Context: A revised version of the ABC logo was introduced for promotions for the 2013–14 season during the network's upfront presentation on May 14, 2013, and officially introduced on-air on June 17 (although some affiliates implemented the new design prior to then), as part of an overhaul of ABC's identity by design agency LoyalKaspar. The updated logo carries a simpler gloss design than the previous version, and contains lettering more closely resembling Paul Rand's original version of the circle logo. The logo is displayed on-air, online and in print advertising in four variants shading the respective color used with the circle design's native black coloring: a gold version is primarily used on entertainment-oriented outlets (such as ABC.com, WATCH ABC, and by ABC Studios) and the on-screen bug; steel blue and dark grey versions are used primarily by ABC News; a red version is used for ESPN on ABC, while all four variants are used selectively in advertising and by affiliates. A new custom typeface, "ABC Modern" (which was inspired by the logotype), was also created for use in advertising and other promotional materials.

Question: In 2013, ABC's identity was revamped by what design agency?

Question: How many variants is the new ABC logo currently displayed in?

Question: What new typeface was created for ABC for use in advertising?

Question: What network uses a red version of the new ABC logo?


Context: By 1954, all U.S. networks had regained control of their programming, with higher advertising revenues: ABC's revenue increased by 67% (earning $26 million), NBC's went up by 30% ($100 million) and CBS's rose by 44% ($117 million). However that year, ABC had only 14 primary affiliates compared to the 74 that carried the majority of CBS programs and the 71 that were primarily affiliated with NBC. Most markets outside the largest ones were not large enough to support three full-time network affiliates. In some markets that were large enough for a third full-time affiliate, the only available commercial allocation was on the less-desirable UHF band. Until the All-Channel Receiver Act (passed by Congress in 1961) mandated the inclusion of UHF tuning, most viewers needed to purchase a converter to be able to watch UHF stations, and the signal quality was marginal at best even with a converter. Additionally, during the analog television era, UHF stations were not adequately receivable in rugged terrain. These factors made many prospective station owners skittish about investing in a UHF station, especially one that would have had to take on an affiliation with a weaker network.

Question: How many primary affiliates did ABC have in 1954?

Question: How many primary affiliates did CBS have in 1954?

Question: What important legislation was passed by Congress for the television industry in 1961?

Question: The All-Channel Receiver Act mandated the support of what kind of tuning?


Context: As a result, with the exception of the largest markets, ABC was relegated to secondary status on one or both of the existing stations, usually via off-hours clearances (a notable exception during this time was WKST-TV in Youngstown, Ohio, now WYTV, despite the small size of the surrounding market and its close proximity to Cleveland and Pittsburgh even decades before the city's economic collapse). According to Goldenson, this meant that an hour of ABC programming reported five times lower viewership than its competitors. However, the network's intake of money at the time would allow it to accelerate its content production. Still, ABC's limited reach would continue to hobble it for the next two decades; several smaller markets would not grow large enough to support a full-time ABC affiliate until the 1960s, with some very small markets having to wait as late as the 1980s or even the advent of digital television in the 2000s, which allowed stations like WTRF-TV in Wheeling, West Virginia to begin airing ABC programming on a digital subchannel after airing the network's programs outside of recommended timeslots decades before.

Question: ABC had secondary status on the existing stations in what Ohio town?

Question: Relegation to secondary status for ABC resulted in viewership how much lower than their competitors, according to Goldenson?

Question: The beginnings of digital television allowed what affiliate in Wheeling, West Virginia to begin airing ABC programs digitally?

Question: Very small markets had to wait until what decade to support an ABC affiliate?


Context: On September 3, 1958, the Disneyland anthology series was retitled Walt Disney Presents as it became disassociated with the theme park of the same name. The movement in westerns, which ABC is credited for having started, represented a fifth of all primetime series on American television in January 1959, at which point detective shows were beginning to rise in popularity as well. ABC requested additional productions from Disney. In late 1958, Desilu Productions pitched its detective series The Untouchables to CBS; after that network rejected the show because of its use of violence, Desilu then presented it to ABC, which agreed to pick up the show, and debuted The Untouchables in April 1959. The series went on to quickly become "immensely popular".

Question: What was the Disneyland anthology series retitled in 1958?

Question: What production company pitched The Untouchables to CBS in 1958?

Question: Why did CBS turn down the pitch for The Untouchables?

Question: When did the Untouchables debut on ABC?


Context: Due to pressure from film studios wanting to increase their production, as the major networks began airing theatrically released films, ABC joined CBS and NBC in broadcasting films on Sunday nights in 1962, with the launch of the ABC Sunday Night Movie, which debuted a year behind its competitors and was initially presented in black-and-white. Despite a significant increase in viewership (with its audience share having increased to 33% from the 15% share it had in 1953), ABC remained in third place; the company had a total revenue of $15.5 million, a third of the revenue pulled in by CBS at the same period. To catch up, ABC followed up The Flintstones with another animated series from Hanna-Barbera, The Jetsons, which debuted on September 23, 1962 as the first television series to be broadcast in color on the network. On April 1, 1963, ABC debuted the soap opera General Hospital, which would go on to become the television network's long-running entertainment program. That year also saw the premiere of The Fugitive (on September 17), a drama series centering on a man on the run after being accused of committing a murder he did not commit.

Question: What was the title of ABC's broadcast film program that debuted on Sundays in 1962?

Question: What was ABC's revenue in 1962?

Question: What production company produced the animated series The Flintstones for ABC?

Question: What was the first series to be televised in color on ABC?

Question: When did General Hospital first debut on ABC?


Context: On December 7, 1965, Goldenson announced a merger proposal with ITT to ABC management; the two companies agreed to the deal on April 27, 1966. The FCC approved the merger on December 21, 1966; however, the previous day (December 20), Donald F. Turner, head antitrust regulator for the United States Department of Justice, expressed doubts related to such issues as the emerging cable television market, and concerns over the journalistic integrity of ABC and how it could be influenced by the overseas ownership of ITT. ITT management promised that the company would allow ABC to retain autonomy in the publishing business. The merger was suspended, and a complaint was filed by the Department of Justice in July 1967, with ITT going to trial in October 1967; the merger was officially canceled after the trial's conclusion on January 1, 1968.

Question: Leonard Goldenson announced a merger proposal with what company in December 1965?

Question: What anitrust regulator had doubts about the ITT and ABC merger?

Question: The merger between ITT and ABC was suspended after a complaint was filed by whom in July 1967?

Question: When was the merger between ITT and ABC officially canceled?


