Context: The centre-left Australian Labor Party (ALP), the centre-right Liberal Party of Australia, the rural-based National Party of Australia, and the environmentalist Australian Greens are Victoria's main political parties. Traditionally, Labor is strongest in Melbourne's working class western and northern suburbs, and the regional cities of Ballarat, Bendigo and Geelong. The Liberals' main support lies in Melbourne's more affluent eastern and outer suburbs, and some rural and regional centres. The Nationals are strongest in Victoria's North Western and Eastern rural regional areas. The Greens, who won their first lower house seats in 2014, are strongest in inner Melbourne.

Question: What political party is strongest in Melbourne's working class suburbs?

Question: What party is strongest in Melbourne's affluent areas?

Question: Which party is strongest in Victoria's northwestern and eastern regions?

Question: What party rules in Melbourne's inner regions?

Question: What party is favored in Bedigo and Geelong?


Context: About 61.1% of Victorians describe themselves as Christian. Roman Catholics form the single largest religious group in the state with 26.7% of the Victorian population, followed by Anglicans and members of the Uniting Church. Buddhism is the state's largest non-Christian religion, with 168,637 members as of the most recent census. Victoria is also home of 152,775 Muslims and 45,150 Jews. Hinduism is the fastest growing religion. Around 20% of Victorians claim no religion. Amongst those who declare a religious affiliation, church attendance is low.

Question: What percentage of Victorians are Christian?

Question: How many Victorians are Catholic?

Question: What is Victoria's largest non-Christian religion?

Question: How many Victorians are Buddhist?

Question: How many Victorians are non-religious?


Context: Victoria (abbreviated as Vic) is a state in the south-east of Australia. Victoria is Australia's most densely populated state and its second-most populous state overall. Most of its population is concentrated in the area surrounding Port Phillip Bay, which includes the metropolitan area of its capital and largest city, Melbourne, which is Australia's second-largest city. Geographically the smallest state on the Australian mainland, Victoria is bordered by Bass Strait and Tasmania to the south,[note 1] New South Wales to the north, the Tasman Sea to the east, and South Australia to the west.

Question: Where in Australia is Victoria located?

Question: How does Victoria rank as to population density?

Question: How populous is Victoria compared to other Australian states?

Question: What city is the capital of Victoria?

Question: Compared to other Australian cities, what is the size of Melbourne?


Context: Prior to European settlement, the area now constituting Victoria was inhabited by a large number of Aboriginal peoples, collectively known as the Koori. With Great Britain having claimed the entire Australian continent east of the 135th meridian east in 1788, Victoria was included in the wider colony of New South Wales. The first settlement in the area occurred in 1803 at Sullivan Bay, and much of what is now Victoria was included in the Port Phillip District in 1836, an administrative division of New South Wales. Victoria was officially created a separate colony in 1851, and achieved self-government in 1855. The Victorian gold rush in the 1850s and 1860s significantly increased both the population and wealth of the colony, and by the Federation of Australia in 1901, Melbourne had become the largest city and leading financial centre in Australasia. Melbourne also served as capital of Australia until the construction of Canberra in 1927, with the Federal Parliament meeting in Melbourne's Parliament House and all principal offices of the federal government being based in Melbourne.

Question: What is the term for the original Aboriginal people of Victoria?

Question: When did Great Britain claim Australia?

Question: Where was Victoria first set to be located in Australia?

Question: Where was the first settlement in Victoria?

Question: When was Victoria first settled?


Context: More than 26,000 square kilometres (10,000 sq mi) of Victorian farmland are sown for grain, mostly in the state's west. More than 50% of this area is sown for wheat, 33% for barley and 7% for oats. A further 6,000 square kilometres (2,300 sq mi) is sown for hay. In 2003–04, Victorian farmers produced more than 3 million tonnes of wheat and 2 million tonnes of barley. Victorian farms produce nearly 90% of Australian pears and third of apples. It is also a leader in stone fruit production. The main vegetable crops include asparagus, broccoli, carrots, potatoes and tomatoes. Last year, 121,200 tonnes of pears and 270,000 tonnes of tomatoes were produced.

Question: How much Victorian farmland is farmed in grains?

Question: What percentage of farmland grows wheat?

Question: How much of Victoria's farmland grows hay?

Question: How much does Victoria produce in Australian pears?

Question: How many tonnes of tomatoes does Victoria produce?


Context: Victoria has a written constitution enacted in 1975, but based on the 1855 colonial constitution, passed by the United Kingdom Parliament as the Victoria Constitution Act 1855, which establishes the Parliament as the state's law-making body for matters coming under state responsibility. The Victorian Constitution can be amended by the Parliament of Victoria, except for certain "entrenched" provisions that require either an absolute majority in both houses, a three-fifths majority in both houses, or the approval of the Victorian people in a referendum, depending on the provision.

Question: When did Victoria enact its constitution?

Question: On what is Victoria's constitution based ?

Question: What group can amend the Victorian constitution?

Question: What are the exceptions in the constitution  that require special considerations to amend?

Question: What document formed the Parliament of Victoria?


Context: The Mallee and upper Wimmera are Victoria's warmest regions with hot winds blowing from nearby semi-deserts. Average temperatures exceed 32 °C (90 °F) during summer and 15 °C (59 °F) in winter. Except at cool mountain elevations, the inland monthly temperatures are 2–7 °C (4–13 °F) warmer than around Melbourne (see chart). Victoria's highest maximum temperature since World War II, of 48.8 °C (119.8 °F) was recorded in Hopetoun on 7 February 2009, during the 2009 southeastern Australia heat wave.

Question: What is the weather type of Mallee and upper Wimmera?

Question: What does the average temperatures exceed in the summer?

Question: How cold does this region of Victoria get in the winner?

Question: What is Victoria's highest monthly temperature?

Question: When was the heatwave in which Hopetoun recorded its highest temperature?


Context: Victorian schools are either publicly or privately funded. Public schools, also known as state or government schools, are funded and run directly by the Victoria Department of Education . Students do not pay tuition fees, but some extra costs are levied. Private fee-paying schools include parish schools run by the Roman Catholic Church and independent schools similar to British public schools. Independent schools are usually affiliated with Protestant churches. Victoria also has several private Jewish and Islamic primary and secondary schools. Private schools also receive some public funding. All schools must comply with government-set curriculum standards. In addition, Victoria has four government selective schools, Melbourne High School for boys, MacRobertson Girls' High School for girls, the coeducational schools John Monash Science School, Nossal High School and Suzanne Cory High School, and The Victorian College of the Arts Secondary School. Students at these schools are exclusively admitted on the basis of an academic selective entry test.

Question: What are public schools in Victoria?

Question: What organization runs the public schools in Victoria?

Question: Since students do not pay tuition, what do they have to pay for schooling in Victoria?

Question: What church runs some private schools in Victoria?

Question: What government set standards do all schools have to meet?


Context: Historically, Victoria has been the base for the manufacturing plants of the major car brands Ford, Toyota and Holden; however, closure announcements by all three companies in the 21st century will mean that Australia will no longer be a base for the global car industry, with Toyota's statement in February 2014 outlining a closure year of 2017. Holden's announcement occurred in May 2013, followed by Ford's decision in December of the same year (Ford's Victorian plants—in Broadmeadows and Geelong—will close in October 2016).

Question: What type of manufacturing plant is Victoria soon losing?

Question: When has Toyota said it will close its Victoria plant?

Question: When did Holden announce that it will close its Victoria plant?

Question: When will Ford's manufacturing plants close?

Question: What brand of car is manufactured in Broadmeadows?


Context: Victoria contains many topographically, geologically and climatically diverse areas, ranging from the wet, temperate climate of Gippsland in the southeast to the snow-covered Victorian alpine areas which rise to almost 2,000 m (6,600 ft), with Mount Bogong the highest peak at 1,986 m (6,516 ft). There are extensive semi-arid plains to the west and northwest. There is an extensive series of river systems in Victoria. Most notable is the Murray River system. Other rivers include: Ovens River, Goulburn River, Patterson River, King River, Campaspe River, Loddon River, Wimmera River, Elgin River, Barwon River, Thomson River, Snowy River, Latrobe River, Yarra River, Maribyrnong River, Mitta River, Hopkins River, Merri River and Kiewa River. The state symbols include the pink heath (state flower), Leadbeater's possum (state animal) and the helmeted honeyeater (state bird).

Question: How high are Victoria's alpine regions?

Question: What is the highest peak in Victoria?

Question: How high is Victoria's Mount Bogong?

Question: What type of topological systems are found in numbers in Victoria?

Question: What is the Victoria state bird?


Context: The Victorian Alps in the northeast are the coldest part of Victoria. The Alps are part of the Great Dividing Range mountain system extending east-west through the centre of Victoria. Average temperatures are less than 9 °C (48 °F) in winter and below 0 °C (32 °F) in the highest parts of the ranges. The state's lowest minimum temperature of −11.7 °C (10.9 °F) was recorded at Omeo on 13 June 1965, and again at Falls Creek on 3 July 1970. Temperature extremes for the state are listed in the table below:

Question: Where is the coldest section of Victoria?

Question: Of what mountain system are the Victorian Alps a part?

Question: In what direction does the mountain system extend?

Question: What is the temperature in the highest portion of the mountain range in winter?

Question: What is the lowest recorded temperature in Victoria?


Context: Rail transport in Victoria is provided by several private and public railway operators who operate over government-owned lines. Major operators include: Metro Trains Melbourne which runs an extensive, electrified, passenger system throughout Melbourne and suburbs; V/Line which is now owned by the Victorian Government, operates a concentrated service to major regional centres, as well as long distance services on other lines; Pacific National, CFCL Australia which operate freight services; Great Southern Rail which operates The Overland Melbourne—Adelaide; and NSW TrainLink which operates XPTs Melbourne—Sydney.

Question: Who owns the rail lines in Victoria?

Question: Which rail line operates in Melbourne?

Question: What entity owns V/Line?

Question: What type of rail line is Pacific National?

Question: What kind of rail system is Metro Trains Melbourne?


