A.R. ANTULAY

RAMDAS SRINIWAS NAY AK AND ANOTHER

February 16, 1984

[D. A. DESAI, R. S. PATHAK, 0. CH!NNAPPA REDDY, A. P. SBN

AND V. BALAKRISHNA ERADI, JJ.)

Interpretation of Sttttutes-Construction of Penal Laws-Rules for.

Criminal Procedure Code, 1973 (Act II of 1974) Sections 4, 6, 190, 200, 202, 238 to 250-Specfal Judge, taking cognizance of offence under the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1947 (Act 2 of 1947) on a private complaint fn respect of the said offences committed by Public ServantS, legality of-Criminal Law Amendment Act (XLVJ of 1952) section 6 to 8, Scope of-Court of Special Judge Is a Court of.Original Criminal Jurisdiction and shall have llll powers except those specifically excluded.

Legislation by In corporatiort, doctrine applied.

Respondent Nayat filed a pdvate complaint aeainst the appellant, alleging thit the appellant ha!, asa p•blic servant aommitted certain oft'ences under ss. 5, 5A and 7A of the Prevention of Corruption Act (Act II of 1947), and section 161-165 of the Indian Penal Code before the learned Special Judge, Sbri P. S. Bhutta.

The Special Judge toot cognizance of the said offences and adjourned the case to October 12, 1982 on which date, the appellants' counsel moved an app1icatioD questioning the jurisdiction of the court OD two specific counts : (i) that the Court of special Judge act up under s. 6 of the Criminal Law Amendment Act, 1952 ('1952 Act' for short) cannot take coa:nizance of any of the offences enumerated ins, G' (1)

(a) & (b) upon a private compl.aint of facts constituting the offenpe and

(ii) that where there are m-ore special Judges than o'ne for any area, in the absence of a specification by the State Government in this behalf, spccif)'iQg the local area over which each special Judge would have jurisdiction, the speci_al Judge (Mr. Bhutta) had DD jurisdiction to take cognizance of the offences and try the case.

The learned special Judge rejected both tho con

1 tentions.

The appellant filed Criminal Revision Application No. SlO of 1982 in the Bombay High Court.

On a reference made by the learned Single Judge, this roviaion apPlication was board by a Division Bench of the High' Court.

Tho learned Judges by two separate but concurring judgments held that 1pccial Judge is competent and is entitled to take cognizance of offences set out in s. 6 (1) (a) & (b) upon a private complaint of facts constituting the offence and consequently rejected the first contention.

In reaching this conclusion the learned Judges held that a prior investigation under s. SA of the Prevention of Corruption Act, 194 7 ('I 947 Act' for shon) by a police officer of tle designated ran~ is n.ot a c;:ondition precedent to

A. R. ANTULAY v. R. S. NAYAK 915

the special Judge takiag cognizance of te offences under s. 8 (ll of 1952

Act, and taking notice of the Notification dated January 15, 1983 issued by the Maharashtra State under sub's. (2) of s. 7 of 1952 Act, specifying Shri R B. Sule, Special Jtidge for Ort?atcr Bomaby for trying the Special Case No. 24 of 1982 rejected the second contention and therefore, the re .. vision petition as wel_I: Hence this appeal by special leave.

Dismissing the appeal, the Court_,

HELD : I. It is a well established cannon of construction that the court should read the section as it is and cannot rewrite it to suit its convenience; nor does any cannon of construction permit the court to read the section in such manner as to render it to some extent otiose. [936DB]

2:1. 'A private complaint filed in respect of the offences committe~ by public 1ervaots as. enunierated io_s. 6 (1) and_(b)_of the Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 1952 can be entertained by, the special Judge and taken c<igaizaace of.

The same is perfectly legal. [9368)

State of Tamil Nadu v. V. Krlshnaswaml Naidu & Anr. [1979] 3 SC.R. 928; Parasnath Pande & Anr. v. State, A.I.R. 1962 Bom. 205; Jagdish Prasad Verma 11. The State, A.J.R. "i966 PatD!I 15; referred to •.

2'.2. It is a well recognised prineiple of criminal .jurisprudence that anyone can set or put the cril}1inal Jaw into motion eacept wherC the statute enacting or creating an offence indicates to the contrary.

The Scheme of the Code of Criminal Procedure enviasges two parallel and independent agencies for taking criminal offences to Court.

Even for the most serious offence of murder, it was not isputed that a private complaint can, not only be filed but can be entertained and proceeded with according to law. Locus Standi of the complaint is a concept foreign to criminal jurisprudence save and except that where the statute Creating an offence provides for the eligibility of the complaint, by necessary implication .the general principle gets eJicluded by such statutory provision. [9230-F]

While s. 190 of the Code of Criminal Procedure permjts anyone to approach the Magistrate with complaint, it does not prescribe any qualification the camplaint is required to fulfil to be eligible to file a complaint.

But where an eligibility criterion for a complaint is contemplated specific provisions have been made such as to be found in ss. 195 & J99 of the Cr. P. C.

These specific provisions clear'Jy indicate that in the absence of a11y such.statutorY provisions, a locus standi of a complaint is a concept foreign tO criminal jurisprudence.

In other words the principle that anyone can set or put the criminal law in motion remains intact unless contraindicated by a statutory provi•ion. [923G-H; 924A]

This general .principle of nearly uµiversal application is founded on a

policy that an offence i.e. an act or omission made punishable by any law for the time being in force (Sees. 2 (n) Cr. P. C.) is not niei:ely an offence c;; c>mmitted iq relati9n to the perso~ wo s'1ffers harm bq~ i~ also an oence . ff

• 916 .S8PllBME COURT RIU'ORTS (1984] 2 s.c.a.

against society.

The society for its ortrly and peaceful deelopment is interested in the punishment of the offender.

Therefore, prosecution for serious offencCs is undertaken in the name of the state representing. the people which would exclude any element of private vendatta 'or vengeance.

If such is the public policy underlying penal statutes, who brings an act or omimission made punishable by law to the notice of the authority competent to deal wit.hit, is immaterial and irrelevant unless the statute indicates to the contrary.

Punishment of the offender in the interest of the society being one of the objects behind penal statutes enacted for larger good of the society, right to iniliate proceedings cannot be whittled down, circumscribed or fettere.d by putting it into a straight jacket formula of locus standi unknown to criminal jurisprudence, save and except specific statutory exception.

To hold that such an exception exists that a private complaint for offences of corruption committed bY public servant is not maintainableJ the court would require an unambiguous statutory provision and a teogled web of argument for-drawing a far fetched implicationJ cannot be a substitute for an express statutory provision. [924AB]

It is no answer to this fairly wellestablisbed legal position that for the last 32 years no case has come to the notice of the court in which cognizance was taken by a special Judge in a private complaint for offences punish able under the 1947 Act.

If ometbing that did not happen in the past is to be the sole reliable guide soas to deny any such thing happening in the future, law would be rendered static and slowly whither away, [925C]

The Scheme underlying Code of -0-imioal Procedure clearly reveals that anyone who wants to give information of an offence may either approach the Magistrate or the officer in charge of a Polie St"ation.

If the offence complained of is a non-cognizable one, the Police Officer. <:an either direct the complaint to approach the Magistrate or he may obtain permiSsioo of the Magistrate and investigate the offence.

Similarly any one can approach" the Magistrate with a complaint and. even if the offence disclosed is a serious one, the Magist.rate is competent to ta:ke cognizance of the offence and initiate proceedings.

It is open to the Magistrate but not obligiltory uPon him to direct investigation by police.

Thus two agencies have been set up for taking offences to court. One would therefore, require a cogent and expHcit provision to hold thats. SA displaces this scheme.

[925DF)

:.r.:3. Section 8(1) of the 195, z Act which confers power on the special Judge to take cognizance of' offences set out in s. 6(1) (a) (b) does not

directly or indirectly, expressly or by necessary implication indicate that the only method of t<iking cognizance is the police report under s. 173(2> of the Code of Criminal Procedure submitted by a police officer of the designated rank or permissible rank as set out in s. SA of the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1947. [9320-H]

2:4. In. the absence of a specific provision made in the statute indicating that offences will have to be investigatedJ inquired intoJ tried and otherwise dealt with according to that statute, the same will have to be investigated, inquired into, tried and otherwise dealt with according to the Code Qf Criroi11al Procedure.

In other words, Code of Criminal Proce1.fure

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A.R. ANTULAY v. R.S. NAYAKi 917

is the parent statute which provides for investigation:. inquiring_ into and trial of cases by criminal courts of various designations. [93SA-B]

2:5. If Cour-t of-special Judge is.a criminal court, which atleast was not di!:puted, and jurisdiction is conferred''upon the presiding officer Of the Court of special Judge to take cognizance of offences simultaneously excJu. ding one out of the four recognis"d modes of taking cogoizance 1 namely, upon commitment of by a Ma8istrate as set out ins. 193, the only other 1' method by which the Court of special Judge can take cognizance of an offence-for the trial of which it was set up, is any one of the remaining three other methods known to law by which a criminal court would take ---~- cognizance of- _an offe_nce not as an idle formality but with a view '°' to initiating proceedings and ultimately to try the accused.

If the language einployed in S. 8(1) is read in this light and in the background that a special Judge may take cognizance of offence without the accused being committed to him for trial 1 it necessarily implies that the Court of special Judge is armed with power to take _Cognizance without commitment

~ by the Magistrate.

Thus the special Judge can take cognizance of offences enumerated ins. 6(1) (a) and (b) Upon a complaint or uPon a police report Or upon bis coming to know in some mariner of the offence having been cornmitted.

The provisions of the Criminal Procedure Code have to .be applied to the Court of special Judge in such manner and to such extent as to retain the separate identity of the Court of special Judge and not that be must either fulfil a , role of a Magistrate or~ Session Court.

Section 8(1) of 1952 Act says that the special Judge shall take cognizance ··•( of an offence and shall not take it on commitment of the accused.

The Legislature provided for both the pQsitive and the negative.

It posi , tively conferred power Oil special Judge to take Cgaizance Of offences and it negatively removed any concept of comtnitment.

It is not possible thereforeJ to read s. 8(1) that cognizance can ooly be taken upoo a police report 'C and any other.view wiU render the safeguard under s~ SA illusory.

[93SDF; 9368; C; E)

2:6. Section SA is a safeguard against investigatlonJ by police officers lower in rank than designated officcrJ of offences against pnb1ic servants.

This has no he3.ring either directly or indirectly with the mode and method of taking cognizance or trial by the special Judge.

Therefore, an investigation under.s. SA is not a condition precedent before _cognizance can be taken of offerices triable by a special Judge, who acquires p0wer under s. 8(1) to take Qognizance of offences enumerated in s. 6(1) (a) and (b) of the Prevention of Corruption Act 1 with this limitation alone that it shall not be upon commitment to him by the Magistrate. [94lA-B]

2:7;. Once s. SA is out of the way 10 the matter of taking cognizance of offences committed by public servants .bY a special Judge, the Power of the special Judge to take cognizance of such offences conferred by s. 8( 1) "ith only one limitation; in any one of the known methods of taking cogai .. zance of offences by courts of original jurisdiction remains undeoted.

One such statutorily recognised well.known method of taking cognizance of offences by a coQrt competent to tak; e cognizance is upon receiving a comp ..

SUPREME COURT REPORTS

(1984) t2 S.C.R.

laint of facts which constitutes the offence.

And s. 8(1) says that the special Judges has the power to take cognizance of offences enumerated in s. 6(1) (a) & (bl and the only mode of taking cognizance e•cluded by the provision is upon commitment.

It therefore, follows that the special Judge can take cognizante of offences committed by public servants upon receiviag a complaint of facts constituting such offences. [941FH]

There is no \\'arrant for an approach that on receipt of the complaint, the special Judge must direct an investigation under s. SA. [942<;:]

H. N. Rishbud & lnder Singh v. State of Delhi,

[1955] S.C.R. 1150; State of Madhya Pradesh v. Mubarak Ali; [1959] Supp. 2 S.C.R. 201; State of Uttar Pradesh v. Bhagwant Kishore Joshi; [1964] 3 S.C.R. 71; s. N. Bose

2:8. In order to give full effect fo s. 8(1), the only thing to do is to read special Judge ins. 238 to 250 wherever the expression !Magistrate' occurs.

This is what is called legislation by incorporation.

Similarly, where the question of taking cognizance arises, it is futile to go in search of the fact whether fOr purposes of s. 190 which conferred power on the Magistrate to take cognizance of the offence, special Judge is a .t\-fagistrate1

What is to be done is that one has to read the expression special in place of Magistrate, and the whole thing beco:i1s crystal clear. [94SBF]

2:9. The Legislature wherever it found the grey area clarified: it by making specific provision such as the one in subs. CJ) of s .8 and to leave no one in doubt further provided in aub-s. (3) that all the provisions of the Code of Criminal Procedure shall so far as they are not incoasistent with the Act apply to the proceedings before a speci.il Judge.