Context: In December 1984, Thomas S. Murphy, chief executive officer of Capital Cities Communications, contacted Leonard Goldenson about a proposal to merge their respective companies. On March 16, 1985, ABC's executive committee accepted the merger offer, which was formally announced on March 18, 1985, with Capital Cities purchasing ABC and its related properties for $3.5 billion and $118 for each of ABC's shares as well as a guarantee of 10% (or $3) for a total of $121 per share. To finance the purchase, Capital Cities borrowed $2.1 billion from a consortium of banks, which sold certain assets that Capital Cites could not acquire or retain due to FCC ownership rules for a combined $900 million and sold off several cable television systems, which were sold to The Washington Post Company (forming the present-day Cable One). The remaining $500 million was loaned by Warren Buffett, who promised that his company Berkshire Hathaway would purchase $3 million in shares, at $172.50 apiece. Due to an FCC ban on same-market ownership of television and radio stations by a single company (although the deal would have otherwise complied with new ownership rules implemented by the FCC in January 1985, that allowed broadcasters to own a maximum of 12 television stations), ABC and Capital Cities respectively decided to sell WXYZ-TV and Tampa independent station WFTS-TV to the E. W. Scripps Company (although Capital Cities/ABC originally intended to seek a cross-ownership waiver to retain WXYZ and Capital Cities-owned radio stations WJR and WHYT).

Question: In 1984 Thomas Murphy contacted Leonard Goldenson about merging ABC with what company?

Question: How much did Capital Cities Communications purchase ABC and its properties for?

Question: $500 Million was supplied for the Capital City - ABC merger by what investor?

Question: Capital City and ABC sold the WXYZ-TV and WFTS-TV stations to what company?

Question: New ownership rules by the FCC in 1985 allowed broadcasters to own a maximum of how many stations?


Context: The merger between ABC and Capital Cities received federal approval on September 5, 1985. After the ABC/Capital Cities merger was finalized on January 3, 1986, the combined company – which became known as Capital Cities/ABC, Inc. – added four television stations (WPVI-TV/Philadelphia, KTRK-TV/Houston, KFSN-TV/Fresno and WTVD/Raleigh) and several radio stations to ABC's broadcasting portfolio, and also included Fairchild Publications and four newspapers (including The Kansas City Star and Fort Worth Star-Telegram). It also initiated several changes in its management: Frederick S. Pierce was named president of ABC's broadcasting division; Michael P. Millardi became vice president of ABC Broadcasting, and president of ABC Owned Stations and ABC Video Enterprises; John B. Sias was appointed president of the ABC Television Network; Brandon Stoddard became president of ABC Entertainment (a position to which he had been appointed in November 1985); and Roone Arledge became president of ABC News and ABC Sports. In February 1986, Thomas S. Murphy, who had been serving as CEO of Capital Cities since 1964, was appointed chairman and CEO emeritus of ABC. Jim Duffy stepped down as ABC Television president for a management position at ABC Communications, a subsidiary that specialized in community service programming, including shows related to literary education.

Question: When did the merger between ABC and Capital Cities gain federal approval?

Question: After the merger between ABC and Capital Cities was completed, what was the resulting company known as?

Question: After the Capital Cities - ABC merger, Frederick Pierce was named to what position?

Question: After the merger between ABC and Capital Cities, who became the vice president of ABC broadcasting?

Question: In the wake of the ABC and Capital Cities merger, who was the president of ABC News and ABC Sports?


Context: As far as programming is concerned, four of ABC's marquee shows of the 1970s ended their runs during the mid-1980s: Laverne & Shirley ended its run in 1983, Happy Days and Three's Company ended in 1984 (with the latter producing a short-lived spinoff that year), while The Love Boat ended its run in 1986. After nearly a decade of ratings trouble, NBC had regained the ratings lead among the Big Three networks in 1984 on the success of series such as The Cosby Show, Cheers and Miami Vice. To counteract NBC, ABC decided to refocus itself on comedies and family-oriented series beginning in the mid-1980s including Mr. Belvedere, Roseanne, Who's the Boss?, Just the Ten of Us, The Wonder Years, Full House and Perfect Strangers.

Question: Which sitcom ended its broadcast run for ABC in 1983?

Question: Which sitcom produced a spinoff for ABC after ending its run in 1984?

Question: Which network regained the ratings lead in America in 1984?

Question: What comedy for ABC ended its broadcast run in 1986?

Question: ABC began to focus on what kind of series after NBC's success in 1984?


Context: Following the initial success of these series, ABC revamped its Friday night schedule around family-friendly comedies in the late 1980s, culminating in the 1989 debut of the "TGIF" block (which promotions referenced stood for "Thank Goodness It's Funny"). Many of the series featured during the run of the block were produced by Miller-Boyett Productions, a Warner Bros.-based studio that briefly programmed the entire Friday lineup during the 1990–91 season (with Going Places joining Family Matters, Full House and Perfect Strangers on the "TGIF" schedule) and through its development deal with Paramount Television prior to 1986 (as Miller-Milkis, and later, Miller-Milkis-Boyett Productions), had earlier produced Happy Days and its various spinoffs among other series for the network.

Question: What comedy block debuted in 1989 for ABC?

Question: What does "TGIF" stand for?

Question: Most of the productions in the TGIF lineup were produced by what production company?

Question: Miller-Boyett Productions was a studio affiliated with what company?


Context: In 1968, ABC took advantage of new FCC ownership regulations that allowed broadcasting companies to own a maximum of seven radio stations nationwide in order to purchase Houston radio stations KXYZ and KXYZ-FM for $1 million in shares and $1.5 million in bonds. That year, Roone Arledge was named president of ABC Sports; the company also founded ABC Pictures, a film production company which released its first picture that year, the Ralph Nelson-directed Charly. It was renamed ABC Motion Pictures in 1979; the unit was dissolved in 1985. The studio also operated two subsidiaries, Palomar Pictures International and Selmur Pictures. In July 1968, ABC continued its acquisitions in the amusement parks sector with the opening of ABC Marine World in Redwood City, California; that park was sold in 1972 and demolished in 1986, with the land that occupied the park later becoming home to the headquarters of Oracle Corporation.

Question: New broadcast regulations from the FCC in 1968 allowed companies to own a maximum of how many radio stations?

Question: What was the first picture released by ABC Pictures?

Question: Who was the film Charly produced by?

Question: When was the ABC Pictures division eventually dissolved?

Question: Where was ABC Marine World opened?


Context: It was not until the late 1950s that the ABC network became a serious contender to NBC and CBS, and this was in large part due to the diverse range of programming that met the expectations of the public, such as westerns and detective series. Despite an almost 500% increase in advertising revenues between 1953 and 1958, the network only had a national reach of between 10% and 18% of the total U.S. population, as it still had relatively fewer affiliates than NBC and CBS. In 1957, ABC Entertainment president Ollie Treiz discovered that the locally produced variety show Bandstand had pulled very strong ratings in the Philadelphia market on WFIL-TV; Treiz ultimately negotiated a deal to take the show national, under the revised title American Bandstand; the show quickly became a social phenomenon by presenting new musical talent and dances to America's youth and helped make a star out of its host, Dick Clark.

