THE ISHWARI KHETAN SUGAR MILLS (P.) LTD.

& ANOTHER ETC.

THE STATE OF UTTAR PRADESH & ORS. ETC .

April 2, 1980

[V. R. KRISHNA IYER, S, MURTAZA FAZAL ALI, D. A. DESAI, 8

R. S. PA<HAK AND A. D. KOSHAL, JJ;]

U, P. Sugar Undertakings (Acquisition) Act 1971. States kgislatur;, if comp•· ient to enact a law on declared industry. •.

Constitution of India Entry 51 List I, Entry 14, List II and Entry 42 of

ill~~ c

By the U, P, Sugar Undertakings (Acquisition) Ordinanre, 1971 (which later be<:ame an Act) twelve sngar undertakings stood transferred and veslfd in a

Government undertaking named the U.P. State' SUgar Corporation Limited. Tho appellants' writ petitions before ther High Court impugning the constitutional validity of the Act were dismissed.

In appeal to this Court it was contended on behalf of the appellants thal since sugar is a declared industry under the Industries (Development and Regnlation) Act, 1951 in view of entry 52 in Union List read with entry 24 in state list further read with Art. 246. Parliament alone is. competent to pass the law on the subject and not the State Legislature and, therefore, the impugned

legislation is void.

Dismissing the appeals,

HELD : Industry being a matier enumerated in entry 24 of List JI. only the State legislature has the excIUSive power to legislate in respect of it, but

.thisr power is subject to the provisions of entries 7 and 52 o; f List I. While under entry 7, if a declaration is made by Parliament that a particular industry is necessary for defence or for the prosecution of war, Parliament, to the exclusion of the State legislature, would be entitled to legislate in respect of that industry, a declaration by Parliament by law to assume control over any particular industry in public interest in a sine qua non to clothe Parliament with power under entry 52, List I to legislate in respect of that industry. The declaration t; ontemplated by this entry is , a declaration by law.

A merei declaration unaccompanied by law is ineompalible with entry 52 of List l But that doe. not mean that once a declaration is made in respect of anl industry that industry as a whole is taken out of entry 24, List IL [337 F-H; 338 D, F; 339 E]

Baiinath Kedia v. State of Bihm~ & Ors. [1970] 2 100 at 113 and State of Haryana & Anr. v, Chanan Mal, etc, [1976] 3 SCR 688 at 700 referred to.

The control under section 2 of the 1951 Act was assumed for a specific

and avowed object namely' development and regulation of certain industri<s.

B . TbJs control has to be exercised in the manner provided under the statuk:. "Therefore, Parliament, has made a declaration for assuming control in respect

SUPREME COURT REPCTRTS

[1980] 3 S.C.R.-

A of tho declared industries set out in the schedule of the Act only to the extont

provided in tho Act.

A conspectUs of tho provisions of tho impugned Act shows that in pith an~· substance it is one for acquisition of scheduled undertakings and such acquisition by transfer Of ownership of those undertakings to the Corporation would in n~· way come in conftict with any of tho provisions of the Central Act of 19 5 I.

B Tho Central Act is primarily concerned with development and regulation of

declared indnstries and is not concerned with ownership of industrial undertakingsin declared industries, except to the extC.Ut of control over management of. tho undertaking by tho owner.

By the acquisition under the impugned Act ruuf vesting of the undertakings in the Corporation they would still be' under the c<>ntrol of tho Central Government because the Corporation wonld be amenable co the authority and jurisdiction of the Central Government. Therefore, the.:a C i• no conJlict between the impugned legislation and the control exercised hy the Central Government under the provisions of the Central Act.

[340 H-341 A;.

344 C-G, 345 DJ

There is no force in the argument that thlj power of acquisition under Entry 42, List ill is incidental to tho power to legilJlate in respect of various

topic; in the lists and, therefore, when the Union assumed control over the declared industry such control comprehends the power to acquire and henco the power of tho State Legislature to enact legislation for acquisition of property of scheduled undertakings would be denuded. By the Constitution (Seventh Amemmeni) Act, Entzy 33 in List I and Entry 36 in List II were deleted and a single comprehensive Entry 42 in List IIll (acquisition and requisitioninir of property) was added. The power to acquire property can now be exercised concurrently by tho Union aud the States. After the substitution of Entzy 42 in List III it cannot be said that the power of acquisition and requisitioning of prOperty is incidental to the other power. It is an independent power provided foc in a specific entry. Therefore, both the Union and the State would have

power of acquisition and requisition of property. [345 E-F; 346 B-EJ

Thero is a long line of decisions whicll clearly establishes the proposition that power to legislate for acquisition of property is an independent and separa.t<J power end is exercisable only under Entry 42, List IIT and not as an incid.ent <I the power to legislate in respect of a specific head of legislation in any of the three lislli. This power of the State legislature tc:> legislate for acquisition of property remains intact and untramelled except to the extent where on assumption of control of an industzy by a decla1Jttion .. envisaged in Entry 52, list I a further power of aajuisition is taken over by a specific legislation.

[353 H-

354 A] .

Ru.rtom Cavasjee Cooper v. Union of India [1970] 3 SCR 530 at 567, Rajamundry Electric Supply Corporation Ltd. v. State of Andlira Pradesh [1954] SCR 779.

State of Bihar v. Maharajadhiraja Sir Kameshlvar Singh [1952) S.C.R. 88?, State of West Bengal v. Union of !11dia [1964] I S.C.R. 371, refe17ed to.

The argument that the State legislature tackd con1petence to enact the impugned legislation is without force.

Legislative power of tho State under Entcy 24, List II is eroded only to the extent control -is assumed by the UniOn pursuant to a declaration made by the Parliament in respect of a declared.

" •

ISHWARI KHETAN SUGAR MILLS V. U-P. STATE 333

industry as spelt out by the legislative .,., actment and the field occupied by •uch A. enactment is the measure of erosion. Subject to such erosion, on the remainder

tre Slate legislature will have power, to legislate in respect of " declared industry

wi1hout in any way trenching upon the occupied field. State legislature, which is otherwi!ie competent to deal with industry under Entry 24, List II, can du{ with that industry in exarcise of other powers enabling it to legislate under .till'"ent heads set out in Llsts II and Ill a<1d this power cannot be denied to the.State. [354 C, 352 E-F] S

The contention. that the impugned Act is in violation of section 20 of the Central Act ha~ no merit. 'fhc impugned legislation was not enacted for taking ovel" tho management or control of any industrial undertaking by the Slate

Government.

In pith and substance it was enacted to acquire the 6cheduled undertakings. If an attempt was made to take over the management or control of any industrial undertaking in a declared industry the bar oll section 20 would C inhiltit exercise of such executive power.

The inhibition of section 20 is on tlie M:ecutive pOWet" but if as a sequel tol an acquisition of an industrial under~ taking the management or control of the industrial undertakinlll stands transfe~ to the acquiring authority section 20 is not attracted. It does not preclude or fori>ld a State legislature rocercising legislative power under an entry other than Enl1l' 24 of List II and if in exercise of that legislative power the consequential :transfer of management or conttol over the industry or undertaking follows M: D an incident of acquisition such taking over of management or control pursuant to an exercise of legislative power is not within the inhibition of section 20.

[355 F, AEl

The challenge to the validity of the impugned legislation on the .gronnd of viQlation of Article 31 (2) must fail. At the time of acquisition the scheduled nnderiakings had a1 heavy backlog of carry forward losses, they failed I<> pay the J& growers the price of cane purchased, the labour was not paid as a result of which there was labour unrest. The situation did not improve etven when some

of !he undertakings were taken over under the Central Act acd a drastic remedy was called for in public interest and while applying that drastic remedy of acquisition tho principles which are valid foc determining the value of machinery wero adopted. The adequacy or otherwise of compensation on thei calculus

made by applying the principles is beyond iudicial review.

[360 C, 359 H p 360 Bl

Rustom Cavasjee, Cooper v. Union of India [1970] 3 SCR 530 at 567, Vajra, velll Mudafiar v. Special Deputy Collector of Land Acquisition West Madras [19651 1 SCll 614, Union of India v. Metal Corpoiaticn of India Ltd. & Anr. [1967] 1 sat 256, State of Guiarat v. Shanti/at Manga/das & Ors. [1969] 3 SCR 341 and His Holiness Kesavananda Bharati 'Sripadagaivaru v .. State of Kerala [1973] Suppl. SCR 1 referred to.

rathak & Koshal II (concurring in the result)

It is not necessMy in' this case to express any opinion 1 on the question whether the declaration made by Parliament in section 2 of the Industries (Development arui Regulation) Act, 1951 in respect of the industies specified in the Firsq iclteduie to that Act can be regarded as limited to removing from the scope of Enli:v 24 of List II of tho Seventh Schedule to the Constitution only so much of tire legislative field as is covered. by the subject matter and content of thlit

Act or it can be reg&rded as effecting the removal from that entry of the

A entire legislature field embracing all matters pertaining to the industries specified

in the declaration.. The controversy in the prese1n.t case can be adeqUately disposed of on the ground that .the legislation falls within Entry 42 of rm m

and cannot be related to Entj 52 of List I or Entry 24 of List n. [362 E-F,

363 BJ ·

The Hingir Rar.zpur Coal Co. Ltd. and Others v. The State of Oris.ra and Other. [1961] 2 SCR 537, State of Orissa v. M. A. Tulloch and'Co. [1964] -4 SCR 461, Baijnath Kedia v. State of Bihar & Ors. and Stale of Haryana &: Anr~

v. Chanan Mal, etc. [1976] 3 SCR 688 held inapplicable.