At the tim.e when the 1952 Act was enacted what was in operation was the code of Criminal Procedure, 1898.

It did not envisage any Court of a special Judge and the Legislature never wanted to draw up an exhaustive Code of Procedure for this new criminal court which was being set up.

Therefore, it conferred power (taking cognizance of offences), prescribed procedure (trial of warrant cases by a Magistrate), indicated authorit). to tender pardon (s.338) and then after declaring its status as comp.arable to a Court of Sessions proceeded to prescribe that all provisions of the Code of Criminal Procedure will apply in so far as they are not inconsistent with the provisions of the 1952 Act.

The net outcome of this position is that a new court of original jurisdictioD was set up and whenever a question arose as to what are its powers in respect of specific questions brought before it as court of original criminal Jurisdiction, it bad to refer to the Code of Criminal Procedure undaunted by any designation clap.trap.

When taking cognizance, a Court of special Judge enjoyed the powers under s. 190.

When trying cases, it is obligatory to follow the procedure for trial of warrant cases, by a Magistrate though as and by way of status it was equated with a Court of Sessions. [94SFH; 946A-D]

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A.R. ANTULAY V. R.S. NA.YAK' 919

2:10.

The deeming fiction enacted in s.8 (3) is confined to the limits of its requirement in that the person conducting a prosecution before a special Judge is to be deemed to be a public prosecutor.

On the contrary, conscious of the position that a private complaint may be filed before a special Judge who may take cognizance of, the offences on such a complaint, the Legislature wanted to clothe the person in charge of the prosecution before a special Judge with the status of a public prosecutor for the purposes of the Code of Criminal Procedure. [949A-C)

Shwe Pru v. The King; A. I. R. 1941 Rangoon 209; Amlesh Chandra & Ors. v. The state, A.l.R. 1952 Cal. 481; Raj Kishore Rabidas v. The State: A.J.R. 1969 Cal 321; Re. Bhupalll Mal/iah and Ors. A.J.R. 1959 A.l.R.

A.P. 477; Medichetty Ramakbtiah and Ors. v. State of Andhra Pradesh; A.J.R. 1955 A.P. 659; referred to.

2 :t ~.

It is not a condition precedent to the iS!!iUe of process that the court of necessity must bold the inquiry as envisaged by s.202 or direct investifiation as therein contemplated.

The po'Wer to take cognizance without holding inquiry or directing investigation is implicit in s.202 or the Code.

Therefore the matter is -left to the judicial discretion or the Court whether on examining the complainant and the witnesses if any as .contemplated by s.200 to issue process or to postpone the issue of process.

This discre.tion which the court enjoys cannot be circumscribed or denied .by making it mandatory upon the court either to bold tho inquiry or direct investigation. Such an approach would be contrary to the statutory provision.

Therefore, there is no merit in the contention that by entertaining a private complaint, the purpose of speedy trial would be thwarted or that a pre-process safeguard would be denied. Further when cognizance is taken on a private complaint or to be precise otherwise than on a police report, the special Judge has to try the case according to the procedure prescribed for trial of warrant cases instituted otherwise than on police report by a Magistr1te (ss. 252 to 258 of 1898 Code of Criminal Procedure).

This procedure provides more adequate safeguard than the investigation by police officer of designated rank and therefore, search for fresh or. additional safeguard is irrelevant. [951A-F; H)

2:12.

Prior to 1955, the procedure .for trial of warrant cases instituted on a police rt)port and otherwise than on police report was the same and the Act of 1952 set up the court of special JudgC to try cases under the 1947 Act and the trial was to be held according to the procedure prescribed for trial of a warrant case.

It necessarily fo1lows that between 195'.? to 1955, the Court of sPecial Judge would have followed the same procedure for trial of a case instituted upon a police report or otherwise than on a police report. lf.in 19SS. the Legislature prescribed two d"ifferent procedures and left the one for trial of warrant cases instituted otherwise than on police report intact and the position remained unaltered even after the introduction of s.7A, it is nor suggestive of such a grave consequence that a private complaint is not maintainable.[953A-C]

3:1. The entire argument inviting the court to specificaliy decide

I!.

whether a court of a special-Judge for a cCrtain purpose is a court o Magis- JJ

.; ; .. ~

SUPREMB COURT REPORTS [1984] 2 sc.R.

trate or a court of Sessions revolves round a mistaken belief that a special Judge has to be one or the other, and must fit in the slot of a Magistrate or a Court of Sessions.

Such an approach would strangulate the functioning of the court and must be eschewed.

Shorn of all embellishment, th(! Court of a special Judge is a Court of original criminal jurisdiction.

As a court of original criminal jurisdiction in order to make it functionally o.riented some powers were conferred by the statute setting up the court.

Except' those specifically conferred and specifically denied, H has to fuoctioil as a court of original criminal jurisdiction not being hide bound by the tfrmioological status description of Magistrate or a Court of :Sessions.

Under the . Code it will enjoy all powers which a court of original criminal jurisiction enjoys sav<; and except the ones specifically denied. [946C-E]

3:2. The Court of a special Judge, once created by an indep'endent statute, has been broitght as a court of original criminal jurisdiction' under the High Court because s. 9 confers on the High Court all the power's con ferred by Chapter XXXI and XXXIII of the Code of Criminal Procedure,

1898 on a High Court as if the court of Special Judge were a Court of Sessions trying cases without a jury within the local limit of the jurisdiction of the High Court.

Therefore is no , gainsaying the fact that a new crminal coor' with a name, designation and qu8.Jificatioa of the officer eligible to preside over it with powers specified and the particular procedure wti.ich \t must follow has been set up under the 1951 Act.

The Court has to be treated as a court of original criminal jurisdiction and shall have all the powers as any court of original criminal jurisdictiOn bas under the Code of Criminal Procedure except those specifically excluded. [9460-H; 947A-B)

t!ll.IMINAL APPELLATE Jua1srncnoN : Ck"n. \L APPEAL No.

Z47 OF 1983

'From the judgment and order date.: 7. 3. 83 of the Bombay High Court in Criminal Revision Application No. 510 of 1982.:

Dr. L, M. Singhvi, Dalveer Bhandari, A. M. Singhvl, S. S.

Parkar, H. Bhardwaj, U. N. Bhandari, H. M. Singh, Ranbir Singh, S. G.Hasnain, Shamrao Samant, and HA Sekhar, for the appellimt.

Ram Jethmalani, PR Vakil, Ms. Rani Jethmalani, Mukesh Jethmalani, OP Malviya, Shailendra Bhardwaj, Harish Jagtlani for the respondents.

The Judgment of the court was delivered by

DESAI, J. This appeal by special leave is directed against the decision of a Division Bench of Bombay High Court in Criminal Revision Application No. 510 of 1982, which was preferred by the appellant against the rejection of his application by the learned H spe_cial Judge as per his order dated October 20, 1982.

A.a. AN'.rULAY .. a.s. NAYAE (Dtsal. J.)

The various stages through which Special Case No. 24 of 1982 progressed upto and inclusive of October 18, 1982 have been set out in our Judgment rendered today in cognate Criminal Appeal No. 356 of 1983 and they need not be recapitulated here.

After the learned special Judge Shri P. S. Bhutta took cognizance of th~ offences upon a complaint of Ramdas Sriniwas Nayak, the first respondent (Original complainant), the case was adjourned to October 18, 1982 for recording the evidence of the complainant. On that day, learned counsel appearing for the appellant in the trial court moved an application questioning the jurisdiction of the court on two specific counts; (i) that the Court of special Judge set up under Sec. 6 .of the Criminal Law Amendment Act, 1952 ('1952 Act' for short) cannot take ognizance of any of the offences enumerated in: Sec .. 6 (I) (a) and (b) upon a private complaint of facts constituting the offence and (ii) that where there are more special Judges than one for any area, in the absence of a specification by the State Government in this behalf, specifying the local area over which each special Judge would have jurisdiction, the special Judge (Mr. Bhutta) had no jurisdiction to take cognizance of the offences and try the case. The learned special Judge rejected both the contentions. The appellant filed Criminal Revision Application No. 510 of 1982 in the Bombay High Court. , On a reference made by the learned Single Judge, this revision application was heard by a Division Bench of the High Court. The. learned Judges by two separate but concurring judgments held that special Judge is competent and is entitled to take cognizance of offences set out in Sec. 6 (1) (a) and (b) upon a private complaint of facts constituting the offence and consequently rejected the first contention. In reaching this conclusion the learned Judges held that a prior investigation under Sec. 5 A of the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1947 ('1947 Act' for sMrt) by a police officer of the designated rank is not a condition precedent to the special Judge taking cognizance of the offences under Sec. 8 (I) of. 1952 Act.

The learned Judges also held that by the time the matter was heard by them, the Government of Maharashtra had issued. a notification dated January 15, 1983, under sub-s. (2) of Sec. 7 of 1952 Act specifying Shri R. B. Sule, special Judge fm Greater Born• bay for trying Special Case No. 24 of 1982, After taking note of this notification and the statement of Shri P. R. Vakil, learned. counsel for the respondent, the second contention of the learned counsel for the appellant was also rejected. ' The learned Judges accordingly rejected the revision petition. Hence this appeal by special leave.

!122 SPRBME COURT RBPO!tTS [1984} 2 s.c.R.

On behalf of the appellant, the pivotal point canvassed was that a private complaint cannot be entertained by the special Judge in respect of all or any of the offences enumerated in Sec. 6 (1) (a) and (b) of the 1952 Act.· In support of this submission, it was very vehemently urged that the provision contained in Sec. 5 A of the 19.52 Act has been repeatedly held to be mandatory in character and if its non-compliance is brought to the notice of the superior court at a stage anterior to the conclusion of the trial, the proceeding would be vitiated. It was urged that Sec. SA incorporates a safe gnard against frivolous, speculative and tendentious prosecutions and therefore, it must not only held to be mandatory but it must be so interpreted as to make an investigation under Sec. 5A a condition precedent to the taking of the cognizance of an offence or offences committed by a public servant by the special Judge. A number of subsidiary points were submitted in support of this principal contention which need not be enumerated, but would be dealt with in the course of the judgment.

On behalf of the respondent.complainant it was urged that it is one of the fundamental postulates of the administration of criminal justice that anyone can set the criminal law into motion unless the statute enacting the offence makes a special provision to the contrary both with regard to the locus standi of the complainant, the manner and method of investigation and the person competent to investigate the offence, and the court competent to take cognizance. It was submitted that in Sec. 8 (1) which specifically confers power on the special Judge to take cognizance of an offence without commitment of the case to it there is nothing which would preclude a complainant from filing a private complaint or which would deny .jurisdiction to the special Judge to take cognizance of the offences on such a private complaint. It was submitted that even if Sec. 5A is treated as mandatory and incorporates a safeguard, it is a safeguard against investigation of offences committed by a public servant by police officers of lower rank and nothing more. It was lastly urged that on a comprehensive view of the provisions of 1952 Act,' it does not transpire that any of its provisions and more specifically Sec.

SA denies the power to the special Judge to take cognizance of offences enumerated in Sec. 6 (I) (a) and (b) upon a private complaint. It was also contended that before taking such a drastic view of blocking the access to justice by holding that a private complaint cannot be entertained , by the special Judge, the court must insist on specific and positive provision of such incontrovertible character as to supplant the scheme of Code of Criminal Procedure which permits two

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A.ll. ANTULAY v. R.S. NAYABi (Desai, J.)

parallel and independent agencies to take criminal offences .to conrt.

An incidental submission was that the Legislature clearly expresses itself when it requires a certain qualification for filing the complaint, an<l to specify a certain court competent to take cognizance and the method and manner of taking cognizance of those specified offences.

To substantiate this submission our attention was drawn to a number of statutes which we will presently mention. ·

The contention put in the forefront was that Sec. SA upon its true interpretation and keeping in view that it enacts a mandatory safeguard in favour of public servants, investigation therein contemplated is a condition precedent to taking cogni1ance of offences enumerated in Sec. 6 (1) (a) and (b) and as a corollary a private complaint would not lie and cannot be entertained by a apecial Judge under Sec.' 8 (1) of 1952 Act. The contention may be examined on principle and precedent. ·

It is a well recognised principle of criminal jurisprudence that anyone can set or put the criminal law into motion except where the statute enacting or creating an offence indicates to the contrary. 1he scheme of the Code of Criminal Procedure envisages two parallel and independent agencies for taking criminal offences to court. Even for the most serious offence of murder, it was not disputed that a private complaint can, not only be filed but can be entertained and proceeded with according to law.