Question: What kind of programs can be credited for ABC's success in the late 1950s?

Question: How much did advertising revenue increase for ABC between 1953 and 1958?

Question: What was the national viewership reach of ABC in 1958?

Question: Who was the ABC Entertainment president in 1957?

Question: Who hosted the bandstand show debuted on ABC in 1957?


Context: These kinds of programs presented ABC with an image of the "philosophy of counterprogramming against its competitors", offering a strong lineup of programs that contrasted with those seen on its rival networks, which helped Goldenson give the network a continuum between film and television. ABC's western series (as well as series such as the actioner Zorro) went up against and defeated the variety shows aired by NBC and CBS in the fall of 1957, and its detective shows did the same in the fall of 1959. To captivate the network's audiences, short 66-minute series were scheduled a half-hour before their hour-long competition. In May 1961, Life criticized the public enthusiasm and sponsorship for these types of shows at the expense of news programming and denounced an unofficial law "replacing the good programs with the bad ones".

Question: What was the programming philosophy pioneered by ABC and Goldenson?

Question: What ABC action series went up against NBC's variety shows in Fall 1957?

Question: What magazine criticized ABC's programming strategy in May 1961?

Question: What kind of shows were used as counterprogramming by ABC in the Fall of 1959?


Context: In May 2013, ABC launched "WATCH ABC", a revamp of its traditional multi-platform streaming services encompassing the network's existing streaming portal at ABC.com and a mobile app for smartphones and tablet computers; in addition to providing full-length episodes of ABC programs, the service allows live programming streams of local ABC affiliates in select markets (the first such offering by a U.S. broadcast network). Similar to sister network ESPN's WatchESPN service (which originated the "WATCH" brand used by the streaming services of Disney's television networks), live streams of ABC stations are only available to authenticated subscribers of participating pay television providers in certain markets. New York City O&O WABC-TV and Philadelphia O&O WPVI-TV were the first stations to offer streams of their programming on the service (with a free preview for non-subscribers through June 2013), with the six remaining ABC O&Os offering streams by the start of the 2013–14 season. Hearst Television also reached a deal to offer streams of its ABC affiliates (including stations in Boston, Kansas City, Milwaukee and West Palm Beach) on the service.

Question: What service did ABC launch in May 2013?

Question: What were the first local stations to offer streams of their programming on WATCH ABC?

Question: What company reached a deal to also stream its ABC affiliates?

Question: What is the name of ESPN's streaming service that is analogous to WATCH ABC?


Context: The Sinclair Broadcast Group is the largest operator of ABC stations by numerical total, owning or providing services to 28 ABC affiliates and two additional subchannel-only affiliates; Sinclair owns the largest ABC subchannel affiliate by market size, WABM-DT2/WDBB-DT2 in the Birmingham market, which serve as repeaters of WBMA-LD (the largest low-power "Big Four" affiliate by market size, which itself is also simulcast on a subchannel of former WBMA satellite WGWW, owned by Sinclair partner company Howard Stirk Holdings). The E. W. Scripps Company is the largest operator of ABC stations in terms of overall market reach, owning 15 ABC-affiliated stations (including affiliates in larger markets such as Cleveland, Phoenix, Detroit and Denver), and through its ownership of Phoenix affiliate KNXV, Las Vegas affiliate KTNV-TV and Tucson affiliate KGUN-TV, the only provider of ABC programming for the majority of Arizona (outside of the Yuma-El Centro market) and Southern Nevada.

Question: What broadcast group is the largest operator of ABC stations?

Question: What is the biggest ABC subchannel affiliate by the size of markets?

Question: What is the largest ABC station operator in terms of market reach?

Question: How many affiliates does Sinclair Broadcast Group service or own?

Question: How many ABC affiliates does the E. W. Scripps Company own?


Context: On June 16, 2007, ABC began to phase in a new imaging campaign for the upcoming 2007–08 season, "Start Here". Also developed by Troika, the on-air design was intended to emphasize the availability of ABC content across multiple platforms (in particular, using a system of icons representing different devices, such as television, computers and mobile devices), and "simplify and bring a lot more consistency and continuity to the visual representation of ABC". The ABC logo was also significantly redesigned as part of the transition, with a glossy "ball" effect that was specifically designed for HD. On-air, the logo was accompanied by animated water and ribbon effects. Red ribbons were used to represent the entertainment division, while blue ribbons were used for ABC News.

Question: What was the name for the imaging campaign ABC began in 2007?

Question: Who developed the 2007 imaging campaign for ABC?

Question: Red ribbons in the logo were used to represent which division of ABC?

Question: Blue ribbons in the logo were used to represent which division of ABC?


Context: The network has the unusual distinction of having separately owned and operated affiliates which serve the same market in Tampa, Florida (WFTS-TV and WWSB) and Grand Rapids, Michigan (WZZM and WOTV), with an analogous situation arising in Kansas City, Missouri (KMBC-TV and KQTV). KQTV is licensed to St. Joseph, Missouri, which is designated by Nielsen as a separate market from Kansas City despite being located within 55 miles (89 km) of one another, while WWSB and WOTV serve areas that do not receive an adequate signal from their market's primary ABC affiliate (in the case of WWSB, this dates back to when WTSP was Tampa's primary ABC affiliate prior to 1994, with the former being necessitated to serve the southern part of the Tampa market including the station's city of license, Sarasota, due to WTSP's transmitter being short-spaced to avoid interfering with the analog signal of Miami affiliate WPLG – which like WTSP, broadcast on VHF channel 10).

Question: What are the two ABC affiliates for Tampa, Florida?

Question: What are the two ABC affiliates for Kansas City, Missouri?

Question: What are the two ABC affiliates for Grand Rapids Michigan?

Question: What was Tampa's primary ABC affiliate prior to 1994?


Context: He came to power by uniting many of the nomadic tribes of Northeast Asia. After founding the Mongol Empire and being proclaimed "Genghis Khan", he started the Mongol invasions that resulted in the conquest of most of Eurasia. These included raids or invasions of the Qara Khitai, Caucasus, Khwarezmid Empire, Western Xia and Jin dynasties. These campaigns were often accompanied by wholesale massacres of the civilian populations – especially in the Khwarezmian and Xia controlled lands. By the end of his life, the Mongol Empire occupied a substantial portion of Central Asia and China.

Question: What do we call the empire that Genghis Khan founded?

Question: Who did Genghis Khan unite before he began conquering the rest of Eurasia?

Question: In which regions in particular did Genghis Khan's armies massacre civilians?

Question: What areas did Genghis Khan control at the end of his life?

Question: Which other empires or dynasties did Genghis Khan conquer?


