. 27.

Nagubai Ammal

and others

B. Shama Rao

and others

Venkatarama

Ayyar J.

N agubai Ammal and others v.

B. ShamaRao and others

Venkatarama

Ayyar J.

held by Lord Atkinson overruling this objection that as both the parties had gone to trial on the question of adoption, and as the plaintiff bad not been taken by surprise, the plea as to adoption was open to the defendants, and indeed, the defendants succeeded on that very issue. This objection must accordingly be overruled.

2. It is next contended that section 52 of the Transfer of Property Act does not operate to extinguish the title of Dr. Nanjunda Rao and his successors under the sale dated 30-1-1920, because the proceedings which resulted in the decree in 0. S. No. 100 of 1919-20 and the sale in execution thereof on 2-8-1928 were all collusive. Whether they were so or not is essentially a question of fact, and both the courts below have concurred in answering it in the negative. It is contended for the appellants that this finding is the result of an error into which the learned Judges of the High Court fell as to the incidence of burden of proof, and it should not therefore be accepted. The argument is that Abdul Huq, his legal representatives and the plaintiff himself had admitted again and again in judicial proceedings taken with reference to the suit properties that the decree and sale in 0. S. No. 100 of 1919-20 were collusive, and that, in consequence, even if the initial onus of establishing this fact was on the defendants, that was shifted on to the plaintiff on proof of the abovementioned admissions, and as there was no evidence worth the name on his side to explain them, he must fail.

We must now examine the several statements which are relied on by the appellants as admissions, ascertain what their true import is, and determine what weight should be attached to them. On 27-6-1932 Abdul Huq moved the insolvency court for a direction to the Official Receiver to take possession of the mortgaged properties, which were stated to be in the occupation of one Lokiah. This Lokiah, it has been already mentioned, is the husband of Srikantamma, the sister 9f Devamma, he having married her after the maintenance suits had been decreed and sometime

prior to the court auction in 1928. In his petition, Abdul Huq alleged that Lokiah conducted proceedings in execution of the decree in O.S. No. 100 of 1919-20 in collusion with the insolvents and without notice to the Official Receiver, and purchased the properties in court auction on 2-8-1928 on behalf of the decree-holder.

The decree itself was not attacked as collusive, and as for the sale dated 2-8-1928 it was distinctly alleged in para 3 of the petition that the purchase by Lokiah was for the benefit of Devamma. The substance of the complaint of Abdul Huq was that the execution proceedings and the sales were fraudulent, and intended to defeat his rights to the rents and profits from the properties. In other words, the ground of attack on the sale dated 2-8-1928 was not that it was unreal and 001lusive, but that it was real but fraudulent.

Now, there is a fundamental distinction between a proceeding which is collusive and one which is fraudulent. "Collusion in judicial proceedings is a secret arrangeipent between two persons that the one should institute a suit against the other in order to obtain the decision of a judicial tribunal for some sinister purpose". (Wharton's Law Lexicon, 14th Edition, page 212). In such a proceeding, the claim put forward is fictitious, the contest over it is unreal, and the decree passed therein is a mere mask having the similitude of a judicial determination and worn by the parties with the object of confounding third parties.

But when a proceeding is alleged to be fraudulent, what is meant is that the claim made therein is untrue, but that the claimant has managed to obtain the verdict of the court in his favour and against his opponent by practising fraud on the court.

Such a proceeding is started with a view to injure the opponent, and there can be no question of its having been initiated as the result of an understanding between the parties. While in collusive proceedings the combat is a mere sham, in a fraudulent suit it is real and earnest. The allegations in the petition of Abdul Huq set out above show that the suit itself was not attacked as collusive, but that the execution

Nagubai Ammal and others v.

B. Shama Rao

and others

Venkatarama

AyyarJ.

1956 .

N ag11bai .<11nmal

a, id others

B. Shama Rao and others

Veukatarama

AyyarJ.

proceedings were impeached as fraudulent. It should be mentioned that on this petition the District Judge passed an order on 30-6-1932 directing the Official Receiver to take the necessary steps and report. But nothing came out of this.

We next come to a petition filed after the death of Abdul Huq by his legal representatives asking for permission of the insolvency court to institute a suit on the mortgage dated 1-9-1918 impleading the Official Receiver as party. The allegations made in the petition are on the same lines as those made by Abdul Huq in his petition dated 27-6-1932, and they do not carry the matter any further. This petition was ordered, and on 30-8-1933 0.S. No. 3 of 1933-34 was instituted. In this suit, as already stated, the plaintiffs sought to recover possession of the properties on foot of the usufructuary mortgage, and ancillary to that relief, they claimed damages from the defendants who were in possession, on the ground that the execution proceedings under which they got into possession were collusive and fraudulent. Thus far, the allegations are a mere repetition of what had been stated in the prior proceedings. But the plaint in the suit went further, and stated for the first time that the proceedings in O.S. No. 100 of 1919-20 and the decree passed therein were collusive. But these allegations were made only as the basis of the claim for damages for non-payment of rent under the lease deed dated 3-9-1918 and non-surrender of possession of the properties, and their true import is that the suit was fraudulent and intended to deprive the mortgagee of the rents and profits to which he was entit.led. At the trial, as already stated, the relief for possession and damages was given up, the question as to the collusive character of the sale was abandoned, and a decree for sale was passed. These proceedings are open to the same comment as was made on the petition of Abdul Huq, and do not assist the defendants.

It remains to deal with a proceeding to which the present plaintiff was a party. It will be remembered that after his purchase he was obstructed in his

possession by one Garudachar, and he had to file O.S.