Context: Politically, Victoria has 37 seats in the Australian House of Representatives and 12 seats in the Australian Senate. At state level, the Parliament of Victoria consists of the Legislative Assembly (the lower house) and the Legislative Council (the upper house). Victoria is currently governed by the Labor Party, with Daniel Andrews the current Premier. The personal representative of the Queen of Australia in the state is the Governor of Victoria, currently Linda Dessau. Local government is concentrated in 79 municipal districts, including 33 cities, although a number of unincorporated areas still exist, which are administered directly by the state.

Question: How many seats does Victoria have in the Australian House of Representatives?

Question: How many seats does Victoria have in the Senate?

Question: What is the lower house of the Victorian parliament called?

Question: What is the upper house of the Parliament of Victoria called?

Question: Who is the current Governor of Victoria?


Context: On 1 July 1851, writs were issued for the election of the first Victorian Legislative Council, and the absolute independence of Victoria from New South Wales was established proclaiming a new Colony of Victoria. Days later, still in 1851 gold was discovered near Ballarat, and subsequently at Bendigo. Later discoveries occurred at many sites across Victoria. This triggered one of the largest gold rushes the world has ever seen. The colony grew rapidly in both population and economic power. In ten years the population of Victoria increased sevenfold from 76,000 to 540,000. All sorts of gold records were produced including the "richest shallow alluvial goldfield in the world" and the largest gold nugget. Victoria produced in the decade 1851–1860 20 million ounces of gold, one third of the world's output[citation needed].

Question: On what date was Victoria declared independent from New South Wales?

Question: When was gold found near Ballarat?

Question: What did the finding of gold in Victoria cause?

Question: How much did the population of Victoria increase in ten years after the discovery of gold?

Question: How much gold did Victoria produce in the years of 1851-1860?


Context: As of August 2010, Victoria had 1,548 public schools, 489 Catholic schools and 214 independent schools. Just under 540,800 students were enrolled in public schools, and just over 311,800 in private schools. Over 61 per cent of private students attend Catholic schools. More than 462,000 students were enrolled in primary schools and more than 390,000 in secondary schools. Retention rates for the final two years of secondary school were 77 per cent for public school students and 90 per cent for private school students. Victoria has about 63,519 full-time teachers.

Question: By August 2010 how many public schools did Victoria have?

Question: How many Catholic schools were in Victoria?

Question: How many students were enrolled in public schools in Victoria?

Question: How many full time teachers does Victoria have?

Question: What percentage of private school students go to Catholic schools?


Context: Victoria is the centre of dairy farming in Australia. It is home to 60% of Australia's 3 million dairy cattle and produces nearly two-thirds of the nation's milk, almost 6.4 billion litres. The state also has 2.4 million beef cattle, with more than 2.2 million cattle and calves slaughtered each year. In 2003–04, Victorian commercial fishing crews and aquaculture industry produced 11,634 tonnes of seafood valued at nearly A$109 million. Blacklipped abalone is the mainstay of the catch, bringing in A$46 million, followed by southern rock lobster worth A$13.7 million. Most abalone and rock lobster is exported to Asia.

Question: What state in Australia is the center of dairy farming?

Question: How many dairy cows are there in Australia?

Question: What percentage of Australia's dairy cattle are found in Victoria?

Question: How much of Australia's milk is produced in Victoria?

Question: To where is most of the abalone and lobster caught in Victorian waters shipped?


Context: There are also several smaller freight operators and numerous tourist railways operating over lines which were once parts of a state-owned system. Victorian lines mainly use the 1,600 mm (5 ft 3 in) broad gauge. However, the interstate trunk routes, as well as a number of branch lines in the west of the state have been converted to 1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) standard gauge. Two tourist railways operate over 760 mm (2 ft 6 in) narrow gauge lines, which are the remnants of five formerly government-owned lines which were built in mountainous areas.

Question: What is the gauge of the Victorian rail lines?

Question: To what gauge have some lines been changed in the west of Victoria?

Question: What gauge of rail lines do two tourist lines use?

Question: Where were the narrow gauge rail lines built in Victoria?

Question: How many narrow gauge rail lines were previously government owned?


Context: After the founding of the colony of New South Wales in 1788, Australia was divided into an eastern half named New South Wales and a western half named New Holland, under the administration of the colonial government in Sydney. The first European settlement in the area later known as Victoria was established in October 1803 under Lieutenant-Governor David Collins at Sullivan Bay on Port Phillip. It consisted of 402 people (5 Government officials, 9 officers of marines, 2 drummers, and 39 privates, 5 soldiers' wives, and a child, 307 convicts, 17 convicts' wives, and 7 children). They had been sent from England in HMS Calcutta under the command of Captain Daniel Woodriff, principally out of fear that the French, who had been exploring the area, might establish their own settlement and thereby challenge British rights to the continent.

Question: When was the colony of New South Wales founded?

Question: What was the name of the eastern half of the colony of 1788?

Question: What name was given to the western half of the colony?

Question: Where was the location of the colonial government that administered the new colony?


Context: In 1854 at Ballarat there was an armed rebellion against the government of Victoria by miners protesting against mining taxes (the "Eureka Stockade"). This was crushed by British troops, but the discontents prompted colonial authorities to reform the administration (particularly reducing the hated mining licence fees) and extend the franchise. Within a short time, the Imperial Parliament granted Victoria responsible government with the passage of the Colony of Victoria Act 1855. Some of the leaders of the Eureka rebellion went on to become members of the Victorian Parliament.

Question: When was there a armed protest at Ballarat about mining taxes?

Question: What armed group stopped the uprising at Ballarat?

Question: What was the incident over taxes at Ballarat called?

Question: What did colonial authorities  reduce because of the Ballarat revolt?

Question: The passage of what act gave Victoria its own government?


Context: The Premier of Victoria is the leader of the political party or coalition with the most seats in the Legislative Assembly. The Premier is the public face of government and, with cabinet, sets the legislative and political agenda. Cabinet consists of representatives elected to either house of parliament. It is responsible for managing areas of government that are not exclusively the Commonwealth's, by the Australian Constitution, such as education, health and law enforcement. The current Premier of Victoria is Daniel Andrews.

Question: What does the Premier of Victoria need to lead in the Legislative Assembly?

Question: Who sets the legislative agenda in Victoria?

Question: Who can be in the Victorian cabinet?

Question: Who is the current Premier of Victoria?

Question: How are Victorian cabinet members chosen?


Context: During 2003–04, the gross value of Victorian agricultural production increased by 17% to $8.7 billion. This represented 24% of national agricultural production total gross value. As of 2004, an estimated 32,463 farms occupied around 136,000 square kilometres (52,500 sq mi) of Victorian land. This comprises more than 60% of the state's total land surface. Victorian farms range from small horticultural outfits to large-scale livestock and grain productions. A quarter of farmland is used to grow consumable crops.

Question: How much did the gross agricultural product increase from 2003-04?

Question: What percentage was the increase of agricultural products in 2003-04?

Question: How many farms are there in Victoria?

Question: How much land do farms use in Victoria?

Question: How much percentage of Victoria's land is taken up by farms?


Context: Major events also play a big part in tourism in Victoria, particularly cultural tourism and sports tourism. Most of these events are centred on Melbourne, but others occur in regional cities, such as the V8 Supercars and Australian Motorcycle Grand Prix at Phillip Island, the Grand Annual Steeplechase at Warrnambool and the Australian International Airshow at Geelong and numerous local festivals such as the popular Port Fairy Folk Festival, Queenscliff Music Festival, Bells Beach SurfClassic and the Bright Autumn Festival.

Question: What part do events in Victoria's economy  play?

Question: Besides cultural events, what other tourist attraction does Victoria have?

Question: On where are most tourist attractions focused in Victoria?

Question: Where do other tourist events happen in Victoria outside of Melbourne?

Question: What event is held at Bells Beach in Victoria?


Context: Huguenot numbers peaked near an estimated two million by 1562, concentrated mainly in the southern and central parts of France, about one-eighth the number of French Catholics. As Huguenots gained influence and more openly displayed their faith, Catholic hostility grew, in spite of increasingly liberal political concessions and edicts of toleration from the French crown. A series of religious conflicts followed, known as the Wars of Religion, fought intermittently from 1562 to 1598. The wars finally ended with the granting of the Edict of Nantes, which granted the Huguenots substantial religious, political and military autonomy.

Question: Where was France's Huguenot population largely centered?

Question: What was the proportion of Huguenots to Catholics at their peak?

Question: When were the Wars of Religion fought?

Question: What treaty ended the Wars of Religion?

Question: What did this agreement do?


Context: A term used originally in derision, Huguenot has unclear origins. Various hypotheses have been promoted. The nickname may have been a combined reference to the Swiss politician Besançon Hugues (died 1532) and the religiously conflicted nature of Swiss republicanism in his time, using a clever derogatory pun on the name Hugues by way of the Dutch word Huisgenoten (literally housemates), referring to the connotations of a somewhat related word in German Eidgenosse (Confederates as in "a citizen of one of the states of the Swiss Confederacy"). Geneva was John Calvin's adopted home and the centre of the Calvinist movement. In Geneva, Hugues, though Catholic, was a leader of the "Confederate Party", so called because it favoured independence from the Duke of Savoy through an alliance between the city-state of Geneva and the Swiss Confederation. The label Huguenot was purportedly first applied in France to those conspirators (all of them aristocratic members of the Reformed Church) involved in the Amboise plot of 1560: a foiled attempt to wrest power in France from the influential House of Guise. The move would have had the side effect of fostering relations with the Swiss. Thus, Hugues plus Eidgenosse by way of Huisgenoten supposedly became Huguenot, a nickname associating the Protestant cause with politics unpopular in France.[citation needed]

Question: The term Huguenot was originally meant to confer?

Question: What Swiss city was the center of the Calvinist movement?

Question: The term may be related to what politician from Switzerland?

Question: What name was given to the plot to usurp power from the French House of Guise?

Question: When did this attempt take place?