Locus standi of the complainant is a concept foreign to criminal jurisprudence save and except that where the statute creating an offence provides for the eligibility of the complainant, by necessary implFcation the general principle gets excluded by such statutory provision. Numerous statutory provisions, can be referred to in support of this legal position such as (i) Sec. 187 A of Sea Customs Act, 1878 (ii) Sec. 97 of Gold Control Act, 1968 (iii) Sec. 6 of Import and Export Control Act, 1947 (iv) Sec. 271 and Sec. 279 of the Income Tax Act, 1961 (v) Sec. 61 of the Foreign Exchange Regulation Act, 1973, (vi) Sec. 621 of the Companies Act, 1956 and (vii) Sec .. 77 of the Electricity Supply Act.

This list is only illustrative and not exhaustive. While Sec. 190 of the . Code of Criminal Procedure permits anyone to approach the Magistrate with a complaint, it does not prescribe any qualification the complainant is required to fulfil to be eligible to file a complaint. But where an eligibility criterion for a complainant is contemplated specific provisions have been made such as to be found in

S"cs. 195 to 199 of the Cr. P. c: These specific provisions clearly indicate that in the absence of any such statutory provision, a focus

924 SUP!t.EMB COURT REPORTS

(11184) 2 s.c.R.

siandl of a complainant is a concept foreign to criminal jurisprudence.

In other words, the principle that anyone can set or put the criminal law in motion remains intact unless contra-indicated by a statutory provision. This general principle of nearly universal application is founded on a policy that an offence i. e. an act or omission made punishable by any law for the time being in force (See Sec. 2 (n), Cr. P. C.) is not merely an offence committed in relation to the person who suffers harm but is also an offence against society. The society for its orderly and peaceful development is interested in the punishment of the offender. Therefore, prosecution for serious offences is undertaken. in the name of the State representing the people which would exclude any element of private vendatta or vengeance. If such is the public policy underlying penal statutes who tirings an act or omission made punishable by law to the notice of the authority competent to deal with it, is immaterial and irrelevant unless the statute indicates to the contrary. Punishment of the offender in the interest of the society being one of the objects behind penal statutes enacted for larger good of the society, right to initiate proceedings cannot be whittled down, circumscribed or fettered by putting it into a straight jacket formula of locus standi unknown to criminal jurisprudence, save and except specific statutory exception.

To hold that such an exception exists. that a private complaint for offences of corruption committed by public servant is not maintainable, the court would require an unambiguous statutory provision and a tangled web of argument for drawing a far fetched implication, cannot be a substitute for an express statutory provision. In tho matter of initiation of proceeding before a special Judge under Sec. 8 (1), the Legislature while conferring power to take cognizance had three opportunities to unambiguously state its m.ind whether the cognizance can be taken on a private complaint or not. The first one was an opportunity to provide in Se.c. 8 ( l) itself by merely stating that the special Judge may take cognizance of an offence on a police report submitted to it by an investigating officer conducting investigation as contemplated by Sec. SA.

While providing for investigation by designated police officers of superior rank, the Legislature did not fetter the power of special Judge to take cognizance in a manner otherwise thari on police report. The second opportunity was when by .Sec. 8 (3) a status of a deemed public prosecutor was conferred on a private complainant if he chooses to conduct the prosecution. The Legislature being aware of a provision like the one contained in Sec. 225 of the Cr. P. C., could have as well provided that in every trial before a special Judge the pro_ secution shall be conducted by a Public. Prosecutor, though that

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A.R. ANTULAY v. R.S. NAYAE (Desai, J.) 925

itself would not have heen decisive of the matter. And the third oyportunity was when the Legislature while prescribing the procedure prescribed for warrant cases to be followed by special Judge did not exclude by a specific provision that the only procedure which the special Judge can follow is the one prescribed for trial of warrant cases on a police report. The disinclination of the Legislature to so provide points to the c.ontrary end no canon of construction permits the court to go in search of a hidden or implied limitation on the power of the special Judge to take cognizance unfettered by such _ requirement of its being done on a police report alone. In our . opinion, it is no answer to this fairly well-established legal position that for the last 32 years no case has come to the notice of the court in which cognizance was taken by a special Judge in a private complaint for offences punishable under the 1947 Act. If something that did not happen in the past is to be the sole reliable guide so as to deny any such thing happening in the future, law wou.ld be rendered &tatic and slowly whither away.

The scheme underlying Code of Criminal Procedure clearly reveals that anyone who wants to give information of an offence may either approach the Magistrate or the officer in charge of a Police Station. If the offence complained of is a non-cognizable one, the Police Officer can either direct the complainant to approach the Magistrate or he may obtain permission of the Magistrate and investigate the offence. Similarly anyone can approach the Magistrate with a complaint and even if the offence disclosed is a serious one, the Magistrate is competent to take cognizance of the offence and initiate proceedings. It is open to the Magistrate but not obligatory upon him to direct investigation by police. Thus two agencies have been set up for taking offences to court. One would 'therefore, require a cogent and explicit provision to hold that Sec ..

5A displaces this scheme.

The Prevention of Corruption Act, 1947 (' 1947 Act' for short) was put on the statute book in the year 1947. Sec. 5A did not form part of the statute in 1947 .. Sec. 5A was first introduced in the Act in the year 1952. Prior thereto, Sec. 3 of the 1947 Act which made the offences under Secs. 161 and 165 JPC cognizable had a proviso engrafted to it which precluded investigation of the offences under the Prevention of Corruption Aci by a police officer below the rank of Deputy Superintendent of Police except without the order of a Magistrate of the first class. There was ah identical provision in sub-s. ( 4) of Sec. 5 for investigatioa of

SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1984} 2 s.c.R.

the offence of criminal misconduct. Sec. 5 A makes a provision for investigation by police officers of higher rank. Sec. SA starts with a non-obstante clau.se that : 'Notwithstanding anything contained in the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1898, no police officer below the rank ...... ' Assuming that Sec. SA did not make it obligatory to conduct investigation by police officer of a certain rank, what would have been the position i.n law.

Chapter XII of the Code of Criminal Procedure, . 1973 bears '- the heading 'Information to the police and their powers to investigate.' Sec. 154 provides for information to police in cognizable cases. It casts a duty on the officer in charge of a police station to reduce to writing every information relating to commission of a cognizable offence given to him and the same will be read over to the informant and the same shall be signed by the informant and a copy thereof shall be given to him. If information given to an officer in charge of a Police Station disclosed a non-cognizable offence, he has to enter the substance of the information in a book to be l<ept by such officer in such form as the State Government may prescribe in this behalf and to refer the informant to the Magistrate (Sec. 155 <I).

Sub-s. (2) puts an embargo on the power of the police officer in charge of the police station to investigate a noncognizable offence without the order of a Magistrate having power to try the case or commit the case for trial. Sec. !56 sets out the powers of the officer in charge of police station to investigate cognizable cases. Sub-s. (2) o(Sec. 156 may be noticed. It says that 'no proceeding of a police officer in any such case shall at any stage be called in question on the ground that the case was one which such officer was not empowered under the section to investigate.' Sub-s.

(3) confers power on the Magistrate empowered under Sec. 190 to take cognizance of an offence, to order an investigation as set out in sub-ss. (l) and (2) of Sec. 156. Sec. 167 enables the Magistrate to remand the accused to police custody in the circumstances therein mentioned. Sec. 17 3 provides tb.at 'every investigation under Chapter XII sh.all be completed without unnecessary delay and as soon as it is completed, the officer in charge of the police station shall forward to a Magistrate empowered to.take cognizance of the offence on a police report, a report in the form prescribed by the State Government, setting out various things enumerated in the section. Sub.-s. (8) of Sec. 173 provides that despite submission of the report on completion of the investigation, further investigation can be conducted in respect of the same offence and further evidence so collected has to be forwarded to the same Magsitrate. The report

I T

A.R. ANTULAY v. R.S. NAYAK <Desai, J.) 927

of this further investigation shall by and large conform with the requirements of .subss. (2) to (6).

Fasciculus of sections in Chapter XIV prescribed conditions requisite for initiation of proceedings.

Sec. 190. provides that subject to the provisions of the Chapter, any Magistrate of the first class, and any Magistrate of the second class specially mpowercd in this behalf under sub-sec. (2), may take cognizance of any offence-( a) upon receiving a complaint of facts which constitute such offence; (b) upon a police report of snch facts; and (c) upon information received from any person other than a police officer, or upon his own knowledge, that such offence has been committed. Sec. 191 obliges the Magistrate when he takes cognizance of an offence under clause (c) of sub-sec. U) of Sec. 190, to inform the accused when he appears before him, that he is entitled to have the case inquired into or tried by another Magistrate,

Sec. J 93 provides that 'except as otherwise expressly provided in 'the Code or by any other law for the time being in force, no court of Session shall take cognizance of any offence as a court of original jurisdiction unless the case has b.een committed to it by a Magistrate under the Code.'

Cognizable offence has been defined in Sec. 2 (c) of the Cr. p. C. to mean 'an offence for which, and "cognizable case" means a case in which, a police officer may, in accordance with the First Schedule or under any law for the time being in force, arrest without warrant.' Complaint is defined in Sec. 2 (d) to mean 'any allegation made orally or in writing to a Magistrate, with a view to his taking action under the Code, that some person, whether known or unknown, has committed an offence, but does not include a police report.' The.re is an explanation appended to the section which bas some relevance. 'A report made by a police officer in a. case which disclosed, after investigation, the commission of a noncognizable offence shall be deemed to be a complaint; and the police officer by whom such report is made shall be deemed to be the complainant.' Sec. 2 (e) defines 'non-cognizable offence' to mean 'an offence for which' and ''non-cognizable" case means a case in which, .a police officer, has no authority to arrest without warrant.' Police report is defined in Sec. 2 (r) to mean 'a report' forwarded by a police officer to a Magistrate under sub-see. (2) of Sec. J 73.' 'Officer in charge of a police station' has been defined in Sec. 2 ( o) to include any police officer present at the station house who is next in rank to such officer and is above the rank of constable or when the State Government so directs, any other police officer so pesent.'

SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1984.J 2 s.c.a.

In other words, a Head-constable of Police that is one step higher from a constable can be in charge of a police station.

It may now be mentioned that offences under Secs. 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, l 65A IPC and Sec. 5 (2) of the 1947 Act are cognizable offences. If they are cognizable offences, anyone can go to a police station under Sec. 154 !PC, give information of the offence and an officer of. the level of a Head-constable of Police can start investigation to the chagrin and annoyance of a public servant who may be a highly placed officer. It must also be recalled that prior to 1947, off once under Sec. 161 IPC was a non-cognizable offence meaning thereby that a Magistrate under Sec. 190 of the Code of Criminal Procedure would take cognizance upon a private complaint and initiate a proceeding. By Sec. 3 of the 1947 Act, offences under Sec. 16 l and 165 were made cognizable. Legislature being aware that once these two offences are made cognizable, a police officer of the rank of Head-constable would be entitled to initiate investigation against the public servant who may as we!! be highly placed officer in police, revenue, taxation or other departments. In

orde~ to guard against this invidious situation, while making offences under Secs. 161 and 165 cognizable by Sec. 3, as it stood in 1947, care was taken to introduce a proviso to Sec. 3 which reads as under:

"Provided that a police officer below the rank of Deputy Superintendent of police shall not investigate any such offences without the order of a Magistrate of the First Class or make any arrest therefor without a warrant."