Civrr. APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal Nos. 1614, 1652 and 1637 of 1979.

Appeals by Special Leave from the Judgment and Order dated 3-5-1979 of the Allahabad High Court in Civil Misc .. Writ Nos. 4170/71, ~130171 and 4193/71.

AND PETITIONS FOR SPECIAL LEAVE TO APPEAL (CIVIL) Nos. 6246, 6252, 6373 & 8050/79.

From the Judgment and Order dated 3-5-1979 of the Allahabad High Court in Civil Misc. Writ Nos. 4150, 4173, 4793 and 4422/71.

 F. S. Nariman, Bhaskar Gupta, Rajesh Khaitan, Rohington Nariman and P. R. Seethrama for the Appellants in CA 1614/79.

A. K. Sen, Manoj Swarup, Miss I, alita Kohli and S. K. Srivastava for the Appellants in CA No. 1652/79 and SLPS. 6146 and 6373/79. ."" E R. A. Gupta for the Petitioner in SLP No. 6252/79.

N. N. Sharma and N. N. Kacker for the Petitioner in SLP No. 8050/79.

Lal Narain Sinha Att. GenL in C.A. 1614.

Rishi Ram Adv. General, U.P. in C.A. 1652.

Raju. Ramchandran and 0. P. Rana for the RespondentS in All the Appeals.

Th~ Judgment of V. R. KriShna Iyer, S. Murtaza Fazal Ali and D. A. Desai, JJ. was delivered by Desai, J., R. S. Pathak, J. gave a separate Opinion on behalf of A. D. Koshal, J. and himsel[

DESAI, J.-Acquisition of industrial undertakings involved in .manufacturing sugar, a commodity satisfying the basic necessity, in larger public interest and the attempt of the owners of the undertakin~ to thwart the same, paints the famili_ar landscape in this group of appeals.

As a sequel to the serious problems created by the owners of certain sugar mills in the State of Uttar. Pradesh for cane growers and labour employed in sugar mills, having an adverse impact on the general economy of tbe areas where these sugar mills were-situated and with a view to ameliorating the situation posing a threat to tlie economy,

ISHWARI Kl!ETAN SUGAR MILLS v. U.P. STATE (Desai, J.) 335

the Governor of Uttar Pradesh promulgated an Ordinance on July 3, 1971, styled as U.P. Sugar Undertaking (Acquisition) Ordinance, 1971 (13 of 1971) ('Ordinance' ot short), with a view to transferring and vesting sugar undertakings set out in the Schedule to the Ordinance in the U.P. State Sugar Corporation Ltd. ('Corporation' for short), a Government Company within the meaning of s. 671 of the Companies Act, 1956.

Subsequently, by U.P. Sugar Undertakings (Acquisition) Act, 1971, (U.P. Act 23 of 1971) ('Act' for short), the Ordinance was repealed and was replaced. Schedule to the Act enumerates 12 sugar undertakings (referred to as 'scheduled undertakings') and by the operation of s. 3, these scheduled undertakings stood transferred to and vested in the Corporation from the appointed day, i.e. July 3, 1971, the date on which the Ordinance was issued. On .the promulgation of the Ordinance 11 writ petitions were filed in the Allahabad High Court under Article 226 of the Constitution challenging the constitutional validity of the Ordinance and when the Act replaced the Ordinance effective from August 27, 1971, the writ petitions were amended incorporating the challeng(\ to the Act also.

The Ordinance and the Act were challenged in the High Court on the following grounds :

( 1) The State legislature had no legislative competence to enact it;

(2) The Act violated Art. 31 of the Constitution because the acquisition was not for a public purpose and the compensation proposed in the Act was illusory;

(3) The Act was in breach of Art. 19(l)(f) and (g) of the Constitution;

( 4) The Act infringed the gurantee of equality enshrined in Art. 14 of the Constitution.

A Division Bench of the High Court by a common judgment dated May 3, 1979, repelled the contentions on behalf of the petitioners and upheld the constitutional validity of the Act.

Hence these appeals by the original petitioners, the owners , of the scheduled undertakings .

Mr. F. S. Nariman, learned counsel who led on behalf of the G appellants, confined his attack to two grounds : (a) U.P. State legislature lacked legislative competence to enact the impugned Act; and (b) compensation awarded f.or acquisition in violative of Art. 31 (2) as it stood prior to its amendment by the Constitution (Twentyfifth Amendment) Act, 1971, which came in.to force on April 20, 1972. Mr. R. A.

Gupta who appeared in SLP. 6252/79, canvassed an additional con- H tention that the impugned Act is viplative of Art. 14 inasmnch as those similarly situated and similarly circum9tanced sugar undertakings have

336 SUPRE)'dE COURT. REPO)lTS

11980] 3 S.C.R.

not been acquired and the petitioners' scheduled undertakings hav•

~=~ single~. d out for a drastic treatment of take-over by way of acqtlfsi-

The m n thrust of the attack was that the U.P. Legislature Jack, ed legislative . ompetence to enact the impugned Act. There were two distinct limbs of this submission which would be examined separately.

The first limb of the submission was that in exercise of legislative power flowing frr: Entry 52 Llst I the Parliament made the requisite declara~ tion ins. of the Industries (Development and Regulation) Act, 1951 ('IDR Ac for short), and in view of placitum 25 of the first schedule to the ID . Act sugar being a declared industry, that industry goes out pf Entry 24 List II, and hence U. P. State legislature was denuded of all legislative power to legislate in respect of sugar industry and as the impugned legislation is in respect of industrial undertaking in sugar industry, thel impugned legislation is void on account of legislative incompetence. 'Ij:e learned Attorney General countered it by saying that the power to acquire property derived from entry 42 in List III is an independent wwer and the impugned Act being in pith and substance an Act to acquire scheduled undertakings, meaning thereby the properties of the scheduled undertakings, the power of the State legislature to legislate ins behalf is referable to entry 42 and remains intact irrespective of the act that sugar is a declared industry, control of which is taken over by th, Union Government pursuant to the declaration made under s. 42 of the IDR Act. This necessitates an analytical examination of the relevant entries keeping in view legislative perspective and the historical background through which these entries have passed.

Entry i in the Union List reads as under :

"7.1 Industries declared by parliament by law to be necessary for the purpose of defence or for the prosecution of war."

Entry f 2 in the same List reads : " 2. Indusries, the control of which by the Union is decla

1 d by parliament by law to be expedient in the public interest."

Entry 24 in List II (State List) reads as under :

"24. Industries subject to the provisions of entries 7 and - 52 o~ List I." H It may be noted here that entry 33 in List I, entry 36 in Llst II and entry 42 Llst III were amended bys. 26 of the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act by which entry 33 of List I and entry 36 of List II

• '

were deleted and entry 42 in List Ill was. amended to read as set out

liereinabove. Entry 33 in List I and entry 36 in List II conferred legislative power on the Union and the States respectively for acquisition or requisitioning of property for its own purpose. Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act. 1956, which made the aforementioned amendment -was designed to clear the ambiguity about the power of acquisition and requisitioning of property being not a power incidental to any of the logislative powers but an independent power by itself. The object be- hind the amendment has been thus explained. "The existence of three entries in the legislative lists (33 of List I, 36 of List II and 42 of List III) relating to the essentially single subject of acquisition and requisitioning of property by the Government gives rise to unnecessary technical difficulties in legislation. In order to avoid these difficulties and simplify the constitutional position, it is propo'sed to omit the entries in the Union and State Lists and replace the entry in the concurrent list by a comprehensive entry covering the whole subject" (see Statement of Objects and Reasons in respect of Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956).

Having set out the historical background, attention may now be turned t_o the scope and content of legislative power of Union and the -States flowing from entry 52 in List I and entry 24 in List II in respect

-0f the topic of 'industry.'

The scope and content of entry 52, List I and entry 24, Llst II has to be demarcated with precision to avoid a possible confusion likely to emanate from an inter-dependence and interaction of the two entries. 'Industry' as a head of legislation is to be found in entry 24, List II with this limitation that it is subject to the provisions of entries 7 and 52, List I. The difference in the language in which entries 7 and 52 are couched has a bearing on the interruption of entry 52. In the former -case if a declaration is made by the Parliament that the particular industry is necessary for the purpose of defence or for prosecution of the war, parliament would be exclusively entitled to legislate in respect of

that industry to the exclusion of State legislatures because the requisite .declaration will have the effect of taldng out that industry from entry 24, List 11 A declaration by the parliament by Jaw to assume control over any particular industry in public interest is a sine qua 1Wn to clothe Parliament with power under entry 52, List I to legisiate in respect of that industry because otherwise industry as a general head of Jegislation is in the exclusive sphere of State legislative activity pursuant to entry 24, List II. Distribution of legislative powers as enacted in .Part XI and Art. 246 clearly demarcate the field of legislative activity J'eserved for parliament and for State legislatures and also the concur-

I!'

rent list in respect of which both can legislate subject to other provisions. of part XI. Sub-art. (3) of Art. 246 provides that the State legislature has exclusive power to make laws with respect to any of the matters enumerated in List II in the Seventh Schedule. A fortiori, industry being the matter enumerated in List II the State legislature has exolni; ive power to legislate in respect of it and keeping aside for the time being the words 'subject Ip the provisions of entries 7 and 52 of List

I', the State legislature alone can legislate in respect of the legislative head 'industry.' Ipso fqcto, parliament would not have power to legislate in respect of industry as a legislative head.