Context: The availability of the Bible in vernacular languages was important to the spread of the Protestant movement and development of the Reformed church in France. The country had a long history of struggles with the papacy by the time the Protestant Reformation finally arrived. Around 1294, a French version of the Scriptures was prepared by the Roman Catholic priest, Guyard de Moulin. A two-volume illustrated folio paraphrase version based on his manuscript, by Jean de Rély, was printed in Paris in 1487.

Question: What helped spread Protestantism in France?

Question: When did the first French language bible appear?

Question: Who translated this version of the scriptures?

Question: An illustrated, paraphrased version of this appeared when?

Question: Jean De Rely's illustrated French-language scriptures were first published in what city?


Context: Montpellier was among the most important of the 66 "villes de sûreté" that the Edict of 1598 granted to the Huguenots. The city's political institutions and the university were all handed over to the Huguenots. Tension with Paris led to a siege by the royal army in 1622. Peace terms called for the dismantling of the city's fortifications. A royal citadel was built and the university and consulate were taken over by the Catholic party. Even before the Edict of Alès (1629), Protestant rule was dead and the ville de sûreté was no more.[citation needed]

Question: What were the towns granted to the Huguenots in 1598 collectively called?

Question: What was the most important of these cities or towns?

Question: What proclamation officially ended limited Huguenot autonomy?

Question: France laid siege to Montpellier in what year?

Question: When was this proclamation issued?


Context: Individual Huguenots settled at the Cape of Good Hope from as early as 1671 with the arrival of François Villion (Viljoen). The first Huguenot to arrive at the Cape of Good Hope was however Maria de la Queillerie, wife of commander Jan van Riebeeck (and daughter of a Walloon church minister), who arrived on 6 April 1652 to establish a settlement at what is today Cape Town. The couple left for the Far East ten years later. On 31 December 1687 the first organised group of Huguenots set sail from the Netherlands to the Dutch East India Company post at the Cape of Good Hope. The largest portion of the Huguenots to settle in the Cape arrived between 1688 and 1689 in seven ships as part of the organised migration, but quite a few arrived as late as 1700; thereafter, the numbers declined and only small groups arrived at a time.

Question: Where did the first Huguenot colonists settle?

Question: What modern city is located on the original Huguenot colony?

Question: Who was the first Huguenot to arrive at the Cape of Good Hope?

Question: What trading company helped settle Huguenots near the Cape?

Question: The number of new Huguenot colonists declined after what year?


Context: Barred by the government from settling in New France, Huguenots led by Jessé de Forest, sailed to North America in 1624 and settled instead in the Dutch colony of New Netherland (later incorporated into New York and New Jersey); as well as Great Britain's colonies, including Nova Scotia. A number of New Amsterdam's families were of Huguenot origin, often having emigrated as refugees to the Netherlands in the previous century. In 1628 the Huguenots established a congregation as L'Église française à la Nouvelle-Amsterdam (the French church in New Amsterdam). This parish continues today as L'Eglise du Saint-Esprit, part of the Episcopal (Anglican) communion, and welcomes Francophone New Yorkers from all over the world. Upon their arrival in New Amsterdam, Huguenots were offered land directly across from Manhattan on Long Island for a permanent settlement and chose the harbor at the end of Newtown Creek, becoming the first Europeans to live in Brooklyn, then known as Boschwick, in the neighborhood now known as Bushwick.

Question: When did Huguenots colonize in North America?

Question: Who led the North American Huguenot colonial expedition?

Question: What was the name of the first Huguenot church in the New World?

Question: By what name is that first Huguenot church known today?

Question: The Huguenots were the first Europeans to live in what modern New York borough?


Context: In the early years, many Huguenots also settled in the area of present-day Charleston, South Carolina. In 1685, Rev. Elie Prioleau from the town of Pons in France, was among the first to settle there. He became pastor of the first Huguenot church in North America in that city. After the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685, several Huguenot families of Norman and Carolingian nobility and descent, including Edmund Bohun of Suffolk England from the Humphrey de Bohun line of French royalty descended from Charlemagne, Jean Postell of Dieppe France, Alexander Pepin, Antoine Poitevin of Orsement France, and Jacques de Bordeaux of Grenoble, immigrated to the Charleston Orange district. They were very successful at marriage and property speculation. After petitioning the British Crown in 1697 for the right to own land in the Baronies, they prospered as slave owners on the Cooper, Ashepoo, Ashley and Santee River plantations they purchased from the British Landgrave Edmund Bellinger. Some of their descendants moved into the Deep South and Texas, where they developed new plantations.

Question: Where in South Carolina did Huguenot nobility settle?

Question: From whom did the Huguenots in South Carolina purchase land from?

Question: Charleston settler Elie Prioleau was from what French town?

Question: When did the Huguenots secure the right to own land in the Baronies?

Question: What southern city did the Huguenots settle near?


Context: Stadtholder William III of Orange, who later became King of England, emerged as the strongest opponent of king Louis XIV after the French attacked the Dutch Republic in 1672. William formed the League of Augsburg as a coalition to oppose Louis and the French state. Consequently, many Huguenots considered the wealthy and Calvinist Dutch Republic, which led the opposition to Louis XIV, as the most attractive country for exile after the revocation of the Edict of Nantes. They also found many French-speaking Calvinist churches there.

Question: Who was Louis XIV's main rival?

Question: William would eventually gain what throne?

Question: What coalition rose up to oppose Louis XIV's France?

Question: With what European country did the Huguenots feel kinship for emigration to?

Question: When did France and the Dutch fight in the 17th century?


Context: Renewed religious warfare in the 1620s caused the political and military privileges of the Huguenots to be abolished following their defeat. They retained the religious provisions of the Edict of Nantes until the rule of Louis XIV, who progressively increased persecution of them until he issued the Edict of Fontainebleau (1685), which abolished all legal recognition of Protestantism in France, and forced the Huguenots to convert. While nearly three-quarters eventually were killed  or submitted, roughly 500,000 Huguenots had fled France by the early 18th century[citation needed].

Question: What proclamation abolished protestantism in France?

Question: When was this edict declared?

Question: Which French kind issued this declaration?

Question: How many Huguenots fled France by the 1700s?


Context: The Catholic Church in France and many of its members opposed the Huguenots. Some Huguenot preachers and congregants were attacked as they attempted to meet for worship. The height of this persecution was the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre when 5,000 to 30,000 were killed, although there were also underlying political reasons for this as well, as some of the Huguenots were nobles trying to establish separate centers of power in southern France. Retaliating against the French Catholics, the Huguenots had their own militia.

Question: What group specifically opposed the Huguenots?

Question: What event was the worst example of Huguenot persecution?

Question: How many Huguenots were killed during this purge?

Question: How did the Huguenots defend themselves?

Question: What was a non-religious reason for the massacre?


Context: By 1620 the Huguenots were on the defensive, and the government increasingly applied pressure. A series of three small civil wars known as the Huguenot rebellions broke out, mainly in southwestern France, between 1621 and 1629. revolted against royal authority. The uprising occurred a decade following the death of Henry IV, a Huguenot before converting to Catholicism, who had protected Protestants through the Edict of Nantes. His successor Louis XIII, under the regency of his Italian Catholic mother Marie de' Medici, became more intolerant of Protestantism. The Huguenots respond by establishing independent political and military structures, establishing diplomatic contacts with foreign powers, and openly revolting against central power. The rebellions were implacably suppressed by the French Crown.[citation needed]

Question: When did these rebellions take place?

Question: Where did these uprisings take place?

Question: What King and former Huguenot looked out for the welfare of the group?

Question: Which successor to Henry resumed persecution of the Huguenots?

Question: What were the civil wars caused by the Huguenots called?


Context: Approximately one million Protestants in modern France represent some 2% of its population. Most are concentrated in Alsace in northeast France and the Cévennes mountain region in the south, who still regard themselves as Huguenots to this day.[citation needed] A diaspora of French Australians still considers itself Huguenot, even after centuries of exile. Long integrated into Australian society, it is encouraged by the Huguenot Society of Australia to embrace and conserve its cultural heritage, aided by the Society's genealogical research services.

Question: How many protestants live in France today?

Question: What percentage of France's population is protestant today?

Question: What northern province in France has a large protestant population?

Question: What is the southern region where protestants are concentrated?

Question: What country currently has a group who call themselves Huguenots?


Context: Huguenot immigrants did not disperse or settle in different parts of the country, but rather, formed three societies or congregations; one in the city of New York, another 21 miles north of New York in a town which they named New Rochelle, and a third further upstate in New Paltz. The "Huguenot Street Historic District" in New Paltz has been designated a National Historic Landmark site and contains the oldest street in the United States of America. A small group of Huguenots also settled on the south shore of Staten Island along the New York Harbor, for which the current neighborhood of Huguenot was named.

Question: What city north of New York was settled by Huguenots?

Question: What town in upstate New York was settled by Huguenots?

Question: What Huguenot area is designated as a historical landmark?

Question: What is located within this district?

Question: In what borough is there a neighborhood called Huguenot?


Context: After the revocation of the Edict of Nantes, the Dutch Republic received the largest group of Huguenot refugees, an estimated total of 75,000 to 100,000 people. Amongst them were 200 clergy. Many came from the region of the Cévennes, for instance, the village of Fraissinet-de-Lozère. This was a huge influx as the entire population of the Dutch Republic amounted to ca. 2 million at that time. Around 1700, it is estimated that nearly 25% of the Amsterdam population was Huguenot.[citation needed] In 1705, Amsterdam and the area of West Frisia were the first areas to provide full citizens rights to Huguenot immigrants, followed by the Dutch Republic in 1715. Huguenots intermarried with Dutch from the outset.

Question: What country initially received the largest number of Huguenot refugees?

Question: How many refugees emigrated to the Dutch Republic?

Question: What was the population of the Dutch Republic before this emigration?

Question: What two areas in the Republic were first to grant rights to the Huguenots?

Question: What declaration predicated the emigration of Huguenot refugees?