No. 92 of 1938-39 to establish his title against him.

In his plaint in that suit he stated, obviously adopting what Abdul Huq and his legal representatives had previously alleged, that the decree in O.S. No. 100of1919-20 and the execution sale on 2-8-1928 were collusive. On behalf of the appellants, a contention is urged that as the plaintiff obtained a decree in O.S. No. 92 of 1938-39 on the strength of the above allegations, it is not open to him in these proceedings to go back on them, and plead the contrary. That is a contention which will be presently considered.

But apart from that, the statements of the plaintiff in his plaint in O.S. No. 92 of 1938-39 considered purely as admissions, do not carry the matter beyond the point to which the statements made by Abdul Huq and his legal representatives in the prior proceedings take us. The question then is, what is the effect to be given to these statements?

An admission is not conclusive as to the truth of the matters stated therein. It is only a piece of evidence, the weight to be attached to which must depend on the circumstances under which it is made.

It can be shown to be erroneous or untrue, so long as the person to whom it was made has not acted upon it to his detriment, when it might become conclusive by way of estoppel.

In the present case, there is no question of estoppal, as the title of Dr. Nanjunda Rao arose under a purchase which was long prior to the admissions made in 1932and in thesubsequentyears.

It is argued for the appellants that these admissions at the least shifted the burden on to the plaintiff of proving that the proceedings were not collusive, and that as he gave no evidence. worth the name that these statements were made under a mistake or for a purpose and were, in fact, not true, full effect must be given to them.

Reliance was placed on the wellknown observations of Baron Park in Slatterie v.

Pooley(1) that "what a party himself admits to be true may reasonably be presumed to be so", and on the decision in Rani Chandra Kunwar v. Okaudhri

(l) [1840] 6 III. & W. 664, 669; 151 E.R. 579, 581,

Na gubai Ai11mal

and others v.

B. Shama Rao

a11d ot/iers

V<flkataranta

AyyarJ.

Nagubai A1nmal

and others v.

B. Shama Rao

and others

Vtnkatarama

Ayyar J.

NarpatSingh: Rani Chandra Kunwar v. Rajah Makund Singh('), where this statement of the law was adopted.

No exception can be taken to this proposition. But before it can be invoked, it must be shown that there is a clear and unambiguous statement by the opponent, such as will be conclusive unless explained.

It has been already pointed out that 'the tenor of the statements made by Abdul Huq, his legal representatives and the plaintiff was to suggest that the proceedings in 0. S. No. 100 of 1919-20 were fraudulent and not collusive in character. Those statements would not, in our opinion, be sufficient, without more, to sustain a finding that the proceedings were collusive.

But assuming that they are sufficient to shift tne burden on to the plaintiff of proving that. the decree and sale in 0. S. No. 100 of 1919-20 were not collusive, the evidence adduced by him is, in our opinion, ample to discharge that burden. He has filed Exhibit J series, which give a complete picture of the proceedings in 0. S. No. 100 of 1919-20. Under the partition deed, Exhibit K, it will be remembered, the brothers agreed to pay a monthly maintenance of Rs. 8 each to their step-mother, Chellammal. This, however, was not chsrged on the family properties. With reference to their step-sisters, Srikantamma and Devamma, tlie provision was simply that the brothers should protect them.

It will also be remembered that under the partition Keshavananda and Brahmananda each got two vacant sites in full quit of their shares.

It appears from Exhibit J-10, paragraph 2, that the two brothers were contemplating the disposal of their plots, in which case the claim of Chellammal and the step-sisters to IQaintenance would be defeated. It became accordingly necessary for them to safeguard their rights, and for that purpose, to file suits for maintenance and claim a charge therefor on the family properties.

That the apprehensions of Chellammal were well-founded is established by the fact that the two brothers entered into agreements for the sale of their vacant sites to Dr. Nanjunda Rao on 20-10-1919, and sale deeds were actually executed

(1) [1906·07] L.R. 34 LA. 27.

pursuant thereto on 30-1-1920.

There cannot be any doubt, therefore, that the suits were bona fide.

This conclusion is further reinforced when regard is had to the conduct o.f the litigation.

Two of the brothers contested the suit.

It underwent several adjournments, and was heard finally in December 1921. At the trial, a number of witnesses were examin'ed on either side, and the judgment, Exhibit J-6, shows that the contest centred round the quantum of maintenance payable to the plaintiffs, and it was keen, eyen bitter.

When at last the plaintiffs obtained decrees, they had no easy time of it in realising the fruits thereof. The troubles of a creditor, it has been said, begin after he obtains a decree, and so it was with the plaintiffs. Exhibit J-4 shows that Devamma had to file several applications for execution, before she could finally bring the properties to sale and in view of the heavy encumbrances to which they were subject, she had herself to purchase them on 2-8-1928.

The sale was confirmed on 21-11-1930, and the sa, le certificate, Exhibit J-5, was issued, and she got into possession. To sum up, the claim on which the suit was laid was true and honest; it was hotly contested by the defendants, and prolonged proceedings in execution had to be taken for realising the fruits of the decree. These are facts which are eloquent to show that the suit in O.S. No. 100 of 1919-20 and the sale on 2-8-1928 were not collusive.