Now, entry 52 , List I on its own language does not provide a field of legislative activity for the Union Parliament unless and until a declaration is made by parliament by law to assume control over specified industries. The embargo on the power of Parliament to legislate in respect of industry which is in List II would be lifted once a declaration is made by Parliam<:nt by lw as envisaged by entry 52, List I. In the absence of a declaration as envisaged by entry 52, List I, it is incontrovertible that Parliament has no power to legislate on the t; opic of industry. Etitry 52, List I on its own language does not contemplate a bald declaration for assuming control over specified industries, but the declaration has to be by faw to assume control of specified industries in public interest. The legislation enacted pursuant to the power to legislate acquired by declaration must be for assuming control over the industry and the declaration has to be made by law enacted, of which declaration would be an integral part. Legislation for assuming control containing the declaration will spell out the limit of control so assumed by the declaration.

Therefore, the degree and extent of c:ontrol that would be acquired by Parliament pursuant to the declaration would necessarily depend upon the legislation enactect spelling out the degree of control assumed. A mere declaration unaccompanied by law is incompatible with entry 52, List I. A declaration for assuming control of specific industries coupled with Jaw assuming control is a pre-requisite for takllig legislative action under entry 52, List I. The declaration and the legislation pursuant to declaration to, that extent denude the power of State legislature to legislate under entry 24, List II. Thereilore, the erosion of the power of the State legislature to legislate in respect of declared industry would not occur merely by declaration but by the enactment consequent on the declaration prescribing the extent and scope of control. When a declaration is made as contemplated by entry 52, List I in respect Of any particular industry. it is contended that, that industry as a topic of legislation would be removed from the legislative sphere of the state.

What is the effect of. a declaration made in respect of mines and minerals as contemplated by entry 54 has been succinctly laid down by a Constitution Bench of this

• )

.. ,.....

Court in Baij11ath Kedia v. State of Bihar & Ors.,(') in the following A terms:

"Once this declaration is made and the extent laid down, the subject of legislation to the extent laid down becomes an exclusive subject for legislation by Parliament. Any legislation by the .State after such declaration and trenching upon the field disclosed in the declaration must necessarily be unconstitutional because that field is abstracted from the legislative competence of the State Legislature .... The only dispute, therefore, can be to what extent the declaration by Parliament leaves any scope for legislation by the State legislai!ure. If the impugned legislation falls within the ambit of such scope it will be valid, if outside it, then it must be declared invalid."

Sugar is a declared industry. Is it, however, correct to say that once a declaration is made as envisaged by entry 52 List I, that industry as a whole is taken out of entry 24, List II? In respect of an identical entry 54, List I in the passage extracted above it is said that to the extent declaration. is made and extent of control laid, that much and that much alone is abstracted from the legislative competence of the State legislature. It is, therefore, not correct to say that once a declaration is made in respect of an industry that industry as a whole is taken out of entry 24, List II. Similarly, in State of Haryana & Anr. o/.

Chanan Mal, etc.(') while upholding the constitutional validity of the Haryana Minerals (Vesting of Rights) Act, 1973, after noticing the cleclaration made in s. 2 of the Mines & Minerals (Regulation and Development) Act, 1957, ('Mines & Minerals Act' for short), as envisaged by entry 54, List I it was held :

"Moreover, power to acquire for purposes of development and regulation has not been exercised by Act 67 of

1957. The existence of power of Parliament to legislate on this topic as an incident of legislative power on another subject is one thing. Its actual exercise is another. It is difficult to see how the field of acquisition could become occupied

hy a central Act in the same way as it had been in the West Bengal case even before Parliament legislates to acquire land in a State."

These pronouncements demonstrably show that before State legislature

is denuded of power to legislate under entry 24, List II in respect of H

(I) [1970] 2S.C.R.1001tllJ.

(2) [19761 J S. C. R. 688 at 700.

2-289SCI/80

a declared industry, the scope of declaration and consequent control assumed by the Union must be demarcated with precision and. then proceed to ascertain whether the impugned legislation trenches upon the excepted field.

The declaration made in s. 2 of IDR Act reads as under :

"It is hereby declared that it in expedient in the public interest that the Union should take under its control the industries specified in the First Schedule."

The contention is that as there are no words of limitation to be found in s. '2 in respect of the control assumed by the declaration by the Union, the necessary concomitant of such declaration is that the State legislature is totally denuded of any power to deal with such declared industry. To buttress this argument reference was made to the declaration made by the Union pursuant to entry 54, List I, as set out in s. 2 of the Mines & Minerals Act which reads as under :

"It is hereby declared that it is expedient in the public interest that the Union should take under its control the regulation of mines and the development of minerals to the extent hereinafter provided."

Absence of the expression "to the extent hereinafter provided" was pressed into service to point out that while in respect of mines and minerals the Union has assumed control to the extent provided in the Mines & Minerals Act, in the case of declared industries the control is absolute, unlimited, unfettered or unabridged and, therefore, everything that would fall within the connotation of the word 'control' would be within the competence of the Union and to the same extent and degree the State legislature would be denuded of its power to legislate in respect of that industry. It was said that in respect of declared industries total control is assumed by the Union and, therefore, entry 24, List II on its import must be read industry minus the declared industry because entry 24, List II is subject to entries 7 and 52, List I. Undoubtedly the Union is authorised to assume control in respect of any industry if parliament by Jaw considers it expedient in the public interest.

The declaration has to be made by the Parliament, but the declaration has to be by law not a declaration simpliciter. The words of limitation on the power to make declaration are 'by law'.

Declaration must be an integral part of law enacted pursuant to declaration. The declaration in this case is made in an Act enacted to provide for the development and regulation of certain industries. Therefore, the control was assumed not in abstract but for a specific and avowed object, viz., development

-.f

.. r

• '

and regulation of certain industries.

The industries in respect of which contro1 was assumed for the purpose of their development and regulation have been set out in the Schedule.

This control is to be exercised in the manner provided in the statute, viz., IDR Act. The declaration for assuming control is to be found in the same Act which provides for the limit of control. The deducible inference is that Parliament made the declaration for assuming control in respect of declared industries set out in the Schedule to the Act to the extent mentioned in the Act.

It is difficult to accept the submission that s. 2 has to be read dehors the Act and not forming part of the Act.

This would be doing violence to the art of legislative draftmanship.

It is open to Parliament in view of entry 52, List I, to make a declaration in respect of industry or industries to the effect that the Union will assume its control in public interest. It is not to be some abstract control. The control has to be concrete and specific and the manner of its exercise has to be laid down in view of the well-established proposition that executive authority must have the support of law for its action.

In a country governed by rule of Jaw, if the Union, an instrumentality for the governance of the country, has to exercise control over industries by virtue of a declaration made by Parliament, it must be exercised by law.

Such law must prescribe the extent of control, the manner of its exercise and enforcement and consequence of breach. There is no such concept as abstract contro1.

The control has to be concrete and the mode and method of its exercise must be regulated by law.

Now, Parliament made the declaration not in abstract but as part of the IDR Act and the control was in respect of industries specified in the First Schedule appended to the Act itself. Sections 3 to 30 set out various modes and methodology, procedure and power, to effectuate the control which the Union acquired by virtue of the declaration contained in s.

2. Industry as a legislative head finds its place in entry 24, List II.

The State legislature can be denied legislative power under entry 24 to the extent Parliament makes declaration under entry 52 and by such declaration Parliament acquires power to legislate only in respect of those industries in respect of which declaration is made and to the extent as manifested by legislation incorporating the declaration and no more. The Act prescribes the extent of control and specified it. As the declaration trenches upon the State legislative power it has to be construed strictly. Therefore, even though the Act enacted under entry 54 which is to some extent in pari materi'a with entry 52 and in a parallel and cognate statute while making the declaration the Parliament did use the further expression "to the extent herein provided" while assuming control, the absence of such words in the declaration in s. 2 would not lead to the conclusion that the control assumed was to be something in abstract, total and unfettered and not as per various

342 SUPREME COURT REPO; ns

prp'Visions of the IDR Act. The lacuna, if any, is made good by hedging the power of making declaration to be made by Jaw.

Legislative intention has to be gathered from the Act as a whole and not by piecemeal examination of its provisions. It would, therefore, be reasonable to hold that to the extent Union acquired control by virtue of declaration in s. 2 of the IPR Act as amended from time to time, the power of the State legislature under entry 24, List II to enact any legislation in respect of declared industry so as to encroach upon the field of control occupied by IDR Act would be taken away. This is clearly borne out not only by the decision in Baijnath Kedia's case (supra) where undoubtedly while referring to the control assumed by the Union by a declaration made in s. 2 of the Mines & Minerals Act, it was said that to what extent such a declaration would go is for Parliament to determine and this must be commensurate with public interest, and once this declaration is made and the extent laid down, the subject of legislation to the extent laid down becomes an exclusive subject for legislation by Parliament. It is not merely some abstract control but the extent of the control assumed by the Union by the provisions of IDR Act pursuant to declaration made by Parliament that the State Legislature to that extent, that is, to the extent the provisions of IDR Act occupies this field, is denuded of its power to legislate in respect of such declared industry.

The respondents assert the validity of the impugned legislation contending that up.on its true construction and proper ascertainment of its object, it is a legislation for acquisition of scheduled undertakings and the power to acquire by legislation such scheduled undertakings by the State is derived from entry 42, List III. The controversy, therefore, centres round the question whether the impugned legislation is in respect of a declared industry referable to entry 24 or one for acquition of scheduled undertakings in exercise of the power of acquisition and requisitioning of property derived from entry 42, List III. Appellants contend that a reference to Objects and Reasons for enacting the impugned legislation would show that the owners of scheduled undertakings had created serious problems for the cane growers and labour which created an adverse impact on the general economy of the areas where these undertakings were situated, the legislation was enacted to acquire the undertaking and pay compensation and also pay cane growers and labour on high priority and to restart undertakings for crushing season. It was said that these are purely managerial functions discharged by owners of undertakings and if the impugned Act was ff devised and enacted primarily to assume these managerial functions, the Act would be beyond the legislative competence of the State legislature a8 it trenches upon the field occupied by IDR Act specifically

~ r

enacted to empower Union Government to provide effective control A over industrial undertakings in declared industry to prevent mismanagement, or to rectify the same by taking over management.