Context: In this last connection, the name could suggest the derogatory inference of superstitious worship; popular fancy held that Huguon, the gate of King Hugo, was haunted by the ghost of le roi Huguet (regarded by Roman Catholics as an infamous scoundrel) and other spirits, who instead of being in Purgatory came back to harm the living at night. It was in this place in Tours that the prétendus réformés ("these supposedly 'reformed'") habitually gathered at night, both for political purposes, and for prayer and singing psalms. Such explanations have been traced to the contemporary, Reguier de la Plancha (d. 1560), who in De l'Estat de France offered the following account as to the origin of the name, as cited by The Cape Monthly:

Question: Where was the Gate of King Hugo?

Question: By what other name was the Gate known?

Question: Who allegedly haunted the gate?

Question: By what name were the "supposedly reformed" known?

Question: What time of day did these reformed supposedly gather to engage in Huguenot rituals?


Context: Other evidence of the Walloons and Huguenots in Canterbury includes a block of houses in Turnagain Lane, where weavers' windows survive on the top floor, as many Huguenots worked as weavers. The Weavers, a half-timbered house by the river, was the site of a weaving school from the late 16th century to about 1830. (It has been adapted as a restaurant—see illustration above. The house derives its name from a weaving school which was moved there in the last years of the 19th century, reviving an earlier use.) Others refugees practised the variety of occupations necessary to sustain the community as distinct from the indigenous population. Such economic separation was the condition of the refugees' initial acceptance in the City. They also settled elsewhere in Kent, particularly Sandwich, Faversham and Maidstone—towns in which there used to be refugee churches.

Question: Where did Huguenots and Walloons settle in England?

Question: What house was the site of a weaving school in Canterbury?

Question: What social construct did Huguenot refugees in Canterbury practice?

Question: What other English towns were sites of Huguenot settlement?

Question: What is located on the site of The Weaving House currently?


Context: A number of Huguenots served as mayors in Dublin, Cork, Youghal and Waterford in the 17th and 18th centuries. Numerous signs of Huguenot presence can still be seen with names still in use, and with areas of the main towns and cities named after the people who settled there. Examples include the Huguenot District and French Church Street in Cork City; and D'Olier Street in Dublin, named after a High Sheriff and one of the founders of the Bank of Ireland. A French church in Portarlington dates back to 1696, and was built to serve the significant new Huguenot community in the town. At the time, they constituted the majority of the townspeople.

Question: French Church Street is in what Irish town?

Question: What Irish cities had Huguenot mayors in the 1600s and 1700s?

Question: Where is D'Olier Street?

Question: D'Olier Street is named after whom?

Question: The French church in Portarlington was built when?


Context: The exodus of Huguenots from France created a brain drain, as many Huguenots had occupied important places in society. The kingdom did not fully recover for years. The French crown's refusal to allow non-Catholics to settle in New France may help to explain that colony's slow rate of population growth compared to that of the neighbouring British colonies, which opened settlement to religious dissenters. By the time of the French and Indian War (the North American front of the Seven Years' War), a sizeable population of Huguenot descent lived in the British colonies, and many participated in the British defeat of New France in 1759-60.

Question: What is the common term for the loss of key members of French society to Huguenot emigration?

Question: What was the name of France's primary colony in the New World?

Question: What persons were not allowed to settle in New France?

Question: The French and Indian War was the New World aspect of what European conflict?

Question: When did the British defeat New France?


Context: The pattern of warfare, followed by brief periods of peace, continued for nearly another quarter-century. The warfare was definitively quelled in 1598, when Henry of Navarre, having succeeded to the French throne as Henry IV, and having recanted Protestantism in favour of Roman Catholicism, issued the Edict of Nantes. The Edict reaffirmed Catholicism as the state religion of France, but granted the Protestants equality with Catholics under the throne and a degree of religious and political freedom within their domains. The Edict simultaneously protected Catholic interests by discouraging the founding of new Protestant churches in Catholic-controlled regions.[citation needed]

Question: What was Henry IV known as before taking the throne?

Question: When did Henry issue the Edict of Nantes?

Question: What did the Edict do for Huguenots in France?

Question: The edict protected Catholics by discouraging what?

Question: What religion did Henry renounce upon ascending the throne?


Context: The revocation forbade Protestant services, required education of children as Catholics, and prohibited emigration. It proved disastrous to the Huguenots and costly for France. It precipitated civil bloodshed, ruined commerce, and resulted in the illegal flight from the country of hundreds of thousands of Protestants, many of whom became intellectuals, doctors and business leaders in Britain as well as Holland, Prussia, and South Africa. Four thousand emigrated to the North American colonies, where they settled in New York and Virginia, especially. The English welcomed the French refugees, providing money from both government and private agencies to aid their relocation. Those Huguenots who stayed in France became Catholics and were called "new converts".

Question: What was required of Huguenot children after the Edict was revoked?

Question: How did the revocation restrict Huguenot travel?

Question: How many Huguenots emigrated to North America as colonists?

Question: What were Huguenots who stayed in France eventually known as?

Question: Besides Britain and North America, where else did Huguenot refugees settle?


Context: The first Huguenots to leave France sought freedom from persecution in Switzerland and the Netherlands.[citation needed] A group of Huguenots was part of the French colonisers who arrived in Brazil in 1555 to found France Antarctique. A couple of ships with around 500 people arrived at the Guanabara Bay, present-day Rio de Janeiro, and settled in a small island. A fort, named Fort Coligny, was built to protect them from attack from the Portuguese troops and Brazilian Native Americans. It was an attempt to establish a French colony in South America. The fort was destroyed in 1560 by the Portuguese, who captured part of the Huguenots. The Portuguese threatened the prisoners with death if they did not convert to Catholicism. The Huguenots of Guanabara, as they are now known, produced a declaration of faith to express their beliefs to the Portuguese. This was their death sentence. This document, the Guanabara Confession of Faith, became the first Protestant confession of faith in the whole of the Americas.[citation needed]

Question: What were the first two destinations of Huguenot emigres?

Question: When was the French colony in modern day Brazil founded?

Question: What was the Brazilian French colony called?

Question: In what year was Fort Coligny destroyed?

Question: By what document did the Huguenots confess their faith to the Portuguese in Brazil?


Context: Many of the farms in the Western Cape province in South Africa still bear French names. Many families, today mostly Afrikaans-speaking, have surnames indicating their French Huguenot ancestry. Examples include: Blignaut, Cilliers, de Klerk (Le Clercq), de Villiers, du Plessis, Du Preez (Des Pres), du Randt (Durand), du Toit, Duvenhage(Du Vinage), Franck, Fouche, Fourie (Fleurit), Gervais, Giliomee (Guilliaume), Gous/Gouws (Gauch), Hugo, Jordaan (Jourdan), Joubert, Kriek, Labuschagne (la Buscagne), le Roux, Lombard, Malan, Malherbe, Marais, Maree, Minnaar (Mesnard), Nel (Nell),Naude', Nortje (Nortier), Pienaar (Pinard), Retief (Retif), Rossouw (Rousseau), Taljaard (Taillard), TerBlanche, Theron, Viljoen (Villion) and Visagie (Visage). The wine industry in South Africa owes a significant debt to the Huguenots, some of whom had vineyards in France, or were brandy distillers, and used their skills in their new home.

Question: Families with French names in South Africa speak what language today?

Question: What South African industry descended from Huguenot settlers?

Question: Where can one find the formerly Huguenot farms in South Africa?

Question: What characteristic identifies the French ancestry of some South Africans?


Context: Paul Revere was descended from Huguenot refugees, as was Henry Laurens, who signed the Articles of Confederation for South Carolina; Jack Jouett, who made the ride from Cuckoo Tavern to warn Thomas Jefferson and others that Tarleton and his men were on their way to arrest him for crimes against the king; Francis Marion, and a number of other leaders of the American Revolution and later statesmen. The last active Huguenot congregation in North America worships in Charleston, South Carolina, at a church that dates to 1844. The Huguenot Society of America maintains Manakin Episcopal Church in Virginia as an historic shrine with occasional services. The Society has chapters in numerous states, with the one in Texas being the largest.

Question: What Revolutionary War midnight rider was a Huguenot descendant?

Question: What signer of the Articles of Confederation was descended from Huguenots?

Question: In what city is the last Huguenot congregation in the US?

Question: What church in Virginia is maintained by Huguenots as a historic shrine?

Question: In what state is the largest Huguenot Society located?


Context: Some Huguenots settled in Bedfordshire, one of the main centres of the British lace industry at the time. Although 19th century sources have asserted that some of these refugees were lacemakers and contributed to the East Midlands lace industry, this is contentious. The only reference to immigrant lacemakers in this period is of twenty-five widows who settled in Dover, and there is no contemporary documentation to support there being Huguenot lacemakers in Bedfordshire. The implication that the style of lace known as 'Bucks Point' demonstrates a Huguenot influence, being a "combination of Mechlin patterns on Lille ground", is fallacious: what is now known as Mechlin lace did not develop until first half of the eighteenth century and lace with Mechlin patterns and Lille ground did not appear until the end of the 18th century, when it was widely copied throughout Europe.

Question: What industry was centered in Bedfordshire?

Question: What style of lace is erroneously believed by some to have Huguenot influence?

Question: What reference is there to Huguenot lacemakers in the 19th century?

Question: When did Mechlin lace develop?


Context: In Berlin, the Huguenots created two new neighbourhoods: Dorotheenstadt and Friedrichstadt. By 1700, one-fifth of the city's population was French speaking. The Berlin Huguenots preserved the French language in their church services for nearly a century. They ultimately decided to switch to German in protest against the occupation of Prussia by Napoleon in 1806-07. Many of their descendents rose to positions of prominence. Several congregations were founded, such as those of Fredericia (Denmark), Berlin, Stockholm, Hamburg, Frankfurt, Helsinki, and Emden.

Question: What were the two Huguenot neighborhoods created in Berlin?

Question: What portion of Berlin's population spoke French by 1700?

Question: Why did Berlin Huguenots switch to German from French in their services?

Question: What years did this occupation take place?

Question: What other Northern European cities had Huguenot congregations?


