[ { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 1, "question": "What is History?", "answer": "A recital of what has happened respecting nations and countries." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 2, "question": "By what terms are the divisions of history expressed?", "answer": "By Ancient and Modern, and these are divided into Civil, Sacred and Profane." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 3, "question": "What is Ancient History? Modern? Civil? Sacred? Profane?", "answer": "An account of all the events that have taken place from the creation of the world to the birth of Christ. Accounts from the birth of Christ to the present time. It pertains to the rise and fall of the civil government of man, his empires, kingdoms and States. That which is contained in the Sacred Scriptures. The history of imaginary gods and heroes of antiquity. It is sometimes applied to any history not Sacred." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 4, "question": "What are the great events of Ancient History?", "answer": "The rise and fall of the four great empires: Assyria, Persia, Greece and Rome." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 5, "question": "For what is Modern History distinguished?", "answer": "By the great inventions which now govern our people, such as of gunpowder, the control of steam and electricity, the printing press and the thousands of devices which lead to the civilization and progress of mankind." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 6, "question": "How was America first settled?", "answer": "Of course it is but a matter of conjecture who first settled America, but in all probability these settlers came from Asia by the way of Behring Straits in search of new adventures, or the coasting vessels of China may have been driven by storms and shipwrecked on the shores of the new continent, but nothing among the relics of antiquity shows from what source these people came." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 7, "question": "What proofs show that America was inhabited by a race of men previous to the Indians?", "answer": "In Mexico and Central America there are ruins of ancient cities, which must have been erected during a high state of civilization, and the Indians have no traditions as to their origin. Thousands of curiously constructed earth mounds, which are scattered through the Mississippi River Valley, and from the gulf to the lakes, are evidences of a different race of men which inhabited the continent previous to the Indians." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 8, "question": "What name have we applied to these people?", "answer": "The Mound Builders, although the mound relics would indicate that these builders were not of the same order of civilization as is represented in the Mexican and Peruvian ruins." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 9, "question": "Why should we suppose that the Indians were a distinct race of men from those of the prehistoric times?", "answer": "The natural instincts of the Indians are opposed to the improvements of the arts and sciences. They detest work, glory in battle, and are content to live in their rude structures where fish and game abound. From these characteristics, which for two hundred years we know have remained the same, it would be but natural for us to look beyond this race of beings for those who have shown a marked degree of industry and civilization." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 10, "question": "What records show that America was discovered previous to the discovery of Columbus?", "answer": "The historical records of Iceland show that America was discovered by the Northmen in 1002." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 11, "question": "Who were the Northmen?", "answer": "The inhabitants of Norway and Sweden." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 12, "question": "What lands did they discover and what evidences exist of their explorations? Were they of any benefit?", "answer": "Their records, or traditions, describe the entire Atlantic coast, and the old tower at Newport, R. I., the inscriptions on the rocks at Dighton, Mass., and minor other relics are evidences of their claims. But admitting these claims no benefits arose from them as the voyages were discontinued and the country forgotten." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 13, "question": "Into how many chief epochs can the history of the United States be divided?", "answer": "Six: First, from the discovery of the continent to the first settlement. Second, from the first settlement to the breaking out of the Revolutionary war. Third, from the commencement of this war to the adoption of the Constitution. Fourth, from the adoption of the Constitution to the commencement of the civil war. Fifth, from the beginning of this war to the surrender of Lee's army. Sixth, from the close of the rebellion to some future period of more than ordinary importance." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 14, "question": "What idea led to the discovery of America by Columbus? What results were sought?", "answer": "That the earth was round, and upon this belief Columbus attempted to find a near route to India." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 15, "question": "What land did Columbus first discover, and when?", "answer": "The island of Guanahani or San Salvador, on Friday, Oct. 12th, 1492." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 16, "question": "Give some account of Columbus' trials and his final success?", "answer": "Columbus being too poor to fit out an expedition himself, first applied to his own countrymen for aid, and then to the king of Portugal. He next turned to Spain, and in the meantime sent his brother to England, but these people had no time to listen to a poor sailor at whom everybody laughed, and the children mocked him as he passed in the streets. Success came at last. Eighteen years had now passed since he conceived his great design, seven of which were spent in waiting for the answer of Ferdinand. Saddened by his continued failures, he was leaving Spain, begging a little food at convent doors and resolving to apply to the king of France. At a lonely mountain pass he was overtaken by a messenger from the queen, Isabella, asking him to return to the capital. Urged by a desire to spread the Catholic faith throughout the world, and to see Spain the mistress of lands in Asia, the queen had changed her mind. To the cold objections of Ferdinand she nobly answered. \"I undertake the enterprise for my crown of Castile, and will pledge my jewels to raise the necessary funds.\"" }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 17, "question": "How many vessels composed his fleet?", "answer": "Three small vessels, the Pinta, Santa Maria and Nina, sailed from Palos, Spain, August 3d, 1492." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 18, "question": "When and where did Columbus discover the main-land? How many voyages did he make?", "answer": "At the mouth of the Oronoco River, in 1498. Four." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 19, "question": "Who discovered the continent before Columbus, and where?", "answer": "John Cabot and his son Sebastian, who discovered the coast of Labrador in 1497." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 20, "question": "Why was the continent named America instead of Columbia ?", "answer": "A German, who published a description of the new world, suggested that it should be called America in honor of Americus Vespucius, who made great claims to the first discoveries." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 21, "question": "What reward did Columbus receive for his discoveries ? Where was he buried ?", "answer": "Others were jealous of his successes; treachery was planned; false statements were made; and he died without reward, almost broken-hearted. He was buried at Valladolid, Spain, where he remained until 1513; he was then transported to Seville; and again in 1536, his remains were removed to the city of Saint Domingo, Hayti, and there interred; but in 1796, they were taken to their final resting place, in the cathedral at Havana, with imposing ceremonies." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 22, "question": "What nations explored the future United States ?", "answer": "The Spaniards, English, French and Dutch." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 23, "question": "Where did the Spaniards make their claims ? The French? The English ? The Dutch ?", "answer": "The West Indies and southern part of the United States. They claimed the northern part of the United States and Canada, having explored the great lakes, the Mississippi River, from the falls of St. Anthony to the gulf, the Illinois, Wisconsin, Wabash, Maumee, Fox, and many other rivers. Having discovered and explored the Atlantic coast at various points, they claimed this vast territory, naming it Virginia, in honor of Elizabeth, the Virgin Queen. In New York, which they called the New Netherlands. These claims were based upon the explorations of Hudson." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 24, "question": "Name the most important Spanish discoverers and explorers ?", "answer": "Columbus, Vespucci, De Leon, Balboa, Grijalva, De Ayllon, De Narvaez, Magellan, De Soto and Melendez." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 25, "question": "What induced Ponce de Leon to come to the New World ? Where were his discoveries ?", "answer": "He was a Spanish explorer, who, being a disgraced soldier, sought the glory of conquest to restore his tarnished reputation. He also went in search of a fountain, the elements of which were supposed to restore youth to all who drank of its waters. He discovered Florida in 1512." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 26, "question": "What discoveries were made by Vasco de Balboa ?", "answer": "He crossed the isthmus of Panama, and from the summit of the Andes discovered the Pacific Ocean, Sept. 26th, 1513." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 27, "question": "What was the object of De Narvaez explorations ?", "answer": "Receiving a grant of Florida in 1528, he with 300 men attempted its conquest, allured by the prospect of gold. The exploration proved a failure. Many perished while wandering in the swamps. After arriving at the Gulf of Mexico, they hurriedly constructed boats and put to sea; they were shipwrecked and De Narvaez was lost. Six years afterward, the only survivors (four) reached the Spanish settlements on the Pacific coast." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 28, "question": "What of Ferdinand de Soto and his explorations?", "answer": "A Spanish nobleman, who invaded Florida in 1539, with the prospect of gold and conquests. He discovered the Mississippi River, and was shortly after buried in its waters." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 29, "question": "When and by whom was Mexico discovered ?", "answer": "By Grijalva in 1518." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 30, "question": "Give an account of the expeditions of Pedro Melendez. Of De Ayllon. Of Magellan.", "answer": "He was sent out by Philip II in 1565, to colonize Florida, but more particularly to destroy a colony of French Protestants, called Huguenots, who the year before had made a settlement near the mouth of the St. John's River. On being attacked the Huguenots put to sea in their vessels, but a furious storm destroyed their fleet and they were washed ashore, where Melendez brutally butchered all who came near him—only a few escaped. In 1520 Vasquez de Ayllon, a wealthy Spaniard, undertook an expedition to America, and, landing on the present coast of South Carolina, decoyed a number of natives on board his fleet and sailed for home, intending to sell them in Europe as slaves, but three of his vessels were wrecked and most of the Indians were drowned. On reaching home he was honorably received by his government and sent on another kidnapping expedition, but being unsuccessful, De Ayllon was financially ruined, and thus ended the first attempt to enslave the Indians, who, by this treachery, lost all confidence in Spanish honor. Magellan was the first European to sail upon the Pacific and the first to sail around the world. This voyage took nearly three years, 1519 to 1521. The Pacific was named by Magellan on account of its calm and peaceful appearance when first traversed." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 31, "question": "When and where was the first colony founded on the continent ?", "answer": "At Darien, by the Spaniards in 1510." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 32, "question": "When, where, and by whom, was the first permanent settlement made in the United States ? The second ?", "answer": "At St. Augustine, in 1565, by Melendez, a Spaniard. The second was also founded by the Spaniards, at Santa Fe, in 1582." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 33, "question": "What sections were explored by the Spaniards ?", "answer": "Central America, Mexico, Peru, Florida, the Mississippi valley, New Mexico and the coast of California." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 34, "question": "Who first attempted to form English settlements in America ?", "answer": "Sir Walter Raleigh and Sir Humphrey Gilbert. Their labors were unsuccessful." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 35, "question": "When and where was the first permanent English settlement made in the United States ?", "answer": "At Jamestown, Virginia, in 1607." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 36, "question": "Who sent out the settlers to Jamestown ?", "answer": "The London Company, composed of noblemen, gentlemen, and merchants of London." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 37, "question": "What territory was granted the London Company ?", "answer": "All of the country between the southern limit of Maryland and Cape Fear." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 38, "question": "How many charters had the London Company ?", "answer": "Three: the first charter contained no idea of self-government. The people chose none of their officers; the king was to appoint two councils; one to reside in London, and have control of all the colonies, and the other to reside in each colony, and have control of its local affairs. The second charter vested the authority in a governor instead of a local council; this change gave the colonists no additional rights, neither were they consulted with regard to the change. The third charter gave the stockholders power to regulate the affairs of the company themselves." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 39, "question": "Name the most important French discoverers? What sections did they explore ?", "answer": "Verrazani and Cartier. Verrazani was sent out by the French king in 1524. He first touched the coast at North Carolina and explored as far north as Newfoundland, having entered the harbors of New York and Newport. In 1534, James Cartier discovered and explored the Gulf and River of St. Lawrence." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 40, "question": "Who were the most important English discoverers and explorers ?", "answer": "The Cabots, Sir Francis Drake, Sir Humphrey Gilbert, Sir Walter Raleigh, Bartholomew Gasnold, Martin Pring, and George Waymouth." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 41, "question": "Of whom was the Plymouth Company composed? What territory was granted them ?", "answer": "It was composed of persons from Plymouth, in the west of England. The grant was that tract of country lying between the forty-first and forty-fifth degrees of latitude. This was called North Virginia." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 42, "question": "Who were the first Spanish, French, English and Dutch discoverers ?", "answer": "Columbus was the first Spanish, John Verrazani the first French, John Cabot the first English, and Hudson the first Dutch discoverer." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 43, "question": "Where was the first permanent settlement made by the Dutch ? By the French ?", "answer": "At New York in 1613. At Port Royal, Nova Scotia, in 1605." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 44, "question": "Where was the first white child of English parents born in America ? What was her name ?", "answer": "At the temporary settlement on the island of Roanoke, in 1587. Virginia Dare." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 45, "question": "What region of country was called Acadia ?", "answer": "The tract lying between the present cities of Philadelphia and Montreal. The name has since been confined to New Brunswick and the adjacent islands." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 46, "question": "What of note can be mentioned of Sir Francis Drake ?", "answer": "He was an English sea captain who explored the coast of California and Oregon in 1579, and returned home by the way of Cape of Good Hope, having made the second voyage around the world." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 47, "question": "What name did Raleigh give the lands he explored ?", "answer": "Virginia, in honor of Elizabeth, who was called the Virgin Queen." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 48, "question": "Who was Champlain ? What of interest by him ?", "answer": "A famous pioneer, who in 1609 discovered Lakes Champlain and Huron. He afterwards led a party of Canadian Indians against the Iroquois, in northern New York, which region he was the first white man to enter." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 49, "question": "Who were the Jesuit Missionaries ?", "answer": "They were French Priests, who sought to convert the Indians to the Catholic faith; they were the explorers of the Mississippi valley. In 1668, they founded the mission of St. Mary, the oldest European settlement in Michigan." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 50, "question": "Who were the first partial explorers of the Mississippi and its branches ?", "answer": "Joliet and Marquette." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 51, "question": "Who were La Salle and Father Hennepin ?", "answer": "They were Jesuit Missionaries, and early explorers of the northern lakes and rivers." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 52, "question": "Who discovered the Hudson River ?", "answer": "Henry Hudson, in 1609, who sailed up the river 116 miles, to where the city of Hudson now stands." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 53, "question": "What was the object of Hudson's explorations ?", "answer": "To find a northeast passage to the East Indies." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 54, "question": "What is said of the fate of Hudson ?", "answer": "In 1610, after discovering the strait and bay which bears his name, he was placed in an open boat by his companions and abandoned." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 55, "question": "What was that country called explored by Hudson ?", "answer": "The New Netherlands." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 56, "question": "What nations claimed it ?", "answer": "The English and Dutch. The English based their claims upon the discoveries of the Cabots, and the Dutch upon the discoveries of Hudson." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 57, "question": "How was the dispute settled ?", "answer": "By force of arms. The English maintained possession." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 58, "question": "At the close of the sixteenth century, where were the only permanent settlements ?", "answer": "The Spanish settlements of St. Augustine and Santa Fe." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 59, "question": "Name five of the first permanent settlements in the New World, at the beginning of the seventeenth century.", "answer": "Port Royal, N. S., in 1605, by the French. Jamestown, in 1607, by the English. Quebec, in 1608, by the French. New York, in 1613, by the Dutch. Plymouth, in 1620, by the English Puritans." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 60, "question": "Who were the English Puritans ?", "answer": "They were a religious denomination not in sympathy with the Church of England, and in order to worship in accordance with their creed they went to Holland, but believing in the future prosperity of the New World, decided to face all hardships and danger and found a colony where they would be free from all restraint and unmolested in their religious devotions. They landed at Plymouth, December 21st, 1620, which was the first settlement founded in Massachusetts." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 61, "question": "How many Puritans came on the first voyage ?", "answer": "One hundred and two. They came in a vessel called the May Flower." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 62, "question": "Who was their first Governor ?", "answer": "John Carver." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 63, "question": "Was the colony prosperous ?", "answer": "Nearly one-half of the number died during the first four months, and all would have perished but for the aid of fishermen off the coast. Their sufferings continued four years, after which they were prosperous." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 64, "question": "Who was Roger Williams ?", "answer": "A Puritan, who for liberal religious opinions was banished from Massachusetts. He afterward formed the first settlement in Rhode Island. This was in 1636." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 65, "question": "What was the treatment by the Puritans of the Quakers ?", "answer": "The Quakers were banished from the colony, many were imprisoned, and four put to death." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 66, "question": "Who was Mrs. Anne Hutchinson ?", "answer": "During the year in which Roger Williams was banished, this woman declared that she had special revelations from God, and with great fluency of speech expounded them to crowded congregations of women, causing much disturbance among the clergy and people. They finally banished her from the settlement." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 67, "question": "What was the United Colonies of New England ?", "answer": "In 1643, the colonies of Massachusetts Bay, Plymouth, New Haven and Connecticut, were formed into a general league, or one government." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 68, "question": "What was the object of this league ?", "answer": "To protect themselves against the Indians and the encroachments of the French and Dutch." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 69, "question": "Why was Providence, Rhode Island, so named ?", "answer": "When Roger Williams escaped from the hands of the Puritans he fled to Rhode Island and took refuge among the Indians. Canonicus, the Narragansett Chief, gave him land to found a settlement, which he gratefully named Providence." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 70, "question": "When, and by what nation was negro slavery introduced into the United States ?", "answer": "By the Dutch, in 1620." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 71, "question": "Who was Captain John Smith ?", "answer": "One of the founders of Jamestown who succeeded Ratcliffe, and governed the affairs of the colony with great energy and success." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 72, "question": "Who were Pocahontas and Powhatan ?", "answer": "The daughter of the Indian chief, Powhatan. She saved the life of Capt. John Smith, who had been sentenced to death by her father." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 73, "question": "What became of Pocahontas ?", "answer": "She married a young English planter, John Rolfe. Three years after she visited London, was taken sick and died. She left an infant son, whose posterity are many of the leading families of Virginia." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 74, "question": "When did the first English women come to America ?", "answer": "In 1608, to Jamestown." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 75, "question": "What valuable plants were discovered in America ?", "answer": "Indian corn, potatoes and tobacco." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 76, "question": "When was the first Indian plot to massacre the English ?", "answer": "In 1609, but the massacre was prevented by Pocahontas, who revealed the plot to the people of Jamestown." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 77, "question": "When was the first massacre ? The second ?", "answer": "In 1622, when in one hour 347 men, women and children were massacred. The second was in 1644, when 300 were killed; this plot was originated by Opechancan-ough, and was intended to exterminate the English settlers." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 78, "question": "Who was Nathaniel Bacon ? What was the cause of Bacon's rebellion ?", "answer": "A patriotic young lawyer, who rallied a company and defended the settlements against the Indians; he was denounced by Governor Berkley as a traitor for acting with-out orders. During the contest which followed, Berkley was driven out of Jamestown, and the village burned. In the midst of this struggle Bacon died." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 79, "question": "When was the first Colonial Assembly ?", "answer": "At Jamestown, June 28, 1619. It consisted of the governor, council and deputies or \"burgesses,\" chosen from the various plantations." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 80, "question": "What colonies composed the United Colonies of New England ?", "answer": "Massachusetts, Plymouth, Rhode Island and Con-necticut." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 81, "question": "When was King Phillip's war? Who was King Phillip?", "answer": "The war commenced in 1675, continuing about one year. King Phillip was an Indian chief, the son of Mas-sasoit; he became jealous of the intrusion of the whites, and planned a confederation of the Indian tribes against their intruders. He was shot by an Indian, an ally of the English, in 1676." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 82, "question": "What was the Navigation Act ?", "answer": "In 1660, the British Parliament ordered that the commerce of the colony should be carried on in English vessels, and their tobacco and all other products shipped to England. In fact, American manufactures were pro-hibited, and nothing allowed to be done that would enter into competition with the people of England." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 83, "question": "What was the effect of these laws?", "answer": "These laws bore very heavily on the people causing great discontent, and were one of the causes which led to the revolution." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 84, "question": "Was this Act observed in Massachusetts?", "answer": "It was not, and an officer was sent to enforce the act, but without success. Charles II. seized upon the ex-cuse thus offered, and made Massachusetts a royal province. The King died before his plan was completed, but James II, in 1686, declared the charters of all the New England colonies forfeited." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 85, "question": "Who was Sir Edmond Andros?", "answer": "The first royal governor of New England. He was sent by James II. The colonies endured his oppressions for three years, when learning that his royal master was dethroned, they rose against him, and he was put in jail." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 86, "question": "From what was derived the appellation of Charter Oak?", "answer": "When James II. declared that the charters of all the New England colonies were forfeited, Connecticut re-fused to surrender hers. Governor Andros demanded the charter of the assembly then in session at Hartford, and during the debate which ensued, the lights were suddenly extinguished, the charter was seized by William Wadsworth and hidden in the hollow of an old oak, which, since that time has been called the \"Charter Oak.\"" }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 87, "question": "Who was Sir William Phipps?", "answer": "The second royal governor of Massachusetts, or a province embracing Massachusetts, Maine and Nova Scotia." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 88, "question": "What was the cause and result of the Salem witchcraft?", "answer": "A superstition prevailed that persons were subject to the control of invisible evil spirits, and it is the received opinion that 200 persons were accused, 150 imprisoned, 28 condemned, 19 hanged, and one pressed to death." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 89, "question": "What was the cause of the Pequot war? How did it terminate?", "answer": "The Indians had become troublesome and dangerous to the early settlers of Connecticut, who resolved to make war upon the Pequots. The battle took place at Mystic River, where the tribe was annihilated; those who were not killed were captured and made slaves, or escaped and joined other tribes." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 90, "question": "What name did the Dutch give their colony on Manhattan Island?", "answer": "New Amsterdam." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 91, "question": "How was this island obtained?", "answer": "It was purchased of the Manhattan Indians for about $24." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 92, "question": "Give a short history of the early government of New York.", "answer": "After the discovery of the Hudson River, the West India Company obtained of the Dutch government a grant of New Netherlands, and settlements were made at New Amsterdam and Fort Orange (Albany). For twenty years New York was subject to Indian butcheries, varied by difficulties with the Swedes on the Delaware, and the English on the Connecticut. In September, 1664, an English fleet came to anchor in the harbor of New Amsterdam, and demanded the surrender of the town. Peter Stuyvesant, the last and the ablest of the four Dutch governors, plead with the council to fight, but in vain. They wished for English rule. The surrender was signed, and the colony was named New York. The English governors did not satisfy the people, so that when, after nine years of English rule, a Dutch fleet appeared in the harbor, the people went back quietly under their old rulers. The next year peace was declared between England and Holland, and New Amsterdam became New York again. Andros now became governor, and New York was a royal province until the revolution." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 93, "question": "When and by whom was Connecticut settled?", "answer": "In 1636, by a company of persons from Massachusetts, with their minister, Mr. Hooker. Their settlements were at Windsor, Hartford and Wethersfield." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 94, "question": "By whom was the first settlement in New Hampshire made?", "answer": "By the Rev. Mr. Wheelright, and a few followers, who were also banished from Massachusetts on account of their religion." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 95, "question": "Who made the first settlement in Maine?", "answer": "It was made by Ferdinand Georges in 1636." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 96, "question": "From what did its early colonists greatly suffer?", "answer": "From the hostilities of the Indians." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 97, "question": "Why were the Indians so hostile and barbarous?", "answer": "Because of the treachery of the early discoverers and explorers. Several attempts were made by the whites to kidnap them and take them to Europe as slaves. By various means of deceit and dishonesty the Indians sought revenge in their annoying hostilities." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 98, "question": "When, and by whom, was Philadelphia founded?", "answer": "It was founded in 1683, by William Penn, who purchased the land of the Swedes; the name signifies brotherly love." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 99, "question": "Who was William Penn?", "answer": "A Quaker, who with a band of followers settled in Pennsylvania in 1682, buying the lands of the Indians." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 100, "question": "Why did Lord Baltimore obtain a tract of land north of the Potomac River?", "answer": "To secure for the friends of this church a Catholic refuge from the persecutions which they were then suffering in England." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 101, "question": "What was the cause of Clayborne's rebellion?", "answer": "The Virginia colonies claimed that Lord Baltimore's grant covered territory belonging to them. Clayborne, a member of the Jamestown council, having established two trading-posts in Maryland, prepared to defend by force of arms. On the eve of the battle he fled to Virginia, and his party was defeated. Clayborne was tried for treason, but acquitted. Ten years afterward he came back, raised a rebellion, and drove Calvert (Lord Baltimore) then governor of Maryland, out of the colony; Calvert returned with a large force, and Clayborne fled." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 102, "question": "After this rebellion, what was the condition of Maryland?", "answer": "The Protestants having obtained a majority in the assembly, excluded Catholics from their rights; assailed their religion; and even declared them outside the protection of the law. Civil war ensued. At one time two governments were sustained, one Protestant and the other Catholic. In 1691, Lord Baltimore was entirely deprived of his rights as proprietor, and Maryland became a royal province. In 1715, the fourth Lord Baltimore recovered the government, and religious toleration was again restored." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 103, "question": "To whom does the honor of having first established religious freedom in America belong?", "answer": "To the Roman Catholics of Maryland." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 104, "question": "By whom was Delaware settled? Where and when? What transpired a few years after their settlement?", "answer": "By the Swedes and Finns, in 1630, near the entrance of Delaware Bay, where they laid the foundation of Lewiston, the oldest town in the State. After a few years, Stuyvesant, the governor of New Netherlands, conquered their colony." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 105, "question": "What European wars disturbed the American colonies?", "answer": "King William's war in 1689, Queen Anne's in 1702, and King George's in 1744." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 106, "question": "What were the causes of King William's war? How long did it last?", "answer": "In 1689 war broke out in Europe between England and France. The contest extended to the American colonies, and lasted seven years." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 107, "question": "What was the condition of the colonies during Queen Anne's war?", "answer": "The war lasted eleven years; the New England frontier was again desolated; remote settlements were abandoned; the people betook themselves to palisaded houses, and worked their farms with their guns always at hand." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 108, "question": "Were the colonies much affected by King George's war?", "answer": "They were not. The only event of importance was the capture of Louisburg, on the island of Cape Breton. Peace being established, England gave back Louisburg to the French." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 109, "question": "What part did the Indians usually take in these wars?", "answer": "They assisted the French against the English." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 110, "question": "Which of the colonies suffered most in early warfare?", "answer": "Virginia, Massachusetts, Connecticut and New York." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 111, "question": "Which of the colonies was free from Indian war-fare ?", "answer": "Pennsylvania." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 112, "question": "Which was the only treaty never sworn to, and the only one never broken by the Indians ?", "answer": "William Penn's treaty with the Indians." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 113, "question": "Name the thirteen colonies.", "answer": "Virginia, New York, New Jersey, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Maryland, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Delaware, Pennsylvania, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 114, "question": "When and where were Harvard and Yale Colleges founded ?", "answer": "Harvard was founded at Cambridge, Mass., in 1638; Yale at New Haven, Conn., in 1701." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 115, "question": "When, and by whom, was the first newspaper started in America ? Who was the first American editor ?", "answer": "It was the Boston News Letter, and was established in 1704, by Bartholomew Green. John Campbell was the first American editor." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 116, "question": "In 1741, what caused great excitement in New York city ?", "answer": "The supposed negro plot, the plan being to burn New York and make one of their number governor. Many innocent persons suffered death." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 117, "question": "Who was John Eliot ?", "answer": "A minister who labored among the Indians, and for his devotion was called the Indian Apostle; he also translated the Bible into the Indian language." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 118, "question": "Who was William Kidd ?", "answer": "He was a man sent out by England to suppress piracy in 1696, but turned pirate himself; he was captured in Boston in 1699, sent to England, condemned and executed." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 119, "question": "By whom was North Carolina settled?", "answer": "By a colony from Virginia in 1650, near Albemarle Sound." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 120, "question": "When was South Carolina settled ?", "answer": "In 1689, at Charleston." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 121, "question": "In 1700, what valuable plants were introduced into this country ?", "answer": "Cotton and rice." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 122, "question": "When, and by whom, was Georgia settled ?", "answer": "By Mr. Oglethorpe, in 1732, who commenced a settlement where Savannah now stands." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 123, "question": "Why was it called Georgia ?", "answer": "In honor of George II., the king of England." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 124, "question": "From what nation came the great mass of the early settlers of the United States ?", "answer": "From England, though there were considerable numbers of the Dutch, French, Scotch Irish, Swedes and Germans." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 125, "question": "Where were the different nationalities found in the colonies ?", "answer": "The Dutch were most numerous in New York; the French, in New York and South Carolina; the Scotch and Irish, in East Jersey, the Carolinas and Georgia; the Swedes, on the Delaware; the Germans, in Pennsylvania and North Carolina." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 126, "question": "In what were the settlers of New England en-gaged? The Middle States? Virginia and Maryland? Georgia and Carolina ?", "answer": "In New England they were engaged in farming, lumbering, manufacturing, ship-building, and fisheries. The Middle States chiefly farming. In Virginia and Maryland farming, tobacco being the staple. In Georgia and Carolina, rice near the coast and farming on the high lands. Cotton was cultivated on a very small scale." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 127, "question": "Which was the most commercial colony ? Town ?", "answer": "The colony of Massachusetts. Boston." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 128, "question": "What was the population of New York? Phila-delphia ? Boston ?", "answer": "Boston and New York had about 18,000 each. Philadelphia about 25,000." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 129, "question": "Why had Virginia no large towns ?", "answer": "The water communication, through Chesapeake Bay and many large rivers, brought ships almost directly in communication with the plantations, which facilitated the exchange of one product for another, and the colonists did not collect in large towns." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 130, "question": "In these times how was trade carried on ?", "answer": "Mainly by exchange or barter." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 131, "question": "What was used instead of currency?", "answer": "In Virginia, for a long time, tobacco was used as money; in New England wampum, made of shells; in New York, beaver-skins." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 132, "question": "In what money were accounts kept ?", "answer": "English—pounds, shillings and pence." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 133, "question": "How did the use of dollars and cents become es-tablished ?", "answer": "By the demand for money in the Revolution." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 134, "question": "What were the general manners and customs of the early settlers ?", "answer": "It was exceedingly simple. The people did their own weaving and made their own clothing, and all were required by law to dress within their means. Their food was simple but abundant, and their houses were mostly log cabins. Everything had the appearance of simplicity, industry and thrift." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 135, "question": "What religious beliefs existed in the colonies ?", "answer": "The population professed Christianity, though differing greatly in beliefs. In Maryland, Catholics were numerous; in Virginia and South Carolina, the Church of England (Episcopal); in New England the people were Calvinistic in doctrine and Congregational in practice; while in New York the Dutch Reform was supreme. The Quakers predominated in Pennsylvania, Delaware, Rhode Island and New Jersey. Roger Williams established at Providence the first Baptist Church in America. The French Protestants, or Huguenots, were found in considerable numbers in New York and Carolina." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 136, "question": "Give an account of religious persecutions.", "answer": "A war of sects was waged in several of the colonies. The people forgot their ideas of tolerance and religious equality when power came to them. \" New England Protestants appealed to Liberty; then they closed the doors against her.\" It was a sad, strange picture of life. The Puritans imprisoned Baptists and executed Quakers. The Churchmen in Virginia banished Puritans and imprisoned Baptists. The Protestants of Maryland disfranchised the Catholics. But as years passed away, a more kind, tolerant spirit prevailed, and long before the end of the colonial period, the illiberal sentiment of persecution had passed away." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 137, "question": "Under what dominion were the colonies?", "answer": "They were all under the dominion of the Crown of England." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 138, "question": "What were proprietary governments ? Give ex-amples of them.", "answer": "Where the rule and the province was under some proprietor, the same being a grant to the individual or association by the king. Pennsylvania under William Penn, and Maryland under Lord Baltimore, are examples." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 139, "question": "Describe royal government. Charter government. Voluntary association.", "answer": "Royal government was directly under the dominion of the Crown, through the appointment of some royal governor. Charter government was where the colony was governed by some code of laws passed expressly for them and called a charter. This written instrument, given by the king, granted certain political rights and privileges. Voluntary association was where the people organized themselves into a government without authority or privilege of the Crown." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 140, "question": "Name two strange delusions in colonial history.", "answer": "The Salem Witchcraft and the Negro Plot of New York." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 141, "question": "Who were the founders of American literature?", "answer": "Increase Mather, one of the early presidents of Harvard College, and his son Cotton Mather. Cotton Mather's \"Magnalia,\" a religious history of New England, was the first important book written by a native of this country." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 142, "question": "What influence had the pulpit in the education of the people in colonial times?", "answer": "It had great influence over the people, as many of the ministers were men of superior scholarship. They did not deal wholly in religious dogmas; they led and inspired the people; they kept patriotism aflame; they watched the encroachments of British despotism, and moulded national character." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 143, "question": "When were post-offices first established? How many post-offices at the present time?", "answer": "In the year 1693 Parliament voted to establish post-offices in the colonies, and Thomas Neale was authorized to transmit letters and packets \" at such rates as the planters should agree to give.\" Over 54,000." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 144, "question": "What great men did the colonial times produce? What great sentiment was uttered by James Otis?", "answer": "Jonathan Edwards, the theologian; Benjamin Franklin, the philosopher and statesman; James Otis and Patrick Henry, the great orators. After the passage of the Stamp Act by Parliament, James Otis said: \"To my dying day I will oppose, with all the powers and faculties God has given me, all such instru-ments of slavery on the one hand and villainy on the other.\" \"Then and there,\" said John Adams, \"the trumpet of the Revolution was sounded.\"" }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 145, "question": "Where and when was the first permanent settlement made in the Mississippi River valley?", "answer": "At Kaskaskie, in Illinois, about 1690." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 146, "question": "What was the cause of the French and Indian war? What parties were engaged in it?", "answer": "The cause was disputed territory, and the parties were the French and Indians against the English." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 147, "question": "Where was the disputed territory?", "answer": "West of the Alleghany Mountains, along the Ohio River and the northern lakes." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 148, "question": "Who was sent to request the French to withdraw from the territory on the Ohio?", "answer": "George Washington." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 149, "question": "What was the result of Washington's endeavor to compel the French to abandon the Ohio?", "answer": "After some successes Washington marched to a place called Great Meadows, where he built Fort Necessity. Early in July, 1755, the fort was attacked by the whole French and Indian force, but was defended with such resistance that the French commander, Count de Villiers, sent in a flag of truce. Washington gave up the fort, but was permitted to march away with all the honors of war." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 150, "question": "How were Col. Washington and his soldiers rewarded by the legislature of Virginia?", "answer": "A vote of thanks was passed, and each soldier was to receive a pistole." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 151, "question": "After Washington's retreat, what general was sent in his place against the French?", "answer": "Gen. Braddock with a select force of 1,200 men." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 152, "question": "What was the result of Gen. Braddock's expedition?", "answer": "When within a mile of Fort du Quesne he was surprised by a body of French and Indians in ambush. Braddock was mortally wounded, and nearly all his offi-cers and one-half of his troops were killed. Braddock was buried during the retreat, and Washington ordered the wagons to pass over his grave that his body might not fall into the hands of the Indians." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 153, "question": "Who was the only mounted officer saved in this expedition?", "answer": "Washington, although four bullets pierced his coat and two horses were shot under him." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 154, "question": "Was the next expedition against Fort du Quesne successful?", "answer": "It was Gen. Forbes who led this expedition. Washington commanded the Virginia troops. After the capture of the fort it received the name of Pittsburg, in honor of William Pitt." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 155, "question": "At what other points besides the Ohio did the colonists attack the French?", "answer": "At Louisburg, Quebec, Crown Point and Niagara." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 156, "question": "What success had the English in their attack on Acadia?", "answer": "The French forts at the head of Fundy Bay were quickly taken, and the region east of the Penobscot fell into the hands of the English. Gen. Loudoun planned an attack on Louisburg, but learning that the French fleet contained one more ship than his own, gave it up. The next year Gens. Amherst and Wolf captured the city after a severe bombardment, and took possession of the entire island." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 157, "question": "What was their success at Crown Point and Ticonderoga?", "answer": "The English under Johnson met the French com-manded by Dieskau, near the head of Lake George, where a battle was fought, the English being victorious. Johnson, after building a fort which he called William Henry, feared defeat if he attempted to take Crown Point, and returned to Albany." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 158, "question": "Describe the attack on Ticonderoga.", "answer": "On a calm Sunday morning, about four months before the fall of Fort du Quesne, Gen. Abercrombie, with a thousand boats full of soldiers, with waving flags and martial music, swept down Lake George to attack Ticonderoga. The result was a disastrous repulse. The next year, 1759, at the approach of Gen. Amherst with a large army, both Ticonderoga and Crown Point were evacuated." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 159, "question": "Were they successful at Niagara?", "answer": "When Gen. Shirley reached Oswego, and hearing of the disastrous defeat of Braddock he was discouraged, and after building a fort came home. Four years after Niagara surrendered to the English." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 160, "question": "Who were the commanders at the battle of Quebec?", "answer": "Gen. Wolf commanded the English, and Gen. Montcalm the French." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 161, "question": "How was Quebec taken?", "answer": "Gen. Wolf, while reconnoitering, observed a narrow path winding among the rocks to the top. At night he descended the river, his men landed, climbed the steep cliff, seized the guards, and at break of day he stood with his entire army drawn up in order of battle on the plains of Abraham; a desperate battle ensued; five days after the city surrendered." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 162, "question": "What generals were killed at the capture of Quebec? What were their dying words?", "answer": "Gens. Wolf and Montcalm. Wolf, when informed that the French were running, exclaimed: \"Now God be praised; I die happy!\" Montcalm, when told that he could not live more than twelve hours, replied: \"So much the better; I shall not see the surrender of Quebec.\"" }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 163, "question": "What was the treaty of peace between France and England?", "answer": "France gave up all the territory west of the Mississippi, except two small islands south of Newfoundland, retained as fishing stations. In this treaty Spain ceded Florida to England, and France ceded to Spain New Orleans, and all the territory she owned west of the Mississippi." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 164, "question": "What was the cause and result of Pontiac's war?", "answer": "When the English took possession of the western forts great discontent arose, for the French had won the hearts of the Indians. Pontiac, a chief of the Ottawas, formed a confederation of the tribes against the English. Eight forts were surprised and captured, thousands of persons fled from their homes to avoid the scalping-knife. By a disagreement among the Indians the confederation was broken and a treaty signed." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 166, "question": "What were the effects of this war?", "answer": "It cost the colonists $16,000,000, and England repaid only $5,000,000. They lost thirty thousand men; they suffered the untold horrors of Indian barbarity; taxes were sometimes equal to two-thirds of the income of the tax-payers; they learned to think and act independently of the mother country." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 167, "question": "At the close of the French and Indian war, what was the population of the colonies ?", "answer": "About 2,000,000 people. Boston and New York contained about 18,000 inhabitants each; Philadelphia, nearly 25,000." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 168, "question": "What were the chief causes which led to the American Revolution?", "answer": "The colonies were unjustly taxed, and not allowed the right of sending representatives to Parliament." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 169, "question": "What were Writs of Assistance ?", "answer": "Warrants authorizing the king's officers to search for smuggled goods. This gave the custom-house officers power to enter a man's house or store at pleasure. The colonists resisted such power as a violation of their rights." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 170, "question": "What was the Stamp Act ? When passed ?", "answer": "That all bonds, deeds, newspapers, pamphlets, etc., should be stamped. It was passed by Parliament in 1765." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 171, "question": "Who was Patrick Henry ?", "answer": "A Virginian, who with boldness and eloquence distinguished himself by his opposition to the Stamp Act." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 172, "question": "After the repeal of the Stamp Act, what attempt was made to tax the colonies ?", "answer": "A duty was laid on all tea, glass, paper, and painters' colors, which should be imported." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 173, "question": "Who were the \" Sons of Liberty\" ?", "answer": "In order to resist the Stamp Act, associations called the \"Sons of Liberty\" were organized and delegates from nine of the colonies met at New York and framed a Declaration of Rights, and a petition to the king and Parliament. The first of November was the date appointed for the law to go into effect, and on that day the people set aside all business, bells were tolled, flags at half-mast, and stirring speeches by the great orators of the times aroused the people over the whole land." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 174, "question": "What was the Mutiny Act?", "answer": "That the colonies should furnish the soldiers with quarters and necessary supplies. This act aroused the indignation of the Americans. To be taxed was bad enough, but to shelter and feed their oppressors was unendurable." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 175, "question": "What occurred in Boston in relation to the tea tax ? Who received the name \" Boston Tea Party\" ?", "answer": "Vessels containing nearly 350 chests of tea were boarded by Americans disguised as Indians, and the tea was thrown into the harbor." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 176, "question": "What was the Boston Port Bill ? What effect did this have ?", "answer": "An act of Parliament forbidding the landing of goods in Boston." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 177, "question": "What was the Boston Massacre ?", "answer": "A small guard of soldiers passing through the streets of Boston were so exasperated by the jeers and taunts of a crowd of men and boys, that they fired, killing three persons and wounding several others." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 178, "question": "When and where did the first General Congress of the colonies assemble ? What action did it take ?", "answer": "The first Continental Congress was held at Philadelphia, Sept. 5th, 1774. They voted not to obey the recent acts of Parliament; they protested against standing armies being kept in the colonies without consent of the people; they sustained Massachusetts in her resistance, and agreed to hold no intercourse with Great Britain." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 179, "question": "Why do we cherish the name Faneuil Hall? Where is it ? By what other name is it known ?", "answer": "Because it was the rendezvous of the Revolutionary patriots. Great speeches were made in this hall for the cause of freedom, and it has ever been cherished as the \"Cradle of Liberty.\" This hall is in Boston." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 180, "question": "What was the public feeling in England ?", "answer": "Public feeling was generally against the colonies. \"Every man,\" wrote Dr. Franklin, \"seems to consider himself as a piece of a sovereign over America; seems to jostle himself into the throne with the king, and talks of our subjects in the colonies.\"" }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 181, "question": "Were the people all united in their protestations against the English government ? By what party names were they known ?", "answer": "They were not. Those who still believed in Royalty were termed Tories, and those against as Whigs." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 182, "question": "Who was Paul Revere?", "answer": "A daring patriot, who at the outbreak of the Revolution performed valuable services in rousing the people in the country and villages." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 183, "question": "Who had command of the British army at the commencement of the Revolution?", "answer": "Gen. Gage." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 184, "question": "When and where was fought the first battle of the Revolution ?", "answer": "At Lexington, near Boston, April 19th, 1775." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 185, "question": "Describe the battle of Lexington.", "answer": "Gen. Gage, learning that the people were gathering military stores at Concord, sent eight hundred men to destroy them; at Lexington a skirmish ensued, in which seven Americans were killed. After destroying the stores, they hastily retreated, followed by the militia, who were eager to avenge the death of their countrymen. In their retreat to Boston they lost nearly three hundred men." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 186, "question": "What effect had this battle? .", "answer": "The effect was like wild-fire; American blood had been shed; patriots came pouring in from all sides. Grey-headed men sent their boys to battle. The hearts of the wives and mothers were filled with the inspirations of liberty, and all were ready to join in the great declaration of Patrick Henry: \"Give me liberty or give me death.\"" }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 187, "question": "Who was Israel Putnam? What nickname was given him ?", "answer": "A farmer who, when notified of the battle of Lexington, immediately left his plow, mounted his horse, rode to Boston, a distance of 100 miles, without leaving his saddle. His great courage and patriotism was of vast assistance to the cause of freedom. He was familiarly known as \"Old Put.\"" }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 188, "question": "What were some of Putnam's narrow escapes ?", "answer": "The story of his entering a wolf's den and shooting the animal by the glare of his eyes, is known to every schoolboy, but serves to shew his love of bold adventure. At Fort Edwards he alone, when all others had fled, saved a magazine containing three hundred barrels of gunpowder from approaching flames; he was terribly burned. In one encounter he received fourteen bullet holes in his clothing. The British offered him money if he would desert the Americans, but nothing could buy his honor or his patriotism. Bold, fearless and patriotic, he stands in American history as one of the grand lights in American independence." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 189, "question": "When and where was fought the battle of Bunker Hill ? Describe that battle.", "answer": "On Breed's Hill, June 17th, 1775. It was the intention of Gen. Ward, who had command of the patriots, to fortify Bunker Hill in the night, but by some mistake Breed's Hill was selected, and was so near Boston that the sentinel's \"All's well!\" was distinctly heard. At daylight the British were startled by seeing the redoubt which had been constructed, and the officers immediately decided to drive them from their position. Three thousand troops under Gen. Howe were formed into line and slowly ascended the hill. No move was made by the patriots until the British were within ten rods, when Prescott shouted \"Fire!\" A blaze of light shot from the redoubt, and whole ranks of the enemy fell. The survivors, unable to endure the terrible slaughter, broke and fled. The second charge was but a repetition of the first, but on the third the ammunition of the patriots became exhausted and they were driven from the field." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 190, "question": "Who were the commanders in this battle ? What was the force of each army, and the loss ?", "answer": "Gen. Howe of the British army, and of the Americans it is uncertain who commanded, but it is thought by some to have been Prescott. The British force was 3,000, loss 1,000; the American force 1,500, loss 450." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 191, "question": "What American general was killed in this battle ?", "answer": "Gen. Warren. This gallant soldier was among the last to leave the field of battle, and while trying to rally the troops a British officer who knew him, seized a musket and shot him dead." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 192, "question": "How did the Americans regard the battle of Bunker Hill?", "answer": "The effect was that of a victory, as their untrained farmer-soldiers had met the well-trained troops of the British, had repulsed them twice with great slaughter, and but for the lack of ammunition would have been victorious." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 193, "question": "What two forts were captured by the Americans in May, 1775?", "answer": "Ticonderoga and Crown Point." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 194, "question": "To whom did these forts surrender?", "answer": "Ethan Allen and Benedict Arnold." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 195, "question": "What did Allen say when asked by what authority he demanded the surrender of Ticonderoga?", "answer": "\"I demand it in the name of the Great Jehovah and the Continental Congress.\"" }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 196, "question": "Who were termed \"Green Mountain Boys\"?", "answer": "During a controversy between New Hampshire and New York, over lands claimed by each party, Col. Ethan Allen became conspicuous in the cause of New Hampshire, and the recruits under him were called the \"Green Mountain Boys.\" It is now applied to soldiers of Vermont." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 197, "question": "When did the second Continental Congress assemble? What did this Congress do?", "answer": "It assembled May 10th, 1775, when they voted to raise and equip 20,000 men, and give the command to Gen. Washington. It was again convened at Philadelphia in May, 1776." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 198, "question": "When did Gen. Washington take command of the American army, and how large was his force?", "answer": "June 15th, 1775. His force was 14,000 men." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 199, "question": "What was the result of the American attack on Canada?", "answer": "They were unsuccessful, suffering a defeat at Quebec, where Gen. Montgomery, the American general, was killed." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 200, "question": "How did Washington force the British to evacuate Boston?", "answer": "By sending a force at night to fortify Dorchester Heights. These overlook Boston, and Howe, remembering the lesson of Bunker Hill, decided to leave. The next day, March 18th, Washington entered amid great rejoicing." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 201, "question": "Describe the attack on Fort Moultrie.", "answer": "June 28th, a British fleet under Admiral Parker opened fire on Fort Moultrie. The response from Moultrie's guns was so fearful that the fleet was badly shattered and they withdrew and sailed for New York." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 202, "question": "What daring feat was accomplished by Sergeant Jasper in his attack?", "answer": "Early in the action the flagstaff was struck by a ball; Jasper leaped over the breastworks, caught up the flag, and springing back tied it to a sponge staff, and hoisted it in its place." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 203, "question": "Who introduced measures into Congress that \"The United Colonies are, and ought to be, free and independent States\"?", "answer": "Richard Henry Lee, of Virginia, June 7, 1776." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 204, "question": "Who were appointed to draw up a declaration of rights?", "answer": "Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Roger Sherman, and Robert R. Livingston." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 205, "question": "When was the Declaration of Independence accepted by Congress?", "answer": "July 4th, 1776." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 206, "question": "What did this declaration declare?", "answer": "That the thirteen United States of America were free and independent." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 207, "question": "When were these articles signed, and by how many persons?", "answer": "August 2d, 1776, by all the members of Congress, numbering fifty-six." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 208, "question": "What became necessary after this declaration?", "answer": "That articles of government should be drawn." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 209, "question": "What were these articles called, and when were they to take effect?", "answer": "Articles of Confederation, and were to take effect when ratified by all the States." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 210, "question": "Were they ratified by Congress immediately?", "answer": "No; delays and objections arose, but they were established in March, 1781." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 211, "question": "Which State was last to give her consent?", "answer": "Rhode Island." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 212, "question": "Why were the articles of confederation not adapted to the general wants of the government?", "answer": "Because it gave no real power to congress, which body could only recommend what should be done. Congress could borrow money, but was not empowered to pay it; could declare war and determine how many troops should be raised, but could not levy taxes to defray expenses, nor compel the States to raise the troops." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 213, "question": "When was fought the battle of Long Island, and with what result?", "answer": "August 27th, 1776, the Americans being compelled to withdraw, closely pursued by the British under Gen. Howe." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 214, "question": "In the retreat of Washington, through what place did he pass?", "answer": "North by way of Harlem, White Plains and Chester, then southwest through New Jersey to the Pennsylvania side of the Delaware River." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 215, "question": "When was fought the battle of White Plains, and who was victorious?", "answer": "October 28th, 1776, neither side being victorious, although Washington retreated when the British received reinforcements." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 216, "question": "What was the feeling of the colonists at this time?", "answer": "They were discouraged and heartsick. In the three weeks' retreat of Washington the soldiers were poorly clad, barefooted, and often their blood-stained footprints were left on the frozen ground. It was a season of great adversity, and tried the patriotism of the new government. Many people of wealth and influence went over to the enemy." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 217, "question": "What daring exploit was made by Washington near the close of the year 1776?", "answer": "He crossed the Delaware December 26th, proceeded to Trenton, captured one thousand Hessians and a large quantity of arms, with the loss of only four men, two killed and two frozen to death." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 218, "question": "What was the effect of this brilliant feat?", "answer": "This was the great feat of the Revolution. The effect was electrical. It aroused the drooping spirits of the army and people. Recruits flocked to the standard of Liberty, and the troops whose term of enlistment had expired, agreed to remain. Such brilliant achievements of Washington astonished the British commander, and Cornwallis, who was about to return to England, under the impression that the rebels had been subdued, was ordered to return and prepare for a winter's campaign." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 219, "question": "Why did Washington choose Christmas night to attack the Hessians?", "answer": "Knowing that the Germans regarded this day as one of great festivities, he believed they would not expect an attack, and in the midst of their carousals could be surprised and routed." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 220, "question": "When and by whom was Rhode Island captured?", "answer": "December 8th, 1776, by Sir Peter Parker." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 221, "question": "At the opening of the year 1777, how many British armies in America?", "answer": "There were three, one of 35,000 men, under Gen. Howe, whose headquarters were in New York; one of 7,000 in Canada, under Sir Guy Carleton, and one of 5,000 in Rhode Island, commanded by Gen. Prescott." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 222, "question": "What battle soon followed Washington's success at Trenton?", "answer": "The battle of Princeton, Jan. 3d, 1777, which was one of the hottest fought battles during the whole war. The Americans were successful. That night Washington left his camp-fires burning to deceive the enemy, and by a circuitous route passed the British, fell upon the troops near Princeton, routed them, took three hundred prisoners, and by rapid marches reached Morristown Heights in safety." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 223, "question": "What was Cornwallis' mistake in this brilliant achievement of Washington?", "answer": "He was urged by other officers to attack Washington that night, but believing it an impossibility for him to escape, he declined, saying he could \"catch the fox in the morning.\" At daybreak the sound of cannon in the direction of Princeton aroused Gen. Erskine, who exclaimed, \"To arms, General! Washington has outgeneraled us; let us fly to the rescue at Princeton!\"" }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 224, "question": "What great compliment was given to Washington by Frederick the Great of Prussia?", "answer": "He declared that the achievements of Washington and his little band, during the six weeks following Christmas, were the most brilliant recorded on the pages of military history." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 225, "question": "During the summer following the battle of Princeton, what transpired between the British and Americans?", "answer": "But little of importance transpired. Howe waited for an attack, but finding Washington apparently on the defensive set out to force an engagement, which by the adroit movements of the Americans was prevented. Finding these attempts unsuccessful, Howe suddenly changed his plans and embarked eighteen thousand men on his brother's fleet and set sail for Chesapeake Bay." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 226, "question": "What was the force of Washington's army?", "answer": "It numbered only 11,000 men. But with this small army Washington resolved to hazard a battle for the defense of Philadelphia." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 227, "question": "What noted French Marquis joined the Americans at this time? Describe the obstacles which he overcame in order to offer his services to the American Congress.", "answer": "Marquis de La Fayette. This noble sympathizer of American independence desired to render assistance, though not yet twenty years of age; just married to a woman whom he tenderly loved; brilliant social prospects; objections of his family; protestations of the British minister; refusal of the king to grant permission. But still undaunted, he purchased a vessel with his own money, fitted it out and by evading the officers sent to detain him, crossed the ocean and hurried before Congress where he asked permission to serve as a volunteer without pay. This valor won for him a commission as Major-general before he was twenty-one." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 228, "question": "When was fought the battle of Brandywine, and who was victorious?", "answer": "September 11th, 1777, Washington was defeated, retreating to Philadelphia." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 229, "question": "When did Philadelphia surrender to the British?", "answer": "September 26th, 1777, without opposition." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 230, "question": "Where did Washington attack the British soon after his retreat from Philadelphia, and with what result?", "answer": "At Germantown, October 4th, meeting with a defeat, losing 1,200 men." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 231, "question": "What was one of the most daring and remarkable exploits during the war, and how accomplished?", "answer": "The capture of the British General Prescott by Col. Barton, with forty select soldiers, who crossed from Warwick in the night to the island of Rhode, where the British army was encamped, proceeded to Gen. Prescott's lodgings, captured him and returned." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 232, "question": "What was the chief object of taking Gen. Prescott? Was the exchange made?", "answer": "To have an officer of equal rank to Gen. Lee, that they might exchange. It was." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 233, "question": "Where did the British army go into winter quarters, and what was their condition in the spring? What did Dr. Franklin wittily remark of them?", "answer": "At Germantown. The winter was spent in such continued festivities that they were sadly demoralized. Because of this demoralization, Franklin said that \"Howe has not taken Philadelphia so much as Philadelphia has taken Howe.\"" }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 234, "question": "Who was Lydia Darrach?", "answer": "A Quaker woman, who revealed to Washington a plot that the British had arranged to attack him at White Marsh." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 235, "question": "What cheering offset to Washington's defeat greeted the Americans?", "answer": "The brilliant achievements of the Americans in the north." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 236, "question": "Who invaded the United States from Canada?", "answer": "Gen. Burgoyne with 10,000 British and Indian troops." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 237, "question": "What success did Burgoyne have?", "answer": "He captured Forts Crown Point, Ticonderoga, Edward, and the supplies at Whitehall. These successes created general consternation among the people. Militia-men from the neighboring States were rapidly collected, and under the command of Lincoln, Arnold, and Morgan, were dispatched to check the advance of the British." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 238, "question": "Who commanded the northern division of the American army? Who the British?", "answer": "Gen. Gates commanded the Americans, and Gen. Burgoyne the British." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 239, "question": "What stratagem did Arnold resort to, in order to rout the British, and relieve Fort Stanwix?", "answer": "He sent a half-witted boy into the camp of the British, who spread the report that a large body of Americans was close at hand. When asked their number, he could only answer by pointing to the leaves of the trees. The Indians and the British were so frightened that they fled immediately." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 240, "question": "At the battle of Bennington, how did Gen. Stark inspire his troops, and with what result?", "answer": "As the British lines were forming for the attack, he exclaimed: \"There are the red coats! We must beat them to-day, or Mollie Stark is a widow.\" They gained a victory, and took six hundred prisoners." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 241, "question": "What battles were fought by Gates and Burgoyne? Who was victorious?", "answer": "The battles of Stillwater (Saratoga), Sept. 19th, and Oct. 7th, 1777; the Americans were successful." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 242, "question": "When, where and to whom did Burgoyne sur-render?", "answer": "To Gen. Gates at Saratoga, Oct. 17th, 1777." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 243, "question": "What was the agreement in this surrender?", "answer": "That the British should give up their arms and ammunition, return to England, and engage no more in the war." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 244, "question": "In this campaign, what noted foreigner tendered his assistance \"to fight as a volunteer for American inde-pendence?\"", "answer": "Gen. Kosciusko, a Pole of noble birth. To perpetuate his memory a monument was raised at West Point." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 245, "question": "What patriotic remark did Gen. Stark make when informed, after the battle of Bennington, that one of his five sons had been unfortunate?", "answer": "\"Has he proved a coward or a traitor?\" \"Worse than that,\" was the answer, \"He has fallen, but while bravely fighting.\" \"Ah!\" said the father, \"then I am satisfied.\"" }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 246, "question": "What was the Conway Cabal plot?", "answer": "A plot, originating in Congress, to put Washington out of command of the army. When the people heard of it they were so indignant that those who proposed it were glad to sink into silence." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 247, "question": "When did Congress adopt the Articles of Confed-eration?", "answer": "They were adopted in November, 1777." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 248, "question": "Where did Washington quarter his troops during the winter of 1777-1778, and what was their condition?", "answer": "In Valley Forge. The men were encamped in cold, comfortless huts, with little or no clothing, many were barefooted, few had blankets, and straw could not be obtained; sickness followed, and for want of suitable food and medicines many died." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 249, "question": "What move was now made by England to effect a reconciliation?", "answer": "They sent commissioners with liberal proposals, but the day was past for any negotiation that did not recognize them free and independent." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 250, "question": "When Gen. Reed, of Pennsylvania, was offered ten thousand guineas and high honors to seek a negotiation of peace, what did he say?", "answer": "\"I am not worth purchasing; but such as I am, the King of Great Britain is not rich enough to buy me!\"" }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 251, "question": "Who were appointed by Congress to solicit aid from the French government?", "answer": "Benjamin Franklin, Silas Deane and Arthur Lee." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 252, "question": "When and where was a treaty of alliance formed?", "answer": "At Paris, February 6th, 1778, and was ratified by Congress May 4th." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 253, "question": "In the Spring what assistance was sent by France?", "answer": "A French fleet under Count d'Estaing." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 254, "question": "How long did the British hold Philadelphia?", "answer": "About nine months, withdrawing their forces June 18th, 1778." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 255, "question": "Where did Congress assemble while the British held Philadelphia?", "answer": "At Lancaster and York, Pennsylvania." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 256, "question": "When and where was fought the battle of Mon-mouth, and who were victorious? What heroic achieve-ment was performed by a woman in this battle?", "answer": "June 28th, 1778, in the eastern part of New Jersey. Both parties claimed the victory, but the British withdrew their troops. The day was sultry and hot. During this battle an artilleryman was shot at his post. His wife, Mary Pitcher, saw him fall, and heard the commander order the piece to be removed from the field; she hastened to the cannon, seized the rammer, and with great skill and courage performed her husband's duty." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 257, "question": "How was Mary Pitcher rewarded by Congress for her courage and patriotism?", "answer": "She was voted a sergeant's warrant with half-pay through life." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 258, "question": "What can be said of Gen. Lee in the battle of Monmouth?", "answer": "Gen. Lee, in conducting the attack, became alarmed and ordered a retreat, which threw the troops into confusion. Washington coming up ordered a halt, bitterly rebuked Lee, and by his personal influence rallied the men and sent them back against the enemy. Lee being thus rebuked, wrote indignant letters to Washington, who gave them to Congress, which body dismissed him from the army. Lee retired to his estate in Virginia and mourned over his conduct." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 259, "question": "Describe the campaign in Rhode Island?", "answer": "A combined attack on Newport was agreed upon by Gen. Sullivan and Count d'Estaing with the French fleet. Soon after the arrival of d'Estaing in Narragansett Bay, Howe appeared off the harbor with the English fleet. An engagement was about to commence, when a terrible storm came up and both fleets were badly shattered, and each retreated for repairs. Sullivan being thus deserted, was obliged to retreat to prevent an encounter with Gen. Clinton, who came from New York with reinforcements." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 260, "question": "When did the massacre of Wyoming occur? Who directed it?", "answer": "July 3d, 1778, under the direction of John Butler, at the head of 1,600 Tories and Indians." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 261, "question": "Describe this massacre.", "answer": "After the capture of the fort the Indians commenced the most barbarous massacre which their savage cruelty could devise. The entire valley was ablaze with burning buildings, and nothing that could be destroyed was allowed to remain. Butler tried to restrain this terrible butchery, but in vain. His savage allies knew no restraint until nothing remained for them to destroy." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 262, "question": "Who had charge of the American forces in the south, in 1779? Who the British?", "answer": "Gen. Lincoln. Gen. Provost of the British." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 263, "question": "At this time, where were Washington and Clinton?", "answer": "In the Northern States." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 264, "question": "What important posts on the Hudson were surrendered to the Americans in 1779 ?", "answer": "Stony Point and Paulus Hook." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 265, "question": "How were these posts taken, and by whom ?", "answer": "Gen. Wayne, in the night of July 15th, with unloaded guns and fixed bayonets, attacked Stony Point, carrying the works. Paulus Hook was surprised and taken by Major Lee, July 19th." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 266, "question": "What was the result of the American attack on Savannah ?", "answer": "A great loss to the American and French forces." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 267, "question": "In the siege of Savannah, what nobleman was mortally wounded ?", "answer": "The Polish nobleman, Count Pulaski." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 268, "question": "Up to this time, what had been the successes of the American navy and privateers ?", "answer": "They had captured over five hundred ships; they even cruised among the British Isles, and entering harbors seized and burned ships lying at the English wharves." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 269, "question": "Who was Paul Jones ?", "answer": "A very successful naval commander of the naval forces. His most memorable exploit occurred off the coast of Scotland, where the Bon Homme captured the Serapis. As the enemy carried heavier guns, he lashed the two vessels together, and for two hours they fought hand to hand with musket, pike and cutlass. As the Bon Homme Richard was about to sink, the captain of the Serapis struck his colors, and Jones transferred his men to the captured frigate and sailed off with his prize." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 270, "question": "During this year what Indian attack was made by General Sullivan ?", "answer": "He was ordered by Washington to attack the Indians on the frontiers of New York and Pennsylvania. The savages were everywhere defeated and forty of their villages burned." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 271, "question": "What was the condition of the country at the close of the year 1779 ? What was the condition of the finances of the government ?", "answer": "There was a very despondent feeling. The Americans had gained no important victory, while the British had gained control of much important territory. The finances of the government were in a very sad condition; the paper money was so greatly depreciated in value that it was almost useless in purchasing the necessaries of life." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 272, "question": "What was Continental Money?", "answer": "The paper currency issued by Congress. This issue amounted to $200,000,000, and became so depreciated that $40 in bills were worth only $1 in specie." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 273, "question": "In 1780, where were the military operations mostly carried on ?", "answer": "In South Carolina." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 274, "question": "What was the result of the siege of Charleston ?", "answer": "Gen. Lincoln was forced to surrender his troops, 2,000 in number, May 12th, 1780." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 275, "question": "Who succeeded Lincoln in the command of the Southern forces, and who had command of the British ?", "answer": "Gen. Gates succeeded Lincoln, and Lord Cornwallis had command of the British." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 276, "question": "When and where was the battle of Camden, who commanded, and who was victorious ?", "answer": "Near Camden, South Carolina, Aug. 16th, 1780. The armies were commanded by Gates and Cornwallis, the Americans being defeated with a loss of 2,000 men." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 277, "question": "Who received command of the Southern army after the unsuccessful operations of Gen. Gates ?", "answer": "Gen. Greene." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 278, "question": "What massacre was perpetrated by Col. Tarleton and a body of British ?", "answer": "The massacre of Waxhaw Creek, where a body of 400 Americans was surprised, and after surrendering were massacred." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 279, "question": "What was the condition of the South after these reverses ?", "answer": "As the States had been overrun by the British, there was no organized resistance to them." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 280, "question": "What fleet came to assist the Americans in July ?", "answer": "A French fleet, under De Ternay and Count De Rochambeau, with 6,000 troops." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 281, "question": "Who was Benedict Arnold ?", "answer": "An American traitor, who secretly agreed to betray West Point into the hands of the British." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 282, "question": "Who was Major Andre ?", "answer": "A British officer, who was sent by Clinton to negotiate with Arnold." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 283, "question": "What were the names of the captors of Andre, and how were they rewarded ?", "answer": "John Paulding, David Williams, and Isaac Van Wart. They received a pension of $200 each for life, and a silver medal bearing on one side the motto \"Fidelity,\" and on the other, \"The love of country conquers.\"" }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 284, "question": "What were the words of Washington when the proofs of Arnold's treason were placed in his hands ?", "answer": "\"Whom can we trust now.\"" }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 285, "question": "What became of Arnold and Andre?", "answer": "Arnold escaped to the British and was given a command in the army. Andre was hanged as a spy, Oct. 2d, 1780." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 286, "question": "How was Arnold rewarded for his treachery ?", "answer": "He received about $30,000, a colonelcy in the English army, and the contempt of everybody." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 287, "question": "Who rendered gallant assistance in the South in the lawless attacks of the Tories, and often successfully routed small detachments of the British soldiers ?", "answer": "Marion, Sumter, Pickens, and Lee." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 288, "question": "What can be said of the courage, privations and hardships of these men?", "answer": "They were brave; patriotic in the defense of liberty, gallantly fighting without pay, food or clothing. So strong was their determination to protect their country, that all the hardships and privations of warfare were received without a murmur or thought of retreat. A British officer who was sent to negotiate with Marion for the exchange of prisoners was asked to dine with him, and finding the fare so meagre, consisting only of roasted potatoes and salt, and that his host had neither bed nor blanket, he was so affected by this devotion to liberty, that he resigned his commission, declaring that he would never fight against a cause with such defenders." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 289, "question": "What was the condition of the British armies at the close of the year, 1780 ?", "answer": "They had two large armies, well equipped, one under Sir Henry Clinton, whose headquarters were at New York, and the other in the south, under Lord Cornwallis." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 290, "question": "What valuable assistance was rendered by Robert Morris, of Philadelphia ?", "answer": "By the donation of three million rations to the soldiers. He loaned large sums of money and even pledged his entire property as credit for the government. He also organized soldiers' relief associations, where private subscriptions were received, clothing made, and encouragement given for continued enlistment of soldiers whose time had expired. It is said that this patriot, so often the resource of Washington, lost his fortune in his old age and was confined in prison for debt." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 291, "question": "When and where was fought the battle of Cow-pens, and who was victorious ?", "answer": "In South Carolina, Jan. 17th, 1781. The Americans under Gen. Morgan were successful, with a loss of only 80 men. The enemy's loss was 800." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 292, "question": "What successful operations under Gen. Greene in September ?", "answer": "He attacked the British at Eutaw Springs, Sept. 8th, and the forces of the enemy were so crippled that they retired towards Charleston." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 293, "question": "Did Gen. Greene ever gain a decided victory ?", "answer": "He did not; but his defeats had all the effects of success, and Congress voted the highest honors to him for his prudence, wisdom, and valor." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 294, "question": "How was the war conducted at the North ?", "answer": "With great brutality. Arnold, who had command, burned much of private as well as public property, and Cornwallis, after arriving and taking command, destroyed $10,000,000 worth of property." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 295, "question": "What event brought the war to a close ?", "answer": "The surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 296, "question": "When and to whom did Cornwallis surrender ?", "answer": "To Gen. Washington, Oct. 19th, 1781." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 297, "question": "When and where was the treaty of peace signed ? Who were the commissioners who signed it ?", "answer": "At Paris, Sept. 3d, 1783. The American commissioners were John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Henry Lawrence, John Fay. The British commissioners were Messrs. Fitzherbert and Oswald." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 298, "question": "When was peace proclaimed to the American army ?", "answer": "April 19th, 1783, just eight years after the battle of Lexington." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 299, "question": "When and where did Washington resign his military commission ?", "answer": "Before Congress, which was assembled at Annapolis, Dec. 23d, 1783. He then returned to his home in Virginia." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 300, "question": "What was the condition of the country at this time ?", "answer": "The Articles of Confederation could not meet the wants of the people. Bitter jealousy existed between the several States with regard to each other and the general government. Continental money was much depreciated, and bankruptcy seemed almost inevitable." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 301, "question": "What noted persons from foreign powers gave their assistance to the Americans ?", "answer": "The Marquis de LaFayette, Count de Grasse, Count de Rochambeau, Count d'Estaing, Count Pulaski, and De Ternay." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 302, "question": "What was the cause of Shay's rebellion ?", "answer": "In New England they refused to pay their taxes, and openly threatened to overturn the government. It was put down by militia under Gen. Lincoln." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 303, "question": "When was the national flag adopted ? Describe it.", "answer": "In 1777, by Congress. It is composed of thirteen stripes, alternate red and white, with a field of blue in the upper flag-staff corner, on which there is a star for every State. The breadth is two-thirds its length." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 304, "question": "When was the Constitution adopted ?", "answer": "In 1788." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 305, "question": "After the adoption of the Constitution, where did Congress first meet ?", "answer": "At New York, in April, 1789." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 306, "question": "What were the difficulties with which the new government had to contend ?", "answer": "The treasury was empty, and the United States had no credit; the Indians were hostile; pirates from the Barbary States preyed upon our commerce; Spain refused the navigation of the Mississippi; England had not sent a minister to our government, nor had she made a treaty of commerce with us." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 307, "question": "When was Washington inaugurated as President of the United States ?", "answer": "At New York, April 30th, 1789." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 308, "question": "Where was the second session of Congress held ?", "answer": "At Philadelphia, where the seat of government was to remain until 1800." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 309, "question": "When did the city of Washington become the capital of the United States ?", "answer": "In the year 1800." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 310, "question": "Who were Washington's Cabinet ?", "answer": "Jefferson, Hamilton, Knox and Randolph. Jefferson was appointed Secretary of State; Hamilton, Secretary of the Treasury; Knox, Secretary of War; and Randolph, Attorney-General." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 311, "question": "How was the credit of the United States put upon a firm basis ?", "answer": "By the advice of Alexander Hamilton, taxes were levied on imported goods, and distillation of spirits; also a mint and national bank were established at Philadelphia." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 312, "question": "What did Daniel Webster say of Hamilton ?", "answer": "\"He smote the rock of the national resources and abundant streams of revenue burst forth. He touched the dead corpse of public credit, and it sprang upon its feet.\"" }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 313, "question": "Who was appointed Minister to the United States from France ? Why was he recalled ?", "answer": "Citizen Genet, in 1793. The war which broke out between France and England induced Genet to try and rouse the American people to espouse the cause of France, and he even went so far as to fit out privateers in the ports of the United States to prey upon British commerce. Washington had great trouble in preserving neutrality. He saw that the true American policy was to keep free from European alliances, and therefore demanded the recall of Genet." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 314, "question": "What great calamity visited the people of America in August, 1793?", "answer": "The yellow fever broke out in Philadelphia, and raged with such virulence that in three months, out of a population of 60,000, no less than 4,000 perished." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 315, "question": "What was the whisky rebellion?", "answer": "The inhabitants in Western Pennsylvania were determined that no tax should be paid on whisky, and they were so well organized that fifteen thousand troops were ordered out to subdue them" }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 316, "question": "What difficulties now arose with the Indians, and what expeditions were sent against them?", "answer": "The early settlers of Ohio were much annoyed by their depredations, and Gens. Warner and St. Clair were sent against them, but were defeated with great slaughter. Gen. Wayne was now put in command, who, in 1794, gained a complete victory, laying waste their whole country." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 317, "question": "What was the condition of foreign affairs?", "answer": "Difficulties were arising with England in regard to the collection of debts in America, and the impressment of our seamen. A treaty was made with Spain securing to the United States the free navigation of the Mississippi and fixing the boundary of Florida, still held by that nation." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 318, "question": "What treaty was made with England in regard to English debts? How was this treaty received by the American people?", "answer": "Chief Justice Jay was sent as envoy-extraordinary to England, where he negotiated a treaty which was ratified by the Senate in 1795, after a violent opposition. This treaty recognized the right to collect debts in the United States, but did not forbid the impressment of American seamen, so bitterly complained of." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 319, "question": "What two political parties were now organized? Who were the leaders of these parties?", "answer": "The Republican party under the leadership of Jefferson, Madison and Randolph, and the Federalist by Hamilton and Adams." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 320, "question": "What were the principles advocated by these parties?", "answer": "The Federalists favored the granting of power to the general government, which they thought should be strong, while the Republicans, fearing the strength of the government would lead to a monarchy, advocated States' rights as a safeguard against the usurpation of power. They also opposed the United States Bank, the English treaty and the assumption of the States' debts. In the election of Adams, the Federalists were accused of being the friends of Great Britain and the Republicans the friends of France. The Republicans declared themselves the only true friends of the people, and stigmatized all others as aristocrats and monarchists." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 321, "question": "By what majority was Adams elected?", "answer": "By a majority of two electoral votes over Jefferson, the Republican nominee, who became Vice-President." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 322, "question": "When was John Adams inaugurated President?", "answer": "March 4th, 1797." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 323, "question": "During Adams' administration, what memorable occurrences transpired?", "answer": "The passage of the Alien and Sedition Laws, and difficulties with France." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 324, "question": "What was the nature of the Alien and Sedition Laws?", "answer": "Under the Alien Law, the President could expel from the country any foreigner whom he deemed injurious to the United States. Under the Sedition Law, any one libeling Congress, the President, or the government, could be fined or imprisoned." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 325, "question": "What were the difficulties with France, and what prevented war with that nation?", "answer": "Our flag was insulted, our vessels were captured, and our envoys were refused audience by the French government. Hostilities were commenced on the seas, but when Napoleon became First Consul of France the difficulty ceased. Peace was declared in 1800." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 326, "question": "Why was France so hostile to the United States when she had previously rendered such valuable services?", "answer": "Having rendered assistance many of her people believed that the United States should return favors, and becoming desperate in her home difficulties, sought revenge by insults, and piracy upon our commerce. The recall of Genet they considered an insult to them." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 327, "question": "In the midst of these events, what memorable event transpired?", "answer": "The death of George Washington. He died Dec. 14th, 1799, at Mount Vernon, at the age of sixty-eight years." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 328, "question": "When was the seat of government removed from Philadelphia to Washington?", "answer": "In the year 1800." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 329, "question": "What was the political feeling during this administration?", "answer": "Strong party feeling prevailed during the entire administration. The unpopularity of the Alien and Sedition Laws resulted in a victory at the Presidential election of the Republican nominees." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 330, "question": "Who were nominated in this campaign?", "answer": "The Federalists nominated Adams and Pinckney. The Republicans Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 331, "question": "What tie vote existed in this election?", "answer": "That of Jefferson and Burr." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 332, "question": "How was Thomas Jefferson elected President?", "answer": "He was elected by Congress on the thirty-sixth ballot, there being no election by the people, he and Aaron Burr receiving an equal number of votes." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 333, "question": "What was the most important event of Jefferson's administration?", "answer": "The purchase of Louisiana from Napoleon for $15,000,000. This secured over one million square miles of land, and the full possession of the Mississippi. This tract had just been ceded by Spain to France." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 334, "question": "What was the cause of the war with Tripoli?", "answer": "American commerce suffered greatly from the inhabitants of the Barbary States, who were known as pirates. They also held the crews of captured vessels until ransomed. The war occurred in 1805." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 335, "question": "What daring exploit was accomplished by Lieut. Decatur?", "answer": "The frigate Philadelphia had unfortunately grounded while in the harbor of Tripoli, and fell into the hands of the Bashaw. Decatur entered the harbor with a small vessel, apparently in distress, he having concealed his men below, boarded the Philadelphia, swept the crew into the sea, set the ship on fire, and amid a tremendous cannonade from the batteries, escaped without the loss of a man." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 336, "question": "What difficulties arose between England and the United States?", "answer": "England claimed the right of stopping American vessels on the high seas, searching for seamen of English birth and pressing them into the British navy. Accordingly the British frigate Leopold fired into the American frigate Chesapeake off the coast of Virginia, and her commander going aboard, seized four of the crew, three of which were Americans by birth. These were taken on the pretense of being deserters." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 337, "question": "What was the American doctrine in regard to naturalized foreigners? What the English?", "answer": "That when naturalized they were American citizens and entitled to the same protection as any citizen. The English doctrine, \"Once an Englishman, always an Englishman.\"" }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 338, "question": "After the capture of the Chesapeake, what did Jefferson order?", "answer": "That all British war vessels should quit the waters of the United States." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 339, "question": "What was the Embargo Act?", "answer": "An Act of Congress forbidding American vessels to leave port. As this was so injurious to our commerce the Act was removed, but all intercourse with England and France was forbidden." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 340, "question": "What was the Milan Decree?", "answer": "An Act by Napoleon that confiscated all vessels that submitted to a search by an English ship, or had paid tribute." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 341, "question": "What disastrous event transpired between Aaron Burr and Alexander Hamilton?", "answer": "A duel in which Hamilton was killed. This occurred July, 1804, and was greatly lamented by the American people." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 342, "question": "What was \"Burr's Conspiracy\"?", "answer": "In 1806 Aaron Burr was arrested for a supposed attempt to form an independent government west of the Alleghanies. He was tried for treason, but acquitted. Undoubtedly his ambition was to be president of an independent republic, to conquer Mexico and establish a strong government." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 343, "question": "For what is Robert Fulton noted?", "answer": "For inventing the steamboat. The first voyage was made from New York to Albany in 1807." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 344, "question": "At the close of Jefferson's second term what was the political sentiment of each party?", "answer": "The bitterness existing between the United States and England was fast leading to a declaration of war. The Republicans, under the leadership of James Madison, advocated the enforcement of American rights, while the Federalists were opposed to a war policy." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 345, "question": "When was James Madison inaugurated President?", "answer": "March 4th, 1809." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 346, "question": "What Indian disturbances occurred in the year 1811?", "answer": "The British emissaries had aroused the Indians to war, and Tecumseh formed a confederacy of the Northwestern tribes. Gen. Harrison was sent against them, who, at the battle of Tippecanoe, routed them with great slaughter." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 347, "question": "What acts did England continue to impose upon the United States? What was the result of these depredations?", "answer": "They continued to impress our seamen, capture our ships, and even went so far as to send war vessels into our waters and seize our ships as prizes. The British government refusing to relinquish its offensive course, all hope of peace was abandoned and the people prepared for war." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 348, "question": "When was war formally declared against Great Britain? How long did it last?", "answer": "June 19th, 1812, and lasted two years and a half." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 349, "question": "What was the opening event of the war of 1812?", "answer": "The government proposed to invade Canada. Accordingly Gen. Hull crossed over from Detroit, but learning that the British and Indians were gathering to attack him, retreated, pursued by a force of British under Gen. Brock, and Indians under Tecumseh." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 350, "question": "Describe the surrender of Detroit.", "answer": "As Gen. Brock marched to attack the fort, Hull seemed to lose all presence of mind, and dare not risk a battle. He raised the white flag, surrendered Detroit with its garrisons and stores, and the whole of Michigan, without even stipulating for the honors of war." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 351, "question": "What other attempt was made to invade Canada, and with what result?", "answer": "In October of the same year Gen. Van Rensselaer sent a small body of men across the Niagara River to attack the British at Queenstown Heights. The English were driven from their position, and Gen. Brock killed. Gen. Van Rensselaer now returned to bring over the rest of his army, but the militia had lost their courage, and refused to go. The troops on the Canadian shore, thus basely abandoned, were compelled to surrender." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 352, "question": "What were some of the most important naval victories for the Americans in 1812?", "answer": "The capture of the Guerriere by the Constitution, Aug. 19th; of the Frolic by the Wasp, Oct. 18th; of the Macedonia by the United States, Oct. 25th; of the Java by the Constitution, Dec. 29th." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 353, "question": "During this year, how many prizes were captured by the Americans?", "answer": "Over three hundred." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 354, "question": "What effect did these remarkable naval victories have upon the people?", "answer": "It aroused great enthusiasm and inspired confidence. Enlistments were rapid, and the course of the government generally approved. In the midst of these successes Madison was re-elected with but little opposition." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 355, "question": "What was the plan of the campaign of 1813?", "answer": "Three armies were raised with the intention of invading Canada. The division under Harrison was sent to the west shore of Lake Erie; the division under Dearborn between Erie and Ontario; and Hampden's division on the shore of Lake Champlain." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 356, "question": "What successes had these divisions?", "answer": "They accomplished but little." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 357, "question": "Describe Perry's victory on Lake Erie.", "answer": "The American fleet consisted of nine vessels, carrying fifty-four guns, and the British fleet of six vessels and sixty-three guns. Perry's flag-ship, the Lawrence, engaged two of the heaviest vessels of the enemy, and fought until but eight of his men were left. Leaving the Lawrence he passed to the Niagara, and within fifteen minutes after mounting the deck won the victory." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 358, "question": "What daring exploit was performed by Perry?", "answer": "It was while passing from the Lawrence to the Niagara. The enemy's guns were directed upon him, and although he passed within pistol-shot of the British, he escaped without injury." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 359, "question": "In writing to Gen. Harrison of the victory gained, what memorable words did Perry use?", "answer": "\"We have met the enemy, and they are ours.\"" }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 360, "question": "What course did Harrison pursue after hearing of the Erie engagement?", "answer": "Harrison was at Sandusky Bay, preparing to invade Canada, and at the news of this victory crossed the lake, landed at Malden, where, on the approach of Harrison the British retreated, but were overtaken on the Thames River and compelled to surrender. Proctor escaped by the fleetness of his horse. In this engagement Tecumseh was killed." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 361, "question": "What were the principal American naval victories in 1813?", "answer": "The capture of the Peacock by the Hornet, Feb. 24th; of the Boxer by the Enterprise, Sept. 5th; of Barkley's fleet by Perry's fleet, Sept. 10th." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 362, "question": "What were the important British naval victories in 1813?", "answer": "The capture of the Chesapeake by the Shannon, and the Argus by the Pelican." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 363, "question": "In what engagement, and by whom, was used the sentence, \"don't give up the ship\"?", "answer": "It was the last command of Capt. Lawrence as he was carried below during the engagement between the Chesapeake and Shannon." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 364, "question": "What Indian disturbances occurred, and who was sent to punish them?", "answer": "A rising of the Alabama Indians. They fell upon Fort Mims and massacred the garrison. Gen. Jackson took command, drove them from place to place, and at Horseshoe Bend, where they had fortified themselves, the soldiers with fixed bayonets scaled their breastworks, and a desperate battle ensued. Six hundred Creeks were killed. Those who escaped were glad to make peace on any terms." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 365, "question": "What ravages were committed by Admiral Cockburn?", "answer": "Early in the spring Cockburn commenced devastating the southern coast. In Virginia and Carolina he burned bridges, farmhouses, and villages, robbed the inhabitants, plundered churches, and murdered the sick in their beds." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 366, "question": "In the third invasion of Canada, what battles were fought?", "answer": "They attacked the British at Chippewa, July 5th, and gained a brilliant victory. A second engagement was at Lundy's Lane, July 25th." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 367, "question": "Describe the battle of Lundy's Lane. Who commanded?", "answer": "It was one of the bloodiest battles of the war. Gen. Scott commanded the American forces of one thousand men, and maintained the unequal contest until dark. A battery located on a height was the key to the British position. Scott asked Col. Miller if he could take it. \"I'll try, sir,\" was the reply. The battery was taken. Three times the British rallied for its recapture, but were unsuccessful. This victory, though glorious to the American army, was barren of direct results." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 368, "question": "Describe the battle of Lake Champlain.", "answer": "In this contest the British fleet on Lake Champlain attacked the American squadron under Com. McDonough and was nearly annihilated. Prevost, with twelve thousand men, advanced against Plattsburg, but when he found that his ships were lost, he fled, leaving his sick and wounded, and large quantities of military stores." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 369, "question": "What were some of the ravages of the British on the Atlantic coast?", "answer": "Gen. Ross marched to Washington, burned the capitol and other public buildings, libraries, records, and several private dwellings." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 370, "question": "How did the term \"Hartford Convention Federalist\" originate? What was the sentiment of the Hartford Convention?", "answer": "A convention of delegates from the New England States met at Hartford, December 15th, 1814, and bitterly opposed the administration because of its mode of conducting the war. The meeting was branded with odium by the friends of the administration, and the name was long used as a term of reproach." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 371, "question": "When and where were the articles of peace signed?", "answer": "At Ghent, December 24th, 1814." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 372, "question": "After this treaty, what terrible battle was fought, and with what loss?", "answer": "The battle of New Orleans, January 8th. Gen. Jackson commanded the American forces, numbering 6,000, and Gen. Pakenham commanded the British, numbering 12,000. The American loss was seven killed and seven wounded. The British loss was 2,500." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 373, "question": "What was the national debt at this time?", "answer": "$127,000,000." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 374, "question": "At the close of Madison's term of office what was the political feeling?", "answer": "The Federalist party was almost entirely broken up by its opposition to the war, and James Monroe, the Republican candidate for President, was almost unanimously elected. He was generally beloved, and all parties united in his support." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 375, "question": "When was James Monroe inaugurated?", "answer": "March 4th, 1817." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 376, "question": "What was the Missouri compromise bill? Who proposed this compromise?", "answer": "A bill defining the limits of slavery; all States north of latitude 36° 30', and all territories west of the Mississippi should be free. It was proposed by Henry Clay." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 377, "question": "What foreigner visited this country as \"The Nation's Guest\"?", "answer": "La Fayette." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 378, "question": "What was the nature of the Monroe doctrine?", "answer": "Any attempt by a European nation to gain domination in America would be considered by the United States as an unfriendly act." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 379, "question": "How was Florida obtained?", "answer": "By a treaty with Spain, in 1819." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 380, "question": "What political parties were now before the people? What principles did they represent?", "answer": "The Whig party, which was formed in Jackson's time, was fast coming to the front as an opposition to the Republican party. The opposition being so strong, the name Republican was dropped, and thenceforth the party was known as the Democratic party. The Whigs were in favor of a protective tariff and a general system of internal improvements. The Democrats opposed these measures. John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay were the champions of the Whigs, and Andrew Jackson and John C. Calhoun of the Democrats." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 381, "question": "From what originated the term \"loco-foco\"?", "answer": "It was a name applied to the Democratic party in 1835, and originated because of a contention in a Democratic meeting, where the lights were all put out and relighted by loco-foco matches which some of the members carried in their pockets." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 382, "question": "What is a protective tariff?", "answer": "A duty on imported goods for the purpose of encouraging home manufactures." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 383, "question": "How was J. Q. Adams elected President?", "answer": "There being four candidates, no majority of votes was obtained. He was chosen by the House of Representatives." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 384, "question": "What important events occurred during Adams' administration ?", "answer": "The first railroad was completed, and the Erie Canal was opened." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 385, "question": "Where was the first railroad in the United States ?", "answer": "The first railroad in the United States was built in 1833, from Albany to Schenectady." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 386, "question": "How long is the Erie Canal ?", "answer": "The Erie Canal is about 363 miles in length." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 387, "question": "Why was the \"American System\" (a protective tariff) popular in the East and unpopular in the South ?", "answer": "Protection for the East meant a shutting off of foreign manufactures from a direct competition with their products, while in the South, agricultural pursuits being the chief employment of the people, they desired goods brought to them as cheaply as possible." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 388, "question": "Why was J. Q. Adams not elected to a second term of office ?", "answer": "Because of the principle of a protective tariff which was advocated by his party, Andrew Jackson, the hero of New Orleans and the Democratic nominee, was elected." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 389, "question": "What sentiment was often applied to Mr. Adams ?", "answer": "He was called \"the old man eloquent.\"" }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 390, "question": "When and by whom was the corner-stone of Bunker Hill Monument laid ?", "answer": "It was laid by Gen. LaFayette, on the fiftieth anniversary of the battle, June 17th, 1825." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 391, "question": "What was the character of Jackson's administration ? What was his \"rotation in office\"?", "answer": "It was noted for his inflexible honesty, sturdiness of purpose and excellent judgment. He surrounded himself at once by his political friends, thus establishing the principle of \"rotation in office.\" During his first year in office there were nearly seven hundred removals from office, not including subordinate clerks, while in the forty years preceding there had been but seventy-four." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 392, "question": "What was the Nullification Ordinance ?", "answer": "It declared the tariff laws \"null and void,\" and that the State (South Carolina) would secede from the Union if force should be employed to collect any revenue." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 393, "question": "Who were the strongest supporters of nullification ?", "answer": "John C. Calhoun and Robert Y. Hayne." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 394, "question": "What action did Jackson take ?", "answer": "He issued a proclamation announcing his determination to execute the laws, and ordered troops under Gen. Scott to Charleston." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 395, "question": "What was Henry Clay's \"Compromise Bill\"?", "answer": "In order to prevent an open rupture between South Carolina and the government, he advocated a general reduction of the tariff. This compromise was accepted by both sides and quiet restored." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 396, "question": "Who said \"I would rather be right than President\"? Why did he say this?", "answer": "It was an expression of Henry Clay when his friends insisted that to advocate the compromise would lessen his chances for the presidency. This step of Henry Clay demanded great moral courage, as it required a partial surrender of his cherished principles of protection and the breaking away from political friends, but the patriotic sentiment of peace overcame these inducements of party favors and triumphs, and he advocated what his noble nature pointed out was for the best interests of his country." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 397, "question": "What important bill did Jackson veto during his first term ? What did he do in 1833 in regard to the public money in the United States Bank ?", "answer": "He vetoed the bill renewing the charter of the United States Bank. In 1833 he withdrew the public money from this bank and deposited it in the local banks. By withdrawing this money the bank contracted its loans, money became scarce and commercial distress ensued. The measure excited violent clamor, but he was sustained by the Democratic majority in the House of Representatives. When the money was deposited in local banks it became easy to borrow, and speculation extended to every branch of trade." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 398, "question": "What can be said of speculation at this time ?", "answer": "The land speculation was the great craze of the times. New cities were laid out in the wilderness, fabulous prices were charged for building lots, and fortunes seemed to be in the reach of everyone. These hot-house schemes, which existed only on paper, at last came to an end and a disastrous relapse ensued." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 399, "question": "What Indian troubles occurred during Jackson's administration ?", "answer": "The Black Hawk War broke out in the Northwest Territory. After some skirmishing they were driven off and their leader, Black Hawk, was captured. The Florida War with the Seminoles grew out of an attempt to move them, in accordance with a treaty, to lands west of the Mississippi." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 400, "question": "What demands were made of the French government ?", "answer": "They had promised to pay $5,000,000 for damages to our commerce during Napoleon's war. Jackson urged Congress to make reprisals on French ships. By the mediation of England, the debt was paid and war prevented." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 401, "question": "What were the leading principles of the Democratic party in the election of Martin Van Buren ? Who was the Whig candidate ?", "answer": "No United States Bank; no Protective Tariff. Gen. Harrison was the Whig candidate." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 402, "question": "What were some of the memorable events during Van Buren's administration ?", "answer": "The Financial Crisis of 1837, and the Patriot War." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 403, "question": "What were some of the causes of the Financial Crisis ?", "answer": "(1) The specie circular, which was issued by Jackson, directing that payments for public lands should be made in gold and silver. (2) The surplus public money, amounting to about $28,000,000, which was ordered by Congress to be withdrawn from the local banks and distributed among the States. The banks could not meet this demand. (3) Heavy importations of European goods, which had to be paid for in gold and silver. (4) A terrible fire in New York City on the night of Dec. 16th, 1835, which burned six hundred valuable stores, and property to the amount of $18,000,000." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 404, "question": "Mention some of the results of this crisis.", "answer": "Business men could not pay their debts and failures were everyday occurrences. In New York City alone during March and April, failures amounted to over $100,000,000. Property of all kinds declined in value. Eight of the States failed, wholly or in part, and even the United States government could not pay its debts. Consternation seized upon all classes, confidence was destroyed and trade stood still." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 405, "question": "What was the \"Patriot War\"?", "answer": "The Canadian Rebellion against England." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 406, "question": "What occurred during the Patriot war ?", "answer": "The Canadian Rebellion stirred the sympathies of the American people. Meetings were held, volunteers offered and arms contributed. The President issued a proclamation, and Gen. Scott was sent to the frontier to preserve the peace. A body of American sympathizers took possession of Navy Island, in the Niagara River, but was dislodged by British troops. The steamer Caroline was taken by a body of British troops and sent, with her crew, over the Falls." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 407, "question": "What disturbance occurred between Maine and New Brunswick ? How was it settled ?", "answer": "The people of each section threatened to take up arms to support their respective claims as to the boundary lines. For some time there was great peril of a war with England, but the matter was settled during Tyler's administration by what is called the Ashburton treaty of 1842, Lord Ashburton and Daniel Webster acting as commissioners." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 408, "question": "At the close of Van Buren's administration, what was the political feeling ?", "answer": "The financial difficulties weakened the faith of the people in the Democratic party and Van Buren failed of a re-election." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 409, "question": "What party was now successful ?", "answer": "The Whig party elected William Henry Harrison by an immense majority." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 410, "question": "How long did Harrison remain in office ?", "answer": "One month." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 411, "question": "Did Tyler carry out the principles of the party which elected him ?", "answer": "He did not." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 412, "question": "What bill was vetoed by Tyler, to the great disgust of the men who elected him ?", "answer": "A bill for establishing a United States Bank." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 413, "question": "What was the cause of the Dorr Rebellion ?", "answer": "The people of Rhode Island organized by force a new constitution and elected Dorr Governor. Dorr was arrested, tried for treason, and sentenced for life. He was afterwards pardoned." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 414, "question": "What were the Anti-Rent difficulties ?", "answer": "The tenants on some of the old patroon estates in New York refused to pay the rent. Some assumed the disguise of Indians, tarred and feathered those who paid their rents, and even killed officials who served warrants upon them." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 415, "question": "What occurred in relation to the Mormons ?", "answer": "They were settled at Nauvoo, Ill., but having incurred the enmity of the people about them, were compelled to leave. Joseph Smith, their leader, was killed by a mob." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 416, "question": "When was Texas admitted into the Union ? Why was their petition at first rejected ?", "answer": "December 27th, 1845. She applied for admission in 1836. The objections were of two reasons: 1st, the boundary line was in dispute and if annexed there would most likely be a war with Mexico; 2d, Texas held slaves and if admitted would add another slave State." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 417, "question": "Where was the first telegraph, and what was the first message sent by it ?", "answer": "From Baltimore to Washington. The message was the announcement of Polk's nomination for President of the United States." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 418, "question": "When and by whom was the cotton-gin invented?", "answer": "It was invented in 1792 by Eli Whitney, but did not come into great prominence until the raising of cotton had become an important feature in the agriculture of the Southern States." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 419, "question": "What were the political sentiments during the campaign for President ? Who were nominated ?", "answer": "The question of the annexation of Texas went before the people for their decision. The Whigs, who opposed the annexation, nominated Henry Clay, and the Democrats who favored its admission, nominated James K. Polk. After a close contest Polk was elected." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 420, "question": "What were the causes which led to the war with Mexico ?", "answer": "The annexation of Texas by the United States, and a certain tract of land claimed by Mexico." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 421, "question": "Who had command of the American army ?", "answer": "Gen. Taylor in 1846, and Gen. Winfield Scott in 1847. Scott was successful in many engagements, entering Mexico Sept. 14th, 1847." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 422, "question": "What prominent battles were won by Taylor? What by Scott?", "answer": "Taylor won the battles of Palo Alto May 8th, Monterey Sept. 24th and Buena Vista Feb. 23d, 1847. Gen. Scott won the battles of Vera Cruz March 29th, Cerro Gordo April 18th, and the capture of the entire forces of the City of Mexico." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 423, "question": "Who was John C. Fremont, and what part did he take in the Mexican war?", "answer": "He was sent out by the United States government with a small exploring party, to seek a new route to Oregon. While in California, in 1844, he received instructions from the government to protect the interests of the United States in that territory. Troops were quickly raised and the Mexicans compelled to retire southward. By the advice of Fremont the American settlers in California declared their independence of Mexico, July 5th, 1846." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 424, "question": "What was the treaty of peace between the United States and Mexico ?", "answer": "A withdrawal of United States troops; that Mexico should cede to the United States the territories of New Mexico and Upper California for the sum of $15,000,000, and pay $3,500,000 to American citizens due them by Mexico." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 425, "question": "What was the \"Wilmot Proviso\" ?", "answer": "David Wilmot offered in Congress, August, 1846, a bill forbidding slavery in any territory which should be acquired. This was to prohibit slavery in the territory of Texas. It excited violent debate, but did not become a law." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 426, "question": "When was gold discovered in California ?", "answer": "February, 1848, by a workman in digging in a mill-race in the Sacramento Valley." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 427, "question": "What political parties were now in the field, and who were nominated by them ?", "answer": "Three parties were in the field. The Whigs nominated General Taylor; the Democrats, Lewis Cass; and the Free-soilers, who were opposed to the extension of slavery, and believed that, as Taylor was a slave-holder, the principle of slavery would be fostered by him, formed a new party and nominated Martin Van Buren. Taylor was elected." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 428, "question": "How long was Taylor in office ?", "answer": "He was inaugurated President, March 4th, 1849, and died July 9th, 1850, after an illness of only five days." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 429, "question": "What important question arose at the commencement of Taylor's administration ?", "answer": "California applied for admission to the Union as a free State. This brought the question of slavery into an intense agitation and for a time it seemed as though a terrible crisis was at hand." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 430, "question": "What was the \"Omnibus Bill\" ?", "answer": "The compromise of 1850 presented by Henry Clay and proposed (1) that California should come in as a free State; (2) that the territories of Utah and New Mexico should be formed without any provision concerning slavery; (3) that Texas should be paid $10,000,000 to give up its claim on the territory of New Mexico; (4) that the slave trade should be prohibited in the District of Columbia; and (5) that a Fugitive Slave Law should be enacted." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 431, "question": "Who was the \"Great Pacificator\"?", "answer": "Henry Clay, as he was ever ready to surrender a portion of his political convictions in order to establish peace." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 432, "question": "What was the Fugitive Slave Law?", "answer": "It provided for the return of slaves to their owners, who had escaped to a free State." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 433, "question": "What can be said of the Invasion of Cuba?", "answer": "About five hundred adventurers undertook the annexation of Cuba to the United States, but were defeated and Lopez, the leader, was executed at Havana in 1851." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 434, "question": "What two great men died in 1852?", "answer": "Henry Clay and Daniel Webster." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 435, "question": "Who were the candidates in the next presidential election? What principles did they advocate?", "answer": "The Democrats and Whigs declared that they stood by the provisions of the Omnibus Bill, but the Free-soilers were outspoken against it. Franklin Pierce, the Democratic nominee, was elected by a large majority over Gen. Scott, the Whig candidate." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 436, "question": "What was the Kansas-Nebraska Bill? Who presented it?", "answer": "Its nature was a repeal of the Missouri compromise bill, allowing the people of the territories to decide whether it should be bond or free. It was proposed by Stephen A. Douglas, and had relation to the territories of Kansas and Nebraska. It became a law, May, 1854." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 437, "question": "How did this bill affect the inhabitants of Kansas?", "answer": "A bitter contest arose between the pro-slavery and anti-slavery men. Each party sent bodies of armed emigrants to the territory. Disturbances arose, mobs were formed, houses were attacked and pillaged, men were murdered in cold blood, and for several years Kansas was a scene of lawless violence." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 438, "question": "What was the Gadsden purchase?", "answer": "A dispute arose between the United States and Mexico, with regard to the boundary line. Gen. Gadsden negotiated a settlement, whereby $10,000,000 were paid to Mexico for additional territory." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 439, "question": "What treaty was made with Japan?", "answer": "Commodore Perry's expedition to Japan, in 1854, resulted in a treaty by which that country opened two ports to the merchants of the United States." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 440, "question": "What was the political situation? Who were nominated?", "answer": "The compromise of 1820 and 1850 being now abolished, the slave question became the turning point of the election. New party lines were drawn to meet this issue. The Whig party now ceased to exist, and the Republican party, absorbing all who opposed the extension of slavery, nominated John C. Fremont, who carried eleven States. The Democratic party nominated James Buchanan, who was elected. The Know-Nothing, or American party, was organized to resist the influence of foreigners. It carried Maryland, but its existence was of short duration. Its motto was \" America for Americans.\"" }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 441, "question": "What was the Dred Scott Decision?", "answer": "The Supreme Court of the United States declared that slave-owners might take their slaves into any State in the Union without forfeiting authority over them. Dred Scott was a slave, and claimed freedom on the ground that he had been taken into a free territory." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 442, "question": "What did John Brown attempt to do?", "answer": "Being an ardent lover of negro freedom, he conceived the wild scheme of taking the law into his own hands and liberating the slaves. He seized the United States arsenal at Harper's Ferry in 1859, and proclaimed freedom to all the slaves in the vicinity. He was taken by the United States and hung as a traitor." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 443, "question": "In the fall elections, who were the candidates for the Presidency?", "answer": "Abraham Lincoln, Stephen A. Douglas, John C. Breckinridge, and John Bell." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 444, "question": "What did each of the parties advocate?", "answer": "The Lincoln party held, that while slavery must be protected where it was, it ought not to be carried into any free territory. The Douglas party favored squatter's sovereignty, the right of each State to decide whether it shall exclude or accept slavery. The Breckinridge party claimed that any citizen has a right to migrate to any territory, taking with him anything that is property (including slaves), and Congress is bound to protect the rights of slave-holders in all the territories. The Bell party had for their platform : \" The Constitution of the country, the union of the States, and the enforcement of the laws.\"" }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 445, "question": "What were the causes which led to the Civil war?", "answer": "The agitation of the slavery question. The Southern States, believing they had a right to secede from the Union, seceded, but the Federal government, denying that right, raised armies and enforced its authority." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 446, "question": "Which State first passed ordinance of secession?", "answer": "South Carolina, Dec. 20th, 1860." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 447, "question": "What other States followed this example?", "answer": "Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Texas, Virginia, North Carolina, Arkansas, and Tennessee." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 448, "question": "What government was formed by these States? When and where was it organized?", "answer": "The Confederate States of America, and the form of government was similar to the government of the United States. On the 4th of February, 1861, a convention of the seceded States met at Montgomery, Alabama, and there organized the Confederacy." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 449, "question": "Who was elected President, and when inaugurated?", "answer": "Jefferson Davis, and was inaugurated Feb. 4th, 1861." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 450, "question": "What event signalized the commencement of the war?", "answer": "The bombardment of Fort Sumter." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 451, "question": "What was the result of this bombardment?", "answer": "Fort Sumter fell into the hands of the Confederates under Beauregard, April 14th, 1861. Maj. Anderson, the commander of Sumter, was permitted to go north with his men. The effect of this event was electrical. It unified the North and also the South. Party lines vanished. The Union men at the South were borne into secession, while the Republicans and Democrats at the North combined to support the government. The war spirit swept over the country like wild-fire." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 452, "question": "What did Lincoln do in regard to troops?", "answer": "He issued a requisition for 75,000 troops, and soon after for 300,000 volunteers." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 453, "question": "Where was the first blood shed in this war?", "answer": "In Baltimore, April 19th, 1861, where Southern sympathizers attacked a Massachusetts regiment on its way to Washington." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 454, "question": "What valuable stores were seized by the Confederates?", "answer": "They seized the United States armory at Harper's Ferry, and the navy yard at Norfolk. At Norfolk there were twelve ships of war, two thousand cannon, two hundred and fifty thousand pounds of gunpowder, and great quantities of shot and shell." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 455, "question": "How did Col. Elmer E. Ellsworth meet his death?", "answer": "After the seizure of Alexandria, Ellsworth, seeing the Confederate flag still flying from the roof of a hotel, went up and tore it down. As he descended he was shot at the foot of the stairs by the landlord, Jackson, who, in turn, fell at the hands of private Brownell." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 456, "question": "When was fought the battle of Bull Run, and with what result?", "answer": "July 21st, 1861, in Northern Virginia. Gen. McDowell made the attack, and was defeated, after a severe engagement." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 457, "question": "What effect had this defeat on the Northern people?", "answer": "At first they were much disappointed and discouraged; then came a renewed determination. Congress voted $500,000,000 and five hundred thousand men, and Gen. McClellan was appointed to the command of the Army of the Potomac." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 458, "question": "Give an account of the battle of Ball's Bluff.", "answer": "A party of 2,000 Federals crossed the Potomac at Ball's Bluff. They were attacked and forced down the slippery, clayey bluff, fifty to one hundred and fifty feet high, to the river below, where, in trying to escape, many were drowned, some were shot, and scarcely half their number reached the other bank." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 459, "question": "What colonel was killed in this battle?", "answer": "Col. Baker, United States Senator from Oregon." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 460, "question": "What was the condition of Missouri?", "answer": "The State refused to pass an ordinance of secession, yet an effort was made to preserve an armed neutrality. Capt. Lyon foiled this attempt. Gen. Sigel was defeated in an engagement at Carthage. Gen. Lyon now took command, and was compelled to fight superior forces or abandon that part of the State. He chose the former." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 461, "question": "When and where was Gen. Lyon killed?", "answer": "At Wilson's Creek, Aug. 10th, while gallantly leading a bayonet charge." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 462, "question": "What proclamation was issued by Davis? In reply, what did Lincoln declare?", "answer": "He issued a proclamation offering to commission privateers. Lincoln declared a blockade of the Southern ports." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 463, "question": "At the commencement of the year, how many vessels were in the United States Navy? How many at the close of the year?", "answer": "One on the Northern coast, and forty-two in the United States Navy. At the close of the year there were two hundred and sixty-four." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 464, "question": "What did England and France do by way of encouraging the rebellion?", "answer": "They acknowledged them as belligerents, thus placing them on the same footing with the United States." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 465, "question": "Who were James M. Mason and John Slidell?", "answer": "Southern commissioners sent to England and France to plead the cause of the Confederacy." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 466, "question": "What occurred of much interest in relation to the commissioners?", "answer": "They were taken from the British steamer Trent by Capt. Wilkes, and brought back to the United States. This produced much excitement in England. The United States Government, however, promptly disavowed the act and returned the prisoners." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 467, "question": "When did Gen. Scott retire from active service? Who succeeded him?", "answer": "On the 1st of November, 1861, on account of age and physical infirmities. He was succeeded by Major-General McClellan. The office was Lieutenant-General of the Armies of the United States." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 468, "question": "Give a general review of the first year of the war?", "answer": "The large vessels and stores at Harper's Ferry and Norfolk were captured by the Confederates. They were successful in the two great battles of the year, Bull Run and Wilson's Creek; also in the minor engagements at Big Bethel, Carthage, Lexington, Belmont and Ball's Bluff. The Federals had saved Fort Pickens and Fortress Monroe. The forts at Hatteras Inlet and Port Royal were captured. They had gained the victories at Philippi, Rich Mountain, Boonsville, Carrick's Ford, Cheat Mountain and Dranesville. West Virginia, Maryland and Missouri were saved to the Union." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 469, "question": "What was the plan for the campaign of 1862?", "answer": "On the part of the North there were three main objects: the opening of the Mississippi; the blockade of the Southern ports; and the capture of Richmond." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 470, "question": "What was the size of each army? What successes had the Union forces early in this year?", "answer": "The Union forces numbered about 500,000; the Confederates about 350,000. Gen. Thomas won an engagement at Mill Springs, and Commodore Foote and Gen. Grant captured Forts Henry and Donelson, in Northern Tennessee." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 471, "question": "When and to whom did Forts Henry and Donelson surrender?", "answer": "Fort Henry was evacuated Feb. 6, after a bombardment of one hour by Commodore Foote. Gen. Grant with his army intended to cut off the retreat, but the garrison escaped to Fort Donelson. The fleet now went back to the Ohio river and ascended the Cumberland, while Grant crossed to co-operate in an attack on Fort Donelson, which was captured with fifteen thousand men, after three days' hard fighting." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 472, "question": "What was now the plan of operations?", "answer": "The Confederates fell back to Corinth, the great railroad center of Mississippi and Tennessee, where their forces were gradually collected under the command of Gens. Johnston and Beauregard, while Gen. Buell at once occupied Nashville. The Union army ascended the Tennessee to Pittsburg Landing. Grant was placed in command and Buell ordered to reinforce him. The Confederates determined to rout Grant's army before the arrival of Buell." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 473, "question": "When was fought the battle of Shiloh, and who commanded?", "answer": "On the 6th and 7th of April. Gen. Grant commanded the Union forces, and Gen. Beauregard the Confederates." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 474, "question": "Describe the battle of Shiloh. What was the strength of each army?", "answer": "Sunday morning Johnston surprised the Union forces by a desperate assault. The Federals, having no time to form into order of battle, fought where they happened to stand, slowly yielding, and for twelve hours they obstinately disputed every inch of the way. At last, pushed to the very brink of the river (Cumberland), Grant massed his artillery, and gathered around it the fragments for the final stand. By the aid of the gunboats below, and Buell's reinforcements, the tide of battle was stayed, and the Confederates fell back. They possessed, however, the Union camps, three thousand prisoners, thirty flags, and immense stores; but they had lost their commander, Gen. Johnston. The next morning the Confederates were driven from the field." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 475, "question": "Where is Island No. 10? When and by whom was it captured?", "answer": "In the Mississippi River, between Kentucky and Missouri. It was taken by Commodore Foote and Gen. Pope, April 7th." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 476, "question": "When was fought the battle of Perryville, and who were the commanders?", "answer": "October 8th, 1862. Gen. Bragg commanded the Confederates, Gen. Buell, the Federals." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 477, "question": "When was fought the battle of Murfreesboro? Which army was victorious?", "answer": "Dec. 31st. Gen. Bragg, with 60,000 troops, attacked the Union forces under Gen. Rosecrans, and was repulsed. Jan. 2d, the battle was renewed, but Bragg, being unsuccessful, retreated. This was one of the bloodiest contests of the war. The loss was one-fourth of the number engaged." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 478, "question": "What effect had this battle?", "answer": "The Confederates gave up the attempt to recover Kentucky." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 479, "question": "What was the plan of the first expedition against Vicksburg, and how did it terminate?", "answer": "Grant was to move along the Mississippi Central Railroad, while Sherman was to descend the river from Memphis, with the gunboats under Porter. The plan was spoiled by Van Dorn's cavalry dash, which destroyed Grant's depot of supplies at Holly Springs. Sherman, ignorant of what had happened, pushed on and made an attack at Chickasaw Bayou, north of Vicksburg. After suffering a bloody repulse, and hearing of Grant's misfortune, he fell back." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 480, "question": "What fighting occurred in Missouri?", "answer": "Gen. Curtis having command, attacked Gen. Price and drove him out of the State into Arkansas. Van Dorn now taking command, a desperate battle was fought at Pea Ridge March 7th and 8th, in which Van Dorn was totally defeated." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 481, "question": "Describe the capture of New Orleans.", "answer": "The attempt was made with a fleet of forty-four vessels under Commodore Farragut, and 8,000 troops under Gen. Butler. Mortar-boats for six days stormed the outer defenses, but with little effect. Farragut then boldly resolved to carry the fleet past the defenses to New Orleans. At three o'clock in the morning, April 24th, they advanced, running a fearful gauntlet of shot and shell, and flames of fire rafts. They now encountered the Confederate fleet of thirty armed steamers. Twelve of the Confederate flotilla were destroyed. New Orleans now became an easy prey, and soon surrendered." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 482, "question": "After the capture of New Orleans, what course did Commodore Farragut pursue?", "answer": "He ascended the river, took possession of Baton Rouge and Natchez, and, running the batteries at Vicksburg, joined the Union fleet above." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 483, "question": "What was gained by the capture of Roanoke Island ?", "answer": "It gave control to the outer defenses of Norfolk; it opened two sounds, eight rivers, four canals and two railroads. It was an excellent rendezvous for ships, and exposed a large country to attack." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 484, "question": "What vessels were sunk by the Merrimac ?", "answer": "The Cumberland and Congress, March 8th." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 485, "question": "Describe the encounter between the Merrimac and Monitor.", "answer": "The morning after the ravages of the Merrimac, the Monitor made her appearance and commenced the attack. The Merrimac, confident of success, poured in a broadside, but the balls glanced harmlessly off the Monitor's turret, or broke and fell to pieces on the deck. The battle now opened; they fought side by side, iron rasping on iron. Five times the Merrimac strove to crush her antagonist by running her huge iron beak against the Monitor's side. At each dash her prow would rise above the water, and at the same instant heavy volleys from the Monitor would crash against the exposed parts. In this manner the Merrimac received severe injuries, gave up the contest and steamed back to Norfolk." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 486, "question": "What would undoubtedly have been the final result if the Merrimac had been successful ?", "answer": "She could have entered any port of the United States, destroyed cities, opened the blockade, and, undoubtedly, would have secured the acknowledgment of the Confederacy by European nations. On this battle hinged the fate of the war." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 487, "question": "After this engagement, how was the United States Navy looked upon by European powers ?", "answer": "It was regarded as the most formidable naval power in the world." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 488, "question": "What became of the boats Merrimac and Monitor ?", "answer": "Just before the capture of Norfolk she was sunk by the Confederacy. The Monitor sunk, in a storm, off Cape Hatteras." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 489, "question": "Who was John Morgan ? Quantrell ?", "answer": "He was a noted leader of a band of guerrillas and raiders in Tennessee. He repeatedly rode through Kentucky, spreading terror in his path, burning towns, levying tribute, destroying telegraphs and railroads, and carrying off prisoners. In one raid alone, he boasted of having taken seventeen towns and cities, with a very large amount of army stores. Quantrell was another famous guerrilla, although his raids were not so extensive as those of Morgan." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 490, "question": "In the war in the East, what was the objective point ?", "answer": "Richmond." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 491, "question": "Who commanded in the Peninsular Campaign ?", "answer": "Gen. McClellan." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 492, "question": "Describe the siege of Yorktown.", "answer": "Gen. Magruder, with only about 5,000 men, held such strong defenses along a line of thirteen miles, that Gen. McClellan was brought to a stop. Heavy guns were ordered from Washington, but as the siege began Magruder quietly withdrew, having delayed the Union army a month." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 493, "question": "When was fought the battle of Williamsburg ?", "answer": "May 5th. Gen. Hooker with his division maintained the contest for nine hours, then being reinforced, he carried the works, and the pursuit was continued to within seven miles of Richmond." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 494, "question": "What were McClellan's plans ? How foiled?", "answer": "McDowell, with 30,000 men, was to meet him near Hanover Court House, and then commence the siege of Richmond; but Gen. Johnston, suspecting this movement, ordered Gen. Jackson to move up the Shenandoah Valley and threaten Washington." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 495, "question": "What were the movements of Stonewall Jackson ?", "answer": "After being reinforced by Gen. Ewell's division of 10,000 men, he hurried down the valley and drove Banks across the Potomac. The excitement in Washington was intense. The President took military possession of all the railroads; called upon the Governors of Northern States to send militia to the defense of the capital; ordered Fremont at Franklin, Banks at Harper's Ferry, and McDowell at Fredericksburg, to capture Jackson. He now commenced his retreat, burning bridges as he passed, and escaped." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 496, "question": "What was the effect of this movement ?", "answer": "With 15,000 men, Jackson had occupied the attention of three Major Generals and 60,000 men, prevented McDowell's junction with McClellan, and saved Richmond." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 497, "question": "While these events were transpiring in the Shenandoah Valley, what were the movements of McClellan ?", "answer": "He had pushed his left wing across the Chickahominy, and before he could unite his army, a terrible storm flooded the swamps, and the Chickahominy Creek became a broad river. Johnston, seeing the exposed wing, commenced the attack. Johnston was severely wounded. The next day the Confederates were repulsed in great disorder." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 498, "question": "After the battle of Fair Oaks, what course did McClellan pursue, and what desperate fighting occurred ?", "answer": "Jackson making his appearance near Hanover Court House, McClellan resolved to \"change his base\" of supplies to the James River. A series of battles, lasting seven days, now occurred. The most important were those of Mechanicsville, Gaines' Mill, Savage's Station, Frazier's Farm, and Malvern Hill. In this famous retreat the army fought by day to give time for the baggage trains, and fell back at night to a new position. At Malvern Hill Lee received so bloody a check that he pressed no farther." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 499, "question": "What is the distance from Fair Oaks to the James River ?", "answer": "Seventeen miles." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 500, "question": "What was the effect of this campaign?", "answer": "The North was as much discouraged as the South was elated. Lincoln called for 300,000 troops." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 501, "question": "What orders did McClellan now receive?", "answer": "To transfer his army to Acquia Creek, and put it under the command of Gen. Pope." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 502, "question": "Describe Lee's campaign against Pope.", "answer": "After some maneuvering, Pope was compelled to fight the entire Confederate army on the old battle-field of Bull Run. The shattered remains of the Army of the Potomac retreated and took refuge within the fortifications at Washington." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 503, "question": "What was the effect of this campaign?", "answer": "The Union army lost 30,000 men and vast supplies. The capital was in great danger; a victorious army without and only broken battalions within." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 504, "question": "What did Lee do ?", "answer": "He crossed the Potomac and entered Maryland." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 505, "question": "Who assumed command of the Army of the Potomac after Pope's defeat ?", "answer": "McClellan." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 506, "question": "What battles were fought soon after he took command?", "answer": "South Mountain and the terrible battle of Antietam, September 17th." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 507, "question": "After these battles, what course did Lee pursue?", "answer": "He retreated across the Potomac." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 508, "question": "What was the effect of Lee's defeat ?", "answer": "It was a Union victory. The North was saved from invasion, and Washington from any danger of attack." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 509, "question": "Why was McClellan again superseded ? Who took command?", "answer": "For the slowness of his movements in pursuing the retreating army. Gen. Burnside took command." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 510, "question": "When was fought the battle of Fredericksburg, and with what result ?", "answer": "Dec. 13th. The Union forces were defeated, with a loss of 12,000 men." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 511, "question": "What were the Confederate victories during this year ?", "answer": "They had gained the victories of Jackson in the Shenandoah Valley ; of Lee, in the Peninsular campaign ; those against Pope ; Bragg's great raid in Kentucky ; the battles of Cedar Mountain, Chickasaw Bluff, and Fredericksburg." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 512, "question": "What were the Union victories ?", "answer": "They had taken Forts Henry, Donelson, Pulaski, Macon, Jackson, St. Philip, and Island No. 10. They had opened the Mississippi to Vicksburg ; taken New Orleans, Roanoke Island, Newbern, Yorktown, Norfolk, and Memphis. They had also won the battles of Pea Ridge, Williamsburg, Fair Oaks, South Mountain, Antietam, Iuka, Corinth, and Murfreesboro, and silenced the Merrimac." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 513, "question": "What terrible Indian massacre occurred ? 1863.", "answer": "In Minnesota, Iowa, and Dakota. Over seven hundred whites were slain, and many thousands driven from their homes. Col. Sibley routed them and took five hundred prisoners. Thirty-nine were hung on one scaffold, at Mankato, Minnesota, Dec. 26th." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 514, "question": "What was the plan of the war of 1863 ? What was the force ?", "answer": "It was about the same as the preceding year. The Union force was about 700,000; the Confederate, about 350,000." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 515, "question": "When was issued the Emancipation Proclamation ?", "answer": "January 1st, 1863." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 516, "question": "Describe the second expedition against Vicksburg.", "answer": "After several weeks of fruitless efforts upon the north, Grant marched down the west side of the river, and crossed below the city. From May 1st to the 18th, he defeated the Confederates at Fort Gibson, Jackson, Champion Hills, and Big Black River, and within seventeen days after he landed, Pemberton's army was shut up within the intrenchments of Vicksburg. After three desperate assaults, the Union troops threw up intrenchments and commenced undermining the city. The siege lasted forty-seven days." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 517, "question": "When did the garrison of Vicksburg surrender?", "answer": "On the 4th of July." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 518, "question": "What effect had this campaign ?", "answer": "The Confederates lost the cities of Vicksburg and Jackson ; 37,000 prisoners ; 10,000 killed and wounded, and immense stores. On the fall of Vicksburg, Port Hudson surrendered to Banks. The Mississippi was now open to the Gulf, and one great object of the North accomplished." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 519, "question": "After the battle of Murfreesboro what were the movements in Tennessee ?", "answer": "But little occurred until June, when Rosecrans, with 60,000 men, marched against Bragg and compelled him to evacuate Chattanooga. Sept. 8th, Sept. 19th and 20th, was fought the battle of Chickamauga. The Union army was defeated and withdrew to Chattanooga, while Bragg occupied the heights commanding the city, and threatened them with starvation." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 520, "question": "What was now the feeling in the North in regard to the Army of the Cumberland?", "answer": "The feeling was one of great interest and anxiety. The Army of the Cumberland had been defeated, and it seemed but a matter of time when a surrender must be the result of the Confederate victories." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 521, "question": "By what means was the army of the Tennessee relieved ?", "answer": "Grant was now appointed to succeed Rosecrans, and the relief was obtained by Hooker coming with two corps from the Army of the Potomac, and Sherman, who hastened by forced marches from Iuka, 200 miles away." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 522, "question": "Where was Hooker, and how did he so suddenly appear before the Confederate army at Chattanooga ?", "answer": "He was in Virginia. They came by rail, 23,000 strong, in seven days, a distance of 1,200 miles." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 523, "question": "Describe the battles of Lookout Mountain and Missionary Ridge. Who commanded?", "answer": "The first movement was made by Gen. Thomas, who captured Orchard Knob, Nov. 23. The following day Hooker charged the fortifications of Lookout Mountain. With desperate determination the Union forces carried the heights and swept over the crest, driving the enemy before them. The next morning Hooker advanced on the south of Missionary Ridge. Sherman, during the whole time, was engaged on the northern flank. Grant, from his position on Orchard Knob, saw the effect of Sherman's assaults. The Confederate line in front of him was being weakened, and with a bold movement launched Thomas' corps on its center. The orders were to take the rifle-pits at the foot of Missionary Ridge, then halt and re-form; but in the excitement of successes, officers and men pushed forward and swept up the ascent. Grant caught the inspiration and the entire forces were ordered in one grand charge to engage in the conflict. Up they went, over rocks and chasms, all lines broken in the eagerness to reach the summit. Without firing a shot, and heedless of the tempest hurled upon them, they gained the crest, captured the guns and turned them on the retreating foe. That night the Union camp-fires, glistening along the heights about Chattanooga, proclaimed the success of this, the most brilliant of Grant's achievements, and the most picturesque of the battles of the war. This battle has become famed as the \"battle above the clouds.\"" }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 524, "question": "What effect had these successes ?", "answer": "The Union forces possessed Chattanooga, Bragg's army was routed and that general resigned. It gave control of East Tennessee, and became the doorway by which the Union army gained easy access to Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia and Alabama." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 525, "question": "After the battle of Fredericksburg, who took command of the Army of the Potomac?", "answer": "Gen. Hooker, Jan. 26th." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 526, "question": "When was fought the battle of Chancellorville ?", "answer": "May 2d and 3d. The Union army was defeated with great loss." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 527, "question": "In this battle, what valuable Confederate officer was killed?", "answer": "\"Stonewall\" Jackson. While returning from a reconnoissance at the front, he was fired upon by his own men, who mistook his escort for Federal cavalry." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 528, "question": "Who succeeded Hooker after the battle of Chancellorville ?", "answer": "Gen. Meade." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 529, "question": "What were the movements of Lee ?", "answer": "With the flower of the Confederate army he crossed the Potomac, passed through Maryland, entered Pennsylvania, and proceeded within four miles of Harrisburg." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 530, "question": "How was his progress arrested ?", "answer": "By the battle of Gettysburg, which was fought the 1st, 2d and 3d of July. Gen. Meade commanded the Union forces, Gen. Lee retreating to Virginia." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 531, "question": "At the battle of Gettysburg, what was the loss ?", "answer": "The Union loss was 23,000; the Confederate, 36,000." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 532, "question": "The loss of Vicksburg and the battle of Gettysburg had what effect on the Confederacy ?", "answer": "These losses and defeats having occurred at the same time, caused the turning-point of the war, and the Confederacy began to wane." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 533, "question": "How did Admiral Dupont attempt to take Charleston?", "answer": "Having confidence in the ability of the iron-clads to resist cannon balls, he attempted to run the fortifications and force his way up to the city. The attempt was a disastrous failure." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 534, "question": "What were the Confederate successes for the year 1863 ?", "answer": "They had gained the great battles of Chickamauga and Chancellorville. The Union cause in Texas was depressed. Galveston was seized, and they successfully resisted every attack on Charleston." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 535, "question": "The Union successes ?", "answer": "They had taken Vicksburg and Port Hudson, and won the battles of Chattanooga and Gettysburg. Arkansas, East Tennessee, large portions of Louisiana, Mississippi, and some portions of Texas were held by Union troops." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 536, "question": "What was the Draft Riot ? 1864.", "answer": "Congress in 1863 passed the Conscription Act, and under this act the President ordered a draft for 300,000 men. This led to a riot in New York City, July 13th, by which 150 lives were lost, and a very large amount of property was destroyed." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 537, "question": "Describe the raid made by Gen. Kilpatrick at the beginning of 1864.", "answer": "On the 28th of February he made a bold and successful raid upon the exterior defenses of Richmond. Railroad tracks were torn up, telegraph wires cut, six large grist mills destroyed, and heavy damage done. At a point three miles from Richmond he found the enemy's works too strong to be assailed by a force of cavalry, and Kilpatrick withdrew, camping that night within six miles of the Confederate capital." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 538, "question": "What was accomplished by this expedition ?", "answer": "Many miles of railroads were cut, several hundred prisoners captured, and $7,000,000 worth of property destroyed." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 539, "question": "What befell Col. Dahlgren and his command?", "answer": "While attempting to return, after destroying the grist mills on the James River Canal, he fell into an ambush of the enemy and was killed. His remains were treated by the Confederates with indignity." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 540, "question": "When was Gen. Grant appointed Lieutenant General of all the Union forces?", "answer": "March 3d, 1864." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 541, "question": "Where was the main strength of the Confederacy?", "answer": "It lay in the armies of Lee in Virginia, and Joseph E. Johnston in Georgia." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 542, "question": "What plan was now adopted?", "answer": "Grant was to march against Lee, and Sherman to attack Johnston and sweep through to the coast." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 543, "question": "Describe Sherman's advance to Atlanta.", "answer": "He started with a force of 100,000 men. For one hundred miles there was continuous skirmishing. Sherman would drive Johnston into a stronghold, and then with consummate skill would outflank him, when Johnston with equal skill would retreat to a new post and prepare to meet his opponent again. Several bloody battles were fought, and finally Johnston retired, July 10th, to the intrenchments of Atlanta. Hood was now put in command." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 544, "question": "When did Atlanta surrender?", "answer": "September 2d, 1864." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 545, "question": "What had been the loss during this campaign of four months' fighting?", "answer": "There had been ten pitched battles, and scores of lesser engagements. It cost the Union army 30,000 men, and the Confederacy about 40,000." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 546, "question": "What movement was made by Hood, and why?", "answer": "He turned to invade Tennessee, with the expectation that Sherman would follow him, and Georgia be saved from invasion." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 547, "question": "What became of Hood's army?", "answer": "He marched against Gens. Thomas and Schofield, at Nashville. After severe fighting, Thomas withdrew from the fortifications and remained two weeks. He then suddenly burst forth and drove the Confederate forces out of their intrenchments into headlong flight. The army was completely demoralized, and, for further use, destroyed." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 548, "question": "Describe Sherman's \"March to the Sea,\" after burning Atlanta.", "answer": "Hood having moved from his path, there was but little to impede his progress. With 60,000 troops, in five weeks he had marched three hundred miles, and captured Savannah." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 549, "question": "What effect had this march on Georgia?", "answer": "A fertile region, sixty miles wide and three hundred miles long, was devastated, and three hundred miles of railroad were destroyed." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 550, "question": "At the time of Grant's move towards Richmond, what battles were fought?", "answer": "The battles of the Wilderness and Spottsylvania." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 551, "question": "Describe the battle of the Wilderness.", "answer": "After crossing the Rapidan, the Union army plunged into the Wilderness, where they were attacked, May 5th, by the Confederate army. There was none of the pomp or glory of war, only its horrid butchery. The ranks dashed into the woods, and in the gloomy shadows, dense with smoke, this strangest of battles, which no eye could follow, was fought. The third day, both armies, worn out by this desperate struggle, remained in their intrenchments. Grant lost 20,000 men; Lee, 10,000." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 552, "question": "What did Grant do, and what battle followed?", "answer": "He pushed his army by the Confederate right flank towards Spottsylvania Court House, where for five days, May 8th to 12th, terrible fighting occurred. Ten thousand men fell on each side." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 553, "question": "Where was the next engagement?", "answer": "Grant now concluded to try the flank movement again, and pushed forward to Cold Harbor, a short distance from Richmond. Lee hastened by a shorter route, and arrived in time to prepare for the defense. Early on the morning of June 4th, the Union army made an assault on Cold Harbor. Twenty minutes after the first shot was fired, fully ten thousand Union men were stretched writhing on the sod, or still in death, while the enemy's loss was little over one thousand." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 554, "question": "What was the result of the attack on Petersburg?", "answer": "The Confederate works could not be carried, so Grant threw up intrenchments, and prepared for a siege of Richmond." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 555, "question": "What was the loss in this campaign?", "answer": "The Union army lost 70,000, and the Confederates 40,000." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 556, "question": "What memorable words were written by Gen. Grant to the President on the 11th of May, 1864?", "answer": "\"I propose to fight it out on this line, if it takes all summer.\"" }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 557, "question": "During the siege of Richmond, what two important events occurred?", "answer": "The Mine Explosion and the capture of the Weldon Railroad." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 558, "question": "What was the result of the mine explosion?", "answer": "A mine was dug beneath a strong Confederate fort in front of Petersburg, and was fired with a blast of 8,000 pounds of powder. The fort and garrison were destroyed. At the same time the Union artillery opened along the line, and an assaulting column rushed forward, but it stopped in the crater produced by the explosion. The Confederates, rallying, turned their artillery toward the seething mass within the demolished fort, and about 4,000 were lost before they could retreat to the Union lines." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 559, "question": "What raids were made by Gen. Early?", "answer": "He entered Maryland, threatened Washington and Baltimore, defeated Wallace, and then withdrew to Virginia. In the same month, July, he crossed into Pennsylvania, his troops setting fire to Chambersburg; after which he withdrew." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 560, "question": "What was secured by these expeditions?", "answer": "A vast amount of stores, five thousand horses, and a withdrawal of part of Grant's army from before Petersburg." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 561, "question": "What did Gen. Sheridan do?", "answer": "In September he defeated Early at Winchester and Fisher's Hill, and in a week destroyed half of his army and put the rest to flight. Early returned with reinforcements, and, under cover of a dense fog, surprised Sheridan's army at Cedar Creek, October 19th, and drove it in confusion. At this critical moment Sheridan arrived from Winchester, checked the retreating columns, turned and won the battle." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 562, "question": "What was the effect of Sheridan's successes?", "answer": "This was the most brilliant campaign of the war. In one month he had virtually destroyed Early's army. Sheridan's loss was 17,000." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 563, "question": "Describe the Red River expedition.", "answer": "Gen. Banks was sent up the Red River to destroy the Confederate authority in that region and Texas. This campaign was a Confederate triumph. Banks lost 5,000 men, 18 guns, and large supplies." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 564, "question": "When was the massacre of Fort Pillow, Ky.?", "answer": "April 12th. The Confederates were maddened by the sight of negro troops opposing them, and a terrible massacre followed." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 565, "question": "What brilliant naval victory did Admiral Farragut achieve?", "answer": "The capture of Mobile Harbor, Aug. 5th, and closing it against blockade runners. The city of Mobile was not captured until April 12th, 1865." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 566, "question": "Describe the expedition against Fort Fisher.", "answer": "This fort defended the harbor of Wilmington, N. C. The expedition consisted of seventy vessels, under Commodore Porter, and a land force under Gen. Butler. After a fierce bombardment, Dec. 24th and 25th, Butler decided that the fort could not be taken by assault, and the army returned to Fortress Monroe. Commodore Porter asked for another trial. The same troops were sent back under Gen. Terry. By a series of trenches a column of troops worked themselves up within two hundred yards of the fortifications. At the word they rushed forward and burst into the fort. The hand-to-hand conflict within lasted for hours. Late at night the garrison surrendered, Jan. 15th, 1865." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 567, "question": "What occurred at St. Albans, Vermont, on the 19th of October, 1864?", "answer": "A band of raiders from Canada assaulted the town, robbed the banks, and seized horses from the livery stables and returned to Canada before the inhabitants recovered from their surprise. The entire raid was accomplished in half an hour." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 568, "question": "Describe the attempt of Confederate emissaries to burn New York.", "answer": "On the night of November 25th, 1864, an attempt was made to burn New York by saturating beds in the principal hotels with a mixture of phosphorus and oil. The attempt was providentially discovered, and a great disaster averted." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 569, "question": "What was the Alabama? What damage did she do?", "answer": "She was a British steamer, built in England, but officered and commissioned by the Confederate government. Her object was to prey upon Union commerce. She captured over sixty vessels. Her commander was Capt. Semmes." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 570, "question": "When, where, and with what result was the encounter between the Kearsarge and the Alabama?", "answer": "The engagement was off the coast of France, in the English Channel, June 15th, 1864. The Alabama was sunk. Capt. Winslow, commander of the Kearsarge, rescued a part of the sinking crew. The English yacht, Deerhound, picked up the remainder and steamed off to the British coast. Capt. Semmes was among the number." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 571, "question": "What other interesting naval operation occurred during this year?", "answer": "The destruction of the Confederate iron-clad Albemarle, at Plymouth, North Carolina. This was accomplished by Lieut. Cushing, who fastened a torpedo to the Albemarle, which exploded and sunk her." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 572, "question": "At the close of 1864, what was the political condition of the North ?", "answer": "There was much dissatisfaction at the North with the conduct of the war; the debt was becoming enormous and paper money greatly depreciated. Grant had been repulsed at Cold Harbor and Early had made successful raids. In the midst of these calamities Abraham Lincoln was renominated by the Republicans and Geo. B. McClellan the nominee of the Democrats, who stood firmly for the prosecution of the war, but was not in full sympathy with the policy of the administration. Lincoln's majority was over four hundred thousand." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 573, "question": "What was gold worth in greenback currency ?", "answer": "In July, 1864, it required two dollars and ninety cents to buy one dollar in gold." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 574, "question": "What were the Confederate victories during this year ?", "answer": "They had gained the battles of Sabin Cross Roads, Wilderness, Bermuda Hundreds, Spottsylvania, New Market, and Cold Harbor. They had resisted the Red River and Florida expeditions; two attacks upon Petersburg, and one against Fort Fisher." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 575, "question": "What were the Union victories ? 1865.", "answer": "They had gained the battles of Atlanta and those preceding it—Dalton, Resaca, Dallas, and Lost and Kenesaw Mountain—Winchester, Fisher's Hill, Cedar Creek, and Nashville. They had captured Fort de Russy (this was taken by Banks in his Red River expedition); the forts in Mobile Harbor, and Fort McAllister; Sheridan had annihilated Early's army; Sherman had marched across Georgia and taken Savannah; Thomas had destroyed Hood's army, and the Confederacy was almost extinguished; only North and South Carolina were retained." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 576, "question": "What was the plan of the campaign for 1865 ?", "answer": "The end of the war was clearly at hand. Sherman was to move north from Savannah against Johnston, and then join Grant in the final attack upon Lee. Sheridan had swept down from the Shenandoah, cut the railroads north of Richmond, and formed in line before Petersburg. Wilson was in Alabama and Georgia, while Stoneman held the passes of the Alleghanies and waited in North Carolina for the issue in Virginia." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 577, "question": "What were the movements of Gen. Sherman?", "answer": "Early in February he started north, meeting with untold difficulties; still, like a tornado, they swept on. Before them was terror; behind them were ashes. Columbia was captured Feb. 17th, and on the following day Charleston was evacuated. Johnston fiercely opposed them at Averysboro and Bentonville, but was defeated. On the banks of the Neuse he met Schofield and Terry, where with an army of 100,000 men they waited for the final charge against the Confederacy. The distance traveled was over 425 miles, one hundred of which was almost a complete swamp." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 578, "question": "Describe the siege of Richmond.", "answer": "Lee was now shut up in Richmond, and his only hope of prolonging the struggle was to cut his way out. He decided to attack Grant's lines, cause a concentration of troops, and retreat by other routes before the plan was discovered. His plans were failures, as Grant returned the advance with renewed vigor, capturing the outer defenses and preventing a retreat." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 579, "question": "Describe the battle of Five Forks.", "answer": "Sheridan, with his cavalry and heavy columns of infantry, pushed out from Grant's left wing, and threw a heavy force behind the Confederate position at Five Forks. Assailed in every direction, the garrison was overwhelmed and five thousand men were taken prisoners." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 580, "question": "What effect had this brilliant victory ?", "answer": "Lee's position was fast becoming untenable. His right was turned and his rear threatened." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 581, "question": "Describe the capture of Petersburg and Richmond.", "answer": "The next morning, April 3d, the Union army advanced in an overwhelming assault along the whole front. By noon the Confederate line of intrenchments, before which the Army of the Potomac had lain so long, was broken, and thousands of prisoners captured. That night Petersburg and Richmond were evacuated. The next morning the Union troops took possession of the Confederate capital." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 582, "question": "When and to whom did Lee and Johnston surrender ?", "answer": "Lee surrendered to Gen. Grant near Lynchburg, Va., April 9th, and Johnston to Sherman in North Carolina, April 26th." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 583, "question": "When was Jefferson Davis captured, and how? What was done with him ?", "answer": "He was taken in disguise by a party of Union troops, in Georgia, May 10th, 1865, and imprisoned in Fortress Monroe, but was afterwards bailed out." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 584, "question": "How long did the war last ?", "answer": "Four years." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 585, "question": "When and by whom was Abraham Lincoln assassinated ?", "answer": "The 14th of April, 1865, by J. Wilkes Booth, at Ford's Theater." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 586, "question": "What became of Booth ?", "answer": "After shooting the President he sprang upon the stage. His spur caught in the American flag, and, throwing him heavily, broke his leg. He escaped, mounted his horse and fled into Maryland, where he was overtaken in a barn and shot." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 587, "question": "Give an account of the attack on Secretary Seward.", "answer": "On the same night of the assassination of Lincoln an accomplice stabbed Mr. Seward while lying ill in bed." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 588, "question": "Who were the accomplices of Booth, and what became of them ?", "answer": "Harold, Payne, Atzerodt, and Mrs. Surrat were hanged; Arnold, Mudd and O'Laughlin imprisoned for life, and Spangler was sentenced for six years." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 589, "question": "What was the total number of troops called for? The total number obtained ?", "answer": "2,942,748. The number obtained was 2,690,401." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 590, "question": "How many men were lost in the war ?", "answer": "The Union armies probably lost in battle, or by its effects, 300,000 men, and 200,000 were crippled for life. The Confederate loss is not known, but, undoubtedly, as heavy." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 591, "question": "What was the cost of the war ?", "answer": "The Union debt August 31st, 1865, was nearly $2,844,000,000. The daily expenses at one time reached the sum of $2,500,000." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 592, "question": "How was slavery abolished in the United States ?", "answer": "By an act of Congress, ratified by two-thirds of the States. This act is the thirteenth amendment, which was duly ratified Dec. 18th, 1865." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 593, "question": "After the death of President Lincoln, who then became President? When was he inaugurated?", "answer": "Andrew Johnson. He was inaugurated the day of Lincoln's death, April 15th, 1865." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 594, "question": "What caused trouble between Johnson and Congress?", "answer": "The exercise of the veto power." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 595, "question": "What were the most important bills passed over the President's veto ?", "answer": "The Freedmen's Bureau, the Civil Rights, and the Tenure of Office bills." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 596, "question": "What is the nature of these bills ?", "answer": "The first provides for the establishment of a department for the care and protection of the freedmen. The Civil Rights bill guarantees to the negroes the rights of citizenship. The Tenure of Office bill makes it necessary that the consent of the Senate shall be obtained for the removal, by the President, of any person from a civil office." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 597, "question": "For what was Johnson impeached ?", "answer": "The charge was misdemeanors, contempt of the Senate for violation of the Tenure of Office bill by the attempt to remove Edwin M. Stanton, Secretary of War. He was acquitted, the two-thirds majority necessary for conviction lacking one vote." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 598, "question": "What is the fourteenth amendment to the Constitution ? When adopted ?", "answer": "It guarantees equal civil rights to all, and bases representation in each of the States on the number of voters. It was adopted July 28th, 1868." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 599, "question": "What demand was made by the United States government of France ?", "answer": "The recall of the French from Mexico, under Maximilian." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 600, "question": "What States were added to the Union during the war ?", "answer": "West Virginia and Nevada." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 601, "question": "What was the Reconstruction Policy of Johnson?", "answer": "He recognized the State governments that had been formed during the war under the protection of the Union army in Virginia, Tennessee, Arkansas and Louisiana. In the other States he appointed provisional governors and authorized the calling of conventions to form loyal governments. These conventions met, repealed the ordinances of secession, repudiated the Confederate debt, and ratified the thirteenth amendment. On these conditions Johnson claimed that the States, having never been legally out of the Union, should be restored to their rights in the Union. Pardon was proclaimed to those who had been engaged in secession, except to certain classes." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 602, "question": "When was Universal Amnesty declared?", "answer": "On Christmas day, 1868." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 603, "question": "What was the Reconstruction Policy of Congress?", "answer": "Congress decided that the President had no power to prescribe the conditions for the admission of the seceded States. His proclamations and orders were treated as of no value. Tennessee was admitted, but the other States were placed under military rule. After a bitter and protracted struggle, governments were finally established in Arkansas, Alabama, Florida, Louisiana, North Carolina and South Carolina." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 604, "question": "What was the \"iron-clad oath\"? Who were called \"carpet-baggers\"?", "answer": "Congress made a requirement that every candidate for holding office should swear that he had not participated in the secession movement. As but few Southerners could take this oath it was called \"iron-clad,\" and the offices were filled by men coming from the North soon after the war, and these men were termed \"carpet-baggers.\"" }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 605, "question": "How long was the government in establishing its reconstruction policy?", "answer": "It occupied three years. They were not represented from 1861 to 1868. Virginia, Mississippi and Texas were not allowed to vote for President until after Grant's first administration." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 606, "question": "What proclamation was issued by Johnson in regard to the Fenians?", "answer": "The Fenians were making preparations to cross the Canadian frontier at Buffalo and St. Albans, Vt. Johnson issued a proclamation declaring the movement a violation of our neutrality, and sent Gen. Meade to execute that law." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 607, "question": "How was Alaska obtained?", "answer": "By a purchase from Russia, in October, 1867, for $7,200,000 in gold. It contains 500,000 square miles." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 608, "question": "What treaty was made with China? What demand was made of the French government?", "answer": "In 1868 an embassy from China, under the charge of Anson Burlingame, embassador to China, visited the United States. This was the first event of its kind in the history of that nation. A treaty was formed granting valuable commercial privileges. During the war France attempted to establish an empire in Mexico, and Maximilian, archduke of Austria, was chosen emperor. The United States protested, but were unable to enforce the \"Monroe doctrine.\" After the close of the war the government again demanded of Napoleon the recall of French troops. Maximilian, deprived of foreign aid, was defeated by the Mexicans, and on June 19th, 1867, was shot." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 609, "question": "When was the Atlantic cable completed?", "answer": "June, 1866. The first cable was attempted in 1856, and laid from New York to St. Johns, Newfoundland. In 1857 a failure was made to cross the ocean. In 1858 another cable was laid and apparently worked successfully, but on September 1st it ceased to work. Mr. Field, the projector of this great enterprise, was not discouraged and a third time organized a company which in June, 1866, successfully accomplished the feat. There are now several cable companies, and undoubtedly messages will not be much more expensive than by wires on the land." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 610, "question": "What was the political situation?", "answer": "The Republican party nominated U. S. Grant and Schuyler Colfax; the Democrats, Horatio Seymour and Frank P. Blair. Virginia, Mississippi and Texas had not been \"reconstructed\" and were not allowed to vote." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 611, "question": "When was the U. P. R. R. completed? How far is it from New York to San Francisco?", "answer": "In 1869. The distance from New York to San Francisco is about 3,300 miles." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 612, "question": "When was the fifteenth amendment formally announced?", "answer": "March 30th, 1870." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 613, "question": "What is the nature of this amendment?", "answer": "The right of the citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any State, on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 614, "question": "Describe the important conflagrations of 1871-2.", "answer": "A great fire broke out in Chicago, Sunday night, Oct. 8th, 1871. It was the most terrible conflagration in modern times. Three thousand acres of almost solid blocks were devastated. Twenty-five thousand buildings were burned, $200,000,000 worth of property destroyed, and one hundred thousand persons were rendered homeless. Contributions to the amount of more than $7,500,000 were sent from nearly all parts of the world. During the same autumn wide-spread conflagrations raged in the forests of Wisconsin, Minnesota and Michigan. Entire villages were consumed. In Wisconsin alone nearly one thousand five hundred people perished. On Nov. 9th, 1872, an extensive fire swept over sixty acres in the center of the wholesale trade of the city of Boston, and destroyed $70,000,000 worth of property." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 615, "question": "What was the difficulty with England? How settled?", "answer": "The refusal of the English government to pay the damages to American commerce, caused by the cruise of the Alabama. It was settled by arbitration, the English government paying $15,500,000." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 616, "question": "How was the dispute regarding the northwestern boundary between the United States and British America settled?", "answer": "It was submitted to the Emperor of Germany and was decided in favor of the United States." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 617, "question": "What was the proposed annexation of San Domingo?", "answer": "This republic, comprising a large part of the island of Hayti, applied for admission to the United States, but was rejected. A commission appointed by the President to examine its condition, reported favorably, but the measure was rejected by Congress." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 618, "question": "At the close of Grant's first term, what was the political condition?", "answer": "Grant was renominated by the Republicans, and the Democrats endorsed Horace Greeley, the Liberal-Republican nominee." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 619, "question": "Give a short history of Horace Greeley.", "answer": "Horace Greeley was one of the great self-made men of our country. Born in poverty, he diligently worked from the lowest position in his profession to the most renowned editor of the age. At two years of age he manifested a natural tendency to study reading; at four years he could read anything, and at six could spell any word in the English language. At fifteen years of age he entered a printing office with wages at forty dollars a year. In 1841 he founded the New York Tribune, which was at one time the greatest political paper in the United States. When civil war seemed imminent, his keen foresight anticipated the terrible struggle, and to avoid this conflict he advocated that the sister States should go in peace, but when war was proclaimed he urged a vigorous prosecution. At the close of the war he pleaded for immediate conciliation, and was a signer of the bail-bond of Jefferson Davis. Just before the close of the presidential canvass his wife died, and this, together with the desertion of his friends and the excitement of the contest, unsettled his mind. He was carried to a private asylum, where he died in 1872." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 620, "question": "Describe the difficulties with the Modoc Indians.", "answer": "Having refused to stay upon their reservation in Oregon, troops were sent against them, whereupon they retreated to their fastnesses in the Lava Beds. Peace commissioners, proposing to arrange the difficulty, held a conference with the chiefs. In the midst of this council, the Indians treacherously murdered Gen. Canby and Rev. Dr. Thomas and wounded Mr. Meacham. The Modocs were then bombarded and forced to surrender. Captain Jack and several of the leaders of the band were executed at Fort Klamath, October 3d, 1873." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 621, "question": "Describe the Railroad Panic of 1873.", "answer": "In the autumn of 1873 Jay Cooke & Co., bankers of Philadelphia, engaged too heavily in railroad schemes, especially the Northern Pacific, and failed. Their failure produced a financial crisis, and hundreds of prominent firms all over the Union were involved in ruin. The money market became stringent, and a stagnation of business followed. But for the timely aid of the government in throwing several million of dollars on the market of Wall Street, the distress would have been much greater. \"Black Friday\" was applied to the day when almost every man, firm and business seemed to totter and tumble into ruins." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 622, "question": "What Centennial Anniversaries were observed with great enthusiasm?", "answer": "The hundredth anniversary of the battle of Lexington, of Bunker Hill, and the signing of the Declaration of Independence." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 623, "question": "Describe the main features of the Centennial Exhibition of 1876.", "answer": "Fairmount Park, Philadelphia, was the scene of this imposing display. Over two hundred buildings were scattered over the extensive ground, the largest, the main Exhibition Building, covering over twenty acres. Exhibits from every country and clime were represented, and to describe the grandeur of such a display would be impossible. The exhibition lasted six months, from May to November, and the total number of visitors was 9,910,966." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 624, "question": "What was the war with the Sioux Indians? What terrible defeat occurred?", "answer": "Troops were sent to force them to return to their reservation. On the 25th of June, 1876, Gen. Custer suddenly came upon the enemy and a desperate conflict ensued. Gen. Custer and his entire command were killed. The event was deeply lamented by the American people, as the General was beloved by all who knew him." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 625, "question": "In 1876, who were nominated by their respective parties for President?", "answer": "The Republicans nominated Rutherford B. Hayes and Wm. A. Wheeler; the Democrats, Samuel J. Tilden and Thomas A. Hendricks; the Greenback party, Peter Cooper and Samuel F. Cary." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 626, "question": "What was the result of the general election?", "answer": "Both parties claimed the election, and at the counting of the electoral vote no decision was reached, as the Republicans contended that the States of South Carolina, Florida and Louisiana had been carried by fraud, and asked that the certificates of election be thrown out and the opposition accepted." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 627, "question": "How was Rutherford B. Hayes elected President?", "answer": "In order to come to a settlement of the contested election returns a Joint Electoral Commission was appointed, and composed of five United States senators, five representatives, and five judges of the Supreme Court. This body decided that 185 electoral votes had been cast for Hayes and Wheeler, and 184 for Tilden and Hendricks." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 628, "question": "What was the feeling among the people in regard to the settlement of this question?", "answer": "The Republicans were jubilant, as it sustained their charges of fraud and intimidation, while the Demo- crats were loud in their denunciations against such a decision, claiming that the office had been stolen, and that the commission had decided, not by evidence, but by party influence, as eight of them were Republicans and seven were Democrats; therefore Hayes was termed by his opponents as the eight by seven President." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 629, "question": "When Samuel J. Tilden was asked if his party should stand by his election, what reply did he make?", "answer": "With a look of horror upon his face he waved his hand to the delegation who sought his advice and urged that no act of theirs should imperil the country. Like Horace Greeley, he instinctively saw a terrible vision and with the feelings of a true patriot waved it from him." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 630, "question": "What promise was made by Hayes in regard to \"rotation in office\"?", "answer": "To make \"no dismissal except for cause, and no promotion except for merit.\"" }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 631, "question": "What was President Hayes' Southern Policy?", "answer": "It was one of conciliation. The troops which had hitherto sustained the Republican State governments in South Carolina and Louisiana were withdrawn and Democratic officials at once took control of the local affairs. He also appointed Key, a Southerner, as Postmaster General." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 632, "question": "What railroad strike occurred in 1877?", "answer": "On nearly all of the principal railroads in the Northern States a strike of its workmen occurred, the cause being a general reduction of wages. At Pittsburgh, Pa., the strike became a terrible riot, destroying vast amounts of property, and was quelled only by an assault of the troops. In this riot over one hundred lives were lost, and the Pennsylvania Railroad suffered the loss of nearly $3,000,000 worth of property." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 633, "question": "What is the Bland Silver Bill?", "answer": "In 1873 Congress demonetized silver, and made gold the sole standard of our currency. Opposition arose to this act, and in 1878 a bill was passed making silver a legal tender in the payment of debts." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 634, "question": "Describe the yellow fever of 1878.", "answer": "In the summer of 1878 it broke out in New Orleans and spread with alarming rapidity northward along the Mississippi into Missouri and Tennessee. Over 7,000 deaths were reported." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 635, "question": "When was the resumption of specie payments?", "answer": "January 1st, 1879. On December 17th, 1878, gold, for the first time since January, 1862, sold in New York at par." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 636, "question": "What Indian difficulties in 1879?", "answer": "The Ute Indians, at the White River Agency, became dissatisfied on account of the encroachments of the miners and the non-payment of money promised by the government, took up arms and massacred the white men at the agency. They were suppressed by U. S. troops." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 637, "question": "In 1880, what was the population of the United States?", "answer": "The census of 1880 showed a population of over 50,000,000. In 1887 it is estimated at nearly 60,000,000. The increase from 1870 to 1880 was 12,000,000. 638. Difficulties between Great Britain and the United States occurred because of the fisheries of the northeastern coast. The matter was left to a commission, which awarded Great Britain the sum of $5,500,000." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 639, "question": "What was the treaty with China in 1880?", "answer": "One in relation to commerce, and the other granting to our government the regulation of Chinese immigration." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 640, "question": "Was President Hayes' administration favorable to his party?", "answer": "A portion of the party were not satisfied with the question of conciliation with the South. They believed that, if the electoral vote had legally been cast for him as President, it must also have been cast for the Republican State officials, and that it was the duty of the President to protect those officials by the presence of United States troops." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 641, "question": "Who were nominated for President to succeed President Hayes?", "answer": "The Republicans nominated James A. Garfield and Chester A. Arthur. The Democrats nominated Winfield S. Hancock and William H. English. The Greenback-Labor party nominated James B. Weaver and Benjamin J. Chambers." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 642, "question": "What were the principal issues between the Republican and Democratic parties?", "answer": "The principal issue was that Garfield was a Republican and Hancock a Democrat. The question of tariff and free-trade was discussed to some extent." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 643, "question": "What were the principles advocated by the Green-back-Labor party?", "answer": "They were opposed to the issue of money by any individual or corporation. That it should be delegated solely to the government of the United States and made a full legal tender and not a promise to pay. They believed that the depreciation of our greenback money was due to false legislation, whereby exceptions were placed upon it—\"except duties on imports and interest upon the public debt.\" They claimed that these exceptions were virtually a repudiation by the government, that they would pay them out in one channel and refuse to receive them in another, thus producing a demand for gold to fill these exceptions, and as a natural consequence place this metal as a commodity to be bought and sold according to the demand. As a proof that a full legal tender would not depreciate they cited the first issue of $60,000,000 of paper money, which passed through the war at par with gold and even commanded one quarter per cent. premium because of its convenience in handling. They also advocated that monopolies were fast controlling all kinds of business and were leading to the consolidation of wealth in the hands of the few; that labor was fast becoming a slave to avarice and greed; that railroads, telegraphs and express companies were extortionate in their charge for transportation; that legislation was enacted for the rich without due regard for the poor; that our factories were overburdensome to women and children; that postoffices should be filled by a selection of the people in each district; that politics had become but a system of spoils, and other abuses too numerous to mention." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 644, "question": "When was Garfield inaugurated President?", "answer": "March 4th, 1881." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 645, "question": "What gigantic scheme of fraud was detected in the Post-office Department? Were these frauds punished?", "answer": "The Star Route frauds, whereby contracts in the West for carrying the mails were so manipulated that great frauds were perpetrated. Within two months contracts to the amount of nearly $2,000,000 were annulled. The conspirators were tried, but judgment was never rendered against them." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 646, "question": "When was President Garfield assassinated?", "answer": "On the morning of July 2d, 1881, by Charles J. Guiteau, at a railroad station, Washington, D. C." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 647, "question": "What was the feeling of the country in regard to this assassination? What became of Charles J. Guiteau?", "answer": "The assassination produced a great sensation and a profound and universal sorrow was felt among the people. So intense was the national grief that the preparations for the celebration of the approaching holiday were generally abandoned. President Garfield died on the 19th of September following at Long Branch, N. J. He was buried at Cleveland, O. The assassin was tried, convicted and hanged." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 648, "question": "What testimony of deep respect was shown by the Queen of England to Mrs. Garfield?", "answer": "By her direction a wreath of flowers was placed upon his coffin, in loving sympathy with the martyred President's wife." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 649, "question": "When did Chester A. Arthur become President of the United States?", "answer": "Immediately on being legally informed of the President's death he took the oath of office." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 650, "question": "What was the extent of the disastrous flood in the Mississippi Valley in 1882?", "answer": "Nearly 100,000 persons were rendered homeless." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 651, "question": "Describe the Brooklyn bridge.", "answer": "It is a suspension bridge connecting New York and Brooklyn, and was opened to the use of the public in 1883. This remarkable structure was begun January 3d, 1870, and is 5,989 feet long. The height of towers is 278 feet and the length of the suspended span from tower to tower, is 1,596 feet. The height from the water, at the center, is 135 feet. The four great cables are 15¼ inches in diameter, and each cable contains 5,296 parallel (not twisted) galvanized steel, oil-coated wires, closely wrapped, and weighing, with its covering, 897½ tons." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 652, "question": "What is the Civil Service Bill? When passed?", "answer": "It was passed in 1883, and aimed to regulate, by means of examinations, instead of political preferments, the system of appointments and promotions in the civil service of the United States." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 653, "question": "When was letter postage reduced from three cents to two cents?", "answer": "October 1st, 1883." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 654, "question": "How was Alaska organized into a territory ?", "answer": "In 1884 a bill was approved by which a governor, judge, marshal and other officers were to be appointed for a term of four years, but no legislative assembly or congressional delegate was authorized. Sitka was made the temporary seat of government." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 655, "question": "What important event occurred at New Orleans ?", "answer": "An Industrial and Cotton Exposition from December, 1884, to May, 1885. The Exposition was opened by President Arthur in the Executive Mansion at Washington by telegraph." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 656, "question": "How was Chinese immigration regulated ?", "answer": "It was forbidden, in 1882, for ten years." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 657, "question": "Who were nominated for President ?", "answer": "The Democrats nominated Grover Cleveland and Thomas A. Hendricks. The Republicans, James G. Blaine and John A. Logan. The Greenback-Labor party, B. F. Butler and A. M. West. The Prohibitionists, John P. St. John and William Daniel." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 658, "question": "What were the chief issues discussed in this campaign ?", "answer": "Between the Democrats and Republicans, the tariff, individual slander and personalities. The People's party discussed the same measures as were adopted before, while the Prohibitionists were earnest in their convictions of prohibition by the general government." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 659, "question": "What State held the deciding vote in this election ? What majority was given to decide this election ?", "answer": "New York held the deciding vote, and its majority was about 1,045." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 660, "question": "What was the feeling of the people in regard to change of administration ?", "answer": "Intense excitement prevailed until the official count of New York was given, when there came a relaxation of this suspense. Republicans were gloomy, and many prophesied hard times, a depression of business and a general misfortune to the government, while the Democrats were wild with delight, bands of music were called out, processions formed and general feasting and rejoicing were the order of the day." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 661, "question": "What were the principles advocated by the Prohibition party?", "answer": "They held that the dramshop was the great curse of humanity; that license was but a co-operation of the government in crime; that murder, arson, wretchedness, poverty and woe were but the fruits of this traffic; that the protection of our political system, the protection of our sons and daughters, our husbands, our fathers, our brothers rested upon the downfall of this terrible demon which walked the halls of legislation—that grasped the throats of our legislators, that trampled beneath its feet the sacred truths of our Sabbath day, that boldly defied the law, that cruelly dragged its victims from the highest walks of life to the lowest depths of hell; that it spared neither young nor old, matron or maiden; that this liquid demon would burn the manhood of the most gifted; would wring from the crushed or starved wife the last morsel of sustenance; that it would pollute all channels, destroy all affection, degrade all aspirations; that it would breed dis- ease, transmit misery, degrade mankind and ruin the souls of men." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 662, "question": "Who were chosen for President Cleveland's Cabinet?", "answer": "Secretary of State—Thomas F. Bayard, of Delaware. Secretary of the Treasury—Daniel Manning, of New York. Secretary of War—William E. Endicott, of Massachusetts. Secretary of the Navy—William E. Whitney, of New York. Secretary of the Interior—L. Q. C. Lamar, of Mississippi. Postmaster-General—William F. Vilas, of Wisconsin. Attorney-General—A. H. Garland, of Arkansas." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 663, "question": "What political charges were made against Cleveland's appointments?", "answer": "The Republicans declared that he was not living up to his own pledges of civil service; that his removals were partisan, under the cloak of pretended reasons; that offensive partisans were wholly on one side, and that his reform measures were all sham. Many of the Democrats, on the other hand, were impatient over the slowness of a change of offices, and declared that Jackson's motto of \"to the victors belong the spoils,\" should be applied by Cleveland." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 664, "question": "When did Gen. Grant die? What success did the sale of his book meet ?", "answer": "He died at Mount McGregor, N. Y., July 23d, 1885. His book met an enormous sale. At one time the publishers sent Mrs. Grant a check for $250,000." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 665, "question": "When did Vice President Hendricks die ? How many times has this office been made vacant by death ?", "answer": "At his home in Indianapolis, Nov. 25th, 1885. Five times." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 666, "question": "What other noted men died shortly after?", "answer": "George B. McClellan, Winfield S. Hancock, Charles Francis Adams and Chester A. Arthur." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 667, "question": "How many post-offices were there in the United States in 1887 ? What is the extent of the post routes ?", "answer": "About 54,000. Nearly 400,000." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 668, "question": "What is the extent of the cotton produced in the States ?", "answer": "Nearly 7,000,000 bales a year. The United States now produces the cotton supply of the world." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 669, "question": "What is the value of the woolen manufactures of this country?", "answer": "Nearly $200,000,000 a year." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 670, "question": "What is the length of our railroads ? Estimated valuation of cost and equipment ?", "answer": "About 125,000 miles, and cost, with equipments, $7,000,000,000." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 671, "question": "What is the capacity of the model printing press of the present time ?", "answer": "40,000 copies of a single sheet, printed on both sides, in one hour." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 672, "question": "What are some of the most noted inventions of which our country can boast ?", "answer": "The telegraph, the sewing-machine, the reaper, the mower, the horse-rake, the steam fire-engine, the telephone, the steamship, the palace car, the elevator, the threshing machine, the safe, the breech-loading gun, and a thousand common devices that add to the convenience, the comfort and the progress of mankind." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 673, "question": "How many patents have been issued in a single year ?", "answer": "Over 22,000 are reported by the Patent Office." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 674, "question": "Of what can we boast in regard to the cause of education ?", "answer": "It is the grand foundation of our prosperity and our progress. Our free school system is the open channel by which all can acquire, if they choose, a fair knowledge of the principles of business, labor or trade." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 675, "question": "How many acres of land have been given by the general government to the States for educational purposes ?", "answer": "About 140,000,000 have been donated to the States for school purposes." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 676, "question": "How many colleges are there in the United States ?", "answer": "In 1884 there were four hundred and fifty. The number in 1887 is some greater." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 677, "question": "What is the cost of supporting our system of free schools? How many children attend?", "answer": "Over $100,000,000 per annum. Probably about 12,000,000 children attend these schools." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 678, "question": "Who was the first author to secure general recognition at home and abroad?", "answer": "Washington Irving." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 679, "question": "How many newspapers and periodicals are published?", "answer": "Over 15,000." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 680, "question": "Name some of the most noted American historians, poets, writers of romance and miscellaneous matter. Orators.", "answer": "Among the historians may be mentioned Prescott, Bancroft and Motley. Among the Poets—Bryant, Whittier, Simms, Holmes, Poe and Longfellow. Romance and Miscellaneous Writers—Cooper, Hawthorne, Irving, Channing, Bayard, and Légare. Orators—Clay, Calhoun, Webster, Benton, Everett, Seward, Phillips, Prentiss, Douglas, Choate and Stephens." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 681, "question": "What notable events have occurred in 1886?", "answer": "The Haymarket riot in Chicago, May 3d. The riot of Milwaukee, May 6th. The earthquake of Charleston, South Carolina. The conviction of the eight Anarchists of Chicago. The organization of the Knights of Labor. The gales off the coast of Texas. The wrecks on the lakes of Michigan, Superior and extending to Ontario. And the unveiling of \"Liberty Enlightening the World.\"" }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 682, "question": "What noted man died Dec. 26th, 1886?", "answer": "John A. Logan, U. S. Senator from Illinois." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 683, "question": "Name the Presidents in their order. How long in office? Who died in office?", "answer": "Presidents. Inaugurated. Years in Office. George Washington................1789 8 John Adams.......................1797 4 Thomas Jefferson.................1801 8 James Madison....................1809 8 James Monroe.....................1817 8 John Quincy Adams................1825 4 Andrew Jackson...................1829 8 Martin Van Buren.................1837 4 *William H. Harrison...............1841 1/2 John Tyler.......................1841 3 1/2 James K. Polk....................1845 4 *Zachary Taylor..................1849 1 1/2 Millard Fillmore.................1850 2 1/2 Franklin Pierce..................1853 4 James Buchanan...................1857 4 *Abraham Lincoln.................1861 4 1/4 Andrew Johnson...................1865 3 1/4 Ulysses S. Grant.................1869 8 Rutherford B. Hayes..............1877 4 *James A. Garfield...............1881 1/4 Chester A. Arthur................1881 3 1/2 Grover B. Cleveland..............1885 * Died in office. 684. John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, and James Monroe. Adams and Jefferson expired the same day—July 4th, 1826. Monroe died in 1831." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 685, "question": "What father and son were Presidents?", "answer": "John Adams and John Quincy Adams." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 686, "question": "Name the rebellions which have occurred in our history?", "answer": "Bacon's, Clayborne's, Shay's, Dorr's, Whisky Insurrection, and the Civil War." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 687, "question": "When, where, and by whom were each of the States settled, and when admitted as a State?", "answer": "States. Where Settled. When. By Whom. Admitted. Florida....... St. Augustine. 1565 Spanish........... 1845 Virginia....... Jamestown.... 1607 English........... † New York....... Albany....... 1614 Dutch............. † Massachusetts.. Plymouth.... 1620 English........... † New Jersey..... Bergen....... 1620 Dutch and Danes. † New Hampshire. Dover........ 1623 English........... † Maine.......... York......... 1630 English........... 1820 Connecticut.... Windsor...... 1633 English........... † Maryland....... St. Mary's... 1634 English........... † Rhode Island... Providence... 1636 Roger Williams.. † Delaware....... Wilmington... 1638 Swedes............ † Pennsylvania... Philadelphia. 1643 Swedes............ † North Carolina. Albermarle... 1650 English........... † Wisconsin...... Green Bay.... 1669 French............ 1848 South Carolina. Port Royal... 1670 English........... † Michigan....... Detroit...... 1670 French............ 1837 Illinois....... Kaskaskia.... 1688 French............ 1818 Arkansas....... Arkansas Post 1685 French............ 1836 Indiana........ Vincennes.... 1690 French............ 1816 Texas.......... Bexar........ 1693 Spanish........... 1845 Louisiana...... Iberville.... 1699 French............ 1812 Alabama........ Mobile....... 1702 French............ 1819 Mississippi.... Biloxi....... 1699 French............ 1817 Vermont........ Brattleboro.. 1724 English........... 1791 Georgia........ Savannah..... 1733 English........... † Missouri....... St. Genevieve. 1775 French............ 1821 Tennessee...... Fort London.. 1757 English........... 1796 California..... San Diego.... 1769 Spanish........... 1850 Kentucky....... Boonsboro.... 1770 Daniel Boon..... 1792 Ohio........... Marietta..... 1788 English........... 1802 Oregon......... Astoria...... 1811 Americans......... 1859 Iowa........... Dubuque...... 1833 French............ 1846 Minnesota...... St. Paul..... 1838 Americans......... 1858 Nebraska....... Omaha........ .......... Americans......... 1867 Kansas......... ............. .......... Americans......... 1861 West Virginia.. ............. .......... ................. 1863 Nevada......... ............. .......... ................. 1864 Colorado....... ............. .......... ................. 1876. † Original States." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 688, "question": "What are the acquisitions of territory to the United States?", "answer": "At the close of the French and Indian war France yielded up her claims to territories on the mainland in North America, excepting the city of New Orleans, ceding all east of the Mississippi to England, and all west to Spain. This gave England the entire country east of the Mississippi, excepting Florida, which was a Spanish possession. In the treaty of peace which followed the Revolutionary war, the boundaries of the United States included all of the English claims east of the Mississippi and north to the Great Lakes. In 1800, Spain, by a secret treaty, restored to France the territory of Louisiana, comprising her possessions east of the Rocky Mountains, and north from Mexico to the British claims. The northern boundary of the Louisiana territory was never drawn. In 1803 the United States purchased the Louisiana territory of France for $15,000,000. In 1804, President Jefferson sent an exploration party under Lewis and Clark, to the headwaters of the Missouri, and thence across to the Pacific. Up to this time the North Pacific country did not belong to any nation, but, as the United States became interested, England became jealous and claimed the same. The United States, however, continued to assert her rights, and a great deal of correspondence between the two governments resulted. At last, in 1818, the United States and England agreed to a joint occupancy of the whole territory for ten years. In 1828 the treaty of joint occupancy was renewed, to terminate on either party's giving a year's notice. No division was made until 1846. It was then agreed by a treaty that the American possessions should extend as far north as latitude 49°. From this acquisition was formed the State of Oregon, and the Territories of Washington, Idaho and Montana. In 1819 Florida was purchased from Spain for $5,000,000. In 1845 Texas became a part of the United States by annexation. At the close of the Mexican war, in the treaty of Guadaloupe Hidalgo, Feb. 2d, 1848, the Mexican government ceded to the United States California, Nevada, Utah, a part of Arizona, and New Mexico, for which the United States paid $15,000,000 and assumed the debts of Mexico to American citizens, amounting to $3,500,000 more. In 1854 the \"Gadsden Purchase\" gave to the United States the southwestern corner of New Mexico and that part of Arizona south of the Gila River, for which was paid $10,000,000. In 1867 Alaska was purchased of Russia for $7,200,000 in gold." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 689, "question": "When did Gen. W. B. Hazen die? What position did he occupy?", "answer": "He died January 16th, 1887. He was Chief Signal officer of the United States." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 690, "question": "What important commercial bill was passed by Congress in January of this year?", "answer": "The Inter-State Commerce Bill. It was signed by the President Feb. 4th, 1887." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 691, "question": "What bill originated in the Senate in regard to the Canadian fishery question?", "answer": "It is known as the Retaliation Bill, and places in the hands of the President the power to prohibit the importation of the products of the Canadian fisheries, or if necessary to deny all commerce with Canada until the differences between the United States and Canada are settled." }, { "subject": "UNITED STATES HISTORY", "number": 692, "question": "Which Cabinet officer resigned?", "answer": "Daniel Manning, Secretary of the Treasury." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 1, "question": "From what did the term geography derive its name ?", "answer": "From the two words geo (earth) and graphy (description)." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 2, "question": "How many kinds of geography ?", "answer": "Three: Mathematical, Physical and Political." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 3, "question": "Define mathematical geography.", "answer": "It treats of the form, magnitude and motions of the earth, and of the various imaginary lines on the surface." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 4, "question": "Define physical geography.", "answer": "It treats of the solid and fluid parts of the earth's surface, the atmosphere, and all animal and vegetable life." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 5, "question": "Define political geography.", "answer": "It treats of the various countries on the earth's surface, the people, customs, religion and government." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 6, "question": "What is the shape of the earth ?", "answer": "A sphere flattened at the ends." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 7, "question": "Give proof of its rotundity.", "answer": "By journeying around the earth. The approach of vessels shows their masts first, while the larger part, the hull, is still outside the line of vision. The shape of the earth's shadow, as cast on the moon during an eclipse, is always round. By the measurement of astronomers." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 8, "question": "What is supposed to be the reason why the earth is flattened at the poles ?", "answer": "By the revolution of the earth while in a plastic condition." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 9, "question": "How much greater is the diameter at the equator than the diameter at the poles ?", "answer": "About twenty-six miles, the diameter at the equator being 7,925 miles." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 10, "question": "What is the area of the earth's surface ?", "answer": "Nearly 200,000,000 (196,900,278) square miles." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 11, "question": "What is its solid contents in miles ?", "answer": "260,000,000,000 cubic miles." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 12, "question": "What is its weight?", "answer": "5,852,000,000,000,000 of tons. This weight is beyond our conception." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 13, "question": "What is its specific gravity ?", "answer": "5½ times heavier than water." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 14, "question": "What is the horizon?", "answer": "That part of the heavens which appears to meet the earth." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 15, "question": "What is the axis of the earth ? What are its poles ?", "answer": "An imaginary line on which it performs its daily revolutions; its poles are the points where its axis meets the surface." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 16, "question": "How many revolutions has the earth? Define each.", "answer": "Two: diurnal and annual. The diurnal is its motion from west to east; its annual is its revolution around the sun." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 17, "question": "Give proofs of the earth's rotation.", "answer": "The motion of falling bodies is one of the most convincing proofs, while the sun and distant planets appear to revolve around the earth once in twenty-four hours is a reasonable proof of the phenomena of the earth's rotation." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 18, "question": "Explain how falling bodies prove it.", "answer": "If the earth had no motion then a ball dropped from a high tower would strike the base at a point exactly vertical from the place of starting, but as the earth has a motion, then the top of the tower must move faster than the bottom, and the ball will strike outside of a line with the base, the difference being about the proportion of the velocity of the top being greater than that of the base." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 19, "question": "How do we know that the earth rotates from west to east ?", "answer": "Because of the appearance of the sun rising in the east, and also the falling ball will strike outside of the base on the east side of the tower and on inside of the base on the west side." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 20, "question": "What is the exact time of its rotation ?", "answer": "The exact time is 23 hours, 56 minutes, 4.09 seconds." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 21, "question": "What is the velocity of this rotation ?", "answer": "On the equator it is about 1.042 miles per hour." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 22, "question": "Where is the velocity least ?", "answer": "The velocity diminishes from the equator to the poles, where it is nothing." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 23, "question": "What causes day and night ?", "answer": "The revolution of the earth on its axis." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 24, "question": "What is called the Circle of Illumination ?", "answer": "The great circle which separates the dark side of the earth from the light side, or in other words, it is the dividing line between night and day." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 25, "question": "On what does the relative length of the day and night depend ?", "answer": "It depends upon the position of the earth to the sun in its annual revolution. The sun apparently moving north in the summer, produces in the northern hemisphere an increased circle of illumination, while in winter the same movement exists in the southern hemisphere, decreasing with us this circle of light, producing the increase and decrease of the lengths of days and nights." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 26, "question": "What causes the seasons?", "answer": "The revolution of the earth around the sun." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 27, "question": "What is the earth's orbit? Its estimated length?", "answer": "The course it takes in its annual motion; its estimated length is about 600,000,000 miles." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 28, "question": "What is the earth's motion around the sun called ?", "answer": "Its revolution." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 29, "question": "What is the exact time of a complete revolution ?", "answer": "It is 365 days, 6 hours, 9 minutes, 9.6 seconds." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 30, "question": "Define a siderial year.", "answer": "It is the exact time of a revolution." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 31, "question": "Define a tropical year.", "answer": "The time from one March equinox to the next, and is 365 days, 5 hours, 48 minutes, 49.7 seconds." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 32, "question": "Which value is taken for the civil year ?", "answer": "The tropical year, or 365¼ days, nearly." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 33, "question": "How great is the earth's annual motion ?", "answer": "About 68,000 miles an hour." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 34, "question": "What position does the earth occupy in the universe?", "answer": "The earth is one of a group of non-luminous bodies which revolve around the sun, accompany him through space, and reflect his light." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 35, "question": "What bodies compose the Solar System ?", "answer": "The sun, eight large bodies called planets, and as far as is now known, about one hundred and seventy-five smaller bodies called planetoids, or asteroids, besides numerous comets and meteors. Some of the planets have bodies called moons or satellites moving around them." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 36, "question": "What position does the earth occupy in this system?", "answer": "It belongs to the group nearest the sun, and is third from the sun in position." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 37, "question": "What is the distance of the earth from the sun ?", "answer": "About 92,000,000." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 38, "question": "Has the sun any other motion than its movement through space ?", "answer": "The sun, all the primary planets, and their satellites, rotate from west to east." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 39, "question": "To what theory has the uniformity of direction of the movements of the planets and sun given rise ?", "answer": "To a theory by LaPlace called the nebular hypothesis, which assumes that originally all material of which the solar system is composed was scattered throughout space in the form of very tenuous matter called nebula. It being granted that this matter began to accumulate around a center, and that a motion of rotation was acquired, it can be shown on strict mechanical principles that a system of our own might be evolved." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 40, "question": "What governs the velocity of the different planets ?", "answer": "As the circumference of the orbits of the planets increases with their distance from the sun, their velocity at the same time diminishes, and the time of revolution, or length of year, increases correspondingly." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 41, "question": "What causes the continual revolution of the earth and other planets ?", "answer": "On the supposition that the earth was given a projectile force when separated from the nebulous sun it would have continued to move in one direction, but for the attraction of the sun it was retained in its orbit. There being no resistance to the projectile force, the motion of the earth remains constant and unchanged." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 42, "question": "What gives the earth's orbit its elliptical shape ?", "answer": "It is the unequal attraction of the neighboring planets and those of the sun. In its revolution the positions are such that at points the earth is drawn from the sun and thus produces an orbit longer one way than another, or as is termed elliptical in shape." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 43, "question": "Why is it cold in winter and warm in summer?", "answer": "It is due to the direction of the sun's rays, and is on the same principle that morn and eve are cooler than midday." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 44, "question": "What are zones? How many? Their width? Where situated ?", "answer": "Belts, or divisions of the earth, bounded by the Tropic and Polar Circles, of which there are five—two frigid, two temperate, and one torrid. The north frigid lies between the Pole and Arctic Circle, and is 23½° in width; the north temperate lies between the Arctic Circle and the Tropic of Cancer, and is 43° in width; the torrid lies between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn, and extends 23½° north and south of the equator; the south temperate is of the same size as the north, and lies between the Tropic of Capricorn and the Antarctic Circle; the south frigid is all of the earth's surface south of the Antarctic Circle." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 45, "question": "What is the Ecliptic ?", "answer": "A great circle whose plane coincides with that of the earth's orbit." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 46, "question": "Why is the Ecliptic so called ?", "answer": "Because solar and minor eclipses can only take place when the moon is very near its plane." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 47, "question": "What is the inclination of the earth's axis to the plane of its orbit ?", "answer": "It is 66½°, or 23½° out of a perpendicular direction." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 48, "question": "Why are the zones given their respective widths ?", "answer": "During the revolution of the earth around the sun a part of the earth's surface comes directly perpendicular to the sun's rays. This belt, 47° wide, is enclosed by the tropics, and termed torrid, meaning great heat. Geographers have decided that the limit of the temperate zones should be to that line where the length of the longest day is twenty-four hours, and as the inclination of the earth is 23½° that line should be 23½° from the poles, where the Polar Circles have been drawn." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 49, "question": "What would be the climate, supposing the earth's axis to be horizontal to the plane of its orbit ?", "answer": "What the exact influence upon the earth's climate would be, might be difficult to determine, but during the annual revolution of the earth the entire surface would come directly perpendicular to the sun's rays, and become torrid. When one pole would come perpendicular to the sun's rays, the other would necessarily be in darkness, and frigid. The length of the longest day at the equator would be twenty-four hours, and would occur every six months. This would give, at the equator, four zones in one year— two torrid and two temperate." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 50, "question": "Why would the inclination of the earth affect the climate?", "answer": "If the earth was perpendicular to the plane of its orbit there would be no change of seasons, but as it becomes inclined the position of the earth to the sun is changed in its annual revolution, consequently this change must produce a diversity of climate. It is by this inclination that the temperate zones have four seasons." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 51, "question": "Supposing the earth's inclination to be 30°, or any other degree, how would we ascertain the width of the several zones ?", "answer": "The inclination of the earth will vary that line where the length of the longest day is twenty-four hours, 1° for every degree of inclination. As it is now 23½°, the line must be 23½° from the poles, or the boundary of the frigid zones. If the inclination should be 20°, the frigid zones would extend 30°, and 30° each side of the equator would become perpendicular to the sun's rays, making the torrid 60°, the temperate 30° and the frigid 30° ; and so on of any other degree of inclination. The frigid zone would be in width the number of degrees of the inclination of the earth ; the torrid would be the same each side of the equator, and the temperate what lies between." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 52, "question": "At what season is the earth nearest the sun ?", "answer": "About January 1st." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 53, "question": "Explain why it is nearer at one time than at another.", "answer": "As the orbit is proved to be oblong, or an ellipse, then in its revolution around the sun the earth passes those points nearest together in its circuit, and consequently must be nearer the sun." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 54, "question": "When is the earth in its perihelion ?", "answer": "When it is nearest the sun." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 55, "question": "When at its aphelion ?", "answer": "When it is farthest from the sun." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 56, "question": "What are Equinoxes ? How many and what are they called ?", "answer": "They are the times of the year when the sun's vertical rays fall exactly on the equator. There are two, the vernal and the autumnal." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 57, "question": "On what days of the year do they occur?", "answer": "The vernal equinox takes place on the 20th of March and the autumnal on the 22d of September." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 58, "question": "What are the Equinoctial Points?", "answer": "Where the ecliptic intersects the equator at two points diametrically opposite to each other." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 59, "question": "What are the solstices?", "answer": "They are the times when the sun's vertical rays of the sun reach their farthest northern or southern limit and fall vertically on one or the other of the tropics." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 60, "question": "How many, and what are they called?", "answer": "Two, the summer and winter solstice." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 61, "question": "On what days of the year do they occur?", "answer": "The summer solstice on the 21st of June, and the winter solstice on the 21st of December." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 62, "question": "What are the Solstitial Points?", "answer": "They are the points midway between the equinoxes." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 63, "question": "What is a compass? Its cardinal points?", "answer": "A magnetic needle, resting upon a pivot, enclosed in a circular box. It always points nearly north. The cardinal points are north, south, east, and west." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 64, "question": "What are the semi-cardinal points?", "answer": "North-east, North-west, South-east, South-west." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 65, "question": "Into how many circles is the earth divided? What are they?", "answer": "Into great and small circles. The great circles are the meridians and the equator ; the small circles are the tropic and polar circles, and the parallels of latitude." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 66, "question": "How may the circles of the earth be divided?", "answer": "Into great circles and small circles, and into circles of position and climatic circles." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 67, "question": "Define Great and Small Circles.", "answer": "All circles which divide the surface of the sphere into two equal parts are great circles ; all others are small circles." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 68, "question": "Define circles of Position, or Measurement.", "answer": "They are the circles used to determine the geographical positions of places." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 69, "question": "Define Climatic Circles.", "answer": "Those circles to mark important climatic boundaries, and are termed climatic parallels." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 70, "question": "Name the Circles of Position.", "answer": "The equator, meridians and parallels. 71. The tropics and polar circles, and the ecliptic." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 72, "question": "Define quadrant.", "answer": "It is one quarter of a circle, or 90°." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 73, "question": "How is every circle divided?", "answer": "Into 360 equal parts, called degrees." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 74, "question": "What is a map?", "answer": "A drawing representing a part or the whole of the earth's surface." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 75, "question": "What are the lines, or circles, on a map?", "answer": "The equator, meridians, parallels, tropic and polar circles." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 76, "question": "What is the equator?", "answer": "A great circle equally distant from the poles." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 77, "question": "Through what countries does the equator pass?", "answer": "It crosses the mouth of the Amazon River, Brazil, United States of Columbia, Ecuador, Pacific Ocean, East Indies (Celebes, Borneo, Sumatra), Indian Ocean, Zanguebar, Ethiopia, Lower Guinea, Atlantic Ocean." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 78, "question": "What is a meridian circle? A meridian?", "answer": "Any great circle passing through the poles. A meridian is half a meridian circle." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 79, "question": "What is longitude?", "answer": "The distance either east or west from any given meridian." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 80, "question": "On what is longitude measured?", "answer": "On the parallels and the equator." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 81, "question": "From what meridian do we reckon longitude?", "answer": "The one which passes through Washington, and the one near Greenwich." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 82, "question": "How many degrees west of Greenwich is Washington?", "answer": "About 77°." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 83, "question": "What is the greatest longitude a place can have?", "answer": "180° either east or west." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 84, "question": "Can a place have no longitude?", "answer": "If situated on the meridian from which we reckon, it can have no longitude." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 85, "question": "Reckoning from the meridian at Washington, what is the latitude and longitude of Quito?", "answer": "It has no latitude, and but 1° of longitude, west." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 86, "question": "What is the length of a degree of longitude?", "answer": "Sixty geographical miles at the equator, but they gradually grow less as they approach the poles; in latitude 30° it is about fifty-two geographical miles; in latitude 60° it is thirty, and at the poles it is nothing." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 87, "question": "Why does the length of a degree of longitude decrease after leaving the equator?", "answer": "All meridian lines terminate at the poles, and as a degree of longitude is enclosed by meridian lines, the length must decrease as the lines approach the poles." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 88, "question": "What are prime meridians?", "answer": "The meridian from which longitude is reckoned." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 89, "question": "Where are these usually located?", "answer": "Each nation usually takes the meridian of its own capital." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 90, "question": "Through what States does the meridian at Washington pass?", "answer": "New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, and North Carolina." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 91, "question": "What countries in Asia are crossed by the same meridian circle?", "answer": "Siberia, and Chinese Empire." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 92, "question": "Explain how we reckon time when the difference of longitude of two places is given, or vice versa.", "answer": "As there are 360° of longitude it follows that in the earth's rotation one hour of time must pass through 1-24 of 360°, or 15°. This reduced makes 1° in four minutes. Then knowing the difference in longitude the time is easily found, or if the difference of time is known, an opposite solution must give the difference in longitude." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 93, "question": "What large city in Asia is nearly opposite Philadelphia? 94. What is latitude? How many kinds?", "answer": "Pekin." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 95, "question": "On what is latitude measured?", "answer": "Upon the meridians." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 96, "question": "What is the highest degree of latitude?", "answer": "90°, which is at the poles." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 97, "question": "What is the length of a degree of latitude?", "answer": "Sixty geographical, or 69¼ statute miles." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 98, "question": "What is the basis of a geographical mile?", "answer": "One minute of longitude at the equator." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 99, "question": "Through what countries and bodies of water does the Tropic of Cancer pass?", "answer": "Bahama Islands, Florida Strait, Gulf of Mexico, Pacific Ocean, Sandwich Islands, near Canton (China), Burmah, Hindoostan, Arabian Sea, Muscat (Arabia), Egypt, Sahara Desert, and Atlantic Ocean." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 100, "question": "The Tropic of Capricorn?", "answer": "Near Rio Janeiro, Paraguay, the northern part of the Argentine Republic, the southern part of Bolivia, Pacific Ocean, Central Australia, Isle of Madagascar, Southern Africa, and Atlantic Ocean." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 101, "question": "The Arctic Circle?", "answer": "Greenland, British America, Alaska, Behring Strait, Siberia, northern part of Russia, Lapland, Sweden, Norway, and Atlantic Ocean." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 102, "question": "The Antarctic Circle?", "answer": "Discoveries of land have been made in this region, but the cold is so great that animal or vegetable life does not exist." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 103, "question": "Why is it colder at the Antarctic Circle than at the Arctic?", "answer": "In the northern hemisphere there are vast tracts of land to receive the rays of heat and warm the atmosphere; but towards the south pole the rays of heat are lost on the great bodies of water, and the air is not warmed." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 104, "question": "What part of North America is in the same latitude as England and Ireland?", "answer": "The southern part of British America." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 105, "question": "Why does the climate of Labrador differ so materially from that of England?", "answer": "Cold winds from the north and the Arctic current which flows near the coast of Labrador, cause the climate to be too cold for cultivation, while in the same latitude in England snow is seldom seen, which is due to the nearness of the warm waters of the Gulf Stream, a branch of which flows into the Irish Sea, and the northeast current flows by the coast of Norway. The stream renders the climate of Western Europe mild and moist." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 106, "question": "Why are the winters more mild at Puget Sound than in the region of Lake Superior?", "answer": "It is by the presence of the Japan current, which brings the warm waters of the torrid zone." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 107, "question": "Describe the Gulf Stream.", "answer": "It issues from the Gulf of Mexico, spreads out a breadth of 150 miles, and sweeps along the shore of North America to Newfoundland. Here it meets the Arctic current and divides into two branches, one of which takes a southeasterly course towards the coast of Africa, while the other flows in a northeasterly direction towards the British Isles and Norway." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 108, "question": "Where and what is the Sargasso Sea?", "answer": "It is situated in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean, consisting of seaweed, and occupies the eddy or whirl caused by the several ocean currents which surround it. 109. It is a Spanish name, meaning grassy." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 110, "question": "What are the natural divisions of land? Describe each.", "answer": "Continents, islands, peninsulas, isthmuses, capes, promontories, mountains, hills, plains, and valleys." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 111, "question": "What are the natural divisions of water? Describe each.", "answer": "Oceans, seas, gulfs or bays, straits, lakes and rivers." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 112, "question": "How are straits divided?", "answer": "Straits, passages, sounds, and channels." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 113, "question": "What is the size of the Eastern Continent compared with the Western?", "answer": "It is little more than twice as large. The Western Continent contains about 15,000,000 square miles." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 114, "question": "What is the area of the entire surface of the globe?", "answer": "About 200,000,000 square miles." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 115, "question": "Which of the grand divisions is the largest? Smallest? Most populous? Richest in fertility?", "answer": "Asia. Europe. Europe. South America." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 116, "question": "What are the political divisions of North America?", "answer": "They may be divided into six divisions : The United States, British America, Danish America, The Republic of Mexico, The Republic of Central America and the West Indies." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 117, "question": "Of what races does the population of the United States consist?", "answer": "The white race, negroes and mulattoes, Indians and Chinese." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 118, "question": "What is the number of the population of the United States?", "answer": "About 62,000,000." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 119, "question": "What are the leading forms of industry of the people?", "answer": "Agriculture, manufacturing and mining, commerce, both domestic and foreign, forms the chief basis of prosperity." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 120, "question": "What are exports and imports?", "answer": "Exports are those commodities shipped out of the country, and imports those which come in." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 121, "question": "What are the leading exports and imports?", "answer": "The leading exports are cotton, breadstuffs, provisions, petroleum, tobacco, and thousands of varieties of manufactured goods. The imports are dry goods, sugar, coffee, tea, hides, iron, tin, and cutlery." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 122, "question": "With what countries does the United States have the greatest commerce?", "answer": "England, Germany, France, Canada, West Indies, Brazil, China, and Japan." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 123, "question": "What country contains the greatest number of inhabitants in proportion to its area?", "answer": "England ; 22,500,000." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 124, "question": "How does England compare in size to the United States?", "answer": "It is about one-sixtieth as large, or about the size of Wisconsin." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 125, "question": "Which is larger, Europe or the United States?", "answer": "Europe is about one-tenth larger." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 126, "question": "How does Europe compare in size and population to Asia?", "answer": "Asia contains four times as many square miles and two and a half times as many inhabitants." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 127, "question": "What is a frith, or estuary?", "answer": "A narrow arm of the sea into which a river empties." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 128, "question": "What is an archipelago?", "answer": "A sea interspersed with many islands." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 129, "question": "What is a delta?", "answer": "When a river discharges its waters by several outlets, the tract of land embraced by these outlets is called a delta." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 130, "question": "Why is this tract of land called a *delta*?", "answer": "From its resemblance to the fourth letter of the Greek alphabet, which is delta, and shape of a triangle." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 131, "question": "What is a road, or roadstead?", "answer": "A place some distance from the shore where vessels can anchor in safety." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 132, "question": "What is an oasis?", "answer": "A fertile spot in a desert." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 133, "question": "What is a valley, or basin of a river?", "answer": "The tract of country drained by that river and its tributaries." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 134, "question": "What river of the world has the greatest basin? What is the extent of this basin?", "answer": "The Amazon. It contains more than 2,275,000 square miles." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 135, "question": "What is the extent of the basin of the Mississippi?", "answer": "About 1,244,000 square miles." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 136, "question": "What is the extent of the basin of the La Plata? Nile? Obi? Yenisei? Yang-tse-Kiang? Niger? Volga? Ganges? Mackenzie? St. Lawrence? Saskatchawan? Orinoco? Columbia?", "answer": "1,242,000; 1,425,000; 1,250,000; 1,040,000; 950,000; 800,000; 600,000; 416,000; 590,000; 480,000; 478,000; 340,000; 298,000." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 137, "question": "How wide is the mouth of the Amazon?", "answer": "One hundred and eighty miles." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 138, "question": "Into how many classes is mankind divided, in regard to social condition?", "answer": "Into four: enlightened, civilized, half-civilized, and savage." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 139, "question": "What nations are Enlightened? Civilized? Half-civilized?", "answer": "Nearly all of the people of Europe, of the United States and Canada, and their numerous colonies. The civilized are nearly all of the people of South America, Mexico, China, and Japan. The half-civilized would embrace a large portion of the people of Hindostan, Indo-China, Turkey, and Egypt." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 140, "question": "Who are Barbarians? Savages?", "answer": "Many of the tribes of Central Asia, the Barbary States, and the wandering tribes of Arabs. The savages are the Indians of America, many of the Negro tribes of Africa, and the Papuans of Oceanica." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 141, "question": "What class of men are called Nomads? What is the meaning of nomad?", "answer": "The Arabs. They are called Nomads because of their wandering nature, living in tents with no fixed location." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 142, "question": "What are the principal forms of government?", "answer": "They are republican and monarchical." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 143, "question": "What is a republic? A monarchy?", "answer": "A country governed by men who are chosen by the people. A monarchy is where one person succeeds to the chief power by inheritance, and holds it for life." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 144, "question": "Name the republics of the world.", "answer": "United States, France, Switzerland, Mexico, Venezuela, United States of Columbia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Chili, Argentine Confederation, Uruguay, Paraguay, Guatemala, Honduras, San Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Hayti, San Domingo, Transvaal, Orange Free State, Liberia, Andorra, San Marino, and Montenegro." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 145, "question": "What is an unlimited monarchy? A limited?", "answer": "Where the will of the monarch is the supreme law. A limited monarchy is one in which the will of the monarch is limited by a system of laws called a constitution." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 146, "question": "What is the government of Russia? England? Germany? Turkey? Spain? China? Brazil?", "answer": "Unlimited. England and Germany are limited; Turkey, unlimited; Spain, limited; China and Brazil, unlimited." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 147, "question": "What is a constitution?", "answer": "The written law of a nation, a society, or association." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 148, "question": "What is the sovereign of an empire called?", "answer": "An emperor, sultan, shah, czar, or mikado." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 149, "question": "What are the political divisions of the earth?", "answer": "Empires, kingdoms, republics, states, counties, townships and cities." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 150, "question": "What is an empire, kingdom, republic, state, county?", "answer": "An empire is a country governed by an emperor; a kingdom, one governed by a king; a republic, one governed by representatives chosen by the people; a State is a division of a republic, having laws of its own harmonizing with the general government; a county is a division of a State or kingdom." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 151, "question": "What is the capital of a country? Metropolis?", "answer": "It is the seat of government. The metropolis is the largest city." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 152, "question": "How many distinct races of men?", "answer": "Five : Caucasian, Mongolian, American or Indian, African, and Malay." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 153, "question": "What is the estimated number of inhabitants upon the earth? How divided?", "answer": "The estimated number is 1,380,000,000. The Caucasian and Mongol races number more than four-fifths, or about 554,000,000 each ; the Ethiopian about one-seventh, or 200,000,000 ; the Malay about one twenty-fifth, or 56,000,000; the Indian about one one-hundredth, or 13,000,000." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 154, "question": "How many prevailing systems of religion?", "answer": "Seven : Christians, Buddhists, Brahmins, Religion of Confucius, Shinto, Mohammedanism, and Judaism." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 155, "question": "What is the estimated number belonging to each system? 156. How many classes of Christians?", "answer": "Christians, 394,000,000; Buddhists, from 300,000,000 to 500,000,000, Brahmins, 145,000,000; Religion of Confucius, from 60,000,000 to 100,000,000; Shinto, 12,000,000 to 20,000,000; Mohammedanism, 199,000,000; Judaism, 7,000,000." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 157, "question": "What is the Mohammedan religion? What is the Koran?", "answer": "The Mohammedans are followers of the false prophet Mohammed, who lived in Arabia about six hundred years after Christ. They believe in one God; they consider Moses and Christ as true prophets, but Mohammed as the greatest and last. The Koran is the Mohammedan bible." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 158, "question": "What are the principal points of worship of the Buddhists? The Brahmins? The Religion of Confucius? The Shinto Religion?", "answer": "The Buddhist religion was originated by Buddha in the sixth century, B. C., and was characterized by admirable humanity and morality, with the idea that death was the great sought-for principle of our existence. Later the religion became mixed with an idolatrous worship of its founder and other supposed kindred beings. The Brahmin worshippers believe that Brahma was the creator of the world and that he was the first deity of the Hindoo triad. Their idols represent this union of three deities, and their worship is idolatrous. The religion of Confucius is the political morality as taught by Confucius and his disciples, and forms the basis of the Chinese jurisprudence and education. It can hardly be called a religion, as it does not inculcate the worship of any God. The Shinto Religion is one of the religions of Japan, and its belief is in ancestral worship and sacrifice to departed heroes." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 159, "question": "What is the principal difference between the Christian and Jewish religions?", "answer": "The Jews reject Christ and his Gospel, and expect a Messiah yet to come." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 160, "question": "Who are termed Pagans?", "answer": "The greater part of the inhabitants of Asia and Africa, nearly all of the tribes of the islands of the Pacific, and the Indians of America." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 161, "question": "Name and give the length of the longest four rivers in the world?", "answer": "Mississippi, with the Missouri, 4,200; Nile, 4,000; Amazon, 3,750; Yenisei, 3,400." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 162, "question": "Name and give the length of the longest four rivers of North America?", "answer": "Mississippi proper, 2,800; Missouri, to the Mississippi, 2,900; Mackenzie, 2,300; Arkansas, 2,000; Saskatchawan, 1,900." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 163, "question": "What would be the length of the St. Lawrence through the chain of lakes to the head of the St. Louis River?", "answer": "2,000." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 164, "question": "Name and give the length of the longest four rivers of South America?", "answer": "Amazon; La Plata, 2,300; Orinoco, 1,550; San Francisco, 1,550." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 165, "question": "Of Europe?", "answer": "Volga, 2,000; Danube, 1,600; Don, 1,000; Dnieper, 1,000." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 166, "question": "Of Asia?", "answer": "Yenisei; Yang-tse-Kiang, 3,320; Obi, 3,000; Lena, 2,700." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 167, "question": "Of Africa?", "answer": "Nile; Niger, 3,000; Zambesi, 1,800; Senegal, 1,200." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 168, "question": "What is noticeable of the Amazon River?", "answer": "It is a broad, deep river, and navigable for large vessels about 2,400 miles, and for steamboats to the foot of the Andes. The tide flows up 600 miles. Its waters teem with alligators, and its banks are lined with almost impenetrable forests, filled with huge serpents, ferocious beasts, troops of monkeys, swarms of insects, and flocks of gaudily-colored birds." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 169, "question": "Of the Mississippi?", "answer": "It rises in Lake Itasca, and is navigable to the Falls of St. Anthony, which are very heavy rapids. The upper part of the river, in many places, has very high and rugged banks, while in Louisiana levees, or banks, are built to prevent inundations. Its mouth is not favorable for the navigation of large vessels. Instead of being broad and clear it has many outlets, and sand-bars are continually forming." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 170, "question": "Of the Missouri?", "answer": "This river is very rapid. It is much larger than the Mississippi above, and is navigable to the Great Falls above Ft. Benton, where there are some of the grandest cataracts in the world." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 171, "question": "Of the Nile?", "answer": "Its source, until recently, was not definitely known, but through the explorations of Livingston and Stanley it has been ascertained, together with the mysterious overflow through Egypt. At Khartoom, in Soudan, the river divides and these divisions are called the Blue Nile and the White Nile. The Blue rises in Abyssinia. and the White, the real source of the Nile, rises in Lake Victoria Nyanza. The overflow of the Lower Nile is from June to December, and is caused by the tropical rains in Abyssinia and those of the interior. The river gradually rises for three months and as slowly subsides, leaving a narrow river for the remainder of the year. By this overflow the lands from ten to twenty miles become one of the most fertile valleys in the world. Above its mouth for nearly 1,500 miles there are no rivers or creeks which flow into it." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 172, "question": "Describe the Rio de la Plata?", "answer": "It is a great estuary 200 miles long, and formed by the union of the Parana and Uruguay. For 1,000 miles on the Parana there is a continuous and safe navigation for vessels of three hundred tons burden." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 173, "question": "Describe Egypt?", "answer": "This country is nearly as large as Texas; about three-fourths of its area consists of sandy deserts. The settled portions are principally in the valley of the Nile, which is from 10 to 20 miles in width. Egypt is noted for its wonderful ruins. The pyramids, temples, sphynxes, statues, and caves hewn in the rocks, are traces of its former civilization." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 174, "question": "By what two great commercial routes can we travel around the world, starting from New York?", "answer": "Cross the Atlantic, enter the Mediterranean Sea; pass through the Suez canal; down the Red Sea into the Indian Ocean; pass near the southern points of Asia to Canton; thence across the Pacific to San Francisco; then by rail across the continent to New York. 2d. Sail southwest on the California route until nearly opposite Rio Janeiro; cross the Atlantic; pass Cape of Good Hope; through the Indian Ocean to the East Indies; then up the China Sea to Canton; cross the Pacific to San Francisco; thence to Panama and across the Isthmus; thence north through the West Indies, to New York." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 175, "question": "What country in the world has the longest and most numerous lines of railroads?", "answer": "The United States." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 176, "question": "Between what parallels does the United States lie?", "answer": "Between the 26th and 49th. The distance from the southern point of Texas to the British possessions is about 1,600 miles." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 177, "question": "What is the longitude of San Francisco, and about how far is it from New York City?", "answer": "It is about 45° west from Washington, and about 3,000 miles from New York." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 178, "question": "What State is the geographical center of the United States?", "answer": "Kansas." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 179, "question": "What country produces the most cotton? Sugar? Coffee? Rice? Tea?", "answer": "Cotton—United States. Sugar—West Indies. Coffee—Brazil. Rice and Tea—China." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 180, "question": "What countries produce largely of the same products?", "answer": "Cotton—South America and Egypt. Sugar—United States and South America. Coffee—Java Islands, West Indies, and United States. Rice—United States and Egypt." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 181, "question": "What country produces the most spices?", "answer": "The Spice Islands are celebrated for the production of cloves, nutmegs, and other spices. Java produces more pepper than all other countries combined." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 182, "question": "What are cloves?", "answer": "The unexpanded flower dried. The clove tree grows to the height of from twenty to thirty feet." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 183, "question": "What are nutmegs? Mace?", "answer": "The fruit of the nutmeg tree. This tree is about the size of the common pear." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 184, "question": "What is a mountain system?", "answer": "Several ranges near each other and connected." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 185, "question": "Name the mountain systems of America?", "answer": "The Rocky, Californian, Alleghanian, Andean, Parime, and Brazilian." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 186, "question": "What is the length of the longest day at the equator? At the Tropic of Cancer? Arctic Circle? North Pole?", "answer": "At the equator the length of the days is equal, being twelve hours each; at the tropics the longest day is about thirteen and one-half hours; at the Polar Circles twenty-four hours; at the Poles six months." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 187, "question": "Why does so little rain fall on that part of South America west of the Andes Mountain range?", "answer": "Rains from the Pacific are of rare occurrence, and the height of the Andes range prevents the rain-clouds from the east." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 188, "question": "What large city in Europe is noted for the manufacture of cotton cloth? For silks? Linen? Cutlery? Laces?", "answer": "Manchester. Lyons. Belfast. Sheffield. Brussels." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 189, "question": "What are the leading pursuits of the people of the New England States?", "answer": "Agriculture, manufactures, lumbering, and commerce." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 190, "question": "What are the products of the New England States?", "answer": "Grains, butter, cheese, wool, maple sugar, and live stock." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 191, "question": "Where are the manufactures carried on to the greatest extent in these States? Name some of the most famous cities for the manufacture of cotton.", "answer": "On the Merrimac and Pawtucket Rivers. Lowell, Lawrence, Fall River, Pawtucket and Woonsocket." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 192, "question": "What is remarkable about the Merrimac River?", "answer": "It is said to be more extensively used for manufacturing purposes than any other river in the world." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 193, "question": "What is said of the climate? Soil? Agricultural products? Commerce?", "answer": "The winters are long and severe and the summers short but hot. The soil is generally stony and not very fertile, except in the valleys. The agricultural products are not sufficient to supply the wants of the population. The many excellent harbors, the comparative nearness to Europe, and the abundance of ship timber have contributed to establish an extensive foreign commerce." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 194, "question": "How do the New England States compare in size with California?", "answer": "They are about two-fifths that of California." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 195, "question": "What noted colleges are located at Cambridge and New Haven?", "answer": "Harvard at Cambridge and Yale at New Haven." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 196, "question": "What important industries are carried on at Lynn? New Bedford? Springfield? Worcester? Portland?", "answer": "Lynn is famous for its manufacture of boots and shoes. New Bedford for its whale fisheries. Springfield, the greatest arsenal in the United States. Worcester, a great railroad and manufacturing center. Portland, for the termination of the Grand Trunk Railway of Canada." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 197, "question": "Where is Mount Washington? Its height?", "answer": "It is the highest peak of the White Mountains in New Hampshire, and is 6,288 feet high." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 198, "question": "Where is marble obtained?", "answer": "From the extensive quarries in Vermont and Italy. It is also found in the States of Maine, Massachusetts, Rhode Island and Tennessee." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 199, "question": "What is granite, and where found?", "answer": "It is very hard rock, and much used for millstones. It is found in the Eastern States." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 200, "question": "What State is called the \"Granite State\"? The \"Pine-tree State\"? The \"Green Mountain State\"? The \"Bay State\"?", "answer": "New Hampshire, Maine, Vermont, Massachusetts." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 201, "question": "For what are Lexington and Concord famous? (a) Where are the following mountains: White, Blue, Hoosick, Mt. Katahdin, Mt. Holyoke, Bunker Hill. (b) What are Nantucket and Martha's Vineyard, and to what State do they belong? (c) Where are Rhode and Mt. Desert Islands, and to what States do they belong? (d) Describe Lakes Memphremagog, Moosehead, Chesuncook, Grand, Winnipiseogee, Sebago, and Umbagog. (e) Describe the bay of Passamaquodda, Massachusetts, Cape Cod, Penobscot, Casco, Narragansett, and Long Island Sound.", "answer": "For the opening engagements of the war of the Revolution, April 19th, 1775." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 202, "question": "How many square miles in the area of Rhode Island, and how many States of the same size could be formed out of the State of Texas?", "answer": "1,300 square miles. 183." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 203, "question": "How does Maine compare in size to the other five New England States? 204. What is particularly noticeable about the northern boundary of Connecticut? (a) Locate Burlington, Belfast, Dover, Salem, Bath, Bennington, Bangor, Eastport, and Lowell. (b) Describe the following: Housatonic, Kennebec, Merrimac, Pawtucket, Connecticut, Thames, St. Croix, Taunton, Onion, White, and Androscoggin.", "answer": "It is nearly as large." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 205, "question": "What is the size of California ?", "answer": "About 189,000 square miles." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 206, "question": "What is the surface of this State ?", "answer": "A large portion of it is traversed by mountain ranges. The great agricultural valley lies between the Sierra Nevada and coast range, and extends 500 miles." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 207, "question": "What is the name of this valley, and from what did it derive its name ?", "answer": "It is the Sacramento and San Joaquin valley, and derives its name from the Sacramento River, which rises in the northern part of the State, and the San Joaquin, which rises in the southern part. These rivers flow towards each other and empty into a branch of San Francisco Bay." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 208, "question": "What is the Golden Gate ?", "answer": "A narrow strait about four miles long, which is the entrance from the Pacific Ocean to San Francisco Bay." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 209, "question": "What is the climate of the Pacific Coast ?", "answer": "It is mild and equable in temperature, but has great extremes of moisture. The seasons are termed the wet and the dry. At Puget Sound there is a greater rainfall than any other part of the United States, except Alaska." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 210, "question": "What natural curiosities do we find in California?", "answer": "The Big Trees and the Yosemite Valley are two of the chief wonders of nature. The Big Trees are gigantic evergreens, some of which are more than 100 feet around, 400 feet high, and 3,000 years old. The Yosemite Valley is a remarkable chasm ten miles long and three in width, with perpendicular walls of granite from 3,000 to 5,000 feet high, over which the Merced River, in three leaps, falls more than 2,000 feet." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 211, "question": "What are the productions of this section ?", "answer": "Wheat, wool, lumber, salmon fisheries, gold, wine, and a great variety of fruits." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 212, "question": "What can be said of the fisheries of the Columbia River?", "answer": "They are an immense industry." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 213, "question": "What can be said of the valley of Puget Sound ? Its climate ? Its latitude ?", "answer": "It is very fertile, its climate mild, which is due to the warm ocean current which flows by its shores. The same latitude on the Atlantic is almost a cold, barren waste." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 214, "question": "Describe Alaska.", "answer": "It has an area of 577,000 square miles, or more than ten times that of Illinois. The climate is cold, and with the exception of the southern point, it is unfit for civilization. In the northern part the coast is low and marshy, while in the south it is mountainous. The Yukon and Pelly Rivers are remarkable for their size and length." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 215, "question": "What is its form of government?", "answer": "It is organized into a territory, but has no representation in Congress." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 216, "question": "Is this possession valuable to the United States ?", "answer": "It is already of considerable value, and may become of great interest, as the salmon fisheries are inexhaustible and mining is attracting much attention. The seal fisheries yield an annual revenue to the government of over $100,000." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 217, "question": "How are the seal fisheries conducted ?", "answer": "A species of license is granted a company, who are allowed to kill so many seals each year and pay certain amounts to the government for this exclusive privilege." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 218, "question": "Which is the principal settlement, and where situated ?", "answer": "Sitka, on the Island of Sitka. The rain-fall at this point is about seven and a half feet a year." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 219, "question": "When was gold discovered in California ?", "answer": "It was first announced at the close of the year 1848." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 220, "question": "What is the climate? (a) Locate Vallejo, San Jose, Los Angeles, Stockton, Oakland, Marysville, Ft. Yuma, Benicia, and San Francisco. (b) Locate Portland, Astoria, Walla Walla, St. Paul (Alaska). (c) Locate Mt. Shasta, Mt. Hood, Mt. Baker, Mt. St. Helens, Mt. Pitt, Mt. Whitney, Mt. St. Elias, Mt. Fairweather. (d) Describe the following rivers: San Joaquin, Sacramento, Columbia, Snake, Clarks, Bitter Root, Willamette, Kalmath, Yukon.", "answer": "The climate is noted for its periodical changes. There are two seasons, the wet and the dry. In the latitude of San Francisco the wet season lasts from the middle of November to the middle of May." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 221, "question": "What is the difference in latitude between San Francisco and Richmond ?", "answer": "Richmond is about twenty-five miles south." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 222, "question": "How far north of Richmond is New York City ?", "answer": "About 230 miles." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 223, "question": "What part of South America is in the same latitude south of the equator, that Central United States is north of it ?", "answer": "The northern part of Patagonia." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 224, "question": "How does Brazil compare in size with the United States (not including Alaska)?", "answer": "It is a little larger than the United States, containing about 3,230,000 square miles." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 225, "question": "What city in the West Indies is in the same latitude north of the equator that Rio Janeiro is south of it?", "answer": "Havana." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 226, "question": "Describe South America.", "answer": "It is a vast peninsula, occupying the southern half of the Western Continent. Its length from north to south is about 4,000 miles, and its greatest breadth is about 3,000. Three great mountain systems diversify the surface, viz., the Andean, which stretches along the western coast; the Parime, which consists of several parallel ranges extending from east to west, between the Orinoco and Amazon Rivers; and the Brazilian system, which consists of two ranges running parallel to the coast of Brazil, with several diverging chains. Between these mountain systems extends a vast plain. This plain may be divided into four parts—the region of the llanos, the selvas, the pampas, and wastes of Patagonia." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 227, "question": "What are the llanos?", "answer": "They are level grazing tracts, which occupy most of the region of the basin of the Orinoco. During the dry season they are parched and desolate, but with the return of rain rich pastures are abundant." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 228, "question": "What are the selvas?", "answer": "They are the forest plains of the Amazon, occupying the lower part of the basin, extending as far as the periodical inundation." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 229, "question": "What are the pampas?", "answer": "These tracts are in the Argentine Republic, and are covered with a heavy growth of grass, which affords sus-tenance to great herds of cattle and horses." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 230, "question": "What are the wastes of Patagonia?", "answer": "Sterile tracts covered with sand and gravel." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 231, "question": "What is a plateau, or table-land?", "answer": "An extensive level tract considerably elevated above the level of the sea." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 232, "question": "How may the plateaus of South America be divided?", "answer": "The Great Plateau of the Andes ; the elevated plains of Quito, Bogota, and Popayan ; and the tableland of Brazil." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 233, "question": "Describe the plateau of the Andes.", "answer": "It is an extensive tract of lofty tableland, stretch-ing along the tops of the Andes between parallels 3° and 15° south latitude, with an elevation of nearly 13,000 feet." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 234, "question": "Describe Quito.", "answer": "It is situated under the equator, on the side of a volcanic mountain, 9,500 feet above the sea. The climate is that of continued spring. Earthquakes are frequent. There are in sight eleven summits of the Andes covered with perpetual snow." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 235, "question": "What are Chimborazo and Cotopaxi?", "answer": "Volcanoes of Ecuador. Chimborazo is a peak of the Andes range, 21,440 feet high. Cotopaxi, 18,900 feet high, is the most tremendous volcano in the world. The flame sometimes rises 3,000 feet above the top." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 236, "question": "What is the Peruvian Balsa?", "answer": "A light raft, which is formed of inflated skins cov-ered with a light platform. These are used for unloading vessels through the breakers, which continually dash upon the shores and prevent the approach of any ordinary boat." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 237, "question": "Describe the Cassiquiare River.", "answer": "It is a connecting river between the Orinoco and Rio Negro Rivers. This tract of country is so level that a rise or fall of the Orinoco governs the course of that river, which flows during a portion of the year into the Amazon, and at other times in an opposite direction." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 238, "question": "How far north does South America extend?", "answer": "Twelve and a half degrees north of the equator." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 239, "question": "Into what divisions can the countries of South America be divided?", "answer": "Into three divisions : Portuguese South America, Spanish South America, and the Guianas." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 240, "question": "What does Portuguese South America comprise?", "answer": "The Empire of Brazil." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 241, "question": "What does the Guianas comprise?", "answer": "British, French and Dutch colonies." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 242, "question": "What does Spanish South America comprise?", "answer": "Nine independent republics, viz.: Venezuela, Co-lumbia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Chili, Argentine Confeder-ation, Uruguay and Paraguay." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 243, "question": "Why are these republics called the Spanish division?", "answer": "They were once colonies of Spain." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 244, "question": "Describe Venezuela. The United States of Columbia. Ecuador. Peru. Bolivia. Chili.", "answer": "Venezuela is the most northern country of South America, is tropical in climate, and exports coffee, cocoa and tropical fruits. United States of Columbia occupies the northwest por-tion, embracing the Isthmus of Panama, and is the most important of the five northern republics. By treaty it is under the protection of the United States. Ecuador lies south of Columbia, and its exports are cocoa, coffee, Indian-rubber and Peruvian bark. Peru lies south of Ecuador, and has more miles of railroad than any other country of South America. Its chief exports are guano and saltpeter. Silver mining is an important industry. Bolivia has but little commerce; its people are not so energetic and prosperous. The exports are Peruvian bark, saltpeter and silver ore. Chile occupies a narrow strip of sea-coast extending from Bolivia to Cape Horn. It is the most enterprising country of South America, and a large proportion of its inhabitants are Europeans. Its chief exports are copper-ore, silver and wheat. The climate is semi-tropical in the northern part and extends into the cold, barren regions on the south." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 245, "question": "What is the Argentine Confederation? Describe Uruguay. Paraguay.", "answer": "This Confederation stands next to Chile in enterprise. Its climate is semi-tropical, and its exports are hides, wool and flax. The country is almost an extensive plain with the finest grazing in the world. Large herds of cattle, horses and sheep are successfully handled here. Two-thirds of the hides are shipped to the United States. Education is rapidly advancing. The location of this country is to the southern hemisphere what the United States is to the northern. Uruguay and Paraguay formerly belonged to the Argentine Confederation, but are each now independent republics. Their exports and climate are similar to the Argentine Confederation. Paraguay is the weakest of the nine republics, and is the only country of South America having no sea-coast." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 246, "question": "What are the inhabitants of South America? How divided in regard to numbers?", "answer": "It contains about 27,000,000 inhabitants, of which one-third belong to the Caucasian race, one-third Indians, and the remainder consists of Negroes and persons of mixed blood called Mestizoes and Mulattoes." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 247, "question": "What is the state of commerce? Civilization?", "answer": "As South America is largely in the torrid zone the climate does not inspire activity, and commerce naturally drags, but as civilization advances the general prosperity increases. The country is fast feeling the influence of the enlightenment of the United States and Europe." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 248, "question": "What are the natural resources? The industries?", "answer": "There are no large gulfs or bays to indent the shores, and no great lakes for an inland commerce. The natural facilities for commerce and manufacturing are greatly inferior to those of North America. The great central plain supports millions of cattle, horses and sheep. The industries are mostly of the productions of tropical climates. Gold, silver, copper and diamonds are found and extensively mined." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 249, "question": "Which is the most important country for the commerce of the United States?", "answer": "Brazil." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 250, "question": "Which is the most progressive of the republics?", "answer": "Chili." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 251, "question": "Describe the railroads of South America.", "answer": "They are short. Chili has the best system and Brazil has about 2,000 miles." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 252, "question": "What part of South America is in the same latitude as Cape Colony?", "answer": "Uruguay." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 253, "question": "What city in Australia is in nearly the same latitude as Buenos Ayres?", "answer": "Sydney." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 254, "question": "What large city in the United States is in nearly the same longitude as Quito?", "answer": "Buffalo." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 255, "question": "What part of the western coast of Africa is in the same latitude as Cape Gallinas? (a) Describe the following islands: Joanes, Desolation, Chiloe, Falkland, Staten, Wellington, Juan Fernandez, Trinidad, St. Felix, Hermit Margarita. (b) Locate the following places : Conception, Truxillo, Arequipa, Santiago, Villa Bella, Pernambuco, Popayan, Aspinwall, Villa Rica, Valparaiso, Cobija, Callao, Chagres, Guayaquil, Para, Bahia, Barcelona, Angostura, Potosi, Panama. (c) Name and locate the capital cities of South America.", "answer": "Near Cape Verd." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 256, "question": "Where is Cape Horn ?", "answer": "It projects from Horn Island, which is southwest from Hermit Island. Cape Horn has usually been given as projecting from the Isle of Hermit." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 257, "question": "What is Terra del Fuego?", "answer": "The most southern part of the inhabited world, and is peopled by a race of miserable savages who live chiefly by fishing. These islands were discovered by Magellan, in 1520, and so named by him on account of the number of fires he saw along the coast, which he supposed to be eruptions of volcanoes. The meaning of Terra del Fuego is land of fire." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 258, "question": "Why was Patagonia so named ?", "answer": "It was taken from the Spanish word Patagon—a man with large feet. Magellan gave the inhabitants of this country the name of Patagonians on account of the apparent large size of their feet, which, being wrapped in skins, seemed much larger than they really were." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 259, "question": "What cape in South America is the most northern, eastern, southern, western? (a) Locate the following capes : North, Frio, St. Antonio, Blanco. (b) Where are the peninsulas of St. Joseph's and Tres Montes ? (c) Locate the Gulf of Darien, St. Matthias, All Saints, Choco, Blanco, Guayaquil, St. George's, Paranagua, Panama. (d) Where are Lakes Titicaca and Uros ? What river connects them?", "answer": "Cape Gallinas, St. Roque, Horn, Parina." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 260, "question": "Where is Lake Reyes, and what river is its outlet ?", "answer": "It is in Peru, and the Ucayle River is its outlet. This lake is the source of the Amazon." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 261, "question": "What is the general character of the lakes of South America ? (a) Locate Lakes Xarayes, Yber, and Maracaibo.", "answer": "With the exception of Lake Titicaca and Lake Maracaibo, they are more like vast morasses than lakes." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 262, "question": "Describe Lakes Titicaca and Maracaibo. (a) Where is the Desert of Atacama ? (b) In how many zones is South America ? (c) Between what two mountain chains is the basin of the Orinoco ? (d) Of the countries of South America, which border on the Caribbean Sea? Which on the Atlantic Ocean? On the Pacific Ocean ?", "answer": "Lake Titicaca is a saltish lake, about half as large as Lake Erie, and is situated on the Great Plateau nearly 13,000 feet above the level of the Pacific Ocean. Its waters are inland, having no outlet to the ocean. Lake Maracaibo is, more properly speaking, a bay, being connected by a strait with the Caribbean Sea." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 263, "question": "Where are the Lobos and Chincha Islands ? For what are they valuable ?", "answer": "They lie off the coast of Peru, and are of great value for the immense quantities of guano found upon them." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 264, "question": "Which is the smallest division of South America, and what State is about the same size ?", "answer": "French Guiana, which contains about 3,500 square miles, or about the size of Maine." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 265, "question": "How does Brazil compare in size to the whole of South America ? Describe this country.", "answer": "It contains nearly one-half of the peninsula. It was once a colony of Portugal, and Portuguese is the language of the civilized inhabitants. An ocean telegraph connects this country with Portugal and another with the United States by the way of the West Indies. Brazil furnishes the greater part of the coffee used in the world, more than one-half of which goes to the United States. Cotton, sugar, hides, dye-woods, Indian-rubber and diamonds are also produced in large quantities." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 266, "question": "What important enterprise is being pushed on the Isthmus of Panama ?", "answer": "A ship canal." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 267, "question": "What political interest does the United States hold in this enterprise ?", "answer": "That it shall not become a possession of any foreign government." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 268, "question": "What political relations exist between this government and United States of Colombia?", "answer": "A treaty of protection. The United States guarantees that no other power shall take possession of her lands or government." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 269, "question": "Who is Count de Lesseps, and what notable works has he accomplished ? (a) What are the following : San Francisco, Geral. Magellan, Port Stanley, De los Patos, Madeira, Pichincha, Essequibo, Despoblado, Maranham, Tobago, Margarita? (b) Describe the following rivers : Orinoco, Magda- lena, Rio Negro, Para, Tocantins, Araguay, Tapajos, Xingu, Mamore, Purus, Pilcomayo, Salado, Rio Colorado.", "answer": "A great French engineer who conceived the idea of building the Suez Canal, and is now pushing to completion the canal on the Isthmus of Panama." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 270, "question": "Describe the Andes Mountains.", "answer": "They form one of the grandest mountain ranges in the world. They commence in low hills on the Isthmus of Panama, and terminate in the Island of Cape Horn, which is a bleak and naked rock, rising 3,500 feet above the sea. In Patagonia they rise abruptly from the shore, but farther north they are from 60 to 100 miles from the coast. They consist generally of parallel ranges of lofty mountains, with high valleys and tablelands between. This system is from 30 to 400 miles wide." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 271, "question": "What does British America comprise? What are its chief divisions ?", "answer": "It comprises about one-third of the continent of North America, together with many adjacent islands. Its chief divisions are the Dominion of Canada, the Province of Newfoundland, the Bermuda Islands, the Bahamas, Jamaica, and numerous colonies in the West Indies." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 272, "question": "What are the divisions of the Dominion of Canada ?", "answer": "Quebec, Ontario, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, British Columbia, Manitoba, and the Northeast and Northwest Territories or Districts." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 273, "question": "Describe the climate of the Dominion. The sur- face. The trade.", "answer": "The climate is severe, except in the southern parts of British Columbia and Ontario. The surface as a whole is considered level. British Columbia and the provinces east of Manitoba are great forest regions. Between the Rocky Mountains and Manitoba are extensive prairies. The trade is principally with Great Britain and the United States. The exports are fish, coal, grain, and lumber." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 274, "question": "How does the Dominion compare in size to the United States ? What is its population ?", "answer": "It is nearly the same size and its population is 4,375,000. Its area is 3,500,000." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 275, "question": "What island forms a part of the province of Nova Scotia?", "answer": "Cape Breton." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 276, "question": "Describe Newfoundland. For what is it noted ?", "answer": "The surface is generally rocky and barren. The coast is indented by deep inlets, which form many excellent harbors. It is noted for its fisheries." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 277, "question": "Describe Nova Scotia. Prince Edward Island. New Brunswick. Quebec. Ontario.", "answer": "Nova Scotia has many good harbors and valuable fisheries. It is favorably located for commerce and exports fish, sheep, coal and gypsum. Prince Edward Island has a fertile soil, and agriculture is the leading occupation. New Brunswick is noted for its timber forests, and exports great amounts of lumber and fish. Quebec has a severe climate, and is noted for its picturesque scenery. Montreal, the largest city of this province, has an extensive commerce and ships large amounts of grain. Ontario has a mild climate, compared with Quebec, and produces a great amount of grain and lumber." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 278, "question": "Describe Manitoba. British Columbia.", "answer": "Manitoba is in the basin of the great wheat growing region of the North and is rapidly increasing in population. The Red River of the North, flowing from the United States, and the Winnipeg Lake with the Saskatchawan River, form 2,000 miles of inland navigation. British Columbia abounds in salmon, timber, coal, gold and other metals. It is soon to be connected with the great Canadian Pacific Railroad." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 279, "question": "Describe the Northeast and Northwest Territories, or Districts.", "answer": "They are divided into Provisional Districts: Athabasca, Alberta, Saskatchawan and Assiniboia. It will eventually be the greatest wheat producing country in the world." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 280, "question": "What is the government of the provinces of the Dominion ?", "answer": "The chief executive officer is the Governor-General, who is appointed by the sovereign of Great Britain. The Legislature consists of two branches. The members of the lower branch are elected by the people, but the members of the other branch are appointed by the Governor-General. Each province has a similar government under a Lieutenant-Governor." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 281, "question": "For what is the great Saskatchewan Valley noted? What is the extent of this valley ?", "answer": "For the production of wheat, and contains over 300,000 square miles." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 282, "question": "What is the Bras d'Or?", "answer": "It is an arm of the sea, which almost divides the Island of Cape Breton." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 283, "question": "What are the French possessions near these provinces ?", "answer": "The small islands of St. Pierre and Miquelon. These islands lie south of Newfoundland, and serve as fishing-stations." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 284, "question": "What are the banks of Newfoundland ?", "answer": "They are shallow places in the sea, the largest of which is Grand Bank, and lies to the eastward of the island. This bank is more than 600 miles long and 250 broad." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 285, "question": "Where is Anticosta Island ? Is it valuable ?", "answer": "It is situated at the mouth of the St. Lawrence River. It is a barren island and only occupied by keepers of light-houses upon the coast." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 286, "question": "Which of the United States is about the size of New Brunswick ? Prince Edward Island ?", "answer": "South Carolina. Delaware." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 287, "question": "How is Montreal situated ?", "answer": "On Montreal Island. This island is 32 miles in length, and is situated at the junction of the Ottawa with the St. Lawrence. The Isle of Jesus lies north of it." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 288, "question": "For what is the basin of the St. Lawrence remark- able?", "answer": "For the grandeur and beauty of its natural scenery. Niagara Falls, the Thousand Isles, and Rapids of St. Lawrence, the falls near Quebec, and the grand scenery of the Saguenay River, are the admiration of thousands of tourists." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 289, "question": "For what is the Bay of Fundy noted?", "answer": "For having the highest tides in the world, which rise to the height of seventy feet." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 290, "question": "What are tides? Neap tides? Spring tides?", "answer": "Tides are elevations and depressions of the ocean at regular intervals, occurring twice in twenty-four hours. The neap tides are the least ebb and flow of the water, and are at the close of the first quarter and first of the last quarter of the moon. Spring tides are the greatest ebb and flow of the water, which occur at the time of the new and the full moon." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 291, "question": "What are the chief causes of tides ?", "answer": "The attraction of the moon and sun. Probably not one teacher in a thousand can explain to the satisfaction of his scholars this attraction. The fact that the water rises on opposite sides of the earth at the same time is the difficult part of the question. How the attraction on one side produces a similar attraction on the other, we leave for your study, as we frankly confess we dare not attempt its explanation in this review." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 292, "question": "What are the three distinct movements of the ocean?", "answer": "Waves, tides and currents." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 293, "question": "What are waves ?", "answer": "The action of the winds on the surface of a body of water. On the ocean, the height of waves produced by storms averages from 10 to 20 feet." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 294, "question": "What are ocean currents, and how are they caused ? 295. How are ocean currents divided ?", "answer": "They are like vast rivers, transporting its waters from one part to another, and are caused by the heat of the sun, rotation of the earth, the saltness of the sea, by winds, tides, and melting ice." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 296, "question": "What is a counter current?", "answer": "A stream which runs by the side of, or beneath another current, and in an opposite direction." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 297, "question": "Why are the tides of Fundy Bay so much greater than at other ports ?", "answer": "The position of the bay is such, that the Atlantic tide is forced into it, and the waters are raised by this pressure above the adjoining sea." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 298, "question": "What are the chief productions of the Canadian provinces?", "answer": "Grain, hemp, flax, potatoes, lumber, fish, coal, grindstones, and gypsum." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 299, "question": "Name and locate the capital cities of these provinces. (a) Locate the following cities : Prescott, Kingston, St. John, Liverpool, Toronto, Quebec, Pictou, Hamilton, Bathurst, Three Rivers, Yarmouth, Harbor Grace, Sydney, Louisburg, Chatham, Windsor, Truro, Victoria, Winnipeg, Regina, Battleford. (b) Describe the capes : Sable, Canso, North, Race, Bauld, Ray, St. Lewis, Rozier. (c) Describe the following gulfs and bays : James, Hudson, St. Lawrence, Chaleurs, Georgian, Fundy, Notre Dame, Placentia, Fortune, Bonavista, Trinity and St. George's. (d) Locate the Straits Belle Isle, Northumberland and Canso. (e) Describe some of the principal lakes : Abbitibbe, Mistissinnie, St. John, Grand, Nipissing, Sinco, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Gulf of Georgia. (f) Describe the following rivers : Albany, Moose, Ottawa, East Main, St. Maurice, Saguenay, Rupert's, Severn, Grand, Richelieu, St. Francis, St. John, Fraser.", "answer": "Halifax, Charlotte Town, St. John's, Fredericktown, Ottawa, and New Westminster." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 300, "question": "To what province does Labrador belong ?", "answer": "Newfoundland." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 301, "question": "What are the obstructions to navigation from the Gulf of St. Lawrence to Lake Superior?", "answer": "The rapids of the St. Lawrence, Niagara Falls, and falls in the River St. Mary." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 302, "question": "How are these obstructions avoided ?", "answer": "In ascending the river, the rapids are avoided by canals on the left bank, but the downward passage, though perilous, is made by the river itself. The Welland Canal connects Lakes Ontario and Erie, thereby avoiding the Falls of Niagara. The falls of the St. Mary River are passed by a ship canal." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 303, "question": "How is Nova Scotia joined to New Brunswick ?", "answer": "By an isthmus, fourteen miles in width." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 304, "question": "What islands are in the Niagara River ?", "answer": "Grand, Navy, and Goat." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 305, "question": "What difficulties of a political nature have lately arisen between Canada and the United States ?", "answer": "The Canadians claim that American fishermen have gone into British waters. Several seizures were made, and the matter called the attention of the two governments." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 306, "question": "What are the commercial routes of the Dominion ?", "answer": "The great water route is the St. Lawrence River and the Great Lakes. By railroad, the Grand Trunk, which passes from Detroit, Michigan, through the principal cities of the Dominion to Quebec, with a branch to Portland, Maine." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 307, "question": "How is Oceanica divided ?", "answer": "Into three divisions: Malasia, Australasia, and Polynesia." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 308, "question": "What does Malasia comprise ?", "answer": "The East India Archipelago, which lies to the southeast of Asia. The principal divisions are the Sunda Isles, Spice Islands, Philippine, and Celebes." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 309, "question": "Which are the principal Sunda Isles ?", "answer": "Borneo, Sumatra, and Java." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 310, "question": "What are the productions of these islands ?", "answer": "They are varied, for no part of the world is richer in its vegetable productions. The minerals are also valuable. Nearly all of the spices that we use—such as cinnamon, cloves, nutmegs, and pepper—are raised on these islands. The bread-fruit tree, sago, cocoanut palm, bananas, yams, and various tropical fruits are grown extensively. Coffee is exported from Java; gold and diamonds from Borneo; tin from Banca; sugar, hemp and tobacco from the Philippine Isles." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 311, "question": "What is said of the animals of Malasia ?", "answer": "They are among the largest and fiercest upon the earth. The tiger, rhinoceros, elephant, and ourang-outang are found in Sumatra." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 312, "question": "What are the inhabitants ?", "answer": "They are principally Malays." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 313, "question": "What nations have possessions here?", "answer": "The Dutch, English, Spanish, and Portuguese. Java, the Spice Islands, Sumatra, Celebes, a part of Borneo, and most of Timor belong to the Dutch. The Philippine Isles to Spain. A part of Borneo and Papuan to the English, and a part of Timor belongs to the Portuguese." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 314, "question": "Which are the most important cities of this archipelago? Where are they situated ? (a) Locate Acheen, Macassar, Bencoolen. (b) What strait separates Sumatra from Java? (c) What strait separates Sumatra from Asia? Borneo from Celebes? (d) Where is Mt. Ophir?", "answer": "Batavia and Manilla." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 315, "question": "How large is Borneo? Sumatra? Java? Celebes? Philippine Isles?", "answer": "Borneo contains about 260,000 square miles, Sumatra 125,000, Java 52,000, Celebes 46,000, Philippine 66,000." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 316, "question": "What State is about the size of Celebes?", "answer": "Pennsylvania." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 317, "question": "In which zone are these islands situated?", "answer": "The torrid. The equator crosses Sumatra, Borneo, Celebes, and some of the Spice Islands." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 318, "question": "What is the surface of these islands?", "answer": "Most of them are mountainous, and many contain active volcanoes. Java alone contains forty-three." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 319, "question": "Are these islands thickly inhabited?", "answer": "With the exception of Java, they are not. Java, which is about the size of Arkansas, contains 18,000,000 people." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 320, "question": "How is Australasia divided?", "answer": "This is the largest division of Oceanica, and comprises Australia, Papua or New Guinea, Tasmania, New Zealand, New Caledonia, and many other islands." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 321, "question": "What race is called Papuans? Where are they found and what is noticeable of them?", "answer": "They are a cannibal negro race and inhabit a long group of islands extending from New Guinea to New Caledonia." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 322, "question": "To what country does Australia, New Zealand, and Tasmania belong?", "answer": "To Great Britain." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 323, "question": "What possessions has France in these divisions?", "answer": "New Caledonia." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 324, "question": "How is Australia divided?", "answer": "North Australia, South Australia, West Australia, Queen's Land, New South Wales, Victoria, and Alexandra Land." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 325, "question": "How large is Australia?", "answer": "About four-fifths as large as the United States." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 326, "question": "What is the surface of this island?", "answer": "Near the coast are mountain ranges. The central regions have never been explored, but are supposed to consist of a low, barren plain. The Murray is the only river of much importance." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 327, "question": "What are the inhabitants?", "answer": "The greater part of them are Europeans and their descendants. The natives are a race of negroes, called Papuans." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 328, "question": "What are the chief pursuits of the people? The chief exports?", "answer": "Mining and raising wool. They also produce large amounts of wheat, indigo, cotton, sugar, coffee, tin and copper." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 329, "question": "What is the government of Australia?", "answer": "The colonies are politically independent of one another, and are governed by representatives chosen by universal suffrage, and by executive officers appointed by the Crown." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 330, "question": "What is the climate? Vegetation?", "answer": "The northern part is tropical, while the southern part is subjected to sudden successions of floods and droughts." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 331, "question": "How is Australia connected, by means of the telegraph, with the countries of Europe?", "answer": "One line, from the principal cities, crosses the middle of the continent to the northwest coast, and is continued by ocean cable to British India, and thence through Asia and Europe. Other lines and cables connect direct with London." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 332, "question": "What is said of the native animals of Australia?", "answer": "The largest is the kangaroo. The most singular one is the platypus, which has the body of an otter, the bill of a duck, and lays eggs." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 333, "question": "Which are the principal cities? Locate them.", "answer": "Melbourne, Sydney, Adelaide, and Perth." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 334, "question": "Is this country thickly settled?", "answer": "It is not. The estimated number of inhabitants is two million." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 335, "question": "Describe Tasmania.", "answer": "It is about one-half as large as England, and is a fine agricultural island, inhabited solely by European col-onists." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 336, "question": "Where is New Zealand? (a) Locate Auckland, Hobarton, Cook Strait. (b) Where is Bass Strait, Torres, Molucca Passage?", "answer": "It is situated southeast of Asia. These islands are mountainous, and the inhabitants belong to the Malay race." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 337, "question": "What is said of Papua and the other islands?", "answer": "They are but little known. There are no white settlements in any of them except New Caledonia." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 338, "question": "What does Polynesia include?", "answer": "The great number of islands which are scattered throughout the wide expanse of the Pacific Ocean." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 339, "question": "Name the principal groups.", "answer": "The Sandwich, Society, Friendly, Marquesas, Caroline, and Ladrone." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 340, "question": "What is the surface of the islands of Polynesia?", "answer": "They are divided into two classes : The mountain-ous, which are principally of volcanic formation, and the low islands, which are the work of the coral insect." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 341, "question": "What are the inhabitants?", "answer": "Most of the natives belong to the Malay race." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 342, "question": "What is said of the animals?", "answer": "When first discovered, these islands contained neither insects nor reptiles, and no animal larger than a hog." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 343, "question": "Which is the only important town in Polynesia?", "answer": "Honolulu, on Oahu, one of the Sandwich Islands." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 344, "question": "Name the Middle States. How do they compare in size to the New England States ?", "answer": "New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey and Dela-ware. They are about twice as large." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 345, "question": "Which is the larger, New York or Pennsylvania ?", "answer": "New York contains 47,000 square miles, and Penn-sylvania 46,000." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 346, "question": "What is the surface of these States ?", "answer": "New York is somewhat undulating. The Cats-kill and Adirondack Mountains are in this State. Penn-sylvania is quite mountainous ; here the Alleghany system has attained its greatest breadth. The greater part of New Jersey, Delaware, and Maryland is a low and gener-ally sandy tract." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 347, "question": "What can be said of New York?", "answer": "In wealth, population, and commercial import-ance, it holds the first rank in the Union." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 348, "question": "For what are Rochester, Syracuse, West Point, and Saratoga noted ? Locate them.", "answer": "Rochester has the most extensive flour-mills in the East, and Syracuse the greatest salt-works in the country. West Point is the seat of the United States Military Acad-emy, and Saratoga is well-known as a fashionable watering place." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 349, "question": "What is noticeable of Pennsylvania?", "answer": "It is one of the wealthiest States in the Union. Much of its wealth lies in mining and manufacturing ; but it is also rich in grain and live stock." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 350, "question": "What is said of its minerals ?", "answer": "The mines of iron and coal far surpass those of any other State. Petroleum in large quantities is found in the northwestern part." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 351, "question": "For what are Pittsburg and Philadelphia noted?", "answer": "Pittsburg is the greatest iron manufacturing city, and Philadelphia is the second greatest manufacturing city in the Union." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 352, "question": "Where is Fairmount Park? What great event was celebrated there ?", "answer": "It is in Philadelphia, and the great celebration of 1876, called the Centennial, was held there." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 353, "question": "What is the estimated population of the City of New York during the day ? What is the population within a radius of thirty miles ?", "answer": "It is estimated at 1,500,000. In a radius of thirty miles it is more than 2,500,000." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 354, "question": "Describe the Brooklyn Bridge.", "answer": "See answer No. 651 on United States History." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 355, "question": "What great gift of the French people is located in the New York harbor ? Describe it.", "answer": "The Statue of Liberty Enlightening the World." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 356, "question": "What are the pursuits of the people of New Jersey ?", "answer": "Chiefly agricultural. They supply New York and Philadelphia with vegetables." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 357, "question": "What fashionable resorts for sea-bathing in this State? Locate them.", "answer": "Long Branch, Cape May and Atlantic City." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 358, "question": "How large is Delaware ? What are the chief pursuits of the people ?", "answer": "With the exception of Rhode Island, it is the smallest State in the Union. It contains 2,120 square miles." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 359, "question": "Describe the District of Columbia.", "answer": "It is situated on the Potomac River, and has an area of seventy square miles. It contains Washington and several small towns. It is under the government of Congress." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 360, "question": "How great a fall has the cataract of Niagara ?", "answer": "One hundred and sixty-five feet." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 361, "question": "How are the West India Islands divided?", "answer": "Into three divisions: the Greater Antilles, the Lesser Antilles, and the Bahamas." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 362, "question": "What islands belong to the Greater Antilles ?", "answer": "Cuba, Hayti, Jamaica, and Porto Rico." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 363, "question": "What do the Lesser Antilles include ?", "answer": "The chain of islands which extends from Porto Rico to South America." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 364, "question": "What and where are the Bahama Islands ?", "answer": "They are low islands of coral formation, and lie north of the Greater Antilles." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 365, "question": "To what country do these islands belong ?", "answer": "Cuba and Porto Rico belong to Spain; Jamaica, the Bahamas, and most of the Lesser Antilles belong to Great Britain; Hayti is independent; and the remaining islands are owned by France, Denmark, Holland and Venezuela." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 366, "question": "What are the inhabitants of these islands ?", "answer": "They consist principally of whites, free negroes, and slaves. About one-sixth are white." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 367, "question": "What is the surface of the Antilles ?", "answer": "They are mountainous, and are supposed to be the remains of a mountain chain which at some remote period connected North and South America." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 368, "question": "What are the productions ?", "answer": "Tropical fruits, sugar, coffee, tobacco, rum, mahogany, and spices." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 369, "question": "What is rum ?", "answer": "Spirits distilled from molasses." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 370, "question": "How is Hayti divided ?", "answer": "Into two distinct states: the Republic of Dominica and the Republic of Hayti." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 371, "question": "What is the history of this republic?", "answer": "The island once belonged to France and Spain. In 1791 the slaves in the western, or French division, rose against their masters, and after a bloody and cruel war succeeded in establishing themselves, first as an empire, then as an independent republic. In 1849, the President (Soulouque) proclaimed himself emperor, with the title of Faustin I. After a reign of ten years, Soulouque was deposed and a republican form of government was again adopted. In 1821 the eastern division revolted from Spain and formed a republic." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 372, "question": "Where are the Bermuda Islands? To whom do they belong ?", "answer": "They are east of the United States and belong to Great Britain. There are about 400 of these islands. Most of them are so small and barren that they have neither name nor inhabitants." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 373, "question": "How large are Cuba and Hayti ? (a) Name and locate the capital cities of the West Indies. (b) Locate Mantanzas, Kingston, Falmouth, Ponce, Manzanillo, Nuevitas, Samana, Gonaives. (c) Describe the following capes : Maysi, Morant, St. Antonio, Negril, De Cruz, Engano. (d) Describe the Straits Mona Passage, Windward Passage Channel of Yucatan, and Florida Strait. (e) To what divisions do the following islands belong : Barbadoes, Dominica, Guanahani, Antigua, Tobago. Trinidad, Tortuga, St. Thomas, Guadaloupe, Grenada, Isle of Pines, Orchilla ?", "answer": "Cuba is about the size of Pennsylvania, and Hayti is about half as large as Michigan, containing 28,000 square miles." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 374, "question": "What are keys?", "answer": "Small rocky islands of coral formation." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 375, "question": "What is a reef?", "answer": "A chain of rocks lying near the surface of the water." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 376, "question": "Describe the southern coast of Florida.", "answer": "It is fringed with reefs, and as many of the rocks are just below the surface of the water, it becomes dangerous to navigation." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 377, "question": "Where is Key West? What are its exports?", "answer": "It is the most southern town in the United States, and is situated upon an island of coral formation, southwest of the mainland of Florida. Its exports are salt and sponge." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 378, "question": "How is salt made in Key West ?", "answer": "By solar evaporation." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 379, "question": "What is sponge ?", "answer": "A soft porous substance, which is found attached to rocks below the surface of the water, supposed to be the work of marine insects." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 380, "question": "What is the general surface of Florida ?", "answer": "It is generally level, there being no mountains in the State. In the south, dense marshy thickets called everglades cover the surface for a distance of 160 miles with an average breadth of 60 miles." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 381, "question": "What are the productions of this State?", "answer": "Cotton, corn, sugar-cane, rice, and tobacco. Tropical fruits, such as oranges, lemons, figs, pomegranates, pineapples, olives, etc., are abundant." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 382, "question": "What is Lake Okeechobee, and where is it ?", "answer": "It is near the southern part of Florida, and is a great swamp connected with the everglades." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 383, "question": "What scheme is proposed by civil engineers in regard to this great central swamp of Florida ?", "answer": "They propose that capitalists shall drain these lands by a system of canals. As the lands when drained will be unsurpassed in fertility, it is reasonable to suppose that eventually it will be done." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 384, "question": "Why has this State so few good harbors ? (a) Locate the following cities : Pensacola, Apalachicola, Tallahassee, St. Augustine, St. Marks. (b) How is the Apalachicola River formed ? Describe these rivers. 385. Which State is separated by the Mississippi River?", "answer": "On account of the numerous reefs, or keys, which skirt the shores, and the lowness of the land as it approaches the sea." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 386, "question": "On which side of the river is New Orleans? Describe it.", "answer": "On the west side. It is the greatest cotton mart in the world, and is about 100 miles from the mouth of the Mississippi. It is built round a bend in the river, and therefore is called the \"Crescent City.\" The foundation is artificial, having been built on a swamp. It lies below the level of the river, but is protected by the Levee, which at this place is a continuous quay, four miles long and 100 feet wide." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 387, "question": "What is the soil of Louisiana?", "answer": "It is various. The richest tract in the State is a narrow belt of land, from one to two miles wide, on both sides of the river, extending from 150 miles above to 100 miles below New Orleans. This tract is annually inundated by the spring floods. Only a small part of the State is under cultivation." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 388, "question": "How many territories in the United States? Name them.", "answer": "There are ten: Washington, Idaho, Montana, Dakota, Wyoming, Utah, Arizona, New Mexico, and Indian Territory. Alaska is not an organized territory." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 389, "question": "What does Danish America include?", "answer": "Greenland and Iceland." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 390, "question": "Has Greenland been fully explored?", "answer": "It has not. The interior and northern parts are unknown, and the supposition by some is, that the island is only a projection of an Arctic continent not yet discovered." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 391, "question": "Why was Greenland so named?", "answer": "It was named by an Icelandic chief, who, for some crime, was obliged to flee from his native land. To induce his countrymen to follow him to Greenland, he falsely represented it to be superior in fertility to Iceland." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 392, "question": "Describe Iceland.", "answer": "It is of volcanic formation. Ranges of high, rugged mountains border the coast, while the interior is a dreary desert of volcanoes, ice-clad mountains, or fields of lava." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 393, "question": "What natural curiosities here?", "answer": "The Geysers, or boiling springs. About fifty of these hot springs occupy an area not exceeding twelve acres. Some are so powerful that they throw up water, and even large stones, to a great height." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 394, "question": "What is supposed to be the cause of this phenomenon?", "answer": "The nearness to Mount Hecla, which is thirty-five miles distant, or the volcanic commotion beneath." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 395, "question": "What gave the name of Iceland?", "answer": "It was so called by a Norwegian pirate, who, on his first visit, saw a bay filled with ice, which had floated there from Greenland." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 396, "question": "Which are the principal towns of Danish America?", "answer": "Lichtenfels and Reikiavik." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 397, "question": "How much larger is Asia than Africa?", "answer": "About 4,000,000 square miles." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 398, "question": "What is the greatest length and breadth of Africa?", "answer": "From north to south it is about 5,000 miles, and its greatest breadth is about 4,800." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 399, "question": "Give a short description of Africa.", "answer": "Large portions of it have not, as yet, been explored. The shores are not indented by deep gulfs or inlets, which is one of the principal reasons why the interior is so little known. The surface is various. There are mountain systems, sandy deserts, and elevated plateaus. The greater part is in the torrid zone, and, much of the country being desert land, it is, as a whole, the hottest and dryest grand division of the globe." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 400, "question": "What are the inhabitants?", "answer": "Except the northern part and some settlements on the coast, the inhabitants are Negro tribes, whose religion is Paganism and their condition barbarous." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 401, "question": "What does Barbary include?", "answer": "Morocco, Algiers, Tunis, Tripoli and Barca." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 402, "question": "To what nation do these countries belong?", "answer": "Morocco is an independent empire. Algiers is a colony of France. Tunis and Tripoli are subjects of Turkey." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 403, "question": "How large is the Desert of Sahara? (a) Describe the following mountains: Atlas, Mountains of the Moon, Snow Mountains, Kong, Crystal and Mocambe.", "answer": "It is from 750 to 1,200 miles wide, and 3,000 in length." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 404, "question": "Describe Soudan. What are the exports, and how is commerce carried on?", "answer": "It occupies a large portion of Central Africa, extending across the continent south of the Great Desert. The soil is fertile, climate tropical and similar to Amazon Valley. It contains a large number of semi-barbarous States with a large population. The religion is largely Mohammedan, although a great many tribes of Negroes are Pagans and combine with their religion a belief in evil spirits, witchcraft and magic charms, and is known as Fetichism. The exports are gold, ivory, ostrich feathers and gum arabic. Commerce is carried on by caravans." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 405, "question": "How is Southern Africa divided?", "answer": "Cape Colony, Natal, Caffraria, the Transvaal Republic, Orange Free States, and Zoolu, Bechuna, Namaqua, and Damara." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 406, "question": "How are these countries governed?", "answer": "Cape Colony and Natal are British colonies. The others are in possession of independent tribes." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 407, "question": "Where and what is Liberia?", "answer": "It is on the western coast of Africa, and is a Negro republic, with a government modeled after that of the United States. Liberia was founded in 1821, by the American Colonization Society, as a place of refuge for free blacks and liberated slaves from the United States." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 408, "question": "Where is the colony of Sierra Leone?", "answer": "It is situated above Liberia, and was founded for the same purpose in 1787, by the British government." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 409, "question": "What are the principal exports of Africa? (a) Locate Morocco, Monrovia, Free Town, Cairo, Cape Town, Mozambique, Cobbe, Tripoli, Sego, Condar, Sokoto, Algiers, Antananarivo, Petermaritzburg, Timbuctoo, Wara, Mesna, Coomassie, Kouka, Zanzibar, Graham Town, and Port Natal. (b) What capes project from the four extremities of Africa? (c) Describe the Mozambique Channel, Gulf of Aden, Guinea, Sidra, Niger River, Senegal, Orange, and Congo. (d) Locate the following islands: Azores, Canary, Cape Verd, Ascension, Helena, Madeira, Peak of Teneriffe.", "answer": "They differ in different parts. The southern portion exports corn, wine, wool, hides, horns, ivory, gold, and diamonds; the western part, ebony, palm oil, gold dust, and ostrich feathers; the northern, fruits, wool, hides, gums, indigo, salt, leather, cotton, rice, opium, coffee, and many other articles." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 410, "question": "Describe Madagascar.", "answer": "It is the largest of the African islands, containing 240,000 square miles. It is a mountainous country, and but little known. Part of the inhabitants belong to the African and part to the Malay race." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 411, "question": "What city is the largest in Africa? The second in size?", "answer": "Cairo is the largest and Alexandria the second." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 412, "question": "Where are Port Said and Suez?", "answer": "At the ends of the Suez Canal." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 413, "question": "How long is the Suez Canal? To what nation does it belong?", "answer": "It is 65 miles long and belongs to Egypt." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 414, "question": "Locate the capital cities of the territories of the United States.", "answer": "Helena, Olympia, Boise City, Cheyenne, Salt Lake City, Prescott, Santa Fe, Tahlequah, Bismarck and Sitka." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 415, "question": "For what are Idaho and Montana noted?", "answer": "For their rich gold and silver mines, and the natural advantages for grazing and stock-raising." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 416, "question": "Where is the Yellow Stone Park? What is it?", "answer": "The Yellowstone Park is in the northwest corner of Wyoming and contains 3,600 square miles. Its deep canyons, lofty falls, and numerous bathing pools, geysers, and lakes, make it in many respects the most wonderful portion of the continent, and even of the world. It has been set aside by Congress as a \"perpetual reservation for the benefit and instruction of mankind.\"" }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 417, "question": "Describe Dakota.", "answer": "It has less mountains than Idaho or Montana. Much of its surface consists of rolling prairie land, well watered, and especially adapted for farming and cattle-raising." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 418, "question": "Describe the Union Pacific Railroad.", "answer": "This name is given to that part of the great railroad west of the Missouri River. It passes through the southern part of Nebraska, up the valley of the Platte River, touching the northern boundary line of Colorado and the southern part of Wyoming, through Northern Utah and Nevada, and thence through California to the Pacific Ocean." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 419, "question": "Locate the principal towns on this railroad.", "answer": "Omaha, Fremont, Columbus, Kearney, Julesburg, Cheyenne, Laramie, and Ogden." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 420, "question": "How is Salt Lake City situated?", "answer": "It is on the Jordan River, near Great Salt Lake, south of the Union Pacific Railroad, on a branch of that road." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 421, "question": "Describe Utah.", "answer": "It contains the Great Salt Lake and the eastern portion of the Great Basin, which is the most desolate region in the United States. Rain seldom falls in this basin, but some portions near the rivers and lakes have been made fertile by irrigation. Gold, silver, iron, salt, coal and other minerals are plentiful." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 422, "question": "What people settled Utah?", "answer": "The Mormons, or Latter-day Saints." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 423, "question": "For what are the southern territories and Texas especially adapted?", "answer": "For grazing." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 424, "question": "How is the western part of Texas occupied?", "answer": "By tribes of Indians, and large herds of wild horses." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 425, "question": "What are the productions of Texas?", "answer": "Cotton, corn, sugar, tobacco, rice, and tropical fruits. Stock-raising is the principal business of the inhabitants." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 426, "question": "What is the climate? (a) Locate Austin, Houston, Matagorda, Brownsville, Corpus Christi, Colorado City, Greeley, Fillmore City, Portland, Ft. Benton, Ft. Union, Sioux City, Ft. Laramie, Silver City, Dallas, Preston, Pembina, Vermillion. (b) Describe the following rivers: Columbia, Snake, Humboldt, Colorado, Gila, Rio Grande, Brazos, Trinity, Arkansas, Smoky Hill Fork, Platte. (c) Locate Pike's Peak, Mt. Hood, Mt. Baker, Mt. Shasta, Diamond Peak, Long Peak, Spanish Peaks, Fremont's Peak, Mt. Fairweather, Mt. St. Elias.", "answer": "A great portion of the State is much elevated, and therefore free from extremes of heat and cold. Snow is seldom seen, but from October to March, the \" Northers \" (violent winds) sweep over the prairies of Texas and plains of Mexico." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 427, "question": "Which of the States and Territories border on British America?", "answer": "Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, New York, Michigan, Minnesota, Dakota, Montana, Idaho, Washington." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 428, "question": "Which of the States are separated by the Mississippi River?", "answer": "Wisconsin, Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee, Mississippi, on the east, and Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, Arkansas, and most of Louisiana, on the west." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 429, "question": "Which are separated by the Ohio River?", "answer": "Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois, from Kentucky and West Virginia." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 430, "question": "What is the general outline of Europe, and what advantages does it offer?", "answer": "It is more irregular than that of any other division of the earth. Large seas and gulfs penetrate far into the interior, affording unequaled advantages for commercial intercourse." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 431, "question": "What is the surface?", "answer": "It is divided into extensive plains and mountain systems. Southern Europe is crossed from west to east by a great mountain system, which is continued, in Asia, to the Pacific Ocean. Northward from this system extends a great plain, which stretches from the Atlantic to the Pacific." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 432, "question": "What are the principal European parts of this great mountain system? Describe each part.", "answer": "Caucasus, Balkan, Alps, Cevennes, Pyrenees, and Cantabrian." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 433, "question": "What part of Europe is included in the Great Plain?", "answer": "Russia, Northern Germany, Denmark, Holland, Belgium, and a part of France." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 434, "question": "What is the climate?", "answer": "It varies in the same latitude. In Eastern Europe the winters are excessively cold, while the summers are very hot. On the shores of the Atlantic the warm ocean current renders the climate mild and moist." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 435, "question": "Name the political divisions. How are they classified?", "answer": "Russia, Austria, Germany and Turkey are empires; Great Britain, Norway and Sweden, Denmark, Holland, Belgium, Spain, Portugal, Italy and Greece are kingdoms; France and Switzerland are republics." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 436, "question": "Which divisions are called the \"Five Great Powers\"?", "answer": "Great Britain, Russia, Germany, France and Austria." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 437, "question": "Name and locate the peninsulas of Europe.", "answer": "Scandinavian, Jutland, Iberian, Italian, Morea and Crimea." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 438, "question": "Describe the Scandinavian peninsula.", "answer": "It comprises Sweden and Norway, two distinct States with separate governments, but united under one king. Nearly the whole of Norway and the eastern part of Sweden are mountainous. The southeastern part of Sweden is a level plain." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 439, "question": "What are the exports of this peninsula?", "answer": "Iron, copper, lumber, and fish." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 440, "question": "How much farther north can grain be raised in Norway than on the Atlantic shore of America?", "answer": "1,400 miles. These grains are rye, oats and barley." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 441, "question": "What point on the American continent is in the same latitude as Christiania?", "answer": "The southern point of Greenland." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 442, "question": "Where is Lapland?", "answer": "It is in that part of Europe north of the Arctic Circle, and between the White Sea and Atlantic Ocean. It belongs to Russia, Sweden and Norway." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 443, "question": "Is this country inhabited?", "answer": "It is, by a tribe of the Mongolian race called Laplanders, who own numerous herds of reindeer, which supply them with food, clothing and means of traveling." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 444, "question": "What is the size of the Russian Empire?", "answer": "It is next to the largest, in extent, in the world, comprising fully one-half of Europe, and more than one-third of Asia. The entire area is about 8,000,000 square miles." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 445, "question": "What is the surface of this empire?", "answer": "For the most part it is very level. The only mountainous section in European Russia, is between the Azov and Caspian Seas." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 446, "question": "How are the inhabitants divided?", "answer": "Into four classes: 1, the nobles; 2, the clergy; 3, the merchants; 4, the lately emancipated serfs." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 447, "question": "What is the government? Religion?", "answer": "It is an absolute monarchy. The greater part of the inhabitants are adherents of the Greek Church." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 448, "question": "What are the inhabitants called? Their monarch?", "answer": "The inhabitants are called Sclaves, and their monarch the Czar." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 449, "question": "What subject is strongly agitating the minds of the Russian people?", "answer": "The question of a constitutional government. The Czar has recently signified his willingness to grant one, which if done will place the government among the list of limited monarchies." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 450, "question": "Who are the Nihilists? What do they seek to accomplish?", "answer": "They are a people who believe in self-government and the overthrow of the empire. They resort to deeds of secret personal violence to accomplish their cause." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 451, "question": "What political relations, of a strained character, exist between Russia and England?", "answer": "England is fearful of the Russian advances in Asia and jealously watches every movement. It is believed that the situation is critical and may terminate in a declara-tion of war." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 452, "question": "In what does the principal wealth of Russia consist?", "answer": "In its forests (two-fifths of the country is covered with forests), and the products of agriculture and grazing." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 453, "question": "Where are the great wheat-growing regions of Europe?", "answer": "In Central and Southern Russia." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 454, "question": "What is the nature of the country around the Caspian Sea?", "answer": "It is mostly a sterile region, and has the appearance of having been subjected to volcanic fires. Salt lakes and fire-hills are numerous." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 455, "question": "Describe the Caspian Sea.", "answer": "It is an inland sea, containing 140,000 square miles, and below the level of the Mediterranean Sea. Several large rivers flow into it, but there is no visible outlet." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 456, "question": "What are steppes, and where found?", "answer": "Large, barren plains in southeastern Russia." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 457, "question": "Where is Poland? Circassia?", "answer": "Poland is that part of Russia lying north of Aus-tria. Circassia is the region of the Caucasus Mountains." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 458, "question": "Describe Moscow. When was it burned?", "answer": "Near Central Russia, on a branch of the Oka River. It is a railroad center, and one of the principal cities for trade. It was burned by the Russians during Napoleon's invasion of 1812, to defeat him, by depriving his troops of their expected winter quarters. This great sacrifice of the Russians saved their empire and compelled Napoleon to withdraw from the country." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 459, "question": "For what is Sebastopol famous?", "answer": "For the siege which it sustained for one year, against the English, French, Turkish and Sardinian armies." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 460, "question": "What was the cause of this siege?", "answer": "It was one of the strongest Russian fortifications, and was a perpetual menace to Turkey. Its destruction ended the Crimean war." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 461, "question": "Who inhabit the steppes, or barren plains of Russia?", "answer": "The Cossacks are the inhabitants, and are of great service to the Russian army as light cavalry." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 462, "question": "Where is Niznei Novgorod, and what takes place there every year?", "answer": "A great fair is held there every year, which is attended by thousands of people who come from different parts of Europe and Asia to buy and sell goods." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 463, "question": "Which are the principal ports for foreign commerce? Locate them.", "answer": "St. Petersburg, Cronstadt, Riga, Archangel, and Odessa." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 464, "question": "What seas and gulfs wash the shores of Russia? Describe each.", "answer": "Caspian, Azov, Black, Baltic, White and Kara; Riga, Finland, Bothnia, Onega and Petchora." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 465, "question": "What do the British Islands comprise?", "answer": "Great Britain, Ireland, and many small adjacent islands." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 466, "question": "What does Great Britain include?", "answer": "England, Scotland and Wales." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 467, "question": "What is the surface of the British Islands?", "answer": "England and Ireland are generally level or undulating; Scotland and Wales are rugged and mountainous." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 468, "question": "How is Scotland divided?", "answer": "It is divided by the Grampian Hills into the Highlands and Lowlands. The Highlands lie north, and the Lowlands south of the mountains." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 469, "question": "What is the nature of the sea coast?", "answer": "It is very irregular, and abounds in fine harbors and roadsteads." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 470, "question": "What is the climate?", "answer": "It is moist and mild. The winters, even of Scotland, are rarely severe. The moisture of the climate and low temperature in summer sometimes prevent crops from maturing. Corn will not ripen." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 471, "question": "In what does the chief wealth of Great Britain consist?", "answer": "In her commerce, manufactures and mining." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 472, "question": "How does she rank with other nations in the amount of her manufactures and commerce?", "answer": "She surpasses every other country in the world. The principal manufactures are those of cotton, wool, and iron." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 473, "question": "What is the extent of the merchant vessels of Great Britain? Her seamen? How is the English navy regarded, and how does it compare with other countries?", "answer": "They have 25,000 merchant vessels and more than 200,000 seamen. The navy is regarded as the strongest in the world, although that of Russia is hardly inferior. Germany, France and Italy have powerful navies. The United States have practically none." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 474, "question": "How do the armies of Europe compare with that of the United States? What is the natural result of such immense defenses?", "answer": "Great Britain .................150,000 men. German Empire................475,000 \" France.......................500,000 \" Italy........................734,000 \" Russia.......................975,000 \" United States................25,000 \" Besides these immense armies they hold in reserve millions subject to call. The result of such enormous defence is a distressing taxation and must eventually breed discontent and civil revolution. No country can stand for a long period the terrible drain on the resources of the people." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 475, "question": "What is the government of Great Britain? What is Parliament? Who is the Prime Minister?", "answer": "It is a constitutional monarchy. The Legislature, or Parliament, has two branches—the House of Lords and the House of Commons. The members of the House of Commons are elected by the people. The executive power and the entire responsibility of the government are in the hands of the Ministry, who are appointed by the sovereign through the influence of the Commons. The Prime Minister is practically the real ruler of the empire ; if opposed by a majority of the House of Commons, he resigns, and the sovereign appoints his successor." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 476, "question": "What is the population of the several divisions?", "answer": "Europe, 327,744,000; Asia, 795,591,000; Africa, 205,800,000 ; North America, 80,000,000 ; South America, 35,000,000 ; Australia, 4,500,000." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 477, "question": "Where is tin obtained?", "answer": "Principally from Cornwall (England) and the Island of Banca. The mines of Cornwall have been famous from remote antiquity." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 478, "question": "What is the chief article of fuel in Ireland?", "answer": "Peat, or bog turf, of which there are over 3,000,000 acres." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 479, "question": "What is the extent of the British Empire?", "answer": "It has colonies in every quarter of the globe, and unites under one sovereign a greater number of people than are ruled by any other government." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 480, "question": "Which are the principal possessions of Great Britain in Europe?", "answer": "Gibraltar in Spain, and the Islands of Malta and Gozo." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 481, "question": "Which in Asia?", "answer": "British India, including Ceylon, Hindoostan, a part of Farther India, and Singapore ; the Island of Hong Kong, and the City of Aden." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 482, "question": "In Africa?", "answer": "Sierra Leone and other settlements on the western coast ; Cape Colony and Natal ; the Islands of Seychelle, Mauritius, Ascension and St. Helena." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 483, "question": "In Oceanica?", "answer": "Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand, Norfolk, Labuan, and a part of Borneo." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 484, "question": "In America? (a) Locate Malta, Gozo, Ceylon, Singapore, Hong Kong, Aden, Mauritius and Seychelle Islands. (b) Where are the Hebrides, Orkney, Shetland, Anglesea, Man, Isle of Wight, Skye, Mull, Lewis, Uist, Islay, Arran? (c) Describe St. George's Channel, North Channel, English Channel, Bristol Channel, Dover Strait, Menai, The Minch, Little Minch, Jura Sound. (d) Describe the following capes: Land's End, Lizard Pt., Dunnet Head, Kinnaird Head, Malin Head, Mizzen Head, Flamborough Head, Butt of Lewis, and Cape Wrath.", "answer": "British America, Bermuda Islands, Balize, Jamaica, Bahama Islands, and many of the Lesser Antilles, British Guiana, and the Falkland Islands." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 485, "question": "For what are Liverpool, Leeds and Bradford, Birmingham, Limerick, and Merthyr Tydvil noted? Locate them.", "answer": "Liverpool, for its great commerce; its fine dock covers more than 400 acres. Leeds and Bradford, for their manufactures of wool. Birmingham, for hardware. Limerick, for the manufacture of gloves, laces, and fish-hooks. Merthyr Tydvil, for its iron-works." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 486, "question": "How large an area is covered by the City of London?", "answer": "It covers 122 square miles." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 487, "question": "What questions agitate the people of Ireland, and what measures have been proposed in Parliament to satisfy these demands? 488. Describe the Spanish Peninsula.", "answer": "The question of Home Rule. In order to bring content, the great political leader of the English people, Mr. Gladstone, proposed a bill to grant them a Home Government subject to the Crown. The bill was defeated, but still continues to agitate the people of England. Mr. Gladstone also proposed to have the government buy the great estates of Ireland and sell them in small farms, thus giving the Irish people a chance to own their own lands." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 489, "question": "What are the productions of Spain?", "answer": "The vine, olive, mulberry, and orange. Large flocks of sheep are raised on the tablelands of the interior." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 490, "question": "What parallel crosses the central portion of Spain, and through which of the United States does the same parallel pass?", "answer": "The 40th parallel. It passes through Central United States, or New Jersey, Southern Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Northern Missouri, Central Nebraska and Kansas, Colorado, Utah, Nevada, and Northern California." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 491, "question": "What other countries in Europe does the same parallel cross?", "answer": "Southern Italy and Turkey." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 492, "question": "Were we to follow this parallel, what countries in Asia would we pass through?", "answer": "Turkey, Georgia, Turkistan, Pekin, and the Empire of Japan." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 493, "question": "Where is the Republic of Andorra?", "answer": "In the northeastern part of the Spanish Peninsula." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 494, "question": "What is noticeable of this republic?", "answer": "The population is only 5,000 or 6,000, but the country has been independent for more than a thousand years." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 495, "question": "What are the foreign possessions of Spain? Of Portugal?", "answer": "Cuba, Porto Rico, a part of the Philippines, Ladrone, Caroline, and the Canary Islands. Those of Portugal are the Azores, the Cape Verd, and the Madeira Islands, and Lower Guinea in Africa." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 496, "question": "How wide is the Strait of Gibraltar?", "answer": "Twelve miles in its narrowest place." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 497, "question": "What is noticeable of the Fortress of Gibraltar?", "answer": "It is situated on a mountainous promontory, and is the strongest fortification in the world." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 498, "question": "How large is France?", "answer": "It contains 204,000 square miles." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 499, "question": "How does she rank with other countries?", "answer": "As one of the richest and most powerful. The position of the country and the fertility of the soil give it great commercial and agricultural advantages." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 500, "question": "What is the surface?", "answer": "The eastern portion is mountainous, while the rest belongs to the Great Plain, which extends across the continent." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 501, "question": "What and where are the landes?", "answer": "They are plains of shifting sands in the south-western part of France." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 502, "question": "What are the principal exports?", "answer": "France exports more wine, brandy, and silk goods than any other country." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 503, "question": "What influence has Paris throughout the civilized world?", "answer": "The influence of fashions." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 504, "question": "Name and locate the principal possessions of France. (a) Where is Pondicherry? (b) Locate Minorca, Majorca, Sardinia, and Ivica. (c) Describe Bay of Biscay, Gulf of Lyons, Gulf of Genoa, and Strait of Bonifacio.", "answer": "Algeria, Senegal, Pondicherry, Isle of Bourbon, New Caledonia, Marquesas Islands, French Guiana, St. Pierre and Miquelon, Martinique, Guadaloupe, and Corsica." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 505, "question": "What are the pursuits of the people of Holland and Belgium? What is Holland now called?", "answer": "In Holland, stock-raising and dairying are the chief pursuits. Belgium is an agricultural and manufacturing country; it also has extensive mines of coal and iron. Holland is now called Netherlands." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 506, "question": "What is the condition of much of the coast of this country?", "answer": "It is so low that in many places dykes, or embankments, are necessary to prevent inundations." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 507, "question": "How is internal communication promoted?", "answer": "By numerous canals. In Holland especially, canals run through the principal streets of the towns, and form a complete network over the country." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 508, "question": "What is the Zuyder Zee?", "answer": "An arm of the sea, or gulf, which indents the northern part of Holland." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 509, "question": "What people are called Dutch?", "answer": "The people of Holland." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 510, "question": "What are the colonial possessions of Netherlands? How valuable are they regarded?", "answer": "Next to Great Britain they are the most extensive and valuable in the world. They include the most important portions of the East Indian Archipelago, Dutch Guiana, and several islands in the West Indies." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 511, "question": "What are the occupations of the people? The commerce? Exports? Wealth?", "answer": "Agriculture is the principal occupation in the Netherlands and manufacturing and mining in Belgium. Their foreign commerce is one of the largest in the world and their exports are fine manufactured goods, including those of silk, cotton, wool, linen, leather and iron. Lace forms an important industry. Many of the people control great amounts of wealth." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 512, "question": "What is the surface of Denmark?", "answer": "It is nearly flat; some portions are below the surface of the sea, from which it is defended by dykes." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 513, "question": "How is Copenhagen situated?", "answer": "On the eastern coast of the Island of Zealand, and partly on the adjacent Island of Amak. Many of the buildings are built above the water." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 514, "question": "What are the colonial possessions of Denmark?", "answer": "Greenland, Iceland, Faroe Islands, and several small islands in the West Indies." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 515, "question": "What does the German Empire comprise?", "answer": "The kingdoms of Prussia, Bavaria, Würtemburg, and Saxony, six grand duchies, five duchies, seven principalities, three free cities, and the new State of Alsace." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 516, "question": "Which are the free cities?", "answer": "Hamburg, Bremen and Lübeck." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 517, "question": "Where is the State of Alsace?", "answer": "It was formerly a part of France, but since the late Franco-Prussian war it was ceded to Germany." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 518, "question": "What are the capitals of the four divisions?", "answer": "Prussia is Berlin, Saxony is Dresden, Bavaria is Munich, Wurtemberg is Stuttgart." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 519, "question": "Describe the government of Germany.", "answer": "It is a limited monarchy, and all the States are the same, with the King of Prussia as the German Emperor. The Legislature of the empire consists of two bodies. The Federal Council somewhat resembles the English House of Lords and consists of 59 members; and the Reichstag, whose members, 397 in number, are elected by universal suffrage." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 520, "question": "What can be said of its military power?", "answer": "It is the strongest in the world, and every move of the government is to strengthen its position, its armor and its power." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 521, "question": "What of its school system? Its manufactures?", "answer": "Prussia has the most complete and comprehensive system of public schools of any nation, and the general education of the whole empire is remarkably good. The manufactures are varied and extensive, and they export wheat, wine, zinc, and almost every description of manufactured goods." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 522, "question": "Which are the chief ports of Germany?", "answer": "Hamburg and Bremen." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 523, "question": "What are the productions?", "answer": "Nearly the whole of Germany is under cultivation, and large crops of wheat, rye, barley, oats, tobacco, beet-root, and linseed are produced." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 524, "question": "What are heaths?", "answer": "Sandy tracts in Northern Germany and Denmark." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 525, "question": "What are the inhabitants of Austria?", "answer": "They are of different races. The Germans, Hungarians, Italians and Poles are most numerous." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 526, "question": "What is the proper title of Austria?", "answer": "The Austro-Hungarian Empire." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 527, "question": "How is this empire divided? What is the government?", "answer": "It is divided into two distinct and nearly independent groups of provinces. Each group has a government of its own, but the whole is under one general government. The Kingdom of Hungary and its dependencies constitute nearly one-half of the empire. The Emperor of Austria is King of Hungary." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 528, "question": "What are the exports of Austria?", "answer": "The chief exports are wheat, wine, salt, wool and the manufactures of linen, cotton, iron and glass." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 529, "question": "What can be said of the Danube River?", "answer": "It forms an important system of waterways, extending entirely across the empire." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 530, "question": "How is Vienna situated?", "answer": "On eighty-two small islands, separated by 150 canals crossed by 360 elevated bridges." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 531, "question": "What was Poland formerly?", "answer": "An important kingdom of Central Europe, but, after suffering many reverses, it was divided between Russia, Germany and Austria." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 532, "question": "Which is the most mountainous country of Europe?", "answer": "Switzerland." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 533, "question": "Of how many States is Switzerland composed? How large is it?", "answer": "It is composed of twenty-two States, or cantons. It is about one-third as large as the State of New York." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 534, "question": "For what are the Swiss noted? What language do they speak?", "answer": "For their love of liberty, and attachment to their native country. Most of the population speak the German language. Italian and French are spoken in the cantons adjoining Italy and France." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 535, "question": "For what is Geneva noted?", "answer": "For the manufacture of watches and jewelry." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 536, "question": "How is Italy governed?", "answer": "It was formerly divided into a number of States, but after a protracted struggle, the efforts of the people to obtain national unity were successful, and the whole country is now united under a liberal and enlightened government." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 537, "question": "In ancient times, for what was this country celebrated?", "answer": "It was the central part of the Roman Empire, which ruled all the known world." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 538, "question": "For what are the towns and cities noted?", "answer": "Almost every place is connected with some remarkable event, which is renowned in history or art." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 539, "question": "Where is San Marino?", "answer": "It is a small republic, with an independent government, on the Adriatic Sea." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 540, "question": "To what country do the Islands of Sardinia and Sicily belong?", "answer": "Italy." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 541, "question": "What is the extent of the Ottoman Empire?", "answer": "It comprises Turkey in Europe, Asiatic Turkey, Isle of Candia, and Egypt. Tripoli, Barca, and Tunis are nominally under the control of the government. Also a portion of Arabia, Crete and other small islands." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 542, "question": "Describe the Turk.", "answer": "They are a grave and solemn people,—ignorant, bigoted, and indolent. Their religion is Mohammedanism." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 543, "question": "How does Turkey compare with other European countries in regard to civilization, agriculture, and the arts and sciences?", "answer": "She is inferior in every particular. The people are not energetic and their civilization is far below the standard." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 544, "question": "What are Roumania, Servia and Montenegro?", "answer": "They were formerly parts of the Turkish Empire, but are now independent Christian States." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 545, "question": "How is Bulgaria governed?", "answer": "Bulgaria is a self-governing but tributary principality to Turkey." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 546, "question": "What are the exports of Turkey?", "answer": "Tobacco, wine, olive-oil, cotton, fruits, wool, carpets, and morocco leather." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 547, "question": "What was Greece in ancient times?", "answer": "This country was in advance of all other nations in civilization and learning. Athens was the birthplace of many renowned philosophers and orators." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 548, "question": "What is the shape of Greece?", "answer": "It is very irregular, projecting southward, and having many indentations from the sea, one of which, the Gulf of Lepanto, nearly separates it, forming the peninsula of Morea, which is connected with the mainland by the Isthmus of Corinth." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 549, "question": "Name and locate the major capital cities of Europe.", "answer": "St. Petersburg, Stockholm, Copenhagen, Berlin, Hague, Brussels, Paris, Madrid, Lisbon, Rome, Vienna, Athens, Constantinople, Berne, London, Edinburgh." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 550, "question": "With what country is England most extensively engaged in trade?", "answer": "The United States." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 551, "question": "Which is the most northern town in Europe? Why is this port never frozen?", "answer": "Hammerfest. It is due to the warm waters of the Gulf stream which flow by the coast of Norway, and the warm southwest return tradewinds." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 552, "question": "Name the four most important rivers of Europe.", "answer": "The Po, the Rhone, the Rhine and the Danube." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 553, "question": "What countries are termed Spanish America?", "answer": "Mexico, Central America, West Indies, and the greater part of South America." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 554, "question": "What part of Spanish America is still in possession of Spain?", "answer": "Cuba and Porto Rico." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 555, "question": "What is the surface of Mexico?", "answer": "The interior consists of tablelands from 4,000 to 9,000 feet high. The Pacific coast is abrupt and abounds in fine harbors, but upon the Gulf of Mexico it is flat and sandy, and deficient in good harbors." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 556, "question": "Are the tablelands accessible from the Gulf?", "answer": "Only by two carriage roads ; one by Jalapa, from Vera Cruz; the other by Saltillo, from Matamoras and Monterey." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 557, "question": "What is the climate?", "answer": "As Mexico contains high and lowlands, it exhibits a great variety of climate. In ascending from the coast to the surface of the plateau, there are three regions : the hot, swampy and pestilential lowlands ; the temperate regions ; and the cold, desolate plains above." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 558, "question": "What are the inhabitants?", "answer": "Whites, Indians, mixed races and Spanish Creoles. The Indians and mixed races form the greater part of the population." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 559, "question": "How are the seasons divided?", "answer": "The wet and dry. The rainy season continues from May to October, and the dry from October to May." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 560, "question": "What are the productions? Its commerce?", "answer": "They vary with climate. Wheat and barley are produced in the cooler regions, and cotton, tobacco, sugar-cane, tropical fruits and spices in the plains and valleys below. Commerce is limited and is mostly with England and the United States." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 561, "question": "What are the principal minerals?", "answer": "Gold and silver, iron and copper." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 562, "question": "How is the City of Mexico situated?", "answer": "It is situated in a plain 7,000 feet above the level of the sea, enclosed by lofty mountains. The city is about two miles from Lake Tezcuco, is in the form of a square, and noted for its numerous churches, convents, and squares." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 563, "question": "What two volcanoes are visible from the city? What do their names signify?", "answer": "Popocatapetl and Iztaccihuatl. The former is 17,717 feet high, and its name signifies Smoking Mountain. The latter is 15,600 feet high, and is White Lady." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 564, "question": "What is cochineal? Pulque?", "answer": "The cochineal is an insect which feeds on a species of cactus. When killed and dried in the sun it yields a brilliant crimson dye. Pulque is a favorite Mexican beverage, manufactured from the Maguey plant. It is intoxicating." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 565, "question": "What is the history of Mexico?", "answer": "In 1521 Fernando Cortez, a Spanish adventurer, conquered the country. He found an extensive kingdom, with regular laws, and with cities, temples, public roads, and many of the arts of civilization. After the conquest the cruelty of the Spaniards drove the Indians back into a state of barbarism. In 1821 Mexico became independent of Spain, and established first an empire, then a republican form of government. The people are restless, and revolutions have been common. By the war with the United States she lost valuable territory." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 566, "question": "What peninsulas belong to this republic?", "answer": "Yucatan and Old California. These parts are but little known. Yucatan is noted for its ruins of ancient cities and temples." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 567, "question": "What is the government of Mexico?", "answer": "It is a federal republic of twenty-seven States, one territory, and a small federal district which contains the capital. It was for three centuries the most important colony of Spain." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 568, "question": "What political differences occurred between Mexico and the United States in 1886?", "answer": "The question of difference is called the Cutting Case, the Mexican government claiming the right to arrest an American citizen for an act committed on American soil. In this case Cutting published an article which was considered libelous by Mexican authority and on his crossing the line was arrested and thrown into prison. This act was condemned by the United States government and Cutting was released, but the question of the right to arrest has not been settled." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 569, "question": "What does Central America comprise?", "answer": "Five independent republics: Guatemala, Honduras, San Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica and the British colony of Belize. This country bears a general resemblance to Mexico." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 570, "question": "Locate the capital cities.", "answer": "Comayagua, San Salvador, Managua, Nicaragua and San Jose." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 571, "question": "Where is Belize? To what country does it belong?", "answer": "It is situated south of the eastern part of Yucatan. It belongs to the British." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 572, "question": "What are the exports of Belize? (a) Locate the following cities: Vera Cruz, Matamoros, Monterey, Merida, Belize, San Luis Potosi, Puebla, Acapulco, Guatemala.", "answer": "Mahogany and other hard cabinet wood, cochineal, tortoise shells, sarsaparilla and cocoa-nuts." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 573, "question": "What three routes were projected from the Atlantic to the Pacific?", "answer": "Across the Isthmus of Panama; by way of the San Juan River and Lake Nicaragua; and by the Isthmus of Tehuantepec." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 574, "question": "How does Mexico compare in size to the United States?", "answer": "About one-fourth as large." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 575, "question": "In what zones is Mexico?", "answer": "North temperate and torrid; the Tropic of Cancer in the central part." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 576, "question": "Where are the greatest copper regions in the United States?", "answer": "In Northern Michigan and Wisconsin." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 577, "question": "Where is lead found most abundantly? (a) How many Western States? Name them. (b) How many Southern States? Name them.", "answer": "In Southwestern Wisconsin and parts of Illinois and Iowa which adjoin; also in Nevada and Colorado." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 578, "question": "What are the great staple productions of the Southern States?", "answer": "Cotton, tobacco, rice, sugar, corn and sweet potatoes." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 579, "question": "Which State produces the most cotton? Rice? Sugar? Tobacco? Potatoes? Corn? Wheat?", "answer": "The following, taken from the report of the Com- missioner of Agriculture of 1885, will be about the condition of 1887 : Texas .................................995,400 bales. Georgia ................................807,400 \" Alabama ................................648,700 \" Arkansas ...............................531,400 \" South Carolina..........................511,800 \" Louisiana...............................485,200 \" Iowa................................252,600,000 bushels. Illinois ...........................244,544,000 \" Missouri............................197,850,000 \" Kansas .............................168,500,000 \" Nebraska............................122,100,000 \" Indiana ............................105,757,000 \" California...........................44,320,000 bushels. Minnesota............................41,407,000 \" Ohio.................................41,425,000 \" Kansas...............................34,990,000 \" Indiana..............................33,745,000 \" Illinois.............................32,374,000 \" New York.............................33,904,000 bushels. Pennsylvania.........................16,337,000 \" Michigan.............................13,192,000 \" Iowa.................................12,518,000 \" Ohio.................................12,090,000 \" Illinois.............................10,699,000 \" Kentucky ...........................208,692,000 pounds. Virginia.............................99,763,000 \" North Carolina.......................34,858,000 \" Pennsylvania.........................34,143,000 \" Tennessee............................31,392,000 \" Maryland ............................31,255,000 \" South Carolina produces the most rice ; Louisiana, sugar ; and California, wine." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 580, "question": "Which State has the greatest number of swine? Cattle? Horses? Mules? Sheep?", "answer": "SWINE. Iowa................................4,800,998 in number. Missouri............................4,210,193 \" \" Illinois............................4,090,681 \" \" Indiana.............................2,801,211 \" \" Ohio................................2,467,128 \" \" Texas...............................2,233,081 \" \" Texas...............................4,937,779 head. Iowa................................3,164,666 \" New York............................2,418,303 \" Illinois............................2,309,123 \" Missouri............................2,009,787 \" Kansas..............................1,960,576 \" Texas...............................7,558,461 head. California..........................5,892,911 \" New Mexico..........................5,410,944 \" Ohio................................4,900,035 \" Oregon..............................2,519,950 \" Michigan............................2,364,174 \" Illinois............................1,038,375 head. Texas...............................933,516 \" Iowa................................917,908 \" Ohio................................738,902 \" Missouri............................715,736 \" New York............................635,142 \" Missouri............................196,866 head. Tennessee...........................183,537 \" Texas...............................164,033 \" Mississippi.........................144,620 \" Georgia.............................143,843 \" Alabama.............................131,038 \"" }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 581, "question": "Which State produces the greatest quantity of gold? Silver? Iron? Copper? Lead? Coal? Pine lumber? Turpentine, resin and tar?", "answer": "Gold, California ; silver, Colorado ; iron, Pennsylvania ; copper, Michigan ; lead, Illinois ; coal, Pennsylvania ; lumber, Michigan ; turpentine, etc., North Carolina." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 582, "question": "How is turpentine, resin and tar manufactured?", "answer": "Turpentine and resin are made of the sap of the pitch pine, by boiling; turpentine is the vapor, while resin, like sugar, is what remains. Tar is also made from the pitch, but by burning; the timber having been placed in nearly a perpendicular position, and covered to prevent a flame, the heat causes the pitch to ooze out and run below where it can be saved." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 583, "question": "From what does North Carolina derive her chief wealth?", "answer": "From her pine forests." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 584, "question": "What is South Carolina often called?", "answer": "On account of the abundance of palmetto trees which grow there, it is often called the \" Palmetto State.\"" }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 585, "question": "What article can be raised extensively in all the States and Territories?", "answer": "Corn." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 586, "question": "Into what sections is the United States divided?", "answer": "The Atlantic Slope, the Pacific Slope, and the Central Plain." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 587, "question": "What does the Atlantic Slope embrace?", "answer": "The country which extends from the Alleghany Mountains to the Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 588, "question": "What does the Pacific Slope embrace?", "answer": "The country between the Rocky Mountains and the Pacific Ocean." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 589, "question": "What division is included in the Central Plain?", "answer": "The Mississippi Valley, the Texas Slope, the basin of the St. Lawrence, and the small valley of the Red River of the North." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 590, "question": "Into what divisions may the United States be divided with reference to its drainage? 591. What is the surface of Asia ?", "answer": "The St. Lawrence Basin, Atlantic Slope, Mississippi Valley, Texas Slope, Pacific Slope, inland Basin of Utah, and Red River." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 592, "question": "What divisions can we apply to this country ?", "answer": "It may be divided into four divisions: Arctic Asia, Desert Asia, Peninsular Asia and Insular Asia." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 593, "question": "What portion is included in Arctic Asia? In Desert Asia? In Peninsular Asia? In Insular Asia?", "answer": "Arctic Asia represents the Great Siberian Plain. Desert Asia is that belt of high and dry plateaus, extending through the central sections. Peninsular Asia is the most important division of the continent, and includes Hindoostan, Indo-China, Corea, with the projecting portion of China. Insular Asia includes the richest and most important archipelagoes in the world." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 594, "question": "What portion of the population of the human race are in Peninsular Asia?", "answer": "One-half of the human race." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 595, "question": "What can be said of the productions of Asia ?", "answer": "As it embraces all varieties of climates, so, too, are the productions of all descriptions, from those of the arctic regions to those of the tropical climate." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 596, "question": "Where is the longest inland commercial route on the globe ?", "answer": "The caravan trade from Pekin through Irkoutsk, Tobolsk, to Moscow and St. Petersburg." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 597, "question": "How are the tablelands divided? What is said of them ?", "answer": "They are divided into two classes—those of Central and those of Southern Asia. They are the loftiest and most extensive in the world." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 598, "question": "What countries constitute the Great Northern Plain of Asia?", "answer": "Turkistan and Siberia. This is a continuation of the great plain of Europe." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 599, "question": "Describe the mountain system of Asia.", "answer": "It commences with the Taurus Mountains, and is continued by the Elburz and Hindoo Koosh to the Balor Mountains. From this point it branches off into four great chains—the Himalaya, Kuen Lun, Thian Shan, and Alti—which are the grandest and most stupendous mountains upon the globe." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 600, "question": "Where is the Great Desert of Gobi ?", "answer": "It is near the central part of Asia, south of the Thian Shan Mountains. This desert is only a part of an immense belt of desert land which extends almost across the continent from west to east." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 601, "question": "How may the climate be described ?", "answer": "Into three divisions, that of Northern, Central, and Southern Asia." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 602, "question": "What is the climate of Northern Asia ?", "answer": "It is characterized by intense cold, with short intervals of great heat during summer." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 603, "question": "Describe Siberia.", "answer": "It is a great plain, comprising more than one-third of Asia. Near the Arctic Ocean it is a barren and desolate region, and the cold is so intense that the spongy soil is frozen to the depth of several hundred feet. Near the Irtysh River the soil is rich and pasturage good, but there are few inhabitants." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 604, "question": "What is the climate of Central and Southern Asia?", "answer": "Central Asia has the climate of the temperate zone. It is subject to great extremes of heat and cold, and, except near the shores of the Pacific, is remarkably dry—for the mountain system intercepts the warm and moist winds of the Indian Ocean. Southern Asia has the climate of the torrid zone." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 605, "question": "To what three races do the inhabitants of Asia belong ?", "answer": "Mongolian, Caucasian, and the Malay." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 606, "question": "What people belong to the Mongolian race?", "answer": "Those nations living north of the Himalaya Mountains, those of Farther India, the Japanese, and Turks." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 607, "question": "What nations, or tribes, living in Asia, belong to the Caucasian race ?", "answer": "The Georgians, Armenians, Arabs, Persians, Afghans, and Hindoos." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 608, "question": "What countries are occupied by the Malay race ?", "answer": "The Peninsula of Malacca, and many of the islands of Oceanica." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 609, "question": "What is the estimated number of inhabitants of the several races ?", "answer": "Caucasian race, 554,500,000; Mongolian, 554,500,000; Ethiopian, 200,000,000; Malay, 56,000,000; American, or Indian race, 13,000,000. Total, 1,380,000,000." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 610, "question": "For what has Siberia long been used ?", "answer": "As a place of banishment for exiles and criminals. A large portion of the population consists of them and their descendants." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 611, "question": "To what country does Georgia belong? What is noticeable of the inhabitants ?", "answer": "It is a Russian province. The people are a vigorous and handsome race." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 612, "question": "How is Turkestan divided? What is the government of each?", "answer": "Into Russian and Independent Turkistan. The Russian division contains a number of districts called Khanates, which are ruled by native rulers, although only as vassals of Russia. Independent Turkistan includes those Tartar khanates that are not yet annexed by Russia, representing only a small area of what was formerly Turkistan." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 613, "question": "What is the Khan ? (a) Locate the following cities : Tobolsk, Irkoutsk, Tashkend, Bokhara, Yarkand, Khokan, Khiva, Tiflis, Smyrna, Jerusalem, Damascus, Medina, Mecca, Mocha, Aden, Muscat.", "answer": "The name given to the rulers of the several independent States of Turkistan." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 614, "question": "What does the Chinese Empire include?", "answer": "It includes China, the dependent provinces of Mantchooria, Mongolia, Kashgaria and Thibet, and the tributary kingdom of Corea." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 615, "question": "What is said of the population of China ?", "answer": "So dense is the population in some districts that great numbers of the inhabitants dwell constantly upon boats in the rivers, or on rafts in the lakes, which they convert into gardens by covering them with earth. They are a very industrious people, but deceitful and very immoral, and jealous of Europeans." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 616, "question": "What are the productions of China?", "answer": "The most important are rice, tea and silk. Rice is the chief article of food for the entire population." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 617, "question": "What is the government ?", "answer": "A despotic monarchy. The laws are severe; for trifling offenses punishment with the bamboo is inflicted, while serious crimes almost always meet with death." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 618, "question": "What about the education of the Chinese ?", "answer": "Education is compulsory. All adult males are able to read and write and possess a knowledge of the elements of arithmetic." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 619, "question": "How are all government officers below the emperor selected ?", "answer": "They are selected by means of a public competitive examination, and the humblest subject may be chosen to the highest position, except the Emperor." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 620, "question": "What can be said of these people in regard to their trades, arts and sciences ?", "answer": "The domestic commerce is immense, but the foreign commerce is in the hands of foreigners. Their skill in their various occupations cannot be excelled, and many of our first inventions were known to them hundreds of years before being discovered by the Europeans, but these inventions were not put to a practical use." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 621, "question": "Describe the great wall of China. For what purpose was it built ?", "answer": "The wall is 1,200 miles long, from thirty to forty feet high, and twenty feet thick with numerous towers and equipments for defense. The wall was built about 211 B. C. to keep the Mongol Tartars out of China." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 622, "question": "Which are the most important seaports for foreign trade ? Locate them.", "answer": "Canton, Shanghai, Ningpo, Fuchow, Amoy." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 623, "question": "Name the principal islands of Japan.", "answer": "Nipon, Sikoke, Kiusui, and Jesso." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 624, "question": "What are the chief productions of these islands ?", "answer": "Rice, wheat, barley, tea, tobacco, and camphor." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 625, "question": "What is the government of Japan ?", "answer": "It is a constitutional monarchy." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 626, "question": "What is the emperor called ?", "answer": "He is called the Mikado." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 627, "question": "How do the Japanese compare in enlightenment with the Chinese ?", "answer": "They surpass the Chinese in intelligence and equal them in mechanical skill. Although of the same race, and having similar beliefs, yet they differ greatly in their language and political institutions. They are quick to adopt the great inventions of the Europeans, such as their military systems, lighthouses, steam power and electricity." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 628, "question": "What two peninsulas comprise India ?", "answer": "Hindoostan and Indo-China." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 629, "question": "What does British India include ?", "answer": "Nearly all of Hindoostan and the western coast of Indo-China. It is the richest and most important dependency ever possessed by any nation." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 630, "question": "How is Indo-China divided ?", "answer": "It includes Burmah, Siam, Anam and many smaller independent States. All have despotic governments." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 631, "question": "What peculiarity is found in the literature of the Hindoos ?", "answer": "It is written in a peculiar poetical and religious language which has been the custom long before the Christian era. Besides being poetical, they are almost universally musical." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 632, "question": "What is the government of British India ?", "answer": "The country is under the control of a Governor-General and a Supreme Council appointed by the British government. The Queen of England is \"Empress of India.\"" }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 633, "question": "Where is Ceylon, and what is it ?", "answer": "It is a rich and populous island south of Hindoostan and a separate colony of Great Britain." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 634, "question": "Where is the country of Cochin-China ?", "answer": "The southeastern coast of Indo-China is called Cochin-China." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 635, "question": "Where do the French hold possessions ?", "answer": "They possess an important province in the southwestern part of Indo-China, and Saigon is its capital." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 636, "question": "Name and locate the capitals of India.", "answer": "Calcutta, Colombo, Mandalay, Bangkok and Hue." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 637, "question": "What are the productions of India? (a) Locate Singapore, Rangoon, Monchobo, Bombay, Madras, Benares, Mandalay, Cabul, Candahar, Herat, Kelat, and Lassa.", "answer": "Cotton, rice, wheat, opium, sugar, indigo, jute, fine silk fabrics and costly cashmere shawls. Ceylon is noted for its coffee and cinnamon." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 638, "question": "Describe Afghanistan.", "answer": "Persia, Afghanistan and Beloochistan occupy the desert plateau of Iran, between the valleys of the Tigris and the Indus. The people of Afghanistan are hardy, warlike, and divided into numerous states or tribes. As this country is the chief route from India to Western Asia, it is of great commercial and military importance." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 639, "question": "What can be said of Beloochistan?", "answer": "This country is mostly a barren wilderness, and consists of a number of small States under the headship of the Khan of Kelat." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 640, "question": "What is the government of Persia ?", "answer": "A despotic monarchy. The sovereign is called a Shah." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 641, "question": "What is the surface of Arabia ?", "answer": "The greater part is a desert plateau. The principal fertile tracts are Oman and Yemen, and the mountain valleys." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 642, "question": "Who are the inhabitants ?", "answer": "The greater portion of them are Bedouins, who are a wandering people and inhabit the deserts, devoting themselves to the care of their camels, horses, goats and sheep. They are generous and hospitable, but quarrelsome, revengeful, and addicted to plunder." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 643, "question": "For what is Mecca noted ? Medina ?", "answer": "Mecca is regarded by the Mohammedans as a holy city, the birthplace of Mohammed, and is annually visited by vast numbers of pilgrims. Medina is the burial place of Mohammed." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 644, "question": "What is the general appearance of the Persians ?", "answer": "They are very polite in their manners, and having a comparatively high civilization, are often called the French of Asia." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 645, "question": "What is the ruler of Persia called ?", "answer": "He is called the Shah." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 646, "question": "What can be said of the past history of Persia ?", "answer": "It was once one of the grandest and most formidable governments of the world." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 647, "question": "Describe Arabia. Its government.", "answer": "Arabia is about one-third as large as the United States. It consists of three regions: A great plateau, having many large and fertile valleys, occupies the interior; surrounding this is a broad belt of deserts, covering more than one-third of the peninsula; along the coasts is a low and narrow sandy plain, containing a few fertile districts. There are several independent States governed by despots called Sultans." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 648, "question": "Name and locate the peninsulas of Asia.", "answer": "Arabia, Hindoostan, Farther India, Corea, and Kamtschatka." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 649, "question": "Where is the Isthmus of Kraw?", "answer": "It connects Malacca with the mainland." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 650, "question": "Which is the most elevated lake in the world? (a) Locate Formosa, Hainan, Socotra, Nova Zembla, Ceylon, Laccadive, Maldive, Hong Kong, Lew Chew, Saghalien, Kurile, Aleutian, New Siberia. (b) Describe the following straits and capes: Babel-Mandeb, Ormus, Tartary, Corea, Formosa, Manaar, Malacca, Comorin, Ras-al-Gat, Cambodia, Lopatka, and Vostochnoi.", "answer": "Sirikol, the source of the Amoo River, on the table-land of Pamer, is 15,600 feet above the level of the sea." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 651, "question": "Where is Palestine? Jerusalem?", "answer": "Palestine is in the northeastern part of Arabia, on the Mediterranean Sea. Jerusalem is a city of Palestine." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 652, "question": "How wide is Bering Strait? Gibraltar? Dover?", "answer": "Behring 40 miles, Dover 30, Gibraltar 12." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 653, "question": "How wide is the Isthmus of Panama? Suez? Tehuantepec?", "answer": "Panama 27 miles, Tehuantepec 130, Suez 65." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 654, "question": "Which are the largest five islands in the world?", "answer": "Australia, Greenland, Borneo, New Guinea, and Madagascar." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 655, "question": "What is the size of the oceans?", "answer": "The Pacific Ocean contains about 82,000,000 square miles; greatest width, 10,000 miles. The Atlantic, 30,000,000; width, 5,000. The Indian, 22,000,000; width 6,000. Antarctic, 12,000,000; and the Arctic, 4,000,000." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 656, "question": "What is the highest point reached by Arctic explorers? By the Antarctic?", "answer": "By Capt. Perry, in 1827, 502 miles from the Pole. By Capt. Ross, in 1842, 803 miles from the Pole." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 657, "question": "Name four of the largest cities in the world, in order of population.", "answer": "London 4,100,000, Paris 2,500,000, Pekin 1,648,000, Canton 1,600,000." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 658, "question": "Name the next four in order.", "answer": "New York 1,400,000, Berlin 1,350,000, Vienna 1,300,000, St. Petersburg 1,000,000." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 659, "question": "Name the five largest cities of the United States.", "answer": "New York, Philadelphia 974,000, Chicago 724,000, Brooklyn 625,000, St. Louis 420,000." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 660, "question": "In the production of what minerals does Great Britain exceed every other country?", "answer": "Coal, iron, salt, lead, and tin." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 661, "question": "Name the largest seven rivers in the United States. Describe them.", "answer": "Mississippi, Missouri, Arkansas, Rio Grande, Columbia, Nebraska, and Red." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 662, "question": "What is the population of the Chinese Empire? Japan? Hindustan? United States?", "answer": "Of the Chinese Empire 400,000,000, Japan 37,000,000, Hindoostan 225,000,000, United States 60,000,000." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 663, "question": "How does China compare, in size and population, to the United States?", "answer": "It is a little more than one-fourth as large as the United States, and contains about 420,000,000 people." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 664, "question": "What are the principal uses of rivers?", "answer": "For drainage, commerce and milling." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 665, "question": "What important places of the globe are situated on or near the 40th parallel north latitude?", "answer": "Philadelphia, Columbus, Indianapolis, Spring-field, Denver, Pekin, Constantinople, and Madrid." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 666, "question": "What part of the United States is in the same latitude north of the equator, that the southern part of Africa is south of it?", "answer": "The boundary line between the States of Mississippi, Alabama and Georgia, from Tennessee." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 667, "question": "What is the latitude of Cape Horn? Cape Good Hope?", "answer": "Cape Horn is 53° south, and Good Hope about 32°." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 668, "question": "What is the difference between the location of commercial and manufacturing cities?", "answer": "Commercial cities require good harbors and water communication to facilitate commerce, while manufacturing cities depend very much upon water power to run their machinery." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 669, "question": "Why is the water of Great Salt Lake not fresh?", "answer": "Lakes of this class lose water by evaporation only, and retain the salt and other materials carried into them by their affluent rivers." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 670, "question": "Name five of the principal articles exported by the people of the United States.", "answer": "Cotton, wheat, pork, cheese, machinery." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 671, "question": "Name five of the principal articles imported.", "answer": "Wool, tea, coffee and spices, dry goods, sugar and liquors." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 672, "question": "What are the great waterways for the internal commerce of the United States?", "answer": "It may be divided as follows: The Atlantic system, the Mississippi system, the Great Lakes with the St. Lawrence River, and the canals." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 673, "question": "What obstructions are usually found in the Atlantic system to prevent large boats from traversing them?", "answer": "The rivers in the Atlantic system are usually rapid and form great manufacturing points, which prevent a free passage of large vessels. Besides these obstructions to navigation, large sand-bars are formed at the mouths of many of these streams, which prevent navigation only at high tide." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 674, "question": "Describe the Mississippi system.", "answer": "This system contains fifty-six great tributaries, containing 17,000 miles navigable to steamboats and more than 20,000 by barge. It carries an immense commerce, but in some localities the annual floods and droughts prevent a continuous shipment. Below the mouth of the Ohio the Mississippi sometimes rises more than fifty feet." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 675, "question": "What does the St. Lawrence comprise?", "answer": "It contains the Great Lakes, Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie, Ontario and the navigable streams which flow into and through the St. Lawrence River. This system is closed for several months in the year on account of ice, but floods or droughts never affect it." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 676, "question": "Where are the chief canals located?", "answer": "The principal canals are those that lie at the entrance of Lake Superior, the Niagara Falls, the Rapids of the St. Lawrence and the Erie Canal. Besides these great commercial canals there is in contemplation the Hennepin to connect the Mississippi River system with Lake Michigan, the Fox River, the canals of North Carolina and Florida." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 677, "question": "What can be said of the railroads of the United States?", "answer": "They form one vast network of connections, to which the great prosperity of the country is due. It opens up inaccessible sections, calls for emigration and virtually annihilates distance." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 678, "question": "What are called Trunk Lines?", "answer": "Like rivers, they form numerous systems, and the main lines of these systems are called Trunk Lines." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 679, "question": "Into what systems may these roads be divided?", "answer": "The Eastern Trunk Lines, the Central, the Southern and the Western." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 680, "question": "Name the principal roads of the Eastern Trunk Lines.", "answer": "The Grand Trunk, New York Central, Erie, Pennsylvania, and Baltimore & Ohio." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 681, "question": "Which of these transacts the most business? Describe it.", "answer": "The New York Central, which runs from Buffalo to Albany, and there is divided into two roads: the Hudson River Railroad to New York and the Boston & Albany to Boston. From Buffalo to Albany the road maintains four tracks. This road is known as the Trunk Line of the Vanderbilt System, and has heavy branches as feeders, the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern from Chicago to Buffalo being the most important. The traffic on this system is immense." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 682, "question": "Name the Central Trunk Lines.", "answer": "They are the Michigan Central; Lake Shore & Michigan Southern; Toledo, Wabash & Western; Atlantic & Great Western; Nickle Plate; Pittsburg, Fort Wayne & Chicago; Pittsburg, Cincinnati & St. Louis; Marietta & Cincinnati; Ohio & Mississippi; Illinois Central; Chicago & Alton." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 683, "question": "How many compose the Southern System?", "answer": "These lines may be divided into three divisions: those of the Atlantic coast, connecting the Atlantic cities with those of the Eastern States; those running from the Atlantic west, crossing the Mississippi River at New Orleans, Vicksburg and Memphis; and those running north and south connecting the cities of the South with the cities of the North." }, { "subject": "GEOGRAPHY", "number": 684, "question": "Mention the most important of the Western System.", "answer": "The Northern Pacific; the Central Pacific; Union Pacific; Kansas Pacific; Southern Pacific; Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe; Texas Pacific; New Orleans Pacific; Galveston, Harrisburg & San Antonio; Chicago, Burlington & Quincy; Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific; Chicago & Northwestern; Chicago & Alton; Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific; Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul." }, { "subject": "READING", "number": 1, "question": "What is reading?", "answer": "The enunciation of written language." }, { "subject": "READING", "number": 2, "question": "What is elocution?", "answer": "The delivery of composition." }, { "subject": "READING", "number": 3, "question": "What does elocution embrace?", "answer": "Orthoepy and expression." }, { "subject": "READING", "number": 4, "question": "What is expression?", "answer": "It is the manner of delivery." }, { "subject": "READING", "number": 5, "question": "What mental qualifications must a good reader possess and employ?", "answer": "A good reader or speaker must have : A clear conception. A vivid imagination. Real sympathy. Good imitation. Vocal power. Artistic skill. Good judgment." }, { "subject": "READING", "number": 6, "question": "What are the physical requisites for good reading?", "answer": "The physical requisites are : Distinct articulation. Full and free respiration. Perfect control of a clear, full, round, musical tone of voice. Graceful and expressive action. Cultivated taste and judgment." }, { "subject": "READING", "number": 7, "question": "What, then, does good reading demand?", "answer": "Articulation, Accent, Emphasis, Inflection, Modula-tion, and Pauses." }, { "subject": "READING", "number": 8, "question": "What objects are to be aimed at in the study and teaching of reading?", "answer": "The objects to be aimed at are : The acquisition of great knowledge. The acquisition of a love for reading. The improvement of the memory, judgment and taste. Improvement of the social faculties. Improvement of the health. A graceful carriage and address. A preparation for public life. The prevention and correction of improprieties." }, { "subject": "READING", "number": 9, "question": "What does orthoepy embrace?", "answer": "Articulation, Syllabication, and Accent." }, { "subject": "READING", "number": 10, "question": "Define articulation.", "answer": "It is the distinct utterance of the oral elements." }, { "subject": "READING", "number": 11, "question": "What is correct articulation?", "answer": "Accurate and distinct utterance of the elementary sounds." }, { "subject": "READING", "number": 12, "question": "How can a good articulation be acquired?", "answer": "By continued practice of the utterance of the elementary sounds, and an observance of the phonetic analysis of syllables and words." }, { "subject": "READING", "number": 13, "question": "What is Phonetic Analysis?", "answer": "It is the separation of syllables and words into the elementary sounds of which they are composed." }, { "subject": "READING", "number": 14, "question": "What is an elementary sound?", "answer": "It is a simple distinct sound made by the organs of speech." }, { "subject": "READING", "number": 15, "question": "What are oral elements? How produced?", "answer": "They are the elementary sounds that form syllables and words, and are produced by the positions of the organs of speech in connection with the breath." }, { "subject": "READING", "number": 16, "question": "Into what classes are the elementary sounds of the English language divided?", "answer": "They are divided into vocals, subvocals, and aspirates." }, { "subject": "READING", "number": 17, "question": "Define vocals. Subvocals. Aspirates.", "answer": "Vocals are pure tones, and are the prominent elements of all words. Subvocals are those consonants which produce an undertone of voice when their sounds are uttered. The aspirates are mere whispers made by the organs of speech and breath." }, { "subject": "READING", "number": 18, "question": "Give a list of the most common faults in articulation.", "answer": "The faults most common are: Suppression of vocal sounds in unaccented syllables. Suppression of subvocal and aspirate sounds. Incorrect articulation of vocal sounds Omission and addition of syllables. Blending the end of one word with the beginning of the next." }, { "subject": "READING", "number": 19, "question": "What is accentuation?", "answer": "The act of applying accents in reading and speaking." }, { "subject": "READING", "number": 20, "question": "What is accent?", "answer": "The force given to one or more syllables of a word." }, { "subject": "READING", "number": 21, "question": "How are accented syllables designated?", "answer": "They are designated by a mark thus, ('); as command'-ment." }, { "subject": "READING", "number": 22, "question": "Name and define the kinds of accent.", "answer": "They are primary and secondary. The primary the more forcible stress of voice, and the secondary the less forcible." }, { "subject": "READING", "number": 23, "question": "When two syllables of a word are accented, which has the greater force?", "answer": "The primary." }, { "subject": "READING", "number": 24, "question": "What are the expressions of speech? 25. What is emphasis?", "answer": "Emphasis, Slur, Inflection, Modulation, Monotone, Personation, and Pauses." }, { "subject": "READING", "number": 26, "question": "What is the object of emphasis?", "answer": "The object is to attract particular attention to the word or phrase upon which it is placed." }, { "subject": "READING", "number": 27, "question": "How is it accomplished?", "answer": "It is usually done by an increased stress or empha-sis, but sometimes by an unusual lowering of the voice, even to a whisper." }, { "subject": "READING", "number": 28, "question": "Define slur.", "answer": "It is that smooth, gliding, subdued movement of the voice used in parenthetic clauses, words contrasted or repeated, and in explanation." }, { "subject": "READING", "number": 29, "question": "How are emphatic words distinguished?", "answer": "By italics, SMALL CAPITALS, and CAPITALS." }, { "subject": "READING", "number": 30, "question": "When should emphatic words be used?", "answer": "When words and phrases are important in mean-ing, or when they point out a difference; when emphatic words are repeated, or when a succession of important words or phrases occurs." }, { "subject": "READING", "number": 31, "question": "How many kinds of emphasis are there?", "answer": "There are two kinds: absolute and antithetic." }, { "subject": "READING", "number": 32, "question": "What is absolute emphasis?", "answer": "It is used to designate the important words of a sentence, without any direct reference to other words." }, { "subject": "READING", "number": 33, "question": "Define antithetic emphasis.", "answer": "It is founded on the contrast of one word or clause with another." }, { "subject": "READING", "number": 34, "question": "What are inflections?", "answer": "The upward or downward slides of the voice." }, { "subject": "READING", "number": 35, "question": "How many inflections are there?", "answer": "Three: the rising inflection, falling inflection, and circumflex." }, { "subject": "READING", "number": 36, "question": "What is the circumflex?", "answer": "A union of the rising and falling inflections, begin-ning with the one and ending with the other." }, { "subject": "READING", "number": 37, "question": "What is a series?", "answer": "A series is a number of words or phrases following one another in the same sentence." }, { "subject": "READING", "number": 38, "question": "What is a commencing series, and what a concluding series?", "answer": "Where a succession of particulars occurs at the be-ginning or middle of a sentence it is called a commanding series. Where it concludes a sentence it is a concluding series." }, { "subject": "READING", "number": 39, "question": "What is the Monotone?", "answer": "A sameness of tone." }, { "subject": "READING", "number": 40, "question": "What is Transition?", "answer": "A change in the manner of expression." }, { "subject": "READING", "number": 41, "question": "Define Monotony.", "answer": "Monotony is a frequent occurrence of the same tone, without reference to the sense." }, { "subject": "READING", "number": 42, "question": "When is the rising inflection used?", "answer": "It is generally used when the sense is incomplete; in questions which may be answered by yes or no; when a word or sentence is repeated as a kind of interrogatory exclamation; usually in negative sentences; and in the last but one of a passage." }, { "subject": "READING", "number": 43, "question": "When is the falling inflection used?", "answer": "When the sense is incomplete; when language de-mands strong emphasis; in exclamations; and in questions which cannot be answered by yes or no." }, { "subject": "READING", "number": 44, "question": "In what is the circumflex mainly used?", "answer": "In the language of irony, sarcasm, and contrast." }, { "subject": "READING", "number": 45, "question": "What is modulation and its divisions?", "answer": "Modulation is the variation of the voice made in reading and speaking, and is divided into pitch, force, quality, and rate." }, { "subject": "READING", "number": 46, "question": "What is pitch? How divided?", "answer": "Pitch is the degree of elevation of the voice, and is divided into high, moderate, and low. High pitch is that which rises above the usual speaking key, and is used in expressing joyous and elevated feelings. Moderate pitch is that which is heard in common conversation, and is used in expressing ordinary thought and moderate emotion. Low pitch is that which falls below the usual speaking key, and is employed in expressing emotions of sublimity, awe, and reverence." }, { "subject": "READING", "number": 47, "question": "Define force. What are its divisions?", "answer": "Force is the volume, or loudness of voice, and is divided into loud, moderate and gentle. Loud force is used in expressing violent passions and vehement emotions. Moderate force is a medium loudness of voice, and is employed in narrative, description, and ordinary assertion. Gentle or subdued force is employed to express fear, caution, secrecy, solemnity, and tender emotions." }, { "subject": "READING", "number": 48, "question": "Define rate. How classified?", "answer": "Rate is the speed, and is divided into quick, moderate, and slow. Quick rate is used to express joy, mirth, violent anger, and sudden fear. Moderate rate is similar to moderate force. Slow rate is used to express grandeur, vastness, pathos, horror, and consternation." }, { "subject": "READING", "number": 49, "question": "What is quality, and how divided?", "answer": "Quality has reference to the kinds of sound uttered, and is divided into the pure tone, orotund, aspirate, guttural, and trembling." }, { "subject": "READING", "number": 50, "question": "What is the difference between quantity and pitch?", "answer": "Quantity has reference to loudness or volume of sound; pitch to the elevation or depression of a tone." }, { "subject": "READING", "number": 51, "question": "What is the difference between force and emphasis?", "answer": "Force is the energy with which the whole is uttered; emphasis is the stress on a particular portion." }, { "subject": "READING", "number": 52, "question": "What is cadence?", "answer": "It is the dropping of the voice at the end of the sentence, which indicates that the sense is complete." }, { "subject": "READING", "number": 53, "question": "What is stress?", "answer": "Stress is the manner in which force is applied." }, { "subject": "READING", "number": 54, "question": "What is climax?", "answer": "Climax is an utterance gradually increasing in intensity, and changing in pitch and movement." }, { "subject": "READING", "number": 55, "question": "Define grouping.", "answer": "Grouping is that nice modulation and adaptation of the voice to the sentiment expressed which renders the utterance not only more impressive, but more pleasing to the ear." }, { "subject": "READING", "number": 56, "question": "What is pure tone?", "answer": "A clear, smooth, flowing sound, with moderate pitch." }, { "subject": "READING", "number": 57, "question": "What is the orotund?", "answer": "It is the pure tone deepened, enlarged, and intensified, and is adapted to the expression of the sublime and pathetic emotions." }, { "subject": "READING", "number": 58, "question": "Describe the aspirated tone.", "answer": "It is an expulsion of the breath, the words being spoken in a whisper." }, { "subject": "READING", "number": 59, "question": "What is the guttural quality?", "answer": "The guttural is a deep undertone, expressing hatred, contempt, loathing." }, { "subject": "READING", "number": 60, "question": "When is the trembling tone used?", "answer": "The trembling is a constant waver of the voice, used to express an intense degree of suppressed excitement, or to represent the tones of enfeebled old age." }, { "subject": "READING", "number": 61, "question": "What is personation?", "answer": "Changes of the voice necessary to represent two or more persons speaking." }, { "subject": "READING", "number": 62, "question": "What are pauses?", "answer": "Suspensions of the voice in reading or speaking." }, { "subject": "READING", "number": 63, "question": "What are grammatical pauses?", "answer": "Grammatical pauses are indicated by the punctua- tion marks." }, { "subject": "READING", "number": 64, "question": "Define rhetorical pauses.", "answer": "They are suspensions of the voice which the sense requires when a grammatical pause is not admissible." }, { "subject": "READING", "number": 65, "question": "What are etymological points?", "answer": "They are the points used to indicate something in regard to the formation, use, or omission of words or parts of words." }, { "subject": "READING", "number": 66, "question": "Explain the Apostrophe, Caret, Diaeresis, Marks of Quantity, Marks of Accent, Hyphen, Period.", "answer": "The apostrophe (') is used to show the omission of a letter or letters; as, Sec'y. The caret (v) is used to show some omissions in writ- ing; as, come \"The king is v to marshal us.\" The diæresis marks the separation of contiguous vowels; as, preëngage. Marks of quantity are used to show that the vowel is long or short, and is placed over the letter, ( ¯ ˘ ). The marks of accent express the tones of the voice and are the grave (`), the acute (´), and the circumflex (^). The hyphen (-), is used to separate syllables, or to unite the parts of a compound word. The period (.), is used to show the abbreviation of a word; as, lat. for latitude." }, { "subject": "READING", "number": 67, "question": "What are the points of reference?", "answer": "The points of reference are used to refer the reader to some other place on the page or the book, and are as fol- lows : The Asterisk (*). The Obelisk or Dagger (†). The Double Dagger (‡). The Section (§). Parallels (||). The Paragraph (¶). If necessary, these points may be doubled." }, { "subject": "READING", "number": 68, "question": "What is suspensive quantity ?", "answer": "Prolongation of the voice at the end of a word with- out making an actual pause." }, { "subject": "READING", "number": 69, "question": "What does quantity embrace ?", "answer": "Force and rate." }, { "subject": "READING", "number": 70, "question": "What is the difference between enunciation and pronunciation ?", "answer": "Enunciation is the utterance of words; pronuncia- tion, the mode of utterance." }, { "subject": "READING", "number": 71, "question": "What quality of voice is mostly used in reading and speaking?", "answer": "The pure tone." }, { "subject": "READING", "number": 72, "question": "What determines the proper accent of words?", "answer": "General usage." }, { "subject": "READING", "number": 73, "question": "How is inflection sometimes affected by emphasis ?", "answer": "It sometimes changes the falling to the rising inflection." }, { "subject": "READING", "number": 74, "question": "What is the difference between the construction of prose and poetry?", "answer": "Prose pays no attention to the melodious arrangement of its words, while poetry is written with regard to the rhyme and feet of each line." }, { "subject": "READING", "number": 75, "question": "What is a parenthetic clause, and how should it be read ?", "answer": "Something abruptly introduced into a sentence for the purpose of modifying, explaining, or adding to the leading proposition, and should be read in a lower voice." }, { "subject": "READING", "number": 76, "question": "When melody comes in conflict with accent, which must yield ?", "answer": "Accent." }, { "subject": "READING", "number": 77, "question": "Give a principle of reading that will admit of general application.", "answer": "Be sure you understand what you read, and endeavor to express the sentiments of the author as you would express the same if they were your own, and you were talking." }, { "subject": "READING", "number": 78, "question": "What are some of the essential qualities of good reading ?", "answer": "To read slowly, mind the pauses, give the proper inflections, speak plainly, and read as if talking." }, { "subject": "READING", "number": 79, "question": "Give rules for the use of capitals.", "answer": "Capital letters are used: To begin the first word of a sentence. To begin all proper names. To begin all titles of honor. To begin the first word of every line of poetry To begin the names of objects personified. In writing the pronoun I, and interjection O. To begin appellations of the Deity. To begin the names of the days of the week and of the month. To begin direct quotations. To begin words derived from proper names. To begin the chief words in the titles of books, headings of divisions of books, chapters, discourses, etc. To begin words of special importance" }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 1, "question": "What is Physical Geography?", "answer": "That science which treats of the natural divisions of water, the atmosphere, and all organic life." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 2, "question": "Into how many classes may the objects of which Physical Geography treats, be divided?", "answer": "Into Land, Water, Air, Plants and Animals." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 3, "question": "In what condition was the earth supposed to be in a remote period of its existence?", "answer": "In a state of igneous fluidity. All the elements of the earth were one molten mass, surrounded by a thick atmosphere, charged with vapors and gases" }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 4, "question": "What are the proofs of this molten condition of the earth?", "answer": "A direct proof is the ball-like form of the earth, which, but for its plastic condition, would not have been. Astronomy furnishes us with examples of like condition. Our sun is even now in a state of intense ignition, and the stars of the firmament are burning suns. The moon was once a fiery ball, but is now cooled, and covered with extinct craters." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 5, "question": "How did the earth become solid?", "answer": "In the course of countless ages the earth lost heat and cooled sufficiently to form a solid crust, while the interior, even now, is liquid lava, gradually losing its temperature, which in time will cause a solid earth." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 6, "question": "What is the thickness of the earth's crust?", "answer": "It is variously estimated at from fifty to one hundred miles. At the depth of 60 feet, water obtains its greatest degree of cold; at 2,200 feet the temperature rises to 90° Fahrenheit; at 8,000 feet water would boil, and as the temperature increases regularly from the surface downward, at a depth of twenty-eight miles iron would melt." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 7, "question": "What is a simple substance?", "answer": "An element that cannot be separated into other component parts." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 8, "question": "How many elements have been discovered?", "answer": "Sixty-three, and of these only fourteen have been found in a pure state, as gold, silver, copper, platinum." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 9, "question": "How many elements mainly compose the crust of the earth?", "answer": "Twelve : oxygen, silicon, aluminum, magnesium, calcium, potassium, sodium, iron, carbon, sulphur, hydro-gen, chlorine." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 10, "question": "What is Oxygen? Silicon? Carbon? Hydrogen? Sodium? Chlorine? Sulphur? Potassium? Calcium? Magnesium? Aluminum?", "answer": "Oxygen is a gas, and a constituent of all rocks, and composes about one-half by weight of the earth's crust. Silicon is the element next in abundance; combined with oxygen it forms silica or quartz, sandstone, and ordi-nary sand. Carbon is an element which, combined with oxygen, enters largely into the composition of various rocks. Char-coal and diamonds are pure carbon. Hydrogen is a gas, and combined with oxygen, consti-tutes water. Sodium is a metal, and with oxygen forms soda. It is the basis of salt. Chlorine with sodium forms common salt. Sulphur is a simple mineral substance, and united with oxygen and lime makes gypsum. Potassium is a metal which, combined with oxygen, forms potash. Calcium is a metal which, with oxygen, forms common quicklime, and with carbon limestone. Magnesium is also a metal which, combined, with oxy-gen, forms magnesia. Aluminum is a white metal, and with oxygen forms alumina, the basis of clay." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 11, "question": "How are rocks classified?", "answer": "As stratified and unstratified, the unstratified being divided into igneous and metamorphic." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 12, "question": "What are stratified rocks?", "answer": "Those which are made up of a series of layers, as sandstone, slate-rock, limestone." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 13, "question": "How are these rocks formed into layers?", "answer": "By the waters of the globe removing materials from one place and depositing them in another, as stratified sediment." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 14, "question": "How did water originate on the earth's surface?", "answer": "When the surface of the earth had become cooled, or fallen below the boiling point of water (212° Fahrenheit), the vapors of the atmosphere were condensed and gathered as water in the depressions of the earth." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 15, "question": "What are igneous rocks?", "answer": "Those which, instead of being a sedimentary de-posit, were forced in a melted condition from the burning depths below." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 16, "question": "What are metamorphic rocks?", "answer": "These rocks were at first stratified, but by the igneous lava breaking forth and flowing near them, a sub-terranean heat was produced, thus destroying the sedimen-tary or stratified condition." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 17, "question": "What are fossils?", "answer": "Petrified remains of animals or plants that lie imbedded in the rock formation of the earth's crust." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 18, "question": "What are fossiliferous rocks? Non-fossiliferous?", "answer": "Stratified rocks that contain fossils. Non-fossiliferous rocks are those without fossils, or igneous rocks." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 19, "question": "Into how many ages does geology divide the globe?", "answer": "Into seven: The Azoic Age, the Silurian Age, Devonian Age, Carboniferous Age, Reptilian Age, Mammalian Age, and the Age of Man." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 20, "question": "What is the Azoic Age? The Silurian Age? Devonian Age? Carboniferous Age? Reptilian Age? Mammalian Age? Age of Man?", "answer": "The Azoic Age is the earliest, and includes the time from the first forming of a solid crust to the appearance of animal life. Rocks of this age contain no animal fossils. The Silurian Age succeeded the Azoic, and the rocks abound in fossils of the simplest animals and plants. Star-shaped animals and animals that consist of joints or segments, as worms, make their first appearance on the earth; but the mollusks, animals like our oyster, predominate. The Devonian Age, or Age of Fishes, succeeds the Silurian. Rocks of this age contain fossils of higher and more developed animals and plants than those of the preceding age. Of fishes, the shark and gar-fish predominate. The Carboniferous Age was the Age of Vegetation. Great forests and jungles covered the land from the poles to the equator. It was a period of unceasing change. Destructive floods undermined the dense vegetation, which fell, layer upon layer, gradually changing into vast coal-fields under the pressure of the waters. The Reptilian Age is remarkable as the era of the culmination of reptiles and mollusks. Among the former were the gigantic ichthyosaurus, a marine animal with the teeth and head of a crocodile, and from ten to thirty feet long; the plesiosaurus, a huge reptile with the head and neck of a snake, and the pterodactyl, a flying reptile. In the Mammalian Age many of the lower animals and vegetable forms become extinct, and more perfect ones appear. The gar-fishes give place to the salmon, perch, and herring; the cycads among plants, to the oaks, willows, and palms. Animals of great size tread the earth, which are now known only by their remains. The Age of Man is the present era. The animal element is no longer dormant. The majority of the large beasts, that during the preceding era were the chief denizens of the world, have become extinct, and made room for smaller but higher creatures. Man, as the most highly organized being, appears latest upon the earth, which has, by means of successive changes in the past, arrived at that stage of development which renders it a fit dwelling-place for him. The earth, in this last stage, has reached a state of comparative stability. Changes take place, but they are less sweeping and less violent than those of the preceding ages." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 21, "question": "Where are minerals found ?", "answer": "The greater part lie deep in the earth, and require much labor to obtain them. Some are found in the soil and sandy beds of rivers." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 22, "question": "Name the most important metals.", "answer": "Gold, silver, platinum, mercury, iron, lead, copper, tin, nickel, zinc, and antimony." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 23, "question": "How does the United States compare with other countries in mineral resources ?", "answer": "It surpasses all others." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 24, "question": "In precious stones ?", "answer": "There are no well-defined localities where precious stones are found. Some have been found in Alaska, California, Arizona, and occasionally one picked up, apparently out of place, or lost. The largest diamond found in the United States was picked up by a workman on the banks of the James River, opposite Richmond. It weighed 24 carats." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 25, "question": "Where is zinc found in the United States ?", "answer": "It is found in the Appalachian region, particularly Pennsylvania and New Jersey; also in Wisconsin, Illinois, Missouri and Tennessee." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 26, "question": "How much zinc is annually produced ?", "answer": "The annual product is about 6,000 tons." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 27, "question": "Where is salt found most abundantly?", "answer": "It is produced most abundantly in New York and Michigan, but in a natural state Nevada has inexhaustible quantities of rock salt. In this state it can be obtained in blocks so perfectly pure and clear that a newspaper can be read through the thickness of a foot. A railroad cutting one of these immense mines graded its bed for a distance of three miles." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 28, "question": "When was the first petroleum well sunk ?", "answer": "It was sunk in 1859, in Pennsylvania, and yielded 400 gallons a day." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 29, "question": "By what agencies are the changes of the earth's crust produced at the present time ?", "answer": "By the atmosphere, the water, and by the action of the heated interior." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 30, "question": "How does the atmosphere produce a change ?", "answer": "The moisture in the atmosphere crumbles the exposed rock-surfaces, and the dusty fragments are drifted by the wind, and in the course of time deep deposits of it are formed." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 31, "question": "How does the water produce a change ?", "answer": "Rivers and creeks are everywhere at work gradually moving the whole surface of continents towards the oceans. Rivers also produce important changes by erosion." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 32, "question": "What is erosion ?", "answer": "Rivers wearing out deep channels in their courses." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 33, "question": "Where is the greatest example of erosion?", "answer": "The Canon of the Colorado River, which is a narrow chasm three hundred miles long, and with perpendicular walls of rock, from three thousand to six thousand feet in height, worn by the flowing river." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 34, "question": "How much earthy matter is annually discharged by the Mississippi River ?", "answer": "It is estimated that over 400,000,000 tons are carried into the Gulf of Mexico. This yearly discharge, if placed in one accumulation, would cover an area of ten square miles to the depth of twenty-five feet." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 35, "question": "What are the changes which are produced by the action of the heated interior ?", "answer": "Changes of level, which are slowly progressing by the century, or suddenly by the action of volcanoes and earthquakes." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 36, "question": "Where are there illustrations of the slowly progressing change?", "answer": "The northern part of the Scandinavian peninsula is slowly rising at the rate of four feet in a century, while the southern part, and Holland and Denmark, are gradually subsiding. It is by this subsidence that the greater part of Holland and Denmark is below the level of the sea, and should the dykes which protect these countries become broken, great inundation would follow." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 37, "question": "What will eventually be the condition of the earth's surface ?", "answer": "When the interior of the earth has cooled beyond the power to react and disturb its surface, the leveling of continents by the elements of nature will begin to be apparent. By the washings of rain the surface of the country is slowly moving to the bottom of oceans; by the action of the moist atmosphere rocks crumble to dust and are borne away. Though the process of decomposition is slow, yet the all-devouring element of time will tear down the mountains of earth and fill up the valleys of the seas, until land shall disappear, and the earth shall be one wide expanse of ocean." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 38, "question": "What proportion of the whole volume of the globe is water?", "answer": "About one-five-hundred-and-thirtieth part of the whole volume of the globe, or if the earth were a perfect sphere, without elevations and depressions, the volume of water would be about 10,000 feet in thickness." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 39, "question": "What is the position of the continents ?", "answer": "They lie with their masses about the Arctic and Atlantic Oceans, and narrow as they extend southward." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 40, "question": "What proportion of the land surface do the islands form?", "answer": "About one-seventeenth, or 3,000,000 square miles." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 41, "question": "How are islands divided?", "answer": "Into two classes, continental and oceanic." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 42, "question": "What are continental islands ?", "answer": "Those that lie near continents, and appear, by their position, to be detached portions." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 43, "question": "Give illustrations of continental islands.", "answer": "The West Indies, Bahamas, Aleutian, Japan, East Indies, and many others." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 44, "question": "What are oceanic islands ?", "answer": "Such as lie far removed from any continent. Nearly all of the islands of the Pacific Ocean belong to this class." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 45, "question": "What two classes of oceanic islands ?", "answer": "They are mainly of two kinds, the volcanic and coral." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 46, "question": "How do continental islands compare in size with oceanic islands ?", "answer": "Continental islands, as a rule, are larger than oceanic islands." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 47, "question": "What is the difference in the rock material of the two classes of islands ?", "answer": "The continental islands have the same formation as of the mainland, being composed of sandstone, slate, granite, and the various metamorphic rocks, while the volcanic islands are composed of volcanic substances, or of limestone." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 48, "question": "What is coral? Where found ?", "answer": "It is the limy secretion or deposit of small marine animals that lie together in vast numbers. It is found in tropical seas, or where the temperature of the water is not below 68° (Fahrenheit)." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 49, "question": "Into how many classes are coral formations divided ?", "answer": "Four : fringing reefs, barrier reefs, encircling reefs, and atolls, or coral islands." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 50, "question": "What are fringing reefs ?", "answer": "Lines or ribbons of coral near the shores." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 51, "question": "What are barrier reefs ? Encircling reefs ?", "answer": "They lie parallel to the shore, but are separated from it by a channel of water of considerable depth and varying greatly in width. The grandest example of coral formation known is the Great Australian barrier reef. Externally it rises, with little inclination, from a fathomless ocean—stretches upwards of 1,000 miles along the north-east shore—varies in breadth from two hundred yards to a mile, and in distance from the shore from twenty to seventy miles. There are many openings through the reef, by which vessels enter the interior ocean, which is everywhere safely navigable. An encircling reef is a barrier reef which encloses one or more islands." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 52, "question": "What are atolls, or coral islands ?", "answer": "They consist of a low, narrow rim of reef surrounding a lagoon." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 53, "question": "What is a lagoon ?", "answer": "The vacant place enclosed by atolls or coral islands." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 54, "question": "What is the theory of the circular formation of atolls?", "answer": "It is based upon a regular and gradual subsidence of the bed of the ocean. A fringing reef is first formed near the shore of an island, which becomes an encircling reef, and as the ocean bed subsides, the coral deposits still continue to grow upward until by the subsidence the interior island disappears, and the atoll alone remains." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 55, "question": "Describe the common forms of coral islands.", "answer": "Though of a great variety of shapes, they agree in one particular, viz.: They consist of a low narrow rim of coral rock, enclosing a body of water called a lagoon." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 56, "question": "Upon what are coral islands built?", "answer": "As the reef-building polyps do not live below the depth of 100 or 120 feet, they select for a foundation the submarine mountains and plateaus, or the slopes of volcanic cones, which come near the surface." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 57, "question": "Where are these islands found, and why are they confined to these regions?", "answer": "They are found in tropical waters where they are protected from cold ocean currents, from the influence of fresh river waters, and are remote from active volcanoes. They are not found where the mean annual temperature of the water falls below 68° Fahr." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 58, "question": "Into how many great classes may we divide the surface of the earth?", "answer": "Into three classes : mountains, tablelands or plateaus, and lowlands." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 59, "question": "Where is found the highest elevation of the earth? The lowest depression?", "answer": "The Himalayas are the highest elevation, rising 29,000 feet above the level of the sea. The lowest depression is the Dead Sea, in Palestine, which lies 1,300 feet below the level of the ocean." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 60, "question": "What is trend?", "answer": "The direction of a mountain chain." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 61, "question": "What constitutes a relief of a country?", "answer": "The shape, its elevation, plains, tablelands, mountains, and valleys." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 62, "question": "What two forms of relief exist?", "answer": "Elevations as a whole and linear elevations." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 63, "question": "What influence has the relief of a country upon its climate, life and importance?", "answer": "As an elevation of 330 feet produces a difference of temperature of 1° Fahr., then the altitude of but a few thousand feet changes the character of a region, like a removal of it from torrid to temperate latitudes, or from temperate to frigid. The relief also controls the drainage of a continent, and influences to a certain extent the direction and character of the winds, and the distribution of rain." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 64, "question": "What elevation is given as necessary to become tablelands?", "answer": "Above an elevation of 1,000 feet. Low plains are below 1,000 feet." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 65, "question": "Where are the great plateaus of the world?", "answer": "Mean elevation in feet. The Plateau of Thibet 14,000 The Bolivian Plateau, in the Andes 13,000 Plateau of Anahuac, in Mexico 8,000 Arabian Plateau 7,000 to 8,000 Colorado Plateau 7,000 The Great Basin 4,000 to 5,000 The Sahara 2,000 to 3,000 Southern Africa 3,000 to 5,000 Central Asiatic Plateau 2,000 to 4,000" }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 66, "question": "Where are the great low plains of the world?", "answer": "In the Western Continent there is the Mississippi Plain, the Arctic Plain, Atlantic Coast Plain, Llanos of the Orinoco, Selvas of the Amazon, and the Pampas of the La Plata. In Europe there is the Great Central Germanic Plain. In Asia, there is the Siberian Plain, the Plain of Turkistan, the Chinese Plain, and the Mesopotamian Plain. Africa has no great low plains." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 67, "question": "Into how many classes are mountains divided?", "answer": "Into three: those rising to an elevation of 20,000 feet or upwards ; those between 10,000 and 20,000 feet, and those between 2,000 and 10,000 feet" }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 68, "question": "How are mountains supposed to have been formed?", "answer": "By the pressure of the inner forces of the earth." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 69, "question": "In the manner of formation, what two kinds of mountains do we find?", "answer": "Mountains by folding, which are generally of moderate elevation ; and mountains by fracture, to which belong the highest chains of the globe." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 70, "question": "What is a longitudinal valley? A traverse valley?", "answer": "Longitudinal valleys are those which separate parallel ridges of mountain chains, and extend in the same direction. Transverse valleys cut the ridges at right angles, and extend in an opposite direction." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 71, "question": "What are continental axes?", "answer": "The great dividing ridges of a continent. The sub-divisions are called secondary axes." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 72, "question": "How many mountain systems in America?", "answer": "Six: the Rocky Mountains, Californian, Alleghanian, Andean, Parime, and Brazilian." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 73, "question": "What is the extent of the Rocky system?", "answer": "This system, including the Californian system, occupies the whole western part of the continent, extending from the Isthmus of Panama to the Arctic Ocean, a distance of 5,700 miles." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 74, "question": "Describe the Alleghany system.", "answer": "It extends in a southwesterly direction from the shores of the Gulf of St. Lawrence to the northern part of Georgia and Alabama. This system consists of many parallel chains, varying in height from 1,000 to 3,000 feet, enclosing fertile valleys." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 75, "question": "Describe the plateau of North America. How may this region be divided?", "answer": "It extends from the 50th parallel of north latitude, between the Rocky Mountains and the coast range of the Pacific, through the central part of Mexico, to the Isthmus of Panama, and may be divided into the Great Basin of Utah, the Great Mexican Plateau, and the tablelands of Central America." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 76, "question": "How may the plateaus of South America be divided?", "answer": "The Great Plateau of the Andes; the elevated plains of Quito, Bogota, and Popayan; and the tableland of Brazil." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 77, "question": "Describe the plateau of the Andes.", "answer": "It is an extensive tract of lofty tableland, stretching along the top of the Andes between the parallels of 15° and 3° south latitude, with an elevation of nearly 13,000 feet." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 78, "question": "Into what divisions are the plateaus of Asia divided?", "answer": "They are divided into Central, Southern and South-western Asia." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 79, "question": "What does the central tableland of Asia embrace?", "answer": "The great desert of Gobi, and the tableland of Thibet." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 80, "question": "What tablelands does Southern Asia embrace?", "answer": "Those of Hindoostan, Iran, Asia Minor, and Arabia." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 81, "question": "What are the known tablelands of Africa?", "answer": "Those of Abyssinia and South Africa." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 82, "question": "Describe the principal plateau of Europe.", "answer": "It is the Spanish peninsula, the whole central part of which consists of a series of lofty plains, divided from each other by parallel mountain chains. This plateau comprises 93,000 square miles, or nearly one-half of the peninsula." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 83, "question": "Where is the great plain of North America?", "answer": "It extends from the Arctic Ocean to the Gulf of Mexico, and from the Rocky Mountains to the Alleghanies, and is divided about midway into a northern and southern slope." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 84, "question": "What does the great plain of South America comprise? How is it divided? (a) What are llanos, selvas, pampas, and wastes? (b) What are steppes, heaths, lands, and where found? (c) What is a plain? Plateau, or tableland? (See Questions in Geography Nos. 227, 228, 229, 230, 231.)", "answer": "The entire peninsula east of the Andes, except the mountain systems and the Brazilian tableland, and is divided vided into the llanos, selvas, pampas, and wastes of Pata-gonia." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 85, "question": "What is the boundary of the great plain of the Eastern Continent ?", "answer": "It extends from the Bay of Biscay and the North Sea, to Behring Strait." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 86, "question": "What are some of the chief points in the physical geography of Siberia ?", "answer": "It contains a great plain, extending from the foot of the Ural Mountains to the Pacific Ocean, and from the Altai Mountains to the Arctic Ocean. This plain, near the Arctic, is a barren and desolate region, and the cold is so intense that the spongy soil is perpetually frozen to the depth of several hundred feet. Near the Irtysh River, the soil is rich and pasturage good, but there are few inhab-itants." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 87, "question": "What are the principal known plains of Africa ? (a) Describe the Desert of Sahara.", "answer": "Sahara, the plains of Egypt, Central Africa, and the region of Zambezi." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 88, "question": "Of what is the interior of Australia supposed to consist ?", "answer": "Of vast, barren plains." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 89, "question": "What resemblance between North and South America ?", "answer": "Each have a predominant mountain system in the west, two secondary systems in the east, and vast, low plains intervening." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 90, "question": "What general law of relief has been observed from a study of the continents ?", "answer": "That all of the long, gentle slopes descend to the Atlantic and Arctic Oceans, while the short and rapid slopes are directed towards the Pacific and Indian Oceans." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 91, "question": "Where are the land masses of the globe located ?", "answer": "They are crowded around the North Pole, their northern limit being about the 70th parallel. As they extend south they gradually diminish in area, until they terminate in points widely separated from each other." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 92, "question": "What is the common form of the land masses ?", "answer": "With the exception of Australia, they are more or less triangular." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 93, "question": "What difference between the Eastern and Western Continents in the direction of their length ?", "answer": "The western continent extends north and south, while the eastern has its greatest length somewhat opposite." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 94, "question": "What difference in other respects result from this ?", "answer": "The American continent extends about 9,000 miles and traverses all the climatic zones. Asia-Europe also extends about the same length, and has a general similarity of climate, vegetation and animals." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 95, "question": "In outline, what is the difference?", "answer": "They exhibit striking differences. Some are deeply indented with gulfs and inland seas, while others are almost void of these indentations." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 96, "question": "What influence has the articulation of the coast upon a country and its people?", "answer": "The greater the indentations of a country the more moderate are the extremes of temperature, and the more convenient for the development of the industries of man-kind. The climate is subdued, and the enlightenment of man becomes but the natural tendency of nature." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 97, "question": "What fact is true of well articulated countries ?", "answer": "They become the abode of the most highly civilized nations." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 98, "question": "How do the continents compare in this respect ?", "answer": "Europe, Asia, and North America are most indented and its people are the most industrious and enlightened. Africa and South America have few indentations and the people are less ambitious and enterprising." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 99, "question": "From what do volcanic phenomena result? How are these phenomena divided ?", "answer": "From the reaction of the heated interior upon the solid crust. These phenomena are divided into three classes: volcanoes, earthquakes, and a rising or subsidence of portions of the earth's surface." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 100, "question": "What is a volcano?", "answer": "A mountain which emits fire, smoke, and lava." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 101, "question": "How are volcanoes classified ?", "answer": "As active, intermittent, and extinct." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 102, "question": "What are intermittent volcanoes ?", "answer": "Those having periods of rest." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 103, "question": "What is the crater of a volcano ? Lava?", "answer": "It is the opening, or several openings, of a volcano. Lava is the matter thrown from a volcano." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 104, "question": "What is the width of craters ?", "answer": "They differ greatly in size, the larger varying from 2,000 to 18,000 feet." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 105, "question": "Where may the crater be located ?", "answer": "They are sometimes on the sides." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 106, "question": "Where is the largest known crater in the world ?", "answer": "It is that of Mauna Loa, on the Island of Hawaii, 4,270 feet high. This crater is over three miles long and one mile wide, and from 600 to 1,000 feet deep. Large pools of boiling lava may be seen from the brink." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 107, "question": "Into what classes are volcanoes divided?", "answer": "Two: the central and lineal systems." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 108, "question": "What is the central ? The lineal ?", "answer": "The central consists of several vents grouped together, one of which usually serves as a common point of eruption. The lineal consists of several vents extending in one direction, at no great distance from each other, forming, as it were, chimneys along an extended fissure." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 109, "question": "Where are volcanoes most numerous ?", "answer": "On the islands and shores of the Pacific Ocean." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 110, "question": "How many volcanoes have been enumerated?", "answer": "Humboldt has enumerated 225 still in action, and the number of extinct volcanoes is much greater." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 111, "question": "What is the peculiarity in the distribution of volcanoes ?", "answer": "Nearly all of the volcanoes are situated along the mountain ranges which are near the shores of the continents, while the interior is almost destitute of them." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 112, "question": "Explain this fact.", "answer": "Volcanoes appear where the earth's crust is weakest, and these mountain chains are a line of fracture formed by the gradual separation of the ocean's bed from the coasts of the continent." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 113, "question": "Locate the two volcanic zones which encircle the earth ?", "answer": "One is the vast array of mountain chains, or continents and islands, which encircle the Pacific Ocean; the other, though less continuous, is a belt of broken lands and inland seas, which, extending around the globe, separates the northern from the southern continents." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 114, "question": "What theory is advanced as the cause of volcanoes ?", "answer": "That the cooling of the earth's surface produces an eruption or vent that is seen in the freezing of a barrel of water. Volcanoes are the outlet of this expansion." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 115, "question": "What are some of the volcanic phenomena ?", "answer": "Geysers, mud volcanoes, and fields of fire." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 116, "question": "What are mud volcanoes? Where found ?", "answer": "Miniature volcanoes which emit steam and mud, but never molten rocks. They are found in large numbers in Sicily, and on the shores of the Caspian Sea, near the base of the Caucasus Mountains." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 117, "question": "What are fields of fire ? Where found ?", "answer": "Regions where columns of fire break forth from the ground. These fires are classed with volcanic phenomena, although they may have their origin from the connection of the internal heat with large quantities of gases which accumulate in the crevices of rocks and burst forth in flames. They are found to the greatest extent west of the Caspian Sea." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 118, "question": "What is a mountain pass ?", "answer": "A depression or valley crossing a mountain chain, through which a road is formed for traveling." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 119, "question": "What are earthquakes, and where confined?", "answer": "Convulsions of the earth, and are most common in volcanic districts." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 120, "question": "What are the movements of earthquakes ?", "answer": "Horizontal, vertical, and rotary." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 121, "question": "What is the theory of earthquakes ?", "answer": "That the convulsions are the results of the heated interior seeking vent, and may be caused by the collection of steam and gases, or like congealed water, the crust of the earth may contain the property of expanding during its process of cooling, thus forming a pressure which is resisted by violent agitations to obtain relief. The movements of earthquakes appear to be on the principle that waves recede when any substance is thrown into the water; thus, when convulsions occur great waves of the fluid interior recede, by which the crust is uplifted and more or less violently shaken." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 122, "question": "What is the dynamic force of earthquakes ?", "answer": "They vary according to their power. The terrible earthquake of Lisbon, November 1st, 1755, in which 60,000 persons lost their lives, disturbed an area of 7,500,000 square miles, or, as the earth's crust is about twenty-five miles in thickness, 187,500,000 cubic miles of matter were moved." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 123, "question": "What is the duration?", "answer": "Some of the most destructive lasted but a few seconds. That of Lisbon produced its terrible effects in less than five minutes." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 124, "question": "What connection exists between volcanoes and earthquakes ?", "answer": "Volcanoes are supposed to be outlets of the pressure of the subterranean forces, while earthquakes are the forces seeking vent." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 125, "question": "What relation exists between earthquakes and atmospheric conditions ?", "answer": "In the tropics, especially, earthquakes are most frequent in that part of the year in which the greatest atmospheric disturbances take place. They are most dreaded at the beginning of the rainy season, when the monsoons are changing directions." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 126, "question": "What noted volcanic action occurred A. D. 79 ?", "answer": "A terrific eruption of Mt. Vesuvius destroyed the cities of Pompeii, Herculaneum, and Stabiae, and covered them with ashes and cinders to the depth of fifteen feet." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 127, "question": "How many eruptions of Mt. Ætna are recorded ?", "answer": "About sixty of its eruptions are recorded. In 1669, a stream of lava from this mountain overflowed the ramparts of Catana, sixty feet in height, and destroyed a portion of the city. In 1832, several craters opened in the sides, and a stream of lava eighteen miles long, one mile broad, and thirty feet deep, poured over the adjacent fields." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 128, "question": "Describe the eruption of Casequina in 1835.", "answer": "In 1835, a terrible eruption occurred. It lasted three days, during which the light of the sun was obscured over half of Central America; more than 40,000 square miles are said to have been covered with dust, ashes, and lava." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 129, "question": "How many lives are estimated as having been lost by earthquakes ?", "answer": "It is estimated that 13,000,000 human beings have lost their lives by these convulsions of nature, but the estimate has no solid foundation for statistics." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 130, "question": "By what signs is an earthquake usually preceded ?", "answer": "At times the electrical condition of the air seems to be changed and felt by man and beast—the former experiencing oppression and dizziness; the latter uttering cries of distress and running wildly about. At these times the atmosphere is unusually still and hazy, and the sun seen through it looks like a ball of fire." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 131, "question": "For what was the year 1868 remarkable ?", "answer": "One of the most terrible earthquakes on record occurred in South America, in August, 1868. Its center of activity seems to have been in Arica, a seaport of Peru, which was completely destroyed. The shock extended through the whole eastern shore of South America, and numerous towns and cities were laid in ruins. Probably 50,000 people lost their lives." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 132, "question": "Give an account of the earthquake at New Madrid.", "answer": "The most remarkable earthquake that has occurred in the United States is that of New Madrid, on the Mississippi River, in 1811-12. For several months there was an incessant quaking of the ground, which for a distance of 300 miles rose and sank in undulations. The most of the town was submerged." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 133, "question": "Of what does hydrography treat ?", "answer": "The waters upon the earth." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 134, "question": "What are springs, and how may they be classified ?", "answer": "Fountains of waters which flow from reservoirs underneath the ground, and are classified as perennial or constant, intermitting, and periodical." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 135, "question": "What are perennial springs ? Intermittent ? Periodical ?", "answer": "Perennial springs are those which continue to flow at all seasons. Intermittent are those that alternately flow and stop. Periodical depend upon the prevailing character of the seasons." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 136, "question": "How are springs produced ?", "answer": "They depend upon the peculiar arrangement of the pervious and impervious stratification. The water penetrates the pervious stratum and sinks to the impervious, where, if the stratification is tilted, the water will follow this layer until an outlet is found. Should the pervious stratum lie between two convex layers of impervious matter, springs could be obtained at any place where the height is less than the highest points of the pervious stratum, by breaking through, whereby the water would rise to the surface and flow." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 137, "question": "Where are springs most numerous ?", "answer": "In and around mountainous regions." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 138, "question": "Upon what does the temperature of springs depend ?", "answer": "It depends much upon the strata through which the water passes. Some are icy cold, particularly in mountain regions. Others coming from great depths are warm, hot, and even boiling. This heat, in some places, is due to volcanic action, and in some instances to chemical action." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 139, "question": "What are artesian wells ?", "answer": "Artificial springs formed by boring to the pervious stratum, as explained above." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 140, "question": "What is bifurcation ?", "answer": "When a river is so situated that it may divide and flow to two distinct river basins. The best known example is the Cassiquiare River, in Venezuela, which connects through its bifurcation the river systems of the Amazon and Orinoco rivers." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 141, "question": "What is the composition of water ?", "answer": "It is composed of two gases, oxygen and hydrogen, chemically combined in the ratio, by weight of eight to one." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 142, "question": "What office do the waters of the earth perform ?", "answer": "It sustains vegetable and animal life, and in a large measure was the principal agent in shaping what is now the solid land." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 143, "question": "What important peculiarity does water possess ?", "answer": "Water contracts in volume with a falling of temperature, until reduced to 39.2° Fahr., where its density is greatest. Below this temperature it expands." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 144, "question": "What is the great reservoir of water ?", "answer": "The great reservoir is the sea." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 145, "question": "How are the waters dispersed over the earth ?", "answer": "They are raised by evaporation and spread over the earth in the form of rain." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 146, "question": "What are the sources of springs ?", "answer": "A spring is the outlet of an underground current of water which has for its source some reservoir or supply higher than where the spring comes from the ground. It is this pressure which produces the flow." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 147, "question": "Into what classes are rivers divided? Describe them.", "answer": "Into oceanic and continental. The oceanic are those that flow into the ocean, and are divided into five classes, one for each ocean. The continental are those which never reach the ocean." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 148, "question": "What are canyons ? (a) What is the basin of a river ? A watershed ?", "answer": "A deep gorge, ravine or gulch between high and steep banks, worn by water-courses." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 149, "question": "On what does the amount of water in a basin depend ?", "answer": "Upon the extent of the territory which it drains; the rains; the physical features of the country—a well-wooded country impeding evaporation; and the climate." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 150, "question": "What is an avalanche ?", "answer": "A large mass of snow, ice and earth, sliding or rolling down a mountain." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 151, "question": "What is a confluence ?", "answer": "The junction of two or more rivers." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 152, "question": "Into what divisions may the United States be divided with reference to its drainage ?", "answer": "The St. Lawrence basin, Atlantic slope, Mississippi valley, Texas slope, Pacific slope, inland basin of Utah, and the Red River basin." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 153, "question": "What are the divisions of Europe?", "answer": "There are three classes : the Atlantic basin, the Arctic slope, and the inland basin of the Caspian Sea." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 154, "question": "What is a singular fact in regard to the watershed of Europe which separates the three systems of drainage ?", "answer": "They are entirely within the low plains of Russia." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 155, "question": "Where do the largest streams of Africa flow ? Of Asia?", "answer": "Into the Atlantic Ocean." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 156, "question": "Why do larger streams flow into the Atlantic than into the Pacific?", "answer": "The position of the several grand divisions partially enclose, and slope to the Atlantic, while mountain chains which form the divides between the river basins of these oceans are near the shores of the Pacific." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 157, "question": "How are lakes divided? Describe each class.", "answer": "Into four classes : first, those which receive no streams and have no outlets; second, those which receive no streams, but have an outlet; third, those which receive streams, but have no outlet ; fourth, those which both receive and discharge streams." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 158, "question": "Why are most inland waters fresh ?", "answer": "As rivers and lakes are formed by rain or snow they are fresh because in the evaporation of water the impurities are left behind. Salt lakes have no outlet which retains all of the salt which flows into them." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 159, "question": "What name is given to lakes without an outlet?", "answer": "Steppe lakes." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 160, "question": "Where are the principal steppe lakes ?", "answer": "Great Salt Lake of the United States, Lake Titicaca of South America, the Caspian Sea, Lake Tchad and Nagami of Africa, and numerous smaller ones throughout Central Asia." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 161, "question": "Describe the Caspian Sea.", "answer": "It is over 176,000 square miles in extent, and 2,957 feet deep; its surface lies eighty-four feet below the level of the ocean, and is slowly diminishing in size. Several large rivers flow into it." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 162, "question": "Describe the most extensive lake region of the globe.", "answer": "This region is in North America, and sweeps in the shape of a broad belt around Hudson Bay, from Labrador to the shores of the Arctic Ocean. The lakes of Canada, those in the New England States, New York, Minnesota, the great northern lakes, and the many lakes in the great northern plain east of the Rocky Mountains, belong to this region." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 163, "question": "What is said of the Great Lakes ? How large are they?", "answer": "These lakes have been estimated to contain one-half of all the fresh water of the globe. Lake Superior contains about 32,000 square miles ; Lake Michigan about 22,400; Lake Huron, 21,000; Lake Erie, 10,815; Lake Ontario, 6,300." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 164, "question": "Describe the lake regions of Europe.", "answer": "In Europe there are two lake regions. The one surrounds the Baltic Sea and its branches. To it belong the countless lakes of Finland, the great Ladogo and Onega lakes of Russia, the numerous small lakes in Northern Germany, and those of Denmark and Sweden. The other lake region is that of the Alps, containing 426 lakes, the largest of which lie along the base of this mountain system." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 165, "question": "What are the Tundras ?", "answer": "They are the most extensive swamps on the globe, and belong to Northern Russia and Siberia. These swamps are frozen to a great depth, and thawing during the summer months at the surface only, are covered with a dense covering of mosses." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 166, "question": "What place have lakes in the economy of nature ?", "answer": "They form reservoirs, which, receiving the surplus waters in time of freshets, equalizes the flow of rivers and prevent destructive inundations. In their basins the wild mountain torrents find rest and the muddy waters deposit their sediment, and flow out pure and transparent with a gentle current." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 167, "question": "What is the cause of the saltness of some lakes ?", "answer": "Because they have no outlets to carry off the saltness which is continually washed from the earth by rains or contact with beds of salt." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 168, "question": "What is the color of the ocean ? Depth? Transparency ?", "answer": "The color is generally a deep, bluish green, which becomes clearer near the coast. The depth depends upon the formation of the bottom, which, like the land, is diversified by mountains and valleys, high and low plains. The greatest depth in the region of the Atlantic Telegraph Cable is about 12,700 feet; in the South Atlantic, 25,000 feet; in the Pacific, over 43,000 feet. The clearness and transparency vary in different localities. In the Arctic Ocean shells and animals are distinguishable at a depth of 500 feet; around the Lesser Antilles objects are distinctly seen 150 feet below the surface. Sea-water, in general, is more transparent than fresh water." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 169, "question": "Which is heavier, fresh or sea-water? At what temperature will sea-water freeze ?", "answer": "By the presence of mineral substances, chiefly salt, sea-water becomes heavier. Fresh water congeals at 32° Fahrenheit, seawater at 28½°." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 170, "question": "What causes the phosphorescence of the sea ?", "answer": "It is due to myriads of minute animalcules which inhabit the water." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 171, "question": "What is constantly going on in the ocean?", "answer": "The great body of the ocean is never at rest; not only is the surface agitated by the winds, but even at great depths the water moves from one region to another." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 172, "question": "How many, and where are the great mediterranean seas? (a) What is a mediterranean sea ?", "answer": "There are four: The Gulf of Mexico, Hudson Bay, Mediterranean Sea, and the Baltic Sea, with the Gulfs of Bothnia and Finland." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 173, "question": "Name the principal border seas. What separates these seas from the ocean ?", "answer": "Caribbean Sea, Gulf of St. Lawrence, North Sea, Behring Sea, Sea of Okhotsk, and the Japan, Yellow, and China seas." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 174, "question": "What is the width and velocity of the Gulf stream ?", "answer": "It is from 25 to 150 miles wide, and moves with a velocity of from 1½ to 5 miles an hour." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 175, "question": "What is the color of the Gulf stream ?", "answer": "A deep indigo blue, strikingly different from the green of the surrounding ocean." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 176, "question": "What influence has this stream on the climate of Western Europe ?", "answer": "A branch of this stream flows by the shores of Western Europe, and being warm, tempers the winds which blow over it, making the climate mild and genial." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 177, "question": "Describe the equatorial current of the Atlantic? Of the Pacific?", "answer": "The Equatorial current crosses the Atlantic from the coast of Africa to Cape St. Roque, where it divides into two branches, a northwesterly and a southwesterly, each of which follow the South American coast—the former making its way into the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico, where it takes the name of Gulf Stream. In the Pacific two Equatorial currents are found—one north and the other south of the equator. The former, turning to the northeast near the Loo Choo Islands, continues under the name of the Japan current. The south Equatorial current of the Pacific consists of two branches, one of which, striking the Australian coast, divides into a northwesterly and a southwesterly branch, as does the Atlantic current on the coast of Brazil; the other, farther north, turns near the Caroline Islands, and reverses its course, crossing the Pacific again in a direction nearly due east to South America, under the name of the Equatorial counter-current." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 178, "question": "Describe the Japan current.", "answer": "The Japan current is the north branch of the Equatorial current, and bears a remarkable resemblance to the Gulf Stream. Its course is through the China Sea along the Asiatic Island chains, in a northeasterly direction toward the Aleutian Islands and Alaska, the climate of which it improves, as the Gulf Stream does that of Northwestern Europe. Between the Japan current and the main land a cold current sets in the opposite direction, as in the case of the Gulf Stream." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 179, "question": "Describe the Arctic currents.", "answer": "From the Arctic Ocean two cold currents flow to the south, one on each side of Greenland. Uniting at the mouth of Davis Strait, they continue their southerly course as far as Newfoundland, where part of this broad Arctic River, as an under-current, flows beneath the Gulf Stream; and the rest, as a surface-current, keeps inside of this stream, close to the American shore as far south as Florida. It is this Arctic current which chills Labrador and makes it a desolate region." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 180, "question": "Mention the Antarctic currents.", "answer": "There are three currents—one which flows into the Atlantic in a northwesterly direction along the coast of Africa, joining the Equatorial current near the Gulf of Guinea; one flows into the Pacific along the South American shore under the name of the Peruvian or Humboldt current, and with the Equatorial west of the Gulf of Guayaquil; one flows into the Indian Ocean along the western shore of Australia and unites with the Equatorial just north of the Tropic of Capricorn." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 181, "question": "What are whirlpools ? (a) What are three distinct movements of the ocean ? (b) What are tides? Neap tides? Spring tides? Flood tides? Ebb tides? (c) What are the chief causes of the tides ? (d) What are waves? Breakers? How high do waves roll?", "answer": "Circular currents, which occur in certain localities and are caused by the action of the tides flowing against a peculiarly shaped shore or island." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 182, "question": "What causes the advance of the waves ?", "answer": "It is a movement communicated from one portion of the sea to another following in a line of succession. In shallow water, or the shore, these movements are broken and the last motion throws the water as if it came in the form of a current." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 183, "question": "To what depth is the sea agitated by waves ?", "answer": "Experiments show an agitation from 450 to 620 feet." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 184, "question": "What is the height of tides ?", "answer": "The great tidal-wave rises less than three feet in mid-ocean, but when it strikes against the shores of continents its altitude is much greater, varying according to the formation of the inlets, sometimes rising as high as seventy feet." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 185, "question": "Describe the great tidal wave.", "answer": "This vast tidal swell or wave, probably originates southeast of Australia, and, like other waves, it is not an onward flow of water, except over shoals and near the land. The reason assigned for giving this point as the place of commencement, is, the position of the continents. Beyond this commencement extends the great ocean, which consists of the Antarctic, Pacific and Indian Oceans. Over this vast water-area the flood-tide journeys westward around the earth, sweeping up against the African and Asiatic coasts into the Atlantic Ocean, and around Cape Horn into the Pacific Ocean." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 186, "question": "What are ocean currents ? How are they divided?", "answer": "They are like vast rivers, transporting its waters from one part to another, and are caused by the heat of the sun, rotation of the earth, the saltness of the sea, by winds, tides, and melting ice. They are divided into constant, periodical and temporary." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 187, "question": "What is the cause of currents ?", "answer": "The winds, the rotation of the earth, the excessive evaporation of the ocean in the tropics, and the Polar currents which flow to replace that evaporation. The waters of the Polar under-currents are heavier, because of their temperature, and in flowing into the tropics force the warmer waters to flow away as surface-currents." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 188, "question": "What are temporary currents ?", "answer": "Those which continue for a limited time, and are caused by tides, melting ice, or gales of considerable duration." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 189, "question": "What are periodical currents ?", "answer": "Such as flow at regular intervals, and are occasioned by tides, and by periodical winds called monsoons." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 190, "question": "What are constant currents ?", "answer": "Those which flow throughout the entire year in the same direction, and have their origin in permanent causes. There are two kinds: Polar currents, flowing from the Poles to the equator, and Equatorial currents, flowing from east to west near the equator. The origin of constant currents may depend upon the rotation of the earth and enormous evaporation in the equatorial regions. By the evaporation currents are formed from beyond the equator to supply the loss, and by the rotation of the earth from west to east, the waters at the equator, where the velocity of the earth is greatest, are inclined to flow or slide to the west, which produce currents in an opposite direction from the motion of the earth." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 191, "question": "What is a counter current? Where are they found ?", "answer": "A stream which runs by the side of, or beneath another current, and in an opposite direction." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 192, "question": "To what three classes of currents does difference of temperature give rise ?", "answer": "Polar, Equatorial, and Return Currents." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 193, "question": "What modifies the direction of the polar and return currents ?", "answer": "If acted upon by no external forces, they would move in a direct line between the Poles and the Equator, but the rotation of the earth causes the Polar currents to tend towards the west and the Return currents towards the east. The prevailing winds also modify these directions, and the basins of the several oceans somewhat shape their course." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 194, "question": "How are ocean basins divided ?", "answer": "The Atlantic and Pacific Oceans are subdivided, each having a northern and a southern basin; the Indian Ocean has only a southern basin; the Arctic is properly a continuation of the Atlantic; the Antarctic, also, is not properly a separate ocean but is the common center from which the three great basins radiate." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 195, "question": "Describe the Pacific basin.", "answer": "The Pacific is oval in outline and broadly open at the south, but is nearly closed at the north." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 196, "question": "Describe the Atlantic basin.", "answer": "The Atlantic basin has been likened by Humboldt to a long valley, with approximately parallel sides. This is the only basin widely open at the north and, stretching from pole to pole, it forms the only complete channel for the interchange of polar and equatorial waters." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 197, "question": "Wherein do the ocean basins present great differences ?", "answer": "In regard to the position and character of the branches, by which the coasts of the continents are indented." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 198, "question": "How are coast waters classified ?", "answer": "According to their forms, they are classified as inland seas, border seas, and gulf or bays." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 199, "question": "What is known of the ocean bed ?", "answer": "Numerous soundings have given an approximate idea of the ocean beds, especially of the Atlantic Ocean, the Mediterranean Sea, the Indian Ocean, and the Red Sea. In the Pacific these soundings are somewhat limited." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 200, "question": "How are the depths estimated in the absence of soundings ?", "answer": "From the velocity of the tide-wave and earthquake waves. These waves depend upon the depth of the basin in which they move." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 201, "question": "Of what does meteorology treat ?", "answer": "Of the atmosphere, temperature, winds, and moisture (dews, fogs, rain, snow, and hail)." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 202, "question": "What is the composition of air ?", "answer": "It is composed of three gases, in the following proportion: Nitrogen, 76.84; oxygen, 23.1; carbonic acid, 0.06." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 203, "question": "What is the depth of the atmosphere ?", "answer": "Estimates based upon the pressure of the atmosphere in high and low localities, place the depth at 45 to 50 miles." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 204, "question": "How does air compare with water in weight ?", "answer": "Experiments prove that air is 815 times lighter than water." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 205, "question": "To what is air essential ?", "answer": "To the transmission of sound, to combustion, and to life." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 206, "question": "What is temperature ?", "answer": "The quantity of sensible heat which a body possesses, as indicated by a thermometer." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 207, "question": "On what does the temperature of a place depend ?", "answer": "The direction of the sun's rays, its vicinity to the sea, the prevailing winds to which it is exposed, and its elevation above the sea." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 208, "question": "What is the depth of the limit of invariable temperature in the several zones ?", "answer": "In the tropical zone the limit is but one foot from the surface; in the temperate zone it is from sixty to seventy feet; and in the frigid zone it is about fifty." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 209, "question": "What is the depth of the limit of invariable temperature in the ocean ?", "answer": "In the tropical zone, it is probably about 7,200 feet; 60° north and 56° south latitude, it reaches the surface, and in 70° about 4,500 feet." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 210, "question": "What is the mean temperature of a place ?", "answer": "The average amount of heat a place receives during the year." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 211, "question": "Does the mean temperature of a place vary one year with another?", "answer": "The variation is but little. The variable produce of our harvests is owing more to the change in distribution of heat through the different months, than to any difference in the annual supply." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 212, "question": "What are isothermal lines ?", "answer": "Lines which are drawn through all places, which have nearly the same mean annual temperature." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 213, "question": "Into how many zones of climate may the surface of the earth be divided by the isothermal lines ?", "answer": "Six: the torrid, hot, warm, temperate, cold, and frigid." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 214, "question": "What is wind ? How produced ?", "answer": "Air in motion. It is produced by the different amount of heat which the atmosphere receives in different localities." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 215, "question": "To what region must we look for the cause of the circulation of the winds of the globe?", "answer": "To the equatorial regions." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 216, "question": "Explain the circulation of the atmosphere. 217. What are trade-winds ?", "answer": "Within the tropical regions the air is heated. It expands, becomes lighter, and rises. From both sides the colder air rushes in to restore the disturbed equilibrium, thus producing two lateral currents, one from the north, and the other from the south. But the air drawn by these currents must be restored, else there would be an accumulation of atmosphere in these regions. This is effected by the ascending current, which, on reaching a certain elevation, is pressed outward, forming two return currents, one flowing to the north, the other to the south. It is by these currents, one ascending current, two lateral Polar currents, and two returning Equatorial currents, that the general circulation is effected." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 218, "question": "Why do these currents become distinct winds at 30° of latitude?", "answer": "The Equatorial currents, which in the tropics flow high above the Polar currents, become chilled in their transit through the upper regions of the atmosphere, and have a tendency to descend and intermingle with the Polar currents, which replace each other successively, thus preventing constant currents above that latitude." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 219, "question": "In what direction do the trade-winds blow ? Why ?", "answer": "They are northeast winds in the northern hemisphere, and southeast winds in the southern hemisphere. The direction is due to the rotation of the earth, the velocity of the surface of the earth being greater as the Polar currents approach the equator, which cannot acquire, suddenly, the same velocity, and the earth moves under it, and the trades, in the northern hemisphere, by this reason blow from the northeast, instead of coming directly from the north. By a similar reason the Equatorial currents flow in an opposite direction. As these currents commence to flow from the equator, they acquire the equatorial velocity, which cannot, suddenly, conform with the decreased velocity of the earth's surface as they approach the Poles, but unlike the trades, which lag behind, they have acquired a velocity and flow beyond the meridian from which they started." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 220, "question": "Name some periodical and variable winds.", "answer": "The marked periodical winds are Monsoons, and Land and Sea Breezes. The variables are Whirlwinds and Hurricanes, Typhoons or Cyclones." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 221, "question": "How many wind-zones are there ?", "answer": "Seven: the zone of calms, the two zones of the trade-winds, the two sub-tropical zones, and the two zones of the variable winds." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 222, "question": "Where is the zone of calms ?", "answer": "It extends from 1½° to 11° north latitude. This place has the greatest mean annual temperature, consequently it is where the trade-winds cease, or rather, where they rise and flow back again as Equatorial currents, thus producing a series of calms." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 223, "question": "Where are the sub-tropical zones ?", "answer": "Those belts which lie between the summer and winter limits of the trade-zones. The trades prevail here during the summer, but in winter they recede, and the variable winds prevail." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 224, "question": "Where are the zones of variable winds ?", "answer": "They extend from the limits of the sub-tropical zones to the Poles." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 225, "question": "What are monsoons ?", "answer": "Trade winds whose direction has been modified by the unequal heating of the land and sea. The name was originally restricted to periodical winds which blow in the Indian Ocean, blowing part of the year in one direction, and part in the opposite." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 226, "question": "Where are the principal monsoon regions ?", "answer": "In the Indian Ocean, along the coast of Guinea, and in the Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 227, "question": "Describe the monsoons of the Indian Ocean.", "answer": "During the cooler months of the year, the monsoons are the regular northeast trade-winds, but as the sun crosses the Equator, and the continent of Asia becomes intensely heated, an ascending current results, and the trades are deflected and rush to the continent to restore the equilibrium, thus turning the trades in almost an opposite direction. A similar deviation is also produced south of the Equator when Australia becomes heated." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 228, "question": "What is the cause of the monsoons of the Caribbean Sea ?", "answer": "The northeastern trades are deflected by the overheated Mississippi valley, and like the trades of the Indian Ocean, they are bent to supply the demand on the continent." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 229, "question": "What are the \"Northers\" of Texas and Mexico ?", "answer": "Violent winds which sweep over the prairies of Texas and plains of Mexico. They prevail from October to March, and are considered as winter monsoons." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 230, "question": "What are land and sea breezes ?", "answer": "Those winds which blow in summer from the sea to the land during the greater part of the day, and from the land to the sea at night. They are caused by the different temperature of the land and water, the land being warmer than the water in the day, and colder at night." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 231, "question": "Where are the Etesian winds ? To what do they owe their origin ?", "answer": "They are periodicals which blow on the Mediterranean Sea in summer, and owe their origin to the Sahara desert." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 232, "question": "What are the most noted hot winds, and where do they prevail ?", "answer": "The simoon, khamsin, harmattan, sirocco, and the solano. The simoon prevails on the deserts of Arabia, Nubia, Persia, and Syria; the khamsin blows in Egypt, but is not so oppressive as the simoon; the sirocco is a well-known hot wind of Greece and Italy, and the solano of Spain, which owe their origin to the vicinity of the Sahara. 233. The pamperos and bora. The pamperos are cold southwest winds which originate among the snows of the Andes, and sweep with great violence over the level pampas of South America. The bora is a northeast wind, common on the eastern shores of the Gulf of Venice." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 234, "question": "What are whirlwinds? Waterspouts? Sand-pillars?", "answer": "A whirlwind is the meeting of two winds at an angle. Waterspouts are whirlings occurring on the sea or on lakes. They first appear in the form of an inverted cone attached to a dark cloud. The cone swings backward and forward, and gradually approaches the water, which becomes violently agitated. The whirling eddy draws up masses of spray, which unite with the descending cone. When fully formed, they appear as tall pillars of cloud of sombre grey, stretching from the sea to the sky, whirling around an axis. They continue but for a short time, when the column breaks, and rain often descends from the cloud above. The drops of water forming this rain are never salt, as would be the case were they carried up from the ocean. They must, therefore, have been derived from the clouds, as in ordinary rain. Sand-pillars are produced by whirlwinds on a desert where columns of sand are drawn up in a body." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 235, "question": "How are the tropical storms variously named ?", "answer": "As hurricanes, typhoons, cyclones, and tornadoes." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 236, "question": "Where are the three principal hurricane regions ?", "answer": "In the West Indies, Indian Ocean, and the Chinese Sea. The wind revolves." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 237, "question": "What is the nature of tornadoes ?", "answer": "They differ from the other tropical storms merely in their extent and duration. Their extent is quite limited, and their duration at any one place is seldom more than a few seconds." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 238, "question": "What is dew, hoar-frost, fogs, clouds, rain, and snow ?", "answer": "Dew is moisture collected on substances during the night. Hoar-frost is frozen dew. Fogs are masses of vapor resting on or near the surface of the earth. Clouds are masses of visible vapor, differing in no respect from fogs, except in position. Rain is water which, originally taken up in the atmosphere in the form of vapor, is returned to the earth in drops. Snow is the frozen vapor of the atmosphere." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 239, "question": "How is hail formed ?", "answer": "As they are composed of alternate layers of snow and ice, it is supposed that the wind revolves around a horizontal axis, by means of which the moisture of the air is successively carried into warm and cold clouds. In the cold clouds the particles of snow are collected, and by the whirl are carried into rain clouds, where they receive a coating of water, which when returned to the cold cloud becomes ice. In this manner the hailstones grow rapidly in size, and are finally hurled to the ground." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 240, "question": "Upon what does the distribution of rain depend ?", "answer": "The quantity of moisture depends upon its tem-perature, and its vicinity to the sea. The rain-fall decreases as we pass from the Equator to the Poles, and from the coasts of the continents towards the interior." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 241, "question": "How are clouds formed ?", "answer": "Clouds or fogs result whenever two bodies of air of different temperatures are mingled, especially if, as is generally the case, the warmer of the two is the moister." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 242, "question": "Under what circumstances is dew formed ?", "answer": "The cooling of a still moist atmosphere causes a portion of this vapor to fall or collect in the form of small drops of water." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 243, "question": "What is hoar-frost, and how is it formed ?", "answer": "It is the freezing of the falling dew." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 244, "question": "What are vapors ?", "answer": "The particles of water so fine and light that they float in the air unseen, except where they condense and become clouds." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 245, "question": "Mention some of the uses of snow.", "answer": "Being a non-conductor of heat, it protects the roots of vegetation from the severe frosts of winter. It also collects in great masses on lofty mountains and grad-ually thawing, it feeds streams, springs, and numerous underground currents, which are of great benefit in the economy of nature." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 246, "question": "Into what classes are clouds divided? Describe each class.", "answer": "The cirrus, cumulus, stratus, and nimbus. The cirrus occupy the highest position in the atmosphere, and resemble a lock of hair, being composed of parallel streaks. The cumulus resemble a mountain of snow, and are most common in summer. The stratus consist of horizontal bands near the surface of the earth, and belong to the night. The nimbus is the rain-cloud, and much more dense than the others, although the others may be changed to the nimbus." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 247, "question": "How may the surface of the earth be divided in reference to the quantity of rain that falls ?", "answer": "Into rainless regions, regions of periodical rains, and regions of frequent rains." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 248, "question": "Where are the regions of periodical rains ?", "answer": "In the zone of calms, the zone of trade-winds, and the sub-tropical zones." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 249, "question": "Describe the zone of calms.", "answer": "In this zone it rains daily. The ascending current, hot and highly saturated, is cooled when it reaches greater elevations. In the afternoon, usually, a ring of clouds appears, and, accompanied by thunder and lightning, tor-rents of rain descend." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 250, "question": "Describe the zones of the trade-winds.", "answer": "These zones are characterized by almost constant serenity, and a deep-azure sky. But as the sun stands over the zenith during a part of the summer in these zones, it carries with it the calms and rains of the first zone. Hence the serenity of the trade-zones is interrupted by a brief rainy season during summer, while the winters are dry." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 251, "question": "What are the characteristics of the sub-tropical zones ?", "answer": "They are characterized by dry summers and rainy winters. This is due to the trades which prevail there during the summer, and absorb rather than bring moisture. During the winter the variable winds prevail, and bring the irregular rains of the temperate regions. A large portion of the United States lies within this zone, and would have dry summers if it were not for the monsoons occasionally blowing from the Mexican Gulf far inland, and bringing thunder storms." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 252, "question": "Where are the regions of frequent rains ?", "answer": "A part of the temperate zone and the frigid." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 253, "question": "Where are the rainless regions ?", "answer": "They lie almost entirely within the zones of the trade-winds." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 254, "question": "Why are the Pacific shores of Peru and Bolivia rainless ?", "answer": "The trade-winds coming across the entire continent, are intercepted by the Andes Mountains, and are forced to ascend their slopes, where they meet the cold air, which condenses their vapor, and the rain flows down the eastern slopes. The wind passes over the crest and reaches the western slopes dry and vaporless." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 255, "question": "What would be the condition of South America, providing the Andes were on the Atlantic coast ?", "answer": "The greater part would be a barren desert." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 256, "question": "Why is the Pacific shore of Mexico rainless ?", "answer": "The trade-wind is here deprived of its vapor by the Plateau of Anahuac." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 257, "question": "Where is the largest rainless district of the globe ? Why are these regions rainless ?", "answer": "The Great Desert, Arabia and Persia. The trades prevail here, but have lost their moisture on the passage across the mountains and plateaus of High Asia." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 258, "question": "What is the cause of barrenness of the desert of Gobi ?", "answer": "It is found to be in the Himalayas, which intercept the prevailing southwest winds, and deprive them of almost all their moisture." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 259, "question": "Where does the greatest amount of rain fall ?", "answer": "In the tropics of the New World. This amount is about 115 inches, while in the tropics of the Old World the fall is about 77 inches. In the temperate parts of the Old World, 34 inches fall; in the New World, 35 inches." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 260, "question": "What particular place has the greatest annual rain-fall on the globe ?", "answer": "On the Khasia Hills in Farther India, which face the Bay of Bengal and receive winds heavily laden with vapor on their passage over the Indian Ocean. The annual fall is about 50 feet." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 261, "question": "What is climate ?", "answer": "The state of the atmosphere in regard to tempera-ture, winds, moisture and salubrity." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 262, "question": "What circumstances affect the climate of a place ?", "answer": "The latitude of a place; its height above the level of the sea; the position and direction of the mountain chains; its distance from the sea; the slope of the coun-try; the character of the soil; the degree of cultivation and density of population; and the quantity of rain that falls." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 263, "question": "What are the two chief classes of climate ? Describe them.", "answer": "Oceanic and continental. Those regions which are open to the influence of the ocean are moist and mild, while those which are removed from the influence are commonly dry and suffer from great excesses of heat and cold." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 264, "question": "Define Astronomical climate.", "answer": "It is the climate based upon the latitude of a place and not the general conditions of that country." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 265, "question": "Define Physical climate.", "answer": "It is the modifications of the general law of climate by the action of winds, ocean currents, mountain ranges, deserts and the bodies of water." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 266, "question": "What is the general law of astronomical climate ?", "answer": "That the heat gradually decreases from the Equator to the Poles." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 267, "question": "Why is temperature greater at the Equator, and why does it diminish towards the Poles ?", "answer": "It is due to the direction of the sun's rays. As the sun is perpendicular to the Equator the rays fall direct and the heat is retained, while the direction, as we approach the Poles, becomes more oblique, on the same principle that heat decreases from midday to evening." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 268, "question": "What modifications of climate do the earth's motions produce ?", "answer": "Because of the inclination of the earth's axis the position of the earth to the sun is continually changed in its revolution, which produces a constant change of climate." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 269, "question": "Where are the general deviations from the astronomical climate most marked ?", "answer": "Chiefly in the middle latitudes." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 270, "question": "Where are the extreme deviations from astronomical climate found ?", "answer": "The extreme deviations occur on the coasts of the North Atlantic, those of Western Europe being warm and mild while the shores of Northeastern America are cold and desolate. These differences of temperature are due to the physical conditions, the Gulf Stream and the Arctic currents." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 271, "question": "What difference between oceanic and continental climate ?", "answer": "Oceanic climate is characterized by uniformity of temperature, while continental climate is subjected to sudden changes and great extremes of heat and cold, especially in the middle and higher localities." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 272, "question": "What effect has the soil on the climate of a country ?", "answer": "A country covered with a barren, sandy soil is subject to great and rapid changes in its temperature, owing to the readiness with which it receives and parts with heat, while marshy lands, or lands covered with forests or vegetation, are more salubrious." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 273, "question": "Why does California have but little rain between May and November ?", "answer": "It is owing to the eastern or trade-winds which prevail, they having been deprived of moisture by crossing the continent and meeting the Rocky and Sierra Nevada Mountains. The westerly winds prevail from December to May, which produces the rainy season." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 274, "question": "Where are storms most violent ?", "answer": "The most remarkable for violence, and for the regularity of their course, are the hurricanes of the West Indies and of Mauritius in the Indian Ocean; the typhoons of the South China Sea; and the cyclones of the Gulf of Bengal." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 275, "question": "What are glaciers ?", "answer": "Immense masses of ice and snow, which move with extreme slowness down the higher mountain valleys or slopes. The upper parts are formed of soft snow, but the great weight and pressure condense the lower portions into clear hard ice." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 276, "question": "What is the origin of glaciers ?", "answer": "It is the weight of the great fields of snow pressing downward and forcing the whole mass as explained above." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 277, "question": "Where is the most remarkable glacier region ?", "answer": "The glaciers of the Alps." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 278, "question": "What evidence exists of former systems of glaciers ?", "answer": "By the condition of the country; masses of unstratified rocks left behind; deep grooves, or scratches, cut in the bottom or sides of the valleys by imbedded rocks. These cuts are parallel, and show the direction of the motion." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 279, "question": "What is the snow line ?", "answer": "It is the lower limit of perpetual snow. Within the tropics it is about three miles above the sea level, in the temperate latitudes about two miles, and at the northern limit of the continents about half a mile." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 280, "question": "What is electricity ?", "answer": "One of the great forces of nature, with the origin and nature of which we are unacquainted. Like the power of gravitation it is a part of nature itself, indispensable in her organization, mild and terrific, and at last becoming the greatest agency in the advancement of civilization." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 281, "question": "How many kinds of electricity are there ?", "answer": "There are two kinds—a positive and a negative. A substance charged with one kind will attract a substance charged with the other, but repel a body charged with the same." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 282, "question": "What are conductors and non-conductors of electricity ?", "answer": "Conductors are those substances which transmit electricity freely; non-conductors do not." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 283, "question": "Mention some of each.", "answer": "Water, metals, living plants and animals, smoke, steam and moist air are conductors. Silk, glass, India rubber, guttapercha, hair, feathers and dry air are non-conductors." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 284, "question": "What is lightning ?", "answer": "Lightning is a discharge of atmospheric electricity, accompanied by a flash of light." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 285, "question": "What is heat-lightning ?", "answer": "It is the weak discharge of electricity from the clouds, producing a slight flash but not of sufficient strength to cause an explosion." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 286, "question": "How is thunder produced ?", "answer": "Thunder is the sudden rushing of the atmosphere to fill the vacuum produced by the lightning." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 287, "question": "Why do we see the lightning before we hear the thunder ?", "answer": "As light travels faster than sound, we see the flash before we hear the report." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 288, "question": "Where are thunder-storms most frequent ?", "answer": "Within the tropics during the rainy season." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 289, "question": "What is the aurora borealis ?", "answer": "It is a beautiful exhibition of nature, at night, in the Polar skies. In the temperate regions it is known as northern lights." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 290, "question": "How is it supposed to be produced ?", "answer": "It is supposed to be electric currents passing through a strata of highly rarefied air." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 291, "question": "What is mirage ?", "answer": "A reflection of some distant object plainly visible on the clouds. It is due to certain peculiarities of the atmosphere and conditions of the country. Vessels have been seen and recognized in this mysterious way. Sailors often regard this phenomena of nature as an evil omen." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 292, "question": "Name some electrical phenomena.", "answer": "St. Elmo's fire and Aurora Borealis and Aurora Australis. The latter is the electric display in the Southern Hemisphere." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 293, "question": "What is organic life ?", "answer": "It is that department of Physical Geography which treats of all vegetable and animal life." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 294, "question": "Under what three divisions is this department considered ?", "answer": "Botanical Geography, Zoological Geography, and Ethnography." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 295, "question": "What is botanical geography ?", "answer": "Botanical Geography treats of the different divisions of the vegetable kingdom and their geographical distribution." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 296, "question": "What constitutes the flora of a country ?", "answer": "The plants of any section of country taken together are called its flora." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 297, "question": "What gives varieties to the plant life of the globe ?", "answer": "They differ widely, by reason of the differences in heat, moisture, light, slope and soil—more particularly by the first two." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 298, "question": "What is indispensable to the existence of vegetable life ?", "answer": "Moisture, in the form of rain or dew." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 299, "question": "How many species of plants are supposed to exist ?", "answer": "More than 250,000 different species of plants are supposed to exist on the earth. Over 120,000 have been named by botanists." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 300, "question": "What two forms of distribution of vegetation do we find ?", "answer": "A horizontal and a vertical. The horizontal is the distribution arising from the influence of the heat and cold as we go from the Equator to the Poles. The vertical is the same influence from the base of a tropical mountain to the summit." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 301, "question": "In what region is found greatest luxuriance, and why ?", "answer": "In the equatorial regions, where heat and moisture are most abundant." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 302, "question": "What similarity exists between the vertical and horizontal distribution ?", "answer": "Plants of the same species are found as we go from one elevation to another up the tropical heights, to correspond with the plant creation as we journey north or south from the Equator." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 303, "question": "What four regions are destitute of vegetation in consequence of the want of moisture ?", "answer": "The deserts of Gobi and Arabian in Asia, the Sahara in Africa, and the Atacama on the western slope of the Andes." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 304, "question": "Into what two great classes are vegetable forms divided ?", "answer": "Into the cryptogamous (flowerless) and the phenogamous (flowering). 305. The mosses, lichens, fungi, ferns and seaweeds." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 306, "question": "How are flowering plants divided ?", "answer": "Into two classes: the endogenous and the exogenous." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 307, "question": "Describe the endogenous. The exogenous.", "answer": "The endogenous are those plants which increase from within, as grasses, sugar-cane, corn, etc. The exogenous are those which increase by coatings from without, as the trees of the forest, etc." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 308, "question": "About how many distinct plant species are there ?", "answer": "It is estimated that there are about 250,000 distinct plant species upon the earth. Less than half of these have been described by botanists." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 309, "question": "Which are the simplest forms of the plant species?", "answer": "The lichens, algæ and mosses." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 310, "question": "Where are the lichens, algæ, and mosses found ?", "answer": "Lichens cover the rocks in tropical deserts and in the regions of ice or snow. They are the most widely distributed class of plants. Algæ are sea and fresh water weeds, of the most varying forms and colors. Some attain an enormous size. One species, growing in the Straits of Magellan and near the Falkland Islands, is often 400 feet long. Mosses are also found in all zones, wherever moisture is abundant. In our forests they are quite common." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 311, "question": "Which are the most stately of all vegetable forms ?", "answer": "The palms. The tall and slender shaft rears on high its crown of shining, fan-like leaves. Some are nearly 200 feet high. They require a mean annual temperature of 78° to 82° Fahrenheit, and occur, therefore, chiefly in the hottest parts of the tropical zone." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 312, "question": "What are the principal food-plants of the torrid and hot zones ?", "answer": "Rice, bananas, bread-fruit, dates, cocoanuts, yams, cassava and sago." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 313, "question": "What are bananas, bread-fruit, dates, cocoanuts, yams, cassava, and sago ?", "answer": "Bananas are the fruits of tropical plants. This plant rises 15 or 20 feet high, with leaves six feet long and a foot broad. The fruit is four or five inches long, and an inch or more in diameter. They grow in large bunches, weighing fifty pounds or more. Bread-fruit is produced by the bread-fruit tree, which grows on the isles of the Pacific Ocean, of the size of the common apple tree. The fruit is of round or oval shape, as large as a small loaf of bread, which is eaten as food. Dates are a delicious fruit, produced by the date-palm of Asia and Africa. Cocoanuts are the fruits of the cocoa tree. These nuts hang in clusters of a dozen each on the top of the tree, and are bound together by tough, stringy filaments. Yams are roots resembling the potato, and are cultivated in a similar manner. Cassava is a kind of bread made from the roots of the cassava plant. Sago is obtained from the pith of several species of palm trees, which form entire forests in many of the Spice Islands. The pith is prepared into sagomeal by mixing it with water and straining. A tree commonly yields from 300 to 500 pounds." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 314, "question": "What are the principal food-plants of the warm and temperate zones ?", "answer": "Wheat, potatoes, corn, rye, oats, and barley." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 315, "question": "What plants are the most valuable for furnishing clothing ?", "answer": "Cotton, hemp, and flax." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 316, "question": "What spices are in common use in the various countries of the globe?", "answer": "Pepper, cinnamon, cloves, nutmegs, and vanilla." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 317, "question": "What are the principal narcotics used in the different parts of the globe?", "answer": "Tobacco, opium, betel, and haschish." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 318, "question": "What is opium, betel, haschish?", "answer": "Opium is prepared from a species of poppy, and is very extensively used in China and Turkey. The betel plant is a climbing shrub, which grows in Hindostan and the islands of the Indian Ocean. The leaves are used by the natives as tobacco. Haschish is a powerful narcotic, obtained from a species of hemp-wort, and is used in India to produce intoxication." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 319, "question": "What is Zoological Geography?", "answer": "That department of physical geography which treats of the divisions of the animal kingdom and its geographical distribution." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 320, "question": "What constitutes the fauna of a country?", "answer": "The animals found in any region of country are called its fauna." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 321, "question": "What law of distribution prevails?", "answer": "As a rule, the luxuriance and diversity of animal life decreases as we pass from the Equator to the Poles. A similar decrease is noticed in passing from the coasts of the continents towards the interior." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 322, "question": "What exception to this rule in the case of marine animals?", "answer": "In marine animal life it is the reverse ; both numbers and size of the species increase from the Equator to the Poles. This is probably due to the more equable temperature of the ocean in high latitudes." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 323, "question": "What marks the range of animals?", "answer": "Large bodies of water, deserts, or mountain ranges mark the boundaries of animals, as their physical condition in a great measure, draw the isothermal lines." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 324, "question": "What exception to this rule?", "answer": "Man, and his faithful friend, the dog." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 325, "question": "What appears to be the basis of distribution of animals?", "answer": "The distribution of heat, moisture and vegetation." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 326, "question": "What modifies the fauna of each continent?", "answer": "The physical condition of that country—its heat, moisture and vegetation, which are governed by its elevation, mountains, deserts, winds, and ocean currents." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 327, "question": "Where does the musk-deer live? The cashmere goat? The elephant?", "answer": "The musk-deer and cashmere goat live in Thibit and other parts of High Asia. (The costly musk is formed in a gland about the size of a pigeon's egg.) The elephant lives in India, Ceylon, and the Eastern Archipelago." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 328, "question": "How have the animals upon the globe been classified?", "answer": "Into four classes : vertebrates, mollusks, articulates, and radiates." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 329, "question": "What are vertebrates? How have they been divided?", "answer": "This division includes all animals which have an internal skeleton joined to the backbone. It comprises four classes : 1. Mammalia ; 2. Birds ; 3. Reptiles ; 4. Fishes." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 330, "question": "What are mollusks? Articulates? Radiates?", "answer": "Mollusks are animals of soft texture, and have no skeleton; as the oyster, snail, and mussel. Articulates are animals consisting of a number of joints or rings, soft or hard, supplying the place of a skeleton; as the lobster, worms, spiders, and insects. Radiates are so called because in many cases their organs are arranged like rays proceeding from a center. The coral and microscopic animals belong to this division." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 331, "question": "What is the mammalia?", "answer": "They are the most perfect of the animal creation. They differ greatly in appearance and habits, but correspond in one particular of suckling their young. They number about 3,000 species." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 332, "question": "How have the mammalia been classified?", "answer": "Into eight classes : Quadrumana (four-handed), monkey, ape ; carnivora (flesh-eaters), bear, cat, dog ; Marsupialia (pouched), oppossum, kangaroo ; rodentia (gnawers), beaver, squirrel, rat ; edentata (toothless), sloth, armadillo ; pachydermata (thick-skinned), elephant, horse, hog ; ruminantia (chewing the cud), camel, ox, sheep ; marine mammalia, whale, dolphin, seal." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 333, "question": "Of what does Ethnology treat?", "answer": "It treats of the varieties of the human race, their physical and intellectual characteristics, and their geographical distribution on the earth." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 334, "question": "What evidences exist as to the unity of the human race?", "answer": "By a comparison of the different tribes and races of men we find the same general modification of types. The highest race will produce the same degraded forms of humanity as the lowest, there being no distinct species except that variety of modification produced by the enlightenment of man." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 335, "question": "What three strongly marked types exist?", "answer": "The Caucasian, Mongolian, and the Negro." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 336, "question": "What three secondary races are found?", "answer": "The Malay, or Brown Race ; the Australian, and the Indian, or Copper-colored." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 337, "question": "What is supposed to have produced the diversity of races?", "answer": "The ever varying external conditions." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 338, "question": "What is the law of perfection of type in man?", "answer": "It is an exception to that observed in the lower orders of creation. The human family appears in its highest physical perfection, not within the Tropics, but in the Temperate Zones." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 339, "question": "Which is the typical or normal race?", "answer": "The White race seems to be the normal race from which the others have gradually deviated." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 340, "question": "From what race of people did the people of Europe descend?", "answer": "From the Aryans, a primitive people supposed to have lived in prehistoric times, in Central Asia, east of the Caspian Sea and north of the Hindu Koosh Moun-tains." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 341, "question": "Mention the chief European divisions of this race.", "answer": "The Celtic, Teutonic, Slavonic, Gaulic, Pelasgians, and the Northmen or Normans." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 342, "question": "What nations are descendants of the Celtic race?", "answer": "The Celts are an ancient race of people who formerly inhabited a great part of Central and Western Europe, and whose descendants at the present day occupy Ireland, Wales, the Highlands of Scotland, and the north-ern shores of France." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 343, "question": "The Teutonic?", "answer": "The Teutons were a people of ancient Germany and are now represented by the Germans, Dutch, and Saxons." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 344, "question": "The Slavonic?", "answer": "The Slaves were a people who anciently inhabited the country between the Rivers Save and Drave, and their descendants are people of Russia, Poland, Bulgaria, and Bohemia." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 345, "question": "The Gaulic? What country was ancient Gaul?", "answer": "The people of France. This country was anciently known as Gaul." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 346, "question": "The Pelasgians?", "answer": "The Pelasgians were the ancient people of Greece, but were largely supplanted by the conquests of the Hel-lenes, who now form the greater portion of the Greek ancestry." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 347, "question": "The Northmen, or Normans? 348. Who were the Saxons? Who the Anglo-Saxons?", "answer": "The people of Norway and Sweden are descend-ants of that ancient race of Norsemen, who formerly occu-pied the northern portion of Europe. These people were a bold, hardy race who conquered large portions of Europe, establishing a powerful monarchy in England in the eleventh century, which, in a large measure, is the foun-dation of the present kingdom. At this time they were known as Normans." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 349, "question": "From whom have the Italians derived their origin?", "answer": "From the Romans, Germans, and Normans." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 350, "question": "The Spanish and Portuguese?", "answer": "A mixture of Celts, Romans, Germans and Arabs." }, { "subject": "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY", "number": 351, "question": "Write a brief description of these races, giving their order of descent.", "answer": "Aryan. Celtics. { Irish. { Welsh. { Highlanders of Scotland. Teutonic. { Germans. { Saxons { Dutch. { The English or { Anglo-Saxons. Slavonic. { Russians. { Polanders. { Bulgarians. { Bohemians. Gaulic. { The people of France. Pelasgians { The people of Greece. and Hellenes. Northmen { Inhabitants of Northern Europe. or Normans. { The Ancient Scandinavians. The Huns were a wild and barbarous race of Tartars who overrun Europe in its early history, but were finally defeated and driven out, except in the province of Hungary. These people and the Turks do not trace to Aryan ancestry." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 1, "question": "What is English Grammar?", "answer": "The science of speaking and writing the English language correctly." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 2, "question": "What is the object of studying grammar?", "answer": "To be able to understand, speak, and write a language correctly." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 3, "question": "What is language, strictly speaking?", "answer": "Any method of communicating thought or feeling." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 4, "question": "What can you say of the composition, of language?", "answer": "It is of two kinds, prose and verse." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 5, "question": "Into what parts is grammar divided?", "answer": "Pronunciation, orthography, etymology, syntax and prosody." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 6, "question": "Of what does pronunciation treat?", "answer": "Of the sounds of letters and syllables." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 7, "question": "Define etymology.", "answer": "It treats of the different parts of speech, their derivation and modification." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 8, "question": "Of what does syntax treat?", "answer": "Of the arrangement and relation of words in sentences." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 9, "question": "Of what does prosody treat?", "answer": "Of versification, punctuation, figures and utterance." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 10, "question": "What is the basis of grammar?", "answer": "The usage of the best authors." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 11, "question": "Of what does language consist?", "answer": "Of sounds which, combined, form words which represent ideas." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 12, "question": "How are words classified?", "answer": "They are classified : As names of beings, places, or things. As substitutes for names or facts. As qualifiers or limiters of names. To assert action, being, or condition. To modify an assertion or a quality. To express relations of things or of thought. To introduce or connect words and sentences. To express a sudden or intense emotion. For rhetorical effect." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 13, "question": "How are words distinguished?", "answer": "They are distinguished as nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, exclamations, words of euphony." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 14, "question": "By what general name are the different classes of words called?", "answer": "They are known by the general name of Parts of Speech." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 15, "question": "What is a part of speech? How many?", "answer": "Classes of words, differing according to their usage and meaning." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 16, "question": "How are nouns divided?", "answer": "Into proper and common; and the common are divided into collective, abstract and verbal." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 17, "question": "What is a collective noun?", "answer": "One that denotes a collection." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 18, "question": "What is an abstract noun?", "answer": "The name of some quality of a substance." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 19, "question": "What is a participial noun?", "answer": "A participle or infinitive used as a noun." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 20, "question": "When does a proper noun become a common noun?", "answer": "When it is used to denote a whole class; as, \"The Washingtons of the world are few.\"" }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 21, "question": "When does a common noun become proper?", "answer": "When personified, or used as a proper noun." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 22, "question": "What is the office of a pronoun?", "answer": "To avoid the repetition of nouns." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 23, "question": "What is the antecedent of a pronoun?", "answer": "The word, phrase or clause which the pronoun represents." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 24, "question": "What is the subsequent of a pronoun?", "answer": "Interrogatives or relatives of the interrogative kind, when they are used in asking questions, have no antecedents, but relate to some word or phrase contained in the answer, which is called the subsequent." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 25, "question": "What is the difference between the antecedent and the subsequent?", "answer": "The antecedent and subsequent are opposed to each other in meaning; the former signifying going before, the latter following after." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 26, "question": "Into what classes are pronouns divided?", "answer": "Personal, relative, interrogative and adjective." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 27, "question": "What is a personal pronoun? Name them.", "answer": "One which distinguishes the persons. *I*, *thou* or *you*, *he*, *she* and *it*, with their compounds and declined forms, are the personal pronouns." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 28, "question": "Where are thou, thy, thine, thee and ye used?", "answer": "In the Bible and addresses to the Deity, and frequently in poetry." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 29, "question": "In parsing, how are the pronouns, ours, yours, hers, theirs and mine disposed of?", "answer": "As these words are equivalent to a noun and pronoun, the parsing should correspond with the words which they represent." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 30, "question": "What peculiarity about the pronoun it?", "answer": "The antecedent of *it* is sometimes considered lost, when the pronoun denotes merely the state or condition of things, or a point of time, or when it introduces a sentence and is explained; as, It rains. It is twelve o'clock. It was moonlight. It is mean to take advantage of another's distress. Some authors consider *it* in the above examples as having no antecedent, yet, if we observe closely there may be one somewhat remote; as, in the first example, we might use *clouds* for the antecedent; in the second example, shorn of his beams.\" \"Lo, steel-clad War his gorgeous standard rears.'" }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 49, "question": "When is the feminine gender preferred?", "answer": "When the character of the object is noted for beauty, amiability, productiveness, or submission, as \"Soon Peace shall come with all her smiling train.\" The earth, moon, and ship, when personified, are given the feminine gender." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 50, "question": "What are the methods of distinguishing the two sexes?", "answer": "By different words, different endings, and by a distinguishing word; as, father, mother; emperor, empress; man-servant, maid-servant." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 51, "question": "When and how are proper nouns made plural?", "answer": "When they refer to a class of the same character, they are made plural by adding s when it does not coalesce in sound, otherwise es; as, the Cherokees; the Napoleons; the twelve Cæsars." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 52, "question": "What class of nouns is generally used in the singular number? How may they be used in the plural?", "answer": "The names of substances, actions, states, qualities, arts, sciences, and diseases, when they refer to the kind of thing; but when different kinds are meant they are plural; as, wine, wines, tea, teas; fever, fevers; religion, religions." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 53, "question": "When is a collective noun singular? When plural?", "answer": "When the whole collection is regarded as one thing, it is singular, but plural when different collections are meant, or when it refers to the individuals composing the collection; as, army, armies; congregation, congregations; most people are eager to succeed." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 54, "question": "How are most nouns made plural?", "answer": "By adding s to the singular; but those ending in i, o, u, y, and preceded by a consonant, and s, x, z, sh, and soft ch, add es." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 55, "question": "What is the origin of the use of the possessive sign 's?", "answer": "It is the abbreviation of the old English ending es or is; the sign (') being called an apostrophe, because it indicates the omission of the e or i." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 56, "question": "How are most compound words made plural?", "answer": "By making plural that part described by the rest; as, mouse-traps, cupfuls." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 57, "question": "How are the titles Mr., Mrs., Miss and Dr. made plural?", "answer": "Mr., Dr. and Miss are made plural by annexations; as, Messrs., Drs., Misses. When the title is Mrs., or when a numeral stands before the title, the title is made plural; as, the Mesdames Brown, the two Misses Smith." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 58, "question": "How is the plural of foreign nouns formed?", "answer": "Most of them retain their foreign plural when used in the English language." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 59, "question": "How are foreign words ending in a, us, um or on, is, x or ex changed to form the plural? Form the plural of the following words: Formula, larva, nebula, vertebra, focus, radius, sarcophagus, stimulus, phenomenon, datum, analysis, synthesis, axis, basis, crisis, emphasis, oasis, parenthesis, thesis.", "answer": "When the ending is a, it is changed to æ or ata, us is changed to i, um or on to a, is to es or ides, x, or ex to ces or cies." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 60, "question": "How are letters and figures made plural?", "answer": "By annexing 's." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 61, "question": "How is the editorial we used?", "answer": "To represent one person." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 62, "question": "What is enallage as used in grammar?", "answer": "A change of words, or a substitution of one gender, number, case, person, tense, mode, or voice of the same word, for another." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 63, "question": "What is case? Name them.", "answer": "The property of nouns and pronouns shows their relation to other words. They are nominative, possessive, and objective." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 64, "question": "When is a noun or pronoun used in the different cases?", "answer": "In the nominative when it is the subject of a verb; in the objective when it is the object of a verb or preposition; and in the possessive when it denotes possession." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 65, "question": "When is a noun or pronoun used independently?", "answer": "By direct address. \"John, your father is here.\" By exclamation, \"Alas, poor Yorick!\" By pleonasm or specification, \"He that hath ears, let him hear.\"" }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 66, "question": "How is the possessive case denoted?", "answer": "By adding the apostrophe and s, except when the word ends in s, when the apostrophe only is added." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 67, "question": "How can the possessive case be expressed without the apostrophe?", "answer": "By using of, or by making the possessive word an adjective. \"The death of Socrates.\" \"Soldiers' Home.\"" }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 68, "question": "When are two terms in apposition? When is one predicated by the other? In what must these terms agree?", "answer": "When a verb joins the terms, one is predicated of the other; as, \"He is president;\" but when no verb joins them, the latter term is in apposition with the former; as, \"Webster, the orator.\" These terms must agree in case." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 69, "question": "How is a compound term expressed in the possessive case?", "answer": "It takes the possessive sign but once; generally at the end, or next to the name of what is owned. \"The court-martial's decision.\" \"Daniel Webster's oration.\"" }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 70, "question": "When is a noun or pronoun in the same case as another?", "answer": "When it denotes the same person or thing." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 71, "question": "In how many cases are compound personal pronouns used?", "answer": "Only in the nominative and objective cases, and then they retain the same form." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 72, "question": "Decline who, which, what, and that.", "answer": "Nominative who, possessive whose, objective whom; which and what have the same form in the nominative and objective, but borrow whose for their possessive. That is not declined." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 73, "question": "When may that have two cases?", "answer": "When it is a relative, and equivalent to that which." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 74, "question": "What is declension?", "answer": "A regular arrangement of the grammatical properties of a noun or pronoun." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 75, "question": "How are the articles the, a, and an used?", "answer": "The is used to point out a particular one, object or class; while a or an is used to show that no particular one of a class is meant." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 76, "question": "Why are a and an both called the indefinite articles?", "answer": "They have the same meaning, therefore, used in the same class. One is a later and the other an earlier form of the same word." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 77, "question": "When should a be used?", "answer": "Whenever the next word begins with a consonant sound." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 78, "question": "When should an be used?", "answer": "Whenever the next word begins with a vowel sound." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 79, "question": "What is an adjective?", "answer": "A word used to qualify or limit the meaning of a noun or pronoun." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 80, "question": "How are the adjectives divided? Define each class.", "answer": "Into two chief classes: descriptive and definitive. The descriptive describes or qualifies; the definitive specifies or limits. 81. Into common, proper, numeral, pronominal, participial, and compound." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 82, "question": "Define a common adjective.", "answer": "The common adjective expresses quality." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 83, "question": "Define a proper adjective.", "answer": "A proper adjective is derived from a proper name." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 84, "question": "What is a participial adjective?", "answer": "A participle used as an adjective." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 85, "question": "What is a compound adjective?", "answer": "A compound word used as an adjective." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 86, "question": "What is a numeral adjective?", "answer": "One that expresses number." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 87, "question": "How are the numeral adjectives divided? Define them.", "answer": "Into cardinal, ordinal, multiplicative, and indefinite. The cardinals are one, two, etc.; the ordinals, first, second, etc.; the multiplicative, single, double; the indefinite, few, many." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 88, "question": "What is a pronominal adjective?", "answer": "One sometimes used as a pronoun." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 89, "question": "Into what classes are the pronominals divided?", "answer": "The distributive, demonstrative, and indefinite." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 90, "question": "What modifications have adjectives?", "answer": "Number and comparison." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 91, "question": "What is comparison? How many degrees?", "answer": "A variation in the form of adjectives and adverbs to denote the different degrees of meaning. There are three degrees, positive, comparative and superlative." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 92, "question": "Why is this called comparison?", "answer": "To give a variation of the degree of expressions." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 93, "question": "Define the positive degree. Comparative. Superlative.", "answer": "The positive expresses the quality of the adjective; the comparative expresses the quality in a higher or lower degree; the superlative expresses the quality in the highest or lowest degree." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 94, "question": "What parts of speech have comparison?", "answer": "Adjectives and adverbs." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 95, "question": "How are degrees below the positive expressed?", "answer": "Usually by adding less and least." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 96, "question": "When should more or most in comparison be preferred?", "answer": "Usually with adjectives of more than two syllables, or those of two syllables that do not end in le or y." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 97, "question": "What is the difference between comparison ascending and comparison descending?", "answer": "One expands in volume of expression, or grows greater in its comparison, while the other decreases with the prefixes less and least." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 98, "question": "When are adjectives redundant?", "answer": "When they have more than one form for its superlative, as, near, nearer, nearest or next." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 99, "question": "When adjectives of one syllable and those of several syllables come together, which are placed first and how are they compared?", "answer": "The monosyllables are placed first, and all are compared by prefixing more and most; as, \"The more nice and elegant parts.\"" }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 100, "question": "Must adjectives always agree with their substantives in number?", "answer": "Yes, although the substantive is not always expressed." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 101, "question": "When does an adjective become a noun?", "answer": "When it is used abstractly, or in place of a noun of which it expresses quality; as, the briny deep, the good." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 102, "question": "What is a verb? A regular verb? An irregular verb?", "answer": "A word used to state the act or state of the subject. A regular verb is one that forms its past tense by adding ed; an irregular verb does not add ed." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 103, "question": "What are the principal parts of a verb?", "answer": "The present tense, past tense, present participial, and perfect participial." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 104, "question": "Why are these called the principal parts?", "answer": "By the means of these and the auxiliary verbs all the other parts of the verb can be formed." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 105, "question": "What is a redundant verb? A defective verb? A finite verb?", "answer": "A redundant verb is one that has more than one form for some of its principal parts. A defective verb is wanting in some of its principal parts. A finite verb predicates the act or state of its subject." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 106, "question": "What parts of a verb are not finite?", "answer": "The infinitives and participles." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 107, "question": "What is a transitive verb? An intransitive verb?", "answer": "One that has or requires an object. An intransitive does not have or require an object." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 108, "question": "When may a transitive verb become intransitive?", "answer": "When it is the chief design to set forth the act, and leave the object unknown. \"She reads well.\"" }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 109, "question": "When may an intransitive verb become transitive?", "answer": "In poetical expressions, in a causative sense, and in idiomatic expressions; as, to march armies, I laughed myself hoarse." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 110, "question": "What is a neuter verb?", "answer": "One that does not express action or state." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 111, "question": "What is a principal verb? An auxiliary verb?", "answer": "A principal verb expresses the chief act or state. An auxiliary verb helps other verbs to express their grammatical properties." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 112, "question": "Define a redundant verb.", "answer": "They are called redundant because they have more than one form for some of the modes and tenses." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 113, "question": "Give examples of redundant verbs.", "answer": "Am or be, awake, bereave, bet, dig, dwell, lean, keep, hang, gild, kneel, hew, knit." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 114, "question": "What properties have verbs?", "answer": "Voice, mode, tense, person and number." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 115, "question": "Define voice, mode, tense.", "answer": "Voice shows whether the subject does or receives the act. Mode is manner of assertion. Tense expresses time." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 116, "question": "What are the person and number of a verb?", "answer": "The form of the verb to agree with the subject." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 117, "question": "When is a verb in the active or passive voice?", "answer": "In the active, when the subject acts, in the passive when it receives the act." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 118, "question": "How is a verb in the active voice changed into the passive?", "answer": "By using the object of a verb for the subject." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 119, "question": "To what verbs does voice belong?", "answer": "To transitive verbs only." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 120, "question": "How many modes are there?", "answer": "Four: indicative, subjunctive, potential and imperative. Some grammarians add the infinitive mode." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 121, "question": "What does a verb in the indicative mode express? In the subjunctive? In the potential? In the imperative?", "answer": "The indicative indicates or declares a fact. The potential expresses power, possibility, liberty, inclination, duty and necessity. The subjunctive expresses a wish, an uncertainty, or future contingency. The imperative commands or entreats." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 122, "question": "What is the difference between the indicative and subjunctive modes?", "answer": "The only difference is in the third person singular of two of the tenses, the present and the present-perfect." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 123, "question": "How many tenses in each of the modes?", "answer": "Six in the indicative; three in the subjunctive—the present, past, and past-perfect; the potential, four—the present, present-perfect, past, and past-perfect; the imperative, one—the present tense." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 124, "question": "What are the signs of the tenses?", "answer": "In the indicative mode have is the sign of the present-perfect tense; had the sign of the past-perfect; shall or will, of the future; shall have or will have, of the future per- fect; the present or past tense is a verb in its simplest form, expressing present or past time. The signs of the present potential are may, can, must; of the present-perfect, may have, can have, must have; of the past, might, could, would, should; of the past-perfect, might have, could have, would have, should have. The three tenses of the subjunctive mode are the same in form as the indicative, except in the singular number of the present and past tense, which takes the plural form without variation. The imperative has the same form as the present indicative." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 125, "question": "What are the forms of a tense?", "answer": "The different ways in which it can be expressed; as the common form, the emphatic, the progressive, the passive and solemn." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 126, "question": "How is the emphatic form of a verb expressed?", "answer": "It denotes emphasis, and is expressed by do or did, as a part of the verb." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 127, "question": "How is the passive form expressed? The progressive?", "answer": "By combining the verb be, or some of its variations, with the perfect participle. The progressive form represents the continuation of the act or state, and is formed by combining the verb be, or some of its variations, with the present participle." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 128, "question": "What is the ancient form?", "answer": "The old common form that is still used in the solemn style. It uses thou or ye, and has the ending t, st or est for the second person singular; th or eth for the third person singular." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 129, "question": "How is a proposition made interrogative? How made negative?", "answer": "By placing the verb, or part of it, before the nominative. It is made negative by placing not after the verb, or after the first auxiliary." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 130, "question": "When the subject consists of words differing in person, how is the form of the verb or pronoun determined?", "answer": "The first person is preferred to the second, and the second to the third. You, John and I are attached to our country. If the nominatives are taken separately, or connected by or or nor, the verb prefers the nominative next to it. He or I am to blame." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 131, "question": "What is an impersonal verb?", "answer": "A verb having person and number without a subject; as, methinks, meseems." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 132, "question": "What properties have auxiliary verbs?", "answer": "Voice, mode, tense, person and number." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 133, "question": "Which are auxiliary verbs?", "answer": "Be and its variations—do, did; can, could; have had; may, might, must; shall, should; will and would." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 134, "question": "Which are sometimes principal verbs?", "answer": "Be, or am, was, do and have." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 135, "question": "When is it proper to use shall and should?", "answer": "When required to express a duty, command, determination, resolve; and in future propositions when the subject is of the first person and no reference is made to the will of the subject." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 136, "question": "When is it proper to use will and would?", "answer": "When the expression is of willingness, inclination or in future propositions, when the subject is of the second or third person, and no compulsion required." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 137, "question": "When are do, be and have principal verbs?", "answer": "When not combined with any other verb expressed or understood." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 138, "question": "What stands as an answer to what? or when? of a transitive verb?", "answer": "The object or complement of the transitive verb stands as an answer to the question what? or whom? with the verb." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 139, "question": "How will you determine whether a verb is transitive or intransitive?", "answer": "By asking the question what? or whom? and if it will carry an answer relating to some particular thing it is transitive, but if it does not carry the subject to some termination it is intransitive." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 140, "question": "How many terms implied in a transitive verb?", "answer": "It implies three terms—a subject, a predicate and an object." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 141, "question": "How many terms implied in an intransitive verb?", "answer": "It requires but two terms, a subject and a predicate." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 142, "question": "What is a copulative verb?", "answer": "One used to assert a condition of a subject; as, sugar is sweet. It is an incomplete verb using an adjective, noun or pronoun relating to the subject, and is often called a neuter verb." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 143, "question": "What is the principal copulative verb?", "answer": "It is to be and those belonging to this class, as, become, seem, appear, grow, feel, look, smell, taste, etc." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 144, "question": "What is the peculiarity of these copulative verbs?", "answer": "They imply in their meaning the verb to be; thus, become is really to come to be; appear is to be in appearance." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 145, "question": "What is an infinitive? How many?", "answer": "The form of the verb generally preceded by to, expressing an act or state without predicating it. There are two infinitives—the present and perfect." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 146, "question": "How is the present infinitive formed, and what does it denote?", "answer": "By combining to with the simplest form of the verb, or to be with a simple participle." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 147, "question": "How is the perfect infinitive formed, and what does it denote?", "answer": "By combining to have, or to have been, with a simple participle. It represents the completion of the act or state at the time referred to." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 148, "question": "When is to, the sign of the infinitive, omitted?", "answer": "When the infinitive is combined with an auxiliary or after the active verbs bid, dare, let, make, need, see, hear, feel, and sometimes after have, help, please and find." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 149, "question": "What is a participle? How many?", "answer": "A word derived from a verb, participating in the properties of a verb and adjective, and is generally formed by adding ing, d or ed to the verb. There are two participles—the present and perfect." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 150, "question": "How is the present participle formed? What does it represent?", "answer": "By annexing ing to the simplest form of the verb, and represents the act or state as present and continuing at the time referred to." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 151, "question": "How is the perfect participle formed? What does it represent?", "answer": "By annexing ed to the simplest form of the verb, and it represents the act or state as completed at the time referred to." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 152, "question": "What voice have participles?", "answer": "The simple present participle of a transitive verb is nearly always in the active voice. The simple perfect participle of a transitive verb is either active or passive; it is in the active voice when have or any of its forms is combined with it; in the passive voice when it stands by itself, or when be in any of its forms is combined with it." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 153, "question": "What is a compound participle?", "answer": "Being, having, or having been, combined with some other participle." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 154, "question": "What do being, having and having been express in relation to participles?", "answer": "Being expresses the present passive participle; having expresses the perfect active participle; having been the perfect passive participle." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 155, "question": "What are some of the chief particulars in which participles and infinitives agree? Some in which they differ?", "answer": "They have voice and tense, are annexed to auxiliary verbs, they partake of the nature of nouns, adjectives and adverbs, and when nouns they assume case. A participle may become an adjective, it may govern the possessive case, it may become concrete and assume number, it may be used after prepositions; but an infinitive has none of these attributes." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 156, "question": "What is the conjugation of a verb?", "answer": "The regular arrangement of the modes, tenses, persons and numbers, and participles of verbs." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 157, "question": "What is the inflection of a verb?", "answer": "It is called its conjugation." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 158, "question": "What is meant by the weak and the strong conjugation of verbs?", "answer": "The weak conjugation is the regular formation of the verb, as, move, moved. The strong conjugation is its irregular formation, as, grow, grew, with the past participle ending in n or en." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 159, "question": "What is the theme of a verb?", "answer": "The theme of the verb is that form which admits of the preposition to before it. It is the infinitive form of the verb." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 160, "question": "What is a paradigm?", "answer": "A word given as a model by which to inflect other words." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 161, "question": "What is it to make a verb?", "answer": "To make a verb in grammar is to place a word in the position of a verb where it will carry the properties of an action." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 162, "question": "What is the synopsis of a verb?", "answer": "An outline of its parts through the modes and tenses, in a single person and number." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 163, "question": "What forms of a verb are called composite? (a) Conjugate lie, to repose; lie, to speak falsely; dare, to venture; bear, to carry. (b) Give the principal parts of the following verbs: drink, lay, rose, build, eat, sow, dive, gone, set, sit, get, bid, dig, slay, thrust, was. (c) Give the synopsis of the verb eat, in the third person, singular number, indicative mode, passive voice. (d) Give a synopsis of the verb run, in the first person, singular number, interrogative form, in the indicative and potential modes.", "answer": "Those which consist of auxiliaries combined with participles or infinitives." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 164, "question": "What is an adverb? How are most of them formed?", "answer": "A word used to modify the meaning of a verb, adjective, or other adverb. The most of them are formed from adjectives by adding ly." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 165, "question": "What is a conjunctive adverb?", "answer": "A word used to perform the office of a conjunction and adverb at the same time." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 166, "question": "Into what classes are adverbs divided?", "answer": "Into adverbs of time, place, degree and manner." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 167, "question": "What is the difference in the use of an adjective and an adverb? (a) Classify the following adverbs: Now, much, more, so, well, here, whither, everywhere, to-morrow, forever, daily, enough, nearly, yesterday, aloud, hither, whence, forth, away, often, little, yet, too, nevertheless, together, to-day, yonder, out, somewhat.", "answer": "An adverb expresses manner, or describes the act; an adjective describes the object." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 168, "question": "How can we ascertain to what class adverbs belong?", "answer": "Adverbs of time answer to the questions: when? How long? How often? Adverbs of place answer to the questions: Where? Whence? Adverbs of degree answer to the questions: How much? To what extent? In what degree? Adverbs of manner answer to the question: How?" }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 169, "question": "What is a preposition? An adjunct? To what does an adjunct relate?", "answer": "A word used to show the relation between a fol- lowing noun or pronoun and some other word. An ad- junct is a preposition with its objects and modifiers, and may relate to a substantive, verb, adjective or adverb." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 170, "question": "What may a substantive, governed by a preposition, be?", "answer": "A noun, pronoun, infinitive, participial noun, and a clause." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 171, "question": "When does a preposition become an adverb?", "answer": "When there is no word to govern; as, The eagle flew up, then around, then down again." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 172, "question": "What is a conjunction? Correlative connective?", "answer": "A word used to connect words, phrases or propo- sitions. A correlative connective is one of a separated pair that connect the same parts. Neither this nor that." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 173, "question": "What is the difference between analysis and synthesis?", "answer": "Analysis is the resolving of the whole into its parts. Synthesis is the combining of the parts to form the whole." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 174, "question": "What is parsing?", "answer": "The resolving of a sentence into its parts, giving their properties and syntax." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 175, "question": "What is relation? Agreement? Government?", "answer": "The relation of words is their relation or connec- tion with one another; agreement is their similarity in per- son, number, gender, case, etc.; government is the power one word has over another." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 176, "question": "What is a sentence? Clause? Proposition? Phrase?", "answer": "A sentence is an assemblage of words making com- plete sense; a clause is a proposition that makes but part of a sentence; a proposition is a subject combined with its predicate; a phrase is two or more words, but not an entire proposition." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 177, "question": "What is a declaratory sentence? Interrogatory? Imperative? Exclamatory?", "answer": "The declaratory expresses a declaration; the in- terrogatory asks a question; the imperative expresses a command or entreaty; the exclamatory expresses an excla- mation." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 178, "question": "What is a simple sentence? Compound? Complex?", "answer": "A simple sentence has but one proposition; a compound has two or more propositions; a complex has one principal clause, with one or more dependent clauses." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 179, "question": "What is the subject and predicate of a sentence?", "answer": "The subject is that of which something is said; the predicate is that which denotes what is said of the subject." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 180, "question": "What is the logical and grammatical subject and predicate of a sentence?", "answer": "The grammatical subject and predicate are the subject and predicate words; the logical subject and predi- cate are these words with all their modifiers." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 181, "question": "What is discourse? Of what may it treat?", "answer": "A train of thought expressed in language, and may be description, narration, science or philosophy." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 182, "question": "What is a paragraph?", "answer": "A sentence or combination of sentences, completing a train of thought, and distinguished by a new begin-ning." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 183, "question": "What is analysis based upon?", "answer": "Three relations : the predicate relation, the adjective relation, and the adverbial relation." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 184, "question": "What are elements of sentences?", "answer": "Words, phrases and clauses." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 185, "question": "What must every proposition have?", "answer": "A subject and predicate." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 186, "question": "What is a modifier? How many kinds?", "answer": "A dependent word, phrase or clause, used to limit or vary the meaning of some other word or expression, and may be an adjective or adverbial modifier." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 187, "question": "By what may a noun and pronoun be modified?", "answer": "By an article, adjective, a possessive, an appositive, a participle, an infinitive, phrases and clauses." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 188, "question": "By what may a verb be modified?", "answer": "By an object, a predicate adjective, an adverb, a participle, an infinitive, phrases and clauses." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 189, "question": "When an infinitive or participle is used as a noun, what modifiers do they take?", "answer": "The infinitive takes only the modifiers of a verb ; the participle either those of a verb or noun." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 190, "question": "What parts of speech are never modified?", "answer": "Articles, prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 191, "question": "What kinds of words are connectives?", "answer": "Conjunctions, prepositions, relative pronouns, responsive pronouns, and the conjunctive adverbs." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 192, "question": "In the analysis of phrases, what forms are given?", "answer": "Simple, complex, compound, mixed, and prepositional." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 193, "question": "What part of a sentence is considered the most important?", "answer": "The beginning ; the next most important is the end." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 194, "question": "When may a subordinate element occupy the chief place?", "answer": "When it is uppermost in the speaker's mind, or denotes what is most striking. \" Out flew millions of flaming words.\" \"By these we acquired our liberty.\"" }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 195, "question": "What is a period in Grammar?", "answer": "A sentence so constructed that the meaning is suspended till the close." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 196, "question": "In what do all the errors of language consist?", "answer": "In the improper arrangement of words, in the use of improper words, in the omission of words, and the use of unnecessary words." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 197, "question": "What is a figure in grammar?", "answer": "A deviation from the ordinary form ; a construction or application of words, for the sake of brevity, force, or beauty." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 198, "question": "Name the figures of grammar.", "answer": "They are the figures of orthography, of etymology, of syntax, and of rhetoric." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 199, "question": "What is a figure of orthography?", "answer": "It is an intentional deviation from the ordinary or true spelling of a word." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 200, "question": "What is a figure of etymology?", "answer": "It is an intentional deviation from the ordinary formation of a word." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 201, "question": "What is a figure of syntax?", "answer": "It is an intentional deviation from the ordinary construction of words." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 202, "question": "What is a figure of rhetoric?", "answer": "It is an intentional deviation from the ordinary application of words." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 203, "question": "How many, and what are the names of the most important figures of etymology?", "answer": "They are eight : aphæresis, syncope, apocope, prosthesis, paragoge, tmesis, diæresis, synæresis." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 204, "question": "What is aphæresis? Syncope? Apocope? Prosthesis? Paragoge? Tmesis? Diæresis? Synæresis?", "answer": "The shortening of a word by taking a letter or syllable from the beginning; as, 'gainst, there's. Syncope is the shortening of a word by taking a letter or a syllable from the middle; as, red'ning for reddening. Apocope is the shortening of a word by taking a letter or syllable from the end; as, th' for the. Prosthesis is the lengthening of a word by prefixing a syllable. Paragoge is the lengthening of a word by annexing a syllable. Tmesis is the inserting of a word between the parts of a compound; as, on which side soever. Diaeresis is the division of two concurrent vowels into different syllables, usually marked thus, coöperate, aërial. Synæresis is the joining of two syllables into one, as, dost, loved, learned, for do-est, lov-ed, learn-ed." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 205, "question": "What is ellipsis? Aposiopesis? Zeugma? Pleonasm?", "answer": "Ellipsis is the omission of words, and elision the omission of letters. Aposiopesis is the leaving of something unsaid. Zeugma is the referring of a word to two different ones, when in strict syntax it can agree with only one of them. Pleonasm is the using of more words than the sense of syntax absolutely requires." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 206, "question": "What is a simile? Metaphor? Allegory? Synecdoche?", "answer": "A comparison expressed. A metaphor is a comparison implied. \"Life is an isthmus between two eternities.\" An allegory is a fictitious story about one thing, which is designed to teach some moral or practical wisdom about another. Synecdoche is the name of a part applied to the whole, or that of the whole applied to a part." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 207, "question": "What is antithesis? Irony? Paralipsis? Hyperbole?", "answer": "A contrast: \"Virtue ennobles, vice debases.\" Irony is the sneering use of words with a contrary meaning. Paralipsis is the pretended omission or concealment of what is meant. \"I will not call him a villain, for it would be unparliamentary.\" Hyperbole is exaggeration." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 208, "question": "What is euphemism? Interrogation? Exclamation?", "answer": "A softened mode of speech for what would be disagreeable or offensive if told in the plainest language. An appeal in the form of a question to strengthen a statement. An abrupt mode of speech, designed to express more strongly the emotions of the speaker." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 209, "question": "What is versification? Verse?", "answer": "The art of making verse. Verse is the musical arrangement of words, according to some regular accent." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 210, "question": "What is a foot?", "answer": "A foot is two or more syllables, constituting a portion of a line." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 211, "question": "What is rhyme? Blank verse?", "answer": "The similarity of sounds between the endings of poetic lines. Blank verse is verse without rhyme." }, { "subject": "ENGLISH GRAMMAR", "number": 212, "question": "What is a couplet? Stanza?", "answer": "Two poetic lines that usually rhyme together. A stanza is a regular division of the poem, and consists of three or more poetic lines with complete rhymes." }, { "subject": "ORTHOGRAPHY, ORTHOËPY AND PHONOLOGY", "number": 1, "question": "What is Orthography?", "answer": "It treats of correct spelling, and the nature and power of letters." }, { "subject": "ORTHOGRAPHY, ORTHOËPY AND PHONOLOGY", "number": 2, "question": "Define Orthoëpy.", "answer": "The art of a correct pronunciation of words." }, { "subject": "ORTHOGRAPHY, ORTHOËPY AND PHONOLOGY", "number": 3, "question": "What is Phonology?", "answer": "The science of uttering the elementary sounds." }, { "subject": "ORTHOGRAPHY, ORTHOËPY AND PHONOLOGY", "number": 4, "question": "What is sound? How are sounds classified?", "answer": "The sensation produced upon the auditory nerve by vibration of the air or other conducting media. They are classified as tones and noises." }, { "subject": "ORTHOGRAPHY, ORTHOËPY AND PHONOLOGY", "number": 5, "question": "What are tones? What are noises?", "answer": "Tones are harmonious sounds which are pleasing to the ear. Noise is a sound without any regularity of production and is devoid of the harmony of tones." }, { "subject": "ORTHOGRAPHY, ORTHOËPY AND PHONOLOGY", "number": 6, "question": "What is a letter?", "answer": "A character used to represent an elementary sound." }, { "subject": "ORTHOGRAPHY, ORTHOËPY AND PHONOLOGY", "number": 7, "question": "What are elementary sounds?", "answer": "Distinct sounds, from which all of the words of our language are formed." }, { "subject": "ORTHOGRAPHY, ORTHOËPY AND PHONOLOGY", "number": 8, "question": "How many elementary sounds in the English language? How divided?", "answer": "Forty-five*. They are divided into three classes : vowels, subvocals, and aspirates." }, { "subject": "ORTHOGRAPHY, ORTHOËPY AND PHONOLOGY", "number": 9, "question": "Are all of these elementary sounds distinct and true elements of our language?", "answer": "They are not true and distinct, as many of them are similarly formed, but they are as near the requirements of a pure articulation as Phonetists have been able to devise." }, { "subject": "ORTHOGRAPHY, ORTHOËPY AND PHONOLOGY", "number": 10, "question": "How many true elements in our language?", "answer": "On this question Phonetists have not united on any definite satisfaction, as this science is capable of being so minutely construed that only experts can detect the variation. Webster gives forty-five." }, { "subject": "ORTHOGRAPHY, ORTHOËPY AND PHONOLOGY", "number": 11, "question": "How are these sounds produced?", "answer": "By the organs of speech, with the breath." }, { "subject": "ORTHOGRAPHY, ORTHOËPY AND PHONOLOGY", "number": 12, "question": "What are the organs of speech?", "answer": "The principal ones are the lips, teeth, tongue, palate and nasal passages. * Some authors give 43, some 41, and divide them into tonics, subtonics, and atonics." }, { "subject": "ORTHOGRAPHY, ORTHOËPY AND PHONOLOGY", "number": 13, "question": "How is voice produced?", "answer": "By the action of the breath on the larynx." }, { "subject": "ORTHOGRAPHY, ORTHOËPY AND PHONOLOGY", "number": 14, "question": "What are the organs of voice?", "answer": "They are the lungs, diaphragm, intercostal muscles, bronchi and trachea, larynx and pharynx." }, { "subject": "ORTHOGRAPHY, ORTHOËPY AND PHONOLOGY", "number": 15, "question": "What is the difference between voice and speech?", "answer": "Voice is tone produced by the action of the breath on the larynx, while speech is the modulation of the voice to express thought, and may be given in a whisper." }, { "subject": "ORTHOGRAPHY, ORTHOËPY AND PHONOLOGY", "number": 16, "question": "Describe the organs of voice separately.", "answer": "For description of the organs of voice see question on Physiology." }, { "subject": "ORTHOGRAPHY, ORTHOËPY AND PHONOLOGY", "number": 17, "question": "What are the vocal chords?", "answer": "They are the special vocal apparatus, and consist of two ligaments or bands of fibrous tissue situated within the larynx." }, { "subject": "ORTHOGRAPHY, ORTHOËPY AND PHONOLOGY", "number": 18, "question": "What is the glottis? The epiglottis? What is inspiration, or inhalation? What is expiration?", "answer": "For definition see Physiology." }, { "subject": "ORTHOGRAPHY, ORTHOËPY AND PHONOLOGY", "number": 19, "question": "What peculiar formation has the tongue?", "answer": "It consists of a mass of muscular fibers so arranged as to admit of motion in every direction or several directions at once." }, { "subject": "ORTHOGRAPHY, ORTHOËPY AND PHONOLOGY", "number": 20, "question": "Describe the palate. The nasal passages.", "answer": "The palate is the roof of the mouth continuing backward, where it becomes a yielding, muscular membraneous awning, separating the mouth from the nasal passages and the upper part of the pharynx." }, { "subject": "ORTHOGRAPHY, ORTHOËPY AND PHONOLOGY", "number": 21, "question": "What connection has the ear with the production of voice?", "answer": "The ear receives the productions of the voice and by the communication of the auditory nerves with the brain it is understood." }, { "subject": "ORTHOGRAPHY, ORTHOËPY AND PHONOLOGY", "number": 22, "question": "How is speech produced? 23. How are the letters divided ?", "answer": "By the action of the diaphragm and other muscles the breath is forced from the lungs through the bronchi and trachea into the larynx, where it comes into contact with the vocal cords, which being called into action, produce a vibration and by the resonating of the pharynx and other cavities, is communicated to the external air, and at length falls as a tone upon the listening ear." }, { "subject": "ORTHOGRAPHY, ORTHOËPY AND PHONOLOGY", "number": 24, "question": "What are vowels ? Consonants ?", "answer": "Vowels are letters that denote pure tones; consonants are letters that represent the subvocal or aspirate sounds." }, { "subject": "ORTHOGRAPHY, ORTHOËPY AND PHONOLOGY", "number": 25, "question": "How are the consonants divided ?", "answer": "They have three divisions formed from the whole: as single letters and combinations; mutes and semivowels; subvocals and aspirates." }, { "subject": "ORTHOGRAPHY, ORTHOËPY AND PHONOLOGY", "number": 26, "question": "What is a mute? Name them.", "answer": "A letter which admits of no escape of breath while the organs of speech are in contact. The mutes are b, p, d, t, k, c and g hard." }, { "subject": "ORTHOGRAPHY, ORTHOËPY AND PHONOLOGY", "number": 27, "question": "What is a semivowel ? Name them.", "answer": "A letter which, in pronouncing, admits of an escape of breath. The semivowels are all the consonants except the mutes.* * The difference between the mutes and semivowels, is that the organs of speech are more closely united in pronouncing the mutes than the semivowels. ā, ă, â, ä, ȧ, ạ, as in ale, add, air, arm, ark, all. ē, ĕ, ẽ, as in eve, end, verge. 20 ī, ĭ, as in ice, ill. vowel ō, ŏ, as in old, odd. sounds ōō, ŏŏ, as in moon, wool. ū, ŭ, û, as in use, up, urge. ou, as in out. oi, as in oil. b, d, g, j, l, as in bet, dot, get, jet, lid. 25 m, n, ñ, r, th, as in mit, not, finger, rat, that, conso- v, w, y, z, zh, as in vat, woe, yet, buzz, azure. nant ASPIRATES : sounds p, t, k, h, as in pet, tin, kit, hat. ch, th, f, wh, as in chin, thin, fat, when. s, sh, as in sin, shot." }, { "subject": "ORTHOGRAPHY, ORTHOËPY AND PHONOLOGY", "number": 43, "question": "According to this classification of elementary sounds, how many letters would be required to form a full alphabet ?", "answer": "It would require forty-five." }, { "subject": "ORTHOGRAPHY, ORTHOËPY AND PHONOLOGY", "number": 44, "question": "How is this deficiency filled ?", "answer": "By giving to some letters more than one sound. These sounds are represented by marks or symbols. The Macron - The Breve ˘ Vowel The Circumflex ^ marks. The Tilde, or Wave ~ Two Dots ¨ One Dot • Consonant The Bar - marks. The Dotted Bar .- The Cedilla ," }, { "subject": "ORTHOGRAPHY, ORTHOËPY AND PHONOLOGY", "number": 46, "question": "Of all the elementary sounds, which represent the purest product of the human voice ?", "answer": "Italian a, as in ah." }, { "subject": "ORTHOGRAPHY, ORTHOËPY AND PHONOLOGY", "number": 47, "question": "What can be said of all other vocals and subvocals ?", "answer": "All others are considered modifications of this tone, as they require some portion of it." }, { "subject": "ORTHOGRAPHY, ORTHOËPY AND PHONOLOGY", "number": 48, "question": "What is a diphthong ?", "answer": "A union of two vowel sounds in the same syllable." }, { "subject": "ORTHOGRAPHY, ORTHOËPY AND PHONOLOGY", "number": 49, "question": "How many diphthongs are there ?", "answer": "Four : ou, ow, oi, oy." }, { "subject": "ORTHOGRAPHY, ORTHOËPY AND PHONOLOGY", "number": 50, "question": "How many sounds are represented by these diphthongs ?", "answer": "Two: ou and ow represent the same sound, and are called inseparable diphthongs, because they cannot be separated into two distinct vowel sounds; oi and oy represent one sound, and are called separable diphthongs, because their sounds can be separated into broad a and short i. To test the separable diphthongs, spell by sound the words oil and boy, using broad a and short i in each, and pronounce in quick succession." }, { "subject": "ORTHOGRAPHY, ORTHOËPY AND PHONOLOGY", "number": 51, "question": "What is a digraph? Triphthong?", "answer": "A digraph is the union of two vowels in the same syllable, one of which is silent. A triphthong is the union of three vowels in the same syllable, two of which are silent." }, { "subject": "ORTHOGRAPHY, ORTHOËPY AND PHONOLOGY", "number": 52, "question": "What are the elements of which orthoepy treats?", "answer": "Articulation, syllabication, and accent." }, { "subject": "ORTHOGRAPHY, ORTHOËPY AND PHONOLOGY", "number": 53, "question": "What is a syllable?", "answer": "A letter or combination of letters, uttered by one emission of the voice." }, { "subject": "ORTHOGRAPHY, ORTHOËPY AND PHONOLOGY", "number": 54, "question": "What is a word?", "answer": "A syllable or combination of syllables representing some thought or idea." }, { "subject": "ORTHOGRAPHY, ORTHOËPY AND PHONOLOGY", "number": 55, "question": "What are the words of one, two, three, four or more syllables called?", "answer": "Monosyllables, dissyllables, trisyllables, and polysyllables." }, { "subject": "ORTHOGRAPHY, ORTHOËPY AND PHONOLOGY", "number": 56, "question": "What is essential in every syllable?", "answer": "A vowel." }, { "subject": "ORTHOGRAPHY, ORTHOËPY AND PHONOLOGY", "number": 57, "question": "By what is the principal sound in every syllable produced?", "answer": "By the vowel, except in unaccented syllables with e as the vowel sound. This may be observed in the careless manner in which many pupils spell such words as table, label, center, etc. In these words the vowel is not as distinct as the consonant sounds." }, { "subject": "ORTHOGRAPHY, ORTHOËPY AND PHONOLOGY", "number": 58, "question": "To what does every consonant belong?", "answer": "Unless it is silent, every consonant in a word belongs to some vowel or diphthong." }, { "subject": "ORTHOGRAPHY, ORTHOËPY AND PHONOLOGY", "number": 59, "question": "When is a consonant antecedent or consequent to a vowel?", "answer": "When it precedes the vowel in the same syllable, it is antecedent to it; when it follows in the same syllable, it is consequent to it." }, { "subject": "ORTHOGRAPHY, ORTHOËPY AND PHONOLOGY", "number": 60, "question": "What is syllabication?", "answer": "Dividing words into syllables." }, { "subject": "ORTHOGRAPHY, ORTHOËPY AND PHONOLOGY", "number": 61, "question": "What is the guide for arranging words into sylla-bles?", "answer": "They must be arranged exactly as they are heard in correct pronunciation." }, { "subject": "ORTHOGRAPHY, ORTHOËPY AND PHONOLOGY", "number": 62, "question": "How may words be divided at the ends of the lines?", "answer": "Between the syllables." }, { "subject": "ORTHOGRAPHY, ORTHOËPY AND PHONOLOGY", "number": 63, "question": "Why are words divided into syllables?", "answer": "To assist in the pronunciation of words." }, { "subject": "ORTHOGRAPHY, ORTHOËPY AND PHONOLOGY", "number": 64, "question": "When is the hyphen used?", "answer": "Between compound words when first formed or when little used; between syllables and the ends of lines; and between syllables for the purpose of instruction." }, { "subject": "ORTHOGRAPHY, ORTHOËPY AND PHONOLOGY", "number": 65, "question": "When two vowels come together, how are they disposed of in syllabication?", "answer": "Unless it should be a diphthong, two syllables must be formed, or they may be used together with one vowel silent." }, { "subject": "ORTHOGRAPHY, ORTHOËPY AND PHONOLOGY", "number": 66, "question": "When is one letter a substitute for another?", "answer": "When it has the sound that another letter usually represents." }, { "subject": "ORTHOGRAPHY, ORTHOËPY AND PHONOLOGY", "number": 67, "question": "What properties does a substituted letter assume?", "answer": "Those of the letter which it represents." }, { "subject": "ORTHOGRAPHY, ORTHOËPY AND PHONOLOGY", "number": 68, "question": "Which letters have no substitutes? The following table contains a list of the substitutes of the elementary sounds: A long has two substitutes : ei and ey, as in weight and they. A short has no substitutes. A circumflex has one substitute : e, as in there. A broad has one substitute: o, as in for. E long has one substitute: i, as in machine. E short has two substitutes : a and u, as in says and bury. I long has one substitute : y long, as in rhyme. I short has four substitutes : y, e, u, and o, as in hymn, England, busy, and women. O long has two substitutes : eau and ew, as in beau and sew. O short has one substitute : a, as in what. U long has one substitute : ew, as in new. U short has three substitutes : e, i, and o, as in her, stir, and son. U circumflex has one substitute: o, as in wolf and wool. F has two substitutes : ph and gh, as in philosophy and rough.", "answer": "By b, d, g, h, l, m, n, p, r, th, and wh." }, { "subject": "ORTHOGRAPHY, ORTHOËPY AND PHONOLOGY", "number": 85, "question": "When is p silent?", "answer": "When it is initial and before n, s, or t; as in psalm, pneumonia, psalter." }, { "subject": "ORTHOGRAPHY, ORTHOËPY AND PHONOLOGY", "number": 86, "question": "When is t silent?", "answer": "Before ch in the same syllable; as in notch, latch. It is also silent in Christmas, eclat, mortgage, and a few others." }, { "subject": "ORTHOGRAPHY, ORTHOËPY AND PHONOLOGY", "number": 87, "question": "When is w silent?", "answer": "Before r in the same syllable; as in wrap, wreck. In whole, sword, whoop, answer and two it is silent." }, { "subject": "ORTHOGRAPHY, ORTHOËPY AND PHONOLOGY", "number": 88, "question": "When is gh silent?", "answer": "After i in the same syllable; as in fright, neigh; after au and ou; as in aught, ought, bought, slaughter, and through." }, { "subject": "ORTHOGRAPHY, ORTHOËPY AND PHONOLOGY", "number": 89, "question": "In what words is ch silent?", "answer": "In yacht, schism, and drachm." }, { "subject": "ORTHOGRAPHY, ORTHOËPY AND PHONOLOGY", "number": 90, "question": "In what words is s silent?", "answer": "In corps, isle, island, puisne, viscount, and belles-lettres." }, { "subject": "ORTHOGRAPHY, ORTHOËPY AND PHONOLOGY", "number": 91, "question": "Is m ever silent?", "answer": "In the word mnemonic or mnemonics." }, { "subject": "ORTHOGRAPHY, ORTHOËPY AND PHONOLOGY", "number": 92, "question": "In how many ways are words designated?", "answer": "In two ways: first, as simple or compound; second, as primitive or derivative." }, { "subject": "ORTHOGRAPHY, ORTHOËPY AND PHONOLOGY", "number": 93, "question": "What is a simple word? Compound?", "answer": "One that is not composed of two or more whole words; a compound word is composed of two or more sim-ple ones." }, { "subject": "ORTHOGRAPHY, ORTHOËPY AND PHONOLOGY", "number": 94, "question": "What is a primitive word?", "answer": "One that is derived from no other word." }, { "subject": "ORTHOGRAPHY, ORTHOËPY AND PHONOLOGY", "number": 95, "question": "What is a derivative word?", "answer": "One formed from a primitive by means of prefixes or suffixes." }, { "subject": "ORTHOGRAPHY, ORTHOËPY AND PHONOLOGY", "number": 96, "question": "What is a prefix? Suffix? Root?", "answer": "A letter or letters joined to the beginning of a word is called a prefix; when added to the end of a word, a suffix; and the root is the chief word without prefix or suffix." }, { "subject": "ORTHOGRAPHY, ORTHOËPY AND PHONOLOGY", "number": 97, "question": "Under what circumstances is a word primitive which is formed by the addition of prefixes or suffixes?", "answer": "Whenever the meaning of the word is radically changed by the addition of prefixes or suffixes; as in re-proof, in which the meaning of neither re or proof is retained. In forming derivatives by means of suffixes, something more is required than merely to write the parts together as one word. Thus, if we desire to affix the suffix ed to the word suffer, we have only to unite, without change, the suffix with the radical; as suffered. If we take prefer, a change must be made by doubling the final letter r; as preferred. This and other changes of like nature are made, for the most part, in strict accordance with known rules. These rules should be committed to memory by repeated illustrations in order to fully understand when and how to apply them." }, { "subject": "ORTHOGRAPHY, ORTHOËPY AND PHONOLOGY", "number": 98, "question": "Give the general rules for spelling?", "answer": "RULES FOR SPELLING. RULE I.—The final e of a radical word is rejected when the suffix commences with a vowel, except words ending in ce or ge. Moving, salable, pleasure, peaceable, courageous. RULE II.—The final e of a radical word is generally retained when the suffix commences with a consonant; as, hopeless, movement. In abridge, acknowledge, argue, awe, due, judge, lodge, true, and whole, silent e is not retained. RULE III.—Monosyllables and words accented on the last syllable, when they end with a single consonant, preceded by a single vowel, double their final consonants before a suffix that begins with a vowel; as, baggage, spotted, beginner. RULE IV.—The final consonant, when not preceded by a single vowel, or when the word is not accented on the last syllable, remains single upon the addition of a suffix; as, spoiling, suffered, toiling, visiting. RULE V.—The final y of a radical word, when preceded by a consonant, is generally changed into i upon the addition of a suffix; as happiness, trial, storied. In a few instances y is changed into e before ous and its compounds; as, beauteous, beauteously. RULE VI.—The final i of a radical word is omitted when the suffix begins with i; as, alkali, alkalize. Rule VII.—The final *y* of a radical word when preceded by a vowel, or when the suffix begins with *i*, remains unchanged; as, buyer, glorying. Rule VIII.—Words ending in *f* or *fe*, commonly change *f* into *v*, when a suffix is added beginning with a vowel; as, wives, mischievous. Rule IX.—Words ending in *le*, preceded by a consonant, drop these letters upon receiving the suffix *ly*; as, ably, idly. Rule X.—Words ending in *ble*, before the suffixes *ity* and *ities*, take *i* between the letters *b* and *l*; as, ability, abilities. Rule XI.—Words ending in *er* or *or* often drop the *e* or *o* before a suffix commencing with a vowel; as, victrix, wondrous. Rule XII.—Monosyllables ending in *f*, *l* or *s*, preceded by a single vowel, double the final consonant; as staff, spell, mill—except *if*, of, as, gas, has, was, yes, is, his, this, us, thus. Rule XIII.—Words ending in any other consonants than *f*, *l* or *s*, do not double the final letter—except add, odd, ebb, egg, inn, err, bun, purr, butt, buzz, fuzz. The following is a list of prefixes, with their signifi-cations: A signifies on, in, at, to; as, abroad, abed, avert. AB signifies from; as, absolve, to free from. AD, AC, AF, AG, AL, AN, AP, AR, AT, signify to; as, adjoin; to join to. Accredit, to give credit to. Affix, to fix to. Agglutinate, sticking to. Allure, entice to. Annex, join to. Append, hang to. Arrange, range to. Attune, tune to. ALL, AL, signify WHOLLY; as, all-just, wholly just. Already, wholly, or completely ready. All, when not separated from the radical by a hyphen, rejects one *l*. ANTI, ANT, signify against; as antipathy, a feeling against. Antarctic, opposite to the *arctic*. ANTE signifies before; as, antecedent, going before. BE signifies near; as, beside, near, or by the side of. BI signifies two; as, bifold, twofold. CIRCUM signifies around; as, circumnavigate, to sail around. CON, COM, CO, COL, COR, signify with; as, conjoin, to join with. Commix, to mix with. Coequal, equal with. Collect, to place with or together. Correlative, relating with. CONTRA, COUNTER, signify opposite; as, Contradance, a dance opposite. Counterview, a view opposite. DE signifies from; as, depart, to depart from. DEMI signifies half; as, demi-wolf, half-wolf. DIA signifies through; as, diameter, the measure through. DI, DIS, signify two; as, Ditone, an interval of two tones. Dissyllable, a word of two syllables. DIS also signifies not or un; as, dissimilar, not similar, disband, unband. E, EX, EC, EF, signify out; as, Emigrate, to move out. Export, to carry out of port. Eccentric, out of, or deviating from the center. Effluent, flowing out. EXTRA signifies beyond; as, extravagant, going beyond. EQUI signifies equal; as, equidistance, at an equal dis-tance. EN, EM, signify in; as, Enclose, to close in. Embroil, to put in a broil or tumult. EU signifies well or agreeable; as, euphony, agreeable sound. HEX signifies six; as, hexangular, six angles. HYPER signifies over; as, hypercritical, over-critical. IN, IM, IG, IL, IR, signify not or in; as, Incomplete, not complete. Imprudent, not prudent. Illegible, that can not be read. Ignoble, not noble. Irregular, not regular. INTRO signifies within; as, introspection, looking within. INTER signifies between; as, intervene, to come between. JUXTA signifies next; as, juxtaposition, placed next. MAL signifies bad; as, malpractice, bad practice. MIS signifies wrong; as, misguide, to guide wrong. MONO signifies one; as, monosyllable, one syllable. MULTI signifies many; as, multiform, having many forms. NON signifies not ; as, non essential, not essential. OCT signifies eight ; as, octangular, eight-angled. OMNI signifies all ; as, omnipotent, all powerful. OUT signifies beyond ; as, outrun, to run beyond. OVER signifies above ; as, overshoot, to shoot over. OVI signifies an egg ; as, oviform, egg-shaped. PER signifies by ; as, perchance, by chance. PERI signifies around; as, perimeter, the measure around. PAR, PARA, signify from; as, parody, an ode or song which is an alteration from another. parasol, a small canopy to shield from the sun. PEN signifies almost ; as, peninsula, almost an island. PLENI signifies full ; as, plenipotent, full of power. POLY signifies many ; as, polysyllable, many syllables. POST signifies after ; as postpone, to place after or put off. PRE signifies before ; as, prejudge, to judge beforehand. PRETER signifies beyond ; as, preternatural, beyond the natural. PRO signifies for ; as, pronoun, for a noun. PROTO signifies first ; as, protomartyr, the first martyr. QUAD signifies four ; as, quadrangle, four-angled. RE signifies again ; as, review, to view again. RECT, RECTI, signify right or straight ; as, rectangle, right angle. rectilinear, straight-lined. RETRO signifies back ; as, retrograde, to go backwards. SEMI, DEMI, HEMI, signify half, as, semicircle, half a circle. demitone, half a tone. hemisphere, half a sphere. STEREO signifies solid ; as, stereotype, solid type. SUB, SUC, SUF, SUG, SUP, SUBTER, signify under ; as, subcommittee, under committee. succeed, to follow after. suffix, to fix after. suggest, to put under notice. suppress, to press under. subterfluous, flowing under. SUPER, SUR, signify over or more ; as, superhuman, more than human. surcharge, overcharge. SUS signifies up ; as, sustain, to hold up. SE signifies apart; as, secede, to go apart. SINE signifies without; as, sine die, without a day. SYM signifies with ; as, sympathy, with feeling. TRANS signifies across ; as, transatlantic, across the At-lantic. ULTRA signifies beyond ; as, ultramontane, beyond the mountains. UN signifies not; as, unwise, not wise. WITH signifies against; as, withstand, to stand against. The following table contains the simple suffixes with their definitions, and words to illustrate them. For want of space a full analysis of the words cannot be given, but the student can supply the want by giving a complete definition of the suffixes and primitive words combined. (a) Ize, tize, ze, ise, se, ish, fy, ify, en, e, ate, iate, uate, cate, icate, ite, signify to make, to give, to put upon or into; as civilize, stigmatize, glaze, criticise, cleanse, establish, satisfy, justify, soften, breathe, maturate, ampliate, actuate, impli-cate, duplicate, unite. (b) Ing, ant, ent, ient, signify continuing to; as, watering, dormant, pendent, sufficient. (c) ed signifies did; as, preferred, did prefer. (d) Ate, ite, en, signify made, made of or like, possessed of; as, globate, erudite, silken. (e) Ant, ent, ate, ite, ast, ist, ado, ard, on, oso, ar, ary, iary, er, ee, eer, ier, or, ive, ster, ner, yer, zen, isan, an, ian, tain, signify one, who, a person; as, servant, president, collegiate, favorite, encomiast, botanist, desperado, dotard, glutton, virtuoso, beggar, adversary, incendiary, payer, payee, charioteer, cannonier, executor, executive, teamster, part-ner, lawyer, citizen, artisan, veteran, grammarian, chief-tain. (f) Ess, ix, ine, ago, signify a female; as, lioness, media-trix, heroine, virago. (g) Ity, ety, ty, cy, ce, ice, ude, tude, itude, ness, t, th, mony, signify the quality or state of being, the thing which or that which; as, publicity, variety, novelty, privacy, opu-lence, justice, quietude, plentitude, exactitude, meekness, restraint, truth, sanctimony. (h) Ion, ment, ament, iment, ure, iure, ature, iture, al, ade, signify the act of; that which; as, erection, ejectment, armam-nt, impediment, pressure, mixture, signature, expenditure, refusal, cannonade. (i) Al, eal, ial, ual, ern, urn, iac, ic, tic, atic, etic, id, an, ean, ian, ane, ine, ile, eth, th, ar, ary, iary, uary, signify per-taining, belonging, or relating to; as, central, corporeal, dictatorial, habitual, southern, taciturn, demoniac, patriotic, dyspeptic, emblematic, dietetic, stupid, Roman, marmorean, Newtonian, mundane, crystalline, infantile, fortieth, tenth, columnar, missionary, stipendiary, sumptuary. (j) Ose, ous, eous, ious, uous, ceous, aceous, aneous, oneous, itious, ful, ey, y, signify full of; abounding in; having the nature or quality of; as, verbose, mountainous, righteous, robustious, tempestuous, cetaceous, lardaceous, instantaneous, erroneous, cementitious, hopeful, clayey, juicy. (k) Kin, ling, ule, cule, cle, icle, ock, et, let, aster, signify little, small, minute, slight, petty; as lambkin, kingling, globule, animalcule, tubercle, particle, hillock, feveret, ringlet, poetaster. (l) Ics signifies the doctrine, art or science of; as, optics. (m) Ism signifies that which is peculiar to; a doctrine; a state, or condition; as, savagism, Calvinism. (n) Er signifies more; as, wiser, more wise: (o) Est signifies most; as, wisest, most wise. (p) Dom, ric, ate, hood, ship, age, cy, ry, signify the state, rank, office of; the territory of jurisdiction of; as, Popedom, bishopric, electorate, childhood, township, peerage, captaincy, chieftainry. (q) Y, ry, ary, ery, ory, signify the art, practice, or business of; the place where; as, gluttony, bigotry, statuary, cookery, armory." }, { "subject": "ORTHOGRAPHY, ORTHOËPY AND PHONOLOGY", "number": 99, "question": "After ascertaining the syllabication of a word what is next to be observed?", "answer": "To locate the accent." }, { "subject": "ORTHOGRAPHY, ORTHOËPY AND PHONOLOGY", "number": 100, "question": "When two accents occur in the same word which usually precedes the other?", "answer": "The secondary nearly always precedes the primary." }, { "subject": "ORTHOGRAPHY, ORTHOËPY AND PHONOLOGY", "number": 101, "question": "Do words ever have more than two accents?", "answer": "Some very long words have two secondary accents." }, { "subject": "ORTHOGRAPHY, ORTHOËPY AND PHONOLOGY", "number": 102, "question": "What is the rule for accent of a word of two syllables?", "answer": "Words of two syllables, excepting amen, never have more than one accent." }, { "subject": "ORTHOGRAPHY, ORTHOËPY AND PHONOLOGY", "number": 103, "question": "What applies to compound words?", "answer": "In compound words each part retains its own accent, the same as two distinct words." }, { "subject": "ORTHOGRAPHY, ORTHOËPY AND PHONOLOGY", "number": 104, "question": "What is the rule where words change their parts of speech from verbs to nouns or adjectives?", "answer": "When used as verbs the accent is usually on the last syllable, while when used as nouns or adjectives the accent is on the first syllable." }, { "subject": "ORTHOGRAPHY, ORTHOËPY AND PHONOLOGY", "number": 105, "question": "Where is the accent when words end in sion or tion?", "answer": "The accent is on the syllable next to the last." }, { "subject": "ORTHOGRAPHY, ORTHOËPY AND PHONOLOGY", "number": 106, "question": "Words ending in ical or acal, place the accent on what syllable?", "answer": "They generally have the accent on the syllable next preceding it." }, { "subject": "ORTHOGRAPHY, ORTHOËPY AND PHONOLOGY", "number": 107, "question": "What is a final letter?", "answer": "It is the last letter of a word." }, { "subject": "ORTHOGRAPHY, ORTHOËPY AND PHONOLOGY", "number": 108, "question": "What is the power of a letter?", "answer": "The elementary sound which it represents." }, { "subject": "ORTHOGRAPHY, ORTHOËPY AND PHONOLOGY", "number": 109, "question": "What does the difference of accent sometimes serve to do?", "answer": "It changes the meaning of the word; as, Au'gust, the eighth month; august', grand, majestic." }, { "subject": "ORTHOGRAPHY, ORTHOËPY AND PHONOLOGY", "number": 110, "question": "Name and define the kinds of spelling.", "answer": "There are three kinds of spelling, viz., Phonic, oral, and written." }, { "subject": "ORTHOGRAPHY, ORTHOËPY AND PHONOLOGY", "number": 111, "question": "What is phonetic spelling?", "answer": "It is spelling by sound." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 1, "question": "What is Mathematics ?", "answer": "The science of quantity." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 2, "question": "What is quantity ?", "answer": "Anything that can be increased, diminished or measured." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 3, "question": "Define arithmetic as a Science and as an Art.", "answer": "As a science, it logically investigates and philosophically classifies and arranges the principles and rules of the subject; as an art, it applies these principles to the practical affairs of life." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 4, "question": "Upon what is arithmetic founded, and how are its operations carried on ?", "answer": "It is founded on notation, and its operations are carried on by means of addition, subtraction, multiplication and division." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 5, "question": "What is arithmetical language ? How many kinds ?", "answer": "The method of expressing numbers. It is of two kinds, Oral and Written. The former is called numeration and the latter notation." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 6, "question": "What is a unit ?", "answer": "One, or a single thing." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 7, "question": "What is a number? A power of a number? Root?", "answer": "A unit or a collection of units. The power of a number is the product produced by repeating a number any number of times as a factor. A root is a factor repeated to produce power." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 8, "question": "What is an integer ?", "answer": "A whole number." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 9, "question": "What is an abstract number ? Concrete number?", "answer": "An abstract number is one used without reference to any particular thing. A concrete number is one that has reference to a particular thing." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 10, "question": "What is a sign? What is the sign of aggregation?", "answer": "A character indicating an operation to be performed. The sign of aggregation is a parenthesis, or bar, which shows that the numbers enclosed by it are to be considered together subject to the same operation." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 11, "question": "What is a rule? Problem? Axiom?", "answer": "A rule is a prescribed method of performing an operation. A problem is something to be done. An axiom is any truth that is self-evident." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 12, "question": "What is analysis in arithmetic ?", "answer": "The process of investigating principles, and solving problems, independently of set rules." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 13, "question": "What is notation ? Numeration ?", "answer": "Notation is a method of writing or expressing numbers by characters. Numeration is a method of reading numbers expressed by characters." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 14, "question": "How many systems of notation in general use ?", "answer": "Two: The Roman and Arabic." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 15, "question": "Upon what is the Roman notation founded ?", "answer": "Upon five principles: first, repeating a letter repeats its value; second, if a letter of any value is placed after one of greater value, it is added to the greater; third, if a letter of any value is placed before a greater, it is to be taken from the greater; fourth, if a letter of any value is placed between letters of higher value, it is to be taken from their united values; fifth, if a bar or dash is placed over a letter, it increases its value a thousandfold." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 16, "question": "In how many ways may numbers be written ?", "answer": "By words, letters, and figures." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 17, "question": "In the Arabic system of notation numbers are expressed according to what principle ?", "answer": "By the position of the nine characters." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 18, "question": "Why is the Arabic system of notation also called the Decimal system?", "answer": "Because of its increase and decrease in a tenfold ratio. Decem is a Latin word, meaning ten." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 19, "question": "What is the difference between the simple and local value of a figure ?", "answer": "The simple value of a figure is its value when taken alone, while the local value depends upon the place it occupies with other figures." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 20, "question": "What are the fundamental principles of arithmetic ?", "answer": "Notation and numeration, addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 21, "question": "What is the effect of placing a bar over a letter?", "answer": "It increases its value a thousandfold." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 22, "question": "What is the fundamental synthetic process of arithmetic ?", "answer": "Addition, for by it we pass from unity to plurality; from the one to the many. This process, which gives rise to numbers, becomes the primary operation of arithmetic." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 23, "question": "Give the principles of addition. 24. How many and what are the cases in addition ?", "answer": "Only similar numbers can be added. The sum is a number similar to the numbers added. The sum is the same in whatever order the numbers are added." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 25, "question": "Why do we write the numbers as suggested by the arithmetics, and why do we begin at the right hand to add ?", "answer": "Merely for convenience." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 26, "question": "What is the fundamental analytical process of arithmetic ?", "answer": "Subtraction." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 27, "question": "Give the principles of subtraction.", "answer": "Similar numbers, only, can be subtracted. The difference is a number similar to the numbers subtracted. If the two numbers are equally increased or diminished the remainder will be the same. If the first number is equal to the sum of the second and the remainder, then the second must equal the difference between the first and the remainder." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 28, "question": "Name and define the cases in subtraction.", "answer": "Like the cases of addition, one is expressed in the Arabic system, the other by some mental calculation. or square, is the number multiplied by itself. The third power, or cube, of a number, is the product arising from using the number three times as a factor." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 42, "question": "What is the reciprocal of a number ?", "answer": "It is 1 divided by that number." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 43, "question": "How find the true remainder by dividing by factors ?", "answer": "Multiply each partial remainder, except the first, by all the preceding divisors, and add these products to the first remainder. It will be noticed that after the first division, the remainder cannot be of the same denomination as the first number divided; and as each succeeding division increases the value of the remainders, therefore each remainder must be multiplied by all the preceding divisors to reduce it to its former denomination." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 44, "question": "What is a prime number ? When are numbers prime to each other ?", "answer": "One that cannot be resolved into factors. Numbers are prime to each other when they have no common divisor." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 45, "question": "What is common divisor ? The greatest common divisor ?", "answer": "One that will divide two or more numbers without a remainder. The greatest common divisor is the greatest number that will divide two or more numbers without a remainder." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 46, "question": "What is a multiple ? Common multiple ? Least common multiple ?", "answer": "A multiple is a number that is exactly divisible by a given number. A common multiple is one that is exactly divisible by two or more numbers. The least common multiple is the least number that is exactly divisible by two or more given numbers." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 47, "question": "What are fractions ?", "answer": "Parts of a unit." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 48, "question": "What is the value of a fraction ?", "answer": "The quotient of the numerator divided by the denominator." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 49, "question": "What does the numerator show ? The denominator ?", "answer": "The denominator shows into how many parts a number is divided; the numerator shows how many parts are taken." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 50, "question": "What is a proper fraction ? Improper ? Mixed ? Complex ?", "answer": "A proper fraction is one whose numerator is smaller than its denominator. An improper fraction is one whose numerator is equal to or greater than its denominator. A mixed number is one expressed by an integer and fraction written together. A complex fraction is one that has a fraction in its numerator, or denominator, or both." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 51, "question": "Is a fraction a number ?", "answer": "The usual expressions are that they are not numbers, but by an analysis of this question we find that a fraction is a number of equal parts of unity, and consequently must represent a subdivision of numbers; thus, five feet is a number, and the fraction five-twelfths of a foot represents equal numbers of a lower order, as five inches." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 52, "question": "Is a fraction a denominate number ?", "answer": "A fraction is not a denominate number." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 53, "question": "Why invert the divisor in division of fractions ?", "answer": "For convenience; if not inverted they must be reduced to a common denominator, and one numerator divided by the other." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 54, "question": "How find the greatest common divisor of fractions ?", "answer": "Find the greatest common divisor of the given numerators, and the least common multiple of the denominators." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 55, "question": "How find the least common multiple of fractions ?", "answer": "Find the least common multiple of the numerators, and the greatest common divisor of the denominators." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 56, "question": "What are decimal fractions ?", "answer": "Fractions whose denominators are increased or decreased in tenfold ratio." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 57, "question": "What is the first thing to be considered in the treatment of decimals ?", "answer": "The method of reading and writing them, or their numeration and notation." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 58, "question": "What will the denominator of a decimal always be?", "answer": "The unit 1 with as many ciphers annexed as are equal to the number of figures in the decimal or numerator." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 59, "question": "Upon what does the value of a decimal depend ?", "answer": "Its place from the decimal point." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 60, "question": "How do decimals increase and decrease ?", "answer": "They increase from right to left, and decrease from left to right, in a tenfold ratio." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 61, "question": "What is a pure decimal ?", "answer": "A pure decimal consists of a decimal only thus, .35, which is read 35 hundredths." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 62, "question": "What is a mixed decimal?", "answer": "One with an integer and a decimal; thus, 15.7." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 63, "question": "What is a complex decimal ?", "answer": "One with a fraction annexed; thus, .005¼." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 64, "question": "From what are the names of decimal orders derived ?", "answer": "From the names of the orders of integers." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 65, "question": "How find the product of two decimals by a contracted multiplication?", "answer": "Write the multiplier with the order of its figures reversed, and with units' place under that figure of the multiplicand which is the lowest decimal to be retained in the product. Find the product of each figure of the multiplier by the one above in the multiplicand and those to the left, increasing this multiplication by as many units as would have been carried had the rejected part of the multiplicand been used. Write these partial products with the lowest figure in the same column and add together, pointing off the required number of decimal figures." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 66, "question": "How find the quotient of one decimal divided by another by a contracted division ?", "answer": "Compare the left hand figure of the divisor with the units of like order in the dividend, and determine how many figures will be required in the quotient. For the first contracted divisor, take as many figures from the left of the divisor as there are places required in the quotient, and in each following division reject one place from the right of the last preceding divisor, using the remainder for a new dividend." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 67, "question": "What are circulating decimals ?", "answer": "A decimal in which a figure or set of figures are continually repeating." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 68, "question": "What is a repetend ?", "answer": "The figure or set of figures continually repeated." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 69, "question": "What are continued fractions ?", "answer": "A fraction whose numerator is 1, and whose denominator is a whole number, plus a fraction whose numerator is also 1, and whose denominator is a similar fraction, etc." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 70, "question": "What is the difference between decimal fractions and common fractions ?", "answer": "The first has a denominator understood, showing that a unit is divided into ten equal parts, or subdivided in a tenfold ratio ; the second has a denominator showing that a unit is divided into any number of equal parts." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 71, "question": "What is currency?", "answer": "The medium of circulation." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 72, "question": "From what was the sign $ derived ?", "answer": "From the initial letters of the United States, U. S. joined together as a monogram." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 73, "question": "What is an aliquot part of a number ?", "answer": "Such a part as will exactly divide that number." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 74, "question": "What is a bill?", "answer": "A written statement of articles bought or sold, together with price of each and the whole cost." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 75, "question": "What is a compound number ?", "answer": "A concrete number, whose value is expressed in two or more different denominations." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 76, "question": "What is a denominate number?", "answer": "It is a concrete number in which the unit of meas-ure is established by law or custom." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 77, "question": "What is a simple denominate number?", "answer": "It is a denominate number composed of units of the same denomination; as 3 feet." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 78, "question": "What is a compound denominate number ?", "answer": "When it is composed of two or more denominations which are related to each other; as 3 feet 4 inches." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 79, "question": "What is a standard unit ?", "answer": "A unit of measure from which the other units of the same kind may be derived." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 80, "question": "Name the quantities of magnitude which give rise to denominate numbers ?", "answer": "They are value, weight, length, surface, volume, capacity, angles, time." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 81, "question": "What is the standard unit of value?", "answer": "Money is the standard unit of value, and is of two kinds, coin and paper money. In the United States the standard unit is the dollar. In English money it is the pound." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 82, "question": "What is the standard unit of weight ?", "answer": "It is the Troy pound." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 83, "question": "What is the standard unit of length ?", "answer": "The standard unit of length is the yard." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 84, "question": "What is the standard unit of surface ?", "answer": "It is the square yard for ordinary measurement, and the acre for land." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 85, "question": "What is the standard unit of volume ?", "answer": "It is the cubic yard for ordinary measurement, and the cord for wood." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 86, "question": "What is the standard unit of capacity ?", "answer": "The gallon for fluids, and the bushel for dry measure." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 87, "question": "What is the standard unit of angles ?", "answer": "It is the right angle, or, in practice, one degree of a circle." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 88, "question": "What is the standard unit of time?", "answer": "The standard unit of time is the day. This is determined by the revolution of the earth." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 89, "question": "What is a measure ? How divided ?", "answer": "That by which extent, dimension, capacity, or amount is ascertained. Measures are of eight kinds: Length, surface or area, solidity, weight, time, angles, capacity and money." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 90, "question": "How many dimensions have extension? A line? A surface ? A solid ?", "answer": "Extension has three: Length, breadth, and thick-ness." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 91, "question": "Explain how distance is measured by time?", "answer": "Every circle is supposed to be divided into 360 equal parts called degrees. As the earth makes its revolution once in 24 hours, the 24 hours must equal 360°, or one hour 15° of distance. Then by subdividing we find 1° would equal 4 minutes, and 1-60 of a degree would equal 4 seconds." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 92, "question": "How do you find the difference in time, corresponding to any difference in longitude?", "answer": "Divide the difference in longitude, expressed in degrees, minutes and seconds, by 15, and the respective quotients will be hours, minutes, and seconds." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 93, "question": "How do you find the difference in longitude, corresponding to any difference in time ?", "answer": "Multiply the difference in time, expressed in hours, minutes and seconds, by 15, and its respective products will be degrees, minutes and seconds of longitude." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 94, "question": "How do you find the time at one place, when the time at another place and their difference of time are known ?", "answer": "When the second place is east of the first, add their difference of time; when it is west of the first, subtract their difference of time." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 95, "question": "How do navigators determine their longitude at sea ?", "answer": "Taking with them a chronometer (an accurate watch) set to mark the time at a given place (as Greenwich or Washington), they ascertain by observation of the sun with the sextant the time at the place they are in, reduce the difference of time to the difference of longitude, and thus they find they are so many degrees east or west of the meridian of the place for which their chronometer is set." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 96, "question": "What is a scale?", "answer": "A series of numbers, descending or ascending, used in operations upon compound numbers." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 97, "question": "What is weight ?", "answer": "A measure of the quantity of matter a body contains, according to some fixed standard." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 98, "question": "Describe the Gunter's chain ?", "answer": "It consists of 100 links, each link containing 7.92 inches, or the whole length 66 feet, or 4 rods." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 99, "question": "What is the difference between a pound Troy and a pound Avoirdupois?", "answer": "Troy has 5,760 grains; avoirdupois has 7,000." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 100, "question": "What is linear measure ?", "answer": "That which is used in measuring lines or distances." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 101, "question": "What is a square ? A cube?", "answer": "A square is a figure having four equal sides and four equal angles; a cube is a figure having six equal sides." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 102, "question": "How many inches in a wine gallon ? In a beer gallon ? In a bushel?", "answer": "In a wine gallon, 231 cubic inches; beer, 282; in a bushel, 2,150.4 cubic inches." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 103, "question": "What are duodecimals ?", "answer": "The division and subdivision of a unit, resulting by continually dividing by 12." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 104, "question": "What is percentage? What is its base ?", "answer": "Such part of a number as is represented by the per cent. Its base is the number on which the percentage is reckoned." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 105, "question": "What do the words per cent. mean ?", "answer": "By the hundred." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 106, "question": "Name and define the elements involved in percentage.", "answer": "The elements are: Base, the number of which the per cent. is taken. Rate, the number of hundredths taken. Percentage, the amount taken. Amount, the sum of the base and percentage. Difference, the base less the percentage." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 107, "question": "What is the difference between rate and rate per-cent.", "answer": "The rate is the number of hundredths, and the rate per cent. is the fraction which denotes how many hundredths are taken. Thus, in 3 % , or 3/100, 3 is the rate and 3/100 the rate per cent." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 108, "question": "Give the applications of percentage.", "answer": "The rules of percentage are applied to the computing of interest, discount, commission, taxes, insurance, duties, and especially profit and loss." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 109, "question": "What is commission ? Brokerage ?", "answer": "The percentage allowed an agent, factor or commission merchant, is commission. Brokerage is the fee paid to a dealer in money, stocks, etc., for the transaction of business." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 110, "question": "What is a commission merchant?", "answer": "An agent who buys and sells goods for another." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 111, "question": "What is a consignee ? Consignor?", "answer": "A person who receives goods to sell for another. A consignor is a person who sends goods to another to be sold." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 112, "question": "What is a company ? Corporation ?", "answer": "Individuals united for the purpose of performing some business or undertaking. A corporation is a company formed and authorized by law to act as one person." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 113, "question": "What is a share? Stock? Stockholder?", "answer": "One of the equal parts into which capital stock is divided. Stock is the amount of capital invested. Stockholders are the owners of stock." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 114, "question": "What is the difference between a charter and a firm?", "answer": "A charter defines the powers of an incorporated body, while firm is the name under which an unincorporated body transacts business." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 115, "question": "When is stock at par ? When below par ?", "answer": "Stock is at par when it sells for its first cost; below par, when it sells for less than first cost." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 116, "question": "What is profit and loss ?", "answer": "A commercial term, used to express the gain or loss in business transactions." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 117, "question": "How find the gain or loss per cent. when the cost and selling price are given ?", "answer": "Divide the gain or loss by the purchase price." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 118, "question": "How find the selling price when the cost and gain or loss per cent. are given ?", "answer": "Multiply the purchase price by $1, increased or diminished, as the case may be, by the gain or loss per cent." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 119, "question": "How find the cost when the selling price and the gain or loss per cent. are given ?", "answer": "Divide the selling price by $1, increased or diminished, as the case may be, by the gain or loss per cent." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 120, "question": "What is an installment? Assessment? Dividend?", "answer": "A portion of the capital stock required of the stockholders as a payment on their subscription. An assessment is a sum required of the stockholders to meet the losses or the business expenses of the company. A dividend is a sum paid to the stockholders from the profits of the business." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 121, "question": "What is insurance ? A policy? A premium?", "answer": "Security on property guaranteed by one party to another, for a stipulated sum, against the loss of that propproperty by any casualty. A policy is a written contract between the parties. Premium is the sum paid for insurance." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 122, "question": "Define underwriter.", "answer": "The underwriter is the insurer—the person who takes the risk." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 123, "question": "Name and define the kinds of insurance.", "answer": "There are six different kinds of insurance: Fire insurance, Marine insurance, Cyclone insurance, Accident insurance, Health insurance, Life insurance." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 124, "question": "What is a tax? Poll tax? Assessor?", "answer": "A tax is a sum of money assessed on the person or property of an individual for public purposes. Poll tax is a sum required of each male citizen liable to taxation, without regard to his property. An assessor is the person appointed to prepare the assessment roll, and apportion the taxes." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 125, "question": "What is an inventory ?", "answer": "A written list of articles of property with their value." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 126, "question": "What is general average ? Jettison ?", "answer": "A method of ascertaining the loss to be sustained by the proprietors of ships, freight, and cargo, where a portion of the property has been sacrificed or damaged for the common safety. Jetsam is the portion of goods thrown overboard." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 127, "question": "What are duties or customs ? What is a custom-house ?", "answer": "Duties are taxes levied on imported goods. A custom-house is an office established by government for the transaction of business relating to duties." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 128, "question": "What is smuggling ?", "answer": "Carrying on foreign commerce secretly, without paying the duties imposed by law." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 129, "question": "How many kinds of duties ? Define them ?", "answer": "There are two kinds: Ad valorem and Specific. Ad valorem duty is the sum computed on the cost of the goods in the country from which they were imported. Specific duty is a sum computed on the weight or measure of goods, without regard to their cost." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 130, "question": "What is interest ? Usury?", "answer": "A sum paid for the use of money. Usury is illegal interest." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 131, "question": "What is tariff ?", "answer": "A list of the rates of duties to be collected." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 132, "question": "What is the difference between simple and compound interest ?", "answer": "Simple interest is the interest on the principal only. Compound interest is the interest on the principal and the previous interest added." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 133, "question": "The time, rate per cent. and interest being given, how find the principal?", "answer": "Divide the given interest by the interest on $1 for the given time at the given rate." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 134, "question": "The time, rate per cent. and amount being given, how find the principal ?", "answer": "Divide the given amount by the amount of $1 for the given time at the given rate." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 135, "question": "The principal, time and interest being given, how find the rate per cent. ?", "answer": "Divide the given interest by the interest on the principal at 1 per cent. for the time." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 136, "question": "The principal, interest, and rate per cent. being given, how find the time ?", "answer": "Divide the given interest by the interest on the principal for one year at the rate per cent." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 137, "question": "What is a partial payment ? Indorsement?", "answer": "Part payment of a note, bond, or other obligation. An endorsement is an acknowledgment written on the back of a note, or any obligation, stating the time and amount of a partial payment." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 138, "question": "What is discount ? Present worth of a debt? How find it?", "answer": "Discount is an allowance made for the payment of a debt before it is due. The present worth of a debt is such a sum which, being put at legal interest, would amount to the debt when due. It is found by dividing the given debt by the amount of $1 for the given time and rate." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 139, "question": "What is a bank? Bank discount ? Days of grace?", "answer": "A bank is a corporation chartered by law for the purpose of receiving and loaning money, and furnishing a paper circulation. Bank discount is an allowance made to a bank for the payment of a debt before it is due. Days of grace are three days allowed a bank to pay its notes after they become due." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 140, "question": "What is a promissory note ? Bank note ? Negotiable note ?", "answer": "A promissory note is a written agreement to pay a certain sum either on demand or at a specified time. Bank notes are paper circulation issued by banks as money. A negotiable note is one which may be bought and sold, or negotiated, and is made payable to the bearer or to the order of the payee." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 141, "question": "Name and define the kinds of notes.", "answer": "They are classified as time notes, negotiable notes, joint notes, bank notes, drafts, stock, and bonds." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 142, "question": "What is a notary-public ? A protest?", "answer": "An officer authorized by law to attest documents or writings of any kind to make them lawful. A protest is a formal declaration in writing, made by a notary-public, at the request of the holder of a note, notifying the makers and the endorsers of its non-payment." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 143, "question": "What is a draft ? A check?", "answer": "A draft is a note of exchange, issued by a bank payable on some other bank. A check is also a note of exchange, but issued by a person or company and made payable at some bank where the person has deposits or credit." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 144, "question": "What is a bond ? What is a coupon ?", "answer": "Bonds are interest-bearing notes issued by nations, states, cities, railroad companies, and other corporations as a means of borrowing money. The coupons are the due-bills for the interest, which, as they become due, are cut off and presented for payment." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 145, "question": "What do the terms five-twenties and ten-forties mean ?", "answer": "They are applied to government bonds and indicate the time when due. The five-twenties are due twenty years after issue, although the government can pay them any time after five if they choose to do so. The same is applied to the ten-forties." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 146, "question": "What is exchange ? How many kinds ?", "answer": "A method of remitting money from one person to another, or making payments by written orders. There are two kinds, domestic and foreign." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 147, "question": "What is domestic exchange ? Foreign exchange?", "answer": "Domestic or inland exchange is the exchange between different places in the same country. Foreign exchange is the remittance made between different countries." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 148, "question": "What is a bill of exchange ?", "answer": "It is a written request or order upon one person to pay a certain sum to another person, or to his order, at a specified time. A draft or check is one kind of bill of exchange." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 149, "question": "How many parties to a transaction in exchange ?", "answer": "There are always three parties, and usually four, to a transaction in exchange." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 150, "question": "What is a set of exchange ? Course of exchange ?", "answer": "It consists of three copies of the same, made in foreign exchanges, and sent by different conveyances to provide against a loss; when one has been paid the others are void. A course of exchange is the current price paid in one place for bills of exchange on another place." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 151, "question": "What is equation of payments ?", "answer": "The process of finding the mean time of the payment of several sums, due at different times, without interest." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 152, "question": "What is equated time?", "answer": "The date at which several debts may be paid at one time." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 153, "question": "What is the focal date?", "answer": "The date by which all others are compared in averaging an account." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 154, "question": "What is partnership ? Partners ?", "answer": "A relation established by two or more persons in trade. Partners are the individuals thus associated." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 155, "question": "What is the difference between simple and compound partnership ?", "answer": "A simple partnership is one in which each of the partners has his capital invested for the same length of time. A compound partnership is that in which the capital of the partners is employed for different periods of time." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 156, "question": "What is an endorsement ?", "answer": "The endorsement of a bill is the writing upon its back, by which the payee relinquishes his title, and transfers the payment to another." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 157, "question": "What is an acceptance ?", "answer": "The acceptance of a bill is the promise which the drawee makes to pay it at maturity." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 158, "question": "How is this obligation acknowledged?", "answer": "By writing the word \"accepted,\" with his signature, across the face of the bill." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 159, "question": "What is a bankrupt ?", "answer": "A bankrupt is a person who fails in business and has not property enough to pay his bills." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 160, "question": "What is the difference between a bankrupt and an insolvent ?", "answer": "Bankrupt is strictly applicable only to a trader, while the term, insolvent, applies to any person who is unable to pay his debts." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 161, "question": "Define bankruptcy.", "answer": "It is the condition of the business of a bankrupt." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 162, "question": "What is analysis? 163. What is ratio ? Define each kind.", "answer": "It is the process of arriving at a required result by following a course of reasoning, and not by formal rules." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 164, "question": "What are the terms of a ratio ?", "answer": "The two numbers compared." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 165, "question": "What is the antecedent ? Consequent ?", "answer": "The antecedent is the first term of a ratio; a consequent is the second term." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 166, "question": "What is direct ratio ? Inverse or reciprocal ?", "answer": "Direct ratio is dividing the consequent by the antecedent. Inverse ratio is dividing the antecedent by the consequent." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 167, "question": "In how many ways may the ratio of two numbers be expressed ?", "answer": "In two ways: By placing a colon between the terms, and by the form of a fraction, taking the antecedent for the numerator and the consequent for the denominator." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 168, "question": "What is the difference between a simple ratio and a compound ratio ?", "answer": "A simple ratio is the ratio of two numbers. A compound ratio is the product of two or more simple ratios." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 169, "question": "What is proportion ?", "answer": "An equality of the ratio." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 170, "question": "Which are the extremes ? The means ?", "answer": "The extremes are the first and fourth terms. The means are the other two." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 171, "question": "What is a continued proportion ?", "answer": "A proportion with more than two equal ratios; as, 3:5::6:10::9:15." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 172, "question": "How many antecedents in a proportion ? How many consequents ?", "answer": "As each ratio has an antecedent and consequent; then every proportion must have two antecedents and two consequents; the first and third terms being the antecedents, and the second and fourth the consequents." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 173, "question": "How are ratio and proportion distinguished ?", "answer": "Ratio is the relation between two numbers, while proportion is the relation between two ratios." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 174, "question": "What is a simple proportion ?", "answer": "An equality between two simple ratios." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 175, "question": "What is a direct proportion ?", "answer": "One in which each term increases or diminishes, as the one on which it depends increases or diminishes." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 176, "question": "What is an inverse proportion ?", "answer": "One in which each term increases as the term upon which it depends diminishes, or diminishes as it increases." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 177, "question": "What is a compound proportion ?", "answer": "A proportion in which either ratio is compound." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 178, "question": "Of what does allegation treat ?", "answer": "Of mixing or compounding two or more ingredients of different values." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 179, "question": "How many kinds of allegation ? Define each.", "answer": "Two: Medial and Alternate. Medial is the process of finding the average price or quality of several ingredients whose prices or qualities are known. Alternate is the process of finding the proportional quantity to be taken of several ingredients whose prices are known." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 180, "question": "Give the analysis of allegation.", "answer": "Allegation is but a short way of performing an analysis. To show the process we will unite 3, 4, 7, 10, to form a value worth 6. It will be noticed that the difference between 10 and 6 is a loss of 4, and to make a loss of 1 will require 1/4, also there will be a gain of 1/3 in the opposite connection. The proportion, then, if the two terms 3 and 10, expressed in fractions, is 1/4 and 1/3, which, reduced to a common denominator, is 3/12 and 4/12, or expressed in whole numbers, 4 and 3, which, in allegation, is understood as an exchange of difference without the use of fractions and their reduction to whole numbers." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 181, "question": "What is an annuity ?", "answer": "A sum of money payable at certain periods of time." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 182, "question": "Name and define the kinds of annuity.", "answer": "There are five kinds : A Certain Annuity, which continues for a fixed period of time. A Perpetual Annuity, continuing forever. A Contingent Annuity, depending upon certain occurrences, as on the death of a person. An Annuity in Reversion, one that begins at a specified future time or event. An Annuity in Arrears, is one the payments of which have been allowed to accumulate instead of being paid." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 183, "question": "What is involution ?", "answer": "Involution is the process of raising a number to a given power." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 184, "question": "What is a surd ?", "answer": "The indicated root of an imperfect power." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 185, "question": "What is the power of a number ?", "answer": "A power of a number is the result obtained by using it a certain number of times as a factor." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 186, "question": "What is a perfect power ? An imperfect power ?", "answer": "A perfect power is a number whose root can be found. An imperfect power is one whose root cannot be found exactly." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 187, "question": "What is the exponent of a power ?", "answer": "The exponent of a power is a number placed at the right of the root and just above it, to show the number of times the root is to be used, as 3^4 = 3x3x3x3." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 188, "question": "Define evolution.", "answer": "Evolution is the process of extracting the root of any number considered a power. It is the opposite of involution." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 189, "question": "What is the root of a number ?", "answer": "The root of a number is one of the equal factors of that number." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 190, "question": "How are the roots of numbers indicated ?", "answer": "By the sign called Radical Sign, √^2. The figure on the sign indicates the root." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 191, "question": "What is the square root of a number ?", "answer": "One of two equal factors that produce that number. 192. One of three equal factors that produce that number." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 193, "question": "What is arithmetical progression ?", "answer": "A series of numbers increased or diminished by a common difference." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 194, "question": "What is geometrical progression ?", "answer": "A series of numbers increased or diminished by a constant multiplier." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 195, "question": "What five things are to be considered in arithmetical progression ?", "answer": "The first term, the last term, the number of terms, the common difference and the sum of the series. Three of these being given, the other two can be found." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 196, "question": "What things are to be considered in geometrical progression ?", "answer": "They are the first term, the last term, the number of terms, the constant multiplier, and the sum of the series. Three of these being given, the other two can be found." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 197, "question": "What is a duodecimal ?", "answer": "A denominate number in which twelve units of any denomination make a unit of the next higher denomination." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 198, "question": "What is mensuration ?", "answer": "The art of measuring magnitudes." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 199, "question": "What is magnitude ?", "answer": "Any substance which has length, breadth and thickness, or all of them." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 200, "question": "What is the measuring unit of surfaces ?", "answer": "It is customary to use a square as the measuring unit, as a square inch, foot, rod, etc." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 201, "question": "How do you find the area of a parallelogram and a square ?", "answer": "By multiplying the length by the breadth." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 202, "question": "How the area of a rhombus? Trapezium? Tri-angle ?", "answer": "By multiplying the length by the altitude. By multiplying half the sums of the parallel sides by the altitude. By multiplying the base by half the altitude." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 203, "question": "How do you find the area of a triangle when the three sides are given ?", "answer": "From half the sum of the three sides subtract each side respectively ; then multiply together half the sum and the three remainders, and extract the square root of the product." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 204, "question": "How find the circumference of a circle when the diameter is given ? How find the diameter ?", "answer": "To find the circumference multiply the diameter by 3.14159 ; to find the diameter, divide the circumference by the same number." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 205, "question": "How find the area of a circle ?", "answer": "By multiplying half the circumference by half the diameter ; or, by multiplying the circumference by a fourth of the diameter." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 206, "question": "How find the side of the greatest square that can be inscribed in a circle of a given diameter ?", "answer": "Divide the square of the given diameter by 2, and extract the square root of the quotient." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 207, "question": "How find a mean proportional between two num-bers?", "answer": "By multiplying the given numbers together, and extracting the square root of the product." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 208, "question": "How find the solidity of bodies whose sides are perpendicular to each other ?", "answer": "By multiplying the length, breadth and thickness." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 209, "question": "How find the solidity of a prism ?", "answer": "By multiplying the area of the base by the height." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 210, "question": "How find the lateral surface of a right prism ?", "answer": "By multiplying the length by the perimeter of the base." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 211, "question": "How find the solidity of a pyramid or cone ?", "answer": "By multiplying the area of the base by ¼ of the altitude." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 212, "question": "How do you find the lateral or convex surface of a regular pyramid or cone ?", "answer": "By multiplying the perimeter of the base by ½ the slant height." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 213, "question": "How find the solidity of a cylinder ?", "answer": "By multiplying the area of the base by the height or length." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 214, "question": "How find the convex surface of a cylinder ?", "answer": "By multiplying the circumference of the base by the height." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 215, "question": "How find the surface of a sphere or globe ?", "answer": "By multiplying the circumference by the diameter." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 216, "question": "How find the solidity of a sphere or globe ?", "answer": "By multiplying the surface by ⅓ of the diameter." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 217, "question": "How find the side of a square equal in area to any given surface ?", "answer": "By extracting the square root of the given surface." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 218, "question": "How do we measure lumber ?", "answer": "By multiplying the length, breadth and thickness. Boards are considered one inch in thickness, and are so reckoned, even if they are less." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 219, "question": "How find the solid contents of a stick of round timber ?", "answer": "By multiplying the length by ¼ the mean girt or circumference." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 220, "question": "What is gauging ?", "answer": "The process of finding the contents or capacity of casks, barrels, etc." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 221, "question": "How find the contents of casks ?", "answer": "Multiply the square of the mean diameter into the length; then this product by .0034 to obtain the wine gallons. By using the decimal .0028 will give the beer gallons." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 222, "question": "Define the metric system of measurement ?", "answer": "The Metric System is a decimal system of weights and measures, having the meter for the base or unit." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 223, "question": "What is the measure of the meter in inches ?", "answer": "It measures 39.3708 inches." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC", "number": 224, "question": "From what was the meter obtained ?", "answer": "It is one ten-millionth part of a quadrant of the earth's meridian." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC — TEST EXAMPLES", "number": 1, "question": "One gentleman meeting another, and inquiring the time past 12 o'clock, received for an answer, ⅓ of the time from now to midnight ; what o'clock in the afternoon was it?", "answer": "5 h. 40 m." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC — TEST EXAMPLES", "number": 2, "question": "Where shall a pole 60 feet high be broken, that the top may rest on the ground 20 feet from the stump?", "answer": "26⅔" }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC — TEST EXAMPLES", "number": 3, "question": "Suppose a man owes $1,000. What sum shall he pay yearly so as to cancel the debt, principal and interest, at the end of three years, reckoning it at 6 per cent. simple interest?", "answer": "$371¹¹⁄₁₀₀." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC — TEST EXAMPLES", "number": 4, "question": "A gentleman has a garden 400 feet long and 300 feet wide which he would raise 9 inches higher by means of the earth to be dug out of a ditch that goes around it. To what depth must the ditch be dug, supposing its breadth to be everywhere 6 feet?", "answer": "10 7/8." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC — TEST EXAMPLES", "number": 5, "question": "Divide $1,000 among A, B and C, so that A may have $156 more than B, and B $62 less than C.", "answer": "A, $416 2/3; B, $260 2/3; C, $322 2/3." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC — TEST EXAMPLES", "number": 6, "question": "If 21 cows eat up 8 acres of grass in 6 weeks, and 18 cows eat up the same in 9 weeks, how many cows will it maintain for 18 weeks, if the grass grow uniformly during that time?", "answer": "15 cows." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC — TEST EXAMPLES", "number": 7, "question": "Require the thickness of the lead of a pipe 1 1/4 inch bore, which weighs 16 lbs. a yard in length, a cubic foot of lead weighing 11,325 oz. avoirdupois.", "answer": ".2329 + in." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC — TEST EXAMPLES", "number": 8, "question": "If a cubic foot of brass were drawn into wire 1/40 of an inch in diameter, required the length of the wire, supposing no loss in the metal.", "answer": "55 m., 4 fur., 104 yds., 2 ft., 4 in. +." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC — TEST EXAMPLES", "number": 9, "question": "Divide $25 between 2 boys in such a proportion that, after it is divided, A shall have 1/4 more than B.", "answer": "A, $15; B, $10." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC — TEST EXAMPLES", "number": 10, "question": "A makes B a present of $100, on condition that he shall expend it in cows, sheep, and geese; cows at $10 each, sheep at $1, and geese at 16 2/3 cents, so as to have just 100 in the whole. How many must he purchase of each?", "answer": "5 cows, 41 sheep, and 54 geese." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC — TEST EXAMPLES", "number": 11, "question": "If 1/2 of 6 be 3, what will 1/4 of 20 be?", "answer": "7 1/2." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC — TEST EXAMPLES", "number": 12, "question": "How long must I keep $300 to balance the use of $500, which I lent a friend 4 months?", "answer": "6 2/3 months." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC — TEST EXAMPLES", "number": 13, "question": "If 800 men have provisions for 2 months, how many must leave that the remainder may subsist 5 months on the same?", "answer": "480." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC — TEST EXAMPLES", "number": 14, "question": "A hare, running 36 rods a minute, has 57 rods the start of a dog; how far must the dog run to overtake him, running 40 rods per minute?", "answer": "570 rods." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC — TEST EXAMPLES", "number": 15, "question": "The hour and minute hands of a watch are together at 12 o'clock; when are they next together?", "answer": "1 h., 5 m., 27 3/11 s." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC — TEST EXAMPLES", "number": 16, "question": "If a pole be 1/3 in the mud, 3/5 in the water, and 6 feet out of the water, what is its length?", "answer": "90 feet." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC — TEST EXAMPLES", "number": 17, "question": "A man being asked how many geese he had, replied: if I had 1/2 as many as I now have, and 2 1/2 geese more, I should have 100; how many had he?", "answer": "65." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC — TEST EXAMPLES", "number": 18, "question": "The head of a fish is 4 feet long, the tail as long as the head and 1/2 the length of the body, the body as long as the head and tail; what is the length of the fish?", "answer": "32 feet." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC — TEST EXAMPLES", "number": 19, "question": "A and B can build a wall in 4 days, B and C in 6 days, A and C in 5 days; require the time if they work together.", "answer": "3 3/7." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC — TEST EXAMPLES", "number": 20, "question": "A man left his two sons, one 14, the other 18 years old, $1,000, so divided that their shares, being put at 6 per cent, interest, should be equal when each should be 21 years old; what was the share of each?", "answer": "$546.153 +; $453.846 +." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC — TEST EXAMPLES", "number": 21, "question": "A gentleman divided his fortune among his sons, giving A $9 as often as B $5, and C $3 as often as B $7: C received $7,442.10 2/3; what was the whole estate?", "answer": "$56,063.857 1/7." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC — TEST EXAMPLES", "number": 22, "question": "Three horses, belonging to 3 men, do work to the amount of $26.45; A and B's horses are supposed to do 3/4 of the work, A and C's 7/10, B and C's 1/3, on which supposition the owners are paid proportionately; what does each receive?", "answer": "A, $11.50; B, $5.75; C, $9.20." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC — TEST EXAMPLES", "number": 23, "question": "A gay fellow spent 2/5 of his fortune, after which he gave $7,260 for a commission, and continued his profusion till he had only $2,178 left, which was 3/8 of what he had after purchasing his commission; what was his fortune?", "answer": "$18,295.20." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC — TEST EXAMPLES", "number": 24, "question": "A general, placing his army in a square, had 231 men left, which number was not enough by 44 to enable him to add another to each side; how many men in the army?", "answer": "19,000." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC — TEST EXAMPLES", "number": 25, "question": "Suppose that a man stands 80 feet from a steeple, that a line to him from the top of the steeple is 100 feet long, and that the spire is three times as high as the steeple; what is the length of a line reaching from the top of the spire to the man?", "answer": "197 feet, nearly." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC — TEST EXAMPLES", "number": 26, "question": "How many acres in a square field measuring 70.71 rods between the opposite corners?", "answer": "15 1/2 acres." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC — TEST EXAMPLES", "number": 27, "question": "How long does it take sound to travel 120 miles?", "answer": "9 m. 14 sec. +" }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC — TEST EXAMPLES", "number": 28, "question": "A laborer dug a cellar, the length of which was 2 1/2 times the width, and the width 3 times the depth; he removed 144 cubic yards of earth; what was the length?", "answer": "36 feet." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC — TEST EXAMPLES", "number": 29, "question": "A owes B $750, due in 8 months, but receiving $300 ready money, he extends the time of paying the remainder, so that B shall lose nothing; when was it paid?", "answer": "1 yr. 1 mo. 10 days." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC — TEST EXAMPLES", "number": 30, "question": "The sum of two numbers is 266 2/3, and the product of the greater multiplied by 3 equals the product of the less multiplied by 5 ; what are the numbers ?", "answer": "100, and 166⅔." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC — TEST EXAMPLES", "number": 31, "question": "A park 10 rods square is surrounded by a walk which occupies 1/10 of the whole park ; what is its width ?", "answer": "8 ft. 3 in." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC — TEST EXAMPLES", "number": 32, "question": "How many square inches of leather will cover a ball 3½ inches in diameter ?", "answer": "38½ sq. inches." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC — TEST EXAMPLES", "number": 33, "question": "How many solid inches in a globe 7 inches in diameter ?", "answer": "179⅔ solid inches." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC — TEST EXAMPLES", "number": 34, "question": "What are the solid contents of a pyramid, the base of which is 4 feet square and the perpendicular height 9 feet?", "answer": "48 solid feet." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC — TEST EXAMPLES", "number": 35, "question": "What are the solid contents of a stick of timber 18 feet long, one end of which is 9 inches square and the other end 4 inches square, uniformly diminishing throughout the whole length ?", "answer": "5 solid feet 936 solid inches." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC — TEST EXAMPLES", "number": 36, "question": "What are the solid contents of a round log of wood 36 feet long, 1.6 feet in diameter at one end, and diminishing gradually to a diameter of .9 of a foot at the other ?", "answer": "45.333+ solid feet." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC — TEST EXAMPLES", "number": 37, "question": "How many gallons of wine will a cask contain, the head diameter of which is 25 inches, and the bung diameter 31 inches, and the length 36 inches ?", "answer": "102.93+ gallons." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC — TEST EXAMPLES", "number": 38, "question": "Two men carry a kettle weighing 200 pounds ; the kettle is suspended on a pole, the bale being 2 feet 6 inches from the hands of one, and 3 feet 4 inches from the hands of the other ; how many pounds does each bear ?", "answer": "{ 114⅔ pounds. { 85⅓ pounds." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC — TEST EXAMPLES", "number": 39, "question": "If a triangular piece of land 30 rods in length, be 20 rods wide at one end and comes to a point at the other, what number of square rods does it contain ?", "answer": "300." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC — TEST EXAMPLES", "number": 40, "question": "There are two globes; one of them is 1 foot in diameter, and the other 40 feet in diameter; how many of the smaller globes would it take to make 1 of the larger?", "answer": "64,000." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC — TEST EXAMPLES", "number": 41, "question": "What is the area of a circle 1 mile in circumference?", "answer": "50 a. 3 r. 28.7399 + r." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC — TEST EXAMPLES", "number": 42, "question": "A conical stack of hay is 20 feet high, and its base 15 feet in diameter ; what is its weight, allowing 5 lbs. to a cubic foot?", "answer": "5,890.5 lbs." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC — TEST EXAMPLES", "number": 43, "question": "How many bushels will a cubical bin contain whose sides are 9 feet ?", "answer": "585.80357 bushels." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC — TEST EXAMPLES", "number": 44, "question": "How many hogsheads will a cylindrical cistern 10 feet deep and 6½ feet diameter contain?", "answer": "39.401 hhds." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC — TEST EXAMPLES", "number": 45, "question": "How far from the end of a stick of timber 30 feet long, of equal size from end to end, must a lever be placed so that 3 men, 2 at the lever and 1 at the end of the stick, may each carry ⅓ of its weight?", "answer": "7½ feet." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC — TEST EXAMPLES", "number": 46, "question": "If 100 eggs are placed in a straight line a rod apart, how many miles must a person travel to bring them one by one to a basket placed a rod from the first egg?", "answer": "31 m. 180 r." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC — TEST EXAMPLES", "number": 47, "question": "Said A to B: if I take one of your bags I shall have twice as many as you, and if I give you one of mine, we shall have an equal number?", "answer": "5 and 7." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC — TEST EXAMPLES", "number": 48, "question": "Divide $1,000 between A, B, and C, and give A $120 more than C, and C $95 more than B?", "answer": "$230 B's, $325 C's, $445 A's." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC — TEST EXAMPLES", "number": 49, "question": "A man's desk was robbed three nights in succession: the first night half the number of dollars was taken and half a dollar more; the second, half the remainder was taken and half a dollar more; the third night, half of what was then left and half a dollar more, when it was found he had $50 left; how much had he at first?", "answer": "$407." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC — TEST EXAMPLES", "number": 50, "question": "A owns ⅖ and B ⅗ of a ship; A's share is worth $10,000 more than B's; what is the value of the ship?", "answer": "$32,000." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC — TEST EXAMPLES", "number": 51, "question": "A man gave his oldest son ¼ of his property less $50; to the second he gave ⅓; and to the youngest he gave the remainder, which was ⅙ less $10; what was the amount of his property?", "answer": "$360." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC — TEST EXAMPLES", "number": 52, "question": "What number is that, ⅗ and ¼ of which being multiplied together, will produce the number itself?", "answer": "20." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC — TEST EXAMPLES", "number": 53, "question": "The difference of two numbers is 53 and the difference of their squares is 10,759; what are the numbers?", "answer": "75 and 128." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC — TEST EXAMPLES", "number": 54, "question": "The sum of two numbers is 120, and the difference of their squares is 4,800; what are the numbers?", "answer": "40 and 80." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC — TEST EXAMPLES", "number": 55, "question": "The diagonal of a square field is 120 rods; what is its area?", "answer": "7,200 rods." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC — TEST EXAMPLES", "number": 56, "question": "Find the side of the greatest square beam which can be hewn from a log 5 feet in diameter.", "answer": "3.535519 feet." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC — TEST EXAMPLES", "number": 57, "question": "A man wished to tie his horse by a rope so that he could feed on just an acre of ground; how long must the rope be?", "answer": "7.13645 rods." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC — TEST EXAMPLES", "number": 73, "question": "After spending 25 per cent. of my money, and 25 per cent. of the remainder, I had left $675; what had I at first?", "answer": "$1,200." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC — TEST EXAMPLES", "number": 74, "question": "A man sold a house at 22 per cent. loss, losing $748; what did he receive for it?", "answer": "$2,652." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC — TEST EXAMPLES", "number": 75, "question": "To carry 7 t. 10 cwt. 25 miles costs $18.75; how much can be carried 125 miles for $131.25?", "answer": "10 t. 10 cwt." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC — TEST EXAMPLES", "number": 76, "question": "The base of a right-angle triangle is 42 feet, its hypotenuse 58; find the area?", "answer": "84 square feet." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC — TEST EXAMPLES", "number": 77, "question": "At $1.47 a bushel, what cost 17 bushels, 3 pecks, 2 quarts, 1 pint of fruit?", "answer": "$26.21." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC — TEST EXAMPLES", "number": 78, "question": "A boy hired to a mechanic for 20 weeks on condition that he should receive $20 and a coat. At the end of 12 weeks the boy quit work, when it was found that he was entitled to $9 and the coat; what was the value of the coat?", "answer": "$7.50." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC — TEST EXAMPLES", "number": 79, "question": "A farmer sold 34 bushels of corn and 56 bushels of barley for $63.10, receiving 35 cents a bushel more for the barley than for the corn; what was the price of each per bushel?", "answer": "48½, price of corn; 83½, price of barley." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC — TEST EXAMPLES", "number": 80, "question": "Sold ⅔ of a lot of lumber for what ¾ of it cost; what per cent. was gained on the part sold?", "answer": "25 per cent." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC — TEST EXAMPLES", "number": 81, "question": "A, B and C can do a job of work in 12 days, C can do it in 24 days, and A in 34 days; in what time can B do it alone?", "answer": "81⅓ days." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC — TEST EXAMPLES", "number": 82, "question": "Of what principal is $150 the compound interest for 2 years at 7 per cent.?", "answer": "$1,035.196+." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC — TEST EXAMPLES", "number": 83, "question": "A man in Buffalo purchased a draft on St. Paul, Minnesota, for $5,320, drawn at 60 days, paying $5,141.78; what was the course of exchange?", "answer": "2½ per cent." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC — TEST EXAMPLES", "number": 84, "question": "What is the difference between half a solid foot and a solid half foot?", "answer": "648 cubic inches." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC — TEST EXAMPLES", "number": 85, "question": "The bank discount of a certain sum for 6 months was $188.49; what would have been the true discount?", "answer": "$180." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC — TEST EXAMPLES", "number": 86, "question": "The time since noon is ⁷⁄₁₇ of the time to 4 o'clock P. M.; what is the time?", "answer": "10 minutes past 1 o'clock P. M." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC — TEST EXAMPLES", "number": 87, "question": "A man gave ⅔ of an estate to A, ¼ of the remainder to B, and the balance to C, who received $685 less than A; require the value of the estate.", "answer": "$2,740." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC — TEST EXAMPLES", "number": 88, "question": "Bought some lemons for $7.20; had I received 30 more, each would have cost ¾ as much, how many did I buy?", "answer": "90. 89. The three sides of a triangle are 16, 63 and 65 ; find the area ? Ans. 504." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC — TEST EXAMPLES", "number": 90, "question": "A man having oranges at 4 cents each and apples at 2 for 1 cent, gained 20 per cent, by selling 5 dozen for $2.04 ; how many of each did he sell ?", "answer": "40 oranges, 20 apples." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC — TEST EXAMPLES", "number": 91, "question": "Interest $67.50, amount $217.50, time 5 years 7 months 15 days ; require the rate.", "answer": "8 per cent." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC — TEST EXAMPLES", "number": 92, "question": "A horse was tied by a rope 52 feet long, fastened to the top of a stake 20 feet high; over what area can he graze?", "answer": "26.586+P." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC — TEST EXAMPLES", "number": 93, "question": "How many pencils must be bought for $1.00 so that 20 per cent, may be gained by selling them 4 for 1 cent?", "answer": "480." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC — TEST EXAMPLES", "number": 94, "question": "The square root of a certain number is 4,096; what is the cube root of the same number ?", "answer": "256." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC — TEST EXAMPLES", "number": 95, "question": "The first term of an arithmetical series is 17, the common diff'erence 6, the last term 161; how many terms are there ?", "answer": "25." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC — TEST EXAMPLES", "number": 96, "question": "A prism is 6 feet 4 inches high, on a base 3 feet 9 inches square; find the solidity.", "answer": "89 cubic feet, 108 cubic inches." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC — TEST EXAMPLES", "number": 97, "question": "For a note of $340, discounted at 6 per cent., a bank paid $336.43; how many days had the note to run?", "answer": "60 days." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC — TEST EXAMPLES", "number": 98, "question": "If to a certain number its half be added, and the sum subtracted from 1,000, the remainder will be ten greater than the number itself; what is the number ?", "answer": "396." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC — TEST EXAMPLES", "number": 99, "question": "What is the area of a circle whose diameter is 1 foot 1 inch ?", "answer": "132.7326 square inches." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC — TEST EXAMPLES", "number": 100, "question": "A's income is 16 per cent, of his capital; he is taxed 2½ per cent, of his income, and pays $26.04; what is his capital ?", "answer": "$6,510." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC — TEST EXAMPLES", "number": 101, "question": "The expense of building a public bridge was $1,260.52, which was defrayed by a tax upon the property of the town. The rate of taxation was 3½ mills on $1, and the collector's commission was 3½ per cent.; what was the valuation of the property ?", "answer": "$401,920." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC — TEST EXAMPLES", "number": 102, "question": "A man received $33.25 interest on a sum of money loaned 5 years previous at 7 per cent.; what was the sum lent?", "answer": "$95." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC — TEST EXAMPLES", "number": 103, "question": "A house that cost $8,250, rents for $750 a year; the insurance is ⅛ per cent, and repairs ½ per cent, every year; what rate of interest does it pay ?", "answer": "8 per cent." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC — TEST EXAMPLES", "number": 104, "question": "Bought $860 bank stock at 4 per cent. advance; sold at a discount of 2½ per cent.; find the loss.", "answer": "$55.90." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC — TEST EXAMPLES", "number": 105, "question": "What is the difference between the true and the bank discount of $1,375.50 for 60 days, at 6 per cent.?", "answer": "$.14." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC — TEST EXAMPLES", "number": 106, "question": "What per cent. will be gained by buying apples at the rate of 3 for 1 cent, and selling them at 3 cents each?", "answer": "800 per cent." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC — TEST EXAMPLES", "number": 107, "question": "Find two numbers whose difference equals 1,427, and ⅛ of the first equal ⅞ of the second.", "answer": "12,843 and 11,416." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC — TEST EXAMPLES", "number": 108, "question": "Find the solid contents of a globe whose diam-eter is 1 foot 3 inches?", "answer": "1 cubic foot, 39.15 cubic inches." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC — TEST EXAMPLES", "number": 109, "question": "A, B and C bought a farm for $21,250, of which A paid $712 more than B, and $3,551 less than C; what sum did each pay?", "answer": "A, $6,137; B, $5,425; C, $9,688." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC — TEST EXAMPLES", "number": 110, "question": "At what time between 5 and 6 o'clock is the minute hand 14 minutes behind the hour hand?", "answer": "12 minutes after 5 o'clock." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC — TEST EXAMPLES", "number": 111, "question": "What is the present worth of a debt due in 4 years 8 months 10 days, the true discount, at 6 per cent., being $169?", "answer": "$600." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC — TEST EXAMPLES", "number": 112, "question": "Divide 2,331 among A, B, and C, in the ratio of ¼, ⅓, ⅙.", "answer": "A, 945; B, 756; C, 630." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC — TEST EXAMPLES", "number": 113, "question": "From a piece of ground 30 rods wide and 50 rods long, a lot 25 feet wide and 100 feet long was sold for $275; find the value of the remainder at the same rate.", "answer": "$44,646.25." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC — TEST EXAMPLES", "number": 114, "question": "A man bought copper at 27 cents a pound; it lost 2 per cent. in casting; at what price per pound must he sell the castings to gain 47 per cent.?", "answer": "40½ cents per pound." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC — TEST EXAMPLES", "number": 115, "question": "A man bought land at $30 an acre; how much must he ask an acre, that he may abate 25 per cent. from his former asking price and still make 20 per cent. on the purchase money?", "answer": "$48." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC — TEST EXAMPLES", "number": 116, "question": "A machinist sold 24 grain drills for $125 each; on one-half of them he gained 25 per cent., and on the remain-der he lost 25 per cent.; did he gain or lose on the whole, and how much?", "answer": "$200 lost." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC — TEST EXAMPLES", "number": 117, "question": "A cistern has three pipes; the first will empty it in 9 hours; the other two are equal to each other in size; if all three are left open the cistern will be filled in 6 hours; how long would it take the second or third alone to fill it.", "answer": "7½ hours." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC — TEST EXAMPLES", "number": 118, "question": "If 3 gallons of brandy, at $3 a gallon, and 5 quarts of alcohol, at 40 cents a gallon, be mixed with ½ gallon of water, for what must the mixture be sold a gallon to gain 37 per cent.?", "answer": "$2.74." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC — TEST EXAMPLES", "number": 119, "question": "Area of a circle 19,635 square feet; find the radius.", "answer": "2 feet 6 inches." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC — TEST EXAMPLES", "number": 120, "question": "Debt $245, discount $105, rate 8 per cent.; find the time.", "answer": "9 years, 4 months, 15 days." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC — TEST EXAMPLES", "number": 121, "question": "The parallel sides of a trapezoid are 37½ feet and 38½ feet, and are 16½ feet apart; find the area.", "answer": "627 square feet." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC — TEST EXAMPLES", "number": 122, "question": "A horse costing $156.25 was sold for $256.25; what per cent. was gained?", "answer": "64 per cent." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC — TEST EXAMPLES", "number": 123, "question": "Principal $336, rate 10 per cent., amount $560; find the time.", "answer": "6 years, 8 months." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC — TEST EXAMPLES", "number": 124, "question": "A can do a piece of work in 6 days, A and B can do it in 3¾ days, and A, B and C in 2¼ days; how long would it take A and C to do it?", "answer": "4 days." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC — TEST EXAMPLES", "number": 125, "question": "To a certain number its fifth was added, and one-fifth of the result being added to the original number gave 6,076; find the number.", "answer": "4,900." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC — TEST EXAMPLES", "number": 126, "question": "Find the area of a triangle whose sides are 10, 10½ and 14½.", "answer": "52½." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC — TEST EXAMPLES", "number": 127, "question": "What number is that whose eighth exceeds its tenth by 14 less than its twelfth?", "answer": "240." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC — TEST EXAMPLES", "number": 128, "question": "What sum must I lend for 5 years 6 months, at 8 per cent., to receive on settlement $957.24.", "answer": "$664.75." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC — TEST EXAMPLES", "number": 129, "question": "I gave A 1/5 of my money, and B 1/3 of the remainder; if B received 18 cents more than A, how much had I at first?", "answer": "$36.48." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC — TEST EXAMPLES", "number": 130, "question": "Sold for a man 320 acres of land at $2.56¼ per acre, and sent him $779; what per cent. commission did I charge?", "answer": "5 per cent." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC — TEST EXAMPLES", "number": 131, "question": "A man can do a piece of work in 45 days; if his son can work 2/3 as fast, how long will it take both to do it?", "answer": "27 days." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC — TEST EXAMPLES", "number": 132, "question": "Divide $5,000 between A and B, so that A's share may be $400 less than twice B's.", "answer": "A's, $3,200; B's, $1,800." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC — TEST EXAMPLES", "number": 133, "question": "Mix 2½ pints at 37 cents a pint, with 7 pints at 74 cents, and find the value of 1 pint of the mixture.", "answer": "65 cents per pint." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC — TEST EXAMPLES", "number": 134, "question": "A globe 6 inches in diameter weighs 64 pounds; what will be the weight of another globe of the same material, the diameter being 1 foot 9 inches?", "answer": "1 t., 7 cwt., 1 qr., 19 lbs." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC — TEST EXAMPLES", "number": 135, "question": "Find the bank discount of a note of $825.50, payable in 3 months, rate 6 per cent.", "answer": "$12.79." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC — TEST EXAMPLES", "number": 136, "question": "If ⅓ of a number be subtracted from ⅔ of the number, the remainder will be 6 less than ¼ of the number; what is the number?", "answer": "180." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC — TEST EXAMPLES", "number": 137, "question": "What must be paid for a draft on London for £256 10s., at 10 per cent. premium?", "answer": "$1,254." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC — TEST EXAMPLES", "number": 138, "question": "What is the equated time on the following debts: $180 due in 4 months, $540 due in 7 months, and $280 due in 10 months?", "answer": "7 months and 9 days." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC — TEST EXAMPLES", "number": 139, "question": "If a certain number be diminished by its ⅓, and ⅔ of the remainder be added to the first number, the sum will be 18.24; require the number?", "answer": "11.52." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC — TEST EXAMPLES", "number": 140, "question": "If 2 ounces of silver, worth $1.10 an ounce, are melted with 2 ounces of gold worth 94 cents a pwt., what is the compound worth per ounce?", "answer": "$9.95." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC — TEST EXAMPLES", "number": 141, "question": "Two men are 90 miles apart and travel towards each other, A starting 1 hour before B; A goes 9 miles in 2 hours, B 11 miles in 4 hours; how far will each travel before they meet?", "answer": "A 57 7/33 miles, B 32 2/33 miles." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC — TEST EXAMPLES", "number": 142, "question": "What date is 7 months 15 days before July 15th, 1861?", "answer": "November 30, 1860." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC — TEST EXAMPLES", "number": 143, "question": "By selling at 33 cents a pound twice as much is gained as by selling at 29 cents a pound; what per cent. is gained by selling at 32 cents a pound?", "answer": "28 per cent." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC — TEST EXAMPLES", "number": 144, "question": "What per cent. of ⅓ is ⅔?", "answer": "88⅔?" }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC — TEST EXAMPLES", "number": 145, "question": "In how many years will the error of the Julian Calendar involve the loss of a day?", "answer": "128¼ years." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC — TEST EXAMPLES", "number": 146, "question": "At what time between 12 and 1 o'clock do the hour and minute hands of a clock point in directions exactly opposite?", "answer": "12 o'clock 32 8/11 minutes." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC — TEST EXAMPLES", "number": 147, "question": "Suppose A, B and C to start from the same point and to travel in the same direction round a circular island 73 miles in distance, A at the rate of 6, B of 10, and C of 16 miles per day; in what time will they be next together?", "answer": "36½ days." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC — TEST EXAMPLES", "number": 148, "question": "A blacksmith agreed to shoe a horse for 1 mill for the first nail in his shoe, 2 mills for the second nail, and so on; the shoes contain 32 nails; how much was he to receive?", "answer": "$4,294,967,295." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC — TEST EXAMPLES", "number": 149, "question": "Sold a horse for $37.05, losing 81 per cent.; what was the loss?", "answer": "$157.95. 150. The mainmast of a ship is 95 feet long, the diameter of the base is 3½ feet, that of the top 2½ feet; what is its solidity? Ans. 677.73475 feet." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC — TEST EXAMPLES", "number": 151, "question": "A club spent £2 12s. 1d; on settling, each paid as many pence as there were individuals in the party; how many were there in the party?", "answer": "25 persons." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC — TEST EXAMPLES", "number": 152, "question": "A grocer divided a barrel of flour into two parts so that the smaller contained ⅔ as much as the other; how many pounds were there in each?", "answer": "78⅔ pounds, 117⅔ pounds." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC — TEST EXAMPLES", "number": 153, "question": "A man having spent ⅓ and ¼ of his money, had £48¾ left; how much had he at first?", "answer": "£292." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC — TEST EXAMPLES", "number": 154, "question": "If ⅔ of a ton of chalk cost £¾, what will ⅚ of a ton cost?", "answer": "£1." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC — TEST EXAMPLES", "number": 155, "question": "A man was hired 50 days, receiving 75 cents for every day he worked, and forfeiting 25 cents for every day he was idle; he received $27.50; how many days did he work?", "answer": "40 days." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC — TEST EXAMPLES", "number": 156, "question": "A gentleman paid $18.90 among his laborers; to each boy 6 cents, to each woman 8 cents, and to each man 16 cents; there were three women for each boy, and two men for each woman; how many men were there?", "answer": "90." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC — TEST EXAMPLES", "number": 157, "question": "A man paid $82.50 for a sheep, a cow, and a yoke of oxen; for the cow 8 times, for the oxen 24 times as much as for the sheep; what did he pay for each?", "answer": "$2.50, $20, and $60." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC — TEST EXAMPLES", "number": 158, "question": "A, B and C commence trade with $3,053.25, and gain $610.65; A's stock + B's is to B's + C's, as 5 to 7; and C's stock — B's, is to C's + B's, as 1 to 7; what is each one's part of the gain?", "answer": "A's gain, $135.70; B's, $203.55; C's, $271.40." }, { "subject": "WRITTEN ARITHMETIC — TEST EXAMPLES", "number": 159, "question": "There is a windlass, the wheel of which is 60 inches in diameter, and the axis, around which the rope coils, is 6 inches in diameter; how many pounds on the axle will be balanced by 240 pounds at the wheel?", "answer": "2,400 pounds." }, { "subject": "THEORY AND PRACTICE OF TEACHING", "number": 1, "question": "What is it to educate a human being aright?", "answer": "It is to direct the mind, the thoughts, the feelings, the instincts, into the channel of truth, morality, enterprise, determination and economy." }, { "subject": "THEORY AND PRACTICE OF TEACHING", "number": 2, "question": "What is economy?", "answer": "It is the careful utilization of one's forces, and may relate to mind, strength, money, or any of the departments of mind or nature by which the greatest attainments can be acquired with the least expense of those forces." }, { "subject": "THEORY AND PRACTICE OF TEACHING", "number": 3, "question": "What is political economy?", "answer": "It is the utilization of the forces of government, the revenues, and the establishing of those laws of economy by which the greatest good will be distributed among the people." }, { "subject": "THEORY AND PRACTICE OF TEACHING", "number": 4, "question": "What are some of the principles of a true political-economy?", "answer": "To administer the laws without fear or favor, to prevent monopoly, to encourage thrift, to destroy the weeds of indolence and vice, to teach the principles of self-reliance, of co-operation, of manliness, and the grand and noble elements of truth and virtue." }, { "subject": "THEORY AND PRACTICE OF TEACHING", "number": 5, "question": "Do individuals have instincts?", "answer": "We are taught that reason is the great faculty by which man becomes the image of his Creator, and that instinct is nature's gift to the lower orders of creation. To us this teaching, although grand and noble in thought and purpose, does not make the true distinction between man and the brute. Man, although endowed with the power of reason, often displays another element of his being. He instinctively laughs, he crys, he mistrusts, he is warned by some influence, and in many ways receives impressions which, like the instincts of animals, work without knowledge or reason. The same may be applied to the power of reason with the ape, the dog, the horse, and other animals by which the dividing line between reason and instinct cannot be measured." }, { "subject": "THEORY AND PRACTICE OF TEACHING", "number": 6, "question": "What should be the greatest accomplishment of all human beings?", "answer": "To strive to control his passions; to speak like a lady or gentleman; to rise above the vulgar and indifferent, and to be a Christian in thought, deed and purpose." }, { "subject": "THEORY AND PRACTICE OF TEACHING", "number": 7, "question": "How can these accomplishments be acquired?", "answer": "By the right cultivation of the mind while young. \"As the twig is bent so the tree is inclined.\"" }, { "subject": "THEORY AND PRACTICE OF TEACHING", "number": 8, "question": "How shall we judge a nation in the scale of civilization?", "answer": "We can judge them by the history of their schools, the universal distribution of the same general knowledge. Knowledge is the lever that controls the progress of the world. It is the sword of success, the armor of defense, and the power that prevails." }, { "subject": "THEORY AND PRACTICE OF TEACHING", "number": 9, "question": "What does the theory of practice of teaching embrace?", "answer": "It embraces: School Economy, Methods of Instruction, Methods of Culture, The History of Education." }, { "subject": "THEORY AND PRACTICE OF TEACHING", "number": 10, "question": "Of what does school economy treat?", "answer": "It treats of the best modes of the organization of the school, and of utilizing the means of instruction." }, { "subject": "THEORY AND PRACTICE OF TEACHING", "number": 11, "question": "Define methods of instruction.", "answer": "The best means of imparting knowledge." }, { "subject": "THEORY AND PRACTICE OF TEACHING", "number": 12, "question": "What do you understand by methods of culture?", "answer": "The study of the physical and mental character of man by which his faculties may be developed and strengthened." }, { "subject": "THEORY AND PRACTICE OF TEACHING", "number": 13, "question": "Of what should we treat in the history of education?", "answer": "We should compare the past with the present; show the growth, the advancement and advantages which now mark the progress of that education." }, { "subject": "THEORY AND PRACTICE OF TEACHING", "number": 14, "question": "To what must the American people give the praise for the wonderful development of the country's industries, and its arts and sciences?", "answer": "To the free gift of a national education." }, { "subject": "THEORY AND PRACTICE OF TEACHING", "number": 15, "question": "What should we take into consideration in making preparations for the school?", "answer": "There should be a suitable location, properly graded, drained and shaded. The house should be built for comfort, health and pleasure. The furniture, apparatus, records and studies should be carefully arranged and selected. The whole should be homelike and attractive." }, { "subject": "THEORY AND PRACTICE OF TEACHING", "number": 16, "question": "What would embrace a suitable location?", "answer": "A spot that is convenient of access. Suitability of the grounds and surroundings. Healthiness of the neighborhood. Beauty of the location." }, { "subject": "THEORY AND PRACTICE OF TEACHING", "number": 17, "question": "What should be adopted as a proper arrangement for school-grounds?", "answer": "They should be thoroughly drained, dry, level, sodded, ornamented with shade trees, house for fuel, neatly fenced and supplied with pure water." }, { "subject": "THEORY AND PRACTICE OF TEACHING", "number": 18, "question": "What care should you exercise over the school house, the furniture, the apparatus, the grounds?", "answer": "The teacher should consider the whole as his own; he should be thoughtful and vigilant; he should caution when necessary, and always feel the deep responsibility which has been placed upon him." }, { "subject": "THEORY AND PRACTICE OF TEACHING", "number": 19, "question": "Should the teacher go to his boarding place for dinner?", "answer": "Under no consideration should he leave the school grounds, as his presence is required to keep peace, order, prevent teasing, protect property and strive to impress upon all the value of being ladies and gentlemen." }, { "subject": "THEORY AND PRACTICE OF TEACHING", "number": 20, "question": "State the objects of graded schools.", "answer": "They economize the labor of instruction; lessen the cost; make teachers more effective; promote good order in school; prompt the ambition of pupils; provide instruction in the higher branches of learning; and remove the necessity of children's leaving home to obtain a good education." }, { "subject": "THEORY AND PRACTICE OF TEACHING", "number": 21, "question": "How are schools graded?", "answer": "Into the Primary, the Grammar and the High School." }, { "subject": "THEORY AND PRACTICE OF TEACHING", "number": 22, "question": "What branches are taught in the higher department of these graded schools?", "answer": "The High School Course embraces algebra and higher mathematics, rhetoric, political economy, history, physiology, and the studies of nature, business and language." }, { "subject": "THEORY AND PRACTICE OF TEACHING", "number": 23, "question": "Upon what should the size of a school-house depend?", "answer": "Upon the number of pupils in attendance. An ungraded school, to be taught by one teacher, should contain at least nine hundred square feet. A house designed for fifty to eighty scholars and one recitation room, fifteen hundred square feet. One for eighty to one hundred and twenty scholars and two recitation rooms, two thousand square feet." }, { "subject": "THEORY AND PRACTICE OF TEACHING", "number": 24, "question": "Describe a suitable school-house for rural districts.", "answer": "It should be rectangular in form, the door entering at the south end, while the north end should be without entrance or windows. The room should be from twelve to sixteen feet high. It should contain an apartment for clothing and necessaries. It should be well lighted, warmed and ventilated." }, { "subject": "THEORY AND PRACTICE OF TEACHING", "number": 25, "question": "How should a school-house be warmed?", "answer": "In rural districts it would be useless to recommend the modern appliances for heating, but we can improve the stove often in use. Provide a good stove, pipe and chimney. Surround the stove with a tin casing made to extend from the floor to about one foot above the top. There should be a door in the casing for putting in fuel; and a trunk for the conveyance of fresh air should start outside of the building, run under the floor and communicate directly with the door. The object of a tin casing and trunk for conveying fresh air must be apparent to all, as one will prevent the burning of clothing and the other to supply a pure current of air upon which combustion depends." }, { "subject": "THEORY AND PRACTICE OF TEACHING", "number": 26, "question": "How should a school-room be ventilated?", "answer": "Ventilation should be regulated by the lowering of the windows from the top instead of raising the bottom sash, especially in cool weather. This will prevent a direct draft upon the heads of the scholars. Openings in the ceiling and doors will also be a means of relieving the heated pressure." }, { "subject": "THEORY AND PRACTICE OF TEACHING", "number": 27, "question": "What should be the furniture of a school-room?", "answer": "The desks should be of modern approval and set so as to enable all pupils to pass to and from their seats without creating confusion. There should be a library of reference books; a complete dictionary; a geographical gazetteer; a biographical dictionary; a popular encyclopedia; sets of historical and physiological charts; outline maps." }, { "subject": "THEORY AND PRACTICE OF TEACHING", "number": 28, "question": "How should the teacher's desk be arranged?", "answer": "It should embody a plain business office desk, with drawers, shelves, closets and book-rack." }, { "subject": "THEORY AND PRACTICE OF TEACHING", "number": 29, "question": "With what apparatus should schools be supplied?", "answer": "The most approved are: A set of cards for teaching the alphabet, pronunciation, spelling, and elementary reading, with a stand to hang them upon; letter-blocks, and a chart of elementary sounds; writing charts; drawing cards and material; a numerical frame, and sets of square and cube root blocks; a globe, a set of outline maps, and a Tellurian; charts of history; a case of minerals and curiosities; engravings; a thermometer." }, { "subject": "THEORY AND PRACTICE OF TEACHING", "number": 30, "question": "What should be the temperature of a school-room?", "answer": "In our estimation it should be 72° Fahr., although many claim this temperature is too high, but we must remember that the moving teacher cannot judge by his feelings what would please his scholars." }, { "subject": "THEORY AND PRACTICE OF TEACHING", "number": 31, "question": "Of what use are school-records?", "answer": "To aid the teacher in his work; to give information to parents and school officers; to furnish educational statistics; to exert a beneficial influence upon the pupils." }, { "subject": "THEORY AND PRACTICE OF TEACHING", "number": 32, "question": "What should be the first step in the organization of a school?", "answer": "To produce a good impression. The language should be mild, but interesting. There should be no show of superiority in power or knowledge. You should arrange so as to obtain the confidence and respect, holding at the same time a deep interest for the instruction of those placed in your charge." }, { "subject": "THEORY AND PRACTICE OF TEACHING", "number": 33, "question": "Give an outline of work preliminary to the organization of a school?", "answer": "The young teacher should consider well his adaptation to a particular school before engaging it. He should study the difficulties which he might encounter; he should lay his plans before the school officers and ask their advice; the contract should be made in writing, and if possible, the teacher should make the acquaintance of parents before opening of school." }, { "subject": "THEORY AND PRACTICE OF TEACHING", "number": 34, "question": "What benefits will arise by forming these acquaintances?", "answer": "It will convince the people of an interest in the school, and draw out their sympathies and general interest. It will assist in forming calculations and how to organize. It will reflect the characters of those who are most foremost in mischief and good behavior, and it will give a better chance for the study of human character. 44. It is to test the knowledge, the power of speech, of explanation and the development of expressions. It gives confidence and demands a careful study of the subject under discussion. It induces thought and quickens perception." }, { "subject": "THEORY AND PRACTICE OF TEACHING", "number": 45, "question": "How should the recitation be conducted?", "answer": "It should cover the general points in the lesson by brief and comprehensive statements. The lesson preceding should be carefully reviewed, and in carrying this preceding action to the point of commencement a new examination of to-day's lesson should again be given and this carried into the study of to-morrow." }, { "subject": "THEORY AND PRACTICE OF TEACHING", "number": 46, "question": "What is necessary for a good recitation?", "answer": "A live, intelligent teacher; recitation seats; blackboards; apparatus; reference books; call bell; ventilation and proper temperature." }, { "subject": "THEORY AND PRACTICE OF TEACHING", "number": 47, "question": "What preparation should the teacher make for the recitation?", "answer": "He should have a thorough knowledge of the subject, and depend upon a general discussion rather than quote the words of the book." }, { "subject": "THEORY AND PRACTICE OF TEACHING", "number": 48, "question": "How would you teach grammar?", "answer": "Of all studies grammar is open to general explanations more than others. Books should be used only as a source from which to draw knowledge. No fixed plan of recitation should be followed. The elements of grammar should be given first and carefully illustrated. Definitions should be learned only as applied. There should be no rotation, no fixed laws of advancement. Analyzing should be introduced as soon as we have asked the first question. We should teach from observations, simple at first, or until the main principles are thoroughly comprehended. Do not commence too young, as grammar requires such comparisons that the mind must be able to see them." }, { "subject": "THEORY AND PRACTICE OF TEACHING", "number": 49, "question": "How would you teach geography?", "answer": "Quite similar to that of grammar. Give lessons which will compare one section with another. It is not necessary to be confined to one book, as the same principles are embodied in all of them. Have a variation of topics. Call for the various productions of South America and where produced. This is enough for one lesson, unless you prove its climate and position. Better have a full knowledge of a little than fail in big attempts. Follow with other questions of interest of the same country. The author once conducted a large class without a book for his reference, but in the class there were eight different geographies. The plan worked admirably, although a case of necessity. Please bear this in mind; do not give long and difficult lessons. Do not forget the apparatus." }, { "subject": "THEORY AND PRACTICE OF TEACHING", "number": 50, "question": "What is a good plan for studying history?", "answer": "On this subject the teacher should be well posted. He should map out the points of greatest interest, and as the class advances, give the subdivisions. Do not be afraid to call up a subject at the beginning, the middle, or the end. Review is the great secret of success." }, { "subject": "THEORY AND PRACTICE OF TEACHING", "number": 51, "question": "Why is it necessary to take exercise?", "answer": "Because it is necessary to health, strength and study." }, { "subject": "THEORY AND PRACTICE OF TEACHING", "number": 52, "question": "Define school government.", "answer": "It is a proper organization of order, thought and action. It is the means of developing a love for study and improvement." }, { "subject": "THEORY AND PRACTICE OF TEACHING", "number": 53, "question": "Under what heads may school government be embraced?", "answer": "As School Ethics, Retributions, Legislation and Administration." }, { "subject": "THEORY AND PRACTICE OF TEACHING", "number": 54, "question": "Define ethics.", "answer": "The science which treats of human rights and duties." }, { "subject": "THEORY AND PRACTICE OF TEACHING", "number": 55, "question": "Define school ethics.", "answer": "It relates to the rights and duties of persons connected with the school." }, { "subject": "THEORY AND PRACTICE OF TEACHING", "number": 56, "question": "Who are the important factors in the school ?", "answer": "The teacher. The general school-officers. The communities that found and support schools. The pupils." }, { "subject": "THEORY AND PRACTICE OF TEACHING", "number": 57, "question": "What may be considered as some of the most important qualifications of the teacher ?", "answer": "He should have common sense, knowledge, teaching power, government, and love of the work." }, { "subject": "THEORY AND PRACTICE OF TEACHING", "number": 58, "question": "What may be considered as the school-duties of pupils ?", "answer": "It is given as duties to themselves, to one another, to the school property, to the teacher, to the school-officers, to visitors, to society, and to God." }, { "subject": "THEORY AND PRACTICE OF TEACHING", "number": 59, "question": "What is discipline ?", "answer": "A close or thorough application to some particular subject or subjects. In school life it is often applied to the correction of particular errors and faults." }, { "subject": "THEORY AND PRACTICE OF TEACHING", "number": 60, "question": "What are the general species of school government ?", "answer": "They are considered as force, authority, and love." }, { "subject": "THEORY AND PRACTICE OF TEACHING", "number": 61, "question": "What may be considered as proper penalties ?", "answer": "Privation of recitations, of recess, of position in class, reproof, reports to parents, suspension, expulsion, punishment, withholding favors, special penalties." }, { "subject": "THEORY AND PRACTICE OF TEACHING", "number": 62, "question": "What may be considered improper penalties?", "answer": "Threatening, scolding, asking for excuses, whipping in anger, compulsory study as a punishment, physical or mental torture beyond the absolute demand of the case." }, { "subject": "THEORY AND PRACTICE OF TEACHING", "number": 63, "question": "What actions of the teacher should be specially denounced ?", "answer": "Any sudden or violent action, as throwing rulers or slapping the head. Care should be taken not to punish for offenses done beyond the jurisdiction of the school-yard." }, { "subject": "THEORY AND PRACTICE OF TEACHING", "number": 64, "question": "What things should every teacher perform ?", "answer": "Convince your scholars by your conduct that you are their friend; take special care that the school-house and appendages are kept in good order; be accurate; punctual; cheerful; study the art of aptly illustrating a difficult subject; teach honesty and morality, and strive at all times to win the esteem of your pupils." }, { "subject": "THEORY AND PRACTICE OF TEACHING", "number": 65, "question": "What things should the teacher avoid ?", "answer": "He should guard against prejudices; he should ride no \"hobbies;\" never lose his patience while reason- ing with parents; avoid wounding the feelings of a dull scholar; never compare one child with another; avoid making excuses to visitors; have nothing to do with other business in school hours; do not attempt to teach too many things; do not allow pupils to direct their own studies." }, { "subject": "THEORY AND PRACTICE OF TEACHING", "number": 66, "question": "What is good education ?", "answer": "It is the cultivation of the nobler sentiments of man. It is the art that commands understanding, that subdues his passions, that extends the power of reason and begets a pure conscience." }, { "subject": "THEORY AND PRACTICE OF TEACHING", "number": 67, "question": "What is teaching?", "answer": "It is to communicate knowledge—to give instruction." }, { "subject": "THEORY AND PRACTICE OF TEACHING", "number": 68, "question": "What is learning ?", "answer": "It is to acquire knowledge—to be instructed." }, { "subject": "THEORY AND PRACTICE OF TEACHING", "number": 69, "question": "Who will be successful in teaching ?", "answer": "Those who can comprehend human character, who can control their passions, and who have a love for the business." }, { "subject": "THEORY AND PRACTICE OF TEACHING", "number": 70, "question": "Who will fail as a successful teacher ?", "answer": "Those who teach because of the wages, and at the same time have their mind on other matters of business. A teacher cannot divide his thoughts and feelings. It is a business, or profession, that requires the whole response of the faculties and will admit of no delays or thoughtless acts." }, { "subject": "THEORY AND PRACTICE OF TEACHING", "number": 71, "question": "In what divisions are the faculties of the mind comprised?", "answer": "They comprise three general divisions—the Intellect, the Sensibility and the Will." }, { "subject": "THEORY AND PRACTICE OF TEACHING", "number": 72, "question": "What faculty comes first in the natural order of development ?", "answer": "The development of the intellect." }, { "subject": "THEORY AND PRACTICE OF TEACHING", "number": 73, "question": "How is the intellect developed ?", "answer": "By the acquisition of knowledge." }, { "subject": "THEORY AND PRACTICE OF TEACHING", "number": 74, "question": "What are the sources of knowledge ?", "answer": "They are the Senses and the Reason." }, { "subject": "THEORY AND PRACTICE OF TEACHING", "number": 75, "question": "What is empirical knowledge ?", "answer": "The knowledge of experience, derived through the senses, which includes all that we know through the senses of seeing, hearing, touching, tasting, smelling, and through the emotional feelings." }, { "subject": "THEORY AND PRACTICE OF TEACHING", "number": 76, "question": "What is that knowledge called which is derived through reason ?", "answer": "It is called rational knowledge." }, { "subject": "THEORY AND PRACTICE OF TEACHING", "number": 77, "question": "What does this knowledge include ?", "answer": "All that comes from the power of study and thought. It is the development of the mind and understanding." }, { "subject": "THEORY AND PRACTICE OF TEACHING", "number": 78, "question": "What is the difference between teaching and talking ?", "answer": "One communicates knowledge by a course of reasoning, while talking is familiar or unrestrained conversation." }, { "subject": "THEORY AND PRACTICE OF TEACHING", "number": 79, "question": "What is a remedy for whispering ?", "answer": "Whispering usually originates from a lack of interest. Produce a love for school and its advancement and whispering will be easily controlled." }, { "subject": "THEORY AND PRACTICE OF TEACHING", "number": 80, "question": "What benefits arise from the practice of music ?", "answer": "Music feeds upon the chords of love and builds up a course of friendship and respect. It softens the thoughts and inspires deeper and more sacred feelings." }, { "subject": "THEORY AND PRACTICE OF TEACHING", "number": 81, "question": "What are the purposes of examinations ?", "answer": "To test the knowledge of the pupil and determine if he has made real progress in his studies. It is a review." }, { "subject": "THEORY AND PRACTICE OF TEACHING", "number": 82, "question": "What relation does the school hold to the state ?", "answer": "It is the agent appointed by the state for the purpose of preventing ignorance, raising the standard of moral and literary culture, and increasing the general prosperity." }, { "subject": "THEORY AND PRACTICE OF TEACHING", "number": 83, "question": "What conditions does teaching presuppose ?", "answer": "A certain degree of capacity on the part of the pupil, a degree of knowledge and skill on the part of the teacher, and a knowledge to be acquired." }, { "subject": "THEORY AND PRACTICE OF TEACHING", "number": 84, "question": "What are the practical points to be attained by an education ?", "answer": "It should induce each individual to be more industrious ; more ambitious ; more trustworthy ; more active and systematic ; more cheerful ; more far-sighted ; more economical as producers or preservers of property." }, { "subject": "THEORY AND PRACTICE OF TEACHING", "number": 85, "question": "What does education do for a people ?", "answer": "It tends to make them more orderly ; more submissive to good laws ; more independent in political thoughts ; more charitable ; more refined, and creates a higher plane of civilization." }, { "subject": "THEORY AND PRACTICE OF TEACHING", "number": 86, "question": "How should pupils be dealt with at the beginning of their school experience ?", "answer": "They should be received kindly, and every effort possible should be made to obtain their confidence." }, { "subject": "THEORY AND PRACTICE OF TEACHING", "number": 87, "question": "How secure a full, prompt and regular attendance?", "answer": "By making the school-room pleasant and attractive ; by preserving good order ; by genuine interest on the part of the teacher." }, { "subject": "THEORY AND PRACTICE OF TEACHING", "number": 88, "question": "What benefits arise by reciting in concert ?", "answer": "It stimulates the timid to overcome their diffidence ; it cultivates the voice, and produces uniformity of expression." }, { "subject": "THEORY AND PRACTICE OF TEACHING", "number": 89, "question": "How pronounce a word for spelling ?", "answer": "Exactly as it should be pronounced in reading." }, { "subject": "THEORY AND PRACTICE OF TEACHING", "number": 90, "question": "What are some of the most common evils of our schools ?", "answer": "A want of interest on the part of parents and others ; frequent change of teachers ; diversity of class-books ; teachers not qualified ; defective supervision." }, { "subject": "THEORY AND PRACTICE OF TEACHING", "number": 91, "question": "What should form the foundation for a system of teaching ?", "answer": "It should be the capability of the pupil ; the educational means to be employed, and the manner of performing the work." }, { "subject": "THEORY AND PRACTICE OF TEACHING", "number": 92, "question": "What is meant by Language Lessons ?", "answer": "A simple means of expressing the fundamental principles of some line of knowledge." }, { "subject": "THEORY AND PRACTICE OF TEACHING", "number": 93, "question": "What is method ?", "answer": "It is the way of performing an act." }, { "subject": "THEORY AND PRACTICE OF TEACHING", "number": 94, "question": "How many methods are there in teaching ?", "answer": "Six: The Text Book, Oral, Socratic, Topical, Discussion, and Lecture." }, { "subject": "THEORY AND PRACTICE OF TEACHING", "number": 95, "question": "What is the Socratic method of instruction ?", "answer": "A system of questioning." }, { "subject": "THEORY AND PRACTICE OF TEACHING", "number": 96, "question": "When should a pupil commit to memory ?", "answer": "Not until the subject is thoroughly understood. If it cannot be understood it will be folly to commit to memory." }, { "subject": "THEORY AND PRACTICE OF TEACHING", "number": 97, "question": "What is the great end of school training ?", "answer": "It is mental development ; the training of thought towards the practical pursuits of life ; to disperse ignorance and superstition, and to encourage a better mode of living." }, { "subject": "THEORY AND PRACTICE OF TEACHING", "number": 98, "question": "Should a teacher confine himself to the text-book during recitation ?", "answer": "The book should be used as a guide for conducting the recitation, but under no consideration should he depend upon it for the interest which should be given. As a general rule, a book teacher is an uninteresting individual, a telephone that only communicates what the sentence reads." }, { "subject": "THEORY AND PRACTICE OF TEACHING", "number": 99, "question": "How much review work is necessary ?", "answer": "This branch of study cannot be measured. It is too important to be limited, and should be continued in as much as circumstances will allow." }, { "subject": "THEORY AND PRACTICE OF TEACHING", "number": 100, "question": "How do you wish to have your class located when reciting ?", "answer": "They should be brought as closely together as possible, and in as convenient a position to the apparatus of the school-room as is practicable." }, { "subject": "THEORY AND PRACTICE OF TEACHING", "number": 101, "question": "What should a person do who contemplates teaching for the first time ?", "answer": "He should lay out plans in accordance with the best efforts which he can recall in his experience as a scholar, or from other observations." }, { "subject": "THEORY AND PRACTICE OF TEACHING", "number": 102, "question": "How do you classify the elements of Pedagogics ?", "answer": "The special elements are classified as: The Physical, the Intellectual, and the Practical." }, { "subject": "THEORY AND PRACTICE OF TEACHING", "number": 103, "question": "What other names are sometimes applied to these elements ?", "answer": "They are known as Gymnastics, Didactics, and Pragmatics." }, { "subject": "THEORY AND PRACTICE OF TEACHING", "number": 104, "question": "Of what does gymnastics treat ?", "answer": "Of athletic exercises. The training of the muscular system." }, { "subject": "THEORY AND PRACTICE OF TEACHING", "number": 105, "question": "Of what does didactics treat?", "answer": "It is the art or science of teaching." }, { "subject": "THEORY AND PRACTICE OF TEACHING", "number": 106, "question": "Of what does pragmatics treat ?", "answer": "It is the science of business." }, { "subject": "THEORY AND PRACTICE OF TEACHING", "number": 107, "question": "Into what divisions is intelligence divided?", "answer": "We may divide it into Preception, Conception, and Thinking." }, { "subject": "THEORY AND PRACTICE OF TEACHING", "number": 108, "question": "What is the preceptive faculty ?", "answer": "It is the directing of the moral conduct, and is most sensitive to its teachings in the youth." }, { "subject": "THEORY AND PRACTICE OF TEACHING", "number": 109, "question": "What is the conceptive faculty ?", "answer": "The faculty of comprehending an idea." }, { "subject": "THEORY AND PRACTICE OF TEACHING", "number": 110, "question": "What is thinking ?", "answer": "It is the faculty of thought, of calculation, of plans and of reasoning." }, { "subject": "THEORY AND PRACTICE OF TEACHING", "number": 111, "question": "What are the elements of success in teaching?", "answer": "It is the executive power, self-control, thorough knowledge, and the faculty of imparting that knowledge." }, { "subject": "THEORY AND PRACTICE OF TEACHING", "number": 112, "question": "Should a pupil be required to report on his own conduct? Why?", "answer": "He should not; it is a strong incentive to report incorrectly and might lead to untruthfulness." }, { "subject": "THEORY AND PRACTICE OF TEACHING", "number": 113, "question": "What important branch of study is often neglected in our schools ?", "answer": "It is spelling." }, { "subject": "THEORY AND PRACTICE OF TEACHING", "number": 114, "question": "What common branches should receive special attention ?", "answer": "Reading, spelling, mental arithmetic and writing." }, { "subject": "THEORY AND PRACTICE OF TEACHING", "number": 115, "question": "What constitutes good reading ?", "answer": "A clear, distinct utterance, interspersed with proper emphasis and expression." }, { "subject": "THEORY AND PRACTICE OF TEACHING", "number": 116, "question": "Why would you place mental arithmetic as of special attention ?", "answer": "Because it requires the use of language to demonstrate; it is a mental education; it cultivates memory and is one of the necessary business principles of life." }, { "subject": "THEORY AND PRACTICE OF TEACHING", "number": 117, "question": "How should primary instruction be given ?", "answer": "Largely by oral explanations." }, { "subject": "THEORY AND PRACTICE OF TEACHING", "number": 118, "question": "How should parents talk to their children in infancy ?", "answer": "Their language should be as simple and as correctly spoken as possible. They should not exaggerate nor be deceiving. Whatever is said, let it be the truth." }, { "subject": "THEORY AND PRACTICE OF TEACHING", "number": 119, "question": "What is Kindergarten instruction?", "answer": "It is the teaching of young children by the use of objects, solids, surfaces and outlines. It is a study by which the eye conveys the idea, rather than the thought. It is much practiced in cities, and considered a fine mode of instruction." }, { "subject": "THEORY AND PRACTICE OF TEACHING", "number": 120, "question": "What does the Theory and Practice of Teaching embrace?", "answer": "It embraces the whole science of education. It trains the mind, develops thought, induces activity and builds up strength and harmony." }, { "subject": "THEORY AND PRACTICE OF TEACHING", "number": 121, "question": "Give the names of some of the most important educational reformers.", "answer": "Aschan, Montaigne, Ratich, Milton, Locke, Rousseau Pestalozzi, Arnold, Mann, Huxley, Spencer and others." }, { "subject": "ALCOHOL AND TOBACCO", "number": 1, "question": "How and by whom was alcohol discovered?", "answer": "It is claimed that Paracelsus, a chemist of the fourteenth century, accidentally discovered alcohol, and upon testing its power boasted of having found the essence of life, the power to cure the weak and the great benefactor of mankind." }, { "subject": "ALCOHOL AND TOBACCO", "number": 2, "question": "What is alcohol?", "answer": "A liquid obtained from the fermentation and distillation of fruits and grains." }, { "subject": "ALCOHOL AND TOBACCO", "number": 3, "question": "What must be the condition of fruits or grains to produce alcohol?", "answer": "They must pass into a stage of decomposition or rot. It occurs only where sugar or starch is one of the ingredients." }, { "subject": "ALCOHOL AND TOBACCO", "number": 4, "question": "What are the chemical properties of alcohol?", "answer": "It will not freeze; it burns without smoke; it readily dissolves gums, oils and forms various mixtures; it is used in preserving meats, in perfumery, in thermometers, in varnishes, in spirit lamps, and in various forms of the arts and medicines." }, { "subject": "ALCOHOL AND TOBACCO", "number": 5, "question": "How does alcohol preserve meats, insects or animals?", "answer": "It absorbs the water in the meat and prevents decay." }, { "subject": "ALCOHOL AND TOBACCO", "number": 6, "question": "What are the various names of liquids which are largely composed of alcohol?", "answer": "Whisky, brandy, rum and gin. These are the principal forms of distillations, although scores of mixtures are formed." }, { "subject": "ALCOHOL AND TOBACCO", "number": 7, "question": "What are some of the liquids not so largely composed of this fluid?", "answer": "They are wine, beer, ale and cider." }, { "subject": "ALCOHOL AND TOBACCO", "number": 8, "question": "What is the difference between alcohol and whisky?", "answer": "Alcohol is the pure spirit and too strong for human drink, while whisky is doctored alcohol to meet the taste." }, { "subject": "ALCOHOL AND TOBACCO", "number": 9, "question": "What is intoxication?", "answer": "It is drunkenness, a loss of brain power, a condition of mental stupor, a momentary fool." }, { "subject": "ALCOHOL AND TOBACCO", "number": 10, "question": "What is the difference between food and alcohol?", "answer": "Food nourishes and sustains the body; alcohol excites the nervous system, clouds the intellect, poisons the blood and injures the body." }, { "subject": "ALCOHOL AND TOBACCO", "number": 11, "question": "What is the difference between fermentation and distillation?", "answer": "Fermentation is the simple process of nature on the juices of fruits and grains. Distillation is the process of taking out the alcohol found in fermentation and is much stronger. sciousness they were very sick, and an emetic was given to them which brought up their Saturday's dinner just as it had gone into their stomach. The food had been preserved by the alcohol and relief could only come by taking an emetic." }, { "subject": "ALCOHOL AND TOBACCO", "number": 23, "question": "Why do some people take a glass of liquor before eating?", "answer": "Simply to gratify their taste. The idea that it is beneficial to the appetite is absurd and ridiculous. The plea is an excuse to cover up a practice they know to be not only dangerous morally, but a crime against the physical system." }, { "subject": "ALCOHOL AND TOBACCO", "number": 24, "question": "What disease is liable to attack the person who continues in drinking? 25. What effect do contagious diseases have upon habitual drinkers ? Why ?", "answer": "It is the terrible affliction, dyspepsia." }, { "subject": "ALCOHOL AND TOBACCO", "number": 26, "question": "What causes the redness of the nose and skin ?", "answer": "The skin is called into greater action to throw off a part of the alcohol taken into the system. The pores and blood-vessels of the skin become larger in this exertion, and the quantity of blood gives the color which is hung outside the body as a danger-signal against the use of the fiery poison which burns within." }, { "subject": "ALCOHOL AND TOBACCO", "number": 27, "question": "What does alcohol do to the heart ?", "answer": "It overworks it, makes it tired, loads it with fat and weakens the power of action." }, { "subject": "ALCOHOL AND TOBACCO", "number": 28, "question": "What does it do to the blood-vessels ?", "answer": "It stimulates the circulation, hurries the blood in its course, stretches the small arteries and makes them unfit for work." }, { "subject": "ALCOHOL AND TOBACCO", "number": 29, "question": "How does it act upon the lungs ?", "answer": "It causes them to work too fast, it heats and inflames them, it hardens the walls of the air-cells, it prevents the air from purifying the blood and like all other parts of the body this organ is polluted with the presence of this slow but deadly poison." }, { "subject": "ALCOHOL AND TOBACCO", "number": 30, "question": "Describe how it affects the brain ?", "answer": "Portions of the nerves, spinal cord and brains are composed of a white substance called albumen (the white of an egg); when alcohol comes in contact with this substance it absorbs the water and thickens the albumen, which action paralyzes these organs and they lose their power of action, the limbs cannot carry the body, the brain refuses to understand, and he who was created in the image of his Creator sinks into a drunken stupor." }, { "subject": "ALCOHOL AND TOBACCO", "number": 31, "question": "Why does a drunken man have imperfect vision ?", "answer": "The nerves of the eye are strained by the excitement and stupor and do not report to the brain a correct vision." }, { "subject": "ALCOHOL AND TOBACCO", "number": 32, "question": "How does alcohol injure the liver ?", "answer": "By hardening and preventing its action in removing the waste matters that should be carried off." }, { "subject": "ALCOHOL AND TOBACCO", "number": 33, "question": "How does it affect the kidneys ?", "answer": "The kidneys become fatty in structure, wax-like in condition, and other conditions leading to dropsy." }, { "subject": "ALCOHOL AND TOBACCO", "number": 34, "question": "How does it injure the mind ?", "answer": "Whatever injures the brain, weakens the power of thought and destroys the intellect." }, { "subject": "ALCOHOL AND TOBACCO", "number": 35, "question": "How do we know that alcohol is a poison ?", "answer": "If taken in sufficient quantities it almost immediately produces death. In such cases the animal has all of the appearance of poison. Nature declares that it is a poison, although by slow and constant use the system becomes used to its presence, holding in check the slow fire that is impairing the constitution, producing a poisoned blood, diseased kidneys, indigestion and the slow destruction of the mind, the brain, the heart, the nerves and the very soul of man." }, { "subject": "ALCOHOL AND TOBACCO", "number": 36, "question": "Do habitual drinkers crave for the taste of liquors ?", "answer": "It is often the case that the first glass in the morning is hard to swallow; it is nauseating to the stomach, and the old toper braces his physical powers and with a gulp it is gone. Why, you may ask, does he seek to do that which his system loathes and often rejects? It is for the effect; no longer is it a question of the palate and taste. There is a demand to rouse the sinking forces, to stimulate, to overcome the deadness of the heart and to produce a new excitement." }, { "subject": "ALCOHOL AND TOBACCO", "number": 37, "question": "Does alcohol protect from cold ?", "answer": "It imparts a warmth only by imagination. No new heat is infused into the system, but by quickened pulsation the blood rushes over the body and whatever heat is imparted to the outer surface is at the general expense of the internal heat and when this quickened pulsation returns to its normal condition the body has lost more heat and has become weaker in condition than it would have been if the excitement had not been given." }, { "subject": "ALCOHOL AND TOBACCO", "number": 38, "question": "What is the experience of sailors in cases of ship-wreck and great exposure ?", "answer": "It is the universal verdict that those who take liquor under these circumstances do not withstand the cold equal to those who refuse to drink." }, { "subject": "ALCOHOL AND TOBACCO", "number": 39, "question": "How could alcohol be used under such circumstances and become a benefit to those thus exposed ?", "answer": "By turning it into their boots or against the parts liable to freeze. This would be a means of outward protection by which the internal was not disturbed." }, { "subject": "ALCOHOL AND TOBACCO", "number": 40, "question": "Knowing the evil effects of drink, why do people continue to harbor its presence, protect its sale and defend its influence ?", "answer": "It is a mystery which remains to be explained, but whatever view may be taken in regard to this evil, the fact remains that its influence is increasing, its effects are more dangerous, and its power more grasping. It is insolent in character, selfish in desires and damning in its touch. It is a curse that follows, more blighting than fire and more terrible than disease. It breathes desolation, misery and despair. It is without love, home or friendship. Its aim is to destroy the soul of man and to mock at virtue, truth and manhood. It smiles to deceive, and its deceit is but the sting of death. It is robed in the blood-money of all the crimes of the earth. It spares none who yield to its embrace, and it seeks to embrace all. It is the hell of all hells, the monster of all monsters and the fire of all fires. Its curse cannot be comprehended, nor the innocent tears of its victims be measured. But, however sad may be the picture of its pathway, man, the being it brings to the lowest depths of degradation, still gives its infamy license, and as his pen signs the right to scatter woe, misery and destruction, he lifts his eyes and cries unto his Maker, \"O Lord, thy will be done!\" Such mockery! Such sacrilege to the Good of all Goodness! Why, oh why, does not the wrath of God blot it from the face of the earth?" }, { "subject": "ALCOHOL AND TOBACCO", "number": 41, "question": "When was tobacco discovered and when introduced to the people of civilization ?", "answer": "It was discovered by Columbus in 1492. It was taken to Spain in 1496; to France in 1560; to England in 1586." }, { "subject": "ALCOHOL AND TOBACCO", "number": 42, "question": "What is the difference in effect between alcohol and tobacco ?", "answer": "One excites, while the other soothes the nerves and often produces sleep." }, { "subject": "ALCOHOL AND TOBACCO", "number": 43, "question": "What poisonous elements are found in tobacco smoke ?", "answer": "They are carbonic acid, carbonic oxide, ammonia and nicotine." }, { "subject": "ALCOHOL AND TOBACCO", "number": 44, "question": "What is the effect of the carbonic acid ?", "answer": "It causes sleepiness and headache." }, { "subject": "ALCOHOL AND TOBACCO", "number": 45, "question": "What are the effects from carbonic oxide ?", "answer": "It causes trembling of the muscles and heart." }, { "subject": "ALCOHOL AND TOBACCO", "number": 46, "question": "What does the ammonia produce ?", "answer": "It bites the tongue and makes too much work for the salivary glands." }, { "subject": "ALCOHOL AND TOBACCO", "number": 47, "question": "What is nicotine ?", "answer": "It is a very poisonous element, strong in odor, bitter, and is the principal pain-soothing and sleep-producing portion of tobacco. It is a narcotic." }, { "subject": "ALCOHOL AND TOBACCO", "number": 48, "question": "What does nicotine produce ?", "answer": "It produces weakness, nervousness, dizziness, nausea, faintness, loss of strength, stupor, and if taken in large quantities it produces convulsions and death." }, { "subject": "ALCOHOL AND TOBACCO", "number": 49, "question": "Give some of the actions of tobacco on the human body ?", "answer": "It poisons the saliva. Injures the sense of smell, taste, sight and hearing. Causes \"smokers' sore-throat.\" Injures the stomach, causing dyspepsia, etc. Often takes away the appetite for wholesome food. Irritates the air-cells of the lungs. Causes palpitation of the heart. Weakens the muscles, causing trembling. Injures the eyes. Stupefies the brain and nerves." }, { "subject": "ALCOHOL AND TOBACCO", "number": 50, "question": "Give some of its actions on the mind ?", "answer": "It makes the memory poor. Lessens the power to think. Weakens the will. Makes people grow in selfishness and impoliteness. Often leads to bad company. Sometimes causes insanity." }, { "subject": "ALCOHOL AND TOBACCO", "number": 51, "question": "What forms of smoking are most injurious ?", "answer": "The habit of smoking cigarettes. The reason for this is that they contain more nicotine and often opium." }, { "subject": "ALCOHOL AND TOBACCO", "number": 52, "question": "What is opium ?", "answer": "It is the juice obtained from the seed-vessel of the white poppy before they are ripe. When dried, it is somewhat dark in color and bitter to the taste." }, { "subject": "ALCOHOL AND TOBACCO", "number": 53, "question": "Is it dangerous to use ?", "answer": "It is the most dangerous of drugs when used as a habit, as few can resist its influence when once the system has become accustomed to it. Its first effects are pleasant and exhilarating but the after work is one of wretched misery and can be relieved only by another portion; thus the habit becomes a cruel and unrelenting slavery." }, { "subject": "ALCOHOL AND TOBACCO", "number": 54, "question": "What is laudanum and morphine ?", "answer": "They are made from opium, and should be used only under the care of a physician." }, { "subject": "ALCOHOL AND TOBACCO", "number": 55, "question": "What is hashish ?", "answer": "It is a very powerful narcotic, prepared from the hemp plant grown in hot countries. It is used quite extensively among the people of warm climates, and is a terribly exciting poison." }, { "subject": "ALCOHOL AND TOBACCO", "number": 56, "question": "What is the areca nut ? Where found ?", "answer": "It is the seed from a kind of palm, and resembles a nutmeg. It is mixed with quick-lime and wrapped in a betel-leaf, which grows on a vine belonging to the pepper family. This mixture reddens the saliva and lips and blackens the teeth. It is chewed by millions of people in India." }, { "subject": "ALCOHOL AND TOBACCO", "number": 57, "question": "What caution should be observed in regard to the use of these liquids and drugs ?", "answer": "Touch not, taste not, handle not. They are all poisonous and mean the same thing— A little pleasure, disease, and DEATH." }, { "subject": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT", "number": 1, "question": "What is a constitution ?", "answer": "The established form of government in a state, kingdom or country." }, { "subject": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT", "number": 2, "question": "What is a preamble ?", "answer": "A formal and explanatory introduction." }, { "subject": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT", "number": 3, "question": "What are legislative powers, and in what are they vested ?", "answer": "The right to make and enforce laws, and are vested in a Congress of the United States." }, { "subject": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT", "number": 4, "question": "What is Congress ?", "answer": "An assemblage, especially applied to the two houses of legislative power in the United States." }, { "subject": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT", "number": 5, "question": "What is the Senate ? House of Representatives?", "answer": "The Senate is the upper house of a legislature, or Congress. The House of Representatives is the lower branch of a legislature, or Congress." }, { "subject": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT", "number": 6, "question": "How are senators and representatives elected, and for how long a term of office ?", "answer": "Senators are elected by the legislatures of the states for a term of six years, each state being entitled to two; representatives are elected by the people for a term of two years, each state being represented according to its population." }, { "subject": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT", "number": 7, "question": "How old must a representative be, and how long a citizen of the United States?", "answer": "Twenty-five years, and seven years a citizen." }, { "subject": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT", "number": 8, "question": "What is an elector ?", "answer": "One entitled to vote." }, { "subject": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT", "number": 9, "question": "How are representatives apportioned among the states ?", "answer": "According to the population of the states." }, { "subject": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT", "number": 10, "question": "What is census ? How often taken ?", "answer": "An official enumeration of the people, with the statement of their property, pursuits, age, etc. It is to be taken once in ten years, which forms a new basis of apportioning the number of representatives to the several states." }, { "subject": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT", "number": 11, "question": "If vacancies happen in the representation of any state, how is that vacancy filled ?", "answer": "By the executive authority of the state." }, { "subject": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT", "number": 12, "question": "What are writs of election ?", "answer": "A writing issued to an officer or officers to give notice of some election to be held." }, { "subject": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT", "number": 13, "question": "What officers does the House of Representatives choose ?", "answer": "The speaker, chief clerk, and sergeant-at-arms." }, { "subject": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT", "number": 14, "question": "What sole power has this branch of Congress ?", "answer": "The sole power of impeachment." }, { "subject": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT", "number": 15, "question": "What is impeachment ?", "answer": "An accusation or charge brought against a public officer for misconduct in office." }, { "subject": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT", "number": 16, "question": "Into how many classes are the senators divided ?", "answer": "Three: One class being elected every two years." }, { "subject": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT", "number": 17, "question": "Who is president of the Senate? Can he vote?", "answer": "The Vice-President of the United States, and is entitled to the casting vote." }, { "subject": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT", "number": 18, "question": "Should a vacancy occur in the Senate, what is to be done ?", "answer": "The executive of the state may make a temporary appointment, until the next meeting of the legislature." }, { "subject": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT", "number": 19, "question": "How old must a senator be, and how long a citizen of the United States ?", "answer": "Thirty years of age, and nine years a citizen." }, { "subject": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT", "number": 20, "question": "Who becomes president of the Senate when the Vice-President is absent ?", "answer": "The Senate elects one pro tem." }, { "subject": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT", "number": 21, "question": "What sole power belongs to the Senate?", "answer": "The sole power to try all impeachments." }, { "subject": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT", "number": 22, "question": "How may the President of the United States be punished for crime in office?", "answer": "He shall be impeached by the House of Representatives, and tried by the Senate, sitting for that purpose, on oath or affirmation, and the Chief Justice shall preside. The conviction shall be by the concurrence of two-thirds of the members present." }, { "subject": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT", "number": 23, "question": "What judgment can the Senate declare against a convicted President?", "answer": "It shall not extend further than to removal from office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of honor, trust, or profit under the United States." }, { "subject": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT", "number": 24, "question": "If an officer is removed from office by an impeachment trial, is he subject to the common law?", "answer": "He is liable and subject to indictment, trial, judgment, and punishment, according to law." }, { "subject": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT", "number": 25, "question": "What is a judgment? Indictment?", "answer": "Judgment is the sentence pronounced by the judge or court by which the person is tried. Indictment is a written accusation of crime made by a grand jury." }, { "subject": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT", "number": 26, "question": "What is an oath? An affirmation?", "answer": "An oath is a solemn declaration, made with an appeal to God for the truth of what is affirmed. An affirmation is a solemn declaration, made by one who is unwilling to take an oath." }, { "subject": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT", "number": 27, "question": "What officers does the Senate choose?", "answer": "They choose all of their officers except the president of the Senate, but when absent or exercising the office of President of the United States, one shall be chosen pro tempore." }, { "subject": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT", "number": 28, "question": "What is the meaning of pro tempore?", "answer": "For the time being." }, { "subject": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT", "number": 29, "question": "Who appoints the times, places, and manner of holding elections of senators and representatives? What may Congress do?", "answer": "It is prescribed in each state by the legislature thereof; but Congress may at any time by law make or alter such regulations, except as to the places of choosing senators." }, { "subject": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT", "number": 30, "question": "If disputes arise in election returns, how are they to be decided?", "answer": "Each House shall be the judge of the elections, returns, and qualifications of its own members." }, { "subject": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT", "number": 31, "question": "How many does it require to do business? What may a smaller number do?", "answer": "A majority; but a smaller number may compel the attendance of absent members, in such a manner and under such penalties as each House may provide." }, { "subject": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT", "number": 32, "question": "What power has each House over its members?", "answer": "It may punish its members for disorderly behavior, and with the concurrence of two-thirds, expel a member." }, { "subject": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT", "number": 33, "question": "Can either House adjourn at pleasure?", "answer": "Not for more than three days, without the consent of the other House." }, { "subject": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT", "number": 34, "question": "Shall each House keep a journal of its proceedings?", "answer": "It shall, and print the same, unless secrecy is required." }, { "subject": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT", "number": 35, "question": "When shall the yeas and noes be entered on the journal?", "answer": "When one-fifth of those present shall require it." }, { "subject": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT", "number": 36, "question": "When shall Congress assemble? Can it assemble at any other time?", "answer": "The first Monday in December; but it may be convened by the President, when necessary, or Congress may adjourn from time to time." }, { "subject": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT", "number": 37, "question": "How do members receive compensation?", "answer": "By law; and are paid out of the treasury of the United States." }, { "subject": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT", "number": 38, "question": "Can a member be arrested while Congress is in session?", "answer": "Only for felony, treason, or breach of the peace." }, { "subject": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT", "number": 39, "question": "For what shall they not be questioned in any other place?", "answer": "For any speech or debate in Congress." }, { "subject": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT", "number": 40, "question": "Can a person hold an office under the United States and be a member of Congress?", "answer": "He cannot." }, { "subject": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT", "number": 41, "question": "Where shall bills for raising revenue originate?", "answer": "In the House of Representatives." }, { "subject": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT", "number": 42, "question": "What is revenue? What is a bill?", "answer": "Revenue is the income of government, arising from taxes, duties, etc. A bill is a formal writing presented to the legislature for enactment." }, { "subject": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT", "number": 43, "question": "When does a bill become a law?", "answer": "By passing both Houses of Congress, and receiving the sanction of the President; but if returned within ten days, Sundays excepted, with his objections, it does not become a law, unless reconsidered and passed by a two-thirds vote of both Houses." }, { "subject": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT", "number": 44, "question": "What question does not require the sanction of the President?", "answer": "The question of adjournment, except in case of disagreement between the two Houses with respect to the time of adjournment, when the President can adjourn them to such a time as he shall think proper." }, { "subject": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT", "number": 45, "question": "What are the powers of Congress?", "answer": "Section 8. The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, and excises, to pay the debts and provide for the common defense and general welfare of the United States, but all duties, imposts, and excises shall be uniform throughout the United States; to borrow money on the credit of the United States; to regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several states, and with the Indian tribes; to establish a uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform laws on the subject of bankruptcies throughout the United States; to coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin, and fix the standard of weights and measures; to provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities and current coin of the United States; to establish post-offices and post-roads; to promote the progress of science and the useful arts, by securing for limited times to authors and inventors the exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries; to constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court; to define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the high seas, and offenses against the law of nations; to declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make rules concerning captures on land and water; to raise and support armies, but no appropriation of money to that use shall be made for a longer term than two years; to provide and maintain a navy; to make rules for the government and regulation of the land and naval forces; to provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the Union, suppress insurrections, and repel invasions; to provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining the militia, and for governing such part of them as may be employed in the service of the United States, reserving to the states respectively, the appointment of the officers, and the authority of training the militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress; to exercise exclusive legislation in all cases whatsoever, over such district (not exceeding ten miles square) as may, by cession of particular states, and the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of government of the United States, and exercise like authority over all places purchased by the consent of the legislature of the state in which the same shall be, for the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dockyards, and other needful buildings;—and to make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers and all others vested by this constitution in the government of the United States, or any department or officer thereof." }, { "subject": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT", "number": 46, "question": "What is meant by high seas? By law of nations?", "answer": "The law of nations, the accepted or universal laws of all nations." }, { "subject": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT", "number": 47, "question": "What are letters of marque and reprisals?", "answer": "Written authority from government to seize the property of an enemy, especially vessels and cargoes." }, { "subject": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT", "number": 48, "question": "What are duties, imports, and excises?", "answer": "Duty, a tax levied on imports. Imports, goods brought from other countries. Excise, a tax on anything made, used, or sold." }, { "subject": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT", "number": 49, "question": "What is the militia?", "answer": "The citizens of a state liable to military duty enrolled for service." }, { "subject": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT", "number": 50, "question": "Over what district may Congress exercise exclusive legislation?", "answer": "The District of Columbia." }, { "subject": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT", "number": 51, "question": "What are forts? Magazines? Arsenals? Dock-yards?", "answer": "Fort, a place of defense. Magazine, a store where ammunition is kept. Arsenal, a repository for arms and military stores. Dockyard, a place for containing all kinds of naval stores and timber." }, { "subject": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT", "number": 52, "question": "What is the writ of habeas corpus? When can it be suspended?", "answer": "A writ for delivering a person from false imprisonment, and can only be suspended in cases of treason, or when the public safety requires it." }, { "subject": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT", "number": 53, "question": "What is a bill of attainder? Is it allowed?", "answer": "A special act of the legislature inflicting capital punishment upon persons supposed to be guilty of high crimes, without the process of law. It is not allowed by the constitution of the United States." }, { "subject": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT", "number": 54, "question": "What is an ex post facto law?", "answer": "A law making an act criminal which was not so when done. It is not allowed." }, { "subject": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT", "number": 55, "question": "Can a tax or duty be laid on articles exported from any state?", "answer": "It cannot." }, { "subject": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT", "number": 56, "question": "What is prohibited in regard to nobility and the receiving of presents?", "answer": "No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States; and no person holding an office of profit or trust under them shall, without the consent of Congress, accept of any present, emolument, office or title of any kind whatever, from any king, prince or foreign state." }, { "subject": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT", "number": 57, "question": "Can any state enter into any treaty, alliance, or confederation?", "answer": "It cannot." }, { "subject": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT", "number": 58, "question": "Can a state engage in war?", "answer": "Not unless in imminent danger from invasion." }, { "subject": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT", "number": 59, "question": "What are the states forbidden to do in regard to imposts or duties on imports or exports?", "answer": "No state shall, without an act of Congress, lay any imposts or duties on imports or exports, except what may be absolutely necessary for executing its inspection laws." }, { "subject": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT", "number": 60, "question": "In whom is the executive power of the United States vested?", "answer": "In a President." }, { "subject": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT", "number": 61, "question": "Who are eligible to this office?", "answer": "Any citizen born in the United States, thirty-five years of age, and fourteen years a resident." }, { "subject": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT", "number": 62, "question": "How are the President and Vice-President elected?", "answer": "By electors chosen by the people. The electors shall meet in their respective states and vote by distinct ballots for President and Vice-President. These votes are sealed and transmitted to the seat of government of the United States, directed to the president of the Senate. The president of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted; the person having the greatest number of votes for President shall be President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed; and if no person have such majority, then from the persons having the highest number, not exceeding three on the list of those voted for as President, the House of Representatives shall choose immediately, by ballot, the President. The person having the greatest number of votes as Vice-President shall be the Vice-President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed, and if no person have a majority, then from the two highest numbers on the list, the Senate shall choose the Vice-President." }, { "subject": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT", "number": 63, "question": "Supposing the House of Representatives fail to elect a President whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, who shall act as President?", "answer": "The Vice-President shall act as President in the case of the death or other constitutional disability of the President." }, { "subject": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT", "number": 64, "question": "What may Congress determine in regard to the time of choosing the electors?", "answer": "Congress may determine the time of choosing the electors, and the day on which they shall give their vote; which day shall be the same throughout the United States." }, { "subject": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT", "number": 65, "question": "When does the Vice-President act as the chief magistrate?", "answer": "In case of the removal of the President from office, or of his death, resignation, or inability to discharge the powers and duties of the said office." }, { "subject": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT", "number": 66, "question": "How is the President compensated for his services?", "answer": "The President shall, at stated times, receive for his services a compensation which shall neither be increased nor diminished during the period for which he shall have been elected, and he shall not receive within that period any other emolument from the United States, or any of them." }, { "subject": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT", "number": 67, "question": "What oath must he take before he enters upon the execution of his office?", "answer": "\"I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the office of President of the United States, and will, to the best of my ability preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States.\"" }, { "subject": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT", "number": 68, "question": "Who is commander-in-chief of the army and navy?", "answer": "The President." }, { "subject": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT", "number": 69, "question": "What offense is he not permitted to pardon?", "answer": "Cases of impeachment." }, { "subject": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT", "number": 70, "question": "Does he have a right to make treaties, appoint ambassadors, judges of the Supreme Court, and officers of the United States?", "answer": "He has the right, with the advice and consent of the Senate, to make treaties, provided two-thirds of the senators present concur, and with the advice and consent of the Senate he shall appoint ambassadors, ministers, judges, and officers of the United States, and all appointments which shall be established by law." }, { "subject": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT", "number": 71, "question": "If a vacancy occurs during a recess of Congress, how is it filled?", "answer": "By an appointment by the President." }, { "subject": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT", "number": 72, "question": "What is the President's message?", "answer": "An article directed to Congress, stating the condition of the country, and proposing such measures as he may judge necessary and expedient." }, { "subject": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT", "number": 73, "question": "For what crimes can the President, Vice-President, and all civil officers of the United States be impeached?", "answer": "For treason, bribery, and other high crimes and misdemeanors." }, { "subject": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT", "number": 74, "question": "What is treason? Bribery?", "answer": "Treason against the United States shall consist only in levying war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort. Bribery is giving money or some other consideration to procure desired legislation, a judicial decision, or other official action." }, { "subject": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT", "number": 75, "question": "In what is the judicial power of the United States vested?", "answer": "In one Supreme Court and such inferior courts as Congress may from time to time establish." }, { "subject": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT", "number": 76, "question": "How long do the judges of the Supreme Court hold office?", "answer": "During good behavior, or life." }, { "subject": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT", "number": 77, "question": "To what cases does their power extend?", "answer": "In all cases arising under the Constitution, the laws of the United States, and cases that cannot be settled in the Supreme Court of any state." }, { "subject": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT", "number": 78, "question": "In what cases has the Supreme Court original jurisdiction ?", "answer": "In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, and those in which a state shall be a party. In other cases, the Supreme Court shall have appellate jurisdiction, or jurisdiction by an appeal from lower courts." }, { "subject": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT", "number": 79, "question": "Where shall a criminal be tried ?", "answer": "In the state where the crime is committed." }, { "subject": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT", "number": 80, "question": "If the crime is not committed in the United States, where must the trial be held ?", "answer": "At such a place or places as Congress may by law have directed." }, { "subject": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT", "number": 81, "question": "What crimes are not tried by jury ?", "answer": "Crimes subject to impeachment." }, { "subject": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT", "number": 82, "question": "What power declares the punishment of treason ? How shall a person be convicted ?", "answer": "Congress. No person shall be convicted of treason unless on the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in open court." }, { "subject": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT", "number": 83, "question": "What is meant by, \"but no attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood or forfeiture, except during the life of the person attainted\" ?", "answer": "That no postity or person shall be denied any rights because of the punishment or conviction of another." }, { "subject": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT", "number": 84, "question": "What faith and credit shall be given each state ?", "answer": "Full faith and credit shall be given in each state to the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other state." }, { "subject": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT", "number": 85, "question": "Can a person charged with crime be taken from another state ?", "answer": "On demand of the executive authority of the state where the crime was committed." }, { "subject": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT", "number": 86, "question": "How are new states admitted into the Union ?", "answer": "By consent of Congress." }, { "subject": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT", "number": 87, "question": "How can new states be formed ?", "answer": "From territories having 30,000 inhabitants, or from states or parts of states with the consent of the states concerned." }, { "subject": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT", "number": 88, "question": "What power has Congress in regard to the territory and other property belonging to the United States ?", "answer": "Congress shall have power to dispose of and make all needful rules and regulations respecting it." }, { "subject": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT", "number": 89, "question": "What shall the United States guarantee to every state in the Union ?", "answer": "A republican form of government and protection." }, { "subject": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT", "number": 90, "question": "What is the supreme law of the land ? Who are bound by oath to support it ?", "answer": "The constitution and laws of the United States. All government officers and representatives are bound by oath to support it." }, { "subject": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT", "number": 91, "question": "Is a religious test required as a qualification to any office or public trust ?", "answer": "No religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to any office or public trust under the United States." }, { "subject": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT", "number": 92, "question": "How may the constitution be amended ?", "answer": "By two-thirds vote of both Houses of Congress, or by the action of the legislatures of two-thirds of the states, ratified in either case by three-fourths of all the states." }, { "subject": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT", "number": 93, "question": "How many amendments to the constitution ? When were the first ten adopted ?", "answer": "Fifteen; the first ten were adopted at the first session of Congress." }, { "subject": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT", "number": 94, "question": "What did Congress grant in the first amendment to the constitution ?", "answer": "Freedom of religion, of speech, of the press, the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances." }, { "subject": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT", "number": 95, "question": "What privilege was given the states in the second amendment?", "answer": "The right of the people to keep and bear arms." }, { "subject": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT", "number": 96, "question": "What is the law respecting the quartering of soldiers in any house in the time of peace ?", "answer": "No soldier shall, in the time of peace, be quartered in any house without the consent of the owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law." }, { "subject": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT", "number": 97, "question": "What rights are secured to the people in the fourth amendment?", "answer": "The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures." }, { "subject": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT", "number": 98, "question": "Can a person be twice put in jeopardy of life ?", "answer": "Nor shall any person be subject for the same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb." }, { "subject": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT", "number": 99, "question": "Can a person be compelled to be a witness against himself?", "answer": "He cannot." }, { "subject": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT", "number": 100, "question": "What is the law respecting the taking of private property ?", "answer": "If taken for public use, he shall have just compensation." }, { "subject": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT", "number": 101, "question": "In the sixth amendment, what right shall the accused enjoy in all criminal prosecutions ?", "answer": "A speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the assistance of counsel for his defense." }, { "subject": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT", "number": 102, "question": "When shall the right of trial by jury be preserved ?", "answer": "In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars." }, { "subject": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT", "number": 103, "question": "What shall not be required, nor imposed, nor inflicted, in the eighth amendment?", "answer": "Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishment inflicted." }, { "subject": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT", "number": 104, "question": "In the tenth amendment, what powers are reserved to the states respectively, or to the people ?", "answer": "The powers not delegated to the United States by the constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively, or to the people." }, { "subject": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT", "number": 105, "question": "What is the thirteenth amendment ?", "answer": "Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction." }, { "subject": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT", "number": 106, "question": "In the fourteenth amendment, who is forbidden from holding certain offices ? How may the disability be removed?", "answer": "Persons who have held office under the United States, or of any state, and shall have been engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof. Congress may, by a vote of two-thirds of each House, remove such disability." }, { "subject": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT", "number": 107, "question": "What is said of the public debt ? What shall be held as illegal and void ?", "answer": "The validity of the public debt of the United States, authorized by law, shall not be questioned. Any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or any claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave, shall be held illegal and void." }, { "subject": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT", "number": 108, "question": "What is the fifteenth amendment ?", "answer": "The right of the citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude." }, { "subject": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT", "number": 109, "question": "What two important measures have been passed by the 48th and 49th Congress to fill a possible deficiency in the constitution ?", "answer": "A bill for counting the electoral vote, and the Presidential succession bill." }, { "subject": "CIVIL GOVERNMENT", "number": 111, "question": "What is the law in regard to the Presidential succession ?", "answer": "\"In case of removal, death, resignation, or inability of both the President and Vice-President, a member of the Cabinet shall, in the following order, act as President until the disability is removed or a President elected: The Secretary of State, Secretary of the Treasury, Secretary of War, Attorney General, Postmaster General, Secretary of the Navy, Secretary of the Interior; provided, that whenever the powers or duties of the office of President of the United States shall devolve upon any of the persons named therein, if Congress be not then in session, or if it would not meet in accordance with law within twenty days thereafter, it shall be the duty of the person upon whom the said powers and duties shall devolve, to issue a proclamation convening Congress in extraordinary session, giving twenty days' notice of the time of meeting.\" (Approved January 19, 1886.)" }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 1, "question": "What is Physiology?", "answer": "The science of the organic functions of animals or plants." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 2, "question": "Illustrate the value of understanding the knowledge of physiology.", "answer": "By a proper knowledge of this subject lives may be saved, strength preserved, and life lengthened. In case of accidents, as of poison, drowning or bodily injuries, this knowledge may be of great value to us in relieving sickness and distress." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 3, "question": "Into what two bodies is nature divided?", "answer": "Into organic and inorganic bodies." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 4, "question": "Define organic bodies.", "answer": "They are those bodies which possess organs, on whose actions depend their growth and perfection. It includes minerals and plants." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 5, "question": "Define inorganic bodies.", "answer": "They are devoid of organs, or instruments of life, as the earth's minerals, etc." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 6, "question": "What is Anatomy?", "answer": "The science of the structure of animal bodies." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 7, "question": "What is Hygiene?", "answer": "That branch of medicine which treats of the preservation of health." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 8, "question": "What law is impressed on all animal beings?", "answer": "The law of constant change." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 9, "question": "What is the difference between food and living flesh?", "answer": "Food is the material we eat, changed by the action of the system into living flesh." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 10, "question": "How are plants nourished?", "answer": "They are nourished by the inorganic elements found in the earth and air around them. This material is received in the form of liquid or a gas, already prepared for their use." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 11, "question": "How are animals nourished?", "answer": "They are nourished by the organic materials of vegetables or of other animals." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 12, "question": "What do animals always possess?", "answer": "They possess a stomach or digestive cavity, in which the food is prepared before it can be absorbed by the machinery of the body." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 13, "question": "What functions are peculiar to animals alone?", "answer": "Sensation and voluntary motion, and are, therefore, called animal functions." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 14, "question": "What organs constitute the digestive apparatus?", "answer": "The mouth, pharynx, œsophagus, stomach, pancreas, and intestinal canal." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 15, "question": "What difference in the teeth of the carnivorous and herbivorous animals?", "answer": "The carnivorous have sharp front teeth, and long, sharp and pointed canine teeth, and grinders with high and sharpened points. The herbivorous have short, blunt, and strong front teeth, small canine teeth, but their molars are very large, broad and flat, with slightly raised lines on their surface." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 16, "question": "How many teeth has man, and how divided?", "answer": "Sixteen in each jaw : four incisors in the center ; one canine next to the incisors, on each side ; then two bicuspids, and three molars." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 17, "question": "Of what are teeth composed?", "answer": "They are composed of soft bone within, but are covered on the outside with an enamel of very hard texture, which admits of an exquisitely fine polish." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 18, "question": "How are the teeth set in the jaw?", "answer": "With long fangs, so they are not easily started from their places." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 19, "question": "What are salivary glands? What is their function?", "answer": "They are glands which empty their fluids into the mouth. Their function is to secrete fluid which moistens the food during mastication, and assists, in a measure, in digestion." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 20, "question": "Where are the salivary glands situated?", "answer": "The two larger ones, situated between the ear and upper part of the jaw, are called parotid glands. Two smaller ones, situated about half way between the symphysis, or center, are called submaxillary. Smaller ones still, underneath the tongue, are called sublingual." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 21, "question": "Describe the pharynx, or second chamber of the mouth.", "answer": "It is separated from the mouth by the palate. Four passages open out of it : one leads forward to the mouth ; a second, upward to the nose ; a third, downward to the lungs ; and a fourth, backward to the stomach." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 22, "question": "What is the epiglottis? 23. Describe the oesophagus.", "answer": "A small valve placed over the mouth of the trachea, admitting air, but excluding all foreign substances." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 24, "question": "How does food find its way to the stomach ?", "answer": "Upon being forced back in the mouth to the pharynx it causes, by its presence, the muscles of the pharynx to contract upon it. This is the act of swallowing, and is beyond the control of the will. The circular fibers of the muscles of the oesophagus seize upon the morsel of food, and contracting, force it downward until it reaches the stomach." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 25, "question": "Describe the stomach.", "answer": "It is an oval-shaped sac, situated below the dia-phragm on the same plane with the liver, and lies mostly on the left side of the spine. It has two openings; an up-per, or cardiac orifice, where the oesophagus enters; and a lower, or pyloric orifice, which enters into the duodenum. It is composed of three coats: an outer or serous coat, which is the same as that which lines the whole abdomen; a middle, or muscular coat, composed of two layers of fibers, longitudinal and circular, the contraction of which move the food about the stomach during digestion; and an inner, or mucous coat, containing the gastric tubules, which secrete the gastric juice." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 26, "question": "By what is the food dissolved in the stomach ?", "answer": "A powerful fluid called the gastric juice." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 27, "question": "Describe the process of digestion in the stomach ?", "answer": "The presence of food in the stomach causes the gastric juice to be thrown out. The muscles of the stomach move the food about, which causes the gastric juice to be thoroughly intermingled with it. The gastric juice re-duces the food to a pulpy mass, which occurs usually in three or four hours, and is then passed out of the stomach at the pyloric orifice." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 28, "question": "Of what is gastric juice composed?", "answer": "It is composed of an acid, supposed to be lactic or hydrochloric acid, and an organic substance called pepsin." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 29, "question": "Name the fluids of the body.", "answer": "They are the blood, chyle, lymph, saliva, gastric juice, pancreatic juice, synovia, mucus, and serum. Bile, sweat, and urine are excretions." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 30, "question": "Name the solids of the body.", "answer": "The solids are the bones, teeth, cartilages, ligaments, muscles, nerves, vessels, viscera, membranes, skin, hair, and nails." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 31, "question": "Give the list of chemical elements in the human body.", "answer": "They are oxygen, hydrogen, carbon, sodium, potas-sium, chlorine, nitrogen, sulphur, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, fluorine, silicon, iron, manganese." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 32, "question": "Into what substances are these elements divided ?", "answer": "Into metallic and non-metallic substances." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 33, "question": "Name the metallic substances.", "answer": "They are potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium, iron, and manganese." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 34, "question": "Name the non-metallic substances.", "answer": "They are oxygen, hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, sili-cium, phosphorus, sulphur and chlorine." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 35, "question": "Give the arrangement of the parts of the body.", "answer": "They are arranged into fibers, fasciculi, tissues, organs, apparatuses, and systems." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 36, "question": "Define a fibre.", "answer": "It is a thread of exceeding fineness, and may be round or flattened." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 37, "question": "Define a fasciculus.", "answer": "It is the term applied to several fibres united. 38. A tissue is a term applied to several different solids of the body." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 39, "question": "Define an organ.", "answer": "An organ is an instrument composed of tissues, and designed for action." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 40, "question": "What is the action of an organ called ?", "answer": "It is called its function or use." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 41, "question": "Give an example of an organ and its functions.", "answer": "The liver is an organ, and the secretion of bile its function." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 42, "question": "Define an apparatus.", "answer": "An apparatus consists of a number of different organs for the performance of some office. The teeth, mouth, stomach, intestines, etc., belong to the digestive apparatus." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 43, "question": "Define a system.", "answer": "It is a connected series of similar parts, such as the muscular or nervous system." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 44, "question": "To what can every organ of the body be reduced?", "answer": "They are supposed to be reduced to a few tissues, as the cellular, osseous, muscular, mucous, and nervous." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 45, "question": "What tissue is the primary form of all others ?", "answer": "The cellular or areolar tissue is regarded as the primary form of all others." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 46, "question": "How is the cellular tissue formed?", "answer": "It is formed by the crossing or interlacing of minute fibers, interwoven in every direction, so as to form a web-like membrane with innumerable small spaces, which communicate with each other." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 47, "question": "Where is the cellular tissue formed ?", "answer": "It is formed in every part of the system, except in compact portions of bone, teeth and cartilage." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 48, "question": "What is the chief use of this tissue ?", "answer": "Its chief use seems to be to connect together organs and parts of organs which require a certain degree of motion on each other. It possesses great power of elasticity." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 49, "question": "What different names have been given to cellular tissue ?", "answer": "It differs according to its position in the body. Where it is not exposed to the air it is called the serous membrane, from a fluid secreted in it, called serum. In the lining of the respiratory passages and of the alimentary canal, it is called mucous membrane. Where it forms a covering for the body, it is called the dermoid membrane, or skin." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 50, "question": "Describe the osseous tissue.", "answer": "This tissue, in composition and arrangement of matter, varies at different periods of life, and in different bones. In some instances the bony matter is disposed in plates, while in other instances the arrangement is cylindrical, and again it is spongy, or porous." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 51, "question": "Describe the muscular tissue.", "answer": "This tissue is composed of many fibers that unite to form fasciculi, each of which is enclosed in a delicate layer of cellular tissue." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 52, "question": "Describe the nervous tissue.", "answer": "The nervous tissue consists of soft, pulpy matter, enclosed in a sheath, called neurilema, and consists of two substances, the one a pulpy matter, gray in color, and is called cineritious (ash-colored), while the other is of a fibrous character and white and called medullary (marrow-like)." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 53, "question": "Into what divisions may the human system be divided ?", "answer": "Though the body is harmoniously united into a single system, it can be dissected and the parts described separately. The following order is here adopted : Osteology, or an account of the bones or frame-work of the system. Myology, an account of the muscles or the mov-ing power of the system. Splanchnology, or the nutritive organs. Angiology, an account of the circulating system of the arteries and veins. Pneumonology, an account of the respiratory, vocal, and calorific organs. Chorology, the secreting system. Neurology, the history of the nervous system. The Inlets of the Soul, the senses." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 54, "question": "What is hunger?", "answer": "A sensation of want of more nutriment in the body, and is caused by the action of the blood on the terminal branches of the nerves in the mucous coat of the stomach." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 55, "question": "What is the relative position of the stomach, lungs, liver and diaphragm ?", "answer": "The lungs lie within the walls of the thorax, sep-arated from the abdomen by a broad muscle, the dia-phragm. Under the right lung, below the diaphragm, lies the liver, and to the left is the stomach." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 56, "question": "To what substance is all food reduced in the stomach ?", "answer": "A pulpy substance, called chyme." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 57, "question": "Does the stomach digest fatty articles of food?", "answer": "It does not; they are digested by the pancreatic and intestinal juices." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 58, "question": "What is the temperature of the stomach ?", "answer": "About 100° F." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 59, "question": "Can food be digested artificially ?", "answer": "It can. If food be thoroughly mixed with hydro-chloric acid and pepsin, and kept at an equal temperature of 100°, it will be reduced in a few hours to a homogeneous mass somewhat resembling chyme." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 60, "question": "What three kinds of food do we need ?", "answer": "Nitrogenous, carbonaceous, and mineral food." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 61, "question": "What is nitrogenous food ?", "answer": "It is the food which contains much nitrogen. The most common forms are whites of eggs, lean meat, gluten, and caseine." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 62, "question": "What is carbonaceous food ?", "answer": "Those kinds which contain much carbon, and con-sist of two kinds, viz.: the sugars and the fats." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 63, "question": "Name the mineral matters which should be contained in our food?", "answer": "There should be limited quantities of iron, sulphur, magnesia, phosphorus, salt and potash." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 64, "question": "Could a person live on one kind of food alone?", "answer": "He could not. A person fed on starch would have nothing to make muscle of and if continued would die of nitrogen starvation." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 65, "question": "State the five evil results of rapid eating.", "answer": "The evil results of rapid eating are : A lack of saliva with the food. The coarse pieces resist the action of the digestive fluids. Drinking too freely, which dilutes the gastric juice, and hinders digestion. Overcrowding the stomach by this rapidity. The use of condiments to give taste to the food, which over-stimulates the digestive organs." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 66, "question": "Why should care be banished from the table?", "answer": "Care or grief restrain digestion and should not occupy the mind at such times. It is a nervous action and the nourishing organs of the system are held back, but with merriment and pleasant thoughts the opposite is the result." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 67, "question": "Will a regular routine of food be beneficial?", "answer": "By a regular routine of food the appetite becomes insipid, and if continued in will generally produce a sickness to reject the food which has become disgusting to the stomach. The apparent simple feat of eating one quail a day for thirty successive days, at a stated hour of the day, has never been accomplished but once. It is this sameness of taste which cannot be endured beyond a certain time, and although a great variety of food is taken, yet the little quail finally upsets the whole system and the individual cannot retain it on his stomach." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 68, "question": "What are the principal causes of dyspepsia?", "answer": "By overtaxing the digestive organs. This may be done by too much food, irregularity of eating, drinking strong drinks, etc." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 69, "question": "What is the best remedy for a bilious man?", "answer": "Work, work, work. Not to a degree of physical prostration, but to such an extent that the body demands nourishment and the muscles to be recruited. Nature will then build herself up to supply this demand." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 70, "question": "What is the pyloric valve?", "answer": "It is no valve, but simply a narrowing or contraction of the pyloric end of the stomach." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 71, "question": "How long does it take our chief articles of food to digest?", "answer": "Hrs. Min. Apples, hard, sour........... Raw. 2 50 Apples, sweet, mellow........ Raw. 1 30 Barley..................... Boiled. 2 .. Beef, fresh, rare............ Roasted. 3 .. Beef, steak.................. Fried. 4 .. Bread, wheat, fresh.......... Baked. 3 30 Cake, sponge................ Baked. 2 30 Cheese, old.................. Raw. 3 30 Codfish, salt, dry........... Boiled. 2 .. Ducks, wild.................. Roasted. 4 30 Eggs, fresh.................. Boiled, hard 3 30 Eggs, fresh.................. Roasted. 2 20 Hrs. Min. Eggs, fresh, whipped... Raw. 1 30 Milk, new... Raw. 2 15 Mutton, fresh... Roasted. 3 15 Oysters, fresh... Raw. 3 .. Oysters, fresh... Stewed. 3 30 Pigs' feet, soused... Boiled. 1 30 Pork, fat and lean... Roasted. 5 15 Pork, salted... Raw. 3 .. Potatoes, Irish... Boiled. 3 30 Potatoes, Irish... Roasted. 2 30 Rice... Boiled. 1 .. Sausage... Broiled. 3 20 Soup, barley... Boiled. 1 30 Soup, oyster... Boiled. 3 30 Tripe, soused... Boiled. 1 .. Trout, fresh... Fried. 1 30 Veal, fresh... Fried. 4 30 Venison, steak... Broiled. 1 35" }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 72, "question": "What does organic food comprise?", "answer": "Organic food comprises nitrogenous substances; fats; compounds of carbon and hydrogen, such as sugar or starch." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 73, "question": "What does inorganic food comprise?", "answer": "Inorganic food comprises water and alkalies, such as salt, phosphates, etc." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 74, "question": "What is the first work of the stomach in digestion?", "answer": "To get rid of the greater part of the fluid which has been swallowed with the food." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 75, "question": "Into what organ does the chyme pass from the stomach?", "answer": "Into the duodenum." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 76, "question": "Describe the intestinal canal.", "answer": "It is composed of three coats, arranged in a manner similar to the stomach, and for similar purposes. The mucous coat secretes the intestinal juice, which aids digestion. It is divided into the large and small intestines; the small intestine is subdivided into the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum; between the ileum and the large intestine is a perfect valve, which allows nothing to pass back that has once entered the large intestine from the ileum." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 77, "question": "What is the pancreas?", "answer": "A long, narrow gland, situated immediately below and behind the stomach." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 78, "question": "What is the office of the pancreas?", "answer": "It secretes the pancreatic juice, which is emptied into the duodenum, and digests the fatty parts of food." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 79, "question": "What are the lacteal absorbments?", "answer": "Numberless minute tubules in the intestinal mucous membrane, which take up by absorption the nutriment, and convey them to the blood. These tubules join together, forming other tubules, which again join, and continue to do so until all are united in the thoracic duct." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 80, "question": "What is the lacteal duct?", "answer": "The duct into which all the lacteal absorbents empty, and is sometimes called the thoracic duct. passes upward along the spine, and empties into the left subclavian vein." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 81, "question": "What is called the lacteal system?", "answer": "The lacteal absorbents, the tubes which they form by joining together, and the lacteal duct—all together form the lacteal system." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 82, "question": "How is the digested food disposed of?", "answer": "In the duodenum the digested food is divided into two kinds; that which is to enter the blood-vessels, and the waste." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 83, "question": "What is chyle?", "answer": "Food reduced to a whitish-colored fluid, and ready to be absorbed by the lacteals." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 84, "question": "When is a new supply of nutriment needed?", "answer": "When the lacteal absorbents have consumed the chyle and carried it into the veins, and the blood can no longer meet the demands of the wasting flesh." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 85, "question": "Will the stomach bear sudden changes in the time of eating?", "answer": "Not without some complaint. One's appetite returns at established periods; then his stomach craves food, and the gastric juice is ready to flow and dissolve it." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 86, "question": "When does the body sustain labor and exposure best?", "answer": "When it is best nourished." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 87, "question": "Why do growing persons or convalescents require more food than adults or persons in health?", "answer": "In order to meet the new conditions, and supply the new wants of the system." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 88, "question": "What is the common error in regard to eating?", "answer": "That to please the palate, food that is not easily digested is eaten, and more than the system requires." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 89, "question": "When any organ of the body is in action, what changes occur?", "answer": "The nervous force of the part is increased, and the circulation of the blood quickened, to supply the waste and support its powers." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 90, "question": "What is the office of the liver?", "answer": "To form the bile, the elements of which are separated from the blood." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 91, "question": "Where is the bile emptied?", "answer": "It is emptied through a duct into the duodenum, and serves to keep the intestinal contents in a healthy condition." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 92, "question": "Where is the spleen?", "answer": "On the left side of the spine." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 93, "question": "What is the office of the spleen?", "answer": "It is a ductless gland, and its office is not for a certainty known." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 94, "question": "What is fatigue?", "answer": "A waste of the particles of the system, by exercise greater than the new materials supplied by the blood." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 95, "question": "What is rest?", "answer": "The restoration of the materials wasted by fatigue." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 96, "question": "What terms are applied to the difference in the temperament of men?", "answer": "The general classes are the nervous, sanguine, bilious, and lymphatic temperaments." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 97, "question": "Describe the nervous temperament.", "answer": "Those in whom the nervous system predominates, who are easily elated or depressed, whose mental actions are performed with rapidity." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 98, "question": "Describe the sanguine temperament.", "answer": "Those in whom the circulatory system predominates; who are strong, but at the same time active; who are bold and resolute, and always hopeful." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 99, "question": "Describe the bilious temperament. 100. Describe the lymphatic temperament.", "answer": "Those in whom the physical system predominates; who are strong in mind and body, but not quick; who are calm, steady and persevering." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 101, "question": "How does childhood differ from old age?", "answer": "In childhood the blood flows rapidly, the muscles are easily stimulated to action, the nervous system is irritable, and the feelings and passions are readily quickened. In old age, all the powers, feelings, and passions are in an opposite direction." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 102, "question": "Does this difference require a modification of diet?", "answer": "It does. The elastic period requires a mild and soothing diet, while the inactive period needs more stimulating food." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 103, "question": "What two things are to be considered in all kinds of food?", "answer": "First—The digestibility. Second—The quantity of nutriment contained in them." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 104, "question": "What are the natural effects of stimulation?", "answer": "When any part of the body is rubbed with pepper, mustard, or spirits, it creates an irritation; the blood flows to the place more abundantly; there is greater action and quicker life; but these effects soon cease, and then the skin is pale, the circulation is more languid, for unusual action of the muscles causes fatigue." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 105, "question": "What is the effect of alcohol?", "answer": "It is quick in action, both in excitement and exhaustion. To a healthy stomach it must be injurious, for it gives only temporary strength; it only quickens the action and expenditure of power already existing, leaving the stomach to fall below its natural standard." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 106, "question": "What becomes of the chyle?", "answer": "It is taken up by the lacteal absorbents, carried through the lacteal tubes to the thoracic duct, and from that emptied into the left subclavian vein near the heart." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 107, "question": "What is the apparatus of the circulation of the blood?", "answer": "The heart, arteries, capillaries, and veins." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 108, "question": "Describe the heart.", "answer": "It is a hollow, muscular organ of a conical form, placed between the lungs, lying more in the left than right cavity of the chest. It is about five inches in length, three inches and a half in breadth, and two inches and a half in thickness; and weighs from eight to twelve ounces. It is divided by a septum into two lateral halves; and a transverse constriction divides each half into two cavities, the upper cavity on each side being called the auricle, and the lower the ventricle." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 109, "question": "What is the beating of the heart?", "answer": "When the heart contracts, to send the blood out, the apex is thrown forward and strikes against the ribs of the left side, near the breast bone, where the beating is very easily felt." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 110, "question": "What are the valves of the heart?", "answer": "In the passage-ways of the heart valves are placed, which open to allow the blood to pass downward, but they close, and prevent its passing upward. 111. They act on the same principle as the valve in the common pump-box." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 112, "question": "How many sets of blood-vessels?", "answer": "Three: The arteries, veins and capillaries." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 113, "question": "Describe the arteries.", "answer": "They are tubular vessels, which serve to convey the blood from both ventricles of the heart to every part of the body. They are composed of three coats: internal, middle and external. The middle coat consists of muscular and elastic fibers principally, which make the larger arteries very elastic. The arteries are supplied with nutrient arteries and nerves." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 114, "question": "Describe the veins.", "answer": "The veins return the blood from the capillaries to the heart, communicating very freely with one another." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 115, "question": "Describe the capillaries.", "answer": "They are minute terminal branches of the arteries, and pervade nearly every tissue of the body in a vast network." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 116, "question": "What is the difference between the pulmonary and systemic circulation?", "answer": "In the pulmonary circulation the blood is conveyed to the lungs to be purified, and then brought back to the heart; in the systemic circulation the blood is carried to every part of the system, and returned by the veins to the heart." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 117, "question": "Give the circulation of the blood.", "answer": "By a contraction of the heart the blood is forced from the left ventricle through the aortic valves into the aorta, and through all the arteries of the body, to the upper and lower extremities, and the internal organs. From these various points it enters the capillaries, where all the changes in the system are produced; and is then taken up by the veins, and returned as venous blood to the right auricle of the heart. From the right auricle it passes through a valvular constriction into the right ventricle; from the right ventricle it is forced through valves into the pulmonary arteries, which carry it to the lungs; and from the lungs returned again to the heart through the pulmonary veins, entering the left auricle of the heart, and passing to the left ventricle, the point of commencement." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 118, "question": "What is the aorta?", "answer": "The largest artery in the systemic circulation. It passes upward from the heart at first, describes a curve, and goes downward, passing through the diaphragm and along the spinal column. The curved portion is called the arch of the aorta; between the arch and the diaphragm it is called the thoracic aorta; below the diaphragm, the abdominal aorta." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 119, "question": "Where are the carotids?", "answer": "The carotids are arteries carrying blood upwards along the neck; the left carotid arises from the arch of the aorta; the right from the arteria innominata, a large vessel springing from the aorta." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 120, "question": "Where are the subclavians?", "answer": "The subclavians carry blood to the arms. The left arises from the arch of the aorta; the right from the arteria nominata." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 121, "question": "What arteries supply the stomach with blood?", "answer": "The gastric artery, arising from the coelic, which arises from the abdominal aorta; also a branch from the splenic artery, and one from the hepatic." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 122, "question": "How is the liver supplied?", "answer": "The liver is supplied by the hepatic artery, a branch of the coelic axis." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 123, "question": "How are the kidneys supplied?", "answer": "The kidneys are supplied by the renal arteries." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 124, "question": "How is the spleen supplied?", "answer": "By the splenic artery, the third branch of the coelic axis." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 125, "question": "How is the intestinal canal supplied?", "answer": "By the superior and inferior mesenteric arteries." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 126, "question": "How is the heart supplied?", "answer": "By the coronary arteries, small branches from the aorta." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 127, "question": "What are the chief divisions of the aorta?", "answer": "The subclavian, carotid, coelic, hepatic, renal, splenic, and where the aorta branches off to go to the extremities, it is then called (the two branches that pass through the groins) the inguinal arteries, and where they enter the thighs, the femoral arteries." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 128, "question": "What is the vena cava?", "answer": "There are two vessels by this name—one called the superior, and the other the inferior vena cava. The superior vena cava is formed by the junction of the two innominate veins, which in turn are formed from the subclavian and jugular veins. The inferior vena cava is formed from the junction of the two iliac veins, which are supplied by the femoral and other veins. Both vessels empty into the right auricle of the heart." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 129, "question": "What are the names of the larger branches of the vena cava?", "answer": "The jugular, subclavian, and inguinal veins." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 130, "question": "How are the arteries or veins arranged in respect to each other?", "answer": "The arteries begin at the heart, and end in all the parts of the body, in minute tubes. The veins, on the contrary, begin in the flesh of all parts of the body at the connecting link (the capillaries), and end in one large trunk, the vena cava, at the heart." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 131, "question": "How does the blood pass through the heart?", "answer": "By the contraction of the heart, which forces the blood from one chamber to another; first, from the right auricle to the right ventricle, then to the lungs, and back to the heart, passing through the left auricle and left ventricle." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 132, "question": "How do the pulmonary arteries and pulmonary veins differ?", "answer": "The pulmonary arteries convey venous blood from the heart to the lungs, where it is purified, and then returned to the heart by the pulmonary veins as arterial blood." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 133, "question": "Where are the largest arteries situated?", "answer": "They are placed deeply within the flesh, where they are protected from injury. Some of them approach the surface, and their pulsation can be felt at the wrist, at the sides of the neck and on the temple." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 134, "question": "Where are the largest veins situated?", "answer": "Their great trunks are placed near the great arteries, but being less liable to injury, their branches are situated nearer to, and more of them on, the surface, than the arterial branches." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 135, "question": "What prevents the blood in the veins from flowing backwards?", "answer": "Valves placed at proper intervals on the inner coat of the veins. The long veins are the best supplied; some veins have no valves." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 136, "question": "How does arterial blood differ from venous?", "answer": "Venous blood is of a dark purple color, loaded with the waste particles of the system. The arterial blood is of a bright scarlet color, purified of all waste matter, rich in oxygen and nutritious elements." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 137, "question": "What action have the lungs upon the blood?", "answer": "It purifies the venous blood by means of the air in the lungs, which gives up its oxygen, and absorbs the carbon and other impurities." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 138, "question": "What causes the blood to circulate in the veins ?", "answer": "The action of the heart, which is like a pump; for when the arterial blood is forced out, it leaves a vacuum for the venous blood to flow in; also the pressure of the muscles on the veins by contraction; and perhaps a power from behind, or capillary force, in the capillaries." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 139, "question": "How much blood in a man of average size?", "answer": "It is estimated to be twenty-eight pounds." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 140, "question": "In what time does it circulate through the system ?", "answer": "The left ventricle of the heart, in a man of average size, will contain about two ounces. Every time the heart beats this cavity is filled and emptied. In ordinary health the heart will beat about seventy-two times in a minute; therefore, in three minutes, an amount of blood equal to the whole will pass through the heart, or system." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 141, "question": "What circumstances will affect the rate of circulation ?", "answer": "The heart will beat faster when we are standing than when we are sitting, and faster when sitting than when lying down. The pulsation is more rapid in the morning than in the evening. All exercise increases the force of the circulation." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 142, "question": "How do mental states affect the circulation ?", "answer": "When the mind is excited with anger, hope, cheerfulness and love, the blood flows more freely, and he is capable of greater exertions. The depressing passions have the opposite effect." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 143, "question": "Where is the living flesh made ?", "answer": "In the capillaries." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 144, "question": "What materials of the body are obtained from the blood ?", "answer": "All the tissues of the body—the bone, muscle, brain, skin, fat, the hair and nails, the tears, saliva, and the perspiration." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 145, "question": "For what purpose is the circulation of the blood ?", "answer": "To carry nutrition to the body, and absorb the dead particles of the flesh." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 146, "question": "Give the elements of the blood.", "answer": "The elements of animal blood contain the following: Red and white corpuscles; animal fibrine; water; albumen. The first two form the clot, the remaining two the serum. The blood contains dissolved within it three gases: Carbonic acid, oxygen, and a small quantity of nitrogen." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 147, "question": "Give the use of the corpuscles of the blood.", "answer": "The red corpuscles are supposed to convey oxygen from the lungs to the tissues, while the white are the agents which repair the body. This is shown in the healing of a large wound, as the presence of the white are then most numerous." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 148, "question": "What law must be observed in regard to eating, if health is preserved ?", "answer": "When exercise is light, eat but little, and at no time eat to excess." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 149, "question": "How are the wasted particles of the body disposed of?", "answer": "They are thrown out of the system by the lungs, by the skin, by the kidneys, and by the liver and intestines." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 150, "question": "What elements are selected by the nutritive organs to form fat ?", "answer": "Seventy-nine parts of carbon, 11½ parts of hydrogen, and 9½ parts of oxygen." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 151, "question": "What elements are required to form hair ?", "answer": "Fifty parts of carbon, 6 of hydrogen, 17 of nitrogen, and 26 parts oxygen and sulphur." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 152, "question": "What to form muscle ?", "answer": "Fifty-one parts of carbon, 7 of hydrogen, 15 of nitrogen, 21 of oxygen, and 4 parts of other matters." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 153, "question": "Describe the lungs.", "answer": "The lungs are placed, one in each of the lateral cavities of the chest, separated from each other by the heart, and are conical in shape. The right lung is larger than the other, and has three lobes ; the left lung has two. The weight of both lungs is about forty-two ounces ; the color, in young persons, is of a pinkish white, but mottled with dark spots as age advances. The substance of the lungs is of a light, spongy texture. Passing through it in every direction from the trachea are numerous tubes, called bronchial tubes, growing smaller as they subdivide. Each tube ends in a minute cell, or vesicle, the air-cell." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 154, "question": "Describe the air-cells.", "answer": "The air tubes commence at the back part of the mouth and nostrils with a single cylinder, which leads through the neck to the chest ; but in the lungs they are divided and subdivided into smaller and smaller tubes, and at the minute termination of these tubes are found the air-cells. These cells are separated from the myriads of minute arteries only by an exceedingly thin membrane, so thin that gases can pass through it, and the blood itself is almost in contact with the air, whereby it becomes purified and in condition to nourish the system." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 155, "question": "What is the organ of voice ? How is voice produced ?", "answer": "The larynx is the organ of voice, and is the upper part of the trachea, where small cords, called vocal cords, stretch across it. Voice is produced by the air rushing over the vocal cords." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 156, "question": "Compare the lungs and heart, giving three points in common and three points of difference.", "answer": "The three points in common are : Both operate by expansion and contraction. Both are involuntary organs ; that is, on ordinary occasions they act independently of the will. Both are indispensable to the maintenance of life. Three points of difference: The lungs contain air; the heart blood. The lungs contain air cells ; the heart is divided into compartments. The lungs purify the blood ; the heart propels it through the body." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 157, "question": "Describe the spine.", "answer": "The spinal column is composed of twenty-four vertebrae—the sacrum and the coccyx; and is a little over two feet in length. The vertebrae are separated from one another by a thick piece of elastic cartilage, which saves the body from jars. Twelve of the vertebrae in the thoracic region support the twelve ribs on each side." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 158, "question": "Describe a vertebra.", "answer": "It is somewhat circular and flattened on the sides, with tooth-like projections, which match one with another. They each have spinous processes extending backward. Through the center of each vertebra the spinal cord passes." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 159, "question": "How are the bones of the spinal column divided ?", "answer": "They are divided into cervical (neck), seven bones ; dorsal (back), twelve bones ; lumbar (loin), five bones." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 160, "question": "What is the pelvis?", "answer": "It is a bony cavity at the lower part of the spine, composed of the sacrum, coccyx, and the two innominate bones, or hip-bones." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 161, "question": "What is the sternum ?", "answer": "A flat, sword-shaped bone, consisting of three pieces, which forms the front part of the thorax, and supports the ribs by means of their cartilages." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 162, "question": "What is the coccyx?", "answer": "A small bone at the lower extremity of the sacrum." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 163, "question": "Describe the ribs.", "answer": "The ribs are curved, and join the spine behind and the sternum in front. The lower five are called false ribs, because their connection with the sternum is not so close as that of the others." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 164, "question": "Describe the skull.", "answer": "The skull is divided into the cranium and face; the cranium is composed of eight bones, the face of fourteen." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 165, "question": "What are the bones of the arm and forearm ?", "answer": "The humerus of the arm, and the radius and ulna of the forearm." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 166, "question": "What are the bones of the wrist ?", "answer": "In the wrist are eight small bones arranged in two layers." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 167, "question": "What are the bones of the hands?", "answer": "In the hands are five metacarpal bones and fourteen phalanges." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 168, "question": "Name the bones of the lower extremities.", "answer": "In the thigh, the femur ; in the leg, the tibia and fibula; in the ankle, seven small bones; in the foot, five metacarpal bones and fourteen phalanges ; also, the patella, or knee-pan." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 169, "question": "How many different kinds of joints ?", "answer": "Four : The hinge joint, as in the elbow ; the ball and socket joint, as in the shoulder and thigh ; a combination of the hinge joint with a rotary movement, as in the neck ; and a joint with a sliding movement, as between the clavicle and sternum." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 170, "question": "How are the joints held together ?", "answer": "They are held together by ligaments." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 171, "question": "Where is the clavicle?", "answer": "It is the collar bone, extending between the sternum and shoulders." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 172, "question": "Where is the scapula ?", "answer": "The scapula is a broad, flat, triangular bone, called the shoulder-blade ; it forms part of the shoulder joint." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 173, "question": "What peculiarity about the joints of the neck ?", "answer": "Between the head and the first vertebra is a hinge joint ; and between the first and second vertebræ is a joint with a rotary movement, formed by a tooth-like projection from the second vertebra, which serves as an axis for the first to play upon. The two joints combined give the various movements to the head." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 174, "question": "How is the femur joined to the pelvis? 175. What peculiarity about the elbow and wrist joints ?", "answer": "By a ball and socket joint." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 176, "question": "Describe the hip joint ?", "answer": "The femur, or thigh bone, has almost a globular head at its upper extremity, which is fitted into a very deep socket in the side bone of the pelvis. The socket is called the acetabulum." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 177, "question": "Describe the shoulder joint.", "answer": "The head of the bone of the upper arm is less than half a ball, and is fitted into a very shallow socket in the upper corner of the scapula or shoulder-blade." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 178, "question": "How many bones in the human body ?", "answer": "Two hundred and four, besides the teeth and the patellæ, or knee-caps." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 179, "question": "What three uses have the bones ?", "answer": "To protect the delicate organs ; to serve as levers on which the muscles may act to produce motion ; to preserve the shape of the body." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 180, "question": "Of what is a bone made ?", "answer": "Of animal and earthy matter ; two-thirds earthy and one-third animal. The earthy matter is principally carbonate and phosphate of lime." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 181, "question": "What is the structure of a bone ?", "answer": "Bone is made of two kinds of tissue : A dense, hard tissue, like ivory, which is on the outside, and forms the shell; and a porous or cancellated tissue, always found on the inside of the bone." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 182, "question": "What are the rickets ?", "answer": "The rickets are caused by a lack of mineral matter in the bones, which become soft and under the weight of the body become distorted, and of course are weaker." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 183, "question": "What is a felon ?", "answer": "A felon is a swelling of the finger or thumb, generally of the last joint. It is caused by the accumulation of matter beneath the periosteum and next to the bone." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 184, "question": "What is the cause of bow legs ?", "answer": "By children standing on their feet before the bones of the lower limbs are strong enough to bear their weight." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 185, "question": "What is a dislocation ?", "answer": "It is the forcing of a joint from its socket. This is done by breaking or straining the tissues of the joint." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 186, "question": "Describe the three classes of levers.", "answer": "The movements of the head; raising the body on tiptoe; lifting the hands from the elbow." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 187, "question": "In what state do bones exist at first ?", "answer": "They first exist in a state of cartilage." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 188, "question": "How are they converted into bone ?", "answer": "By nature's deposit of phosphates and carbonate of lime." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 189, "question": "What is the strength of the human bone ?", "answer": "Human bones, when used as levers, are twenty-two times as strong as sandstone; three and one-half the strength of lead; twice as strong as oak timber." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 190, "question": "Define ossification of the bone.", "answer": "It is the growth of bone from the cartilage." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 191, "question": "What is the only bone in the body which is completely ossified, or hardened at birth ?", "answer": "It is that bone which is called the petrous, which contains the organs of hearing." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 192, "question": "What are the chief uses of cartilage ?", "answer": "Their chief uses are the following: To give smooth surfaces to the joints, by which there is an easy friction, and to serve as a cushion in shocks. To fasten bones together without destroying freedom of movement, as between its vertebræ. To serve as a firm yet not unyielding framework, as in the larynx and trachea. To adapt itself to all purposes where firmness, toughness, elasticity and strength are required." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 193, "question": "What is the membrane called that invests the bones ?", "answer": "It is called the periosteum, a firm, whitish-yellow membrane, and encloses the vessels which convey nutriment into the bones. It is this membrane to which the ligaments and tendons are attached, as they cannot be fastened to the bone itself." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 194, "question": "Into how many parts are the bones of the body divided ?", "answer": "For convenience of study they are divided into four parts: The bones of the head. The bones of the trunk. The bones of the upper extremities. The bones of the lower extremities." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 195, "question": "Where are the synoval membranes situated ?", "answer": "In joints." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 196, "question": "What is the function of the synoval membrane ?", "answer": "To secrete a liquid which lubricates the joint." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 197, "question": "When is a joint said to be sprained ?", "answer": "When, by an accident, a ligament or some fibers of a ligament are torn or much stretched." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 198, "question": "What is a muscle ?", "answer": "The active organs of locomotion. They are formed of bundles of reddish fibers endowed with the property of contractility." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 199, "question": "How many kinds of muscles ?", "answer": "Two: those under control of the will, called the muscles of animal life; and those over which the will has no control, called muscles of organic life." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 200, "question": "What is the use of muscles ?", "answer": "To produce all the motions of the body." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 201, "question": "How many muscles ?", "answer": "About 527; the number varies." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 202, "question": "How are the muscles under the control of the will ?", "answer": "Through the nervous system. Every muscle of animal life is supplied with nerves through which the mind operates." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 203, "question": "What is the St. Vitus' Dance ?", "answer": "A disease of the voluntary muscles, by which they obtain spasmodic motions." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 204, "question": "What is the locked jaw ?", "answer": "Lockjaw is a disease in which there are spasms and a contraction of the muscles, usually beginning in the lower jaw. It is sometimes caused by a very trivial injury, as a cut on the foot, a fish-hook in the finger, a bruise, etc." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 205, "question": "Is the heart a muscle ? Voluntary or organic ?", "answer": "It is a muscle of organic life." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 206, "question": "How do we breathe ?", "answer": "Principally by the aid of the diaphragm, which contracting, produces a vacuum in the lungs, and air rushes in to fill the space." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 207, "question": "Describe the diaphragm ?", "answer": "It is a flat muscle, and is a flexible partition that divides the chest from the abdomen, and separates the respiratory from the digestive organs. Its edges are attached to the back-bone, to the lower edge of the lower ribs, to the breast-bone, and to the lower part of the chest. It forms an arch, upon the upper surface of which the lungs rest; and in the hollow below, the liver and stomach. When the diaphragm is at rest its upper point reaches as high as the fourth rib; but when it is in action it is drawn down to below the seventh rib." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 208, "question": "Explain the process of inspiration ?", "answer": "The muscles on the sides of the chest raise the ribs and extend their circle forward and outward. The diaphragm draws down its arch and thus enlarges the chest, and the lungs having room for expansion, the air is pressed into them to fill the vacuum left by the enlarging chest. This is the mechanical part of the process of inspiration." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 209, "question": "Explain the process of expiration ?", "answer": "After the chest is thus sufficiently expanded, the muscles of the ribs and the diaphragm relax and lose their firmness. Then the action of other muscles carries the ribs downward; and at the same time, the muscles that cover the abdomen press upon its contents, and force them against the diaphragm. This yields to the pressure and rises upward and presses upon the lungs, which retreat before it, and the air is expelled. This is the process of expiration." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 210, "question": "What is the cause of squinting ?", "answer": "Most cases of squinting are caused by long-sightedness, the muscles being strained in the effort to obtain distinct vision." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 211, "question": "What is coughing ?", "answer": "A spasmodic action of the muscles of expiration forcing the air out violently through the mouth." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 212, "question": "What is sneezing ?", "answer": "It is the same action as coughing, only the mouth is closed, and the air rushes through the nose." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 213, "question": "What is sighing ? Snoring ?", "answer": "Sighing is a prolonged inspiration, followed by an audible expiration. Snoring is caused by the air passing through both nose and mouth, the palate in the meantime produces a vibration of the air." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 214, "question": "What is laughing ? Crying ?", "answer": "Laughing and crying are very much alike in regard to the action of the muscles to produce it. The sounds are produced by short, rapid contractions of the diaphragm." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 215, "question": "What is yawning? Hiccoughing?", "answer": "Yawning, or gaping, is like sighing, only the mouth is open wide to take in the deep inspiration. Hiccoughing is caused by a contraction of the diaphragm and a constriction of the glottis." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 216, "question": "What is the effect of breathing the same air sev-eral times ?", "answer": "It poisons the system, the expired air being loaded with waste matter and carbonic acid." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 217, "question": "In how many ways is the air unfit for respira-tion?", "answer": "Three: By being deprived of oxygen; by being loaded with carbonic acid; by being filled with waste matter from the lungs, skin, etc., or other poisonous materials." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 218, "question": "How much fresh air ought to be supplied to each person per minute ?", "answer": "About four cubic feet." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 219, "question": "How much air will the lungs hold ?", "answer": "About 384 cubic inches." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 220, "question": "What effect has an ill-ventilated school-room upon children ?", "answer": "They grow dull and sleepy from the action of the poisonous matter in the air." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 221, "question": "How should we ventilate our bed-rooms and school-houses ?", "answer": "The windows should be opened in such a manner as to give fresh air and not blow directly on the sleeper or student. This is usually accomplished best by lowering the top sash and at the same time lowering the curtain, otherwise the obstruction would throw the current downward. Ventilation through the ceiling is advisable, and can easily be arranged at time of building." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 222, "question": "What is the average number of respirations per minute ?", "answer": "Eighteen." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 223, "question": "What animals are most active ? What most sluggish ?", "answer": "Those which breathe most are the most vigorous, lively, and active, while those which breathe least are the most sluggish, stupid and feeble." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 224, "question": "How does consumption waste the flesh and strength ?", "answer": "In this disease the lungs are more or less filled with tubercles and abscesses; the air-vessels are, to some extent, closed, so that the air cannot penetrate them and reach the blood, to purify it; therefore, for want of pure blood, the system is not well nourished, the muscles grow thin and weak, and the body gradually wastes away." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 225, "question": "What is bronchitis ? Pleurisy ? Pneumonia ?", "answer": "Bronchitis is an inflammation of the mucous membrane of the bronchial tubes. This inflammation causes a secretion of a mucus, and consequent coughing. Pleurisy is an inflammation of the pleura. Pneumonia is an inflammation of the lungs, affecting chiefly the air-cells." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 226, "question": "How may a constitutional tendency to consump-tion be warded off in youth ?", "answer": "By plenty of pure air, exercise, and a careful diet. Rich pastry, unripe fruit, salted meat, and acid drinks should be avoided. A certain quantity of fat should be eaten at each meal." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 227, "question": "What is the rule for prevention and cure of a cold ?", "answer": "The rule for prevention and cure of a cold is to keep the blood upon the surface." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 228, "question": "What is the first step to be taken in the cure of a disease ?", "answer": "The first step in the cure of any disease is to obey the laws of health which have been violated. Medicine is not taken to destroy the disease, but to hold it in check while nature repairs the injury, and again brings the system into harmonious movement." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 229, "question": "Why does sleep sometimes fail to refresh ?", "answer": "For want of sufficient air." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 230, "question": "What is carbonic acid ?", "answer": "This gas is known by many as damps, dead air, and is often found in wells and vats. It is heavier than air, and, therefore, falls to the bottom of a vessel or room, like water." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 231, "question": "What is a common source of danger from car-bonic acid ?", "answer": "A pan of coals is sometimes left burning in a bedroom which has no fire-place, while some one sleeps on the bed. The gas given out falls to the floor, and fills the bottom of the room, rising as fast as it is produced, until, like water, it reaches the sleeper's head, and suffocation is the result." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 232, "question": "How does drowning produce death ?", "answer": "It produces death, not, as is commonly supposed, by filling the lungs with water, but because the water prevents the access of air to the respiratory organs, and the sufferer dies of suffocation." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 233, "question": "What necessity is imposed on all animals ?", "answer": "The necessity of good air, though in an unequal degree. Yet every animal, the highest and the lowest, the man and the worm, must sustain life by their breath." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 234, "question": "What reciprocal offices do animals and vegetables perform ?", "answer": "The animal uses oxygen and gives out carbonic acid; while, on the other hand, the plant uses carbonic acid, and gives out oxygen." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 235, "question": "What is the temperature of the human body ?", "answer": "98° to 100° F." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 236, "question": "What is the origin of heat in living bodies ?", "answer": "The carbon of the food and the oxygen of the air. These two unite and produce heat similar to the way in which heat is produced by sensible combustion." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 237, "question": "Into what classes are animals divided in relation to heat ?", "answer": "Into two grand classes: the warm-blooded, and includes man, birds, quadrupeds, etc. Their heat is ever of the same degree. The other class is called cold-blooded, and includes snakes, oysters, fishes, worms, toads, turtles, etc. Their heat is but little higher than that of the medium in which they live." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 238, "question": "What prevents an increase of temperature in the body ?", "answer": "Perspiration." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 239, "question": "What is insensible perspiration ?", "answer": "That moisture which is absorbed by the air as fast as formed." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 240, "question": "What is sensible perspiration ?", "answer": "When the moisture is exuded too fast to be immediately absorbed, and is left in small drops upon the skin." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 241, "question": "Which protects from cold best, alcohol or food ?", "answer": "Alcohol stimulates the stomach, and excites the nervous system. It supplies to the flame carbon and hydrogen; but these soon burn out, and the body is afterward cooler than it otherwise would have been. Food, alone, can sustain a permanent fire." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 242, "question": "Which warms most, flesh or bread ?", "answer": "Flesh, containing more carbon and hydrogen, supplies more fuel to the fire than vegetable matter." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 243, "question": "Why is more fat required for food in a cold cli-mate than in a warm ?", "answer": "Because it supplies more carbon, and gives more heat." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 244, "question": "Of what use is fat to the body ?", "answer": "It gives form to the body, and acts as a powerful non-conductor of heat. It collects around the joints and between the muscles and prevents an irritation by friction." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 245, "question": "What is noticeable of the fat ?", "answer": "It does not accumulate within the cranium, the lungs, or the eye-lids." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 246, "question": "What are the oil glands ?", "answer": "The oil glands are clusters of tiny sacs which secrete an oil that flows along the duct to the root of the hair, and thence oozes out on the cuticle." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 247, "question": "Describe the skin.", "answer": "It is composed of two layers; the derma, or true skin, and the epidermis, or cuticle. On the surface of the former are the sensitive papillæ; and within or beneath it are the sweat glands, hair follicles and sebaceous glands. This layer is a dense and thick membrane, and composed of firm and strong fibers, and is almost filled with minute blood-vessels." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 248, "question": "Name the three uses of the skin.", "answer": "The skin is used to protect, to exhale, and to absorb." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 249, "question": "What is the cuticle?", "answer": "The cuticle, or scarf skin, is a thin layer for the purpose of protecting the derma." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 250, "question": "What part of the blood flows through the skin ?", "answer": "A large proportion." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 251, "question": "Describe the hair.", "answer": "It is an outgrowth from the skin. It has a root which is bulbous, and a shaft which is hollow. The hollow ceases near the point." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 252, "question": "Describe the nails.", "answer": "The nails are also outgrowths from the skin. They are flattened, elastic structures of a horny nature, and are firmly connected with the cutis." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 253, "question": "Where is the seat of color in the skin ?", "answer": "In the pigment cells, or the rete mucosum, which are situated in the innermost and last formed layer of the cuticle. The contents of these cells give the different shades to the various races of mankind." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 254, "question": "What proportion of the waste of the body passes through the skin ?", "answer": "About five-eighths." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 255, "question": "What connection exists between the internal organs and the skin?", "answer": "A most intimate connection. As the blood finds its way freely through it, it serves to relieve internal organs when the circulation is disturbed." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 256, "question": "What is the office of the skin ?", "answer": "It protects the body; it regulates the heat of the body by means of its sweat follicles; and it throws out much waste matter." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 257, "question": "Name those organs which carry off waste matter from the body.", "answer": "The skin, lungs, kidneys, liver and intestines." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 258, "question": "Name those organs which bring fresh material to the body.", "answer": "The stomach and intestines particularly; and sometimes the skin. The lungs bring oxygen." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 259, "question": "Describe the minute structure of the perspiratory organs.", "answer": "The perspired fluid is formed by the inner skin and conveyed to the surface through minute tubes which are attached to the glands. There are three thousand five hundred and twenty-eight of these little tubes on each square inch in the palm of the hand, and twenty-eight hundred on each square inch throughout the whole body, making seven millions of perspiratory tubes on a man of average size." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 260, "question": "Of what does the nervous system consist ?", "answer": "The brain, spinal cord and the nerves." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 261, "question": "Describe the general outline of the brain.", "answer": "It is divided into two principal parts, the cerebrum and cerebellum. The first is divided by a deep fissure into two lateral halves, called hemispheres. The under part of the cerebellum is divided in the same way. The cerebrum is much the larger part of the brain, and occupies the anterior portion of the skull. Its surface is indented with numerous convolutions. The outer portion, of gray color, is called the cortical substance. The inner portion, of light color, is called the medullary substance. The cerebrum is separated from the cerebellum by a strong fibrous tissue." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 262, "question": "How is the brain protected ?", "answer": "By three membranes which cover it. The inner and middle of these membranes are very delicate, and give the brain a soft cushion to lie between it and its bony enclosure. The outer membrane is thick and very strong. and would hold the brain in its position, even when removed from the skull." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 263, "question": "What peculiarity of the brain in regard to the sense of feeling?", "answer": "Of itself there is no feeling, although capable of recognizing the sensations of all other parts of the body." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 264, "question": "Describe the sense of feeling.", "answer": "In the sense of feeling the nerves are spread over the whole body. It is most delicate in the point of the tongue and the tips of the fingers. The surface of the cutis is covered with minute conical projections called papillæ. Each of these contains its tiny nerve, which receives the impression and conveys it to the brain, where perception is produced." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 265, "question": "Describe the sense of taste.", "answer": "The sense of taste is located in the papillæ of the tongue or palate. The papillæ starts up when tasting, as you can see by placing a drop of vinegar on another person's tongue, or your own, before a mirror. These small hair-like projections absorb the liquid to be tasted and convey it to the nerves." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 266, "question": "Describe the organ of smell.", "answer": "The nose, the seat of this sense, is composed of cartilage covered with muscles and skin, and joined to the skull by small bones. The nostrils open at the back into the pharynx, and are lined by a continuation of the mucous membrane of the throat. The olfactory nerves enter through a sieve-like bony plate at the roof of the nose, and are distributed over the inner surface of the two olfactory chambers." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 267, "question": "What large nervous trunks have their origin in the brain ?", "answer": "The olfactory nerve, the optic, the facial and auditory, the pneumogastric, and others, nine in all. Some authors divide the seventh and eighth pair, and make three more nerves." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 268, "question": "What is the spinal cord, and its position ?", "answer": "It extends from the brain, through the whole length of the spinal column. It gives off thirty pairs of nerves, which divide and subdivide until they reach every part of the body." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 269, "question": "How many kinds of nerves ?", "answer": "Two: motor and sensory." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 270, "question": "What three things are necessary for sensation ?", "answer": "The nerves upon which the impression is made, the trunk which conveys the impression, and the brain which receives it and perceives it." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 271, "question": "Is the action of the different organs modified by the nerves ?", "answer": "They are. The amount of blood they receive is regulated by the nerves." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 272, "question": "Do the arteries have nerves ?", "answer": "They do." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 273, "question": "If the nerve which governs the action of the heart should be severed, what would the heart do?", "answer": "The heart would cease beating." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 274, "question": "When will motion be lost and feeling remain ?", "answer": "When the motory nerve is cut, motion will be lost while feeling remains." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 275, "question": "When will feeling be lost and motion remain ?", "answer": "When the sensory nerve leading to any part is cut, sensation in that spot is lost, while motion remains." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 276, "question": "What is reflex action?", "answer": "It is a sudden action given without thought or meditation; as, we start at a sound, jump from sudden danger, wink at a flash of light or threatened blow." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 277, "question": "What is day-dreaming?", "answer": "Drawing beautiful imaginations of the future where all things which are unpleasant and disagreeable are excluded; where wealth, honor, fame, love and pleasure are begging at the dreamer's feet. It is but one delightful revery, where all is beautiful and satisfactory. It is more commonly known as \"building air-castles.\"" }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 278, "question": "Describe the eye.", "answer": "It is placed in a deep, bony socket. It contains two humors: the aqueous humor, a transparent fluid in the anterior portion of the eye; and the vitreous humor, transparent and jelly-like, in the posterior portion, and forms the greater part of the eye. Between these two humors is the crystalline lens, a double convex lens." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 279, "question": "What is the sclerotic coat? Cornea?", "answer": "It is a dense, fibrous coat, covering the whole eye except in front, in which the cornea is placed, a transparent and strong tissue." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 280, "question": "What is the choroid coat ?", "answer": "It is the middle coat, and contains a black pigment, which absorbs such rays of light as are not needed for vision." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 281, "question": "Where is the retina? Its office ?", "answer": "A delicate nervous membrane, lining the inner surface of the choroid coat. The images of external objects are received upon it. Behind, it is continuous with the optic nerve." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 282, "question": "Where is the iris ? Its office ?", "answer": "It is a thin, circular-shaped curtain suspended behind the cornea, in the aqueous humor, and connected at its circumference with the choroid coat. A small opening in its center admits the rays of light, and is called the pupil." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 283, "question": "Describe the lids.", "answer": "They are composed of cartilages adapted to the shape of the eye, the skin without, and the lining membrane within. One circular muscle surrounds the open part of the eye, and closes the lids when it contracts. Another muscle, attached to the upper eyelid by one end, and to the bone of the socket by the other, opens the eye." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 284, "question": "Where is the fluid prepared which moistens the eyes?", "answer": "In the lining membrane of the lids." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 285, "question": "What are the lachrymal glands? What is the nasal duct ?", "answer": "The lachrymal glands secrete the tears, and are in the upper and outer part of the orbit. The tears clean the eye of any particles of foreign matter; and upon reaching the inner corner of the eye pass into the lachrymal canal and nasal duct into the nose. The nasal duct is a membranous canal, about three-quarters of an inch in length, extending from the inner corner of the eye into the nose." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 286, "question": "What moves the eye ?", "answer": "The eye is rolled by a set of muscles peculiar to itself. These are attached by one end to the bony socket, and by the other to the eyeball. By their contractions they roll the eye in every direction; and by their co-operation, both eyes are directed to a single object." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 287, "question": "Describe the optic nerve ?", "answer": "It passes from the base of the brain forward through the socket and into the eyeball. After passing the outer and middle coats, it is spread out on their inner surface, and forms the retina, which receives the rays of light." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 288, "question": "How is vision produced ?", "answer": "The light is reflected from objects, and passes through the transparent cornea and the pupil into the ball. The humors and the lens refract these rays, and give them such a direction that they fall upon the retina, where they form the image of the object. This impression is carried along the optic nerve to the brain, and there perception takes place and the object is seen." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 289, "question": "What care should be taken in regard to the direction of the light when we are at work ?", "answer": "Care should be taken that the light should not reflect directly in our face, and if possible to come from behind." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 290, "question": "How does the eye change as one grows old?", "answer": "The lens loses its convexity in some degree, and the rays of light are not concentrated at short distances upon the retina; the person becomes far-sighted." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 291, "question": "What is the difference between a short-sighted man and one who is long-sighted?", "answer": "In one who is near-sighted the lenses are too convex; in one who is long-sighted the lenses are not convex enough." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 292, "question": "Why are some persons cross-eyed ?", "answer": "Because the muscles that govern the movement of the eyeball do not act in harmony; one muscle is more powerful than another, and draws the eye to one side." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 293, "question": "What does the organ of hearing include?", "answer": "The external ear, the internal ear, and the passage between them." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 294, "question": "Describe the external ear.", "answer": "It is composed principally of stiff cartilage; and its shape is that which is best adapted to catch sounds, and transmit them to the internal ear. The canal leading inwards is about an inch in length, and is covered with hair and wax to protect it from insects. A thin membrane, the covering of the drum of the ear, is stretched across the canal, and separates it from the internal ear." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 295, "question": "Describe the internal ear.", "answer": "It consists of a cavity filled with air behind the membrane of the drum, and three small bones, which reach from the membrane to the labyrinth, where the auditory nerve is spread out in numerous filaments to receive impressions of sound." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 296, "question": "What is the eustachian tube?", "answer": "A canal passing from the internal ear to the back part of the mouth, and serves as vent to the air in the drum of the ear." }, { "subject": "PHYSIOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HYGIENE", "number": 297, "question": "How is sound produced?", "answer": "The pulsations of air pass along the external canal, cause the membrane of the drum to vibrate, which transmits the vibrations by the air and three small bones to the labyrinth, where, in some unexplained manner, the filaments of the auditory nerve receive the impression, which is conveyed to the brain, and we hear." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 1, "question": "What is Philosophy? Chemistry?", "answer": "Philosophy is a knowledge of nature and nature's laws. Chemistry treats of the chemical changes of matter." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 2, "question": "Define matter. A body. A substance.", "answer": "Matter is anything that occupies space. A body is a separate portion of matter. A substance is any one of the various kinds of matter." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 3, "question": "What are the two kinds of properties which belong to each substance?", "answer": "General and Specific." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 4, "question": "Define a general property. A specific property.", "answer": "General property is that which belongs to all substances, as weight, divisibility. Specific property relates to the quality of a substance, as its color, its sweetness, its toughness." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 5, "question": "Name the general properties of matter.", "answer": "They are magnitude, impenetrability, divisibility, porosity, inertia, and indestructibility." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 6, "question": "Define magnitude. Size.", "answer": "Magnitude is the property of occupying space. Size is the amount of space a body fills." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 7, "question": "Define impenetrability.", "answer": "The property of occupying space so as to exclude all other bodies, for no two bodies can occupy the same space at the same time." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 8, "question": "What is the principle of driving a nail?", "answer": "The nail does not penetrate the wood but pushes aside the fibres and thus presses them close together." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 9, "question": "What is divisibility?", "answer": "That property of a body which allows it to be separated into parts." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 10, "question": "What is the limit of divisibility?", "answer": "Practically it is limited only by the incompleteness of our means to make a division." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 11, "question": "What is the Atomic Theory?", "answer": "That the smallest particle of matter one can see is composed of still smaller particles, and these particles divided into other divisions, each minute portion being called an atom." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 12, "question": "What are molecules? Atoms?", "answer": "Molecules are tiny masses of any substance which contain the same properties of the substance. Atoms are still smaller divisions. 13. The property of a substance to have pores." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 14, "question": "Define inertia.", "answer": "Inertia is the lack of power, as a body put in motion gradually comes to a point of rest, there being no power to go or to stop." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 15, "question": "Give examples of the inertia of a substance.", "answer": "A wagon at rest requires more power to start, as its inertia is to be overcome. Jumping from a train of cars while in motion proves that a body under motion cannot overcome the inertia by the simple jump." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 16, "question": "What is indestructibility?", "answer": "The property which renders matter incapable of being destroyed." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 17, "question": "Name the specific properties of matter.", "answer": "They are ductility, malleability, tenacity, elasticity, hardness, and brittleness." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 18, "question": "Define ductility. Mention some of the most ductile substances.", "answer": "The property of being drawn into a wire. Gold, silver, and platinum." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 19, "question": "Define malleability.", "answer": "The property which admits of hammering, or rolled into sheets. Gold is one of the most malleable substances known." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 20, "question": "Is copper malleable?", "answer": "It is said that a workman with his hammer can beat out a kettle from a solid block of this metal." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 21, "question": "What is tenacity? Elasticity?", "answer": "The property of a body which resists separation. Elasticity is the property of stretching, bending, compressing or twisting a substance." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 22, "question": "How many kinds of elasticity? Describe them.", "answer": "They are of four kinds: Elasticity of compression. Elasticity of expansion. Elasticity of torsion. Elasticity of flexure." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 23, "question": "What is hardness? Brittleness?", "answer": "Hardness is that property which does not depend upon density, but upon the character of the substance. Brittleness is the property which admits of an easy separation of its parts, or easily broken." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 24, "question": "What is motion? Force? Velocity?", "answer": "Motion is a change of place. Force, the power to move or stop a substance. Velocity, the rate a body moves." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 25, "question": "What are the resistances to motion?", "answer": "Friction and the resistance of air or water." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 26, "question": "What is friction? Momentum?", "answer": "Friction is the resistance a body meets in moving over another body. Momentum is the quantity of motion in a body." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 27, "question": "What are the three laws of motion? 28. What is compound motion ?", "answer": "First—A body set in motion will move forever in a straight line, unless acted upon by some external force. Second—A force acting upon a body in motion or at rest, produces the same effect whether it acts alone or with other forces. Third—Action and reaction are equal." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 29, "question": "What produces circular motion ?", "answer": "There must be a projecting force and a restraining force; the one seeks to throw the object in a straight line, the other to draw it back, while the combination of the two forces produces a curve." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 30, "question": "Define centripetal force. Centrifugal.", "answer": "A ball suspended from a string and revolved around the head will illustrate these two forces. The centripetal is the force which holds the ball down, while the centrifugal is the power that would throw it off." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 31, "question": "What is the Gyroscope?", "answer": "An instrument to illustrate the composition of forces in rotary motion. To those who do not see the acting influences of these motions the instrument is astonishing. (See a Philosophy for diagram.)" }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 32, "question": "What is reflected motion?", "answer": "It is the reaction given to an elastic body thrown against another body." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 33, "question": "What is the angle of incident ? Of reflection ?", "answer": "The angle of incident is the angle at which a body strikes another body. The angle of reflection is the angle made in its rebound." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 34, "question": "Define energy. How many forms of energy?", "answer": "Energy is the power to work or accomplish an object. It is divided into active and latent." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 35, "question": "What is meant by the term, conservation of energy ?", "answer": "It means the changing of one form of energy into another without loss." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 36, "question": "What is attraction ? What are its forces ?", "answer": "The force which holds particles together. The forces of attraction are the Molecular Forces and Attraction of Gravitation." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 37, "question": "How are the molecular forces divided ?", "answer": "Into cohesion and adhesion." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 38, "question": "What is cohesion ? Explain how it acts by uniting two pieces of iron by heat.", "answer": "It is the force which holds together the molecules of the same kind. In uniting two pieces of iron the parts are heated to a white heat, and by placing them together and pounding the molecules are brought near enough for cohesion to grasp them." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 39, "question": "What is nature's law in regard to liquids and solids ? Explain why the drop of water is round.", "answer": "Liquids tend to form spheres and solids to form crystals. The drop of water is round because the center of the drop is the center of attraction, and all particles of the water on the outside must be the same distance from the center." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 40, "question": "Why is melted iron suddenly cooled brittle?", "answer": "Because nature has not had time to arrange the crystals as it is natural for them to be." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 41, "question": "What is annealing and tempering?", "answer": "It is the process of rendering metals hard, brittle, or flexible. This is done by heating and cooling. In iron a high heat suddenly cooled becomes brittle and hard, while with copper it is the opposite." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 42, "question": "Define adhesion. Give examples.", "answer": "Adhesion is the force which holds together mole- cules of different kinds. The action of glue, mortar, solder, etc., are examples of adhesion." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 43, "question": "What is capillary attraction ?", "answer": "It is a variety of adhesion in which the molecules of a substance lose a portion of its cohesion and adhere to another substance." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 44, "question": "What is the osmose of liquids ?", "answer": "It is the process of the exchange of liquids, that is, if two kinds of liquids are separated by a thin, porous substance, as that of a bladder, there will be an exchange, a portion of one going out and the other going in." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 45, "question": "What is the law of gravitation ?", "answer": "Every particle of matter in the universe attracts every other particle of matter with a force directly pro- portional to its mass, and decreasing as the square of the distance increases." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 46, "question": "What is gravitation ? Gravity ? Weight ?", "answer": "Gravitation is the general term applied to the at- traction that exists between all bodies in the universe. Gravity is applied to the attraction of the substances of the earth. Weight is the measure of the force of gravity." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 47, "question": "What would be the weight of a body at the center of the earth ? Why ?", "answer": "It is probable that a substance would have no weight, as the center of the earth would be a point where gravitation would be equal in all directions." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 48, "question": "Give the laws of weight.", "answer": "A body weighs nothing at the center of the earth. The weight of a body above the earth decreases as the square of the distance from the center of the earth in- creases. The weight of a body varies on different portions of the surface of the earth." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 49, "question": "How do you reckon the velocity of falling bodies ?", "answer": "In the first second, a body gains a velocity of 32 feet and falls 16 feet. At the end of any given second, the velocity is 16 feet multiplied by twice the number of the second minus one. In any number of seconds a body falls 16 feet multiplied by the square of the number of seconds." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 50, "question": "How find the depth of a well by the use of this knowledge of falling bodies?", "answer": "Let a stone fall into the well and count the seconds that it takes to go to the bottom. Square the number of seconds and multiply 16 by the result." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 51, "question": "Where is the center of gravity of any substance?", "answer": "It is that point on which, if supported, the body will balance itself." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 52, "question": "Give some examples of the use of this principle of the center of gravity in our every-day life.", "answer": "In walking, we lean forward to create a balance, or in rising from a chair we do the same thing in order to as- sist the muscles; in carrying a pail of water we lean to one side; in running we lean still farther forward." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 53, "question": "Describe the pendulum.", "answer": "The pendulum consists of a weight so suspended as to swing freely. Its movements to and fro are termed vibrations or oscillations. The path through which it passes is called the arc, and the extent to which it goes in either direction is styled its amplitude." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 54, "question": "How find the time for the vibration of any pendulum ?", "answer": "The times of the vibrations of different pendulums are proportional to the square roots of their respective lengths. By comparing any length with a known length, as that of the vibration of one second, and we have the time required." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 55, "question": "Does a clock gain or lose time in winter ?", "answer": "As heat expands and cold contracts, a pendulum increases in length in summer and decreases in winter, therefore a clock loses time in the winter." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 56, "question": "What is the length of a pendulum that beats a second of time ?", "answer": "At New York it is 39 1/5 inches in length. It varies according to its place on the earth's surface, or rather according to the force of gravity." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 57, "question": "What is a machine ?", "answer": "It is a combination of powers designed to accomplish some object. Some are intricate and some are simple." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 58, "question": "What are the mechanical powers ?", "answer": "They are the lever, wheel and axle, inclined plane, screw, wedge, and pulley." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 59, "question": "What is the law of mechanics ?", "answer": "The power multiplied by the distance through which it moves, is equal to the weight multiplied by the distance through which it moves." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 60, "question": "What is the lever? Power? Weight? Fulcrum? The arms ?", "answer": "The lever is the bar turning on a pivot. The power is the force used. The weight is the object to be lifted. The fulcrum is the pivot on which the lever rests. The arms are the parts of the lever each side of the fulcrum." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 61, "question": "How many classes of levers are there?", "answer": "There are three classes: First class—The power is pressed against the end of the bar, the weight at the other end, and fulcrum between. Second class—The weight is between the fulcrum and power, and the power pulls upwards. Third class—The power is between the weight and fulcrum, and pulls upward, the fulcrum being above the bar." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 62, "question": "Describe the compound lever.", "answer": "It consists of several levers so connected that the short arm of the first acts upon the long arm of the second, and so on." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 63, "question": "What is the difference between the wheel and axle and the common lever ?", "answer": "The principle is the same, the wheel and axle being a perpetual lever." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 64, "question": "What is the difference between the inclined plane and the screw ?", "answer": "The screw is an inclined plane wound around a cylinder. The principle is the same." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 65, "question": "What is the wedge ? Give examples.", "answer": "The wedge is a double inclined plane, used in splitting wood. Nails, needles, knives, and axes are made on this principle." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 66, "question": "Describe the pulley. How are they classified ?", "answer": "The pulley consists of a wheel, within the grooved edge of which runs a cord. They are classified as fixed, movable, and combinations." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 67, "question": "How many principles are represented in the six mechanical powers ?", "answer": "Three : the lever, inclined plane, and pulley. These could also be reduced as the pulley is but another form of the lever." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 68, "question": "Define Hydrostatics.", "answer": "Hydrostatics treat of liquids at rest." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 69, "question": "What is the law of the pressure of liquids ?", "answer": "The pressure is equal in all directions." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 70, "question": "Describe why water flows from an artesian well.", "answer": "It is because the strata in which the water is found leads to a water supply higher than the surface where the well is bored. It is the principle of pressure, and is confined by a strata of clay above the current of water." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 71, "question": "Describe the Hydraulic Press.", "answer": "It is a machine for pressing cotton, or any substance desired. The substance to be pressed is placed above a large piston in a cylinder containing water. At the bottom of the cylinder a small tube runs to another cylinder with piston and lever purchase, by which power water is forced through the tube into the large cylinder and the piston rises against the substance and a great pressure obtained." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 72, "question": "How reckon the power of the hydraulic press ?", "answer": "The pressure will be in proportion to the area of the tube and large cylinder. If the area of the tube is 1, and the cylinder 100, then the power will be 100. Then, by the use of a lever in the small cylinder, we can increase this force in proportion to the power of the lever." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 73, "question": "Describe the Hydrostatic Bellows.", "answer": "The principle is the same as in the hydraulic press, only placed in a different form." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 74, "question": "How find the pressure on the bottom of a vessel ?", "answer": "Multiply the area of the base by the perpendicular height, and that product by the weight of a cubic foot of liquid." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 75, "question": "What would be the pressure on a square foot of a cask which was connected with a perpendicular pipe with an area of 1/10 of a square inch and to hold ½ lb. of water?", "answer": "The pressure would be 2,880 pounds to the square foot." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 76, "question": "What is specific gravity ?", "answer": "Specific gravity is the weight of a substance compared with the weight of the same bulk of another substance. Water is taken as the standard for solids and liquids, and air for gases." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 77, "question": "How find the specific gravity of a solid ?", "answer": "Weigh the body in air, and in water; the difference is the weight of its bulk of water; divide its weight, in air by its loss of weight in water; the quotient is the specific gravity." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 78, "question": "How find the weight of a given bulk of any substance ? Iridium...........21.80 | Silver...........10.50 | Pine Wood........ .66 Platinum.........21.53 | Copper........... 8.90 | Cork............. .24 Gold.............19.34 | Cast-iron........ 7.21 | Milk............. 1.03 Mercury..........13.59 | Diamond.......... 3.50 | Sea-water........ 1.03 Lead.............11.36 | Ice.............. .93 | Alcohol.......... .79", "answer": "Multiply the weight of one cubic foot of water by the specific gravity of the substance, and that product by the number of cubic feet." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 79, "question": "How much heavier is gold than water? What will a cubic foot of this metal weigh ?", "answer": "By looking at the table we see that gold is 19.34 times heavier than water. As a cubic foot of water weighs 1,000 ounces, then a cubic foot of gold must weigh 1,000 times 19.34, or 19,340 oz.—1,208¾ pounds." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 80, "question": "How find the volume of a body ?", "answer": "Weigh the substance in the water, and the loss in weight will be the weight of the displaced water. This loss will be that part of a cubic foot that it is of 1,000 oz." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 81, "question": "Define Hydraulics ?", "answer": "Hydraulics treat of liquids in motion. In this, as in hydrostatics, water is taken as the type. In theory, its principles are those of falling bodies, but they are so modified by various causes that in practice they cannot be relied upon, except as verified by experiment. The discrepancy arises from changes of temperature, which vary the fluidity of the liquid, from friction, the shape of the orifice, etc." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 82, "question": "What fall is required in a river to give it a current? What would be the flow of a river with a fall of 3 feet to a mile ?", "answer": "Three inches per mile will produce a current three miles per hour. Three feet will make a mountain current." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 83, "question": "Define Pneumatics ?", "answer": "Pneumatics treat of the general properties and the pressure of gases." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 84, "question": "What is the pressure of the atmosphere ?", "answer": "It is about 15 pounds per square inch." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 85, "question": "How high will this weight cause water to rise in a vacuum ? Mercury ?", "answer": "Water will rise about 34 feet. Mercury 30 inches." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 86, "question": "Where do we use this power of atmospheric pressure to great advantage ?", "answer": "It is used in our common well-pumps." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 87, "question": "Describe the barometer.", "answer": "The barometer is an instrument for measuring the pressure of the atmosphere, and is so arranged that the weight of the air will cause the mercury to rise in the tube. According to this weight, or pressure of the air, so does the mercury rise or fall in the tube." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 88, "question": "What are its uses ?", "answer": "It is used to indicate the weather, and to measure the height of mountains." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 89, "question": "How does the barometer foretell the weather?", "answer": "When the air is light the barometer falls, as the pressure is less. It is by a \"falling barometer\" that we predict a storm. One cause of a light atmosphere is the presence of a large amount of vapor, and it is due to this moisture that rains occur." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 90, "question": "What opposing forces act upon the air?", "answer": "There are three forces: the centrifugal and heat forces, which tend to throw the air away from the earth, and gravity, which holds it down." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 91, "question": "Describe the siphon.", "answer": "It is a U-shaped tube, having one arm longer than the other. Insert the short arm in the water and then exhaust the air from the long arm and water will flow until it is lowered to the bottom of the short arm." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 92, "question": "At what height in the atmosphere will mercury stand at 15 inches ?", "answer": "It will stand at 15 inches, 3.4 miles above the earth." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 93, "question": "Why can a fly walk upon the ceiling of a room ?", "answer": "The feet of the fly are so arranged as to produce a vacuum by which the pressure holds the foot until another step is taken." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 94, "question": "Define Acoustics.", "answer": "Acoustics treat of the philosophy of sound." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 95, "question": "How is sound transmitted ?", "answer": "It is transmitted by the vibrations of the air." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 96, "question": "How do we prove that air is necessary to transmit sound ?", "answer": "A bell rung in a vacuum will make no noise." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 97, "question": "Upon what does the velocity of sound depend ?", "answer": "It depends upon the elasticity and density of the medium through which it passes." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 98, "question": "Explain why an elastic medium will carry the sound waves faster than one not so elastic.", "answer": "The higher the elasticity the more promptly and rapidly do the wave sounds transmit its motion from one set of molecules to another." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 99, "question": "How fast does sound travel ?", "answer": "At the freezing point sound travels at the rate of 1,090 feet per second. In a rise of temperature it travels a little faster." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 100, "question": "How fast does sound travel in water?", "answer": "It travels through water at the rate of 4,700 feet per second." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 101, "question": "Why does it travel so much faster in water?", "answer": "Because of the greater elasticity of water." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 102, "question": "What is refraction of sound ?", "answer": "When a sound-wave goes obliquely from one medium to another it is bent out of its course, or refracted." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 103, "question": "What is the reflection of sound?", "answer": "Sound is reflected when the sound-waves strike against the surface of another medium, and a portion goes on while the rest is reflected." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 104, "question": "What are echoes ?", "answer": "They are simply reflected sounds." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 105, "question": "How can two sounds produce silence?", "answer": "If two sounds meet in exactly opposite phases, and the two forces are equal, they will balance each other, and silence will ensue. Thus, a sound added to a sound will produce silence, and in the same way, two motions may produce rest; two lights may cause darkness; and two heats may produce cold." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 106, "question": "How is the sound produced in wind instruments ?", "answer": "In wind instruments the sound-waves run backward and forward through the tube, and act upon the surrounding air like the vibrations of a cord." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 107, "question": "What are Harmonics ?", "answer": "Whenever a cord vibrates it separates into segments at the same time. Thus, we have the full or fundamental note of the entire string, and superposed upon it the higher notes produced by the vibrating parts. These are called overtones or harmonics." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 108, "question": "What is the Phonograph ?", "answer": "It is an instrument for recording sound vibrations." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 109, "question": "What is the limit of vibrations for musical sounds ?", "answer": "It is fixed at 38,000 vibrations per second for the highest, and 16 for the lowest. Below this the sounds are separate." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 110, "question": "Define Optics.", "answer": "Optics is that science which treats of light and visions." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 111, "question": "What is a luminous body ? A non-luminous?", "answer": "A luminous body is one that sends forth light. A non-luminous body is one that reflects light, but is visible only in the presence of a luminous body." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 112, "question": "Define a medium. A transparent body.", "answer": "A medium is any substance through which light passes. A transparent body is so clear that it does not obstruct much of the light which passes through it." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 113, "question": "Give three laws of light.", "answer": "Light passes off from a luminous body equally in every direction. Light passes through a uniform medium in a straight line. The intensity of light decreases as the square of the distance increases." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 114, "question": "What is the velocity of light ?", "answer": "It is estimated at 186,000 miles per second." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 115, "question": "Define a translucent body. An opaque body.", "answer": "A translucent body is one that lets some light pass through it." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 116, "question": "Explain the undulatory theory of light.", "answer": "There is supposed to be a fluid termed ether, constituting a kind of universal atmosphere, diffused through all space. It is so subtle that it fills the pores of all bodies, eludes all chemical tests, passes through the glass receiver, and remains even in a vacuum." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 117, "question": "Name and define the three kinds of mirrors.", "answer": "They are plane, concave, and convex. The first has a flat surface ; the second is raised on the inside ; the third is raised on the outside, like a watch crystal." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 118, "question": "What is the general principle of mirrors ?", "answer": "The general principle is that the image is always seen in the direction of the reflected ray as it enters the eye." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 119, "question": "What is the effect of looking through a concave mirror ?", "answer": "If standing near the glass the face or object is magnified, but walk backwards and the size decreases until we reach the focus, when it disappears ; but still receding from the focus, the image again appears, but inverted." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 120, "question": "What is mirage ? Give the cause of mirage.", "answer": "Mirage is an optical delusion, by which the mind really believes certain objects, as water, trees, vessels, etc., are in sight, when in reality the refraction and reflection of the rays of light traversing layers of air of unequal density, bring a reflection of these objects before our vision, although many miles away. This phenomena has often been observed by mariners and travelers on large plains or deserts, and because of the delusion which it brings forth it is pronounced an optical delusion, when it is only an image reflected from beyond." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 121, "question": "Name the seven primary colors of the solar spectrum.", "answer": "They are violet, indigo blue, green, yellow, orange red." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 122, "question": "What is the spectroscope?", "answer": "It is an instrument for examining a ray of light. The ray of light passes through a tube striking a prism, which in turn is taken up by an object glass, and being thus largely magnified, is easily analyzed by our vision." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 123, "question": "How is the rainbow formed?", "answer": "It is formed by the refraction and reflection of the sunbeam in drops of falling water. The water is a prism which gives out the reflection." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 124, "question": "How are halos formed ?", "answer": "Halos, coronas, sundogs, circles about the moon, the display of the reflection of sunrise and sunset, are produced by the refraction and reflection of the sun's rays by the clouds. The familiar phenomenon of the \" sun's drawing water\" consists merely of the long shadows of broken clouds." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 125, "question": "Explain spherical aberration.", "answer": "Rays which pass through a lens near the edge are brought to a focus sooner than those nearer the center ; therefore, when an image is clear around the edge, it will be indistinct at the center, and vice versa. This wandering of the rays from the focus is termed spherical aberration." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 126, "question": "Explain chromatic aberration.", "answer": "Chromatic aberration is caused by the different refrangibility of the several colors which compose white light. The violet being bent most, tends to come to a focus sooner than the red, which is bent least. This causes the play of colors seen around the image produced by an ordinary glass." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 127, "question": "What is the remedy?", "answer": "It is remedied by using a second lens of different dispersive power, which counteracts the effects of the first." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 128, "question": "Describe the microscope.", "answer": "Microscopes are of two kinds—simple and compound. The former consists of a double convex lens; the latter contains at least two lenses." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 129, "question": "Describe the telescope.", "answer": "Telescopes are of two kinds—reflecting and refracting. The former contains a large metallic mirror which reflects the rays of light to a focus ; the latter, like the telescope, contains an object-lens, which forms an image." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 130, "question": "Describe the opera glass.", "answer": "The opera-glass contains an optic-glass and an eye-piece. The latter is a double concave lens ; this increases the visual angle by diverging the rays of light, which would otherwise come to a focus beyond the eye-piece." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 131, "question": "Describe the camera.", "answer": "The camera used by photographers contains a double convex lens which throws an inverted image of the object upon the ground-glass screen." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 132, "question": "Why does a blow on the head make one \"see stars?\"", "answer": "Because the blow excites the optic nerve, and so produces the sensation of light." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 133, "question": "Define luminous heat. Obscure heat.", "answer": "Luminous heat is that which radiates from a luminous body. Obscure heat is that from a non-luminous source." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 134, "question": "Define diathermanous body. What is cold?", "answer": "A diathermanous body is one which allows the heat to pass through it readily. Cold is a term indicating the absence of heat in a greater or less degree." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 135, "question": "What are the sources of heat?", "answer": "They are the sun, stars, mechanical and chemical forces." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 136, "question": "Can force be destroyed?", "answer": "It cannot. If destroyed in one form it reappears in another without loss." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 137, "question": "Give the theory of vaporization.", "answer": "If heat be applied to a liquid, the temperature rises until the boiling point is reached, when it stops. The expansion, however, continues until the motion is so violent as to overcome the cohesive force and to throw off particles of the liquid." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 138, "question": "Why does it require a higher temperature to boil salt water than it does fresh?", "answer": "Anything which adds to the cohesive power of water elevates the boiling point." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 139, "question": "Define evaporation.", "answer": "Evaporation is a slow formation of vapor, which takes place at all ordinary temperatures. It is hastened by an increase of surface and heat. This principle is made useful in the arts for separating a solid from the liquid which holds it in solution." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 140, "question": "What is a vacuum-pan?", "answer": "It is a mode of boiling liquids at a low temperature. The pan is made with an air-tight cover and the air is exhausted above the liquid, by which means, the pressure being taken from off the liquid, it commences to boil at a low temperature, and but little danger of burning. This is used in making sugar, etc." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 141, "question": "What is the relation between absorption and reflection?", "answer": "Absorption and reflection are intimately connected with radiation. A good absorber is also a good radiator, but a good reflector can be neither. Snow is a good reflector, but a poor absorber or radiator. Light colors absorb less and reflect more than dark colors. White is the best reflector, and black the best absorber and radiator." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 142, "question": "Why does ice sometime form at night on the Desert of Sahara?", "answer": "The extreme dryness of the air allows the heat to escape so fast that cold is produced. This principle is known to chemists, and is one of the agents to produce artificial ice in our ice-machines." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 143, "question": "Describe the steam-engine.", "answer": "There are two classes of engines—the high pressure and the low pressure. In the first mentioned the steam, after being used as a direct power, escapes to the open air; in the low pressure the steam is condensed by a spray of cold water and a vacuum formed behind the piston. Engines of the high pressure are used on railroads and wherever there is a plentiful supply of water. The other is used where it is economy to condense the steam and save the water for using again." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 144, "question": "Describe the governor.", "answer": "The governor is an apparatus for regulating the supply of steam. When the machine goes too fast, the balls fly out by centrifugal force and shut off a portion of the steam; when too slowly, they fall back, and, opening the valve, let on the steam again." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 145, "question": "What is the object of a fly-wheel?", "answer": "It serves to give a uniform motion to the machinery." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 146, "question": "What is meteorology?", "answer": "It is that department of philosophy which treats of the atmosphere and its phenomena, particularly in its relation to heat and moisture. 147. They differ only in their elevation in the atmosphere." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 148, "question": "What form of cloud precipitates rain?", "answer": "It is the nimbus." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 149, "question": "At what temperature does water expand, either by heat or cold?", "answer": "At 39° Fah. water commences to expand until it reaches 32°, when it freezes, or if we apply heat it will also expand. Water cooled from any considerable heat contracts until it reaches 39°, when it then expands, as first stated." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 150, "question": "What causes the singing of a tea-kettle?", "answer": "The escaping steam is thrown into vibrations by the peculiar shape of the spout." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 151, "question": "What causes the snapping of wood when laid on the fire?", "answer": "It is caused by the expansion of the air in the cells of the wood." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 152, "question": "What gives the blue color to the air?", "answer": "It is the vapor which it contains, reflecting the blue light of the sunbeam." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 153, "question": "Define electricity.", "answer": "Electricity is a force of nature, termed the electric fluid. As a science, it unfolds the phenomena and laws of that fluid." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 154, "question": "In what forms does this electric force manifest itself?", "answer": "In the form of magnets, frictional, galvanic, thermal and animal electricity." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 155, "question": "Define magnetism. A magnet.", "answer": "Magnetism is that branch of science which treats of the properties of the magnet. A magnet is a term applied to certain specimens of iron ore, which have the property of attracting other portions of iron, and, when freely suspended, point to the poles." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 156, "question": "Define magnetic induction.", "answer": "It is the power which a magnet possesses to develop magnetism in iron. If a piece of soft iron be brought near a magnet, it immediately assumes the magnetic state, which, however, it loses on being removed." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 157, "question": "Describe the compass.", "answer": "It is a magnetic needle, resting upon a pivot, enclosed in a circular box, and points nearly north." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 158, "question": "Is the needle true to the pole?", "answer": "It is; although it shifts thus every hour in the day, and does so only in obedience to the laws which control its action." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 159, "question": "Why are portions of country, especially Missouri, difficult to survey?", "answer": "It is because of great bodies of iron ore which nature has stored in the ground." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 160, "question": "Define frictional electricity.", "answer": "Frictional electricity is developed by friction. This is often seen by combing the hair, by rubbing the back of a cat, etc. It is said that a person, in cold, frosty weather, by shuffling about in his stocking-feet upon the carpet, can develop so much electricity in his body that he can ignite a jet of gas by simply applying his finger to it." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 161, "question": "Define the electroscope.", "answer": "The electroscope is an instrument to detect changes in the electric state of bodies." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 162, "question": "What is the theory of electricity?", "answer": "It is a power of nature which contains a positive and negative force, and exists in every body in a state of equilibrium, but when disturbed by friction, chemical action, etc., these forces are set free, but we cannot develop one without the other." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 163, "question": "Is it a polar force?", "answer": "They are called a polar force, but the slightest cause disturbs the electric equilibrium." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 164, "question": "Define a conductor. An insulator.", "answer": "A conductor is a body which allows the electric force to pass freely through it. An insulator is a non-conductor." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 165, "question": "What is the best conductor? Best insulator?", "answer": "Copper is the best conductor, and is used in all electrical experiments. Glass is one of the best insulators." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 166, "question": "Can electricity be collected from an iron rod?", "answer": "It can be collected only by means of insulation. It can be developed by rubbing an iron rod, but is lost as fast as formed by passing off through the metal to the hand. A glass rod does not conduct it to the body, so it is retained until it gradually dissipates in the air." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 167, "question": "Define electrical induction.", "answer": "It is the influence of an electrified body over other bodies." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 168, "question": "Describe the Leyden jar.", "answer": "It consists of a glass jar, coated inside and outside, nearly to the top, with tin-foil, which is fitted with a cover of baked wood, through which passes a wire with a knob at the top and below, a chain extending to the inner coating." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 169, "question": "How is the jar charged ?", "answer": "The jar is discharged by holding one knob of the discharger upon the outer coating, and the other upon the knob of the jar. The equilibrium will be restored with a sharp snap and a brilliant flash, while minute particles are detached from the solid conductors and, burning, give color and brilliancy to the spark." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 170, "question": "What is the cause of lightning ?", "answer": "Lightning is only the discharge of a Leyden jar on the grand scale upon which nature performs her operations. Two clouds charged with opposite electricities, and separated by the non-conducting air, approach each other. When the tension becomes sufficient to overcome the resistance, the two forces rush together with a blinding flash and terrific peal." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 171, "question": "What is the cause of thunder?", "answer": "Thunder is the clashing of the atoms of displaced air, caused by its sudden separation as the lightning passes through it. The same principle exists in the firing of a gun." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 172, "question": "Is there any relation between the aurora borealis and magnetism ?", "answer": "As the magnetic needle is disturbed while the aurora is visible, there seems to be an intimate relation between them." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 173, "question": "What is the value of lightning rods ?", "answer": "Outside of the possibility of saving a building from a stroke of lightning, it restores the equilibrium between the earth and the clouds by quietly conducting the fluid from the overcharged atmosphere to the earth." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 174, "question": "Does the lightning ever pass upward from the earth ?", "answer": "It does, both quietly and by sudden discharges." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 175, "question": "Has nature provided any lightning rods ?", "answer": "It has. In the laws of nature we find that every leaf, twig and spire of grass is a harmless conductor. A common blade of grass, pointed by nature's exquisite workmanship, is three times more effectual than the finest cambric needle, and a single pointed twig than the metallic point of the best constructed rod." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 176, "question": "What is the velocity of electricity?", "answer": "It is estimated that through a copper wire its velocity is 288,000 miles per second." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 177, "question": "What are the marked differences between frictional and galvanic electricity ?", "answer": "Frictional electricity is noisy, sudden and convulsive; galvanic is silent, constant and powerful." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 178, "question": "What is the effect of a voltaic current on a magnetic needle ?", "answer": "If a current of electricity be passed over a magnetic needle, the needle will turn and tend to place itself at right angles to the wire. If the wire be brought over and beneath the needle, it doubles the effect, and the play of the needle becomes a very delicate test of the presence and direction of the electric force." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 179, "question": "What is a galvanometer ?", "answer": "It is an instrument for measuring the force, or detecting the presence of minute quantities of galvanic electricity." }, { "subject": "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY", "number": 180, "question": "What animals have a large amount of electricity ?", "answer": "Electric fish are the most common, and among these the most noted are the torpedo and electric eel. These are so powerful that their shock is a means of defense." }, { "subject": "MADE EASY (PARTICIPLES AND INFINITIVES)", "number": 1, "question": "What construction have Infinitives and Participles ?", "answer": "All Infinitives and Participles have the construction and use of the noun, or the adjective, or the adverb." }, { "subject": "MADE EASY (PARTICIPLES AND INFINITIVES)", "number": 2, "question": "When has an infinitive the construction of a noun ?", "answer": "When used as subject of a verb, or in apposition with a noun; as a noun in the absolute case; as the object of a verb or preposition." }, { "subject": "MADE EASY (PARTICIPLES AND INFINITIVES)", "number": 3, "question": "Illustrate by example.", "answer": "To play is natural. Real labor, to do good, is conducive to happiness. To lie, oh how base! They love to laugh. What went ye out for to see?" }, { "subject": "MADE EASY (PARTICIPLES AND INFINITIVES)", "number": 4, "question": "When has the infinitive the construction of an adjective?", "answer": "When used to limit or modify the meaning of a noun." }, { "subject": "MADE EASY (PARTICIPLES AND INFINITIVES)", "number": 5, "question": "Give examples.", "answer": "A desire to play is natural. He gave orders to march. This rule is to be observed—adjective in predicate. This to-be-observed rule is, or exists." }, { "subject": "MADE EASY (PARTICIPLES AND INFINITIVES)", "number": 6, "question": "When has the infinitive the construction of an adverb ?", "answer": "When used to limit the meaning of a verb, adjective, adverb, or other infinitive." }, { "subject": "MADE EASY (PARTICIPLES AND INFINITIVES)", "number": 7, "question": "Give examples.", "answer": "They came to see; i. e., for the purpose of seeing. They were anxious to go. That horse is strong enough to draw any load. I wish to go to town to trade to-day." }, { "subject": "MADE EASY (PARTICIPLES AND INFINITIVES)", "number": 8, "question": "Have infinitives case ?", "answer": "They have not. Case belongs alone to nouns and pronouns." }, { "subject": "MADE EASY (PARTICIPLES AND INFINITIVES)", "number": 9, "question": "Has the infinitive always a subject ?", "answer": "It has, but not always expressed." }, { "subject": "MADE EASY (PARTICIPLES AND INFINITIVES)", "number": 10, "question": "What is the subject of \"to go,\" in \"I wished to go home?\"", "answer": "The subject of \"to go\" is \"I,\" understood; the meaning evidently is, I wished that I might go home." }, { "subject": "MADE EASY (PARTICIPLES AND INFINITIVES)", "number": 11, "question": "In what case is the subject of the infinitive?", "answer": "In the objective case, except when its subject is, or refers to, the same person or thing as the subject of the finite verb, or when the subject is any word but a noun or pronoun." }, { "subject": "MADE EASY (PARTICIPLES AND INFINITIVES)", "number": 12, "question": "Has the participle always a subject?", "answer": "It has, either expressed or implied." }, { "subject": "MADE EASY (PARTICIPLES AND INFINITIVES)", "number": 13, "question": "In what case is the subject of the participle?", "answer": "Usually in the possessive case; sometimes in the objective; as: There is no harm in children's playing by the river (subj. poss.). There is no harm in children playing by the river (subj. obj.).*" }, { "subject": "MADE EASY (PARTICIPLES AND INFINITIVES)", "number": 14, "question": "What is the rule for the construction of participles ?", "answer": "It is used in all cases like the infinitive." }, { "subject": "MADE EASY (PARTICIPLES AND INFINITIVES)", "number": 15, "question": "In the sentence, \"To be honest with you, I was in error,\" parse \"to be.\"", "answer": "To be: verb; irreg., intrans., act., pres., infin., with the construction of an adverb limiting the verb confess, understood—[I confess] (in order) to be honest, etc." }, { "subject": "MADE EASY (PARTICIPLES AND INFINITIVES)", "number": 16, "question": "In what manner do we determine whether the infinitive has the construction of the noun, or the adjective, or the adverb ?", "answer": "First, and mainly, by the sense or meaning; when the infinitive has the construction of an adverb, the words \"in order\" can be placed immediately before the infinitive without destroying the sense; as: They came [in order] to see. When it has the construction of an adjective it can be changed to its present participle, placed immediately before the word it limits and make good sense; as: He asked for money to spend, i. e., spending-money. I want a place to study, i. e., studying-place." }, { "subject": "MADE EASY (PARTICIPLES AND INFINITIVES)", "number": 17, "question": "How do we determine what is the subject of the infinitive, when that is not apparent, as in \"He was eager to depart?\"", "answer": "Change the infinitive to its equivalent subordinate clause, and the subject will appear. He was eager to depart, i. e., that he might depart. He is the subject. Be so good as to go, i. e., that you should go. John was told not to go, i. e., that John should not go." }, { "subject": "MADE EASY (PARTICIPLES AND INFINITIVES)", "number": 18, "question": "In the sentence, \"To die is gain,\" what is the subject of \"to die?\"", "answer": "Person, understood. Expanded, That any person should die is gain. *There is much dispute about this, many claiming that the possessive pronoun \"their,\" understood, is the subject of \"playing,\" in the second sentence." }, { "subject": "WRITING", "number": 1, "question": "Define Writing.", "answer": "The art of expressing thought in legible characters; to \"form for the conveyance of meaning.\"" }, { "subject": "WRITING", "number": 2, "question": "What are the principal subjects to which attention should be given in teaching or learning the art of writing?", "answer": "Position; manner of holding pen; movement; form; rate; spacing and shading." }, { "subject": "WRITING", "number": 3, "question": "How many kinds of positions are recommendable, and what are they?", "answer": "Four — \"left,\" \"front,\" \"right-oblique,\" and \"right.\"" }, { "subject": "WRITING", "number": 4, "question": "Describe the \"left\" position.", "answer": "Sit, or stand, with the left side inclined toward the desk, the left arm lying on the book or paper, weight of body supported mainly by the left side and right arm, as well as book or paper at right-angles to the desk." }, { "subject": "WRITING", "number": 5, "question": "Under what circumstances is the left position generally used, and used with advantage?", "answer": "When writing in large books, or when it is impossible or inconvenient to turn the paper obliquely." }, { "subject": "WRITING", "number": 6, "question": "Describe the \"front\" position.", "answer": "Sit, or stand, directly facing the desk, near it, but not leaning over it; the forearms both on the desk and nearly at right angles to each other, the left holding in place the book or paper, which should be inclined so that the lines meet the right forearm at right angles." }, { "subject": "WRITING", "number": 7, "question": "What particular advantage has the front position?", "answer": "The weight of the body is not thrown to either side (in any other it is thrown upon one side or the other); and hence this position is best adapted to resist fatigue of the bodily muscles." }, { "subject": "WRITING", "number": 8, "question": "Describe the \"right-oblique\" position.", "answer": "Sit, or stand, with right side inclined towards the desk, right forearm resting wholly on the desk, left partially, and the copy placed obliquely on the desk. The weight of the head and shoulders is thrown on the left side." }, { "subject": "WRITING", "number": 9, "question": "Describe the \"right\" position.", "answer": "Sit, or stand, with right side turned to the desk, but not in contact with it, the right forearm as well as the copy being on the desk parallel with its edge; copy held in place by the fingers of the left hand." }, { "subject": "WRITING", "number": 10, "question": "What special caution should be kept in view in each and all of the above-mentioned positions?", "answer": "Keep the body erect; by no means permit the head to drop forward over the paper. Teachers should exercise the greatest care in this respect over those placed in their charge." }, { "subject": "WRITING", "number": 11, "question": "Describe the manner of holding the pen.", "answer": "There is considerable dispute in regard to this, but the manner most practiced by businessmen and taught in most of our commercial colleges is the one given by Mr. Spencer, viz., hold pen between first two fingers and thumb, the holder crossing the forefinger in front of the knuckle-joint and the second finger at the root of the nail; the end of the thumb touching the holder opposite the lower joint of the first finger. The other fingers should separate from first two at the middle joint and curve so that the ends of the nails rest upon the paper." }, { "subject": "WRITING", "number": 12, "question": "What is meant by movement?", "answer": "The proper motion of the muscles of the shoulder, arm and hand in writing." }, { "subject": "WRITING", "number": 13, "question": "How many kinds of movements are usually employed in writing, and what are they?", "answer": "Two; combined and whole-arm." }, { "subject": "WRITING", "number": 14, "question": "Give a description of each, and state under what circumstances employed.", "answer": "The combined movement is the motion of the muscles of the forearm and fingers together, resting upon the elbow and the nails of the third and fourth fingers; used in ordinary writing. The whole-arm movement is a motion of the muscles of the whole arm and shoulder, resting upon the nails of the third and fourth fingers, and upon the point of the pen; used in making large capitals, flourishes, and in blackboard exercise. The wrist joint should in all cases be kept free." }, { "subject": "WRITING", "number": 15, "question": "What is meant by form?", "answer": "The exact shape and appearance of a character representing a thought preconceived in the mind." }, { "subject": "WRITING", "number": 16, "question": "In what manner does a careful study of form aid in making a good penman?", "answer": "The mind directs the action of the muscles, and as writing is a result of muscular action, the mind must have a clear, concise and ready conception of what it wishes the muscles to do, before the action can be realized." }, { "subject": "WRITING", "number": 17, "question": "What is a line?", "answer": "A point moving in any direction leaves a path called a line." }, { "subject": "WRITING", "number": 18, "question": "How many kinds of lines are used in writing, and what are they?", "answer": "Two : straight and curved. A straight line is the path of a point moving in but one direction ; a curved line is the path of a point constantly changing its direction." }, { "subject": "WRITING", "number": 19, "question": "How many kinds of curves are used in writing, and define each.", "answer": "Two : right and left. A right curve bends to the right of a straight line connecting its extremities, while a left curve bends to the left." }, { "subject": "WRITING", "number": 20, "question": "Define horizontal, vertical and oblique lines.", "answer": "A line parallel to the horizon; a line at right angles to the horizon ; a line neither horizontal nor vertical." }, { "subject": "WRITING", "number": 51, "question": "What space is allowed between capitals used as initial letters?", "answer": "One space." }, { "subject": "WRITING", "number": 52, "question": "What space is allowed between words?", "answer": "Two spaces." }, { "subject": "WRITING", "number": 53, "question": "What space is allowed when following word begins with a capital?", "answer": "The extreme left point of the capital should be one and one-half spaces from the last downward stroke of preceding word." }, { "subject": "WRITING", "number": 54, "question": "When one word ends with a right curve and the next begins with a left, or vice versa, what space is left?", "answer": "Between the straight lines, two and one-third spaces; between curves, one and one-third spaces; between final downward stroke of first and beginning of curve for next word, one and one-half spaces." }, { "subject": "WRITING", "number": 55, "question": "What space is allowed between sentences?", "answer": "Three spaces." }, { "subject": "WRITING", "number": 56, "question": "What space is allowed between figures?", "answer": "One-third of a space." }, { "subject": "WRITING", "number": 57, "question": "What is meant by shading?", "answer": "A proper use of light and heavy strokes, the latter formed by a gently-increasing pressure upon the points of the pen, being held and moved so that the pressure is constantly alike on both points, until the middle of the stroke desired to be shaded is reached, and then as gently release the pressure as it was increased until the stroke is complete." }, { "subject": "WRITING", "number": 58, "question": "What letters should not ordinarily be shaded?", "answer": "All the letters but one space in height except a, which should receive a slight shade on first downward curve." }, { "subject": "WRITING", "number": 59, "question": "Where should the shade occur in t and d?", "answer": "The heaviest shade should be at the top of the last downward stroke." }, { "subject": "WRITING", "number": 60, "question": "How should p be shaded?", "answer": "Shade should commence at base line and gradually increased to the end of the downward stroke." }, { "subject": "WRITING", "number": 61, "question": "How should f be shaded?", "answer": "Only on that part of the downward stroke which is below the line." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 1, "question": "Define Algebra.", "answer": "Algebra is that branch of mathematics in which the operations are indicated by signs, and the quantities are represented by letters." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 2, "question": "Why is algebra called universal arithmetic ?", "answer": "Because the object of algebraic notation is to abridge and generalize the analysis of mathematical problems." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 3, "question": "Define mathematics.", "answer": "Mathematics is the science which treats of the relations of quantities." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 4, "question": "Define quantity.", "answer": "Quantity is anything that can be measured or compared." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 5, "question": "Define algebraic quantity.", "answer": "An algebraic quantity is a quantity expressed in algebraic language." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 6, "question": "How many kinds of algebraic quantities are there?", "answer": "Two kinds—known and unknown." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 7, "question": "What are known quantities ?", "answer": "Known quantities are those whose values are given; when these are not expressed by figures they are represented by the leading letters of the alphabet, as a, b, c, d." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 8, "question": "What are unknown quantities ?", "answer": "Unknown quantities are those whose values are to be determined, and are represented by the final letters of the alphabet, as u, x, y, z." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 9, "question": "How many kinds of symbols are there ?", "answer": "Four kinds—symbols of quantity, operation, relation and aggregation." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 10, "question": "What are symbols of quantity ?", "answer": "In arithmetic numbers are represented by the figures 1, 2, 3, 4, etc. In algebra numbers or quantities are more frequently represented by the common letters of the alphabet." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 11, "question": "What are the symbols of operation ?", "answer": "The signs of addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, involution, and evolution." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 12, "question": "What are the symbols of relation ?", "answer": "The signs of equality, inequality, ratio, and proportion." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 13, "question": "What are the signs of aggregation ?", "answer": "The parenthesis ( ), brackets [ ], brace { }, vincu- lum —, and bar |. They indicate that the quantities within are to be taken together." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 14, "question": "What are the terms of an algebraic quantity?", "answer": "The divisions made by the signs + and —." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 15, "question": "What are positive terms ?", "answer": "Those that have the plus sign." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 16, "question": "What are negative terms?", "answer": "Those that have the minus sign." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 17, "question": "Distinguish between similar and dissimilar terms.", "answer": "Similar terms are terms containing the same letters affected by the same exponents, while dissimilar terms are those which have different letters or exponents." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 18, "question": "Define coefficient.", "answer": "The coefficient of a term is that factor which is considered as denoting the number of times the remainder of the term is taken." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 19, "question": "Define exponent.", "answer": "An exponent is a small figure or letter written at the right, and a little above another figure, or letter, to denote how many times the latter is to be used as a factor." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 20, "question": "What are literal quantities ?", "answer": "Literal quantities are those whose numbers or values are expressed by letters." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 21, "question": "Define monomial.", "answer": "A monomial is an algebraic quantity consisting of but one term." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 22, "question": "Define polynomial.", "answer": "A polynomial is an algebraic quantity consisting of more than one term." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 23, "question": "Define binomial.", "answer": "A binomial is a polynomial of two terms." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 24, "question": "Define residual.", "answer": "A residual is a binomial, the terms of which are connected by the minus sign." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 25, "question": "What is a trinomial ?", "answer": "A polynomial of three terms." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 26, "question": "What is meant by the degree of a term ?", "answer": "The degree of a term is the number of literal factors it contains, and is found by adding the exponents of the several letters." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 27, "question": "What is a homogeneous quantity?", "answer": "One whose terms are all of the same degree." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 28, "question": "Express the product of a and b, and explain.", "answer": "ab. When two or more letters representing numbers are written side by side, their product is indicated." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 29, "question": "Express algebraically : A man sold a farm which cost him a dollars for b times its cost ; after keeping back c dollars for himself, he divided the remainder equally among d children. How many dollars did he give to each", "answer": "ab—c / d" }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 30, "question": "In the following : a=4, b=3, c=2, d=1. a²+b²+c²+d² —————— + a b c d. Solve. a+b+c+d", "answer": "16+9+4+1 / 4+3+2+1 +4×3×2×1=27." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 31, "question": "Define algebraic sum.", "answer": "The algebraic sum of two or more quantities is a quantity which, taken with reference to its sign, is equivalent to the given quantities each taken with reference to its particular sign." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 32, "question": "What is the method of finding the algebraic sum ?", "answer": "The algebraic sum of two or more similar terms, having like signs, is the sum of their absolute values taken with their common sign. When with unlike signs, is the difference of their absolute values taken with the sign of the greater term." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 33, "question": "Define unit of addition.", "answer": "The unit of addition is the quantity whose coefficients are added." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 34, "question": "Give method of algebraic subtraction.", "answer": "Conceive the signs of the subtrahend to be changed, and unite terms as in addition." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 35, "question": "How may a parenthesis be removed from an algebraic expression?", "answer": "When preceded by the plus sign a parenthesis may be removed and the enclosed terms written with proper signs, but when preceded by the minus sign the signs of all the enclosed terms must be changed." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 36, "question": "How may an algebraic expression be enclosed in a parenthesis ?", "answer": "Any number of terms with their proper signs may be enclosed by a parenthesis and the plus sign written before the whole, or the minus sign may be written before the whole, provided that all the signs of the given terms be changed." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 37, "question": "Give law governing the sign of a product in algebraic multiplication.", "answer": "When the two factors have like signs the product is positive, and when the two factors have unlike signs the product is negative." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 38, "question": "Give law of coefficients in multiplication.", "answer": "The coefficient of the product is equal to the product of the coefficients of the two factors." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 39, "question": "Give law of exponents in multiplication.", "answer": "The exponent of any letter in the product is equal to the sum of the exponents of this letter in the factors." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 40, "question": "Give formula for the square of a binomial.", "answer": "The square of the first term, plus twice the product of the first and the second, plus the square of the second if both terms are positive; if, however, the binomial be a residual the sign of the second term in the square should be minus." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 41, "question": "Give formula for the product of the sum and difference of two quantities.", "answer": "The product of the sum and difference of two quantities is equal to the difference of their squares." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 42, "question": "Give law of signs in algebraic division.", "answer": "If the signs of terms are alike, prefix the plus sign to the quotient; if they are unlike, prefix the minus sign." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 43, "question": "Give law of coefficients in division.", "answer": "The coefficient of the quotient is found by dividing the coefficient of the dividend by that of the divisor." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 44, "question": "Give law for exponents in division.", "answer": "The exponent of any letter in the quotient is found by subtracting the exponent of this letter in the divisor from its exponent in the dividend." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 45, "question": "Give general law relating to change of value resulting from change of dividend or divisor by multiplication or division.", "answer": "A change in the dividend produces a like change in the quotient; but a change in the divisor produces an opposite change in the quotient. A like change in both dividend and divisor does not alter the value of the quotient." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 46, "question": "Give principles relating to change of sign in dividend or divisor.", "answer": "Changing the sign of either dividend or divisor changes the sign of the quotient, but changing the signs of both dividend and divisor does not alter the value of the quotient." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 47, "question": "Prove that any quantity having a cipher for an exponent is equal to unity.", "answer": "a/a = a^(1-1) = a^0 a/a = 1. Therefore a^0 = 1." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 48, "question": "Prove that any quantity having a negative exponent is equal to the reciprocal of that quantity with an equal positive exponent?", "answer": "a^5/a^7 = 1/a^2 a^5/a^7 = a^(5-7) = a^(-2). Therefore a^(-2) = 1/a^2." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 49, "question": "What are the factors of a quantity?", "answer": "Those quantities which, multiplied together, will produce that quantity." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 50, "question": "A³+b³ is divisible by what? Explain.", "answer": "By a+b. The sum of two equal odd powers is divisible by the sum of the quantities." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 51, "question": "A³—b³ is divisible by what? Explain.", "answer": "By a—b. The difference of two equal odd powers is divisible by the difference of the quantities." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 52, "question": "A⁴—b⁴ is divisible by what? Explain.", "answer": "By a—b and by a+b. The difference of two equal even powers is divisible by both the sum and difference of the quantities." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 53, "question": "A¹⁰+b¹⁰ is divisible by what? Explain.", "answer": "By a^2+b^2. The sum of two equal even powers cannot be factored unless the exponent is composed of the factor 2 and an odd number, in which case it is divisible by the sum of the squares of the quantities." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 54, "question": "32a⁵+1 is divisible by what? Explain.", "answer": "By 2a+1. This comes properly under question 50, 1 being any power of itself." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 55, "question": "Define common divisor ; greatest common divisor.", "answer": "A common divisor of two or more quantities is a quantity which will exactly divide each of them. A greatest common divisor is the greatest quantity that will exactly divide each of them." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 56, "question": "Define multiple, common multiple, and least common multiple.", "answer": "A multiple of a quantity is a quantity exactly divisible by the given quantity. A common multiple of two or more quantities is one which is exactly divisible by each of them. A least common multiple of two or more quantities is the least quantity exactly divisible by each of them." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 57, "question": "Give method for finding the greatest common divisor of two or more quantities.", "answer": "Factor the given quantities, and affect each factor with the least exponent which it has in any of the quantities. The product of the factors thus obtained will be the greatest common divisor." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 58, "question": "Give method for finding the least common multiple of two or more quantities.", "answer": "Factor the given quantities and affect each factor with an exponent equal to the greatest which it has in any of the quantities. The product of the factors thus obtained will be the least common multiple." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 59, "question": "What is substitution in algebra ?", "answer": "The process of putting one quantity for another in any given expression." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 60, "question": "What is a fraction?", "answer": "A quotient expressed by writing the dividend above a horizontal line and the divisor below." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 61, "question": "Give general law relating to change of value, resulting from change of numerator or denominator by multiplication or division.", "answer": "The denominator, or quantity below the line, being the divisor, and the numerator, or quantity above the line, being the dividend, the principles here involved are the same as those given in answer to question 45." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 62, "question": "What is an entire quantity ? A mixed quantity ?", "answer": "An entire quantity is an algebraic quantity which has no fractional part. A mixed quantity has both entire and fractional parts." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 63, "question": "Distinguish between real and apparent signs.", "answer": "The apparent sign of a fraction is the sign written before the dividing line to indicate whether the fraction is to be added or subtracted. The real sign is the sign of its numerical value when reduced to a monomial, and shows whether the fraction is essentially a positive or a negative quantity." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 64, "question": "How may the real signs of a fraction be changed ?", "answer": "By changing all the signs of the numerator or denominator, or by changing the apparent sign of the fraction." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 65, "question": "Changing all the signs of both numerator and denominator has what effect upon the real sign ?", "answer": "The real sign remains unchanged." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 66, "question": "What is reduction ?", "answer": "Reduction in mathematics is changing the form of an expression without changing its value." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 67, "question": "Give method for reducing a fraction to lowest terms.", "answer": "Reject all common factors from both terms." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 68, "question": "Give method for reducing a fraction from fractional form to an entire or mixed quantity.", "answer": "Perform the division indicated." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 69, "question": "Give method for reducing a mixed quantity to the form of a fraction.", "answer": "Multiply the entire part by the given denominator, and annexing the numerator of the fractional part, write the sum over the given denominator." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 70, "question": "How may fractions be reduced to a common denominator ?", "answer": "The least common denominator is the least com-mon multiple of all the denominators. Divide this com-mon denominator by each of the given denominators, and multiply each numerator by the corresponding quotient. The products will be the new numerators." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 71, "question": "Give method for adding fractions.", "answer": "Reduce the fractions to forms having a common denominator, add the numerators and write the result over the common denominator." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 72, "question": "Give rule for subtraction of fractions.", "answer": "Reduce to common denominator, subtract the numerator of the subtrahend from that of the minuend, and write the remainder over the common denominator." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 73, "question": "Give rule for multiplication of fractions.", "answer": "Take the product of the numerators for a new numerator, and the product of the denominators for a new denominator." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 74, "question": "Give rule for division of fractions.", "answer": "Invert the terms of the divisor and proceed as in multiplication." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 75, "question": "What is an equation ?", "answer": "An equation is an expression of equality between two quantities." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 76, "question": "What branch of mathematics treats most of the equations ?", "answer": "Algebra treats of the nature and properties of the equation, and of its use as an instrument for conducting mathematical investigations." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 77, "question": "What is the first member of an equation? The second member ?", "answer": "The first member is the quantity on the left of the sign of equality. The second member is the quantity on the right." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 78, "question": "Define arithmetical equation Algebraic equation.", "answer": "An arithmetical equation is one which expresses the equality of numbers. An algebraic equation is one which contains one or more literal quantities." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 79, "question": "Define numeral equations. Literal equations.", "answer": "A numeral equation is one in which all the known quantities are expressed by numbers. A literal equation is one in which some or all of the known quantities are expressed by letters." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 80, "question": "Define identical equation.", "answer": "An equation in which the two members are the same, or can be reduced to the same expression by performing the operations indicated." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 81, "question": "How is the degree of an equation denoted ?", "answer": "By the highest exponent of the unknown quantity in the equation." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 82, "question": "Define simple equation. Quadratic, and cubic.", "answer": "A simple equation is one of the first degree. A quadratic equation is one of the second degree. A cubic equation is one of the third degree." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 83, "question": "What is meant by the transformation of an equation ?", "answer": "The process of changing its form without destroying the equality of its members." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 84, "question": "How may an equation be cleared of fractions ?", "answer": "Multiply each member by the least common multiple of all the denominators." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 85, "question": "What is transposition?", "answer": "Changing a term from one member of the equation to the other without destroying the equality of its members." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 86, "question": "How may a term be transposed ?", "answer": "By dropping it from the member in which it stands, and inserting it in the other member with its sign changed." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 87, "question": "What is meant by the reduction or solution of an equation ?", "answer": "Finding the value of the unknown quantity." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 88, "question": "Define indeterminate equation.", "answer": "An indeterminate equation is one which is satisfied by an infinite number of values of the unknown quantity. Every single equation containing two unknown quantities is indeterminate." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 89, "question": "What are simultaneous equations ?", "answer": "Those which must be satisfied by the same values of the unknown quantities which enter them." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 90, "question": "When two or more simultaneous equations are given, by what process are the values of the unknown quantities determined?", "answer": "By elimination, a process of combining equations in such a manner as to cause one or more of the unknown quantities to disappear." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 91, "question": "How many methods of elimination are there?", "answer": "Three : by addition or subtraction, comparison and substitution." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 92, "question": "Give method of elimination by addition or subtraction.", "answer": "Multiply or divide the equation by such numbers or quantities that the coefficients of the quantity to be eliminated shall be made equal in the two equations. these coefficients have like signs, subtract one of the prepared equations from the other; if unlike, add the two equations." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 93, "question": "Give method of elimination by comparison.", "answer": "Find the value of the same unknown quantity, in terms of the other, from each of the given equations. Form an equation by placing these two values equal to each other." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 94, "question": "Give method of elimination by substitution.", "answer": "Find the value of one of the unknown quantities in terms of the other, from either of the given equations. Substitute the value for the same unknown quantity in the other equation." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 95, "question": "Give method of eliminating in simple equations containing more than two unknown quantities.", "answer": "Combine one of the given equations with each of the others, eliminating the same unknown quantity by each combination. Then combine one of the new equations with each of the others, eliminating a second unknown quantity, and thus continue till a final equation is obtained containing but one unknown quantity. Substitute the value of this unknown quantity in an equation containing two unknown quantities, and thus find the value of a second. Substitute these values in an equation containing three unknown quantities, and find the value of the third, and so on until the value of all are found." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 96, "question": "When only can the value of the unknown quantity be determined?", "answer": "When its conditions furnish as many independent equations as there are unknown quantities employed in the notation." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 97, "question": "What is an inequality? Express a is greater than b.", "answer": "An expression signifying that one quantity is greater or less than another. a>b." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 98, "question": "By what operation will the sign of an inequality be reversed?", "answer": "If an inequality be subtracted from an equation member from member. If all the signs of the inequality be changed. If both members be multiplied by the same negative quantity. If multiplied by another inequality, subsisting in the same sense, member by member, when more than two of the members of both inequalities are negative." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 99, "question": "What operations may be performed upon an inequality and the result still subsist in the same sense?", "answer": "If another inequality subsisting in the same sense be added member to member. If another inequality established in a contrary sense be subtracted. If both members be multiplied or divided by the same positive quantity. If multiplied by another inequality subsisting in the same sense, when more than two of the members of both inequalities are positive." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 100, "question": "What is a power? A root?", "answer": "A power is the product obtained by taking a quantity several times as a factor. A root is the quantity repeated to produce a power. 101. Involution is the process of raising a quantity to a given power. Evolution is the process of determining any root of a given quantity." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 102, "question": "What is meant by the square of a quantity? The cube of a quantity?", "answer": "The square of a quantity is its second power, and the cube is its third power." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 103, "question": "Distinguish between perfect and imperfect power.", "answer": "A perfect power is a quantity that can be exactly produced by taking some other quantity a certain number of times as a factor, while an imperfect power cannot." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 104, "question": "How is evolution indicated? What is a surd?", "answer": "By the radical sign √ . A surd is the indicated root of an imperfect power." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 105, "question": "In raising a quantity to a given power, what are the principles relating to coefficients, exponents, and signs of the power?", "answer": "The coefficient of the power is the coefficient of the quantity raised to the required power. The exponent of any letter in the power is the product of its exponent by the index of the required power. The odd powers of a negative quantity will have the minus sign; the even powers of a negative quantity, and all powers of a positive quantity, are positive." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 106, "question": "How may a fraction be raised to a given power?", "answer": "Raise both numerator and denominator to the required power." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 107, "question": "Give formula for the square of a trinomial.", "answer": "Write the square of each term with twice the product of each term by the sum of all the terms which follow it, and reduce the result, if necessary." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 108, "question": "What is meant by leading terms? By following term?", "answer": "The leading term is the first, and the following term is the second term in a binomial." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 109, "question": "Of what value is Newton's Binomial Formula?", "answer": "It enables one to write by inspection any power of a binomial, neither term of which has coefficients." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 110, "question": "Give method of expanding by Newton's Binomial Formula.", "answer": "Let (x+y) be any binomial and (x+y)ᵐ equal any power indicated, then xᵐ + mxᵐ⁻¹y + m(m—1)xᵐ⁻²y² / 2 + m(m—1)(m—2)xᵐ⁻³y³ / 3 etc. There will always be m+1 terms in the power." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 111, "question": "How may a binomial having coefficients be expanded without successive multiplication, as (2a—3b)⁷?", "answer": "Put the first term 2a equal to x and the second or 3b equal to y. Expand (x+y)ᵐ by Newton's Formula and restore the values of x and y; or use French's Binomial Formula, which shows that the coefficient of the first term in any power is equal to the corresponding power of the coefficient of the leading term in the root; and that the coefficient of any term may be found by multiplying the coefficient of the preceding term by the exponent of the leading quantity in that term and by the coefficient of the following quantity in the root, and dividing this result by the product of the coefficient of the leading quantity in the root multiplied by the number of terms from the first." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 112, "question": "What is a radical quantity?", "answer": "A root merely indicated by the radical sign, or by a fractional exponent." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 113, "question": "How is the degree of a radical quantity indicated?", "answer": "By the radical index, or by the denominator of the fractional exponent." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 114, "question": "What are similar radicals?", "answer": "Those having the same quantity under a radical sign of the same index." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 115, "question": "On what are the operations in radicals based?", "answer": "On the most elementary principles of factoring." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 116, "question": "When is a radical in its simplest form?", "answer": "When it contains no perfect power corresponding to the degree of the radical." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 117, "question": "By what method are radicals reduced to simplest form?", "answer": "Resolve the quantity under the radical sign into two factors, one of which shall be a perfect power of the degree of the radical. Determine the root of that factor and place it before the radical sign as a coefficient to the other factor under the sign." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 118, "question": "How may we reduce a rational quantity to a radical?", "answer": "Involve it to the same power as the required index and write the result under its corresponding radical sign." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 119, "question": "How may we reduce radicals of different degrees to a common radical index ?", "answer": "Reduce the indices to a common denominator. Perform upon the quantities the operations represented by the numerators (involution) and indicate the operations signified by the denominator (evolution)." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 120, "question": "Give method of adding and subtracting radicals.", "answer": "Reduce each radical to its simplest form. If the resulting radicals are similar add or subtract the coefficients as the case may be, and to the result annex the common radical; if dissimilar, indicate the addition or subtraction by the proper signs." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 121, "question": "Give method of multiplying and dividing radicals.", "answer": "If necessary, reduce the given radicals to a common radical index. Multiply or divide, as the case may be, the radical parts, and write the result under the common radical sign." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 122, "question": "How may a radical sign be removed ?", "answer": "Involve the radical quantity to a power corresponding to the radical index." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 123, "question": "Give classes of quadratic equations.", "answer": "Pure and affected." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 124, "question": "Define pure quadratic equations.", "answer": "A pure quadratic equation is one which contains only the second power of the unknown quantity." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 125, "question": "What is an affected quadratic equation ?", "answer": "One which contains both the second and the first powers of the unknown quantity." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 126, "question": "What is meant by the root of an equation?", "answer": "Such a value as when substituted for the unknown quantity will satisfy the equation." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 127, "question": "Why may the sign ± be prefixed to the root of a quadratic equation ?", "answer": "The second power of any quantity must be positive, as it is the product of like signs, either plus or minus, hence every pure quadratic equation has two roots equal in numerical value, but of opposite signs." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 128, "question": "Speak of the roots of an affected quadratic equation.", "answer": "Every affected quadratic equation has two roots unequal in numerical value." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 129, "question": "Give a method of forming a quadratic when the roots are given.", "answer": "Multiply together the binomial factors obtained by connecting each root with its contrary sign to an unknown quantity and place the product equal to zero." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 130, "question": "How, then, may a trinomial in the form of x² + ax + b be separated into two binomial factors ?", "answer": "Place the trinomial equal to zero and reduce the resulting equation. Connect each root with its signs changed to the lowest power of the literal quantity." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 131, "question": "Give method for completing the square in equations reduced to the form of x² + 2 ax=b.", "answer": "Add to both members of the equation the square of half the coefficient of the first power of the unknown quantity." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 132, "question": "Give method for completing the square in equations reduced to the form of ax² +bx =c.", "answer": "Multiply the equation by 4 times the coefficient of x² and add the square of the coefficient of x to both members." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 133, "question": "How may the equation x⁴—3x²=550 be solved?", "answer": "Represent x⁴ as y² and x² as y ; solve and restore value of y." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 134, "question": "What is meant by the absolute term of an equation ?", "answer": "The term or quantity which does not contain the unknown quantity." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 135, "question": "What is arithmetical progression ?", "answer": "A series of members or quantities increasing or decreasing by a common difference." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 136, "question": "What is geometrical progression ?", "answer": "A series of numbers or quantities increasing or decreasing by a constant multiplier." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 137, "question": "What are the extremes ? The means ?", "answer": "The extremes are the first and last terms. The means are the intermediate terms." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 138, "question": "Define ratio in geometrical progression.", "answer": "The ratio is the constant multiplier." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 139, "question": "What letters are used as symbols of the different terms in progression ?", "answer": "a, represents the first term ; b, last term ; n, the number of terms ; d, the common difference ; r, the ratio ; and s, the sum of the series." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 140, "question": "Give formulas for problems in arithmetical progression.", "answer": "l = a ± (n-1)d; s = n/2 (a+l)." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 141, "question": "Give formulas for problems in geometrical progression.", "answer": "l = arⁿ⁻¹; s = (rl-a)/(r-1)" }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 142, "question": "What is ratio ? Proportion ?", "answer": "Ratio is the quotient of one quantity divided by another of the same kind, regarded as the standard of comparison. Proportion is an equality of ratios." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 143, "question": "Define couplet. Terms.", "answer": "A couplet is the two terms which form the ratio. The terms of a proportion are the four quantities compared." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 144, "question": "What are the antecedents ? Consequents ?", "answer": "The antecedents in a proportion are the first terms of the two couplets. The consequents are the second terms." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 145, "question": "Define extremes. Means.", "answer": "The extremes in a proportion are the first and fourth terms ; the means, the second and third terms." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 146, "question": "Define mean proportional.", "answer": "A mean proportional between two quantities is a quantity to which the first of the two given quantities has the same ratio as the quantity has to the second." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 147, "question": "Define proposition and give kinds.", "answer": "A proposition is a statement of something to be done. Axioms, Theorems, Lemmas, Corollaries, Postulates, and Problems." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 148, "question": "What is an axiom ?", "answer": "A self-evident truth." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 149, "question": "Define problem.", "answer": "A problem is a proposition to do some specified thing and is stated with reference to developing the method of doing it." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 150, "question": "What is a scholium ? 151. Prove that the product of the means equals the product of the extremes.", "answer": "A remark made at the close of a discussion and designed to call attention to some particular feature or features of it." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 152, "question": "If we have three terms of a proportion, how may the fourth be obtained ?", "answer": "Either mean is equal to the product of the extremes divided by the other mean, and either extreme is equal to the product of the means divided by the other extreme." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 153, "question": "What is a logarithm ?", "answer": "The exponent by which a fixed number is to be affected in order to produce any required number." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 154, "question": "What is a system of logarithms ?", "answer": "A scheme by which all numbers can be represented either exactly or approximately by exponents by which a fixed number (the base) can be affected. Negative numbers can have no logarithms." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 155, "question": "What are the important uses of logarithms ?", "answer": "To facilitate the multiplication, division, involution and evolution of large numbers." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 156, "question": "Give method of multiplication by the use of log-arithms.", "answer": "Add the logarithms of the two factors and the result will be the logarithm of their product." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 157, "question": "Give method of division.", "answer": "Subtract the logarithm of the divisor from that of the dividend and the result will be the logarithm of the quotient." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 158, "question": "Give method of involution.", "answer": "Multiply the logarithm of the number by the index of the power and the result will be the logarithm of the power." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 159, "question": "Give method for evolution.", "answer": "Divide the logarithm of the number by the number expressing the degree of the root and the result will be the logarithm of the root." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA", "number": 160, "question": "What are the integral and decimal parts of a log-arithm called ?", "answer": "The integral part is called the characteristic and the decimal the mantissa." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA — TEST PROBLEMS", "number": 1, "question": "The sum of two numbers is 12, and their difference is equal to ⅓ of the greater. What are the numbers?", "answer": "The half sum of two numbers plus the half difference equals the greater. The half sum minus the half difference equals the less. Let 2x=difference. 6+x=greater. 6—x=less. 2x=6+x 3 Ans. Greater 7½. Less 4½." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA — TEST PROBLEMS", "number": 2, "question": "A farmer made a mixture of barley, oats and peas, using two bushels of barley as often as 5 of oats and 1 of peas ; the whole number of bushels in the mixture was 32. How many bushels of each kind did he use?", "answer": "Let x=No. bushels peas. 2x=No. bushels barley. 5x=No. bushels oats. 8x=32. Ans. 4 bushels peas, 8 bushels barley, 20 bushels oats." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA — TEST PROBLEMS", "number": 3, "question": "A farm rents for 6 per cent. more this year than last. This year it rents for $1,060. What was the rent last year?", "answer": "Let x=rent last year. x+6x ——=1060. Ans. $1,000. 100" }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA — TEST PROBLEMS", "number": 4, "question": "A steamer whose regular speed is twelve miles per hour in still water, can make a trip up stream in 7 hours and down in 5 hours. At what rate does the river flow?", "answer": "Let x=rate of river. Then 7(12—x)=5(12+x). Ans. 2 hours." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA — TEST PROBLEMS", "number": 5, "question": "A can do a piece of work in 6 days, B in 4 days. In what time can they both do it, working together?", "answer": "Let x=time required by both. x x Then — + — =1. Ans. 2⅔ days. 6 4" }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA — TEST PROBLEMS", "number": 6, "question": "What time is it when ⅓ of the time past noon equals ¼ of the time to midnight?", "answer": "Let x=time past noon. 12—x=time to midnight. x 12—x Then — = —— . Ans. Half past 4 o'clock P. M. 3 5" }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA — TEST PROBLEMS", "number": 7, "question": "What fraction is that which if 1 be added to the numerator the fraction will be ⅓ but if 1 be added to the denominator the fraction will be ¼?", "answer": "Let x=numerator of fraction. y=denominator. x+1 x Then —— = ⅓ and —— = ¼. Ans. ⅖. y y+1 8. Let x=greater ; n—x=less. Then x+a=(n—x)+b. Ans. Greater (n+b-a)/2 less (n+a-b)/2." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA — TEST PROBLEMS", "number": 9, "question": "A says to B: \"Give me one dollar and I shall have twice as much money as you.\" B says to A : \"No; you give me one dollar and I shall have just as much money as you.\" How many dollars have each?", "answer": "Let x=A's money ; y=B's money. Then x+1=2(y-1) and x-1=y+1. Ans. A's=$7. B's=$5." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA — TEST PROBLEMS", "number": 10, "question": "What is the length of one edge of that cube which contains as many solid units as there are linear units in the diagonal through the opposite corners?", "answer": "Let x=length of edge. sqrt(3x^2) =the diagonal. x^3 = sqrt(3x^2). Ans. sqrt(3)." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA — TEST PROBLEMS", "number": 11, "question": "The sum of two numbers is 100, and the difference of their square roots is 2. What are the numbers?", "answer": "Let x=greater ; y=less Then x+y=100 and sqrt(x) - sqrt(y) =2. Square second equation and subtract. Ans. 64 and 36." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA — TEST PROBLEMS", "number": 12, "question": "What number is that consisting of two digits, units and tens, which is equal to three times the sum of its digits, and if 45 be added to the number, the order of the digits will be reversed?", "answer": "The local value of the digit in ten's place being ten times that in unit's place, if we let x=units and y=tens the number will be 10y+x. Then 10y+x=3(x+y) and 10y+x+45=10x+y. Ans. 27." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA — TEST PROBLEMS", "number": 13, "question": "James is ⅓ as old as John; 5 years ago he was ⅕ as old? how old are each?", "answer": "Let x=James' age ; y=John's age. Then x = y/3 and x-5 = (y-5)/5. Ans. James 10, John 30." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA — TEST PROBLEMS", "number": 14, "question": "What two numbers are those whose product is 36, and the difference of their squares is 65?", "answer": "Let x=one number and y the other. Then xy=36 and x^2-y^2=65. Find value of x^2 in each equation and compare. Ans. 9 and 4." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA — TEST PROBLEMS", "number": 15, "question": "Divide the number 2000 into two such parts that the greater shall be to the less as 9 to 7.", "answer": "Let x=greater number and y the less. Then x+y=2000 and x:y::9:7 or 9y=7x. Multiply first equation through by 7 and subtract. Ans. 1125 and 875." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA — TEST PROBLEMS", "number": 16, "question": "There is a fish whose head is 9 in. long; the tail is as long as the head and ½ the body; and the body is as long as the head and tail together. What is the length of the fish?", "answer": "Let x=length of body and 9+1/2x=length of tail. Then 9+9+1/2x=x, or x=18+1/2x. Ans. 72 inches." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA — TEST PROBLEMS", "number": 17, "question": "A shepherd was met by a band of robbers who plundered him of ¼ of his flock and ¼ of a sheep over; he afterwards met a second band who took ⅓ of the remainder and ⅓ of a sheep over; and a third band took ½ of the last remainder and ½ of a sheep over, when he had but 25 sheep left. How many sheep had he at first?", "answer": "Let 12x=number he had at first. 9x-1/4=first remainder. 6x-1/2=second remainder. 3x-3/4=third remainder. 3x-1=25. Ans. 103." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA — TEST PROBLEMS", "number": 18, "question": "Simplify (√a + √b)(√a - √b) / (⁴√a + ⁴√b)(⁴√a - ⁴√b).", "answer": "In both numerator and denominator we have the product of the sum and difference of two quantities. Ans." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA — TEST PROBLEMS", "number": 19, "question": "A tree 80 feet high is broken during a storm; the upper part clinging to the stump strikes the ground 40 feet from the foot of the tree. How long is each part?", "answer": "Let x=upper part and 80-x=lower part. Then x^2-42^2=(80-x)^2. Ans. Upper part 50 feet. Lower 30 feet." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA — TEST PROBLEMS", "number": 20, "question": "A picture 12 feet by 18 feet is set in a frame of uniform width containing the same area as the picture. What is the width of frame?", "answer": "Let x=width of frame. Then 24x+36x+4x^2=216. Transpose, unite and complete the square. Ans. 3 inches." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA — TEST PROBLEMS", "number": 21, "question": "To find the area of a scalene triangle whose sides are a, b, and c.", "answer": "From the vertical angle let fall a perpendicular to the base b. Let x=the segment adjacent to the side c ; b—x=the segment adjacent to the side a ; Then will c^2—x^2=perpendicular. Also a^2—(b—x)^2=perpendicular. Then will c^2—x^2=a^2—(b—x)^2. After finding the perpendicular multiply the base b, by ½ the perpendicular." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA — TEST PROBLEMS", "number": 22, "question": "How are the above problems solved arithmetically?", "answer": "Add the three sides and divide this sum by 2. Subtract each side separately from the half sum. Multiply the several remainders and the half sum together and determine the square root of the result." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA — TEST PROBLEMS", "number": 23, "question": "How many strokes do the clocks of Venice, which go on to 24 o'clock, strike in a day?", "answer": "s = n/2 (a+b). s = 24/2 x (1+24). Ans. 300." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA — TEST PROBLEMS", "number": 24, "question": "A company of travelers at a hotel incurred a bill of $12. If there had been two more in the company each would have been charged 30 cents less. How many were there in the company?", "answer": "Let x=number in the company. Then 1200/x - 30 = 1200/(x+2). Divide both members by 30. Clear of fractions and complete the square. Ans. 8." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA — TEST PROBLEMS", "number": 25, "question": "The sum of three numbers in arithmetical progression is 27, and the product of the extremes is 77. What are the numbers?", "answer": "The formulas will not apply in this problem so let y=common difference. Then x—y=first ; x=second, and x+y=third. 3x=27, x=9, x^2—y^2=77. Ans. 7, 9, 11." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA — TEST PROBLEMS", "number": 26, "question": "A tract of land in the form of a square is surrounded by a board fence, four boards high, each board 16½ feet long; the number of acres in the tract equals the number of boards in the fence. How many acres of land are there?", "answer": "Let x=side of the square in rods. Then x^2/160 =number of acres. 16x=number of boards, each board being 16½ feet or 1 rod long. Then x^2/160 =16x. After finding x, square it and divide by 160. Ans. 40960." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA — TEST PROBLEMS", "number": 27, "question": "A boy being asked how many fish he had, replied: 11 fish are 7 fish more than ⅔ of the number. How many had he ?", "answer": "Let x=the number. Then x/2+7=11. Ans. 10." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA — TEST PROBLEMS", "number": 28, "question": "A man purchased a house with 10 doors, giving $1 for the first door, $2 for the second, $4 for the third, and so on. What did the house cost him ?", "answer": "l=ar^(n-1), l=1x2^9. Substitute l in s = (rl-a)/(r-1). Ans. $1,023." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA — TEST PROBLEMS", "number": 29, "question": "A man holds an endowment policy payable in 30 years, and ⅓ of the time past equals ¼ of the time to come. How much time has past?", "answer": "Let x=time passed ; 30—x=time to come. x/2 = (30—x)/4. Ans. 10 years." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA — TEST PROBLEMS", "number": 30, "question": "One kind of wine is 40 cents a quart, and another 24 cents. How much of each must be taken to make a quart worth 28 cents ?", "answer": "Let x=the amount required at 40 cents and y=the amount required at 24 cents. Then x+y=1 and 40x+24y=28. Ans. ¼ at 40 cents, and ¾ at 24 cents." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA — TEST PROBLEMS", "number": 31, "question": "A farmer has two flocks of sheep, each containing the same number. From one he sells 39 and from the other 93, and then finds just twice as many in one flock as in the other. How many did each flock originally contain?", "answer": "Let x=original number in each flock. Then x—39=2(x—93). Ans. 147." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA — TEST PROBLEMS", "number": 32, "question": "A man being asked his age, replied : If to my age you add its half, and third, and then deduct 10, the result is 100. What was his age ?", "answer": "Let x=his age. Then x + x/2 + x/3 - 10 = 100. Ans. 60 years old." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA — TEST PROBLEMS", "number": 33, "question": "A merchant has sugar at 9 cents and 13 cents a pound, and he wishes to make a mixture of 100 pounds that shall be worth 12 cents a pound. How many pounds of each quality must be taken ?", "answer": "Let x=number of pounds at 9 cents and y=number of pounds at 13 cents. Then x+y=100, and 9x+13y=1,200. Ans. 25 lbs. at 9c., and 75 lbs. at 13c." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA — TEST PROBLEMS", "number": 34, "question": "A man was hired for a year for $100 and a suit of clothes ; but at the end of 8 months he left, and received his clothes and $60 in money. What was the value of the suit of clothes ?", "answer": "Let x=value of clothes. Then (100+x)/12 = (60+x)/8. Ans. $20." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA — TEST PROBLEMS", "number": 35, "question": "Determine the 5th root of 31152784.1 by means of logarithms, knowing that the logarithm of 31152784.1= 7.493497.", "answer": "7.493497 ÷ 5 = 1.498699, and by reference to the table of logarithms 1.498699 is the logarithm of 31.52. Ans. 31.52." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA — TEST PROBLEMS", "number": 36, "question": "A man sold a horse for $420, thereby gaining 25 per cent. What was the cost of the horse ?", "answer": "Let x=cost of horse. Then x + 25x/100 = 420. Ans. $336." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA — TEST PROBLEMS", "number": 37, "question": "Two men commenced trade together. The first put in $40 more than the second ; and the stock of the first was to the stock of the second as 5 to 4. What was the stock of each ?", "answer": "Let x=what the first put in. Then x—40=what second put in. Then x : x—40 : : 5 : 4. Ans. $200, and $160." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA — TEST PROBLEMS", "number": 38, "question": "A man traveled 36 miles in a certain number of hours ; if he had traveled one mile more per hour he would have required 3 hours less to perform his journey. How many miles did he travel per hour?", "answer": "Let x=number of miles traveled per hour. Then 36/x - 3 = 36/(x+1). Ans. 3 miles." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA — TEST PROBLEMS", "number": 39, "question": "A person after spending $100 more than ⅓ of his income, had remaining $35 more than ⅕ of it. What was his income ?", "answer": "Let x=his income. Then x = 100 + x/5 + 35 + x/2. Ans. 450." }, { "subject": "ALGEBRA — TEST PROBLEMS", "number": 40, "question": "A boy engaged to carry 100 glass vessels to a certain place, and to receive 3 cents for every one he de-", "answer": "Let x=number he broke, and 100—x=number he delivered. Then 3x—9(100—x)=240. Ans. 5." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 1, "question": "What are Parliamentary Rules?", "answer": "A recognized code of systematic regulations, by which the people may be assembled for deliberation, and governed accordingly." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 2, "question": "From what source did we derive these recognized rules?", "answer": "From the British Parliament." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 3, "question": "Why taken from the rules governing the British Parliament?", "answer": "Because of the early relationship between England and the United States. These rules have remained unchanged in the English Parliament for several hundreds of years, and have become a prominent system of parliamentary authority." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 4, "question": "Are these rules binding upon the people in their assemblies?", "answer": "Not binding, although this universal custom becomes a general law, changed only when legislative bodies shall so specify." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 5, "question": "Are these changes often made?", "answer": "Not in the common assembling of the people. In the legislative branches of our government a different system of particular rules have been established, yet founded in and embracing all the essential rules of the common parliamentary law. Differences are adopted even in the two Houses of Congress, while in each state no prescribed rule is used in common. As a consequence of this disagreement, all legislative bodies provide themselves with a Legislative Manual, which becomes the standard authority for the government of that assembly." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 6, "question": "When such legislative manual is adopted by any particular legislature, does it become authority for the next body following it?", "answer": "It does not. Each legislative assembly is free to adopt the rules of its predecessors or to create new ones. In Congress, the same privilege is accepted, which, unlike the standard laws of the British Parliament, are subject to change to suit the particular wants of that body." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 7, "question": "Would it be possible to establish a system of governing rules which would agree in every particular with that of Congress or other legislative assemblies?", "answer": "It would not. As a people, we have no great respect for customs and precedents. This lack of respect for a permanent system is manifested in the endeavor of individuals to publish works which, in many particulars, are a departure from the general law." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 8, "question": "Who is recognized as authority on parliamentary practice?", "answer": "Luther S. Cushing, author of Cushing's Manual." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 9, "question": "How is an assembly of the people called into an organized body?", "answer": "There being no organization, it is effected by some individual in the assembly requesting the meeting to come to order for the transaction of the business calling them together. He also requests that some person be nominated for presiding officer. Such nomination being made, he puts the question for a vote of the assembly. Should the nominee be rejected, other nominations are made, until a choice is effected, whereupon the officer elected takes the chair, and proceeds in the same manner to complete the organization of the assembly, by choice of a secretary and such other officers, if any, as may be deemed necessary." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 10, "question": "Does this election of officers constitute the permanent organization of the assembly?", "answer": "It does not, although in all conventions and meetings where the people are called together for special purposes, no further organization is required; but should a permanency be desired, these officers are regarded as temporary, and to govern until a permanent organization is obtained and other officers elected to take their places." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 11, "question": "How is the new organization usually taken up and acted upon?", "answer": "By referring it to a committee, who report such necessary articles for government as may have been suggested by the assembly, by individuals thereof, or upon their own judgment. Such report to be received or rejected, as the assembly deem proper." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 12, "question": "Under such circumstances, is it usual to proceed in the election of permanent officers in the same manner as adopted in the election of temporary ones?", "answer": "It is not. A committee is often selected, who, after consultation, recommend the election of certain individuals as qualified to fill the different offices required." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 13, "question": "By what name is the presiding officer recognized?", "answer": "In organized societies or legislative bodies, president or speaker; in political conventions, school meetings, or any of the numerous calls for an assembling of the people, chairman; in secret societies, by whatever name adopted by that society." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 14, "question": "What name is applied to the recording officer?", "answer": "Secretary or clerk." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 15, "question": "Who are entitled to participate in the proceedings of an assembly?", "answer": "When the assembling is a call for the whole people, all are entitled; in political conventions or caucuses, those who are recognized as electors of that party; in school meetings, electors of that school district; in societies or associations, those who have been duly elected as members." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 16, "question": "How are these electors or representatives recognized as lawful members of any assembly?", "answer": "Usually by a committee being appointed to examine the credentials presented by the different individuals who desire to take part in the assembly." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 17, "question": "What are credentials? How obtained?", "answer": "A certificate of qualification. In the Congress of the United States, certificates of membership are given by the presiding officers of the states where each member is elected; in the legislatures of states, from the county or parish officers where each member is elected; in political conventions, from state or local authority, according to the call." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 18, "question": "When are the credentials or certificates of member-ship examined and acted upon?", "answer": "The proper time for this investigation is after the temporary and before the permanent organization, by the committee appointed for that purpose." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 19, "question": "When rival claims are presented, how proceed?", "answer": "The committee report the claims, and such persons are entitled to a hearing, the decision of the matter being left with those whose rights of membership are not called in question." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 20, "question": "Do the contesting members have the privileges of other members during the discussion of rights?", "answer": "They do not. After being heard, it is their duty to withdraw, or if, by the courtesy of the assembly, they are permitted to remain, they have no right to further discuss or vote upon the subject." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 21, "question": "Does it become necessary that the president or clerk shall be a member of the assembly?", "answer": "As these officers are to preside over and record the proceedings of an assembly, it does not become necessary that they shall, in all cases, become members of the assembly. In legislative bodies, the clerk is seldom, or never, a member; and in the Senate of the United States, and most state senates, the president is not a member." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 22, "question": "In our numerous societies and associations, what offices are usually sustained?", "answer": "President, vice-president, secretary and treasurer. To these may be added one or more vice-presidents, one or more secretaries, and such other officers or committees as the association shall see fit to adopt." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 23, "question": "When an assembly has rightfully appropriated a room or place for its sessions, how can it protect itself from disorderly or improper conduct of any member or any person not entitled to be therein?", "answer": "By employing sufficient force to remove such person or persons from the meeting." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 24, "question": "What authority has an assembly to employ suffi-cient force to remove such person or persons?", "answer": "This protection is guaranteed by the constitution of the United States, and all necessary resorts to the use of force are unquestionably recognized as just." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 25, "question": "When a person or persons become disorderly, are they subject to prosecution?", "answer": "They are, according to the extent of the offense." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 26, "question": "How is the judgment, opinion, sense or will of a deliberative assembly expressed?", "answer": "According to the nature of the subject, either by a resolution, order or vote. When it commands, it is an order; the expression of opinions, by a resolution; the result of a question decided by the assembly, a vote." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 27, "question": "What object was in view when the various ways of disposing of a proposition or motion were adopted?", "answer": "As all questions were liable to be imperfect in form, objectionable in part, and not presented at the desired time, it was necessary that various ways should be invented by which the question could be retained, perfected, presented when desired, or postponed from time to time, as the will of the assembly should decide." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 28, "question": "What is a quorum?", "answer": "A sufficient number of members for the transaction of business." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 29, "question": "What number constitutes a quorum?", "answer": "Usually, in councils, legislative bodies or associations. tions, rules are established determining this point, but should there be no established rules, it requires a majority of all members composing that association, society or assembly." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 30, "question": "What is the duty of the presiding officer in regard to a quorum?", "answer": "He should not take the chair until he is satisfied a quorum is present ; and should, at any time in the course of the proceedings, notice be taken that a quorum is not present, it then becomes the duty of the presiding officer to count the members present, and should a quorum be wanting, the assembly must be immediately adjourned." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 31, "question": "Why is it necessary that a certain number should constitute a quorum?", "answer": "In order to secure fairness of proceeding, and to prevent matters from being concluded in a hasty manner, or agreed to by so small a number of the members as not to command a due and proper respect." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 32, "question": "By what are the various organized assemblies of the people governed?", "answer": "By a code of rules usually known as a constitution and by-laws." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 33, "question": "How are changes made in the rules of any organ-ization?", "answer": "By a prescribed rule as given ; but when there is no prescribed rule, it becomes proper for the assembly to act at any time upon an amendment the same as in any question, but in the suspension of a rule there must be an unanimous consent." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 34, "question": "When adopted rules are disregarded or infringed upon, whose duty is it to take notice thereof?", "answer": "Any member has the right to report such offense, and require that the presiding officer should enforce the rule without debate or delay." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 35, "question": "Suppose it is not the sentiment or wish of the assem-bly that a particular rule be enforced?", "answer": "It matters not ; so long as one member insists upon its execution, it must be done. It is then too late to alter, repeal or suspend the rule." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 36, "question": "How avoid any future enforcement of distasteful rules?", "answer": "By an amendment at the proper time." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 37, "question": "When there is no provision for the assembly to amend or repeal the rules governing them, when can changes be made?", "answer": "At any time when it is the will of the assembly to amend or repeal." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 38, "question": "Can a rule be dispensed with or suspended where there is no express provision on this subject?", "answer": "It cannot, except by general consent." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 39, "question": "What is meant by the term \"general consent,\" as used in parliamentary practice?", "answer": "It denotes the unanimous opinion of the assembly." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 40, "question": "In taking a vote on any question, does it always require a majority to pass the question?", "answer": "In all the common transactions of the people, a majority rules ; but in legislative bodies, on some particular questions or subjects, as the entering of the yeas and nays upon the records, one-fourth of the members present may carry the question, while on other subjects it may require a two-thirds vote, as in impeachment trials and the passing of laws previously vetoed." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 41, "question": "When an assembly is not likely to finish its business at one sitting, when would be the most appropriate time to fix the time for reassembling?", "answer": "It would be more satisfactory in all cases to decide this matter before the time to close has arrived. By doing so, the judgment of the assembly would be better expressed, as impatience is often manifested when the motion to adjourn is made." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 42, "question": "In the election of officers, why is it necessary that absolute majorities should be required?", "answer": "As all officers of a deliberative assembly are removable at the pleasure of the assembly, it is not reasonable to suppose that a person elected by a minority could retain his office when opposed by a majority. It is essential in the transaction of business that they should possess the confidence of the members, which they cannot be said to do unless they have the suffrages of at least a majority." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 43, "question": "What are the duties of the presiding officer?", "answer": "To open the assembly at such times as provided for the meeting; to announce the business necessary to be transacted in proper order; to receive and submit all proper motions and propositions presented by the members; to put to vote all regular questions that may be presented for action, and to announce the result; to enforce order and decorum, and to restrain the members, when engaged in debate, from the violation of these rules; to receive all communications, and announce them to the assembly; to sign his name to all acts, orders and proceedings of the assembly, when necessary; to decide all points of order or practice when called upon to do so; to name the members who are to serve on committees when no provision has been made for their appointment; and, in general, to obey the commands of the assembly, declare its will, and stand as its representative." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 44, "question": "In the absence of the president and vice-president, whose duty is it to preside?", "answer": "It then becomes the duty of the secretary to open the meeting and conduct the proceedings until the appointment of a president and chairman is made." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 45, "question": "Does the officer-elect have the same power conferred upon him as upon the regular officer?", "answer": "He does; the only difference being that he does not hold power beyond this particular session." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 46, "question": "What is pro tempore?", "answer": "The term applied to any officer appointed to fill, for the time being, the place of an absent one." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 47, "question": "In addressing an assembly, does the presiding officer rise?", "answer": "To state a motion, or put a question, he should rise, but may read sitting." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 48, "question": "What is the duty of the recording officer?", "answer": "To take note of and record all the business transactions of the assembly; but he is not required to take minutes of words used in debate, or of things proposed or moved without coming to a vote. It is also his duty to read all papers or communications; to call the roll of the assembly; to notify committees of their appointments and the business referred to them; to sign, if necessary, with the president, all acts or orders of the assembly; and to hold and protect all papers and documents, letting none be taken from the table without permission of the assembly." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 49, "question": "What position should the secretary or clerk assume while reading or calling the assembly?", "answer": "He should stand, unless disabilities prevent." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 50, "question": "What is meant by calling the assembly?", "answer": "Calling, by name, each member, whose duty is to respond by expressing his choice, for or against, the question before the assembly. This mode of obtaining the opinion of an assembly is often adopted in conventions where nominations for offices are made. It is quicker expressed than by ballot." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 51, "question": "What are the rights and duties of members of any assembly?", "answer": "Every member is entitled to the same equal rights in the business transactions of the assembly; he is entitled to the respect of all other members while debating, or recommending any proposition which he may present. It is the duty of every member to act the part of a gentleman, in manners and language; to remove his hat upon entering the assembly-room, and to avoid, as far as possible, any unnecessary noise and confusion." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 52, "question": "In cases of irregular or disorderly conduct, how proceed?", "answer": "It is the privilege of every member to report such conduct, and it is the especial duty of the presiding officer to take notice or complain of irregular or improper conduct, calling the attention of the assembly to it, naming the individual censured. The member censured is entitled to a hearing, if he wishes to explain why he has thus conducted himself. It is then his duty to withdraw from the assembly, unless permission is granted that he should remain, but not to take further action, as no man is entitled to sit as his own judge." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 53, "question": "What punishment can be inflicted upon a member for willfully violating the rules of the assembly?", "answer": "Only those which relate to the rights of that member in the assembly, such as being debarred from taking any action for a stated time; expulsion, or any prohibition which the assembly may declare." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 54, "question": "What misdemeanors are called high breaches of decorum?", "answer": "Assaults by one member upon another, threats, challenges, affrays, etc." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 55, "question": "Whenever a member desires to address the assembly, whether for debate or for the introduction of any communication, how proceed?", "answer": "The member must rise in his place, and, standing uncovered, address himself to the presiding officer, by his title, who, on being addressed, calls the member by his name, by which permission is given to the member to proceed with his business." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 56, "question": "When two or more persons rise at the same time, or nearly so, to address the assembly, how shall the presiding officer decide who shall be first heard?", "answer": "He should give the floor to the member whose voice he first heard." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 57, "question": "Should this decision be called in question by any member saying that in his opinion such a member is entitled to the floor, what must be done?", "answer": "In such a case, it becomes necessary for the presiding officer to refer his decision to a vote of the assembly. If decided in the negative, then the name of the member for whom the floor was claimed must be acted upon." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 58, "question": "What are communications?", "answer": "They are of two kinds, namely, those which convey information of some general character, and those which contain a request for some action on the part of the assembly. The latter form of communications embraces orders, resolutions or votes." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 59, "question": "What are motions? Questions?", "answer": "Propositions drawn up by any member and introduced for action in the assembly. Motions in all cases must be sanctioned or seconded by another member." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 60, "question": "How prepare a petition for presentation?", "answer": "A petition should contain a carefully constructed statement of what is desired, and be signed by the petitioner himself, except when sickness prevents, or he is attending in person; but in no case should the petitioner state it to the assembly, but it should be presented by some member to whom it is entrusted for that purpose." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 61, "question": "What is the duty of a member presenting a petition?", "answer": "He should inform himself of the nature and substance of the petition prepared, and if, in his judgment, it contains nothing intentionally disrespectful to the assembly, he rises in his place, with the petition in his hand, and informs the assembly that he has a certain petition, stating the substance of it, which he, or some other member, moves shall be received. This motion being seconded, the question is put whether the assembly will receive the petition or not." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 62, "question": "What deviation is usually practiced from this regular method of proceeding?", "answer": "The presiding officer, usually, taking for granted that there are no objections to its reception, orders it sent up to the clerk, or secretary, and it is then read, by which means it is brought before the assembly to be disposed of as business; but should objections be made to this deviation, the presiding officer must require a motion of reception to be regularly made and seconded, or the subject will be dropped without further action." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 63, "question": "When petitions or other similar subjects are before the assembly for action, how are they usually disposed of?", "answer": "By being immediately considered or assigned to some future time, or ordered to lie on the table for examination and consideration of the members individually." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 64, "question": "When any question is ordered to lie on the table, when does it again come before the assembly?", "answer": "Not until the members require it." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 65, "question": "Whenever a member introduces a proposition of his own for consideration of the assembly, how obtain the action of the assembly?", "answer": "He puts it into the form desired, and then moves that it be adopted; after which, if it receives the approbation or second of any member, it comes before the assembly for action." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 66, "question": "As motions are usually made orally, what indulgence is extended to the mover by the presiding officer?", "answer": "By not requiring the motion to be presented in writing. If otherwise presented he is justified in refusing to receive it, except for adjournment, to lie on the table, and such motions as are always in the same form." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 67, "question": "When a motion is made and receives no second, does it command any further attention of the assembly?", "answer": "It does not, and no notice should be taken of it by the presiding officer. To this rule exceptions occur, such as necessarily require the action of the presiding officer in enforcing decorum, or to proceed with any order of the assembly. Sometimes a special rule is passed requiring more than one second on particular subjects." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 68, "question": "When is a motion in the possession of the assembly?", "answer": "After it has been made and seconded, and stated by the presiding officer." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 69, "question": "After a motion has been stated by the presiding officer, can the mover withdraw it from the assembly?", "answer": "He cannot, for it no longer belongs to him; but, by special leave of the assembly, when acted upon as in any motion, it can be withdrawn." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 70, "question": "When a motion has been made and seconded, but not yet stated by the presiding officer, can it be withdrawn or modified?", "answer": "It is proper for the mover to withdraw or modify it, either of himself or on the suggestion of some other member, or of the presiding officer, and without any motion or vote for the purpose." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 71, "question": "What is the duty of the presiding officer in regard to stating a motion when called upon to do so by any member?", "answer": "Whenever a member desires the motion stated for his information, it becomes the duty of the presiding officer to observe the request." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 72, "question": "When a motion is before the assembly, can another motion be made and acted upon?", "answer": "Not unless it is one which is previous in its nature to the question under consideration, and, consequently, entitled to take its place for the time being, and be first decided." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 73, "question": "Are members allowed to make remarks when there is no question before the house?", "answer": "When those remarks or suggestions relate to some business not yet moved as a question, it is proper to state them, but the presiding officer should be careful to check and prevent all observations which may tend to excite debate, it being a general rule that no debate can be allowed to take place on any subject, unless there is a question pending at the time." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 74, "question": "When a proposition is made, and the assembly is not willing to give it attention at that time, how dispose of the question?", "answer": "For this purpose we have the previous question, indefinite postponement, postpone to some future time, to lie on the table, or, if the motion is not in a satisfactory form, to refer to a committee." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 75, "question": "When a motion is under debate, what questions can be received?", "answer": "To adjourn; to lie on the table; for the previous question; to postpone to a day certain; to commit; to amend; and to postpone indefinitely. These several motions shall have precedence in the order in which they are arranged." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 76, "question": "By what name are these forms of questions distinguished from the principal motion?", "answer": "They are called subsidiary questions." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 77, "question": "What are subsidiary questions?", "answer": "Those which relate to the principal motion, and are made use of to enable the assembly to dispose of it in the most appropriate manner. These motions are sometimes used to destroy the principal question, and even to dispose of one another." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 78, "question": "How are subsidiary motions classified?", "answer": "Into four classes, as follows: First. If the question is considered useless or inexpedient, and the assembly desires to suppress it, either for a time or altogether, the subsidiary motions, for this purpose, are the previous question and indefinite postponement. Second. When more information is wanted, or time for reflection and examination, or the assembly has other mat-ter which has more pressing claims upon its present atten-tion, then the subsidiary motions to postpone to some future day or time, and to lie on the table, are called into use. Third. When the form is defective, or a more careful and deliberative consideration should be given than can be conveniently expressed by the assembly, then it would be most proper to refer the proposition to a committee. Fourth. When alterations or amendments are desired, then the subsidiary motion is to amend." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 79, "question": "What is the previous question?", "answer": "A motion intended to suppress debate and bring the question to a vote, or to remove it from before the assembly. In meaning it is known as, \"Shall the main question now be put?\" If the previous question is lost, the question under debate is considered suppressed for the day, but if carried, then the question is put immediately, with-out any further debate." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 80, "question": "What are the objects of the mover in making a motion for the previous question?", "answer": "Either to suppress the motion or to bring it to an immediate vote of the assembly." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 81, "question": "What is the result of an indefinite postponement?", "answer": "The object is to suppress a motion entirely, and an indefinite postponement is equivalent to a dissolution. The effect of this motion, when carried, is to quash the propo-sition entirely; if lost, the decision has no effect whatever." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 82, "question": "When should motions to postpone be made?", "answer": "When the members individually want more infor-mation than they possess, or where there is something else which they are desirous of disposing of first. When a subject is postponed, it can be taken up at any time when it may suit the convenience of the assembly." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 83, "question": "What subsidiary motion is usually made when it is the desire of the assembly to postpone a question until the subject under consideration may suit their convenience better than when presented?", "answer": "The question most commonly in use is, to lie on the table." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 84, "question": "When a subject has been ordered to lie on the table, how is it recalled? When?", "answer": "By a motion and vote, at any time when the assem-bly pleases, although, when any matter has been thus dis-posed of, in strictness it should not again become a subject on the same day, unless so specified when made." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 85, "question": "In what form should a motion be made when it is the desire to proceed with a matter which has been ordered to lie on the table?", "answer": "\"I move that the assembly do now proceed to con-sider that matter or subject,\" (naming it)." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 86, "question": "Suppose a question when voted to lie on the table is never recalled, what becomes of that question?", "answer": "If no motion is made to take it up, it remains as dead matter, without life, as far as it concerns the future actions of the assembly. This motion is often used to suppress a question under debate." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 87, "question": "What are motions to commit?", "answer": "Whenever the proposition is defectively framed, and it is necessary to have a careful deliberation, the subject is referred to a committee, which is called a commitment, or, if the subject has been in the hands of a committee, a recommitment." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 88, "question": "What authority has the committee thus appointed?", "answer": "To follow out the instructions of the assembly. If no particular instructions are given, then the committee must re-frame according to the spirit of the subject, but cannot change the subject by means of an amendment." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 89, "question": "Can more than one committee be appointed to perfect any proposition?", "answer": "Different parts may be committed to different com-mittees." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 90, "question": "What are motions to amend?", "answer": "To unite to the subject matter of a proposition some points or propositions not therein contained." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 91, "question": "What is the division of a question?", "answer": "When a proposition is composed of two or more parts, which are so far independent of each other as to admit of a division into several questions, and it is sup-posed that the assembly will approve of some of these parts, but not all of them, a division may then take place by a separate motion for that purpose." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 92, "question": "When a motion is thus divided, what becomes of it?", "answer": "It becomes a series of questions, to be considered and acted upon each by itself as an independent matter, in the order in which the mover has divided the proposi-tion." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 93, "question": "Are these questions open to amendment?", "answer": "They are the same as any other proposition." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 94, "question": "What must be the condition of a proposition to admit of a division?", "answer": "Its point must be so distinct and entire, that if one or more of them be taken away, the others may not be affected by the division." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 95, "question": "In legislative bodies, propositions are known as filling blanks. How are such propositions presented and acted upon?", "answer": "They are presented in regular form, but blank in regard to time, number, or amount, which the mover desires to be filled by the assembly; as, the time of post-ponement, the number of which a committee shall consist, the amount of fine to be imposed, etc. 96 The blanks are to be filled by regular motions, and are not considered as amendments to the question, but as original motions, to be made and decided before the prin-cipal questions." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 97, "question": "When several propositions are made for filling blanks which relate to time or number,—as a day when postponement shall take place, the number of which a committee shall consist,—which proposition must be taken up first?", "answer": "The question must be first taken upon the greatest or farthest, and so on to the least or nearest, until the assem-bly comes to a vote." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 98, "question": "When the propositions relate to limitation,—as the amount of tax to be raised, the rate of interest, on what day the session of a legislature shall be closed by adjournment, which propositions must be taken up first?", "answer": "The question must be first taken upon the least or nearest, and so on to the greatest or most remote, until the assembly comes to a vote." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 99, "question": "What are the terms addition, separation and transposition, as they are used in legislative assemblies?", "answer": "They are used whenever a matter presented for action contains more than one proposition, which might be better in one; or when a proposition should be separated into parts; or when a paragraph or section requires to be transposed. But these modes of disposing of a proposition are better referred to a committee." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 100, "question": "After an amendment has been stated by the presiding officer, can the mover change the question?", "answer": "He cannot; the same law controlling the amendment as on an original question." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 101, "question": "When an amendment is proposed, and the mover of the original question signifies his consent to it, what digression is often practiced?", "answer": "To incorporate the proposed amendment in the original motion, and proceed without a separate motion." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 102, "question": "After a question, or amendment, has been seconded, can the mover withdraw his motion?", "answer": "If it is his desire to withdraw his motion it can only be done by general consent. Such motions not coming to a vote are not required to be recorded." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 103, "question": "In how many ways is the form of a question affected by amendments?", "answer": "In three ways, namely: either by inserting or adding certain words; or by striking out certain words; or by striking out certain words and inserting or adding others." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 104, "question": "As all forms of amendments are subject to certain general rules, explain how these rules should be classified?", "answer": "Amendments are classified into five rules, known as First, Second, Third, Fourth, Fifth." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 105, "question": "What is the First Rule? Second Rule? Third Rule? Fourth Rule? Fifth Rule?", "answer": "Rule First.—When a proposition consists of several sections, paragraphs, or resolutions, the natural order of considering and amending it is to begin at the beginning and take up the paragraphs in the order in which they occur; and when a latter part has been amended, it is not in order to then take up any former part and alter or amend. Rule Second.—There can be no amendment of an amendment to an amendment. Whenever a proposed amendment to an amendment does not meet the requirements of the assembly, notice should be given by the one who desires to amend, that, if rejected, he shall move again in the form in which he desires to have it adopted. Rule Third.—Whenever a proposed amendment has been adopted or rejected by the assembly, the subject in question cannot afterwards be altered or amended. In this rule, let it be observed that whenever an amendment has been voted upon by the assembly, it cannot again be amended; but before the proposed amendment has been brought to a vote, it is susceptible to a change, as given in Rule Second. Rule Fourth.—Whatever amendment is disagreed to by the assembly cannot again become a question. Rule Fifth.—When a proposed amendment is an infringement on one already adopted, it is a fit ground for its rejection by the assembly, but not for the suppression of it by the presiding officer, as being out of order." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 106, "question": "In Rule Fifth, if the proposition is fit for rejection by the assembly, why not be suppressed by the presiding officer?", "answer": "The object is to guard against the possibility of the presiding officer suppressing an important modification, which might embarrass instead of subserving the will of the assembly." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 107, "question": "When an amendment is made by striking out a particular paragraph or certain words, and the amendment is rejected, can it again be moved to strike out the same words, or a part of them?", "answer": "The same words, or a part of them, if used with other words, and forming a different proposition, can be struck out the same as if no rejection had been made. The same is applicable to words that have been struck out and restored in connection with other words, providing this proposition is substantially different from the first." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 108, "question": "When a question has been moved to amend, or an amendment to an amendment, how shall the presiding officer proceed in stating the question?", "answer": "The presiding officer should put the amendment to the amendment first; then the amendment; and lastly, the original question as amended." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 109, "question": "In the third form of amending by striking out and inserting, how proceed?", "answer": "As the form is a combination of the other two, it may be divided into these two forms by a vote of the assembly. If the motion is divided, the question first to be decided is on striking out; if carried, then the question for inserting. Should the question for striking out be lost, then of course there can be no question for inserting. When the motion is made to strike out and insert as one question, and the motion is lost, the same motion cannot be made again, but it may be moved to strike out the same words and insert nothing; to insert other words; to insert the same words with others; to strike out the same words with others, and insert the same; to strike out a part of the same words with others, and insert the same; to strike out other words, and insert the same; and to insert the same words, without striking out anything; providing these new propositions are really different from the original motion." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 110, "question": "When a motion to strike out and insert is carried, what changes can be made?", "answer": "As the words struck out, or a part of them, cannot be inserted, or the words inserted, or a part of them, cannot be struck out, it becomes necessary, if changes are desired, to either insert the words struck out, or a part of them, with other words; or to strike out the words inserted, or a part of them, with other words." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 111, "question": "What is the manner of stating a question which is required to be amended by striking out, or inserting, or striking out and inserting other words?", "answer": "The passage to be amended should first be read; then the words proposed to be struck out, or inserted, or struck out and inserted; and lastly, the whole passage as it will stand if the amendment is adopted." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 112, "question": "Can an amendment be made which will destroy the entire original motion?", "answer": "It can, although the object of an amendment is for improvement; yet it can be made to destroy. If the assembly so wills, the bill may be amended by striking out all after the enacting clause and inserting an entirely new bill wholly different in effect." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 113, "question": "In deliberative assemblies, what motion can be made and take the place of a regular question?", "answer": "There are certain motions or questions which, on account of superior importance, are entitled to take the place of any other subject or proposition then under consideration, and should first be acted upon and decided by the assembly. These are called Privileged Questions, and are of three kinds: first, motions to adjourn; second, those that relate to the rights and privileges of the assembly or of its members; and, thirdly, motions for the orders of the day." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 114, "question": "Is a motion for adjournment always in order?", "answer": "It is commonly said that it is always in order, but exceptions arise which do not make it so. When the assembly is voting by the ayes and noes, or a member is speaking, it is not in order." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 115, "question": "In order to entitle this motion to precedence over any before the assembly, how must it be given?", "answer": "Simply to adjourn, without the addition of any particular day or time." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 116, "question": "Can a motion to adjourn be amended?", "answer": "When it is the object of the motion to supersede a question already proposed, it does not admit of an amendment; but when it is made and there is no other business before the assembly, it may be amended like other questions." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 117, "question": "When an assembly is adjourned without any particular day or time, when does it assemble again?", "answer": "At the next regular day, as agreed upon by rule or by-laws of the assembly. But the adjournment of a meeting not organized for the transaction of business, from time to time, is equivalent to a dissolution." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 118, "question": "When a question is interrupted by an adjournment, and before any vote or question has been taken upon it, does it stand before the assembly at the next day of meeting?", "answer": "It does not. Such questions must be brought forward in the usual way; but if such question has been stated by the presiding officer, it stands before the assembly." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 119, "question": "To what do the questions of privilege relate?", "answer": "To the rights and privileges of the assembly, or of its individual members, such as a disturbance of the assembly by members or strangers, or where a quarrel arises between two members. The settlement of such rights or privileges supersedes the question pending, and must be first disposed of. When settled, the question interrupted is to be resumed at the point where it was suspended." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 120, "question": "What are the orders of the day?", "answer": "When a subject, or different subjects, have been assigned for a particular day by an order of the assembly, such matter becomes the order of the day." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 121, "question": "When does the question for the orders of the day arise?", "answer": "Whenever a proposition, except to adjourn, or the question of privilege, is presented for the action of the assembly, that does not relate to the orders of the day, then a motion to proceed with the business ordered will supersede the question before the assembly." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 122, "question": "When the orders of the day is decided in the affirmative, how proceed?", "answer": "The orders must then be read and gone through with in the order in which they stand. Should an order be assigned to a particular hour, a motion to proceed to it is not a privileged motion until that hour arrives; but if no hour is fixed, the order or orders are for the entire day, and every part of it." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 123, "question": "What becomes of the original motion when interrupted by the orders of the day?", "answer": "It is removed from the assembly the same as an interruption by an adjournment, as described in Question 118." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 124, "question": "If the question is decided in the negative, what business can the assembly act upon?", "answer": "They can continue with the business before the assembly when interrupted, and are entitled to dispose of it before the orders of the day can again be moved." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 125, "question": "If the business relating to the orders of the day is not disposed of on the day assigned, what becomes of it?", "answer": "It no longer becomes an order of the assembly, and if acted upon in the future, must come up as any other business." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 126, "question": "What are incidental questions?", "answer": "Such as arise out of other questions, and are entitled to be decided before the questions which give rise to them." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 127, "question": "How are incidental questions divided?", "answer": "First, questions of order; second, motions for the reading of papers, etc.; third, leave to withdraw a motion; fourth, suspension of a rule; and fifth, amendment of an amendment." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 128, "question": "What is the duty of the presiding officer in relation to questions of order?", "answer": "To enforce the rules and orders of the body over which he presides, without question, debate or delay, in all cases where it is manifest that there is a breach of order or a departure from rule." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 129, "question": "Can the presiding officer be questioned in regard to his decision of a breach of order or departure from rule?", "answer": "He can. Questions may arise in which there is no breach of order or violation of rules. Such questions must be decided before a case can arise for the enforcement of the rules." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 130, "question": "What is appealing from the decision of the chair?", "answer": "Whenever the decision of the presiding officer is not satisfactory, any member can object to it, and have the question decided by the assembly. Such question is debatable, and to be decided in the same manner as any other question." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 131, "question": "When an appeal is made, how state it to the assembly?", "answer": "\"Shall the decision of the Chair stand as the decision of the assembly?\"" }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 132, "question": "When an appeal is before the assembly, is the presiding officer entitled to express his own opinions?", "answer": "He is entitled to take part in the debate, which, on ordinary occasions, he is prohibited from doing." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 133, "question": "What is the rule in regard to reading papers?", "answer": "Where papers are laid before an assembly for its action, every member has a right to have them read once at the table before he is compelled to vote upon them. When, therefore, a member calls for a reading of the papers, no question should be made as to the reading; but where a member desires a repetition of the reading, or of some other paper, book or document on the table, or of his own speech prepared beforehand in writing, and there is an objection, he must obtain leave of the assembly for the reading, by a motion and vote of the assembly." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 134, "question": "Why must a member obtain the consent of the assembly before reading any book or paper, or his own speech prepared in writing?", "answer": "Because of delay and interruption, which would otherwise ensue, if the members were allowed to use the time of the assembly for that purpose." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 135, "question": "When, in the course of a debate, or other proceeding, the reading of a paper is called for, and an objection is made upon it, how proceed?", "answer": "A new question, to decide whether the paper shall be read or not, can be made, which takes the place of the other, as incidental to it." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 136, "question": "When a motion has been regularly made, and the presiding officer has put the question formally to the assembly, can it be withdrawn?", "answer": "It can, by an unanimous vote of the assembly." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 137, "question": "What is the suspension of a rule?", "answer": "When a proposition is debarred from the action of the assembly by reason of some special rule, such rule may be removed for the time being by a vote, under the head of suspension of a rule, by which the proposition may be admitted." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 138, "question": "In the suspension of a rule, does a majority vote decide?", "answer": "In most legislative bodies it requires two-thirds or three-fourths, according to the code of rules adopted, but if no provision is made, there seems to be no other mode of suspending or dispensing with a rule, except by general consent." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 139, "question": "How treat an amendment of an amendment?", "answer": "Like other incidental questions, the sub-amendment supersedes the amendment until decided." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 140, "question": "Which of the subsidiary questions admit of no amendment?", "answer": "The previous question, and to lie on the table." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 141, "question": "Why do these questions not admit of amendment?", "answer": "Parliamentary usage has fixed the form of the previous question, \"Shall the main question now be put?\" which calls for immediate action; consequently, no change can be made. In the question to lie on the table, usage has decided it not susceptible to an amendment, as it is already as simple as can be." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 142, "question": "When the previous question is moved, can another be made to prevent its action?", "answer": "The subsidiary question to lie on the table will supersede it." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 143, "question": "If the previous question is decided negatively, to-wit, that the main question shall not now be put, is the main question then subject to amendment, commitment, or postponement?", "answer": "As this decision takes the main question out of the possession of the assembly for the day, there is nothing then before it to amend, commit, or postpone." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 144, "question": "How are questions for postponement considered?", "answer": "As either indefinite, or to a day certain." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 145, "question": "Can this question be amended?", "answer": "When the postponement is indefinite, it can be amended to a day certain; and when it is to a day certain, to some other day; or an amendment to an amendment, when a different day is desired." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 146, "question": "When the motion for an amendment to some other day is rejected, how can a change of day be obtained?", "answer": "The substituted day may be moved as an independent motion." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 147, "question": "If the motion for postponement is decided in the negative, what other means can be resorted to for suppressing it?", "answer": "By the use of the previous question; or commit; or amend." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 148, "question": "If a motion for commitment is decided in the affirmative, can the previous question, or postponement, be then used?", "answer": "When decided in the affirmative, the question is then removed from before the assembly, and, consequently, there is no ground for the previous question; but if decided negatively, the question remains to be disposed of as the assembly shall declare." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 149, "question": "How may a motion to commit, or recommit, be amended?", "answer": "By the substitution of one kind of a committee for another, or by changing the number of the committee." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 150, "question": "What motion supersedes all the other subsidiary questions?", "answer": "To lie on the table." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 151, "question": "Of these subsidiary questions, what one can be superseded by others?", "answer": "The amendment question. This motion can be superseded by postponement to a day certain, or by a commitment." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 152, "question": "By what reasoning are the motions for postponement to a day certain and commitment, allowed to supersede a proposed amendment?", "answer": "In either case the proposed amendment is not suppressed, but referred to a committee for careful delib- eration; or, in case there was urgent business, a lengthy debate might delay; consequently, the right to postpone to a day certain." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 153, "question": "How should business be brought before an assembly?", "answer": "In regular order. In \"permanent organizations\" of an assembly or society, a settled order of business is usually adopted, and whatever business is to be transacted comes under that order; but in assemblies where no defi- nite system has been established, subjects are taken up when appropriately presented." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 154, "question": "When two or more subjects are placed on the table, and no priority has been given to one over the other, which should command the attention of the assembly first?", "answer": "They are left to the discretion of the presiding officer, unless the assembly, by action, decide to take up a particular subject." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 155, "question": "When any paper, which consists of several distinct propositions is presented for the action of the assembly, how proceed in the most appropriate manner?", "answer": "The entire paper should first be read by the secre- tary or clerk, then by the presiding officer by paragraph, pausing at the end of each distinct article, for amending, if desired, and when the whole paper has been gone through with in this manner, the presiding officer puts the final question on agreeing to or adopting the whole paper, as amended or unamended." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 156, "question": "Where a paper consists of a preamble or title, does it become proper to proceed first with the heading?", "answer": "It does not. The preamble, or title, is postponed until the residue of the paper is gone through with." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 157, "question": "When a paper has been referred to a committee, and is reported back to the assembly, how is it taken up for consideration?", "answer": "The amendments only are first read, in course, by the recording officer. The presiding officer then reads the first, and puts it to the question, and so on until the whole is adopted or rejected, no amendments being made, except an amendment to an amendment, until all the amend- ments reported by the committee have been disposed of, when an opportunity is offered by the presiding officer to the assembly for amendments to the body of the paper; and when the whole has been thus acted upon, the entire paper is put to the question on agreeing to or adopting it as the resolution, order, etc., of the assembly." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 158, "question": "When the resolutions or articles of the committal have been thus agreed upon, how enter the final question upon the records of the assembly?", "answer": "As the order, resolution, etc., of the assembly, and not as the report of the committee accepted." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 159, "question": "When the paper referred to a committee is reported back in a new draft, which is often done when numerous changes are made, how is the new draft considered?", "answer": "As an amendment, and is to be first amended, if necessary, and then put to the question as an amendment reported by the committee; or, the new draft may first be accepted as a substitute for the original paper, and then treated as such." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 160, "question": "Give an example of how questions may grow out of each other, and in what order they may be decided.", "answer": "First, a proposition is moved. Second, a motion to amend. Third, a motion to commit. Fourth, the debate results in a question for order. Fifth, the question of privilege and rights of members in a debate, etc., is called up. Sixth, to lie on the table." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 161, "question": "In a case like the preceding example, we have six questions before the assembly at one time; how dispose of them?", "answer": "The regular course of proceeding requires the motion to lie on the table to be put first; if carried, the whole is removed from the assembly; if lost, the question of privilege must then be settled; then the question of order; then of commitment—which, if lost, brings us to the question of amendment; and, lastly, the main question." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 162, "question": "When is a proposition in order for any member to discuss it?", "answer": "After it has been moved and seconded, and proposed to the assembly by the presiding officer. Until this is done, it is not a question before the assembly, to be acted upon or considered in any manner." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 163, "question": "What abusive proceeding is sometimes allowed in the moving of subsidiary motions?", "answer": "A member moves a principal question, and at the same time calls for the previous question, or that the resolution lie on the table." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 164, "question": "Under such circumstances, what is the duty of the presiding officer?", "answer": "To take no notice of the subsidiary question, but propose the principal one in the usual manner, thus giving members the right of debate, etc., in relation to the subject." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 165, "question": "When a member has obtained the floor, what right belongs to him?", "answer": "The right to express his opinions in the discussion of the subject under consideration." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 166, "question": "Can he be interrupted in his speech by any other member rising and moving an adjournment, or for the orders of the day, or by making any other privileged motion?", "answer": "He cannot be interrupted, except by a call to order, which question being decided, he is entitled to be heard through. When any matter of privilege affecting the assembly itself, or any of its members, of which the assembly ought to have instant information,—such as obstructing the passage-way to the hall; quarreling of members; or when it becomes necessary to have lights,—it gives sufficient cause for interruption until the assembly is again in condition to have the speaker proceed." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 167, "question": "When a member has the floor, and calls are made for an adjournment, or the orders of the day, or for the question, how are such calls to be considered?", "answer": "As breaches of order; for no motion can be made without the member rising and addressing the chair, and being recognized by the presiding officer." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 168, "question": "How shall a member address himself to the presiding officer when he wishes to call attention to some point of order, privilege or orders of the assembly?", "answer": "\" Mr. President, I arise to a point of order.\" He should then proceed with the statement of his point, or other matter of order, or of privilege." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 169, "question": "When the time arrives for proceeding with the orders of the day, can a member be interrupted while speaking, and new subjects presented?", "answer": "He can, for if the debate or consideration of that subject were allowed to proceed, it might continue through the day, and thus defeat the order." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 170, "question": "After a motion has been made, seconded and proposed, to whom is it customary to give the floor on opening the debate?", "answer": "To the mover of the question, in preference to others, if he rises to speak; also, on resuming debate after adjournment, to give the floor to the mover of the adjournment, if he desires it." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 171, "question": "When two or more members claim the floor, to whom should the presiding officer give the preference?", "answer": "He should prefer the one who is opposed to the measure in question; but in all these cases the determination of the presiding officer may be overruled by the assembly." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 172, "question": "Has a member the right to discuss a subject before it is moved?", "answer": "If he states that he intends to conclude with a motion, and informs the assembly what that motion is, he may be allowed to speak. But if he speaks upon a subject not known to be or to become a motion before the house, he is liable to be called to a point of order." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 173, "question": "Is the discussion of a subject, not already moved, indulged in by the members?", "answer": "Often, when the subject to be brought before the assembly is not definitely understood, the expression of opinion is given. This promiscuous expression, or counsel, is allowed when no member raises an objection. Otherwise the subject must come regularly before the meeting." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 174, "question": "When a member desires to address the assembly for the purpose of discussion, or to make a motion, how should he proceed?", "answer": "He should rise and stand up in his place, uncovered, address the presiding officer as \"Mr. Chairman,\" or \"Mr. President,\" according to title, and if in order, the presiding officer will respond by calling the speaker by name, by which means the assembly may take notice who it is that speaks, and may give their attention accordingly." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 175, "question": "What is the duty of a person in speaking in regard to mentioning the name of a member then present?", "answer": "To refer to him by some expression, or in some manner, without speaking his name, the object being to guard against the possibility of exciting personal feeling." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 176, "question": "When the presiding officer rises to speak, at the same time as another member, what shall be the duty of that member?", "answer": "To sit until the former has been heard." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 177, "question": "How long is a member permitted to speak on any subject?", "answer": "So long as he has the floor and keeps within the rule. (See Question 184.)" }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 178, "question": "What are the rules in regard to speaking?", "answer": "No person is to use indecent language against the proceedings of the assembly, or to reflect on any of its prior determinations, unless he means to close his remarks with a motion to rescind such determination. No member is at liberty to digress from the matter of the question. Every member should clearly express his points of arguments, or the presiding officer may mistake them for a digression. Care should be taken in discussion that the speaker should follow the particular question, instead of the general question; for one moment it may be an amendment, at another time postponement, and again on ordering the previous question." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 179, "question": "Does the introduction of a subsidiary motion restrain debate on the general question?", "answer": "Sometimes it happens that the subsidiary motion involves in itself the merits of the original proposition, in which case the debate embraces both." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 180, "question": "When a member is called to order for departing from the subject under consideration, what privilege may be extended to him?", "answer": "By an affirmative vote of the assembly, he may continue, but if no question was made, or if decided in the negative, the speaker must abandon the objectionable course of remarks and return to the subject under debate." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 181, "question": "How many times can a member speak upon the same subject under debate?", "answer": "No member can speak more than once to the same question, but he may to the same subject as often as it is presented in the form of a different question; as, when referred to a committee, or when subsidiary or incidental questions arise in the course of the debate. This rule applies to the technical points of this decision, and if enforced will prevent a member from speaking a second time unless he obtains leave of the assembly." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 182, "question": "On what points may a member speak a second time in the same debate?", "answer": "To clear a matter of fact, or explain some material part of his speech, but carefully keeping within that line, and not falling into the matter itself." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 183, "question": "What is the meaning of the phrase \"to clear a matter of fact\"?", "answer": "To explain a statement made by a member, but which was not so thoroughly discussed as to give a thorough comprehension." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 184, "question": "When a member wishes to make an explanation while another is speaking, and the speaker yields the floor for an explanation, does the speaker have the right to the floor after the explanation has been given? 185. What methods do assemblies adopt to prevent a continuation of lengthy and unprofitable debates?", "answer": "He does not. In yielding the floor he relinquishes it altogether." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 186, "question": "When an assembly will not support the presiding officer in his efforts to maintain order and decorum, what will he be justified in doing?", "answer": "In permitting every kind of disorder without censure." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 187, "question": "When disorderly words are used in speaking, which are personally offensive or insulting to another, or to the assembly, how proceed to check its continuance?", "answer": "By a member or members rising and calling to order, the objecting party repeating the words used exactly as he conceives them to have been spoken, in order that they may be reduced to writing by the recording officer. If the presiding officer thinks there is no foundation for deciding the language disorderly, he will prudently delay giving orders to the clerk to record them, until a further expression of the assembly, either by vote or calling out, is obtained." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 188, "question": "If offensive words are not taken notice of at the time spoken, or immediately after the speaker has finished, has any member the right to censure the member before the assembly?", "answer": "Such censure is not to be recorded, or any action taken thereon." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 189, "question": "Sometimes it occurs that a member while speaking does not command the attention of the assembly; that his right to be heard is disregarded by improper disturbances, whispering, talking, and other evidences of no regard for the speaker. What would be the most prudent course of the member speaking?", "answer": "To submit himself to the pleasure of the assembly, and to sit down, for it scarcely ever happens that the members of any assembly are guilty of this piece of ill manners, without some excuse or provocation, or that they are so wholly inattentive to one who says anything worth their hearing." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 190, "question": "What is the order, resolution, or vote of the assembly?", "answer": "An order is a command of the assembly; a resolution expresses the opinions or purposes; and the term vote may be applied to the result of every question decided by the assembly." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 191, "question": "In stating a question to an assembly, is it necessary for the presiding officer to give it in the precise form proposed?", "answer": "When the proposition is quite lengthy, as is usual with a petition, report, etc., the form in which it is usually presented to the assembly is, \"Shall the petition, or the report, be received?\"" }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 192, "question": "In matters of trifling importance, such as receiving petitions and reports, withdrawing motions, reading papers, etc., what form is often used in disposing of them?", "answer": "There being no objection expressed, the formality of taking a question by a vote is dispensed with, and the matter declared to be accepted; but should any member rise to object, the presiding officer shall consider everything that has passed as nothing, and at once go back and take the matter up in regular form." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 193, "question": "What is the form used by the presiding officer in putting a question to the assembly?", "answer": "\"As many as are of the opinion that,\" repeating the words of the question, \"say 'aye'; as many as are of a different opinion, say 'no.'\"" }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 194, "question": "If the presiding officer is unable to decide the vote; or, after deciding according to his judgment, any member rises and says, \"I doubt the vote,\" what must be done?", "answer": "The members are requested to form a division, either in two separate parties, or by rising in their seats, or by roll-call." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 195, "question": "If the assembly is equally divided on any question, how decide?", "answer": "By a vote from the presiding officer." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 196, "question": "Is it the duty of the presiding officer to give the casting vote?", "answer": "It is; but in doing so he may, if he pleases, give his reasons." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 197, "question": "When the expression of the assembly is taken by actual count, to whom does this duty belong?", "answer": "The presiding officer appoints tellers for each division, and the members are required to rise, uncovered, and remain until counted." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 198, "question": "In legislative assemblies, how is the question taken by vote?", "answer": "The one in general use in this country is by roll-call. The clerk is ordered to call the name of each member, who rises in his place and answers yes or no, and the clerk notes the answer as the roll is called. He then reads over, first the names of those who answered in the affirmative, and then the names of those who answered in the negative, in order that if he has made any mistake in noting, or any member has made any mistake in his answer, the mistake of either may be corrected. The clerk then counts the number on each side, and reports them to the presiding officer, who declares the result to the assembly." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 199, "question": "After the affirmative side of the question has been put, and voting commenced, is it open to debate?", "answer": "It is not a full question until the negative is reached; consequently it is in order for any member to rise and speak, make motions for amendments or otherwise, and thus renew the debate. In such a case, the question must be put over again on the affirmative." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 200, "question": "What objects can be accomplished by an interruption as above described?", "answer": "By obtaining the votes of members who were not in when the voting commenced; or those already voting may have changed their minds." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 201, "question": "When a question is taken by ayes and noes, the negative and affirmative taken at the same time, why can there be no opening of the debate, as in other cases ?", "answer": "Because the question becomes full, both sides be-ing acted upon at the same time." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 202, "question": "When, during a division, objections arise concerning the right of any members to vote, how settle the objection ?", "answer": "The presiding officer must decide it without de-bate, the act to be subject to revision and correction by the assembly after the division is over. The presiding officer may, if he please, receive the advice of members in regard to the objection, which they are to give sitting, in order to avoid even the appearance of a debate." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 203, "question": "Suppose, in counting the assembly, on a division, it appears that there is not a quorum present, what shall be done?", "answer": "Suspend proceedings until a quorum is obtained, whether on the same or some future day, when the ques-tion must be taken up at that precise point." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 204, "question": "What is a motion for reconsideration ?", "answer": "A question by which a matter which has been acted upon shall again come before the assembly in pre-cisely the same condition as it was before being considered." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 205, "question": "Who has a right to make a motion to reconsider?", "answer": "Any member, the same as of any other motion, although in legislative bodies special rules regulate by whom, when, and in what manner; but where an assem-bly is subject to no special rules concerning it, it is the privilege of any member to move a reconsideration." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 206, "question": "Of what use are committees?", "answer": "To bring into shape matters which require thought to construct, or investigation; or any business which can-not be as conveniently transacted in the assembly session as outside." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 207, "question": "What are the powers of a committee ?", "answer": "It depends upon the general authority and par-ticular instruction given them by the assembly at the time of their appointment. A vote taken in committee is as binding as a vote of the assembly. A committee has full power over what may be committed to it, except that it is not at liberty to change the title or subject." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 208, "question": "What names are usually applied to the different committees ?", "answer": "They are, Select, Standing and Committee of the Whole." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 209, "question": "What is a select committee ?", "answer": "A committee especially selected to transact any business arising on a particular occasion." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 210, "question": "What is a standing committee ?", "answer": "A committee appointed beforehand for the con-sideration of all matters of the same nature which may arise during the session. The standing committee contin-ues in existence, while the select is dissolved after the par-ticular business for which it was appointed is transacted." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 211, "question": "In appointing a committee, how proceed ?", "answer": "First decide upon the number of which the com-mittee is to be composed. The number being settled, there are three modes of selecting the members, to-wit: appointing by the presiding officer; by ballot; and by nomination and vote of the assembly." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 212, "question": "How select a committee by ballot ?", "answer": "The same as in other elections, and are elected singly or all together, as may be ordered." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 213, "question": "How elect by nomination and vote?", "answer": "The names of the members proposed are put to the question, singly, and are approved or rejected by the assembly, by a vote taken in the usual way." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 214, "question": "When a subject is referred to a committee, what custom is usually adopted in the selection of that committee?", "answer": "That none be appointed who are directly opposed to the body of that subject, but rather those who are supposed to approve it." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 215, "question": "What is the duty of the secretary in regard to committees?", "answer": "To make out a list of the members, together with a certified copy of instructions under which they are to act, and to give the papers to the person first named on the committee, if convenient; but, if otherwise, to any other member of the committee." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 216, "question": "Who is the chairman of a committee ?", "answer": "Usually he is the first person named on the committee, but this is a matter of courtesy, every committee having the right to select its own chairman, who presides over it, and makes the report of its proceedings to the assembly." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 217, "question": "When and where does a committee meet for the transaction of business ?", "answer": "When and wherever the members of the committee shall decide. But if directions have been given by the assembly, they cannot regularly sit at any other time or place than in accordance with instructions. Sometimes these instructions are to sit immediately and make its report forthwith; but no committee has a right to sit while the assembly is in session, unless so ordered." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 218, "question": "Can a committee transact business without the attendance of all the members ?", "answer": "Without some particular number has been designated by the assembly, a majority constitutes a quorum for business." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 219, "question": "If a committee fails to meet at the particular time, as ordered by the assembly, what is the result ?", "answer": "The committee is closed, and cannot act without being newly directed to sit." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 220, "question": "If disorderly words are spoken in a committee, what is to be done ?", "answer": "They must be written down and reported to the assembly for its consideration. A committee cannot punish disorderly conduct of any kind, but must report it." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 221, "question": "What is the difference in the action of a committee on a paper originating with, and one referred to them ?", "answer": "Where a paper is referred to a committee, they proceed to the question of amendment; while a paper originating with them may be amended, as in the case of a paper referred, but at the close the question is put on the whole, for agreeing to the paper as amended or unamended." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 222, "question": "If a committee is opposed to the whole paper referred to them, can they reject it ?", "answer": "They cannot. If in their judgment it cannot be made good by amendments, they have no authority to reject, but must report back to the assembly, and there make their opposition as individual members." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 223, "question": "What should be the appearance of a paper originating with a committee and reported to the assembly?", "answer": "It should be in a clear draft, fairly written, without erasing or interlining." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 224, "question": "How should a committee treat a paper referred to it ?", "answer": "They are not at liberty to erase, interline, blot, disfigure or tear it in any manner, but must report all amendments in a separate paper, stating the exact parts to be amended and the words to be inserted. If the amendments agreed to are very numerous and minute, they may report them all together in the form of a new draft." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 225, "question": "When the committee has finished its work, what move is next in order ?", "answer": "It is moved and voted upon that the committee rise, and that the chairman, or some other member, makes their report to the assembly." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 226, "question": "When the report of a committee is to be made, how proceed?", "answer": "The chairman or member appointed to make the report, rises in his place and informs the assembly that the committee to whom was referred such a subject or paper have, according to order, had the same under consideration, and have directed him to make a report thereon, which he is ready to do when the assembly shall please. The person offering the report, or any other member, can then move that the report be now received. The assembly then decide whether it will receive the report at that time, or fix upon some time in the future for its reception." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 227, "question": "If the report is deferred to some future time, what is the manner of then disposing of it?", "answer": "At the time when, by the order of the assembly, the report is to be received, the chairman reads it in his place, and then delivers it, together with all the papers connected with it, to the clerk or secretary, where it is again read, and then lies on the table until it suits the convenience of the assembly to take it up for consideration." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 228, "question": "If the report is of a paper with amendments, how proceed?", "answer": "The chairman reads the amendments in their connection with the paper, showing the alterations made therein, and the reasons assigned by the committee for their action; while in the reading of the report at the clerk's table the amendments only are read." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 229, "question": "Is a motion and vote necessary in accepting a report?", "answer": "It is usually dispensed with, although, if any objection is made, or if the presiding officer sees any informality in the report, he should decline receiving it without a motion and vote." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 230, "question": "When a report is of considerable length, how is it usually presented to the members for their inspection?", "answer": "By being printed, and each member given a copy, by which means the reading of such papers by the clerk becomes unnecessary." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 231, "question": "When is a committee dissolved?", "answer": "When the report has been made and received, the committee is dissolved, and can act no more without new power; but if the report is not received the committee is not discharged, but may be ordered to sit again, and a time and place for such session appointed accordingly." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 232, "question": "What is meant by recommitting a subject?", "answer": "When any subject has once been in the hands of a committee, and the report made upon it is not satisfactory to the assembly, it may again be committed to the same, or some other committee, by which act it is known as recommitted." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 233, "question": "Does the action of a committee have any bearing upon a subject recommitted?", "answer": "None whatever, the whole question being again before the committee as if nothing had passed therein in relation to it." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 234, "question": "In how many forms may the report of a committee be presented?", "answer": "In three different forms, namely: First, it may contain merely a statement of facts, opinions or reasoning, in relation to the subject of it, without any general conclusion; second, by a statement of facts, etc., with a general conclusion; third, by resolution, or a general conclusion, without any introductory part." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 235, "question": "When the report of a committee is accepted, how is it regarded by the assembly?", "answer": "When the report is accepted it is adopted, as though it was originally done by the assembly without the services of a committee." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 236, "question": "Do the terms accepting and adopting have the same meaning?", "answer": "They do, although the term \"accepting\" should be used when the report contains merely a statement of facts, reasoning or opinion; and the term \"adopting,\" when the report concludes with resolutions or propositions." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 237, "question": "What is a committee of the whole?", "answer": "The whole assembly resolved into a committee." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 238, "question": "How resolve an assembly into a committee of the whole?", "answer": "When the time arrives for the committee to sit, the presiding officer puts the question, then made, that the assembly do now resolve itself into a committee of the whole, to take under consideration such a matter,—naming it. If this question is decided in the affirmative, he declares the result, and names some member to act as chairman of the committee; if objections are made, then by nomination and vote. The elected chairman takes a seat (not in the chair of the assembly) at the secretary's table, and the presiding officer takes a seat elsewhere, like any other member." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 239, "question": "What number is required to constitute a quorum?", "answer": "The same number as constitutes a quorum in the assembly." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 240, "question": "If at any time the number present falls below a quorum, what is the duty of the committee?", "answer": "On motion, the chairman rises, and the presiding officer thereupon resumes the chair. The chairman then informs the assembly of the cause of the dissolution of the committee, but can make no report of business transacted." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 241, "question": "Who acts as clerk in recording the business transacted by a committee of the whole?", "answer": "In legislative bodies, it becomes the duty of the assistant clerk." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 242, "question": "How are the records of this committee kept?", "answer": "The same as in any committee, the report to the assembly, only, to be recorded in the journal of the assembly." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 243, "question": "What is the difference between the proceedings of the assembly and the committee of the whole?", "answer": "In the committee of the whole the previous question cannot be moved; it cannot adjourn; every member may speak as often as he pleases, providing he can obtain the floor; it cannot refer any matter to another committee; the presiding officer of the assembly has a right to take part in the proceedings, the same as any other member; and in case of a breach of order, the committee cannot punish offenders, but must write down and report to the assembly." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 244, "question": "How avoid an improper discussion, which in the assembly can be governed by the previous question?", "answer": "To move that the committee rise; and if it is apprehended that the same discussion will be attempted on returning again into committee, the assembly can discharge the committee, and proceed itself with the business." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 245, "question": "If the business of the committee is not concluded at the usual time for the assembly to adjourn, or if the committee have other reasons for not continuing, how shall they proceed?", "answer": "A move should be made that the committee rise, report progress, and ask leave to sit again. If the motion prevails, the presiding officer resumes the chair of the assembly, and the chairman informs him that the committee have, according to order, made some progress thereon, but, for want of time, ask leave for the committee to sit again. The presiding officer thereupon puts the question, by which the committee is given leave to sit again, and the time is also designated when the assembly will again resolve itself into a committee. If the request is not granted, the committee is dissolved." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 246, "question": "What is a sub-committee?", "answer": "A committee appointed by a committee for the purpose of expediting their business." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 247, "question": "Is the formality of a motion and question ever dispensed with as to the time of receiving a report?", "answer": "By general consent, it is. If the assembly are ready to receive it at the time, they cry out, \"Now, now\"; if not ready, some other time is proposed, as \"To-morrow,\" or \"Monday,\" and that is fixed by general consent; but any objection necessitates an agreement by a motion and vote." }, { "subject": "PARLIAMENTARY RULES", "number": 248, "question": "What special duty should be imposed upon every presiding officer in the discharge of business?", "answer": "He should give the closest attention to the proceedings of the assembly, and especially to what is said by every member who speaks. By so doing, confusion will be prevented, offensive language checked, and harmony obtained. Much depends upon the presiding officer for a careful, just and thorough transaction of the business of the assembly. His attention, interest, and impartial acts inspire confidence, create union of feeling, and impress upon each member the necessity of legislation for the benefit of all." } ]