The plaintiff also went into the box, and stated in cross-examination that though when he filed O.S. No. 92 of 1938-39 he had thought that the proceedings were collusive, .he now thought otherwise. Counsel for the appellants strongly criticised this evidence, and contended that in the absence of facts as to why he changed his mind, the statement of the plaintiff that he now thought otherwise was worthless. But then, the plaintiff as also Abdul Huq and his legal representatives were utter strangers, and their statement about the collusive character of the proceedings, in O.S. No. 100 of 1919-20 could only be a matter of inference. If on the materials then before him the plaintiff could have thought that those proceedings 61

Nagubai Ammal

and others v.

B. Shama Rao and others

Venkataranta

Ayyar J.

Na gubai A mm al and others v.

B. Shanta Rao and others

Venkataranta

AyyarJ.

were collusive, there is no reason why on the materials now before him he could not think otherwjse. It was open to the defendants to have further crossexamined him about the materials which led him to change his opinion, but they chose not to pursue the matter. Both the courts below have, on a careful consideration of the record, come to the conclusion that the proceedings in 0.S. No. 100 of 1919-20 were not collusive, and we do not see sufficient grounds for disturbing that finding, which must be affirmed.

We shall now deal with the contention of the appellants that in view of what happened in 0.S. No. 92 of 1938-39 it is not open to the plaintiff to plead in these proceedings that the decree and sale in O.S. No. 100 of 1919-20 are not collusive. It is argued that in his plaint in O.S. No. 92 of 1938-39 the plaintiff alleged that the proceedings in O.S. No. 100 of 1919-20 were collusive, adduced evidence in proof of these allegations, persuaded the court to give a finding to that effect, and obtained a decree on the basis of that finding, and he cannot therefore be permitted in this litigation to change his front and plead that the proceedings in O.S. No. 100 of 1919-20 are not collusive and succeed on it. This bar arises, it is argued, on the principle that a person cannot both approbate and reprobate.

Now, the facts relating to the litigation in O.S.

o. 92 of 1938-39 are that Garudachar set up title to the suit properties under a purchase dated 1-12-1932 from Lokiah, and it was the truth and validity of this sale that was. really in question in that suit.

Lokiah purchased these and other properties in execution of the money decree of one Appalaraju, and therefore his title cannot prevail as against that of Devamma under the purchase under the charge decree on 2·8-1028. In his plaint in O.S. No. 92 of 1938-39, the plaintiff attacked the purchases of both Devamma and of Lokiah as fraudulent and collusive.

But, in fact, as Garudachar did not claim any title under Devamma, there was no need to attack the purchase by her on 2-8-1928. The suit was contested,

and in the judgment that was given, Exhibit E, the title of the plaintiff was upheld and a decree granted in his favour. There was an appeal against the decree by Garudachar, R.A. No. 101 of 1940-41, and that was disposed of on a compromise by the parties, under which the title of the plaintiff to the suit properties was affirmed and Garudachar was granted some other vacant sites in satisfaction of his claim.

It is difficult to say on these facts that the allegation of the plaintiff that the proceedings in O.S. No. 100 of 1919-20 were collusive was either the foundation of his claim, or that he obtained any benefit under the decree on that basis. Counsel for the appellants sought to rely on the findings in Exhibit E, as establishing that the proceedings in O.S. No. 100 of 1919- 20 were collusive. But as that judgment was not inter parties, the findings therein are inadmissible in this litigation, and, moreover, there having been an appeal against that judgment, the findings in Exhibit E lost their finality, and when the parties settled their claim by granting to Garudachar another property in substitution, they ceased to possess any force even inter parties.

But it is argued by Sri Krishnaswami Ayyangar that as the proceedings in 0. S. No. 92 of 1938-39 are relied on as barring the plea that the decree and sale in 0. S. No. 100 of 1919-20 are not collusive, not on the ground of res judicata or estoppal but on the principle that a person cannot both approbate and reprobate, it is immaterial tha, t the present appellants were not parties thereto, and the decision in

Verschures Creameries Ltd. v. Hull and Netherlands Steamship Company Ltd.(1), and in particular, the observations of Scrutton, L.J., at page 611 were quoted in support of this position.

There, the facts were that an agent delivered goods to the customer contrary to the instructions of the principal, who thereafter filed a suit against the purchaser for price of goods and obtained a decree. Not having obtained satisfaction, the principal next filed a suit against the agent for damages on the ground of negligence and

(1) [1921] 2 KB. 608.

N agubai Ammal

and others v.

B. ShamaRao and others

Venkatarama Ayyarj.

N agubai Arnmal

and others v.

B. Sha1na Rao and others

Vcttk'1tarania

tlyyar J,

breach of duty. It was held that such an action was barred.

The ground of the decision is that when on the same facts, a person has the right to claim one of two reliefs and with full knowledge he elects to claim one and obtains it, it is not open to him thereafter to go back on his election and claim the alternative relief. The principle was thus stated by Bankes, L. J.:

"Having elected to treat the delivery to him as an authorised delivin-y they cannot treat the same act as a misdelivery. To do so would be to approbate and reprobate the same act".

The observations of Scrutton, L. J. on which the appellants rely are as follows:

"A plaintiff is not permitted to 'approbate and reprobate'. The phrase is apparently borrowed from the Scotch law, where it is used to express the principle embodied in our doctrine of election-namely, that no party can accept and reject the same instrument: Ker v. Wauchope('): Douglas-Menzies v. Umphelby(2).

The doctrine of election is not however confined to instruments. A person cannot say at one time that a transaction is valid and thereby obtain some advantage, to which he could only be entitled on the footing that it is valid, and then turn round and say it is void for the purpose of securing some other advantage. That is to approbate and reprobate the transaction".