Context: After this, Huguenots (with estimates ranging from 200,000 to 1,000,000) fled to surrounding Protestant countries: England, the Netherlands, Switzerland, Norway, Denmark, and Prussia — whose Calvinist Great Elector Frederick William welcomed them to help rebuild his war-ravaged and underpopulated country. Following this exodus, Huguenots remained in large numbers in only one region of France: the rugged Cévennes region in the south. In the early 18th century, a regional group known as the Camisards who were Huguenots rioted against the Catholic Church in the region, burning churches and killing clergy. It took French troops years to hunt down and destroy all the bands of Camisards, between 1702 and 1709.

Question: Which central European country had a Calvinist ruler?

Question: After Huguenots fled France, their last remaining bastion was where?

Question: What did the 18th century Huguenot group call themselves?

Question: Against whom did the Camisards rise up to fight?

Question: French troops put down the Camisard uprisings between what years?


Context: In 1564 a group of Norman Huguenots under the leadership of Jean Ribault established the small colony of Fort Caroline on the banks of the St. Johns River in what is today Jacksonville, Florida. The effort was the first at any permanent European settlement in the present-day continental United States, but survived only a short time. A September 1565 French naval attack against the new Spanish colony at St. Augustine failed when its ships were hit by a hurricane on their way to the Spanish encampment at Fort Matanzas. Hundreds of French soldiers were stranded and surrendered to the numerically inferior Spanish forces led by Pedro Menendez. Menendez proceeded to massacre the defenseless Huguenots, after which he wiped out the Fort Caroline garrison.

Question: There was a 16th century Huguenot settlement near what modern day Florida city?

Question: Who was the leader who established the colony at Florida?

Question: What was the name of the Florida Huguenot colony?

Question: Which army attacked and destroyed this colony?

Question: When was the colony destroyed?


Context: French Huguenots made two attempts to establish a haven in North America. In 1562, naval officer Jean Ribault led an expedition that explored Florida and the present-day Southeastern U.S., and founded the outpost of Charlesfort on Parris Island, South Carolina. The Wars of Religion precluded a return voyage, and the outpost was abandoned. In 1564, Ribault's former lieutenant René Goulaine de Laudonnière launched a second voyage to build a colony; he established Fort Caroline in what is now Jacksonville, Florida. War at home again precluded a resupply mission, and the colony struggled. In 1565 the Spanish decided to enforce their claim to La Florida, and sent Pedro Menéndez de Avilés, who established the settlement of St. Augustine near Fort Caroline. Menéndez' forces routed the French and executed most of the Protestant captives.

Question: What was the name of the first Huguenot outpost in South Carolina?

Question: What present-day area was this settlement near?

Question: Which Spanish officer established the settlement at St. Augustine?

Question: When did Ribault first establish a settlement in South Carolina?

Question: What European event caused the Huguenots to abandon Charlesfort?


Context: In 1700 several hundred French Huguenots migrated from England to the colony of Virginia, where the English Crown had promised them land grants in Lower Norfolk County. When they arrived, colonial authorities offered them instead land 20 miles above the falls of the James River, at the abandoned Monacan village known as Manakin Town, now in Powhatan County. Some settlers landed in present-day Chesterfield County. On 12 May 1705, the Virginia General Assembly passed an act to naturalise the 148 Huguenots still resident at Manakintown. Of the original 390 settlers in the isolated settlement, many had died; others lived outside town on farms in the English style; and others moved to different areas. Gradually they intermarried with their English neighbors. Through the 18th and 19th centuries, descendants of the French migrated west into the Piedmont, and across the Appalachian Mountains into the West of what became Kentucky, Tennessee, Missouri, and other states. In the Manakintown area, the Huguenot Memorial Bridge across the James River and Huguenot Road were named in their honor, as were many local features, including several schools, including Huguenot High School.

Question: In what English colony were Huguenot settlers promised land?

Question: In what area of this British colony were Huguenot land grants?

Question: What town was actually granted to the Huguenots on arrival?

Question: How many settlers original settled in Manakintown?

Question: When were these settlers naturalized as English colonists?


Context: Some Huguenots fought in the Low Countries alongside the Dutch against Spain during the first years of the Dutch Revolt (1568–1609). The Dutch Republic rapidly became a destination for Huguenot exiles. Early ties were already visible in the "Apologie" of William the Silent, condemning the Spanish Inquisition, which was written by his court minister, the Huguenot Pierre L'Oyseleur, lord of Villiers. Louise de Coligny, daughter of the murdered Huguenot leader Gaspard de Coligny, married William the Silent, leader of the Dutch (Calvinist) revolt against Spanish (Catholic) rule. As both spoke French in daily life, their court church in the Prinsenhof in Delft held services in French. The practice has continued to the present day. The Prinsenhof is one of the 14 active Walloon churches of the Dutch Reformed Church. The ties between Huguenots and the Dutch Republic's military and political leadership, the House of Orange-Nassau, which existed since the early days of the Dutch Revolt, helped support the many early settlements of Huguenots in the Dutch Republic's colonies. They settled at the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and New Netherland in North America.

Question: When was the Dutch Revolt?

Question: Who did the Dutch fight in the Dutch Revolt?

Question: What Dutch document condemned the Spanish Inquisition?

Question: What leader led the Dutch Revolt and wrote Apologie?

Question: What was the Dutch leader's religious affiliation?


Context: Both before and after the 1708 passage of the Foreign Protestants Naturalization Act, an estimated 50,000 Protestant Walloons and Huguenots fled to England, with many moving on to Ireland and elsewhere. In relative terms, this was one of the largest waves of immigration ever of a single ethnic community to Britain. Andrew Lortie (born André Lortie), a leading Huguenot theologian and writer who led the exiled community in London, became known for articulating their criticism of the Pope and the doctrine of transubstantiation during Mass.

Question: What English law made that country more welcoming to Huguenots?

Question: When was this naturalization act passed?

Question: About how many Walloons and Huguenots emigrated to England and Ireland in this era?

Question: Who was the famous Huguenot theologian and writer in London?

Question: What Catholic Church liturgical belief did Lortie criticize openly?


Context: Following the French Crown's revocation of the Edict of Nantes, many Huguenots settled in Ireland in the late 17th and early 18th centuries, encouraged by an act of parliament for Protestants' settling in Ireland. Huguenot regiments fought for William of Orange in the Williamite war in Ireland, for which they were rewarded with land grants and titles, many settling in Dublin. Significant Huguenot settlements were in Dublin, Cork, Portarlington, Lisburn, Waterford and Youghal. Smaller settlements, which included Killeshandra in County Cavan, contributed to the expansion of flax cultivation and the growth of the Irish linen industry.

Question: What war in Ireland featured Huguenot regiments?

Question: Under which leader did the Huguenots fight in this conflict?

Question: Which Irish cities had large Huguenot enclaves?

Question: Huguenots in Killeshandra and County Cavan expanded what agricultural industry?

Question: What textile industry did the Huguenots contribute to in Ireland?


Context: Prince Louis de Condé, along with his sons Daniel and Osias,[citation needed] arranged with Count Ludwig von Nassau-Saarbrücken to establish a Huguenot community in present-day Saarland in 1604. The Count supported mercantilism and welcomed technically skilled immigrants into his lands, regardless of their religion. The Condés established a thriving glass-making works, which provided wealth to the principality for many years. Other founding families created enterprises based on textiles and such traditional Huguenot occupations in France. The community and its congregation remain active to this day, with descendants of many of the founding families still living in the region. Some members of this community emigrated to the United States in the 1890s.

Question: Which noble helped establish the Huguenot settlement in Saarland?

Question: Which Count did the Prince strike an arrangement with?

Question: What industry did the nobleman establish with this settlement?

Question: In what era did some members of this community emigrate to the US?

Question: In what year was the agreement to allow the Saarland settlement reached?


Context: The bulk of Huguenot émigrés relocated to Protestant European nations such as England, Wales, Scotland, Denmark, Sweden, Switzerland, the Dutch Republic, the Electorate of Brandenburg and Electorate of the Palatinate in the Holy Roman Empire, the Duchy of Prussia, the Channel Islands, and Ireland. They also spread beyond Europe to the Dutch Cape Colony in South Africa, the Dutch East Indies, the Caribbean, and several of the English colonies of North America, and Quebec, where they were accepted and allowed to worship freely.

Question: What two member nations of the Holy Roman Empire received Huguenot refugees?

Question: What general religious belief did the nations that received Huguenot refugees have in common?

Question: What area in modern-day Canada received Huguenot immigrants?

Question: What area in South Africa accepted Huguenot colonists?

Question: What made emigration to these colonies attractive?


Context: Some disagree with such double or triple non-French linguistic origins, arguing that for the word to have spread into common use in France, it must have originated in the French language. The "Hugues hypothesis" argues that the name was derived by association with Hugues Capet, king of France, who reigned long before the Reformation. He was regarded by the Gallicans and Protestants as a noble man who respected people's dignity and lives. Janet Gray and other supporters of the hypothesis suggest that the name huguenote would be roughly equivalent to little Hugos, or those who want Hugo.

Question: From what French King did the Huguenot name possibly descend?

Question: What is the theory that this King's name is the origin of "Huguenot" called?

Question: Who is one prominent advocate of this theory?

Question: According to the theory, what does the name "Huguenot" mean?

Question: Other theories of the word's origin can be generally classed as what?


Context: Other predecessors of the Reformed church included the pro-reform and Gallican Roman Catholics, such as Jacques Lefevre (c. 1455–1536). The Gallicans briefly achieved independence for the French church, on the principle that the religion of France could not be controlled by the Bishop of Rome, a foreign power. During the Protestant Reformation, Lefevre, a professor at the University of Paris, published his French translation of the New Testament in 1523, followed by the whole Bible in the French language in 1530. William Farel was a student of Lefevre who went on to become a leader of the Swiss Reformation, establishing a Protestant government in Geneva. Jean Cauvin (John Calvin), another student at the University of Paris, also converted to Protestantism. Long after the sect was suppressed by Francis I, the remaining French Waldensians, then mostly in the Luberon region, sought to join William Farel, Calvin and the Reformation, and Olivetan published a French Bible for them. The French Confession of 1559 shows a decidedly Calvinistic influence. Sometime between 1550 and 1580, members of the Reformed church in France came to be commonly known as Huguenots.[citation needed]

Question: Who was one French pro-reform Roman Catholic of the 15th century?