Context: Before Genghis Khan died, he assigned Ögedei Khan as his successor and split his empire into khanates among his sons and grandsons. He died in 1227 after defeating the Western Xia. He was buried in an unmarked grave somewhere in Mongolia at an unknown location. His descendants extended the Mongol Empire across most of Eurasia by conquering or creating vassal states out of all of modern-day China, Korea, the Caucasus, Central Asia, and substantial portions of modern Eastern Europe, Russia, and Southwest Asia. Many of these invasions repeated the earlier large-scale slaughters of local populations. As a result, Genghis Khan and his empire have a fearsome reputation in local histories.

Question: Who did Genghis Khan assign as his successor?

Question: What year did Genghis Khan die?

Question: Which empire was the last one Genghis Khan conquered before he died?

Question: Among whom was Genghis Khan's empire split after his death?

Question: Where was Genghis Khan buried?


Context: Temüjin was probably born in 1162 in Delüün Boldog, near Burkhan Khaldun mountain and the Onon and Kherlen rivers in modern-day northern Mongolia, not far from the current capital Ulaanbaatar. The Secret History of the Mongols reports that Temüjin was born with a blood clot grasped in his fist, a traditional sign that he was destined to become a great leader. He was the second-oldest son of his father Yesügei, a Khamag Mongol's major chief of the Kiyad and an ally of Toghrul Khan of the Keraite tribe, and the oldest son of his mother Hoelun. According to the Secret History, Temüjin was named after a Tatar chieftain, Temüjin-üge, whom his father had just captured.

Question: Where was Genghis Khan likely born?

Question: Who was Genghis Khan's father?

Question: What year was Temüjin, who became Genghis Khan, likely born?

Question: Who might Temüjin have been named after?


Context: Temüjin had three brothers named Hasar, Hachiun, and Temüge, and one sister named Temülen, as well as two half-brothers named Begter and Belgutei. Like many of the nomads of Mongolia, Temüjin's early life was difficult. His father arranged a marriage for him, and at nine years of age he was delivered by his father to the family of his future wife Börte, who was a member of the tribe Khongirad. Temüjin was to live there in service to Dai Setsen, the head of the new household, until he reached the marriageable age of 12.

Question: What was Temüjin' sister's name?

Question: Who were Temüjin's three full brothers?

Question: What was the name of the wife arranged for Temüjin by his father?

Question: Which tribe did Temüjin move in with at nine years of age?

Question: Who was the head of the household that Temüjin joined when he was nine years old?


Context: For the next several years, Hoelun and her children lived in poverty, surviving primarily on wild fruits and ox carcasses, marmots, and other small game killed by Temüjin and his brothers. Begter, Temujin's older half-brother, began to exercise the power of the eldest male in the family and eventually Temujin's mother Hoelun (not Begter's mother) would have to accept him as her husband if and when he became an adult. Temujin's resentment erupted during one hunting excursion that Temüjin and his brother Khasar killed their half-brother Begter.

Question: Which of Temüjin's brothers took up the role of male leader of the family?

Question: Who would Begter have married when he came of age?

Question: Who killed Begter, Temüjin's half-brother?

Question: When was Temüjin's half-brother Begter killed?


Context: In another incident, around 1177, he was captured in a raid and held prisoner by his father's former allies, the Tayichi'ud. The Tayichi'ud enslaved Temüjin (reportedly with a cangue, a sort of portable stocks), but with the help of a sympathetic guard, the father of Chilaun (who later became a general of Genghis Khan), he was able to escape from the ger (yurt) in the middle of the night by hiding in a river crevice.[citation needed] It was around this time that Jelme and Bo'orchu, two of Genghis Khan's future generals, joined forces with him. Temüjin's reputation also became widespread after his escape from the Tayichi'ud.

Question: Who captured and held Temüjin prisoner around 1177?

Question: How was Temüjin kept imprisoned by the Tayichi'ud?

Question: Which of his future general's fathers helped Temüjin escape the Tayichi'ud?

Question: Which of his future generals joined forces with Temüjin around the time of his escape from the Tayichi'ud?

Question: Where did Temüjin hide during his escape from the Tayichi'ud?


Context: At this time, none of the tribal confederations of Mongolia were united politically, and arranged marriages were often used to solidify temporary alliances. Temüjin grew up observing the tough political climate of Mongolia, which included tribal warfare, thievery, raids, corruption, and continual acts of revenge carried out between the various confederations, all compounded by interference from foreign forces such as the Chinese dynasties to the south. Temüjin's mother Hoelun taught him many lessons about the unstable political climate of Mongolia, especially the need for alliances.

Question: What was used to from political alliances among the Mongolian tribal confederations?

Question: Who taught Temüjin early lessons about politics in Mongolia?

Question: Which foreign forces often meddled in the Mongolian political scene?

Question: What did Temüjin's mother emphasize in his lessons about Mongolia's volatile political climate?


Context: As previously arranged by his father, Temüjin married Börte of the Onggirat tribe when he was around 16 in order to cement alliances between their respective tribes. Soon after Börte's marriage to Temüjin, she was kidnapped by the Merkits and reportedly given away as a wife. Temüjin rescued her with the help of his friend and future rival, Jamukha, and his protector, Toghrul Khan of the Keraite tribe. She gave birth to a son, Jochi (1185–1226), nine months later, clouding the issue of his parentage. Despite speculation over Jochi, Börte would be Temüjin's only empress, though he did follow tradition by taking several morganatic wives.

Question: What was the tribe of the woman Temüjin married when he was around 16 years old?

Question: Who kidnapped Temüjin's first wife soon after they were married?

Question: Who helped Temüjin rescue his wife from the Merkits?

Question: What was the name of Temüjin's wife Börte's first son?

Question: What year did Börte's give birth to Jochi?


Context: Börte had three more sons, Chagatai (1187—1241), Ögedei (1189—1241), and Tolui (1190–1232). Genghis Khan also had many other children with his other wives, but they were excluded from the succession. While the names of sons were documented, daughters were not. The names of at least six daughters are known, and while they played significant roles behind the scenes during his lifetime, no documents have survived that definitively provide the number or names of daughters born to the consorts of Genghis Khan.

Question: How many sons did Börte bear Genghis Khan after Jochi?

Question: What was the name of Börte's second male child?

Question: What year did two of Ghengis Khan and Börte's sons die?

Question: Which male child of Ghengis Khan and Börte was born last?

Question: How many names of Ghengis Khan's daughters are known?


Context: Temüjin began his ascent to power by offering himself as an ally (or, according to other sources, a vassal) to his father's anda (sworn brother or blood brother) Toghrul, who was Khan of the Keraites, and is better known by the Chinese title "Wang Khan", which the Jurchen Jin dynasty granted him in 1197. This relationship was first reinforced when Börte was captured by the Merkits. Temüjin turned to Toghrul for support, and in response, Toghrul offered his vassal 20,000 of his Keraite warriors and suggested that he also involve his childhood friend Jamukha, who had himself become Khan (ruler) of his own tribe, the Jadaran.

Question: What is an anda?

Question: With whom was Temüjin's first important alliance?

Question: What tribe did Toghrul lead?