When validity of a legislation i~ challenged on the ground of want of legislative competence and it becomes necessary to ascertain to which entry in the three lists the legislation is referable to, the Court has evolv- 8 ed the theory pf pith and substance. If in pith and substance a legislation falls within one entry or the other but some portion of the subjectmatter of the legislation incidentally trenches upon and might enter a field under another List, the Act as a whole would be valid not with standing such incidental trenching. This is well established by a catena of decisions [see Union of India v.

H. S. Dhilkm,(I) and Kerala c State Electricity Board v. lndian Aluminium Co.(2 )]. After referring to these decisions in State of Karnataka & Anr. etc. v. Ranganatha Reddy & Anr. etc.(3) Untwalia, J. speaking for the Constitution Bench has in terms stated that the pith and substance of the Act has to be looked into and an incidental trespass would not invalidate the law. The challenge in that case was to the Nationalisation of contract carriages by D the Karnataka State, inter alia, on the ground that the statute was invalid as it was a legislation on the subject of interstate trade and commerce. Repelling this contention the Court unanimously held that in pith and substance the impugned legislation was for acquisition of contract carriages and not an Act which deals wiih intet-State trade and commerce.

To start with, it is necessary first to ascertain in pith and substance to what entry in a particular list the impugned legislation is referable.

If it is referable to entry other than 24, List II, such as entry 42, List III, it would be necessary to precisely ascertain whether it in any way trenches upon the field occupied by the declaration made by Parliament to assume control over sugar industry as manifested by the various provisions of the IDR Act.

Section 3 of the Act provides for vesting of scheduled undertakings from the appointed day in the Corp, otation. Section 4 provides for consequences of vesting. Section 5 makes it obligatory on every person in whose possession or custody or under wh, ose control any ro perty or asset, book of account, register or other document comprised in that undertaking may be, to forthwith deliver the same to the Collector. Section 7 provides for determination and mode of payment of <::ompensation for acquisition of scheduled undertakings. Section 8 provide6 for claims to be satisfied ont of compensation payable to the

(I) [1972] 2 S. C.R. 33.

(2) [1976] 1 S. C.R. 552.

(3) [1978] 1. S. C. R. 641.

B '

' G

owners of the undertakings. Section 9 provides for avoidance of certain secnred debts consequent upon acquisition. Section 11 provides for appeal and s. 12 provides for constitution of a Tribunal to perform the functions assigned to it by the Act. Section 13 provides for powers and procedure of the Tribunal. Section 14 provides for ouster of jurisdication of civil conrts in respect of any dispute arising from the implementation of the Act. Section 16 confers protection on the employees of the scheduled undertaking. The rest are only consequential sections. A comprehensive examination of all the provisions of the Act indisputably shows that in pith and substance the impugned Act is one Act for acquisition of scheduled undertakings and such acqaisition by transfer of ownership of the scheduled undertakings to the Corporation would in no way come in conflict with any of the provisions of the IDR Act or would not trench upon any control exercised by the Unipn under the various provisions of the IDR .Act. In fact the IDR Act, generally speaking, does not deal with the ownership of industrial undertakings in declared industries. The Act is primarily concerned with development and regulation of the declared industries. The Central Government has power under ss. 18A and 18AA of the IDR Act to assume direct management or control of industrial undertakings in certain cases and even after acquisition of scheduled undertakings under the impugned legislation the power of the Central Government under ss. ! SA and l SAA would remain intact. Even s. 1 SFA provides for taking over management or control of a company which is being wound up with the permission of the High Conrt and in such a situation the authorised perso'n appointed by the Central Government would be deemed to be Official Liquidator under sub-s. (4) of s. !SFA. Provision contained in Chapter IIIAC of IDR Act enables Central Goyt. to direct sale of the industrial undertaking under certain circnrnstances and in the situation as set out ins. 18FE(7) to pnrchase the same. But these powers can be exercise irrespective of the fact who at the relevant time, the owner of the undertaking is. The IDR Act is not at all concerned with the ownership of industrial undertakings in declared industries, except to the extent of control over management of the undertaking by the owner. Owner is defined in s. 3(f) in relation td an industrial undertaking, to mean the person who, or the authority which, has the ultimate control over the affairs of the undertaking, and, where the said affairs are entrusted to a manager, managing director pr managing agents, such manager, managing director or managing agent shall be deemed to be the owner of the undertaking. This deeming fiction enacted in respect of the concept of ownership clearly manifest the legislative intention that IDR Act treats that person to be the owner who has the ultimate control over the affairs of the under-

taking and if that ultimate control is entrusted to even a manager, for the purposes of the IDR Act the manager would be the owner. This must be so in the very nature of things because the IDR Act is essentially concerned with the control over the management of the industrial undertakings in declared industries. By the acquisition under the impugned Act and vesting of the scheduled undertakings in the Corporation the scheduled undertakings will never the less be under the control of the Central Government as exercised by the provisions of the IDR Act because the Corporation would be the owner and would be amenahle to the authority and jurisdiction of the Central Government as the provisions of the IDR Act would continue to apply to the scheduleJ undertakings, sugar being a declared industry, and ,; cheduled undertakings are industrial undertakings within the meaning of the !DR Act. Nu provision from IDR Act was pointed out to us to show that in impkmcnting or enforcing such a provision the impugned legislation would be an impediment. Therefore, there is no conflict between the impc:gned legislation and the control exercised by the Central Government under the provisions of the IDR Act and there is not even a remote encroachment on the field occupied by IDR Act.

The main thrust of the submission was that the power of acquisition under entry 42, List III is not an independent power but it is incidental to the power to legislate in respect of the various topics in various lists and. therefore, when by a declaration made by the parliament enacted in s. 2 of the IDR Act the cpntrol over declared industry is assumed by the Union, such control will also comprehend the power to acquire and hence the power of the State legislature to enact legislation for acquisition of property of scheduled undertakings would be denuded as that power as an intergral element of control would vest in the Union Government. The focal point of controversy, therefore, is whether ihe power of acquisition and requisitioning of property under entry 42. List III is an independent power by itself or it is an integral and in, eparahle element of the power of contrcl over industry.

Ccmstitution amending process bearing on the three relevant entries may he noticed.

Before the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act,

1956. which came into force gn November l. 1956. Entry 33 in List I read:

"Acquisition or requisitioning of propcrlv for the purpose of the LTnion."

Similarly. Entry 36 in List II read :

"Acquisition or requisitioning of property except for the H purpose of the Union subject to the provisions of entry 42 of List III.''

A At that time entry 42 in List III read :

"Principles on which compensati, on for property acquired or requisitioned for the purposes of the Union or of a State or for any other public purpose is to be determined, and the form and the manner in which such compensation is to be given".

By the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, the three entries were repealed.

Entry 33 in List I and entry 36 in List II were deleted and a single comprehensive entry 42 in List III was substituted to read : 'Acquisition and requisitioning of property'.

Accordingly, the power to acquire property could be exercised concurrently by the Union and C the States.

Even if prior to the deletion of Entry 33 in List I and entry 3 6 in List II an argument could possibly have been advanced , that as power of acquisition of property was conferred both on Union

and the States to be exercised either for the purpose of the Union or for the State it was incidental to any other legislative power flowini: from various entries in the three Lists and not an independent power, D but since the deletion of entry 33 in List I and entry 36 in List II and substitution of a comprehensive entry in List III, it could hardly be urged with confidence that the power of acquisition and requisitioning of property was incidental to other power. It is an independent power pcovided for in a specific entry. Therefore, both the Union and the State would have power of acquisition and requisitioning of property.

E This position is unquestionably established by the majority decision in Rustom Cavasjee Cooper v. Union of India(') where Shah, J. speaking for the majority of 10 Judges held as under :

"power to legislate for acquisition of property is exercisable only under entry 42 of List III and not as an incident of the power to legislate in respect of a specific head of legislation in any of the three lists." In reaching this conclusion reliance was placed on Rajamundry Electric Supply Corporation Ltd. v. State of Andhra Pradesh.(') It was, however, urged that the proposition culled out from Rajamundry Electric Supply Corporation case by Shah, J. in R. C. Cooper's(') case is not borne out by the observation 'in the first mentioned case. In Rajamundry Electric Supply Corporation( 2 ) case the challenge was to the Madras Electric Supply Undertakings (Acquisitipn) Act, 1949, on the ground that the Madras legislature was not competent to enact the legislation because at the relevant time there was no entry in the Government of India Act, 1935, relating to compulsory acquisition of any commercial or industrial undertaking. This challenge failed in the High Court

(1) [19701 3 S. C.R. 530 at 567.