Question: Where did this pro-reform leader teach?

Question: When did this leader publish a French language Bible?

Question: What leader of the Swiss reformation was a student of Lefevre?

Question: What other European Protestant leader was educated at the University of Paris?


Context: In what became known as the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre of 24 August – 3 October 1572, Catholics killed thousands of Huguenots in Paris. Similar massacres took place in other towns in the weeks following. The main provincial towns and cities experiencing the Massacre were Aix, Bordeaux, Bourges, Lyons, Meaux, Orleans, Rouen, Toulouse, and Troyes. Nearly 3,000 Protestants were slaughtered in Toulouse alone. The exact number of fatalities throughout the country is not known. On 23–24 August, between about 2,000 and 3,000 Protestants were killed in Paris and between 3,000 and 7,000 more in the French provinces. By 17 September, almost 25,000 Protestants had been massacred in Paris alone. Beyond Paris, the killings continued until 3 October. An amnesty granted in 1573 pardoned the perpetrators.[citation needed]

Question: When was the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre?

Question: What group killed thousands of Huguenots?

Question: How many Huguenots were killed in Toulouse?

Question: When was amnesty granted to those responsible for the massacre?

Question: Reports document that how many Parisien Protestants were killed by September 17?


Context: Louis XIV gained the throne in 1643 and acted increasingly aggressively to force the Huguenots to convert. At first he sent missionaries, backed by a fund to financially reward converts to Catholicism. Then he imposed penalties, closed Huguenot schools and excluded them from favored professions. Escalating, he instituted dragonnades, which included the occupation and looting of Huguenot homes by military troops, in an effort to forcibly convert them. In 1685, he issued the Edict of Fontainebleau, revoking the Edict of Nantes and declaring Protestantism illegal.[citation needed]

Question: Who became king in 1643?

Question: How did the new king react to the Huguenots?

Question: What was the king's first approach to the Huguenots?

Question: What did the king do to regarding Huguenot education?

Question: The practice of occupying and looting Huguenot homes was called?


Context: New Rochelle, located in the county of Westchester on the north shore of Long Island Sound, seemed to be the great location of the Huguenots in New York. It is said that they landed on the coastline peninsula of Davenports Neck called "Bauffet's Point" after traveling from England where they had previously taken refuge on account of religious persecution, four years before the revocation of the Edict of Nantes. They purchased from John Pell, Lord of Pelham Manor, a tract of land consisting of six thousand one hundred acres with the help of Jacob Leisler. It was named New Rochelle after La Rochelle, their former strong-hold in France. A small wooden church was first erected in the community, followed by a second church that built of stone. Previous to the erection of it, the strong men would often walk twenty-three miles on Saturday evening, the distance by the road from New Rochelle to New York, to attend the Sunday service. The church was eventually replaced by a third, Trinity-St. Paul's Episcopal Church, which contains heirlooms including the original bell from the French Huguenot Church "Eglise du St. Esperit" on Pine Street in New York City, which is preserved as a relic in the tower room. The Huguenot cemetery, or "Huguenot Burial Ground", has since been recognized as a historic cemetery that is the final resting place for a wide range of the Huguenot founders, early settlers and prominent citizens dating back more than three centuries.

Question: What present day county is New Rochelle in?

Question: Where did the Huguenots land in New York originally?

Question: From whom did the Huguenots purchase the land where they settled?

Question: What French City was New Rochelle named after?

Question: What is the name of the third, permanent Huguenot church in New Rochelle?


Context: Most of the Huguenot congregations (or individuals) in North America eventually affiliated with other Protestant denominations with more numerous members. The Huguenots adapted quickly and often married outside their immediate French communities, which led to their assimilation. Their descendants in many families continued to use French first names and surnames for their children well into the nineteenth century. Assimilated, the French made numerous contributions to United States economic life, especially as merchants and artisans in the late Colonial and early Federal periods. For example, E.I. du Pont, a former student of Lavoisier, established the Eleutherian gunpowder mills.

Question: How did Huguenots evolve their religious beliefs in the New World?

Question: How were Huguenot settlers assimilated into North American society at large?

Question: Who was one prominent Huguenot-descended arms manufacturer?

Question: For how long did Huguenots continue to use French names?

Question: What was the name of du Pont's gunpowder operation?


Context: One of the most prominent Huguenot refugees in the Netherlands was Pierre Bayle. He started teaching in Rotterdam, where he finished writing and publishing his multi-volume masterpiece, Historical and Critical Dictionary. It became one of the 100 foundational texts of the US Library of Congress. Some Huguenot descendants in the Netherlands may be noted by French family names, although they typically use Dutch given names. Due to the Huguenots' early ties with the leadership of the Dutch Revolt and their own participation, some of the Dutch patriciate are of part-Huguenot descent. Some Huguenot families have kept alive various traditions, such as the celebration and feast of their patron Saint Nicolas, similar to the Dutch Sint Nicolaas (Sinterklaas) feast.

Question: Who was a prominent Huguenot in Holland?

Question: Where did he begin teaching?

Question: What books did Bayle publish?

Question: These books became a foundational text for what library?

Question: Who is the patron saint of the Huguenots?


Context: The French Protestant Church of London was established by Royal Charter in 1550. It is now located at Soho Square. Huguenot refugees flocked to Shoreditch, London. They established a major weaving industry in and around Spitalfields (see Petticoat Lane and the Tenterground) in East London. In Wandsworth, their gardening skills benefited the Battersea market gardens. The Old Truman Brewery, then known as the Black Eagle Brewery, was founded in 1724. The flight of Huguenot refugees from Tours, France drew off most of the workers of its great silk mills which they had built.[citation needed] Some of these immigrants moved to Norwich, which had accommodated an earlier settlement of Walloon weavers. The French added to the existing immigrant population, then comprising about a third of the population of the city.

Question: What early Huguenot Church was established in England?

Question: When was the charter for this church signed?

Question: What is the present-day location of this church?

Question: What London neighborhood attracted Huguenot refugees?

Question: When was the Old Truman Brewery founded?


Context: Around 1685, Huguenot refugees found a safe haven in the Lutheran and Reformed states in Germany and Scandinavia. Nearly 50,000 Huguenots established themselves in Germany, 20,000 of whom were welcomed in Brandenburg-Prussia, where they were granted special privileges (Edict of Potsdam) and churches in which to worship (such as the Church of St. Peter and St. Paul, Angermünde) by Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg and Duke of Prussia. The Huguenots furnished two new regiments of his army: the Altpreußische Infantry Regiments No. 13 (Regiment on foot Varenne) and 15 (Regiment on foot Wylich). Another 4,000 Huguenots settled in the German territories of Baden, Franconia (Principality of Bayreuth, Principality of Ansbach), Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel, Duchy of Württemberg, in the Wetterau Association of Imperial Counts, in the Palatinate and Palatinate-Zweibrücken, in the Rhine-Main-Area (Frankfurt), in modern-day Saarland; and 1,500 found refuge in Hamburg, Bremen and Lower Saxony. Three hundred refugees were granted asylum at the court of George William, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg in Celle.

Question: What protestant religions made Northern European counties safe for Huguenot immigration?

Question: Which areas of Northern Europe practiced those religions?

Question: What proclamation gave Huguenots special privileges in Brandenburg?

Question: What dual titles did Frederick William hold?

Question: What military impact did Huguenot immigration have on Frederick's army?


Context: Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg, invited Huguenots to settle in his realms, and a number of their descendants rose to positions of prominence in Prussia. Several prominent German military, cultural, and political figures were ethnic Huguenot, including poet Theodor Fontane, General Hermann von François, the hero of the First World War Battle of Tannenberg, Luftwaffe General and fighter ace Adolf Galland, Luftwaffe flying ace Hans-Joachim Marseille, and famed U-boat captain Lothar von Arnauld de la Perière. The last Prime Minister of the (East) German Democratic Republic, Lothar de Maizière, is also a descendant of a Huguenot family, as is the German Federal Minister of the Interior, Thomas de Maizière.

Question: What German ruler invited Huguenot immigration?

Question: What German poet was descended from Huguenots?

Question: What German general and fighter pilot was of Huguenot ancestry?

Question: Who was the final Prime Minister of East Germany?

Question: Thomas de Maiziere serves what role in the German cabinet?


Context: Steam engines are external combustion engines, where the working fluid is separate from the combustion products. Non-combustion heat sources such as solar power, nuclear power or geothermal energy may be used. The ideal thermodynamic cycle used to analyze this process is called the Rankine cycle. In the cycle, water is heated and transforms into steam within a boiler operating at a high pressure. When expanded through pistons or turbines, mechanical work is done. The reduced-pressure steam is then condensed and pumped back into the boiler.

Question: Along with geothermal and nuclear, what is a notable non-combustion heat source?

Question: What ideal thermodynamic cycle analyzes the process by which steam engines work?

Question: In the Rankine cycle, what does water turn into when heated?

Question: At what pressure is water heated in the Rankine cycle?

Question: What types of engines are steam engines?


Context: The first commercially successful true engine, in that it could generate power and transmit it to a machine, was the atmospheric engine, invented by Thomas Newcomen around 1712. It was an improvement over Savery's steam pump, using a piston as proposed by Papin. Newcomen's engine was relatively inefficient, and in most cases was used for pumping water. It worked by creating a partial vacuum by condensing steam under a piston within a cylinder. It was employed for draining mine workings at depths hitherto impossible, and also for providing a reusable water supply for driving waterwheels at factories sited away from a suitable "head". Water that had passed over the wheel was pumped back up into a storage reservoir above the wheel.

Question: What was the first true engine that was commercially successful?

Question: Who was the inventor of the atmospheric engine?

Question: About what year was the atmospheric engine invented?