It is clear from the above observations that the maxim that a person cannot 'approbate and reprobate' is only one application of the doctrine of election, and that its operation must be confined to reliefs claimed in respect of the same transaction and to the persons who are parties thereto.

The law is thus stated in Halsbury's Laws of England, Volume XIII, page 454, para 512:

"On the principle that a person may not approbate and reprobate, a species of estoppel has arisen which seems to be intermediate between estoppel by record and estoppel in pais, and may conveniently be referred to here.

Thus a party cannot, after taking advantage under an order (e.g. payment of costs),

(1) (1819] 1 Bli. 1, 21.

(2) (1908] AC. 22i, 232.

be heard to say that it is invalid and ask to set it aside, or to set up to the prejudice of persons who have relied upon it a case inconsistent with that upon which it was founded; nor will he be allowed to go behind an order made in ignorance of the true facts to the prejudice of third parties who have act.ed on it".

The plaintiff obtained no advantage against the appellants by pleading in 0. S. No. 92 of 1938-39 that the proceedings in 0. S. No. 100 of 1919-20 were collusive; nor did they acting on those pleadings acquire rights to the suit properties. Nor is there any question of election, because the only relief which the plaintiff claimed in 0. S. No. 92 of 1938-39 and which he now claims is that he is entitled to the suit properties. Only, the ground on which that relief is claimed is different and, it is true, inconsistent. But the principle of election does not forbid it, and there being no question of estoppel, the plea that the proceedings in 0. S. No. 100of1919-20 are not collusive is open to the plaintiff.

3. It was finally contended that the purchase by Devamma in execution of the decree in 0. S. No. 100 of 1919-20 was void and conferred no title on her, because the Official Receiver in whom the estate of Keshavananda, the mortgagor, had vested on his adjudication as insolvent on 19-2-1926 bad not been made a party to those proceedings, and that, in consequence, the title of Dr. Nanjunda Rao and his successors under the sale deed dated 30-1-1920 continued to subsist, notwithstanding the court auction sale on 2-8-1928. The obvious answer to this contention is that the properties which were sold on 2-8-1928 did not vest in the Official Receiver on the making of the order of adjudication on 19-2-1926, as they had been transferred by the mortgagor, long prior to the presentation of Insolvency Case No. 4 of 1925-26 under the very sale deed dated 30-1-1920, which forms the root of the appellants' title. That sale was no doubt pendente lite, but the effect of section 52 is not to wipe it out altogether but to subordinate it to the rights based on the decree in the suit. As between the

1951.i

Nagubai Ammal and others v.

B. Shama Rao and others

Venkatarama AyyarJ.

N agubai Ammal

and others v.

B. Shama Rao and others

Venkatarama Ayyar j.

parties to the transaction, however, it was perfectly valid, and operated to vest the title of the transferor in the transferee. Under section 28(2) of the Insolvency Act, what vests in the Official Receiver is only the property of the insolvent, and as the suit properties had ceased to be his properties by reason of the sale deed dated 30~1-1920, they did not vest in the Official Receiver, and the sale held on 2-8-1928 is not liable to be attacked on the ground that he had not been impleaded as a party thereto.

But it is argued for the appellants that having regard to the words of section 52 that pendente lite "the property cannot be transferred", such a transfer must, when it falls within the mischief of that section, be deemed to be non est, that in consequence Keshavananda must, for purposes of lis pendens, be regarded as the owner of the properties, notwithstanding that he had transferred them, and that the Official Receiver who succeeded to his rights had a right to be impleaded in the action. This contention gives no effect to the words "so as to affect the rights of any other party thereto under any decree or order which may be made therein", which make it clear that the transfer is good except to the extent that it might conflict with rights decreed under the decree or order. It is in this view that transfers pendente lite have been held to be valid and operative as between the parties thereto. It will be inconsistent to hold that the sale deed dated 30-1-1920 is effective to convey the title to the properties to Dr. Nanjunda Rao, and that, at the same time, it was Kesbavananda who must be deemed to possess that title. We are, therefore, unable to accede to the contention of the appellants that a transferor pendente lite must, for purposes of section 52, be treated as still retaining title to the properties.

But assuming that Kesbava, nanda had still some interest in the properties left even after be had sold them on 30-1-1920 and that it would vest in the Official Receiver on the making of the order of adjudication on 19-2-1926, what is its effect on the title of Devamma as purchaser in court auction in execution of her charge decree? It has been held by the Privy Council in Kala Chand Banerjee v. Jagannath Marwari(1) that when in execution of a mortgage decree properties are sold without notice to the Official

Receiver in whom the equity of redemption had vested prior to the sale, such sale would not be binding on him. But here, it is not the Official Receiver, who impeaches the sale as bad. In fact, he was a party to O.S. No. 8 of 1933-34 and would be bound by the sale in execution of the decree therein, under which the plaintiff claims. It is the purchaser pendente lite in the charge suit, O.S. No.100of1919-20,

that now attacks the sale held on 2-8-1928 as null and void. Is he entitled to do so? Counsel for the respondent has invited our attention to the decision in Wood v. Surr(9). There, the mortgagor filed a suit for redemption in 1838. A preliminary decree for accounts was passed in 1843 and pursuant thereto, a final decree was made in 1848 declaring the amount payable, and time for payment was given till 1849.

The amount not having been paid, the mortgage became foreclosed.

During the pendency of these proceedings, the mortgagor was adjudicated bankrupt in 1844, but the Official Assignee, in whom the equity of redemption had vested, was not impleaded in the mortgage action. In 1841, the mortgagor had created a further mortgage in favour of one Mrs. Cuppage, and she was not made a party in the redemption suit.