(2) [1954] S. C. R. 779.

but on appeal the challenge was accepted by a Constitution Bench of this Court. Now, it must be remembered that the impugned legislation in that case was a pre-Constitution legislation then governed by the Government of India Act, 1935. The challenge was that the State

legislature had no power td enact a legislation for acquisition of an electrical undertaking. On behalf of the State the Act was sought to be sustained on the ground that the Act was in pith and substance a law with respect to electricity under entry 31 of the Concurrent List and, therefore, the State legislature was competent to enact the same. After scrutinising the Act this Court came to the conclusion that in pith and substance the Act was one to provide for acquisition of electrical undertaking and, therefore the State legislature lacked competence to enact the same. Now, in that case the Advocate-General , of Madras in his effort to save the impugned legislation advanced an argument before the Constitution Bench that : 'There was implicit in every entry in the legislative lists in the Seventh Schedule to the Government of India Act, 1935, an inherent power to make a law with respect to a matter ancillary or incidental to the subject-matter of each entry.' His further argument was that each entry in the l\st carried with it an inherent power to provide for the compulsory acquisition of any property, land or any commercial or industrial undertaking, while making a law under suoh entry. This argument was in terms repelled relying upon an earlier decision of the Constitution Bench in the State of Bihar v. Maharajadhiraja Sir Kameshwar Singh('): Repelling this contention of the Advocate-General of Madras would mean that the power of acquisition of property is not ancillary or incidental to the subject-matter of each entry but in substance it is an independent power by itself.

This also becomes clear from Maharajadhiraja Sir Kameshwar Singh's case (supra)wherein Das, J. in his concurring judgment repelled the argument of the learned Attorney-General appearing for the State contending that the Bihar Land Reforms Act was a law made with respect to matters mentioned in entry 18, List II and not in entry 36, List IT.

Entry 18 in List II read : 'Land and Land tenures, etc.' and it was contended that the impugned legislation was on the subject of land and tenures and would cover acquisition of land also.

Negativing this contention it was held that in that event entry 36 in List II would become redundant. The pertinent observation is as under :

"In my opinion, to give a meaning and content to each of the two legislative heads under entry 18 and entry 36 in

List II the former should be read as a legislative category or H head comprising land and land tenures and all matters

(ll [1952] S. C. R. 889.

, connected therewith other than acquisition of land which should be read as covered by entry 36 in List l l."

It thus clearly transpires that the observation in Cooper"s case supra extracted above that power to legislate. for acquisition of property is exercisable only under entry 42 oI list III and not as an incident of the power to legislate in respect of a specific head of legislation in any of the three Lists, is borne out from Raiamundary Electric Supply Corporation case and Maharajadhiraja Sir Kameshwar Singh's cases (supra).

It was, however, urged that this propos1t10n runs counter to the decision of a Constitution Bench of six judges in State of West Bengal

v. Union of India. (1) In that case the State of West Bengal filed a suit against the Union of India challenging the constitutional validity of the Coal Bearing Areas (Acquisition and Development) Act, 1957, on the ground that the Act to the extent it applied to the lands vested in or owned by the State was beyond legislative competence of Parliament. Power to acquire coal bearing land owned iir possessed by the State of West Bengal was amongst others claimed as an integral element of control acquired by the Union pursuant to a declaration made in s. 2 of the IDR Act and Mines and Minerals Act enacted in exercise of the legislative power under entries 52 and 54 respectively as coal was both a declared industry and a specified mineral. This contention was partly accepted to repel! the contention that the Union has no . power to acquire the property vested in the State since the State itself is also a sovereign awhority. The contention that the p; npcrty of State cannot be acquired by the Union under entry 42 of List III was repelled. In reaching this conclusion, another contention was rejected w])ich was also advanced before us. viz., that if power of acquisition is treated as an independent power both of the Union and the State and could be exercised by the Union and the State with respect to the same property it would lead to such a confusion that there would be no end to it. A picture of fearful constitutional impasse was drawn urging that the State may acquire_ property of nn Industrial undertaking of a declared industry in exercise of the power under entry 42, List III, and the Union -may exercise the same power after control is acquired pursuant to declaration made as envisaged in entry 52 in respect of an ir, dustry and this merry-go-round needs to be averted by harmonious construction and reconciliation of power be!wcen the Union and the States. Such a situation is beyond the realm of practical possi-

II) [1964J I S. C. R. 371.

bility. His ;\ild apprehension stands so effectively •answered by West A Bengal case (supra) that we cannot improve upon it. Pertinent observation may be extracted :

"Power to acquiic or requisition property may since the amendment, be exercised concurrently by the Union and the States.

But on that account confticting exercise of the p,1wer cannot be cnvihagcd. Article 31 (2) which deals with acquisition of all property requires two conditions to be fulfilled : (1) acquisition or requisitioning must be for a public purpo'se, (2) the law under which the property is acquired or requisitioned must provide for payment of compensation either fixed thereby, or on principles specified thereby.

cl. (3) of Art. 31 no such law as is referred to' in cl. (2) made by the Legislature of a State shall have efficacy unless such law has been reserved for the consideration of the President and has received his assent.

As the President.exercises his authority with the advice of the Union Ministry, conflict by the effective exercise of power of acquisition in respect of the same subject-matter simultaneously by the Union, and the State, or by the S-tate following upon legislation by the Union cannot in practice be envisaged even as a possibility.

Article• 254, also negatives the possibility of such conflicting legislation.

By cl. (I) of that Article if a law made by the legislature of a State is repugnant to any provision of a law competently made by Parliament, the State law is, subject to

cl. 12) void. clause (2) recognizes limited validity of a State law on matters in the Concurrent List if that law is repugnant to an existing or earlier law made by Parliament, only if such law has been reserved for the consideration of the President. and has received his assent.

By the proviso authority is reserved to the Parbment to repeal a law having even this limited validity. Assent of the President to State legislation intended to nullify a !aw enacted by Parliament for acquisition pf State property for the purposes of the Union lies outside the realm of practical possibility."

1berefcire, the contention that power of acquisition or requisitionin& of property in entry 42, List TU, if held to be an independent power wholly falling outside the control assumed by foe Union pur- II suant to the declaration envisaged by entry 52, List II, would lead to a sort of a constitutional impasse, is more imaginary than real.

A Further, in the minority judgment, Subba Rao, J. has in this context said

"A declaration under entry 52 of List I would no doubt enable Parliament to make a law in respect of an industry, that is to say Parliament may mak;~ a law in respect of an existing industry or an industry that may be started subsequently.

So too. before the declaration a State Jegislatnre cou:d have made a law in respect of an industry by virtue of entry 24 of List II. But neither entry 24 of List II nor entry 52 of List I empowers the State legislature before the said declaration or the Parliament after such a declaration to make a law for acquisition of lands. If the State legislatnre before the declaration or the Parliament after the declaration wanted to acquire the land it can only proceed to make a law by virtue of entry 42 of List III."

Reliance was, however, placed on the following passage in West D Bengal case (supra) to urge that power of acquisition is an integral and inseparable concomitant of control assumed by the Union :

"By making the requisite decliµations under entry 54 of List I, the Union Parliament assumed power to regulate

mims and minerals and thereby to deny to all agencies not under the control of the Union, authority to work the mines.

It could scarcely be imagined that the Constitution makers while intending to confer an exclusive power to work mines and minerals under the control of the Unio'n, still prevented effective exercise of that power by making it impossible compulsorily to acquire the land vested in the State containing minerals. The effective exercise of the power would depend-if such an argument is acceptednot upon the exercise of the power to undertake regulation

arid control by issuing a notification under entry 54, but upon the will of the State in the territory. of which mineral bearing land is situated.

Power to legislate for regulation and devdopment of mines and minerals under the control of the Union would, by necessary implication include the power to acquire mines and minerals.

Power to legislate for acquisition of property vested in the States cannot therefom be denied to the Parliament if it be exercised consistently with the protection afforded by Art. 31."

This observation, if properly understood. is in the context of the contention that State property could not be subjected to power of

eminent domain and, hence,· Union has no power to compulsorily acqnire the same.

Therefore, there is no inner co"nflict between Cooper case (supra) and West Bengal case (supra) on the point that power of acquisition is an independent power referable to entry 42, List III. However, even if there is a conflict between West Bengal case (supra) and Cooper case on this point, a later larger constitution Bench judgment in Cooper case would impliedly overrule the former to the extent of conflict.

Thre is on the contrary a good volume of authority for the proposition tha: the control assumed by the Union pursuant to declaration to the extent indicated in the statute making the declaration does not comprehend the power of acquisition if it is not so specifically spelt out.

In Kannan Devan Hills Produce Company Ltd. v.

The Stalt of Kera/a & Another,(') constitutional validity of Kannan Devan Hills (Resnmption of Lands) Act, 1971, was challenged on the ground of legislative competence of Kerala State legislature to enact the legislation.

It was urged that in view of the declaration made rn s. 2 of the Tea Act, 1853, Tea was a controlled industry and, therefore, the State legislature was denuded of any power to deal with the industry. It was further contended that tea plantation required extensive land and that resumption of land by the impugned legislation would directly and adversely affect the control taken over by the Union and, therefore, the State legislature was incompetent to enact the impugned legislation. This contention was repelled holding that the impugned legislation was in pith and substance one under entry 18 of List II read with entry 42, List III. In reaching this conclusion the Court held as under :

"It seems to us clear that the State has legislative competence to legisla'.e on entry 18, List II and entry 42 List III. This power cannot be denied on the ground that it has some effect on an industry controlled under entry 52 List I.

Effect is not the same thing as subject-macter. If a State

Act, oth•crwisc valid, has effect on a matter in List I it does not cease to be a legislation with respect to an entry in List II or List III.

The object of ss. 4 and 5 seems to be to enable the State to acquire all the .lands which do not fall within the categories (a), (b) and (c) of s. 4(1).

These provisions are really incidental to the exercise of the power of acquisition.

The State cannot be denied a power to ascertain what land should be acquired by it in the public

interest".

(I) (1973) J SCR 356.