Question: What was invented by Savery?

Question: Who conceptualized the piston?


Context: The first full-scale working railway steam locomotive was built by Richard Trevithick in the United Kingdom and, on 21 February 1804, the world's first railway journey took place as Trevithick's unnamed steam locomotive hauled a train along the tramway from the Pen-y-darren ironworks, near Merthyr Tydfil to Abercynon in south Wales. The design incorporated a number of important innovations that included using high-pressure steam which reduced the weight of the engine and increased its efficiency. Trevithick visited the Newcastle area later in 1804 and the colliery railways in north-east England became the leading centre for experimentation and development of steam locomotives.

Question: In what country was a full-scale working railway steam locomotive first invented?

Question: On what date did the first railway trip in the world occur?

Question: Where did the world's first railway journey terminate?

Question: In what constituent country of the United Kingdom is Merthyr Tydfil located?

Question: In what geographical portion of Wales is Abercynon located?


Context: The Rankine cycle and most practical steam engines have a water pump to recycle or top up the boiler water, so that they may be run continuously. Utility and industrial boilers commonly use multi-stage centrifugal pumps; however, other types are used. Another means of supplying lower-pressure boiler feed water is an injector, which uses a steam jet usually supplied from the boiler. Injectors became popular in the 1850s but are no longer widely used, except in applications such as steam locomotives.

Question: What device is used to recycle the boiler water in most steam engines?

Question: What types of pumps are typically used in industrial boilers?

Question: In what decade were injectors widely used in steam engines?

Question: What is a notable application of injectors today?

Question: What are injectors used to supply?


Context: It is a logical extension of the compound engine (described above) to split the expansion into yet more stages to increase efficiency. The result is the multiple expansion engine. Such engines use either three or four expansion stages and are known as triple and quadruple expansion engines respectively. These engines use a series of cylinders of progressively increasing diameter. These cylinders are designed to divide the work into equal shares for each expansion stage. As with the double expansion engine, if space is at a premium, then two smaller cylinders may be used for the low-pressure stage. Multiple expansion engines typically had the cylinders arranged inline, but various other formations were used. In the late 19th century, the Yarrow-Schlick-Tweedy balancing 'system' was used on some marine triple expansion engines. Y-S-T engines divided the low-pressure expansion stages between two cylinders, one at each end of the engine. This allowed the crankshaft to be better balanced, resulting in a smoother, faster-responding engine which ran with less vibration. This made the 4-cylinder triple-expansion engine popular with large passenger liners (such as the Olympic class), but this was ultimately replaced by the virtually vibration-free turbine engine.[citation needed]

Question: How many expansion stages are used by the triple expansion engine?

Question: What are engines using four expansion stages known as?

Question: In what century was the Yarrow-Schlick-Tweedy balancing system used?

Question: What sort of engines utilized the Yarrow-Schlick-Tweedy balancing system?

Question: What class of ships is an example of large passenger liners?


Context: In the 1840s and 50s, there were attempts to overcome this problem by means of various patent valve gears with a separate, variable cutoff expansion valve riding on the back of the main slide valve; the latter usually had fixed or limited cutoff. The combined setup gave a fair approximation of the ideal events, at the expense of increased friction and wear, and the mechanism tended to be complicated. The usual compromise solution has been to provide lap by lengthening rubbing surfaces of the valve in such a way as to overlap the port on the admission side, with the effect that the exhaust side remains open for a longer period after cut-off on the admission side has occurred. This expedient has since been generally considered satisfactory for most purposes and makes possible the use of the simpler Stephenson, Joy and Walschaerts motions. Corliss, and later, poppet valve gears had separate admission and exhaust valves driven by trip mechanisms or cams profiled so as to give ideal events; most of these gears never succeeded outside of the stationary marketplace due to various other issues including leakage and more delicate mechanisms.

Question: Along with poppet valve gears, what type of gears utilized separate admission and exhaust valves to give ideal events?

Question: Along with Stephenson and Walschaerts, what is an example of a simple motion?

Question: How is lap provided by overlapping the admission side port?


Context: Lead fusible plugs may be present in the crown of the boiler's firebox. If the water level drops, such that the temperature of the firebox crown increases significantly, the lead melts and the steam escapes, warning the operators, who may then manually suppress the fire. Except in the smallest of boilers the steam escape has little effect on dampening the fire. The plugs are also too small in area to lower steam pressure significantly, depressurizing the boiler. If they were any larger, the volume of escaping steam would itself endanger the crew.[citation needed]

Question: What are sometimes present in the boiler's firebox crown?

Question: What happens to the lead fusible plugs if the water level of the boiler drops?

Question: What happens after the lead melts?

Question: After the operators are warned by the escape of the steam, what may they then do?

Question: What is the escape of the steam unlikely to accomplish in all but the smallest boilers?


Context: In 1781 James Watt patented a steam engine that produced continuous rotary motion. Watt's ten-horsepower engines enabled a wide range of manufacturing machinery to be powered. The engines could be sited anywhere that water and coal or wood fuel could be obtained. By 1883, engines that could provide 10,000 hp had become feasible. The stationary steam engine was a key component of the Industrial Revolution, allowing factories to locate where water power was unavailable. The atmospheric engines of Newcomen and Watt were large compared to the amount of power they produced, but high pressure steam engines were light enough to be applied to vehicles such as traction engines and the railway locomotives.

Question: Who patented a steam engine in 1781?

Question: What sort of motion did Watt's steam engine continuously produce?

Question: How many horsepower was Watt's engine?

Question: As of what year were 10000 horsepower engines available?

Question: What was the steam engine an important component of?


Context: The history of the steam engine stretches back as far as the first century AD; the first recorded rudimentary steam engine being the aeolipile described by Greek mathematician Hero of Alexandria. In the following centuries, the few steam-powered "engines" known were, like the aeolipile, essentially experimental devices used by inventors to demonstrate the properties of steam. A rudimentary steam turbine device was described by Taqi al-Din in 1551 and by Giovanni Branca in 1629. Jerónimo de Ayanz y Beaumont received patents in 1606 for fifty steam powered inventions, including a water pump for draining inundated mines. Denis Papin, a Huguenot refugee, did some useful work on the steam digester in 1679, and first used a piston to raise weights in 1690.

Question: In what century did the history of the steam engine begin?

Question: Who conceptualized the aeolipile?

Question: What was Hero of Alexandria's nationality?

Question: Who described a steam turbine in 1629?

Question: In what year did Jerónimo de Ayanz y Beaumont patent a water pump for draining mines?


Context: Near the end of the 19th century compound engines came into widespread use. Compound engines exhausted steam in to successively larger cylinders to accommodate the higher volumes at reduced pressures, giving improved efficiency. These stages were called expansions, with double and triple expansion engines being common, especially in shipping where efficiency was important to reduce the weight of coal carried. Steam engines remained the dominant source of power until the early 20th century, when advances in the design of electric motors and internal combustion engines gradually resulted in the replacement of reciprocating (piston) steam engines, with shipping in the 20th-century relying upon the steam turbine.

Question: What type of engines became widespread around the end of the 19th century?

Question: What are the stages in a compound engine called?

Question: In what field were double and triple expansion engines common?

Question: Along with electric motors, what power sources overtook steam engines in the 20th century?

Question: What product was notably shipped in vessels equipped with double and triple expansion engines?


Context: The final major evolution of the steam engine design was the use of steam turbines starting in the late part of the 19th century. Steam turbines are generally more efficient than reciprocating piston type steam engines (for outputs above several hundred horsepower), have fewer moving parts, and provide rotary power directly instead of through a connecting rod system or similar means. Steam turbines virtually replaced reciprocating engines in electricity generating stations early in the 20th century, where their efficiency, higher speed appropriate to generator service, and smooth rotation were advantages. Today most electric power is provided by steam turbines. In the United States 90% of the electric power is produced in this way using a variety of heat sources. Steam turbines were extensively applied for propulsion of large ships throughout most of the 20th century.

Question: The use of what device represented the last major evolution of the steam engine?

Question: In what part of the 19th century were steam turbines introduced?

Question: Above what horsepower are steam turbines usually more efficient than steam engines that use reciprocating pistons?

Question: What percentage of electrical power in the United States is made by steam turbines?

Question: Most power of what sort is generated by steam turbines today?


Context: The heat required for boiling the water and supplying the steam can be derived from various sources, most commonly from burning combustible materials with an appropriate supply of air in a closed space (called variously combustion chamber, firebox). In some cases the heat source is a nuclear reactor, geothermal energy, solar energy or waste heat from an internal combustion engine or industrial process. In the case of model or toy steam engines, the heat source can be an electric heating element.

Question: What is the usual source of heat for boiling water in the steam engine?

Question: Aside from firebox, what is another name for the space in which combustible material is burned in the engine?

Question: Along with nuclear, geothermal and internal combustion engine waste heat, what sort of energy might supply the heat for a steam engine?

Question: What type of heating element is often used in toy steam engines?


Context: The most useful instrument for analyzing the performance of steam engines is the steam engine indicator. Early versions were in use by 1851, but the most successful indicator was developed for the high speed engine inventor and manufacturer Charles Porter by Charles Richard and exhibited at London Exhibition in 1862. The steam engine indicator traces on paper the pressure in the cylinder throughout the cycle, which can be used to spot various problems and calculate developed horsepower. It was routinely used by engineers, mechanics and insurance inspectors. The engine indicator can also be used on internal combustion engines. See image of indicator diagram below (in Types of motor units section).

Question: What instrument is used to examine steam engine performance?

Question: What year saw the earliest recorded use of the steam engine indicator?

Question: What company developed the most successful steam engine indicator?

Question: Who developed a successful steam engine indicator for Charles Porter?

Question: Where was the Charles Porter steam engine indicator shown?