Question: How many warriors did Toghrul provide Temüjin when his wife was captured?

Question: Which of Temüjin's childhood friends did Toghrul suggest he also enlist?


Context: As Jamukha and Temüjin drifted apart in their friendship, each began consolidating power, and soon became rivals. Jamukha supported the traditional Mongolian aristocracy, while Temüjin followed a meritocratic method, and attracted a broader, though lower class, range of followers. Due to his earlier defeat of the Merkits, and a proclamation by the shaman Kokochu that the Eternal Blue Sky had set aside the world for Temüjin, Temüjin began rising to power. In 1186, Temüjin was elected khan of the Mongols. However, Jamukha, threatened by Temüjin's rapid ascent, quickly moved to stop Temüjin's ambitions. In 1187, he launched an attack against his former friend with an army of thirty thousand troops. Temüjin hastily gathered together his followers to defend against the attack, but he was decisively beaten in the Battle of Dalan Balzhut. Jamukha horrified people greatly and harmed his image by boiling seventy young male captives alive in cauldrons, alienating many of his potential followers and eliciting sympathy for Temüjin. Toghrul, as Temüjin's patron, was exiled to the Qara Khitai. The life of Temüjin for the next ten years is very unclear, as historical records are mostly silent on that period.

Question: Who did Jamukha support that were not part of Temüjin's power base?

Question: Which shaman's proclamation aided Temüjin's rise?

Question: When was Temüjin elected khan of the Mongols?

Question: Which battle did Temüjin lose to Jamukha shortly after his election as khan?

Question: Where was Temüjin's patron Toghrul exiled?


Context: As an incentive for absolute obedience and following his rule of law, the Yassa code, Temüjin promised civilians and soldiers wealth from future possible war spoils. As he defeated rival tribes, he did not drive away enemy soldiers and abandon the rest. Instead, he took the conquered tribe under his protection and integrated its members into his own tribe. He would even have his mother adopt orphans from the conquered tribe, bringing them into his family. These political innovations inspired great loyalty among the conquered people, making Temüjin stronger with each victory.

Question: What was the name of Temüjin's laws?

Question: What did Temüjin promise his followers in exchange for their obedience?

Question: Who did Temüjin's mother adopt to help integrate the tribes he conquered?

Question: What did Temüjin offer the people he conquered in order earn their loyalty?


Context: One of the later ruptures between Toghrul and Temüjin was Toghrul's refusal to give his daughter in marriage to Jochi, the eldest son of Temüjin, a sign of disrespect in the Mongolian culture. This act led to the split between both factions and was a prelude to war. Toghrul allied himself with Jamukha, who already opposed Temüjin's forces; however, the internal dispute between Toghrul and Jamukha, plus the desertion of a number of their allies to Temüjin, led to Toghrul's defeat. Jamukha escaped during the conflict. This defeat was a catalyst for the fall and eventual dissolution of the Keraite tribe.

Question: To whom did Toghrul refuse to give his daughter in marriage, angering Temüjin?

Question: Who did Toghrul join in a campaign against Temüjin?

Question: Who escaped when Temüjin emerged victorious in his conflict with Toghrul?

Question: What tribe fell apart after Temüjin defeated Toghrul?


Context: The next direct threat to Temüjin was the Naimans (Naiman Mongols), with whom Jamukha and his followers took refuge. The Naimans did not surrender, although enough sectors again voluntarily sided with Temüjin. In 1201, a khuruldai elected Jamukha as Gür Khan, "universal ruler", a title used by the rulers of the Qara Khitai. Jamukha's assumption of this title was the final breach with Temüjin, and Jamukha formed a coalition of tribes to oppose him. Before the conflict, however, several generals abandoned Jamukha, including Subutai, Jelme's well-known younger brother. After several battles, Jamukha was finally turned over to Temüjin by his own men in 1206.

Question: Who protected Jamukha after he escaped the conflict with Temüjin?

Question: What year was Jamukha elected Gür Khan?

Question: What does the title Gür Khan mean?

Question: Which well-known general abandoned Jamukha's coalition against Temüjin?

Question: What year was Jamukha surrendered to Temüjin?


Context: According to the Secret History, Temüjin again offered his friendship to Jamukha, asking him to return to his side. Temüjin had killed the men who betrayed Jamukha, stating that he did not want disloyal men in his army. Jamukha refused the offer of friendship and reunion, saying that there can only be one sun in the sky, and he asked for a noble death. The custom is to die without spilling blood, which is granted by breaking the back. Jamukha requested this form of death, despite the fact that in the past Jamukha had been known to have boiled his opponents' generals alive.

Question: What did Temüjin offer Jamukha after the latter's defeat?

Question: Why did Temüjin kill those of Jamukha's followers that had betrayed their leader?

Question: What did Jamukha request from Temüjin instead of friendship?

Question: What form of death did Jamukha hope Temüjin would allow him?


Context: Accounts of Genghis Khan's life are marked by claims of a series of betrayals and conspiracies. These include rifts with his early allies such as Jamukha (who also wanted to be a ruler of Mongol tribes) and Wang Khan (his and his father's ally), his son Jochi, and problems with the most important shaman, who was allegedly trying to drive a wedge between him and his loyal brother Khasar. His military strategies showed a deep interest in gathering good intelligence and understanding the motivations of his rivals, exemplified by his extensive spy network and Yam route systems. He seemed to be a quick student, adopting new technologies and ideas that he encountered, such as siege warfare from the Chinese. He was also ruthless, demonstrated by his tactic of measuring against the linchpin, used against the tribes led by Jamukha.

Question: From whom did Genghis Khan learn seige warfare?

Question: Which rival's tribes did Genghis Khan famously measure against the linchpin?

Question: An important shaman was alleged to be trying to distance Genghis Khan from which of his brothers?

Question: What aspect of the economy did Genghis Khan exploit for intelligence gathering?

Question: Who was the ally of his father that Genghis Khan fell out as time passed?


Context: As a result, by 1206 Temüjin had managed to unite or subdue the Merkits, Naimans, Mongols, Keraites, Tatars, Uyghurs, and other disparate smaller tribes under his rule. It was a monumental feat for the "Mongols" (as they became known collectively). At a Khuruldai, a council of Mongol chiefs, Temüjin was acknowledged as "Khan" of the consolidated tribes and took the new title "Genghis Khan". The title Khagan was not conferred on Genghis until after his death, when his son and successor, Ögedei, took the title for himself and extended it posthumously to his father (as he was also to be posthumously declared the founder of the Yuan dynasty). This unification of all confederations by Genghis Khan established peace between previously warring tribes and a single political and military force under Genghis Khan.

Question: By what year had Temüjin created a significant "Mongol" tribal alliance?

Question: What is the term for a meeting of Mongol chiefs?

Question: What title was given to Genghis Khan posthumously?

Question: Who gave Genghis Khan the title Khadan?