After the foreclosure of the mortgage in 1849, • one Mr. Wood claiming in the rights of Mrs. Cuppage instituted an action to redeem the mortgage.

The question was whether being transferee pendente lite he was bound by the foreclosure proceedings. The contention on his behalf was that as the official assignee was not a party to those proceedings, there had been no proper foreclosure, and that the whole matter was at large. In negativing this contention, Sir John Romilly, M. R. observed: "There can be no question but that the suit (Davis's suit) was defective by reason of no notice having been taken of the insolvency. The proceeding

(1) [1927) LR. 5! L\. 190.

(2) [1854] 10 Boav. 551; 52 E.R. 465.

N agubai Ammal

and others v.

B. ShamaRao

and others

Ven katarama AyyarJ.

N agubai A1nnial

and others

•• B, Shatnti Rao and others

Vcnkatarania

Ayyar J.

having gone on exactly as if no insolvency had taken place, the subsequent proceedings would, in my opinion, be wholly inoperative against the assigneein-insolvency and if he thought fit to contest the validity of the decree of foreclosure against Davis, it could not be held to be binding on such assignee. But that does not conclude the question, which really is, whether the plaintiff who, but for this, would in truth have been bound, cn take advantage of this objection.

I am of opinion that although the suit was undoubtedly defective, by reason of this insolvency, the assignee alone could take advantage of this defect.

It is obvious that Davis himself could not take advantage of it, or if from any subsequent cause, or any 311bsequent circumstance, the insolvency or bankruptcy had been superseded or annulled, he could not have said that the foreclosure was not absolute against him".

These observations directly cover the point now in controversy, and they embody a principle adopted in the law of this country as to the effect of a sale in execution of a decree passed in a defectively constituted mortgage suit. Such a sale, it has been held, does not affect the rights of redemption of persons interested in the equity of redemption, who have not been impleaded as parties to the action as they should have been under Order 34, Rule I, Civil Procedure Code but that it is valid and effective as against parties to the action. This rule has been affirmed even when the person in whom the equity of redemption had vested is the Official Receiver, and he had not been made a party to the proceedings resulting in sale.

Vide Jnamullah Khan v. Shambhu Dayal(') and Subbaiah v. Ramasami Goundan(').

We should accordingly hold that even assuming that the equity of redemption in the suit properties vested in the Official Receiver on the adjudication of Keshavananda, his non-joinder in the execution proceedings did not render the purchase by Devamma a nullity, and that under the sale she acquired a good and impeccable t.itle, subject to any right which the Official Receiver

(1) A.LR. 1931 All. 159.

(2) I.L.R. (1954] l\!ad. SO.

might elect to exercise, and it is not open to attack by the transferee pendente lite under the deed dated 30-1-1920 and his representatives, the present appellants. In the result, we agree with the courts below that the title of the appellants has been extinguished under section 52 of the Transfer of Property Act, by the court sale dated 2-8-1928.

It must be mentioned that the appellants also pleaded that the suit was barred by limitation under article 142 on the ground that the plaintiff and his predecessors had not been in possession within 12 years of the suit, and that further the defendant had acquired title by adverse possession commencing from 1920. The learned District Judge, found on both the issues in favour of the plaintiff, and though the correctness of these findings was attacked in the grounds of appeal to the High Court, there is no discussion of the question in the judgment of the learned Judges, and we must take it that the point had been abandoned by the appellants. We accordingly declined to hear them on this question. We may add that the question oflimitation cannot really arise on the facts of this case, inasmuch as the possession which is claimed to be adverse is stated to have commenced in 1920, and it is well settled that such possession cannot affect the right of a prior mortgagee to bring the properties to sale, and adverse possession against the purchaser under that sale cannot commence prior to the date of that sale, and the present suit was instituted on 8-1-1945 within 12 years of the sale, which took place in 1936.

The appeal fails, and is dismissed with costs.

N agubai Ammal

and others v.

B. Shama Rao

and others

Venkatarama

Ayyar J.

NAGUBAI AMMAL & OTHERS

B. SHAMA RAO & OTHERS

S. R. DAS, C.J.

JAFER IMAM JJ.

Applicability-Transfer of Property Act

s. 52

Indian Limitation Act

Art. 142

s. 52

s. 52

N agubai Ammal

Act

L.R. 34 I.A. 27

s. 52

L.R. 54 I.A. 190

L.R. 34 I.A. 27

K. S. Krishnaswami Iyengar

M. S. K. Sastri

R. Ganapathy Iyer

R. Ganapathy Iyer and K. R. Krishnaswamy for the respondent No.

K. R. Krishnaswamy

Munuswami

Nagubai Ammal

B. ShamaRao

N agubai Animal

B. Sha1na Rao

Venkatarama Ayyar

Madhavananda

Brahmananda

Shankaramma

Srikantamma

Devamma

Abdul Huq

Chellammal

Appalaraju

Keshavananda

Keshavananda

Madhavananda

Gururaja

Brabmananda

B. Shama Rao

Venkatarama

llyyar

26th January 1936

Chapman

Saldhana

Krishna Rao

Garudachar

Lokiah

Subordinate Judge, Bangalore

Nanjunda Rao

Raghunatha Rao

Nagubai

Karaikal

B.ShamaRao

Ayyar

District Judge of Bangalore

section 52

Transfer of Property Act

High Court, Mysore

section 52

Transfer of Property Act

article 133(1)

section 52

Transfer of Property Act

section 52

Transfer of Property Act

K. S. Krishnaswami Ayyangar

section 52

section 52

section 52

Ayyar

N agubai Amtnal

B. S/lama Rao

section 52

Transfer of Property Act

Dunedin

Venkatarama

Ayyar

Atkinson

section 52

Transfer of Property Act

Wharton

Wharton's Law Lexicon, 14th Edition, page 212).