While investigating a cognizable offence, the investigating officer who is an officer in charge of a police station has a right to arrest the accused without a warrant. On these offences being made cognizable, in order to protect public servant from being arrested by a petty police officer as well to avoid investigation of an offence of corruption being conducted by police officers below the specified rank the proviso was enacted thereby depriving low level police officers from exercising this drastic power. However, Legislature was aware that an officer of a rank of Deputy Superintendent of Police may not always be available and to guard against offences going undetected, a further power. was conferred that although ordinarily the offence by public servant undr the aforementioned sections shall not be investigated by an officer below the rank of

~/ -l

A.R. ANTULAY v: R.S. NAYAK (Desai, J.) 929

Deputy Superintendent of Police, the Magistrate of the first class can grant permission to an officer of the lower rank to investigate the offence in teeth of the statute. Therefore, two safeguards were sought to be incorporated in the predecessor provision of the present Sec. 5A, being the proviso to Sec. 3, namely, these offences having . become cognizable shall not be investigated by an officer of a rank below that of a Deputy Superintendent of Police but it if.becomes so necessary, it shall not be done without the, order of a Magistrate. of the first class. Left to police, investigation by the designated officer of superior rank guaranteed a protection against frivolous investigation. In larger public mterest non-availability of such higher officers was catered to by conferring power on the Magistrate of the first class to grant pe.rmission to an officer of the rank lower than the designated officer to investigate such offences. Two conclusions emerge from this situation, that investigation by a police officer of the higher rank on his own may tend to curb frivolous or speculative prosecution but even if an officer of a rank lower than the designated officer is to undertake the investigation for the reasons which he must convince the Magistrate of the first class, the Legislature considered cour.ts' intervention as adequate safeguard against investigation by police officer of a lower rank. It may be mentioned that Sec 5A was first introduced by the Prevention of Corruption (Second Amendment) Act, 1952 but was substituted by the present Sec 5A by Act 40 Of 1964 which was enacted to give effect to the recommendations of the Santhanam Committee. Sec. SA specifies the officers of superior rank in police force on whom the power to investigate offences under Secs. 161, 165, 165A !PC.and Sec. 5 of the 1947 Act is conferred. Simultaneously power was conferred on the Presidency Magistrate or a Magistrate of the first class, as the case may be, to permit an officer inferior in rank to the designated officer to undertake investigation and to make an arrest without a warrant. The Legislative intention 1s further manifested by the proviso to Sec.. SA which enables the State Government to authorise police officer not below the rank of an Inspector of Police by general or special order to investigate the aforementioned offences . without the order of the Presidency Magistrate or a Magistrate of the first class, and may make an arrest withont a warrant.

Again while specifying officers of higher rank in clauses (a) to (d) of Sec. 5A (1) who would, by virtne of office, be entitled to investigate the aformentioned offences as cognizable offences and could also make arrest without warrant power was conferred on the Presidency Magistrate or the Magistrate of the first class to remove this nmbrella of protection by giving an authority to investi(late such offence~

[1984) 2 S.C.R.

to a police officer of rank lower than the officers of designated rank, and the proviso makes a further dent in the safeguard in that the

State Government by general or special order can brir.g down the designated rank to the level of lnspec.tor of Pol.ice to investigate these offences.

The whole gamut of argument is that Sec.

SA of 1947 Act incorporates such a safeguard in favour of the accused that upon its true interpretation it is not open to the special Judge to take cognizance of an offence except upon a police report that may be submitted by officers of the designated ran~ or officers authorised by the Presidency Magistrate or the Magistrate of the first class or the Inspector of Police authorised by the State Gqvernment by a general or special order, and therefore a fortiori, it must exclude cognizance being taken by the special Judge upon a private complaint because that would completely render illusory the tafeguard prescribed in Sec. SA. H was said that where a person is threatened with the deprivation of his liberty and the procedure prescribed inco.rporates statutory safeguards, the court should be very slow to dilute or do away with the safeguards or render the same ineffective. It was said that if the courts were to hold that a private complaint can be entertained by the special Judge and the latter is under no obligation to direct investigation of the same by an officer of the designated rank, the safeguard incorporated in Sec. SA becomes illusory and that is imJ!ermissible.

Before we proceed further, it is now necessary to take notice of salient provisions of the Criminal Law Amendment Act, 19S2.

The Act was enacted as its long title shows to amend the Indian Penal Code and the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1898 and to

prvide for a more speedy trial of certain offences. Sec. IA is the dictionary clause. Sec. 2, 3, 4 and 5 have been repealed by various amendments. Then comes Sec. 6. It reads as under:

"6. (!) The State Government may, by notification in the official Gazette, appoint as many special Judges as may be necessary for such area o~ areas as may be specified in the notification to try the following offences, namely:-

(a) an offence punishable under Sec. 161, Sec. 162, Sec. 163, Sec. 164, Sec. i6S or Sec. 165-A of the Indian Penal Code or Sec. 5 of the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1947.

. ~·

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A.R. ANTULAY v. R.S. NAYAK (Desai, J.)

(b) any conspiracy to commit or any attempt to commit or any abetment of any of the offences specified in Cl. (a).

(2) A person shall not be qualified for appointment as special Judge under this Act unless he is, or has been, a Sessions Judge or an Additional Sessions Judge or an Assistant Sessions Judge under the Code of Criminal Procedure,

1898."

Sec. 7 confers exclusive jurisdiction on the special Judge appointed under Sec. 6 to try the cases set out in Sec. 6 (1) (a) and 6 (I) (b). Sub-sec. (2) of Sec. 7 provides that "Every offence specified in sub-section (1) of Sec. 6 shall be tried by the special Judge for the area within which it was committed, or where there are more special Judges than one for such area, by such one of them as may be specified in this behalf by the State Government." Sub- .sec. (3) enlarges the jurisdiction of the special Judge not only to try offences set out in Sec. 6 (1) (a) and (b) but also to try offences other than those mentioned therein with which the accused may, under the Code of Criminal Procedure, be charged at the same trial. Three things emerge from Sec. 7. The special Judge has exclusive jurisdiction to try offences enumerated in Sec. 6 (1) (a) and (b). Where thel'e are more than one special Judge for the same area, the State Government is under an obligation to specify the local jurisdiction of each special Judge, it may be case-wise, it may be area-wise. Sub-sec. (3) enlarges the jurisdiction to try other offences which have been committed in the course of the same transaction and for which the accused could be charged at the same trial. Then comes Sec. 8. It reads as under:

"8 (1): A special Judge may take cognizance of offences without the accused being committed to him for trial, and in trying the accused persons, shall follow the procedure prescribed by the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1898, for the trial of warrant cases by Magistrates.

(2) A special Judge may, with a view to obtaining the evidence of any person supposed to have been directly or indirectly concerned in, or privy to, an offence, tender a pardon to such person on condition of his making a full and. true disclosure of the whole circumstances within his knowledge relating to the offence and to every other person concerned, whether as principal or abettor, in the commisll32

(1984] 2 S.C.R.

sion thereof; and any pardon so tendered shall, for the purposes of Secs. 339 and 339A of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1898, be deemed to have been tendered under

Sec. 338 ofthat Code.

(2) Save as provided in sub-section (lj or sub-section (2), the provisions of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1898, shall, so far as they are not consistent with this Act, apply to the proceedings before a special Judge; and for the purposes of the said provisions, the Court of the special Judges shall be deemed to be a Court of Session trying cases without a jury or without the aid of assessors and the person conducting a prosecution before a special Judge shall be deemed to be a public prosecutor.

(3A) In particular, and without prejudice to the generality of the provisions contained in sub-section (3), the D provisions of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1898 shall, so far as may be, apply to the proceedings before a special Judge, and for the purposes of the said provisions, a special Judge shall be deemed to be a Magistrate.

(4) A special Judge may pass upon any person convi- E cted by him any sentence authorised by law for the punishment of the offence pf which such person is convicted."

It may be mentioned that Sec. 8 does not apply to the State of West Bengal. This has some relevance to the understanding of some of the decisions bearing on the subject arising from the State of West Bengal. Sec. 9 provides for the subordination of the special Judge to the High Court of the State in the matter of appeal, revision and other incidental powers which the Higlf Court exercises over subordinate courts.

Sec. 10 provided for transfer of certain cases, which were pending at the commencement of the 1952 Act.

'Before we undertake a detailed examination of the submission that Sec. 5 A incorporates a condition precedent to the taking of the cognizance of an offence by a special Judge, it is necessary to state with clarity and precision that Sec. 8 (1) which confers power on the special Judge to take cognizance of offences set out in Sec. 6 (I) (a) and (b) does not directly or indirectly, expressly or by necessary implication indicate that the only method of taking cognizance is tile police report under Sec. 173 (2) of th, e Code of Crimi-

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A.R. ANTULAY v. R.S. NAYAK (Desai, J.) 933

nal Procedure submitted by a police officer Qf the designated rank or permissible rank as set out in Secs. 5A. It merely says' A special Judge may take cognizance of offences without the accused being committed to him for trial, and in trying the accused person, shall follow the procedure prescribed by the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1898 for the trial of warrant cases by Magistrates.' The Code of Criminal Procedure has prescribed four known methods of taking cognizance of offences by the courts competent to try the same.

The court Jias to take cognizance of the offence before initiation of --be proceeding can be contemplated. The court called upon to

fake cognizance of the offence must apply its mind to the (acts placed before it either upon a police report or upon a complaint or in some other manner the court came to know about it and in the case of Court of Sessions upon commitment of the case by the Magistrate.

Sec. 6 of the Code of Criminal Procedure provides for setting up of criminal courts under the High Court in every State. They are (i) Courts of Session: (ii) Judicial Magistrates of the first class and; in any metropolitan area, Metropolitan Magistrate, (iii) Judicial Magistrates of the second class, and (iv) Executive Magistrates.

These are to be the criminal courts in every State. The Code made detailed provision for .powers of police officers entitled to investigate offences, procedure of investigation, powers of various courts to take cogiiizance of offences which that particular court is entitld fo try under the Code. Sec. 190 Cr. P. C. confers power on the Magistrate to take cognizance of an offence in one of the manners therein prescribed. The expression 'Magistrate' in Sec. 190 is a 1:ompendious terni which includes Judicial Magistrate of the first class, Metropolitan Magistrate, Judicial Magistrate of the second class and Executive Magistrate, All the three are comprehended in Sec. 190. But then there is another court of original jurisdiction, namely, Court of Session also being set up under Sec. 6. Can Court of Session take cognizance directly upon a complaint filed before it ?

The answer is obviously in the negative Sec. 193 provides that except as _otherwise expressly provided by the Code or by any other law for the time being in force, no Court of Session shall take cognizance of any offence as a Court of original jurisdiction unless the case has been committed to it by a Magistrate.

In other words, Court of Session can take cognizance of an offence only upon an order of commitment made by the Magistrate and in no other manner. This necessitated conferring power on the Magistrate to commit cases to the Court of Session. Code of Criminal Procedure

SUPREME COURT REPORTS [I 984J 2 s.c.R

makes ample provisions specifying offences which are triable by Magistrate of the firsf class and Metropolitan Magistrate, those triable by a Judicial Magistrate of the sec0nd class and those excln sively triable by the Court of Session. Column 6 in the First

Schedule ann.excd to the Code of Criminal. Procedure specifies which court can try a particular offence under the Indian Penal Code.

Accordingly, provision was made in Sec. 209 for commit ment by the Magistrate of a case brought to him either upon a private complaint or upon a police report provided that the offence is exclusively triable by the Court of Session. If the Magistrate ~.-c-- took cogniiance of an offence upon a complaint, which appears to --· be exclusively triable by Court of Session he has to proceed according to Sections 202 (2), 208 and 209. Chapter XVIII incorporates provisions prescribing procedure for the trial before a Court of

Session. Sec. 226 says that .the case comes to the Court in pursu ance of a commitment of the case under Sec. 209. Sec. 209 caters to a situation where the case was instituted before the Magistrate on a police report or otherwise. In both the. cases, if it appears to him that the offence which is alleged against the accused is exclusively triable by the Court of Session, there. is no option but to commit the case to the Cpurt of Session. The Court of Session thus takes cognizance of the offence upon commitment by the Magistrate. And any other mode of taking cognizance is specifically barred under

Sec. 193.

Sec. 4 of the Code of Criminal Procedure provides as under : . .

"4 (!)-All offences under the Indian Penal Code shall• be investigated, inquired into, tried, and otherwise dealt with according to the provisions hereinafter contained.

(2) All offences under any other law shall be investi gated, inquired into, tried and otherwise dealt with accor ding to the same provisions, but subject to any enactment for the time being in force regulating the manner or place of investigating, inquiring into, trying or otherwise dealing with snch offences."

Sec. 4 (I) provides for investigation, inquiry or trial for every offence under the Indian Penal Code according to the provisions of the Code.

Sec. 4 (2) provides for offences under other law which may be inve; tigated, inquired into, tried and otherwise dealt with H according to the provisions of the Code of Criminal Proc<; dure but

A.R. ANTULAY v. R.s. NAYAK (I)esai, J.) 935

subject to any enactment for the time being in force regulating the fmanner or place of investigation, inquiring into, trying or otherwise dealing with such offences.