Question: Who made Temüjin khan of the Mongols?


Context: In 1211, after the conquest of Western Xia, Genghis Khan planned again to conquer the Jin dynasty. The commander of the Jin dynasty army made a tactical mistake in not attacking the Mongols at the first opportunity. Instead, the Jin commander sent a messenger, Ming-Tan, to the Mongol side, who defected and told the Mongols that the Jin army was waiting on the other side of the pass. At this engagement fought at Badger Pass the Mongols massacred hundreds of thousands of Jin troops. In 1215 Genghis besieged, captured, and sacked the Jin capital of Zhongdu (modern-day Beijing). This forced the Emperor Xuanzong to move his capital south to Kaifeng, abandoning the northern half of his kingdom to the Mongols. Between 1232 and 1233, Kaifeng fell to the Mongols under the reign of Genghis' third son, Ögedei Khan. The Jin dynasty collapsed in 1234, after the siege of Caizhou.

Question: What dynasty did Genghis Khan plan to attack after conquering Western Xia?

Question: Who was the Jin dynasty defector who betrayed the location of the Jin army?

Question: When did Genghis Khan capture the Jin dynasty capital?

Question: Where did the Jin emporer relocate his capital after Genghis Khan overran the norther part of his empire?

Question: Which of Genghis Khan's sons completed the conquest of the Jin dynasty?


Context: Kuchlug, the deposed Khan of the Naiman confederation that Temüjin defeated and folded into his Mongol Empire, fled west and usurped the khanate of Qara Khitai (also known as the Western Liao, as it was originally established as remnants of the Liao dynasty). Genghis Khan decided to conquer the Qara Khitai and defeat Kuchlug, possibly to take him out of power. By this time the Mongol army was exhausted from ten years of continuous campaigning in China against the Western Xia and Jin dynasty. Therefore, Genghis sent only two tumen (20,000 soldiers) against Kuchlug, under his younger general, Jebe, known as "The Arrow".

Question: Who took control of Qara Khitai after fleeing Temüjin's Mongol Empire?

Question: What older dynasty was replaced by the Western Liao, or Qara Khitai?

Question: How many soldiers did Genghis Khan send against Kuchlug and Qara Khitai?

Question: Which young general did Genghis Khan send to conquer Qara Khitai?

Question: What other moniker was Genghis Khan's general Jebe known by?


Context: With such a small force, the invading Mongols were forced to change strategies and resort to inciting internal revolt among Kuchlug's supporters, leaving the Qara Khitai more vulnerable to Mongol conquest. As a result, Kuchlug's army was defeated west of Kashgar. Kuchlug fled again, but was soon hunted down by Jebe's army and executed. By 1218, as a result of defeat of Qara Khitai, the Mongol Empire and its control extended as far west as Lake Balkhash, which bordered the Khwarezmia (Khwarezmid Empire), a Muslim state that reached the Caspian Sea to the west and Persian Gulf and the Arabian Sea to the south.

Question: What strategy did Jebe's army use against Kuchlug and his supporters?

Question: Where did Jebe's forces first defeat Kuchlug?

Question: How far west did the Mongol Empire extend after Kuchlug's demise?

Question: Which empire bordered the Mongol Empire to the west in 1218?

Question: What kind of state was the Khwarezmia?


Context: In the early 13th century, the Khwarazmian dynasty was governed by Shah Ala ad-Din Muhammad. Genghis Khan saw the potential advantage in Khwarezmia as a commercial trading partner using the Silk Road, and he initially sent a 500-man caravan to establish official trade ties with the empire. However, Inalchuq, the governor of the Khwarezmian city of Otrar, attacked the caravan that came from Mongolia, claiming that the caravan contained spies and therefore was a conspiracy against Khwarezmia. The situation became further complicated because the governor later refused to make repayments for the looting of the caravans and handing over the perpetrators. Genghis Khan then sent again a second group of three ambassadors (two Mongols and a Muslim) to meet the Shah himself instead of the governor Inalchuq. The Shah had all the men shaved and the Muslim beheaded and sent his head back with the two remaining ambassadors. This was seen as an affront and insult to Genghis Khan. Outraged, Genghis Khan planned one of his largest invasion campaigns by organizing together around 100,000 soldiers (10 tumens), his most capable generals and some of his sons. He left a commander and number of troops in China, designated his successors to be his family members and likely appointed Ögedei to be his immediate successor and then went out to Khwarezmia.

Question: Who was the leader of the Khwarezmian dynasty in the early 1200s?

Question: Who ordered the attack on the caravan of traders Genghis Khan send to Khwarezmia?

Question: Which of Genghis Khan's ambassadors did the Shah have beheaded?

Question: How many soldiers did Genghis Khan take with him to Khwarezmia?

Question: What trading route joined Khwarezmia and the Mongol Empire?


Context: The Mongol army under Genghis Khan, generals and his sons crossed the Tien Shan mountains by entering the area controlled by the Khwarezmian Empire. After compiling intelligence from many sources Genghis Khan carefully prepared his army, which was divided into three groups. His son Jochi led the first division into the northeast of Khwarezmia. The second division under Jebe marched secretly to the southeast part of Khwarzemia to form, with the first division, a pincer attack on Samarkand. The third division under Genghis Khan and Tolui marched to the northwest and attacked Khwarzemia from that direction.

Question: What mountain range did Genghis Khan cross to enter the Khwarezmian Empire?

Question: How many divisions comprised Genghis Khan's army in Khwarezmia?

Question: Where did Jebe's division of Genghis Khan's army campaign in Khwarezmia?

Question: Who led the third division in Khwarezmia alongside Genghis Khan himself?

Question: Which area of Khwarezmia did the first and second divisions of the Mongol army target in a pincer attack?


Context: The Shah's army was split by diverse internecine feuds and by the Shah's decision to divide his army into small groups concentrated in various cities. This fragmentation was decisive in Khwarezmia's defeats, as it allowed the Mongols, although exhausted from the long journey, to immediately set about defeating small fractions of the Khwarzemi forces instead of facing a unified defense. The Mongol army quickly seized the town of Otrar, relying on superior strategy and tactics. Genghis Khan ordered the wholesale massacre of many of the civilians, enslaved the rest of the population and executed Inalchuq by pouring molten silver into his ears and eyes, as retribution for his actions. Near the end of the battle the Shah fled rather than surrender. Genghis Khan ordered Subutai and Jebe to hunt him down, giving them 20,000 men and two years to do this. The Shah died under mysterious circumstances on a small island within his empire.

Question: What feature of the Shah's army enable the weary Mongol forces easy early victories?

Question: Which town's massacre did Genghis Khan order in retribution for the treatment of his envoys?

Question: What metal was used in Inalchuq's execution?

Question: What did the Shah do when faced with defeat by Genghis Khan's forces?

Question: Who did Genghis Khan charge with finding and punishing the Shah?