This conclusion was sought to be buttressed bv reference to the decision of the Privy Council in Canadian Pacific Railway Campany

v. Attorney General,(') wherein it is observed as under :

"The appellant, the Candian Pacific R:y. Co., which

ownd and managed the Empress Ho:c; in Victoria, Ilritish Columbia, while not denying that the regulation of hours of work was ordinarily a matter of "property and civil rights in the province" under head 13 of s. 92 of the British North America Act, 1867, and accordingly within the legislative competence of the provincial legislature, contended, inter alia, that the company's activities had become snch an extensive and important element in the natio'nal economy of Canada that the dominion Parliament was entitled under the general powers conferred by the first part of s. 91 of the Act of 1867 to regulate all the affairs of the company, even where that involved legislating in relation to matters exclusively reserved to the provincial legislatures by s. 92".

It can, therefore, be said with a _measure of confid!nce that legis lative power of the States under entry 24, List Il is eroded only to the extent control is assumed by the Union pursuant to a ckclaratio'n made by the Parliament in respect of declared industry as spelt out by legislative enactment and the field occupied by such enactment is the measure of erosion.

Subject to such erosion, on the remainder the State legislature will have power to legislate in respect of declared industry without in any way trenching upon the occupied field.

State legislature which is otherwise competent to deal with industry under entry 24, List II, can deal with that industry in exercise of other powern enabling it to legislate under different heads set out in Lists II and III and this power cannot be denied to the State.

In this connection it would be advantageous to refer to Chanarl. Mal case (supra). In that case constitution validity of Haryana Minerals (Vesting of Rights) Act, 1973, and tho two notifications issued thereunder was challenged on the ground that the Act and the notifications issued thereunder were repugnant to the Mines & Minerals Act made by Parliament after making a declaration as co'n'.emp1ated by Entry 54, List I. The challenge was that the State legislature was incompetent to legislate on the topic of mines and minerals under entry 23, List II in view of the declaration made under entry 54, List I and the enactment of Act 67 of 1957 (Mines & Minerals Act)

fl) [19501 A. C. 122.

by the Parliament.

By the impugned Act and the notifications issued thereunder the State Government of Haryana purported to acquire rights to salt petre, a minor mineral in the land described in the Schedule appended to the notificcrtion and by the second impugned notification the State Government announced to the gneral public that certain salt petre bearing areas in the State of Haryana mentioned therein would k auctiond on the dates given there.

Repelling the con:ention regarding legislative incompe'.ence it was observed that it is difficult to see how the field of acquisition could become

' occupied by a Central Act in the same way as it had been i'n the West Bengal case (supra) even before Parliament legislates to acquire land in a State.

At least until Parliament has so legislated as it was shown to have done by the statut~ considered by this Court in the case from West Bengal, the field is free for State legislation fall- . ing under the express provisions of e'ntry 42 of List III. It was further ob•rved as under :

"It seems difficult to sustain the case that the provisions of the Central Act would be really unworkable by mere change of ownership of land in which mineral deposits are found.

We have :o judg:> the character of the Haryana Act by the substance and effect of its provisions and not merely by the purpose given in the statement of reasons and objects behind it.

Such statements of reasons are relevant when the object or purpose of an enaC:ment is in dispute or uncertain. They can never override the effect which follows logically from the explicit and unmistakable language of its substantive provisions.

Such effect is the . best evidence of intention.

A statement of objects and reasons is not a part of the statute, and, therefore, not even relevant in a case in which the language of the operative parts of the Act leaves no room whatsoever as it does not in the Haryana Act, to donbt what was meant by the legislators : It is not disputed here that the object and effect of the Haryana Act was to acquire proprietary right to mineral deposits in 'land"' .

There is thus a long line of decisions which clearly establishes the proposition that power to legislate for acqnisition of property is an independent and separate power and is exercisable only under entry 42, List III and not as a'n incident of th~ power to legislate in respect of a specific head of legislation in any of the three lists.

This power of the State legislature to legislate for acquisition of property remains intact and untramdled except to the extent where on

assumptiou of control of an industry by a declaration as envisaged in entry 52, List I, a further power of acquisition is taken over by a specific legislation.

As already pointed ou', in pith and substance the impugned legislation is one for acquisition of scheduled undertakrngs and that field of acquisition is not occupied by the IDR Act which deals with coutrol of management, regulation and development of a declared industry and there is no repugnancy between the impugned legislation and the IDR Act.

Both can co-exist because the power acquired by the Union under the IDR Act can as well effectively be exercised after the acquisition of the scheduled undertakings as it could be exercised before the acquisition.

Therefore. the contention that the State legislature lacked legislative competence to enact the impugned legislation must be negatived.

A faint submission was made that nationalisation of industry as a national policy will have to be determined and enforced by the Union keeping in view i'.s Indmtrial Policy Resolntioh and such piece-meal nationalisation would certainly encroach upon the control assumed by the Union.

Impugned legislation does not purport . to nationalise sugar industry in Uttar Pradesh.

And th::re is no bar to a Government owned company or Corporation to set up sugar rnanufacturing undertaking under an appropriate licence.

Therefore, the impugned legislatio'n on this account does not encroach upon the occupied field.

The second limb of the submission was that in any event the impugned legislation was designed and enacted to prevent mismanagement and to take over management of the scheduled undertakings as a seqnel to acquisition and it trenches into the field occupied by the IDR Act, a Central legislation, and to the extent acquisition enables the Corporation by vesting of the scheduled undertakings in it to take over control and manag::ment of the scheduled u'ndertakingl', the impugned legislation is void and umnforceable.

Scc'.ion 20 of the IDR Act was pressed into service to substantiate the submission.

Section 20 of the IDR Act reads as under :-

"20. After the commencement of this Act, it shall not be competent for. any State Government or a local anthority to take over the management or control of any industrial undertaking under any law for the time being in force which authorises any such Govrnment or local authority so te> do".

~ •

(J I

< '

.__

Ill I

~· ;;) I

'~ Cl.

.. ,.

-"'

"'f ~

Section 20 forbids a State Government or local authority from taki'ng over the management or control of any industrial undertaking in declared industry. On a correct interpretation, s. 20 precludes any State Government or local authority from taking over the control or management of any industrial undertaking under any law for the time beiilg in farce which authorises any such Government or local authority so to do.

The impugned legislation was not enacted for taking over management or control of any industrial undertaking by the State Government.

In pith and substance it was enacted to auire the scheduled undertakings. If an attempt was made to take over management or control of any industrial undertaking in a declared industry indisputably the bar of s. 20 would inhibit exercise of such executive power.

However, if pursuant to a valid legislation for acquisition of scheduled undertaking the management stands transferred to the acquiring body it cannot be said .that this would be in violatien ef s. 20. Section 20 forbids. eJfecutive action of taking over management oF contrnl of any industrial undertaking under any law in force.,

which authorises State Government or a local authority so to do .. The. inhibition of s. 20 is on exercise of executive power but if as a sequel to an-. acquisition of an industrial undertaking the management or. conti; ol of .the industrial undertaikng stands transferred to the acquir-. ing ; mthority s. 20 is not attracted at all.

Section 20 does not precludeor forbid a State legislature exercising legislative power under an ent.ry other than .entry 24 of List II, and if in exercise of that legislative power" to wit,. acquisition of an industrial .undertaking in a declared industry the consequential transfer of management or control over the industry or undertaking follows as an incident of acquisition, such taking over of management or control pursuant to ail exercise of legislative power is not within the inhibition of s . .20.

Therefore, the contention that the impugned legislation violates s. 20 has no merit

And now t9 the . oft J;>eaten track of Jegislatjon Qeiiig ; id as being in contravention of Art. 31 (2) as it stood at the relevant time.

The impugned legislation was put on the statute book on August 27, 1971.

Therefore, Art. 31 (2) as it stood on. the relevant date may be noticed.

The Article as amended by Constitution (Twentyfifth Amendment) Act, 1971, will, therefore, not be attracted.

Art. 31 (2) as it stood at the relevant time reads as under .:

"31 ( 2) . No property shall be compulsorily acquired

H ' or requisitioned save for a public purpooe and save by authority of a law which provides for compensation for the 3.:.,.289SCl/80

property so acquired or requisitioned and either fixes Im amount of the compensation or specifies the principles on which, and the manner in which, the compensation is to be detem1ined and given; and no such law shall be called in question in any court, on the ground that the compensatio)l provided by that law is n_(lt adequate."

Emphasis was placed on the word 'compensation' retained in Art. 31 (2) after_ its amendment by the Constitution (Fourth Amendment) Act, 1955, and a reference, was made to Vajravelu Mudaliar v. Special Deputy Collector of Land Acquisition, West Madras,(')wherein it was held by this Court that even after the amendment of Art. 31 (2) by the Constitution (Fourth Ame'ndment) Act, 1955, it still retains the expression 'compensation' after its judicial interpretation by this Court in several decisions, viz., to mean just equivalent to the expropriated owner.

Reference was then made to Union of India v.

Metal Corporation of India Ltd. & Anr.,( 2) in which this Court affirmed the interpretation of the word 'compensation' to mean just equivalent. Approaching the matter from this angle the Court struck down the Metal Corporation of India (Acquisition) Act, 1965, holding that as the Act has laid down different principles for ascertaining the value of different parts of the undertaking and as all the principles so laid down do not provide for the just equivalent of all parts of the undertaking mentioned therein, the sum total also cannot obviously be a just equivalent of the undertaking. In reaching this conclusion exception was taken to assessing the value of the used machinery on the basis of written down value arrived at as per the provisions of the Income Tax Act.