Jn the absence of a specific provision made in the statute indicating that offen'ces will have to be investigated, inquired into, tncd and otherwise dealt with according to that statute, the same will , have to be investigated, inquired into, , tried and otherwise dealt with according to the Code of Criminal Procedure. In other words, Code of Criminal Procedure is the parent statute which provides for investigation, inquiring into and

~-trial of cases by criminal courts of various designations. -

Now the Code of Criminal Procedure prescribed only four methods of taking cognizance of an offence whether it be a Magistrate or a Sessions Court is for the time being immeterial. The Code prescribes four Jllethods for taking cognizance upon a com- plaint, or upon a report of the police officer or where the Magistrate himself comes to know of the commiss.ion of offence through some other source and in the case of Sessions Court, upon a commitment by the Magistrate. There is no other known or recognised mode of taking cognizance of an offence by a criminal court. Now if Court of. special Judge is a criminal court, which atleast was not disputed,

_... and jurisdiction is_con ferred upon the presiding officer of the Court of special Judge to take cognizance of offences simultaneously excluding one of the four recognised modes of taking cogniz.ance, namely, upon commitment by a Magistrate as set out in Sec, 193, the only other method by which 'the Court of special Judge can take cognizance of an offence for the trial of which it was set up, is any one of the remaining three other methods known to law by which a criminal court would take cognizance of an offence, not as an idle

1 formality but with a view to initiating proceedings and ultimately to "r.· _' try the accused. If the language employed in Sec. 8 (1) is read in

_ this light and in this background that a special Judge may take

cognizanc-e of offence without the accused being committed to him for trial, ft necessirily implies that the Court of special Judge is a.rmed with power to take cognizance of offences but that it is denied the power to take cognizance on commitment by the Magistrate.

This exch1des the mode of taking cognizance under Sec. 193. Then

G , .Ji, remains only Sec .. 190 which provides various methods of taking cognizance of offences by courts- It is idle to say that Sec. 190 is confined to Magistrate and special Judge is not a Magistrate. We shall deal with the position of a' special Judge a little later. The fact however remains that the Court of the special 'Judge as the expression , is used in sub-sec. (3) of Sec. ,8 is a:priminal:court and in view_'of , ff

SUPRBMB COURT REPORTS (1984] 2 s.c.R ·

Sec. 9 it is under the appellate and administrative control of the High Court. It must take cognizance of offences with. a view to trying the same but it shall not take it on commitment of the accused to the court. As a necessary corollary, it must appear that the special Judge can take cognizance of offences enumerated in Sec. 6 (l)(a) and (b) upon a complaint or upon a police report or upon his coming to know in some manner of the offence having been committed. With regard to the last of the modes of taking cognizance, it was urged that there is inh_erent evidence to show that Sec. 190

+ '

..,

(l)(c) cannot be availed off by special Judge because Sec. 191 is not __ _ available to him so as to transfer the case. A little while'later, we___ shall point out that the provisions of the Court of special Judge in - snch manner and to such extent as to retain the separate identity of the Court of special Judge and not that he must either fulfil a role of a Magistrate or a Session Court.

It is a well-established canon of construction that the court should read the section as it is and cannot rewrite it to suit its convenience; nor does any canon of construction permit the court to read the secticn in such manner as to render it to some extent -:' otiosB. Sec. 8 (I) says that the special Judge shall take cognizance of an offence and shall not take it on commitment of the accused.

The Legislature provided for both the positive and the negative. It positively conferred power on special Judge to take cognizance of offences and it negatively removed any concept of commitment. It is not possible therefore, to read Sec. 8 (I) as eanvassed on behalf of the appellant that cognizance can only be taken upon a police report and any other view will render the safeguard under Sec. SA illusory.

It appears well-established that an investigation contemplated by sec. SA must ordinarily be undertaken by the police officers of

- 'r'. the designated rank and except with the permission of the Magistrate bars investigation by police officers of lower rank, It may be that in a given case permission granted by the Magistrate for invtstigation . by a police officer of a rank lowerthan the designated rank may be judicially reviewable. If in cases where any illegality or irregularity in the process of investigation under Sec. SA has been brought to the notice of the court at an early stage, a direction has been given for a fresh investigation by a police officer of the designated rank.

But this is subject to a well-recognised legal position that the court would not attach any importance to any illegality in the matter of investigation if it is relied upon at the conclusion of a trial in the 11bsence of prejudice pleadecl and proved. The questiop. is whether

A.R. ANTULAY v. a.s. NAYAK (Desai, J.) 931

these aspects are sufficient to provide an exception to the wellrecognised general principle apart from the specific power conferred under Sec. 8(ll of the 19S2 Act on the special Judge to take cognizance of the offences, the only exception being not upon a commitment to him that anyone can set the criminal law into niotion ?

Let us therefore, turn to some of the decisions to which our attention was drawn to substantiate the submission that Sec. 5A ~-incorporates a safeguard in favour of the accused. In fact, it is really not necessary to analyse these decisions in detail to arrive at the ratio of each of them because it is not controve.rted that Sec. SA does incorporate a safeguard but the parameters of the safeguard arc against inve.stigation by police officers of fairly lower rank once the offences enumerated in Sec. 6 (I) (a) and (b) were made cognizable. The limit of tho safeguard is that ordinarily investigation of such offences shall be undertaken only by officers of the designated rank save and except with the permission of the Magistrate or as per the first proviso to Sec. SA. The submission is that upon its true evaluation, the safeguard clearly points in the direction of a prior investigation before cognizance of the offences can be taken by the special Judge and any other view would dilute the safeguard or render it ilh1sory. It was also submitted that if defective investigation can vitiate the proceedings a fortiori the total absence of and investigation whatsoever as contemplated by Sec. SA, which would be the position if a private complaint can be directly entertained by the special Judge, would of necessity vitiate the proceeding.

The sheet anchor of the supmission was the decision of this Court in M.N. Rishbud & Inder Singh v. The State of Delhi.(') in that case the question posed was was whether the provision Sec. SA of the 1947 Act requiring that the investigation into the offences specified therein shall not be conducted by any police officer of a rank lower than a Deputy Superintendent of Police without the specific order of a Magistrate, is directory or mandatory ? The Court rendered the opinion that Sec. SA is mandatory and not directory, and that an investigation conducted in violation thereo( bears the stamp of illegality. Thus so far as investigation of a case is concerned, this Court has recorded a definite opinion that investigation by a police officer in contravention of the provision contained in Sec. SA hears the stamp .of illegal1ty. What is the effect of this

(I) [19;5] s.c.R. 1150.

938 SUPllEMB COURT !1EPORTS It 984) 2 s.c.R.

megality on the outcome of aconcluded trial does not arise for our consideration but there are certain observations which were relied upon to urge that a prior investigation under Sec. SA being held to be mandatory and . as a special Judge can take cognizance of an

offence upon a police report submitted at the end of a valid and legal investigation in consonance with Sec. SA, by necessary implication,· taking cognizance of an offence by a special Judge under Sec. 8(1) of 1952 Act upon a private complaint is excluded.

We must frankly say that we find nothing in this judgment even remotely to bear out the submission. Sec. SA is a safeguard against~----

investigation by police officers lower in rank than designated officers.

In this connection at page 1159, the Court has observed as under:

"The underlying policy in making these offences by

· public servants non-cognizable appears to be that public servants who have to discharge their functions-often enough in difficult circumstances-should not be exposed to the harassment of investigation against them on information levelled, possibly, by persons affected by their official acts, unless a Magistrate is satisfied that an investigation is called for, and on such satisfaction authorises the same.

This is meant to ensure the diligent discharge of their official functions by public servants, without fear or favour.

When, therefore, the Legislature thought fit to remove the protection from the public servants, in so far as it relates to the investigation of the offences of corruption comprised in the Act, by making then cognizable it was considered necessary to provide a substituted safeguard from undue harassment by requiring that the investigation is to be conducted normally by a police officer of a designated higher rank.''

This observation will leave no room for doubt that the safeguard incorporated in Sec. SA is one against investigation by police oflj.cer of a rank lower than the designated rank and that the Magistrate con permit investigation by police officer of lower rank.

It was however, urged that the three vital stages relevant to initiation of proceedings in respect of offences enumerated in Sec. 6( I) (a) and (b) have been clearly delineated in this judgment when at page

j !62 it is observed; 'trial follows cognizance and cognizance is preceded by investigation.' This is the basic scheme of the Code in respect of cognizable offences but that too where in respect of a

conizable offence, the informant appproaches an officer in charge

A it, ANTULAY v. a.$. NAYAF; c (Desai, J.) 939

of a police station. When in the case of a cognizable offence, a police officer on receipt of information of an offence proceeds under Chapter XU, he starts with investigation and then submits .his report, called the police report, upon which cognizance is taken, and then follows the trial. And these three stages in that chronology are set out with regard to an investigation by an officer in charge of a police station or a police officer entitled to investigate any particular offence. This sentence cannot be read in isolation or torn out of the context to lend support to the submission that'in no case cognizance can be taken without prior investigation under Sec. SA.

Tn fact the Cotut proceeded to make it abundantly clear that 'a defect or illegality in investigation however serious, has no direct bearing on tlie competence or the procedure relating to cognizance or trial.' The Court examined the scheme of Secs. 190, 193 nd 195 to 199 of the Code of Criminal Procedure and observed : that 'the language of Sec. 190 is in marked contrast with that of the other sections of the group under the same heading i.e. Sections 193 and 195 to 199. These latter sections regulate the competence of the Court and bar its jurisdiction in certain cases excepting in compliance therewith, Section 190 does not.' The Court concluded by observing 'that whre the cognizance of the case has in fact been taken and the case bas proceeded to termination, the invalidity of the precedent investigation does not vitiate the result, unless miscarriage of justice has been caused thereby.' Having minutely read this judgment on which firm reliance was placed on behalf of the' appellant, we find nothing in it to come to the conclusion that an investigation under Sec. SA is a condition precedent before cognizance can be taken of offences triable by special Judge. Reliance next was placed upon the decision of this Court in The State f Madhya Pradesh v. Mubarak Ali.(') This Court held that Sec 5A was inserted in the 1952. Act to protect the public servants against harassment and victimization. If it was in the interest of the .public that corruption should be eradicated, it. was equally in the interest of the public that honest public servants should be able to discharge their duties free from false, frivolous and malicious accusations. To achieve this object,

Sections 5A and 6 introduced the following two safeguards; (1) no police officer below the rank of a designated police officer, shall investigate any offence punishable under Sec. 161, Sec. 165 or Sec. 165 A of the Indian Penal Code or nuder sub-Sec. (2) of Sec. 5A of . the 1947 Act without the order of a Presidency Magistrate and (2) no court shall take cogl\izance of offences hereinabove enumerated

(!). [1959] Supp. 2 S.C.R. 201,

940 SUPRJlMll COURT REPORTS [1984] 2 s.c.R.

except with the previous sanction, of the appropriate Government.

The Court held that these statutory safeguards must be complied with, for they were conceived in pulic inierest and were provided as a guarantee against frivolous and vexatious prosecutions. The Court further observed that the Legislature was prepared to believe an officer of an assured status implicity, and it prescribed an additional guarantee that in the case of police officers below the rank, the previous order of a Presidency Magistrate or a Magistrate of the first class as the case may be. Comes thereafter a pertinent observation 'that the Magistrate's status gives assurance to the bonafides of the investigation. 'This would rather show that Legislature while on the one hand conferred power on the police officers of the designated rank to take upon themselves the investigation of offences committed by public servants, it considered intervention of the Magistrate as the real safeguard when investigation was permitted by officers lower in rank then the designated officers. In other words, the Court was a safeguard and it ought to be so because the judicially trained mind is any day a better safeguard then any police officer or any rank. In State of Uttar Pradesh v. Bhagwant Kishore Joshi(') the obsevation of the Court in Mubarak Ali's case was affirmed. Jn S.N. Bose v.

State of Bihar,(2) this Court held that the order of the Magistrate giving permission to the Inspector of Police to investigate the case did not give any reasons and there was thus a violation of Sec. SA.

Yet this illegality committed in the course of an investigation does not affect the competence and jurisdiction of the court for trial and where cognizance of the case has in fact been taken and the case has proceeded to termination the invalidity of the preceding investigation does not vitiate the result unless the miscarriage of justice has been caused thereby, and in reaching this conclus10n reliance was placed on the case of M.N. Rishbud In P. Sirajuddin etc. v. State of Madras. etc.(3) it was held that 'the Code of Criminal Procedure is an enactment designed inter a/ia to ensure a fair investigation of the allegations against a person charged with criminal misconduct. This is undeniable but has hardly any relevance. Some guidance is given to the enquiry officer and the means to be adopted in investigation of offences. This has no bearing on the issue under discussion. Refe. rence was also made to Union of India v. Mahesh Chandra Sharma(4) which does not advance the case at all. Having carefully examined

(I) [1964] 3 SCR 71.

(3) [1970] 3 S, C.R. 931.

(4) AIR 1957 Madhya Bharat 43.

,..