Context: The Mongols' conquest, even by their own standards, was brutal. After the capital Samarkand fell, the capital was moved to Bukhara by the remaining men, while Genghis Khan ordered two of his generals and their forces to completely destroy the remnants of the Khwarezmid Empire, including not only royal buildings, but entire towns, populations, and even vast swaths of farmland. According to legend, Genghis Khan even went so far as to divert a river through the Khwarezmid emperor's birthplace, erasing it from the map.[citation needed]

Question: What was the capital of Khwarezmia before the Mongol invasion?

Question: Where was the Khwarezmid capital moved after Genghis Khan's forces prevailed in Samarkand?

Question: What does legend say Genghis Khan used to obliterate the Kharezmid emporer's place of birth?


Context: The Mongols attacked Samarkand using captured enemies as body shields. After several days only a few remaining soldiers, loyal supporters of the Shah, held out in the citadel. After the fortress fell, Genghis supposedly reneged on his surrender terms and executed every soldier that had taken arms against him at Samarkand. The people of Samarkand were ordered to evacuate and assemble in a plain outside the city, where they were killed and pyramids of severed heads raised as a symbol of victory. Ata-Malik Juvayni, a high official in the service of the Mongol empire, wrote that in Termez, on the Oxus, "all the people, both men and women, were driven out onto the plain, and divided in accordance with their usual custom, then they were all slain".

Question: What did the Mongols shield themselves with while attacking Samarkand?

Question: How did Genghis Khan observed the surrender terms after Samarkand fell?

Question: What victory symbols did the Mongols build on the plains outside Samarkand?


Context: The city of Bukhara was not heavily fortified, with a moat and a single wall, and the citadel typical of Khwarezmi cities. The city leaders opened the gates to the Mongols, though a unit of Turkish defenders held the city's citadel for another twelve days. Survivors from the citadel were executed, artisans and craftsmen were sent back to Mongolia, young men who had not fought were drafted into the Mongolian army and the rest of the population was sent into slavery. As the Mongol soldiers looted the city, a fire broke out, razing most of the city to the ground. Genghis Khan had the city's surviving population assemble in the main mosque of the town, where he declared that he was the flail of God, sent to punish them for their sins.

Question: How did the leaders of the city of Bukhara respond to the Mongol attack?

Question: Who continued to hold the citadel of Bukhara after the Mongols took the rest of the city?

Question: Which residents of Bukhara were spared and sent back to Mongolia?

Question: How did Genghis Khan describe himself to the people of Bukhara?

Question: Who among the population of Bukhara became part of the Mongolian army?


Context: After the defeat of the Khwarezmian Empire in 1220, Genghis Khan gathered his forces in Persia and Armenia to return to the Mongolian steppes. Under the suggestion of Subutai, the Mongol army was split into two forces. Genghis Khan led the main army on a raid through Afghanistan and northern India towards Mongolia, while another 20,000 (two tumen) contingent marched through the Caucasus and into Russia under generals Jebe and Subutai. They pushed deep into Armenia and Azerbaijan. The Mongols destroyed the kingdom of Georgia, sacked the Genoese trade-fortress of Caffa in Crimea and overwintered near the Black Sea. Heading home, Subutai's forces attacked the allied forces of the Cuman–Kipchaks and the poorly coordinated 80,000 Kievan Rus' troops led by Mstislav the Bold of Halych and Mstislav III of Kiev who went out to stop the Mongols' actions in the area. Subutai sent emissaries to the Slavic princes calling for a separate peace, but the emissaries were executed. At the Battle of Kalka River in 1223, Subutai's forces defeated the larger Kievan force. They also may have fought against the neighboring Volga Bulgars. There is no historical record except a short account by the Arab historian Ibn al-Athir, writing in Mosul some 1100 miles away from the event. Various historical secondary sources - Morgan, Chambers, Grousset - state that the Mongols actually defeated the Bulgars, Chambers even going so far as to say that the Bulgars had made up stories to tell the (recently crushed) Russians that they had beaten the Mongols and driven them from their territory. The Russian princes then sued for peace. Subutai agreed but was in no mood to pardon the princes. As was customary in Mongol society for nobility, the Russian princes were given a bloodless death. Subutai had a large wooden platform constructed on which he ate his meals along with his other generals. Six Russian princes, including Mstislav III of Kiev, were put under this platform and crushed to death.

Question: What year did the Khwarezmian Empire fall to Genghis Khan?

Question: Whose plan called for the Mongolian army to split in two after the Khwarezmian conquest?

Question: Where did Jebe and Subutai spend the winter following the split of the Mongol army?

Question: Where was the Kievian force that confronted Subutai's army defeated in 1223?

Question: Who led the Kievian Rus' troops against Subutai's Mongol army?


Context: The Mongols learned from captives of the abundant green pastures beyond the Bulgar territory, allowing for the planning for conquest of Hungary and Europe. Genghis Khan recalled Subutai back to Mongolia soon afterwards, and Jebe died on the road back to Samarkand. The famous cavalry expedition led by Subutai and Jebe, in which they encircled the entire Caspian Sea defeating all armies in their path, remains unparalleled to this day, and word of the Mongol triumphs began to trickle to other nations, particularly Europe. These two campaigns are generally regarded as reconnaissance campaigns that tried to get the feel of the political and cultural elements of the regions. In 1225 both divisions returned to Mongolia. These invasions added Transoxiana and Persia to an already formidable empire while destroying any resistance along the way. Later under Genghis Khan's grandson Batu and the Golden Horde, the Mongols returned to conquer Volga Bulgaria and Kievan Rus' in 1237, concluding the campaign in 1240.

Question: Which Mongol leader completed the conquest of Kievan Rus'?

Question: By what name was the Mongol army that finally conquered Bulgaria known?

Question: Which two Mongol leaders added Persia to the Mongol Empire?

Question: When did Subutai's army return to Mongolia?

Question: Where did Jebe die?


Context: In 1226, immediately after returning from the west, Genghis Khan began a retaliatory attack on the Tanguts. His armies quickly took Heisui, Ganzhou, and Suzhou (not the Suzhou in Jiangsu province), and in the autumn he took Xiliang-fu[disambiguation needed]. One of the Tangut generals challenged the Mongols to a battle near Helan Mountains but was defeated. In November, Genghis laid siege to the Tangut city Lingzhou and crossed the Yellow River, defeating the Tangut relief army. According to legend, it was here that Genghis Khan reportedly saw a line of five stars arranged in the sky and interpreted it as an omen of his victory.

Question: In which year did Genghis Khan strike against the Tanguts?

Question: What season was it when Genghis Khan took Xiliang-fu from the Tanguts?

Question: Who won the battle near the Helan mountains?

Question: What river did Genghis Khan cross before defeating the main Tangut army?

Question: What omen was Genghis Khan reported to have seen assuring his coming victory against the Tanguts?


