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README.md
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---
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license: apache-2.0
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task_categories:
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- feature-extraction
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tags:
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- ann-benchmark
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- vector-search
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- embeddings
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- cosine-similarity
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size_categories:
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- 1M<n<10M
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---
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# Cohere-1M Wikipedia 768-d Embeddings
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Pre-computed 768-dimensional embeddings of 1M English Wikipedia articles, generated using Cohere's `embed-english-v2.0` (multilingual-22-12) model.
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This dataset is used for ANN (Approximate Nearest Neighbor) benchmarking in the [QuIVer paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.02171) (PVLDB Vol. 20, 2027).
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## Files
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| File | Shape | Format | Description |
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|------|-------|--------|-------------|
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| `cohere_train.f32` | 1,000,000 × 768 | float32 raw binary | Base vectors (L2-normalized) |
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| `cohere_test.f32` | 1,000 × 768 | float32 raw binary | Query vectors (L2-normalized) |
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| `cohere_groundtruth.i32` | 1,000 × 1,000 | int32 raw binary | Ground truth top-1000 neighbor IDs (cosine) |
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## Usage
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```python
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import numpy as np
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from huggingface_hub import hf_hub_download
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# Download files
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train_path = hf_hub_download("YoKONCy/Cohere-1M-wikipedia-768d", "cohere_train.f32")
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test_path = hf_hub_download("YoKONCy/Cohere-1M-wikipedia-768d", "cohere_test.f32")
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gt_path = hf_hub_download("YoKONCy/Cohere-1M-wikipedia-768d", "cohere_groundtruth.i32")
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# Load
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train = np.fromfile(train_path, dtype=np.float32).reshape(-1, 768)
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test = np.fromfile(test_path, dtype=np.float32).reshape(-1, 768)
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gt = np.fromfile(gt_path, dtype=np.int32).reshape(1000, -1)
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print(f"Train: {train.shape}, Test: {test.shape}, GT: {gt.shape}")
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```
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## Data Format
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All files use **headerless raw binary format**:
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- `.f32`: contiguous `float32` values, row-major. File size = N × D × 4 bytes.
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- `.i32`: contiguous `int32` values, row-major. File size = Q × K × 4 bytes.
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## Source
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Originally sampled from [Cohere/wikipedia-22-12-en-embeddings](https://cohere.com/) (now deprecated on HuggingFace). Vectors are L2-normalized for cosine similarity evaluation.
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## Citation
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```bibtex
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@article{quiver2026,
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title = {QuIVer: Rethinking ANN Graph Topology via Training-Free Binary Quantization},
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author = {Xiao, Wenxuan and Wang, Zhiyou and Li, Chengcheng},
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journal = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2605.02171},
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year = {2026},
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url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.02171}
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}
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```
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