' l

A.R. ANTUtAY v. R.S. NAYAK (lJesai, J.\ 941

these judgments in the light of the submissions made, the only con'

clusion that unquestionably emerges is that Sec. SA is a safeguard against investigation of offences committed by public servants, by . petty or lower rank police officer. It has nothing to do directly or indirectly with the mode and method of taking cognizance of offences by the court of special Judge. It also follows as a necessary corollary that provision of Sec. SA is not a condition precedent to initiation of proceedings before the special Judge who acquires power under Sec. 8(1) to take cognizance of offences enumerated in

Sec. 6(1) (a) and (b), with this limitation alone that is shall not be upon commitmment to him by the Magistrate.

Once the contention on behalf of the appellant that investigation under Sec. SA is a condition precedent to the initiation of proceedings before a special Jndge and therefore cognizance of an offence cannot be taken except upon a police report, does not commend to us and has no foundation in law, it is unnecessary to refer to the long line of decisions commencing from Tay/or v Taylor, (1) Nazir Ahamad v. King Emperor (') and ending with Chettiam Veettil Ahmad and Anr. v. Taluk Land Board and Ors., (3) laying down hitherto uncontroverted legal principle that where a statute requires to do a certain thing in a certain way, the thing must be done in that way or not at all Other methods of perfor- mance are necessrily forbidden.

Once Sec. SA is out of the way in the matter of taking cognizance of offences committed by public servants by a special Judge, the power of the special Judge to take cognizance of such offences conferred by Sec. 80) with only one limitation, in any one of the known methods of taking cognizance of offences by courts of original jurisdiction remains undented. One such statutorily recognised well-known method of taking cognizance of offences by a court competent to take cognizance is upon receiving a complaint of facts which constitutes the offence. And Sec. S(D says that the special Judge has the power to take cognizance of offences enume- . rated i_n Sec. 6dJ(a) and (b) and the only mode of taking cognizance excluded by the provision is upon commitment. It therefore, follows that the special Judge can take cognizance of offences committed by

(!) [1875-76] ! Ch. Division 426.

(2) AIR 1936 Privy Council 253.

. lff

942 SUPREME COURT REi>ORTs i1984) 2 s.c.it

public servants upou receiving a complaiut of facts constituting such offences.

It was, h )Wever, submitted that even if it be hel4 that the special Judge i: entitled to entertain a private complaint, no further . steps can be ta) en by him without directing an investigation under

Sec. 5A so ih~ t the safeguard of Sec. 5A is not whittled down.

This is the self 'ame argument under.a different apparel. Accepting such a submiss on would tantamount to saying that on receipt of tlie complaint tbe special Judge must direct an investigation under Sec. 5A. There s no warraut for such an approach. Astounding"' it appeared to 1 s, in all solemnity it was submitted that investigation of an off en ; e by a superior police officer affords a more solid safeguard comp ired to a court. Myopic as this is, it would topsy turvy the funda nental belief that to a .person accused of an offence there is no bette1 safeguard than a court. And this is constitutionally epitomised in At. 22 that upon arrest by police, t\e arrested person must be produc< d before the nearest Magistrate within twenty-four hours of the arr :st. Further, numerous provisions of the Code of Criminal proced m such as Sec. 161; Sec . .!64, and Sec. 25 of the Indian Evidence Act would show the Legislature's hesitation in placing confiden"e on police officers away from court's gaze. And the very fact tha; power is conferred on a Presidency Magistrate or .

Magistrate of the first class to permit police officers of lower rank to investigate th 1se offences would speak for the mind of the Legislature that the court is a IJlOre reliable safeguard than even superior police of.leers.

It was urged that there is inherent evidence in other provisions of the 1952 Act aild the Code of Criminal Procedure which would buttress the submi; sion that the special Judge cannot take, cogniz.ance upon a private co nplaint. Even if Sec. 8(1) confers specilic powers of taking cogniza1 ce of offences without the necessity of the accused being committed •'or trial and prescribes the procedure for trial of warrant cases by Hagi;, tntes to be adopted by a special Judge, it is necessary to deter nine with accuracy whether a special Judge is a Magistrate or a Sc :sions Judge. After referring to Sec. 8(3) which provides that st ve as provided in sub-sec. (1) or sub-sec. (2), the pro vi si ms of the Code of Criminal procedure, 1898 shall so far as they are not inconsistent with the 1952 Act apply to the proceedings before a special Judge; and for the purposes of th' said provisions, the Court of a special Judge shall be deemed to be a Court of Sessions trying cases without

I !'-:

A.a. A.NTULAY v. R.S. NAYAK (Desai, J.) 94~

a jury or without the aid of assessors and the person conducting a prosecution before a special Judge shall be deemed to bea public prosecutor; it was urged that for the purpose of procedure to be fo!lowea by a special Judge in the trial of the case before'1lim, he is a Magistrate as provided in Sec. 8(1) but not a Sessions Judge because no Sessions Court can take cognizance of offences without commitment while a special Judge has to take cognizance of offences without accused being committed to him for trial yet the provisions of sub-Secs. (2) and {3) leave no one in doubt that for all other purpose.s he is to be treated as a Sessions Judge or a Court of Sessions. Proceeding along it was urged that if a special Judge has all the trappings of the Court of Sessions, he cannot take cognizanc_e as provided by Sec. 190, Cr. P. C. because it confers power on Magistrate to take cognizance of any offence in_any one of the three modes therein prescribed. Therefore, it was submitted that a private complaint cannot be entertained.

For more than one reason it is not possible to accept this

D submission. If Sec. 190 -cannot be availed, we fail to see how a special Judge would be entitled to take cognizance on a police report. If Sec. 190 is not attracted all the three modalities of taking cognizance of offences would not be available. One cannot pick and choose as it suits one's convenience. Either all the three. modalitie_s are available or none. And Sec. 80) which confers power E of taking cognizance does not show any preference. On this short ground, the submission must be rejected.

It is, however, necessary to decide with precision and accuracy the position of a special Judge and the Court over which he presides styled as the Court of a-special Judge because unending confusions F have arisen by either assimilating him with a Magistrate or with a Sessions Court. The Prevention of Corruption Act, 1947 was .enacted for more effective prevention of bribery and corruption.

Years rolled by and experience gathered showed that unless a special forum for the trial of such offences as enumerated in the 1947 Act . is created, the object underlying the 1947 Act would remain a G distant dream. i his led to 'the enactment of the Criminal Law Amendment Act, 1952. The Statement of Objects and Reasons accompanying the Bill refers to the recommendations of the Committee chaired by Dr. Bakshi Tek Chand appointed to review the working of the Special Police Establishment and tO make recommendations for improvement of laws relating to bribery and corruption.

To take the cases of corruption out of the maze of cases handled H

SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1984j Z R.C.R.

by Magistrates, it was decided to set up special courts. Sec. 6 conferred power on the State Government to appoint as many special Judges as may be necessary with power to try the offences set out in clauses (a) and (b).

Now if at this stage a reference is made to Sec. 6 of the Code of Criminal Procedure which provides for constittion. of criminal courts, it would become clear that a new court with a new designation was being set up and that it has to. be under the administrative and judicial superintendence of the High Court.

As already pointed out, there were four types of criminal courts functioning under the High Court. To this list was added the court of a special Judge. Now when a new eourt whieh is indisputably a criminal eourt because it was not even whispered that the Court of special Judge is not a criminal court, is set up, to make it effective and functionally oriented, it becomes necessary to prescribe its powers, procedure, status and all ancillary provisions . .i\Vhile setting up a court of a special Judge keeping i.n view the fact that the high dignitaries in public life are likely to be tried by such a court, the qualification prescribed was that the person to be appointed as special Judge has to be either a Sessions Judge, Additional Sessions Judge or Assistant Sessions Judge. These three dignitaries are above the level of a Magistrate. After prescribing the qualification, the Legislature proceeded to confer power upon a special Judge to take cognizance of offences for the trial of which a special court with exclusive jurisdiction was being set up. If a special Judge has to take cognizance of offences, ipso facto the procedure fot: trial of such offences has to be prescribed.

Now the Code prescribes different prooedures for trial of cases by different courts. Procedure for trial of a cases by different courts. Procedure for trial of a case before a Court of Sessions is set out in Chaprer XVIII; trial of warrant cases by Magistrates is set out in Chapter XIX and the provisions therein included catered to both the types .of cases coming before the Magistrate, namely, upon police report or otherwise than on a police report. Chapter XX prescribes the procedure for trial of summons cases by Magistrates and Chapter XXI prescribes the procedure for summary trial. Now that a new criminal court was being set up, the Legislature took the first step of providing its comparative position in the hierarchy of court; under Sec. 6 Cr. P.C. by bringing it on level more or less comparable to the Court of ·

Sessions, but in order to avoid any confusion arising out of comparison by level, it was made explicit in Sec. 8 (l) itself that it is not a C"urt of Sessions because it can take cognizance of offences without commitment as contemplated by Sec. 193 Cr. P. C.

Undoubtedly in Sec. 8 (3) it was clearly laid down that subject to the provi-

.,..

A.R. ANTULAY v. R.S. NAYAR: (Desai, J.) 945

sions of sub-Sec. (1) and (2) of Sec. 8, the Court of special Judge shall be deemed to be a Court of Sessions trying cases without a jury or without "the aid of assessors.

In contra-distinction to the Sessions Court this new court was to be a court of original jurisdiction. The Legislature then proceeded to specify which out of the various procenures set out in the Code, this new court shall follow for trial of offences before it. Sec. 1 (I) specifically says that a special Judge in trial of offences before him shall follow the procedure prescribed in the Code of Criminal Procedure for trial of warrant cases by Magistrates. The provisions for trial of warrant cases by the Magistrate are to be found in Chapter XXI of !898 Code. A glance through the provisions will .show that the provisions therein included catered to both the situations namely, trial of a case initiated upon police eport (Sec. 251A) and tnal of cases instituted otherwise than on police report (Sec. 252 to 257). If a special Judge is _en-joined with a duty to try cases according to the procedure prescribed in foregoing provisions he will have to first decide whether the case was instituted upon a police report or otherwise than on police report and follow the procedure in the relevant group of sections. Each of the Secs. 251A to 257 of 1898 Code which are in pari materia with Secs. 238 to 250 of 1973 Code refers to what the Magistrate should do. Does the special Judge in Secs. 238 to 250 wherever the expression 'Magistrate' occurs.

This is what is called legislation by incorporation.

Similarly, whete the question of taking cognizance arises, it is futile to go in search of the fact whether for purposes of Secs. 190 which conferred power on the Magistrate to take cognizance of the offence, special Judge is a MagiStrate? What is to be done is that one has to read the expression 'spec'al Judge' in place of' Magistrate, and the whole thing becomes crystal clear. The Legislature-wherever it found the grey area clarified ii by making specific provision such as the one in sub-s (2) of Sec. 8 and to leave no one in doubt further provided in subs. (3) that al! the provisions of the Code of .Crimin'al Pro cedure shall so far as they are not inco.nsistent with the Act apply to the proceedings before a special Judge.

At the time when the 1952 Act was enacted what was in operation was the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1898. It did not envisvge any Court of a special Judge and the Legislature never. wanted to draw up an exhaustive Code of Procedure for this new criminal court which was being set up. Therefore, it conferred power (taking cognizance of offences), prescribed procedure (trial of warrant cases by a Magi, trate), indicated authority to tender pardon (Sec 338) and then after declaring . ts status as C•):n, nribl' to a Coct of Sllsions proceeded to pres-

SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1984] 2 s.c.n

cribe that all provisions of the Code of Criminal Procedure will apply in so far as they are not inconsistent with the provisions of the 1952 Act.

The net outcome of this position is that a new court of original jurisdiction was set up and whenever a question arose as to what are its power> in respect of specitlc questions broughrbefore it as court of original criminal jurisdiction, it had to refer to the Code of Criminal Procedur;: undaunted by any designation claptrap. When takiug cognizance, a Court of special Judge enjoyed the powers under Sec. 190.

When trying cases, it is obligatory to follow the procedure for trial of warrant cases by a Magistrate though as , and by way of status it was equated with a Court of Sessions .. The entire argument inviting us to specifically decide whether a court of a special Judge for a certain purpose is a Court of Magistrate or a Court of Sessions revolves round a mistaken belief that a special Judge has to be one or the other, and must fit in in the slot of a Magistrate or a Court of Sessions.

Such an approach would strengulate the functioning of the court and must be eschewed.

Shorn of all embellishment .• the court or a special Judge is a court of original criminal jurisdiction. As a court of original criminal jurisdiction in. order to make it functionally oriented some powers were conferred by the statute setting up the court. Except those specifically conferred and specifically denied, it has to function as a court of original criminal jurisdiction not being hide bound by the terminological status description of Magistrate or a Court of Session.s.