This observation cannot be said to be any more good law in view of the decision of a Constitution Bench of this Court in State of Gujarat v. Shanti/al Mangaldas & Ors., (S) wherein Shall, J ., speaking for the Court specifically overruled the Metal Corporation case (supra) observing as under:

"The Court then proceeded to hold that the two principles laid down in cl. (b) of Paragraph II of the Schedule to the Act-(i) that compensation was to be equal to the cost price in the case of unused machinery in good condi.- tion, and (ii) written down value as understood in the Income-tax law was to be the value of the used machinery were irrelevant to the fixation of the value of the machinery as on the date of acquisition."

(I) [19651 1 S. C. R. 614.

(2) [19671 1 S. c. R. 256

(3) [19691 3 S. C.R. 341.

ISHWARI KHETAN SUC!AR MILLS v. U.P. STATE (Desai,!.) 3 5 7

"We are unable to agree with that part of the judgment.

The P.arliament had specified the principles for determining compensation of the undertaking of the company.

The principles expressly related to the determination of compensation payable in respxt of unused machinery in good condition and used machinery. The principles were set out avowedly for determination of compensation. The principles were not irrelevant to the determination of compensation and the compensation was not illusory.'"

It thus appears well settled that if a legislation provides principles for determining compensation, to wit, written down value as understood in Income-tax law to be the value of the used machinery, that principle could neither be said to be irrelevant for determining the compensation nor the compensation so awarded could be styled as illusory.. It was, however, said that this decision in Shanti/al Manga/das is overruled in Cooper's case and, therefore, the wheel has moved the full circle and the expression 'compensation' and principle for determining the compensation as interpreted in Vajravelu Mudaliar's case (supra) is restored.

This is not borne out by the pertinent observation i'n Cooper's case (supra) which may be extracted :

"Both the lines of thought which converge in the ultimate result, support the view that the principle specified by the law for determination of compensation is beyond the pale of challenge, if it is relevant to the determination of compensation and is a recognized principle applicable in the determination of compensation for property compulsorily acquired and the principle is appropriate in determining the value of the class of property sought to be acquired.

On the application of the view expressed in P. Vajravelu Mudaliar's case or in Shanti/al Mangaldas's case the Act, in our judgment, is liab:e to be struck down as it fails to provide to the expropriated banks compensation determined according to relevant principles. Section 4 of the Act transfers the undertaking of ev~ named bank to and vests it in the corresponding new bank. Section 6 ( 1) provides for payment of compensation for acquisition of the undertaking and the compensation is to be determined, in accordance with the principles specified in the Second Schedule.

Section 6(2) then provides that though separa!e valuations are made in respect of the several matter specified in Sch. II of the Act, the amount of compensation shall be deemed to be a single compensation. Compensation being the equivalent in terms

of money of the property compulsorily acquired, the principle for determination of compensation is intended to award to the expropriated owner the value of the property acquired. The science of valuation of property recognizes several principles or methods for determining the value to be paid as compensation to the owner for loss of his prope1ty : there are different methods applicable to different classes of property in the dterminatio'n of the value to be paid as recompense for loss of his property.

A method appropriate to the determination of value of one class of property may be wholly inappropriate in determining the value of another class of property. If an appropriate method or principle for determination of compensation is applied, the fact that by the application of another pri'nciple which is also appropriate, a different value is reached, the Court will not be justified in entertaining the contention that ont of the two appropriate methods, one more generons to the owner should have been applied by the legislature." However, it was pointed ont that Shela!, J. speaking for hintself and Grover, J. in His Holiness Kesavananda Bharati Sripadagalavaru

v. State of Kerala,(') in terms observed as under :

"in State of Gujarat v. Shanti/al Mangaldas & Ors. the decision in Metal Corporation of India was overruled which itself was overruled by R. C. Cooper v. Union of India."

The question is whether the statement of law in ShantilaJ Mangaldas (supra) that the principle of awarding compensation on the basis of written down value for used machinery is a valid principle for determining compensation and whether the compensation so awarded was illusory is not overruled by any observation in Cooper's case.

Undoubtedly, in Kesavananda Bharati case (supra) it is reiterated by Hegde, J. speaking for hintself and Mukherjeao, J. that it will be for the aggrieved party to clearly satisfy the Court that the basis adopted by the legislature has no reasonable relationship to the value of the property acquired or that the amount to be paid has been arbitrarily fixed or that the same is illusory return for the property taken.

Chandrachud, J. (as he then was), while interpreting the expression 'amount' in the amended Art. 31 (2) observed as under :

"The specific obligation to pay an "amount" and i'n the alternative the use of the word "principles" for determination Qf that amount must mean that the amount fixed or

(1) [1973] Suppl: S. CR. 1

·~

determined to be paid cannot be illusory. If the right to property still finds a place in the Constitution, you cannot mock at the man and ridicule hi~ right.

You cannot tell him 'I will take your fortune for a farthing'."

But in the next breath it has been observed that "the amount fixed for being paid to the owner is wholly beyond the paie of cha!· lenge that it is i'nadecjuate. The concept of adequacy is directly co-related to the market value of the property and therefore, such

value cannot constitute an element of that challenge." But this was the situation after amendment of Art. 31 (2) by the Constitution (Tvrentyfifth Amendment) Act.

Even as the article stood at the relevant time it was open to the legislature to fix pri'nciple for determining compensation and unless it is shown that the principles are irrelevant to the determination of the value of the property or by working out the compensation according to the principles so specified the compensation becomes illusory, the principles themselves are beyond the pale of challenge before a court of law on the ground that they do not provide adequate compensation. Now, here the compensation is worked out and specified in the schedule to the impugned Act. The compensation is determined in rou'nd figure.

This Court has in terms accepted that payment of compensation on the basis of written down value calculated according to the Incometax law for used machinery is not irrelevant as a principle for determining compensation.

That principle appears to haw been adopted for valuing used machinery though the Jegis!atfon fixes compensation payable to each undertaking in round sum.

And that was the only part challenged.

It was, however, said that no principle is discernible because not only none was stated on the floor 'Of the House but to a specific question the reply was that principle is not to be disclosed.

Debate , in legislature cannot conclude the point.

Here the principle is discernible and that appears to be valid. It represents the collective will of the House. To reject it would tantamount to saying that the majority members voted without understanding and appreciating the principles.

However, the principle is extracted in court room debate and it i§ a valid principle.

A peep into the background leading to the acquisition of the scheuled undertakings would reveal that these scheduled undertakings had a heavy back-load of carried forward loss, that even though they were taking sugar cane from cane growers, i.e. the farmers, they failed to pay them the price of sugar cane. There was labour unrest as labour was not paid.

Generally speaking, they can be styled as

sick undertakings and become a drag on the economy of the area.

There was no scope for ploughing back the profits to rejuvenate the

machill!ry because there was no profit.

The situation had not improV'oo even when managements of some of the undertakings were taken over under the IDR Act and, therefore, this desparate situation called for a drastic remedy in public interest and while applying that drastic remedy of acquisition principles which are valid for determining the value of machinery were adopted. The adequacy or otherwise of compensation on the calculus made by applying the principle is beyond the judicial review. It would be a day time hallucination to call such principle irrelevant or compensation illusory.

The challenge to the validity of the impugned legislation on the ground of violation of Art. 31 (2) niust accordingly fail.

There remain two minor and incidental points mentioned ill passing.

The submissions themselves lacked emphasis.

They are, that ( 1) no compensation is provided for the agricultural land taken over by the State; (2) good-will of the scheduled undertakings was not evaluated as a component of compensation.

With reference to Ishwari Khetan Sugar Mills (P) Ltd., it was said that 36 acres of agricultural land belonging to the company owning too scheduled undertaking was taken over without compensation. It was countered by saying that agricultural land is not taken over. It is not clear from the pleadings and record whether agricultural land outside the structures of scheduled undertaking has been acquired and has at all ben taken over by the Corporation. It may be that between various structures of scheduled undertakings there might be some open land but that is part and parcel of scheduled uncfortakings because any other co'nstruction would show that a passage or road between two constructions could not be acquired.

Unless, therefore, it is specifically shown that while acquiring scheduled undertakings agricultural land belonging to the company or the owner owning scheduled undertaking was either acquired or taken over as part of the acquisition it is not possible to accept the submission that there was acquisition of agricultural land without providing compensation for the same.

And as for the good-will, less said the better. The scheduled undertakings were sick units and the sickness was chronic. A manufacturing unit with heavy carried forward loss and defaulting in payments, possibly facing appointment of Receivers for realising tax arrears, asks compensation for the good-will generated by it.

This good-will appears to be more imaginary than real or an argument to support an untenable submission.

But the better answer is that there

JSHWARI KHETAN SUGAR MILLS v. U.P. STATE (Desai, l.) 361

cannot be a good-will of a manufacturing undertaking but it can be of a company, a partnership, or a proprietor owning scheduled under

taking and neither the company nor the partnership nor the proprietory unit, if any, has been acquired under the impugned legislation .

Therefore, i'n evaluating compensation of the scheduled undertakings there is no question of evaluating the good-will.

Mr. R. A. Gupta appearing in SLP. 6252/79 raised an additional contention that the impugned Act is violative of Art. 14 in. that selection of petitioners' scheduled undertakings for acquisition is wholly arbitrary and there is no difference between those selected for acquisition and those left out through all such sugar, undertakings in the State of Uttar Pradesh were similarly situated and similarly circumstanced. Sustenance was largely sought to be drawn from the Report of Justice Bhargava styled as Sugar Industry Inquiry Commission, 1974, which inter alia, specified 17 sugar undertakings in Uttar Pradesh as prima facie sick sugar mills.