Na gubai Ai11mal

Vtnkatarama

Venkataranta

Ayyar

B. Shanta Rao

Krishnaswami Ayyangar

Scrutton

Venkatarama Ayyarj

N agubai Arnmal

tlyyar

Bankes

section 52

Venkatarama AyyarJ.

section 28(2)

section 52

Kesbavananda

section 52

Kesbava

nanda

Cuppage

Wood

John Romilly

Davis

N agubai A1nnial

Shatnti Rao

Civil Procedure Code

section 52

Transfer of Property Act

article 142

Venkatarama


19~6

AJ>ril 26

SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1956]

KARTAR SINGH & OTHERS

THE STATE OF PUNJAB.

[BHAOWATI and CHANDRASEKHARA AIYAR, JJ.]

Punjab Security of the Stole Act, 1953 (Punjab Act XII of 1953), s. 9-Members of proce38ion shouting defamatory slogans against Ministers of State Government-Prosecution under •· 9-Whether j11stified.

The appellants were members of a. procession taken out to protest against the policy of the Punjab Government to nationalise motor transport and raised the slogans "Jaggu mama hai hai (Jaggu, maternal uncle he dead)" and "Khachar Kbota hai hai (mulecum donkey be dead)". The words were directed against the Transport Minister and the Chief Minister respe9tively and were defamatory.

The appellants were prosecuted and convicted under s. 9 of the Pun jab Security of the mate Act, 1953.

Held that the statements could not be said to undermine the security of the State or friendly relations with foreign States nor did they amount to contempt of Court or defamation prejudicial to the security of the State nor did they tend to overthrow the State and that the prosecution had failed to establish that the act of the ap pellants undermined public order, decency or mora.lity or was tantamount to an incitement to an offence prejudicial to the maintenance of public order and consequently the prosecution under s. 9 was not justified.

Public men may as well think it worth their while to ignore such vulgar criticisms and abuses hurled against them, rather than give importance to the same by prosecuting the person responsible for the same.

Seymour v. Bullerworth ([1862] 3 F. & F. 372, 376, 377), R. v.

Sir R. Carden ((1879] 5 Q.B.D. 1), Kelly v. Sherlock ([1866] L.R. 1 Q.B. 686, 689; 35 L.J. Q.B. 209) referred to.

CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Criminal Appeal No. 49 of 1955.

Appeal by special leave from the order dated the 9th July, 1954 of the Punjab High Court at Simla in Criminal Revision No. 778 of 1954 arising out of the judgment and order dated the 30th June 1954 of the Court of Additional Sessions Judge, Amritsar in Criminal Appeal No. 409 of 1954.

Ram Das and Raghu Nath Pandit, for the appellants.

J indralal and P. G. Gokhale, for the respondent.

1956. April 26.

The Judgment of the Court was delivered by

BHAGWATI J.-This appeal with special leave involves the interpretation of section 9 of the Punjab Security of the State Act, 1953 (Punjab Act XII of 1953), hereinafter called "the Act".

The appellants were members of the Amritsar District Motor Union which took out a procession on 23rd March, 1954 to protest against the policy of the Punjab Government to nationalise motor transport.

The procession started from Gui Park and was taken on lorries and jeeps. It stopped near Chitra Talkies and then started on foot. When it reached near Prabha.t Studio, the appellants raised slogans "Jaggu

mama hai hai (Jaggu, maternal uncle be dead)" and "Khachar Khota hai hai (mule-cum-donkey be dead)". The first slogan was alleged to have been directed against the Hon'ble Shri Jagat Narain, Transport Minister, Punjab State and the second slogan against the Hon'ble Shri Bhim Sen Sachar, Chief Minister, Punjab State. The uttering of these slogans was considered objectionable and the appellants were charged in the Court of the Magistra.te, First-Class, Amritsar:-"that you, on or about the 23rd day of Ma.rch 1954 at Amritsar, while being members of a procession, raised slogans "J aggu mama hai hai" "Khachar Khota hai hai" which besides being indecent amounted to defamation and was prejudicial to the security of the State and the maintenance of public order and thereby committed an offence punishable under section 9 of the Security of the State .Act".

The appellants pleaded not guilty and claimed to be tried. They also led evidence in defence. The learned Magistrate, however, disbelieved the defence

n.nd, accepting the prosecution evidence, found that the appellants did raise these slogans. In the opinion

Kartar Singh

and others

•• The Stale of Punjab

Karlar Singh

and others v.

The State-of

Punjab

BhagwatlJ.

of the learned Magistrate, the slogans were in fact abuses hurled at the Transport Minister and the Chief Minister of the Punjab Government which besides being indecent amounted to defamation and were prejudicial to the maintenance of public order.

The appeal taken by the appellants before the Court of Additional Sessions Judge, Amritsar, was unsuccessful.

The learned Additional Sessions Judge also found against the appellants and observed that the slogans were highly objectionable and they fell within the ambit of section 9 of the said Act, that by raising those slogans the appellants undermined the public order as well as decency and they also amounted to defamation. He, therefore, maintained the conviction of the appellants and the sentences of 3 months' rigorous imprisonment which had been imposed by the learned Magistrate upon them.