Under the Code it will anjoy all powers which a court of original criminal jurisdiction enjoys save and except the ones specifically denied:

Sec 9 of the 1952 Act would equally be helpful in this behalf.

Once court of a special Judge is a court of original criminal jurisdiction, it became necessary to provide whether it is subordinate tothe High Court, whether appeal and revision against its jndgments and orders would lie to the High Court and whether the High Court would have goneral superintendence over a Court of special Judge as it'has over all criminal courts as enumerated in Sec. 6 of the Code of Criminal Procedure. The court of a special Judge, once created by an independent statute, has been brought as a court of original criminal jurisdiction under the High Court because Sec. 9 confers on the High Court all the powers conferred by Chapters XXXI and XXX III of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1898 on a High Court as if the court of special Judge were a court of Sessions trying cases without a jury within the local limits of the jurisdiction Qf the Hi(lh Court. Therefore, thero is no gainsayinJ! the fact that

A.R. ANTULAY v. R.s. NAYAK (Desai, J.) 947

a new criminal court with a name, designation and qualification of the officer eligible to preside over it with powers specified and the particular procedure which it must follow has been set up under the 1952 Act. . The court has to be treated as~ court of original criminal jurisdiction and shall have all the powers.as any court of original. criminal jurisdiction has under the Co.de of Criminal Procedure, except those specifically excluded.

Once the position. and power of the Court of a special Judge in the hierarchy of criminal courts under the High Court is clearly and unambiguously established, 1t is unnecessary to roam into an enquiry examining large number of decisions laying down in the context of each case that the dourt of a special Judge is a Court of Sessions and the contrary view taken in some other decisions.

Reference to those judgments would be merely adding to the length of this judgment without achieving any useful purpose.

It was submitted that there is further internal evidence pointing in the direction that a private complaint cannot be entertained by a special Judge.

Sec. 225 in Chapter XVIII containing provisions prescribing procedure of trial before a Court of Sessions provides that 'in every trial before a Court of Sessions' the prosecution shall be conducted by a Public Prosecutor.' Last part of Sec. 8 O) of the 1952 Act pr_ovides that' ...... the pen on conducting a prosecution before a special Judge_ shall be deemed to be a public prosecutor.' It was urged that public prosecutions are ordinarily launched in the name of t_he State because in matters of serious offences the society is interested in punishing the anti-social elements who may be a menace to society and that such prosecution is not for satisfying private lust or sense of vengennce. Proceeding 'along, it was stated that the scheme of Criminal Procedure Code clearly shows that serious offences are exclusively triable by a Court of Sessions and. that even if a commitment to the Court of Sessions is made upon an inquiry held by a Magistrate taking cognizance of the offence on a private complaint, once the case is committed to a Court of Sessions, the role of the private complainant becomes insignificant. 1 be State takes over the prosecution and the public prosecutor shall necessarily be in charge -of the prosecuton.

And it was pointed out that public prosecutor is appointed by the Central or the State Government. It was urged that appointment ofa public prosecutor under Sec. 24 of the Cede of Criminal Procedure is a solemn duty to be performed by the Central or the State.Government, as the . ·

eie 1niy be, and that too after coqsultation wi.th the High Court.

SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1984;] 2 s.c.R.,

And it is such public prosecutor who . shall alone be entitled to conduct the trial before Court of Sessions. In order to acquaint us with the role, the dignity and the rcsponsibjlity of a public prosecutor, atten<ion was drawn to Shive Pru v. The King, li Amleslz Ceandra & Ors. v. The State, (1 ) Raj Kislzore Rabidas v. The State.(2) In Re Bhupafli Mall1ah and Ors (3) and Medichetty Ramalcistiah and Ors. v. The State o/Andlua Pradesh I') These decisions purport to indicate the objectivity imd. the fairness with which a public prosecutor in charge of the case shall conduct the prosecution and it is no part of his duty to attempt to obtain a conviction at all costs.

His duty is to fairly analyse the evidence for and against the accused and that he should not withheld any evidence which has a bearing on the issues before the court. In other words, he must be fair and objective in his approach to the case animated by a desire to vindicate justice and no more. It was urged that if this be the wellrecognised role of a public prosecutor, bow horrendous it would appear if a private complainant motivated by a deire to wreck vengeance against the accusod is to be deemed to be a public prosecutor. It was said that such a private complainant cannot be elevated to the status of a public prosecutor but the deeming fiction enacted in latter part of Sec. 8 (3) would clothe him with such a status of a public prosecutor which he was hardly qualified to enjoy.

As a second string to the bow, it was said that Sec. 321 of the Code of Criminal Procedure generally confers power on a public prosecutor to withdraw the prosecution subject to limitations therein prescribed. The submission is that if a private complainant who chooses to conduct his case and thereby enjoys the status of a deemed public prosecutor he would be able to poute the fountain of justice by initiating some frivolous prosecution and then withdraw it if his palms are greased. It was also said that the accused may put up a bogus complainant and make a pretence of trial and escape a serious prosecution upon high level investigation.

These are wild imaginings, irrelevant for the purpose of construction of a provision in a statute. Further this submission overlooks the vital role that the court has to play before any prosecution can be withdrawn at the -instance of a public prosecutor. That a public prosecutor may abuse his office is not determinative as to who shoule be a public

(l) AIR 1941 Rangoon 209 ..

(2) AIR !952 Cal. 481.

(3) AIR 1969 Cal. 321.

(4) AIR 1959 A.P. 477. ff

(5) AIR 1959 A.P. 659.

A.R. ANTULAY v. R.s. NAYAK <Desai, J.) 949

prosecutor. The deeming fiction enabled in Sec. 8 (3) is' confined

t<.> the limits of its requirement in that the person coridri.cting a:· prosecution before a special Judge is to be deemed to be a public prosecutor. Jn fact, this fiction created by Sec. 8 (3) would rather negative the argument of the appellant that a private complaint is not maintainable, inasmuch as the Legisslature could have inserted a provision analogous 10 Sec. 225 that a prosecution before a'sj>ecial Judge shall be conducted by a public prosecutor.

On the contrary,

··--~-conscious of the position that a private complaint may be filed before

"I. 11 special Judge who may take cognizance of the offences on such a

complaint,• the Legislature wanted to clothe the person in charge of the prosecution before a special Judge with the status of a pubiic prosecuror for the purposes of the Code of Criminal Procedure.

This is an additional reason why the contention of the appellant that a private complaint is not maintainable cannot be entertained.

It was then submitted that if the object underlying 1952 Act was . to provide for a more speedy trial of offences of corruption by a public servant; this laudable object would be .. thwarted if it is ever held that a private complaint can be entertained by a special Judge.

Developing the argument it was pointed out that assuming that a private complaint is maintainable before taking 'cognizance, a special Judge will have to examine the complainant and all the witnesses present as enjoined by Sec. 200. The Judge thereafter ordinariiy will have to postpone issue of process against the accused, and either inquire into the case himself or direct an investigation to be made by a police officer and incases under the 1947 Act by poiice officers of designated rank for the purpose of deciding wlieiher or not there is sufficient ground for proceeding. (Sec. 202(1)). If the Judge proceeds to bold the inquiry himself, he is obliged to take evidence on oath but it was said that if the Court of special Judge is a Court of Sessions, the case would be governed by proviso to . sub-s. (2) of Sec. 202, Cr P.C. and that .therefore, he will have to call upon the complainant to produce all his witnesses and examine them on oath. This would certainly thwart a speedy trial was the apprehension disclosed and therefore, it was said that there is internal contra-indication that a private complaint is not maintainable. We find no merit in the submissions. As has been distinctly made clear. that a Court of' special Judge is a court cif odginal criminal jurisdition and that it can take cognizance of an offence in the manner herein before indicated, it may be that in order to test whether the complaint disclosed; a serious offence or that thete is all)' frivolit~ mvolved in it~ the Jude may insist U:p'on h'oldinan

[1984) 2 S.C.R.

inquiry by postponing the issue of process. When a private complaint is filed, the court has to examine the complainant on oath save in the cases set out i11-the proviso to Sec. 200 Cr.P.C.

After examining the complainant on oath and examining the witnesses present, if any, meaning thereby that the witnesses not present need not be examined, it would open to the court to judicially determine whether a case is made out for issuing process.

When it is said that court issues process, it means the court has taken cognizance of the offence and has decided to initiate the _ --- ~

proeeeing and as a visible manifestation of taking cognizance,.,,...- ' />'

proces~ is issued which means that the accused is called upon to lappear before the court. This may either take the from of a " summons or a warrant, as the case may be. It may be that after examining the complainant and his witnesses, the court in order to doubly assure itself may postpone the issue of process, and call upon the complainant to keep his witnesses present. The other option open to the court is to direct investi3ation to be made by a police officer. And if the offence is one covered by the 1947 Act, the investigation, if directed, sbsll be according to the provision containeb in Sec. SA But it mnst be made distinctly clear that it is neilhei' obligatory to bold the inquiry befor_e issuing process to direct the investigation of the offence by police. The matter is in the judicial discretion of the court and is judicially reviewable depending upon the material disclosed by the complainant in his statment

under oath under Sec. 200, called in the parlance of criminal courts verification of the complaint-and evidence of witnesses if any. It was however, urged that if Sec, SA can be dispensed with by holding that a private complaint is maintainable, the court atleast should ensure pre-process safeguard by insisting upon the examination of all witnesses that the complainant seeks to examine and this will be counter-productive as far as the object of a speedy trial is concerned. Viewed from eithe~ angle, there is no merit in this submission. Primarily, examination of witnesses even at a preprocess stage by special Judge is not no the footing that case is exclusively triable by a Court of Sessions as contemplated by Sec. 202(2) proviso. There is no commitment and therefore, Sec. 202(2) proviso is not attracted. Similarly, till the process is issued, the accused does not come into the picture. He may physically attend but is not entitled to take part in the proceeding. (See Srnt. Nagawwa

v. Veeranna Shivalingappa Konja/gi and Ors. (1)) Upon a complaint being received and the court records the verificat'ion, it is open to

(1) (1976) 3 SCC736.

A.R. ANTULAY v. R.S. NAYAK (Desai, J.)

the court to appJy its mind to the facts disclosed and to judicial\y determine whether process should or should not be issued. It is not a condition precedent to the issue of process that the court of necessity must hold the inquiry as envisaged by Sec. 202 or direct investigation as therein contemplated. The power to take cognizance without holdi1ig inquiry or directing investigation is implicit in Sec. 202 when it says that the Magistrate may if he thinks fit, postpone the issue of process against the accused and either inqure into the case himself or direct an investigation to be made by a policeo ·~ officer ............ , for the purpose of deciding whether or not there is sufficient ground for proceeding.' Therefore, the matter is left to .the ' judicial discretion of the court whether on examining the complainant and the witnesses if any as contemplated by Sec. 200 to issue process or to postpone the issue of process. This discretion which the court enjoys cannot be circumscribed or denied by making it mandatory upon the court either to hold the inquiry or direct investigation. Such an approach would be contrary to the statutory provision. Therefore, there is no merit in the contention that by entertaining a private complaint, the purpose of speedy trial would be towarted or that a pre-process safeguard would be denied.

Further when cognizance is taken on a private complaint or to be precise otherwise than on a police report, the special Judge has to try the case according to the procedure prescribed for trial of warrant cases instituted otherwise than on police report by a Magistrate (Sec. 252 to 258 of 1898 Code of Criminal Procedure).

Sec. 252 requires that when accused is brought before a court, the court shall proceed to hear the complainant and take all such evidence as may be produced in support of the prosecution. Accused bas a right to cross examine complainant and bis witnesses. If upon considering the evidence so produced, the court finds that no case against the accused has been made out which, if nndebutted, would warrant his conviction, the court shall , discharge the. accused (Sec. 253 ibid). If, on the other hand, the court is of the opinion that there is ground for presuming that the accused has committed an offence, which the court is competent to try, a charge shall be framed in writing against the accused (Sec. 254 ibid). After the accused pleads not guilty to the charge, all prosection witnesses examined before the charge shall be re.called for further cross examination. Prosecution may examine adgitional witnesses whom the accused would be entitled to cross examine. Thereafter the accused may enter on his defence and may examine witness in defence. This

procedure provides more adequate safeguard than the investigation H

(1984] 2 S.C.R.

by polie officer of designated rank and therefore, search for fresh

c; ir additional safeguard is irrelevant.