Context: With two-cylinder compounds used in railway work, the pistons are connected to the cranks as with a two-cylinder simple at 90° out of phase with each other (quartered). When the double expansion group is duplicated, producing a 4-cylinder compound, the individual pistons within the group are usually balanced at 180°, the groups being set at 90° to each other. In one case (the first type of Vauclain compound), the pistons worked in the same phase driving a common crosshead and crank, again set at 90° as for a two-cylinder engine. With the 3-cylinder compound arrangement, the LP cranks were either set at 90° with the HP one at 135° to the other two, or in some cases all three cranks were set at 120°.[citation needed]

Question: At what degree are the pistons of a two-cylinder compound connected to the cranks?

Question: In a 4-cylinder compound engine, what degree were the individual pistons balanced at?

Question: At what angle were the groups of pistons set in relation to one another in a 4-cylinder compound?


Context: In most reciprocating piston engines, the steam reverses its direction of flow at each stroke (counterflow), entering and exhausting from the cylinder by the same port. The complete engine cycle occupies one rotation of the crank and two piston strokes; the cycle also comprises four events – admission, expansion, exhaust, compression. These events are controlled by valves often working inside a steam chest adjacent to the cylinder; the valves distribute the steam by opening and closing steam ports communicating with the cylinder end(s) and are driven by valve gear, of which there are many types.[citation needed]

Question: What is a term for the reversing of steam flow in a piston engine after each stroke?

Question: How many piston strokes occur in an engine cycle?

Question: How many crank rotations are there in an engine cycle?

Question: How many events occur in an engine cycle?

Question: Along with admission, exhaust and compression, what is an event in the engine cycle?


Context: Uniflow engines attempt to remedy the difficulties arising from the usual counterflow cycle where, during each stroke, the port and the cylinder walls will be cooled by the passing exhaust steam, whilst the hotter incoming admission steam will waste some of its energy in restoring working temperature. The aim of the uniflow is to remedy this defect and improve efficiency by providing an additional port uncovered by the piston at the end of each stroke making the steam flow only in one direction. By this means, the simple-expansion uniflow engine gives efficiency equivalent to that of classic compound systems with the added advantage of superior part-load performance, and comparable efficiency to turbines for smaller engines below one thousand horsepower. However, the thermal expansion gradient uniflow engines produce along the cylinder wall gives practical difficulties.[citation needed]. The Quasiturbine is a uniflow rotary steam engine where steam intakes in hot areas, while exhausting in cold areas.

Question: What is the name of a uniflow engine that takes in steam in hot areas and exhausts it in cold?

Question: The uniflow engine is an attempt to fix an issue that arises in what cycle?

Question: What part is added to the uniflow engine to resolve the issue in the counterflow cycle?


Context: An oscillating cylinder steam engine is a variant of the simple expansion steam engine which does not require valves to direct steam into and out of the cylinder. Instead of valves, the entire cylinder rocks, or oscillates, such that one or more holes in the cylinder line up with holes in a fixed port face or in the pivot mounting (trunnion). These engines are mainly used in toys and models, because of their simplicity, but have also been used in full size working engines, mainly on ships where their compactness is valued.[citation needed]

Question: What type of steam engine doesn't need valves to direct steam?

Question: What is another term for the pivot mounting?

Question: Along with toys, where are oscillating cylinder steam engines typically used?

Question: Full size working engines on what vehicles sometimes use oscillating cylinder steam engines?


Context: The working fluid in a Rankine cycle can operate as a closed loop system, where the working fluid is recycled continuously, or may be an "open loop" system, where the exhaust steam is directly released to the atmosphere, and a separate source of water feeding the boiler is supplied. Normally water is the fluid of choice due to its favourable properties, such as non-toxic and unreactive chemistry, abundance, low cost, and its thermodynamic properties. Mercury is the working fluid in the mercury vapor turbine. Low boiling hydrocarbons can be used in a binary cycle.

Question: What happens to the working fluid in a closed loop system?

Question: What sort of system releases the exhaust steam into the atmosphere?

Question: What working fluid is used in a mercury vapor turbine?

Question: What is the typical working fluid in a steam engine?


Context: The efficiency of a Rankine cycle is usually limited by the working fluid. Without the pressure reaching supercritical levels for the working fluid, the temperature range the cycle can operate over is quite small; in steam turbines, turbine entry temperatures are typically 565 °C (the creep limit of stainless steel) and condenser temperatures are around 30 °C. This gives a theoretical Carnot efficiency of about 63% compared with an actual efficiency of 42% for a modern coal-fired power station. This low turbine entry temperature (compared with a gas turbine) is why the Rankine cycle is often used as a bottoming cycle in combined-cycle gas turbine power stations.[citation needed]

Question: What limits the Rankine cycle's efficiency?

Question: What is the turbine entry temperature of a steam turbine, in degrees Celsius?

Question: What is  565 °C the creep limit of?

Question: What is a turbine's theoretical Carnot efficiency?

Question: What is the approximate condenser temperature in a turbine?


Context: Steam engines can be said to have been the moving force behind the Industrial Revolution and saw widespread commercial use driving machinery in factories, mills and mines; powering pumping stations; and propelling transport appliances such as railway locomotives, ships, steamboats and road vehicles. Their use in agriculture led to an increase in the land available for cultivation. There have at one time or another been steam-powered farm tractors, motorcycles (without much success) and even automobiles as the Stanley Steamer.

Question: What devices have been credited as the moving force of the Industrial Revolution?

Question: Along with road vehicles, locomotives and ships, on what vehicles were steam engines used during the Industrial Revolution?

Question: What is an example of a steam-powered automobile?

Question: Along with mills and mines, in what industrial locations did steam drive machines?

Question: What did the use of steam engines in farming lead to?


Context: Trevithick continued his own experiments using a trio of locomotives, concluding with the Catch Me Who Can in 1808. Only four years later, the successful twin-cylinder locomotive Salamanca by Matthew Murray was used by the edge railed rack and pinion Middleton Railway. In 1825 George Stephenson built the Locomotion for the Stockton and Darlington Railway. This was the first public steam railway in the world and then in 1829, he built The Rocket which was entered in and won the Rainhill Trials. The Liverpool and Manchester Railway opened in 1830 making exclusive use of steam power for both passenger and freight trains.

Question: What was the name of the locomotive that debuted in 1808?

Question: Who designed Salamanca?

Question: What type of locomotive was Salamanca?

Question: On what railroad was Salamanca used?

Question: For what railroad did Stephenson build a locomotive in 1825?


Context: A method to lessen the magnitude of this heating and cooling was invented in 1804 by British engineer Arthur Woolf, who patented his Woolf high-pressure compound engine in 1805. In the compound engine, high-pressure steam from the boiler expands in a high-pressure (HP) cylinder and then enters one or more subsequent lower-pressure (LP) cylinders. The complete expansion of the steam now occurs across multiple cylinders and as less expansion now occurs in each cylinder less heat is lost by the steam in each. This reduces the magnitude of cylinder heating and cooling, increasing the efficiency of the engine. By staging the expansion in multiple cylinders, torque variability can be reduced. To derive equal work from lower-pressure steam requires a larger cylinder volume as this steam occupies a greater volume. Therefore, the bore, and often the stroke, are increased in low-pressure cylinders resulting in larger cylinders.

Question: Who patented a high-pressure compound engine in 1805?

Question: What nationality was Arthur Woolf?

Question: What is decreased by staging expansion across multiple cylinders?

Question: What needs to be larger to get the same work out of lower pressure steam?


Context: The main use for steam turbines is in electricity generation (in the 1990s about 90% of the world's electric production was by use of steam turbines) however the recent widespread application of large gas turbine units and typical combined cycle power plants has resulted in reduction of this percentage to the 80% regime for steam turbines. In electricity production, the high speed of turbine rotation matches well with the speed of modern electric generators, which are typically direct connected to their driving turbines. In marine service, (pioneered on the Turbinia), steam turbines with reduction gearing (although the Turbinia has direct turbines to propellers with no reduction gearbox) dominated large ship propulsion throughout the late 20th century, being more efficient (and requiring far less maintenance) than reciprocating steam engines. In recent decades, reciprocating Diesel engines, and gas turbines, have almost entirely supplanted steam propulsion for marine applications.

Question: What percentage of electricity was made by steam turbine in the 1990s?

Question: What marine engines were less efficient than steam turbines?

Question: Along with diesel engines, what engines have overtaken steam engines for marine propulsion?

Question: What engines were used throughout most of the 20th century to propel ships?

Question: What gearing was used on steam turbine marine engines in the 20th century?


Context: The Rankine cycle is the fundamental thermodynamic underpinning of the steam engine. The cycle is an arrangement of components as is typically used for simple power production, and utilizes the phase change of water (boiling water producing steam, condensing exhaust steam, producing liquid water)) to provide a practical heat/power conversion system. The heat is supplied externally to a closed loop with some of the heat added being converted to work and the waste heat being removed in a condenser. The Rankine cycle is used in virtually all steam power production applications. In the 1990s, Rankine steam cycles generated about 90% of all electric power used throughout the world, including virtually all solar, biomass, coal and nuclear power plants. It is named after William John Macquorn Rankine, a Scottish polymath.

Question: What is the steam engine's thermodynamic basis?

Question: What happens to waste heat in the Rankine cycle?

Question: In what decade did the Rankine cycle create 90% of electric power?

Question: Along with solar, coal and nuclear, what sort of plants notable use the Rankine process?

Question: What is William Rankine's nationality?


Context: The historical measure of a steam engine's energy efficiency was its "duty". The concept of duty was first introduced by Watt in order to illustrate how much more efficient his engines were over the earlier Newcomen designs. Duty is the number of foot-pounds of work delivered by burning one bushel (94 pounds) of coal. The best examples of Newcomen designs had a duty of about 7 million, but most were closer to 5 million. Watt's original low-pressure designs were able to deliver duty as high as 25 million, but averaged about 17. This was a three-fold improvement over the average Newcomen design. Early Watt engines equipped with high-pressure steam improved this to 65 million.

Question: How was the efficiency of a steam engine typically evaluated?

Question: What was the average duty of a low-pressure Watt engine?

Question: What was the ideal duty of a Newcomen engine?

Question: What is the weight of a bushel of coal in pounds?

Question: Who invented the notion of a steam engine's duty?