After reading out a portion of the Report it was said that classifying the 12 sugar undertakings for acquisition is not based on any intelligible differentia between those included in the group for acquisitiou aud those left out and that this differential treatment has no rational relationship to the object sought to be achieved by the impugned legislation.

On behalf of respondents learned Advocate-General for the State of Uttar Pradesh countered this contention by pointing out that, before acquiring the scheduled undertakings the Government had a close review of the condition of the sugar undertakings done for certain specific period set out in the affidavit and ascertained whether the situation had become desperate on acconnt of the persistent default in paymen_t of cane price, purchase tax, labour dues, etc. The situation in Uttar Pradesh appears to be peculiar in that cane growers go on selling their cane to sugar undertakings probably having little or no option in this behalf because it is a perishable commodity and must be disposed of as early as possible and they have to await payment at the sweet will, whim and caprice of the sugar barons.

Its unhealthy effect on marginal farmers wo'uld be intolerable because the cash crop would not fetch any cash and destitution may be the inevitable outcome. And this phenomenon was repeated yar after year. It was pointed out that a close scrutiny was applied to' this persistent default and where the situation in respect of sugar undertakings was desj:l\lrate they were classified together and they were sought to be acquired.

Can it be said , that this classification is not based on any intelligible differentia. Economic situation of an industrial undertaking may be very good, good, average, bad, intolerable and uneconomic in larger national perspective.

It would. have been difficult for the Gove=ent to group all sugar undertakings with such as were living on coramine doses.

There does appar to be the intelligible differentia by which this c!assificatioa of those in an intolerable condition has been grouped together. Acquisition was for an avowed object of rejuvenating these undertakings

and thereby improving the economy of the area by providing priority in payment to cane growers, labour, in respect of whom there is no ct1Shio11 for sufferance.

Thus, this differentia undoubtedly has a rational relationship to the obj-xt sought to be achieved by the Act. The challenge of Art. 14 was an argument of despair and must be repelled.

These were all the contentions in these appeals and SlJ"..Cial leave petitions and as there is no merit in any of them, the appeals and the special leave petitions fail and are dismissed with costs in o"nO set.

PATHAK, J.-We have had the benefit of reading the judgment prepared by our brother Desai.

While we broadly agree with the final conclusions reached by him on the several points debated before us, we would prefer to refrain from expressing any opinion on the question whether the declaration made by Parliament in S. 2 of the Industries (Development and Regulation) Act, 1951 in respect of the industries specified in the First Schedule to that Act caa be regarded as limited to removing from the scope of Entry 24 of List ll of the Seventh Schedule to the Constitution only so much of the legislative field as is covered by the subject matter and content of that Act or it can be regarded as effecting the removal from that Entry of the entire legislative field embracing all matters pertaining to the industries specified in the declaration. It seems to ns that the observations made by this court in The Hingir-Rampur Coal Co., Ltd. and Others v. The St'ate of Orissa and Others,(') State of Orissa v. M. A. Tulloch and Co.,( 2 ) Baijnath Kedia v. State of Bihar & Ors.(') and State of Haryana & Anr. v. Chanan Mal, etc.(4 ) cannot be of assistance in this behalf.

In each of those cases, the declaration made by Parliament in the concerned enactment limited the control of the regulation of tlie mines and the development of minerals to the extent provided in the enactment.

Whether the terms in which the declaration has been framed in s. 2 of the Industries (Development and Regulation) Act-a tlu:laration not expressly limiting control of the specific indus-

(1) [1961] 2 s. c. R. 537.

(2) [1964) 4 s. c. R. 461.

(3) [1970] 2 S. C.R. 100.

(4) [1976] 3 S. C.R. 688.

ISHWARI KHETAN SUGAR MILLS v. U.P. STATE (Pathak, !.) 363

tries to the extent provided by the Act---<:an be construed s being so limited is a matter which, we think, we should deal with m some more appropriate case.

The range of considerations encompassed within the field of enquiry to which the point is amenable has not, to our mind, been sufficiently covered before us.

And for good reason.

The provocation was limited.

For the controversy tn the present cases concerning the legislative competence of the State Legislature to enact the U.P. Sugar_ Undertakings (Acquisition) Act, 1971 can be adoquate!y disposed of on the ground that the legislation falls within Entry 42 of List III and cannot be related to Entry 52 of List I or Entry 24 of List II. When the impugned enactment tmly falls within Entry 42 of List III-"acquisition and requisitioning of property"-there is a reluctance to enter upon an examination of the - mutually competing claims of Entry 52 of List I and Entry 24 of List II-entries which deal with "industries", an entirely different subject matter.

With this reservation, we have no hesitation in agreeing with the _ D ultimate conclusions reached by our learned brother on the remaining

points ol controversy and in concurring with the order proposed by him cli>posing of these appeals and special leave petitions.

P.B.R.

Appealo< dismissed.

THE ISHWARI KHETAN SUGAR MILLS (P.) LTD.

& ANOTHER ETC

THE ISHWARI KHETAN SUGAR MILLS (P.) LTD. & ANOTHER ETC

THE STATE OF UTTAR PRADESH & ORS. ETC

V. R. KRISHNA IYER

MURTAZA FAZAL ALI

D. A. DESAI

A. D. KOSHAL, JJ

Constitution of India

U.P. State' SUgar Corporation Limited

Art. 246

Parliament

[1976] 3 SCR 688

section 2

SUPREME COURT REPCTRTS

[1980] 3 S.C.R.-

Tho Central Act

Central Government

[1970] 3 SCR 530

section 20

section 20

section 20

section 20

section 20

Article 31

Rustom Cavasjee

[1970] 3 SCR 530

[1969] 3 SCR 341

rathak

section 2

Seventh Schedule

[1961] 2 SCR 537

[1976] 3 SCR 688

F. S. Nariman

Bhaskar Gupta

Rajesh Khaitan

Rohington Nariman

P. R. Seethrama

A. K. Sen

Manoj Swarup

I,

alita Kohli

S. K. Srivastava

E R. A. Gupta

E R. A. Gupta for the Petitioner in SLP No.

N. N. Sharma

N. N. Sharma and N. N. Kacker for the Petitioner in SLP No.

N. N. Kacker

Lal Narain Sinha

Rishi Ram

Raju. Ramchandran

0. P. Rana

V. R. KriShna Iyer

S. Murtaza Fazal Ali

D. A. Desai

Desai

R. S. Pathak

A. D. Koshal

DESAI

Uttar.

Governor of Uttar Pradesh

July 3, 1971

U.P. State Sugar Corporation Ltd.

s. 671

Companies Act, 1956

s. 3

Allahabad High Court

Article 226

August 27, 1971

Art. 31

Art. 19(l)(f)

Art. 14

May 3, 1979

U.P. State legislature

Art. 31

R. A.

Gupta

Art. 14

Industries (Development and Regulation) Act, 1951

U. P. State legislature

s. 42

Indusries

parliament

Art. 246

Art. 246

Seventh Schedule

Union Parliament

Chanan Mal

s. 2

West Bengal

s. 2

First Schedule

s. 2

s. 2

First Schedule

Sections 3 to 30

s.

2

s. 2

Visions of the IDR Act

s. 2

Baijnath Kedia

s. 2

Untwalia

Section 3

Section 4

Section 5

Section 7

Section 8

[1972] 2 S. C.R. 33

[1976] 1 S. C.R. 552

Section 9

Section 11

s. 12

Section 13

Section 14

Section 16

Unipn

ss. 18A and 18A

s. 1

Provision contained in Chapter IIIAC of IDR Act

Central Goyt

s. 3(f)

Provision contained in Chapter IIIAC of IDR Act

Provision contained in Chapter IIIAC of IDR Act

Nu provision from IDR Act

s. 2

Shah

Rajamundry Electric Supply Corporation

R. C. Cooper

High Court

Madras

Constitution Bench

Maharajadhiraja Sir Kameshwar Singh

Das

Raiamundary Electric Supply Corporation

Maharajadhiraja Sir Kameshwar Singh's

Union of India

State of West Bengal

Union of India

Coal Bearing Areas (Acquisition and Development) Act, 1957

s. 2

Article 31

Art. 31

cl. 12

Subba Rao

West D Bengal

Art. 31

s. 2

Tea Act, 1853

ss. 4 and 5

s. 4(1)

Candian Pacific R:y. Co.

Victoria

s. 92

British North America Act, 1867

Canada

s. 91

s. 92

Chanarl. Mal

List I and the enactment of Act

Uttar Pradesh

to nationalise sugar industry in Uttar Pradesh.

Section 20

Section 20

s. 20

s. 20

s. 20

Section 20

s. 20

s. 20

Section 20

s. 20

Art. 31

Art. 31

Art. 31

Art. 31

Art. 31

Shall

Metal Corporation

Paragraph II of the Schedule to the Act

Cooper

Vajravelu Mudaliar

P. Vajravelu Mudaliar

Shanti/al Mangaldas

Section 4

Section 6

Second Schedule

Section 6(2)

Shela

However, it was pointed ont that Shela!,

Grover

Metal Corporation of India

ShantilaJ Mangaldas

Kesavananda Bharati

Hegde

Mukherjeao

Chandrachud

Art. 31

Art. 31

Art. 31

Ishwari Khetan Sugar Mills (P) Ltd.

R. A. Gupta

Art. 14

Bhargava

Sugar Industry Inquiry Commission, 1974

State of Uttar Pradesh

Art. 14

PATHAK

Desai

S. 2

First Schedule

s. 2

Industries (Development and Regulation) Act

[1970] 2 S. C.R. 100

[1976] 3 S. C.R. 688