It was however urged that while making the provisions of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1898 applicable to an Proceeding in relationto an offence punishable under Secs. 161, 165 and 165 IPC and under Sec. 5 of the 1947 Act, modification was considered necessary in subs. (8) of Sec. 251A which prescribed procedure for tljal of warrant cases instituted upori a police report while no corresponding amendment was made in any of the provisions con- tained in the same Chapter which prescribed procedure for warrant'~- cases instituted otherwise than on police report and that this wold • ,. show that a private complainant which will be required to be tried accarJiing to the procedure prescribed for trial of warrant cases instituted otherwise than on a police report was not within the contemplation of the Legislature. The modification made in subs.

(8) of Sec. 251A is marginal and minimal. It is to the effect that ip.stead of the words 'the accused shall then be called upon' the words 'the accused shall then be required to give in in writing at once or within such-time as the Magistrate may allow, a list of persons (if any) whom he proposes to examined as. his witnesses and all the documents (if any) on which he proposes to rely, and he shall then be called upon to enter his defence' shall be substituted.

It was urged that no corresponding amendment was made in Sec. 256 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 189 l and that this glaring omission would clea, r!y indicate that the prosedure prescribed for

tri~I of warrant cases otherwise than on police report was not within the contemplation for the trial of offences under the 1947 Act.

Sec. 251A eame to be introduced in the Code of Criminal Procedare,

!89S in 1955. Prior thereto there was uniform orocedure for trial of wami.nt cases by Magistrnte irrespective of whether the case was instituted on a police report or otherwise than on a police report.

By the Amending Act, 1955, two different procedures came to be prescribed for trial of warrant cases (i) under Sec. 251A in respect of cases instituted on a .police report and (ii) Sec. 252 to 258 in cases instituted other.wise than on a police report. This distinction with some modification has been retained in the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973. The Legislature made certain modification.s in the

pocedure applicable to warrant cases instituted otherwise than .on police report, bnt left the other provisions applicable to trial .of warrant cases .instituted .otherwise that on police report intact. J'he Legislature .in its wisdom .may have considered it necessary to .ma!<e changes .in one procedure and not in the other. It should , not -.b.e_

forgotten that prior to 1955, the procedure for trial of warrant cases

istituted on a police report and otherwise than oil police report was

the same and the Act of 1952 set up the Court of special Judge to try cases under the 1947 Act and the trial was to be held according to the procedure prescribed for trial of warrant case. It necessarily' follows that between 1952 to 1955, the Court of special Judge would have followed the sa, ne pro.cedure for trial of a case instituted upon a police report or otherwise than on a police_ report. If in 1955, the Legislature prescribed two different procedures an4 left the one . . . for trial of warrant cases in.stituted otherwise than on p0Iice report ~--.:._-intact and the position:. remained unaltered even after the intro- duction of Sec. 7 A. it js not sggestiv e of such a grave.consequence that a private complaint is n_ot maintainable.

Therefore, this additional limb docs not advance the case any further.

- --::-

The learned Judges composing the Division Bench of the High Court by their separate judgments negatived the contention of the appeIJant holding that for the purpose of taking cognizance of an offence under the 1947 Act, special Judge was a Magistrate andcan take cognizance as provided by Sec. 190 of the Code of Criminal Procedure. In reaching this conclusion, the learned Judges were largely inffueced by the decision in Stale of Vamil Nadu v. V.Krishnnaswami Naidu & Anr., (1) in which this Court held that the special Judge functioning under Sec. 8 (l) is a Magistrate for the purposes of Sec. 167 of the Code of Criminal Procedure. They also relied upon the decision in Parasnath Pande and Anr. v. State(2) wherein a Division Bench of the Bombay High Court held that a report submitted upon an investigat10n, which is found to be defective, can be treated as a private complaint of the police officer submitting the report and if cognizance i~ taken OJ} sl!-ch complaint, it would not be invalid. It was said that thes~ decisions run counter to some decisions of this Court. It is not nece&sary to examine this aspect becaus~ as pointed out by us, a court of special Judge is a court of original criminal jurisdiction and it is not necessary to treat him either a Magistrate - or a Court of Sessions save and ex.cept in respect of specific provision wherein it is so provided. There is the third decision in this context, which 1TIBY be briefly referred to here.

In Jagdish Prasad Verma v. The State, l8) a Division Bench of the

i..

(1) (1979) 3 SCR 928 \,£i) AIR 1962 Bom. 205

~AIR 1966 Patna fS

H .

954.

SUPREME COURT REPORTS (!984j 2 s.c.il.

Patna High Court" held that the special Judge can take cognizance upon receiving a complaint of facts which constitute the offence or

even upon information received from any person other than a police officeror upon his own knowledge of suspicion that the offence has been committed. This was treated as so obvious by the court that there is no discussion in support of the conclusion.

Howevr, we are satisfied that thes.e decisions lay down the correct law on the point of maintainability of private complaint.

Having examined the matter from all the different angles, we are satisfied that the conclusion reached both by the learned special --- Judge and Division Bench of the Bombay High Court th:it a private complaint filed by the complainant was clearly maintainable and that the cognizance was properly taken, is correct. Accordingly, this appeal fails and is dismissed.

S.R.

Appeal dismissed.

A.R. ANTULAY

RAMDAS SRINIWAS NAY AK AND ANOTHER

February 16, 1984

D. A. DESAI

R. S. PATHAK

0. CH!NNAPPA REDDY

V. BALAKRISHNA ERADI, JJ.

Criminal Procedure Code, 1973

Prevention of Corruption Act, 1947

Criminal Law Amendment Act

section 6 to 8

ss. 5, 5A and 7A

Prevention of Corruption Act

section 161

Indian Penal Code

Special Judge, Sbri P. S. Bhutta

s. 6

Criminal Law Amendment Act, 1952

Bhutta

Bombay High Court

s. 6

SA of the Prevention of Corruption Act

s. 8

s. 7

R B. Sule

[1979] 3 SC.R. 928

Jagdish Prasad Verma

State, A.J.R. "i966 PatD!I 15

Code of Criminal Procedure

s. 190

Code of Criminal Procedure

ss. 195

Section 8(1)

s. 6(1)

Code of Criminal Procedure

Prevention of Corruption Act

Section 8(1)

s. 8(1)

SA

s. 8(1)

s. 6(1)

Prevention of Corruption Act

s. 8( 1)

s. 8(1)

s. 6(1)

[1964] 3 S.C.R. 71

s. N. Bose

s. 8(1)

s. 190

Code of Criminal Procedure

code of Criminal Procedure

Code of Criminal Procedure

s. 190

Code of Criminal Procedure

ss. 252 to 258

Code of Criminal Procedure

s. 9

Chapter XXXI and XXXIII of the Code

Code of Criminal Procedure

, M. Singhvi

Dalveer Bhandari

A. M. Singhvl

S. S.

Parkar

H. Bhardwaj

U. N. Bhandari

H. M. Singh

Ranbir Singh

S. G.Hasnain

Shamrao Samant

HA Sekhar

Ram Jethmalani

PR Vakil

Rani Jethmalani

Mukesh Jethmalani

OP Malviya

Shailendra Bhardwaj

Harish Jagtlani

DESAI

AN'.rULAY

P. S. Bhutta

Ramdas Sriniwas Nayak

October 18, 1982

Sec. 6

Criminal Law Amendment Act, 1952

Bhutta

Sec. 6

Sec. 5

Prevention of Corruption Act, 1947

Sec. 8

Government of Maharashtra

January 15, 1983

Sec. 7

R. B. Sule

P. R. Vakil

Sec. 6

Sec. 5

Sec. 5A

Sec. 8

Sec. 5A

Sec. 6

Code of Criminal Procedure

Desai

Sec. 6

Code of Criminal Procedure

Sec. 187

Sea Customs Act, 1878

Sec. 97

Gold Control Act, 1968

Sec. 6

Import and Export Control Act, 1947

Sec. 271

Sec. 279

Income Tax Act, 1961

Sec. 61

Foreign Exchange Regulation Act, 1973

Sec. 621

Companies Act, 1956

Sec. 190

Code of Criminal Procedure

Sec. 2

Sec. 8

Sec. 8

Sec. 225

Code of Criminal Procedure

Prevention of Corruption Act, 1947

Sec. 5A

Sec. 5A

Sec. 3

Sec. 5

Sec. 5

Code of Criminal Procedure, 1898

Chapter XII of the Code

Sec. 154

Sec. 155

Sec. 156

Sec. 190

Sec. 156

Sec. 167

Sec. 17

Sec. 173

Sec. 190

Sec. 191

Sec. 190

Sec. 2

First Schedule

Sec. 2

Sec. 2

Sec. 2

Sec. 2

SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1984.J 2 s.c.a

IPC

Sec. 5

Sec. 154

Sec. 161

IPC

Sec. 190

Code of Criminal Procedure

Sec. 3

Sec. 16

Sec. 3

Sec. 3

Sec. 5A

Sec. 3

Sec 5A

Sec 5A

Santhanam Committee

Sec. 5

Sec. 5A

Criminal Law Amendment Act

Indian Penal Code

Code of Criminal Procedure, 1898

Sec. 2, 3, 4 and 5

Sec. 6

Sec. 161

Sec. 162

Sec. 163

Sec. 164

Sec. 165

Indian Penal Code

Sec. 5

Prevention of Corruption Act, 1947

Sec. 7

Sec. 6

Sec. 6

Sec. 7

Sec. 6

Sec. 6

Code of Criminal Procedure

Sec. 7

Sec. 6

Sec. 8

Code of Criminal Procedure, 1898

Code of Criminal Procedure, 1898

Sec. 338

Code of Criminal Procedure, 1898

Code of Criminal Procedure, 1898

Sec. 8

West Bengal

Sec. 9

Sec. 10

Sec. 5

Sec. 8

Sec. 6

Sec. 173

Code of Criminal Procedure, 1898

Code of Criminal Procedure

Sec. 6

Code of Criminal Procedure

Sec. 190

Sec. 190

Sec. 190

Sec. 6

Sec. 193

Code of Criminal Procedure

First

Schedule

Sec. 209

Sections 202

Sec. 226

Sec. 209

Sec. 209

Sec. 193

Sec. 4

Code of Criminal Procedure

Sec. 4

Indian Penal Code

Sec. 4

Code of Criminal Procedure

Code of Criminal Procedure

Code of Criminal Procedure

Sec. 8

Sec. 193

Sec. 190

Sec. 9

Sec. 6

Sec. 190

Sec. 191

Sec. 8

Sec. 8

Sec. 8(1)

Sec. 6( I)

Code of Criminal Procedure

Sec. 190

Sections 193 and 195 to 199

Section 190

Sec 5A

Sections 5A and 6

Sec. 161

Sec. 165

Sec. 165

Indian Penal Code

Sec. 5A

Mubarak Ali

M.N. Rishbud

Code of Criminal Procedure

[1964] 3 SCR 71

Sec. 8(1)

Sec. 6(1)

Sec. 80

Sec. 6

Sec. 5A

Sec. 5A

Sec. 5A

Sec. 161

Sec. 25

Indian Evidence Act

Code of Criminal Procedure

Sec. 8(1)

Sec. 8(3)

Code of Criminal procedure, 1898

Sec. 8(1)

Sec. 190

Sec. 190

Sec. 190

Sec. 80

Prevention of Corruption Act, 1947

Criminal Law Amendment Act, 1952

Bakshi Tek Chand

Sec. 6

Sec. 6

Code of Criminal Procedure

Sec. 6

Sec. 8

Sec. 193

Sec. 8

Sec. 8

Sec. 1

Code of Criminal Procedure

Sec. 251A

Sec. 252 to 257

Sec. 8

Code of Criminal Procedure, 1898

Sec 338

Code of Criminal Procedure

Sec. 190

Sec 9

Sec. 6

Code of Criminal Procedure

Sec. 9

Code of Criminal Procedure, 1898

Sec. 225

Sec. 8

Criminal Procedure Code

Sec. 24

Sec. 8

Sec. 321

Code of Criminal Procedure

Sec. 8

Sec. 8

Sec. 225

Code of Criminal Procedure

Sec. 200

Sec. 202(1)

Sec. 202

Sec. 200

Cr.P.C

Sec. 200

Sec. 202(2)

Sec. 202(2)

Sec. 202

Sec. 202

Sec. 200

Sec. 252 to 258

Code of Criminal Procedure

Sec. 252

Sec. 253

Sec. 254

Code of Criminal Procedure, 1898

IPC

Sec. 5

Sec. 251A

Sec. 251A

Sec. 256

Code of Criminal Procedure

Sec. 251A

By the Amending Act, 1955

Sec. 251A

Sec. 252 to 258

Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973

Sec. 7

Sec. 190

Code of Criminal Procedure

Sec. 8

Sec. 167

Code of Criminal Procedure

(1979) 3 SCR 928

Patna High Court