The appellants filed a Revision Application before the High Court of Judicature for the State of Punjab at Simla but the same was summarily dismissed by the learned Chief Justice. The appellants thereafter applied for and obtained from this Court Special Leave to appeal and the appeal has accordingly come on for hearing and final disposal before us.

On the evidence on record, there is no doubt that the appellants were members of the procession and did utter those slogans against the Transport Minister and the Chief Minister of the Punjab Government.

The question, however, remains whether, in uttering these slogans, they committed an offence under section 9 of the Act. Section 9 of the Act reads as follows:-

"9. Whoever- (a) makes any speech, or (b) by words, whether spoken or written, or by signs or by visible or audible representations or otherwise publishes any statement, rumour or report, shall, if such speech, statement, rumour or report undermines the security of the State, friendly relations with foreign States, public order, decency or morality, or amounts to contempt of Court, defamation or incitement to an offence prejudicial to the security of the State or the maintenance of public order, or tends to overthrow the State, be punishable with imprisonment which may extend to three years or with fine or with both".

It cannot be denied that the appellants by words spoken published statements in relation to the Transport Minister and the Chief Minister of the Punjab Government. A futile argument was advanced before us by the advocate of the appellants that this condition was not satisfied but we need not pause to consider the same. The sole question for our determination is whether such statements (1) undermined the security of the State, friendly relations with foreign States, public order, decency or morality or (2) amounted to contempt of Court, defamation or incitement to an offence prejudicial to the security of the State or maintenance of public order, or (3) tended to overthrow the State.

The appellants were no doubt affected by the policy of the Punjab Government to nationalise motor transport and the Transport Minister and the Chief Minister were really responsible for sponsoring that policy. Their tirade, therefore, was against both these individuals and, in the demonstration which the appellants held against that policy, they gave vent to violent expressions of opinion against them and, in the slogans which they uttered, used expressions which were certainly objectionable. The slogan "Jaggu mama hai hai" could be translated as "Jaggu, whose sister is my father's wife is dead, woe betide him" and was in that sense a vulgar abuse hurled against the Transport Minister. The slogan "Khachar khota hai hai" could be translated as "mulecum-donkey is dead, woe betide him" and it was directed against the Hon'ble Shri Bhim Sen Sachar, Chief Minister, Punjab Government, whose name Sachar was caricatured into khachar being mule and was also combined with khota, a donkey. This was a.gain a vulgar abuse hurled against the Chief Minister, Punjab Government.

The appellants' conduct in this behalf could not at

K artar Siflgh

and others v.

The State of Punjab

Bhagu, ati J.

Kartar Singh

aud others v.

Th..! State of Punjab

Blurgwati J.

all be justified. Whatever their grievances against the Transport Minister and the Chief Minister of the Punjab Government were, they were entitled to ventilate them in a decent and dignified manner and they were certainly not justified in hurling such vulgar abuses against these individuals howsoever prejudicial to the interest of the appellants the policy of nationalised motor transport sponsored by them might have been. No decent citizen should have uttered such slogans and the State authorities were well within their rights in proceeding against the appellants.

The difficulty, however, in the way of the State authorities is that they misconceived their remedy. Howsoever provocative and indecent or unbefitting a responsible citizen of the State the conduct of the appellants was, the charge which was levelled against the appellants was one under section 9 of the Act and before the prosecution could succeed they had not only to prove that what the appellants did was against decency and was defamatory of these individuals but also was such that it undermined public order, decency or morality or was tantamount to an incitement to an offence prejudicial to the maintenance of public order. The learned counsel for the State very rightly conceded that the statements could not be said to undermine the security of the State or friendly relations with foreign States nor did they amount to contempt of Court or defamation prejudicial to the security of the State nor did they tend to overthrow the State. Howsoever reprehensible these slogans were, they certainly would not have that effect. The only way in which he sought to bring these slogans uttered by the appellants within the mischief of section 9 of the Act was by urging before us that the statements undermined public order, decency or morality and that they were tantamount to an incitement to an offence prejudicial to the maintenance of public order. In support of this contention he referred us to the evidence of Ram Rakha, P.W. 2, Sub-Inspector, C.I.D., who had accompanied the procession:-

"There was a sufficient num her of public men

there and they felt annoyed over these slogans. The police had sufficient arrangements and had there been no arrangement there might have been a dispute".

There was also the evidence of Gurdit Singh, P. W. 3:-

"There were many other persons of the public with the procession. People took these slogans ill" and SunQ.er Singh, P. W. 4:-

"There were many 9ther persons of the public.

The slogans had a bad effect on the public".

It is significant to observe that, in the initial report made by the Sub-Inspector Ram Rakha as also the Diary Report prepared by him~ no mention had been made by him of the members of the public having felt annoyed over these slogans. The two other witnesses Gurdit Singh, P~W. 3 and Sunder Singh, P. W. 4, were shown in their cross-examination to have been the associates of the police in the in vestigations which they used to carry on and were not at all worthy of credence. These statements, therefore, in regard to the members of the public having felt annoyed over these slogans uttered by the appellants, were liable to be discredited. Even assuming that some members of the public who had congregated near the Prabhat Studio felt annoyed at these slogans and took them ill it is a far cry from that annoyance to undermining of the public order, decency or morality or incitement to an offence prejudicial to the maintenance o.f public order. The only offence prejudicial to the maintenance of public order which could be thought of in this context was that of rioting and there is not the slightest evidence on record to justify an inference that the effect of the utterance of these slogans by the appellants against the Transport Minister and the Chief Minister would, but for the police arrangements, have led to the undermining of the public order or would have led to rioting which would be certainly prejudicial to the maintenance of public order. Indecent and vulgar though these slogans were as directed against the Transport Minister and the Chief Minister of the Punjab Government, the utterance thereof by the appellants who were the members of the procession protesting against

K artar Si11gh

a11d others

....

The State of

Punjab

Bhagu:atiJ.

. 1956

l{artar Singh

and others v.

Tlac State oj

P1oijab

Bliagwati J,

the scheme of nationalised motor transport was hardly calculated to undermine decency or morality the strata of society from which the appellants came being habituated to indulge freely in such vulgar abuses without any the slightest effect on the persons hearing the same.

These slogans were certainly defamatory of the Transport Minister and the Chief Minister of the Punjab Government but the redress of that grievance was personal to these individuals and the State authorities could not take the cudgels on their behalf by having recourse to section 9 of the Act unless and until the defamation of these individuals was prejudicial to the security of the State or the maintenance of public order. So far as these individuals were concerned, they did not take any notice of these vulgar abuses and appeared to have considered the whole thing as beneath their notice. Their conduct in this behalf was consistent with the best traditions of democracy. "Those who fill a public position must not be too thin skinned in reference to comments made upon them. It would often happen that observations would be made upon public men which they know from the bottom of their hearts were undeserved and unjust; yet they must bear with them and submit to be misunderstood for a time" (Per Cockburn, C.J. in Seyrnour v. Butterworth(') and see the dicta of the Judges in R. v. Sir R. Carden(')). "Whoever fills a public position renders himself open thereto. He must accept an attack as a necessary, though unpleasant, appendage to his office" (Per Bramwell, B., in Kelley v. Sherlock(')). Public men in such positions may as well think it worth their while to ignore such vulgar criticisms and abuses hurled against them rather than give importance to the same by prosecuting the persons responsible for the same.

While commending thus the conduct of the Transport Minister and the Chief Minister of the Punjab Government, we cannot help observing that the step

(11 [1862] 3 F. & F. 372, 376, 377; 176 KR. 166, 168, 169.

(2) [1879] 5 Q.D.D. 1.

(3) [186G] L.R. 1 '< Il. 686, 689.

• l

which the State authorities took against the appellants in prosecuting them under section 9 of the Act was unjustified as the slogans uttered by the appellants did not under the circumstances set out above fall within the mischief of that section.

Deprecating as we do the conduct of the appellants in uttering these slogans, we cannot help feeling that the prosecution has failed to establish that the appellants were guilty of the offence with which they had been charged with the result that the appeal of the appellants will be allowed, their convictions and sentences passed upon them will be set aside and they will be set at liberty forthwith.

We only hope that the observations made by us here will be an eyeopener to the appellants and they will behave themselves better in the future.

JASWANTRAI MANILAL AKHANEY v.

THE STATE OF BOMBAY.

[VIVIAN BosE, JAGANNADHADAS and B. P. SINHA JJ.]

Criminal breach a/trust-Conviction of a banker, Validity a/- Government Promissory Notes pledged with a bank to cover overdraft -No overdraft by the pledgor-Managin(J Director actin(J on behalf of all the Directors pledging the Notes to borrow money for the use of the bank-Legality-Sale of the Notes by the creditors to realise their dues and conseqitent inability of the bank to return them-Mens rea -Sanction to prosecute by the Company Judge, if iequired-Framing of charge, if defective-Indian Penal Code (Act XL V of 1860 ), ss. 409, 79-Indian Contract Act (IX of 1872), s. 179-Indian Companies Act (VII of 1913), s.179-Code of Criminal Proceduie (Act V of 1898), ss. 221, 222, 223.

The appellant 'Was the Managing Director of a bank and held a power of attorney to act on behalf of its Directors and authorising him to borrow money on behalf of the bank. Certain Government Promissory Notes were pledged with the bank by another bank to cover an overdraft account up to a specified amount. There was, however, no overdraft by the pledgor.

The pledgee bank was in a precarious financial condition. The appellant pledged the securities with a third party to get a loan for the bank's use and on its failure 63

Kartar Singh

and others v.

The State of Punjab

Bhagwati J.

May4

KARTAR SINGH & OTHERS

THE STATE OF PUNJAB

CHANDRASEKHARA AIYAR, JJ.

Punjab Security of the Stole Act, 1953

Punjab Act XII of 1953

s. 9

s. 9

Pun jab Security of the mate Act, 1953

s. 9

Ram Das

Raghu Nath Pandit

J indralal

P. G. Gokhale

BHAGWATI

section 9

Punjab Security of the State Act, 1953

Punjab Act XII of 1953

Amritsar District Motor Union

23rd March, 1954

Punjab Government

Khachar Khota hai hai

Jagat Narain

Punjab State

Bhim Sen Sachar

section 9

Kartar Singh

Karlar Singh

State-of

Punjab

BhagwatlJ.

section 9

section 9

Section 9

State of Punjab

Blurgwati

section 9

section 9

Ram Rakha

Gurdit Singh

SunQ.er Singh

Ram Rakha

Sunder Singh

K artar Si11gh

State of

Punjab

section 9

Cockburn

section 9

VIVIAN BosE

JAGANNADHADAS

B. P. SINHA

Indian Penal Code

ss. 409, 79

Indian Contract Act

s. 179

Indian Companies Act

ss. 221, 222, 223

Bhagwati