Context: In 1227, Genghis Khan's army attacked and destroyed the Tangut capital of Ning Hia and continued to advance, seizing Lintiao-fu, Xining province, Xindu-fu, and Deshun province in quick succession in the spring. At Deshun, the Tangut general Ma Jianlong put up a fierce resistance for several days and personally led charges against the invaders outside the city gate. Ma Jianlong later died from wounds received from arrows in battle. Genghis Khan, after conquering Deshun, went to Liupanshan (Qingshui County, Gansu Province) to escape the severe summer. The new Tangut emperor quickly surrendered to the Mongols, and the rest of the Tanguts officially surrendered soon after. Not happy with their betrayal and resistance, Genghis Khan ordered the entire imperial family to be executed, effectively ending the Tangut lineage.

Question: What was the name of the Tangut capital?

Question: Who was the Tangut general who fought Genghis Khan at Deshun?

Question: What weapon caused the wounds that killed Tangut general Ma Jianlong?

Question: Where did Genghis Khan spend the summer after taking Deshun?

Question: What did Genghis Khan do to the Tangut imperial family after their surrender?


Context: The succession of Genghis Khan was already a significant topic during the later years of his reign, as he reached old age. The long running paternity discussion about Genghis' oldest son Jochi was particularly contentious because of the seniority of Jochi among the brothers. According to traditional historical accounts, the issue over Jochi's paternity was voiced most strongly by Chagatai. In The Secret History of the Mongols, just before the invasion of the Khwarezmid Empire by Genghis Khan, Chagatai declared before his father and brothers that he would never accept Jochi as Genghis Khan's successor. In response to this tension, and possibly for other reasons, Ögedei was appointed as successor.

Question: The paternity of which of Genghis Khan's sons was disputed?

Question: Which Mongol leader was most opposed to Jochi as Genghis Khan's successor?

Question: Before which military campaign did Chagatai publicly dispute Jochi's paternity?

Question: Who was appointed Genghis Khan's successor?


Context: Genghis Khan was aware of the friction between his sons (particularly between Chagatai and Jochi) and worried of possible conflict between them if he died. He therefore decided to divide his empire among his sons and make all of them Khan in their own right, while appointing one of his sons as his successor. Chagatai was considered unstable due to his temper and rash behavior, because of statements he made that he would not follow Jochi if he were to become his father's successor. Tolui, Genghis Khan's youngest son, was not to be his successor because he was the youngest and in the Mongol culture, youngest sons were not given much responsibility due to their age. If Jochi were to become successor, it was likely that Chagatai would engage in warfare with him and collapse the empire. Therefore, Genghis Khan decided to give the throne to Ögedei. Ögedei was seen by Genghis Khan as dependable in character and relatively stable and down to earth and would be a neutral candidate and might defuse the situation between his brothers.

Question: Which pair of Genghis Khan's sons were most rivalrous?

Question: Which of Genghis Khan's sons was disqualified from being successor because of his unstable behavior?

Question: Which's of Genghis Khan's successors could not be successor because of his age?

Question: Which son did Genghis Khan view as his most dependable one?


Context: Jochi died in 1226, during his father's lifetime. Some scholars, notably Ratchnevsky, have commented on the possibility that Jochi was secretly poisoned by an order from Genghis Khan. Rashid al-Din reports that the great Khan sent for his sons in the spring of 1223, and while his brothers heeded the order, Jochi remained in Khorasan. Juzjani suggests that the disagreement arose from a quarrel between Jochi and his brothers in the siege of Urgench. Jochi had attempted to protect Urgench from destruction, as it belonged to territory allocated to him as a fief. He concludes his story with the clearly apocryphal statement by Jochi: "Genghis Khan is mad to have massacred so many people and laid waste so many lands. I would be doing a service if I killed my father when he is hunting, made an alliance with Sultan Muhammad, brought this land to life and gave assistance and support to the Muslims." Juzjani claims that it was in response to hearing of these plans that Genghis Khan ordered his son secretly poisoned; however, as Sultan Muhammad was already dead in 1223, the accuracy of this story is questionable.

Question: Jochi's death occurred in what year?

Question: Where did Jochi remain after Genghis Khan sent for his sons in the spring of 1223?

Question: Which territory did Jochi try to protect that may have led to a dispute with his brothers?

Question: Who did Jochi reportedly enlist to help him stop his father's massacres?

Question: Why is Jochi's reported alliance with the Muslims historically suspect?


Context: In August 1227, during the fall of Yinchuan, the capital of Western Xia, Genghis Khan died. The exact cause of his death remains a mystery, and is variously attributed to being killed in action against the Western Xia, illness, falling from his horse, or wounds sustained in hunting or battle. According to The Secret History of the Mongols Genghis Khan fell from his horse while hunting and died because of the injury. He was already old and tired from his journeys. The Galician–Volhynian Chronicle alleges he was killed by the Western Xia in battle, while Marco Polo wrote that he died after the infection of an arrow wound he received during his final campaign. Later Mongol chronicles connect Genghis' death with a Western Xia princess taken as war booty. One chronicle from the early 17th century even relates the legend that the princess hid a small dagger and stabbed him, though some Mongol authors have doubted this version and suspected it to be an invention by the rival Oirads.

Question: Genghis Khan was in the process of taking what capital city when he died?

Question: What does the Secret History say Genghis Khan was doing when he sustained his mortal injuries?

Question: What weapon did Marco Pole report as the cause of Genghis Khan's death?

Question: Later chronicles of Genghis Khan's death implicate a princess from what empire in his death?

Question: Which rival of the Mongols is suspected of inventing the story that Genghis Khan was murdered by a captured princess?


Context: Years before his death, Genghis Khan asked to be buried without markings, according to the customs of his tribe. After he died, his body was returned to Mongolia and presumably to his birthplace in Khentii Aimag, where many assume he is buried somewhere close to the Onon River and the Burkhan Khaldun mountain (part of the Kentii mountain range). According to legend, the funeral escort killed anyone and anything across their path to conceal where he was finally buried. The Genghis Khan Mausoleum, constructed many years after his death, is his memorial, but not his burial site.

Question: What was Genghis Khan's tribes burial custom?

Question: Where is Genghis Khan's presumed to have been delivered?

Question: What river is near Genghis Khan's likely place of burial?

Question: What memorial was built years after Genghis Khan's death and burial?


Context: In 1939 Chinese Nationalist soldiers took the mausoleum from its position at the 'Lord's Enclosure' (Mongolian: Edsen Khoroo) in Mongolia to protect it from Japanese troops. It was taken through Communist-held territory in Yan'an some 900 km on carts to safety at a Buddhist monastery, the Dongshan Dafo Dian, where it remained for ten years. In 1949, as Communist troops advanced, the Nationalist soldiers moved it another 200 km farther west to the famous Tibetan monastery of Kumbum Monastery or Ta'er Shi near Xining, which soon fell under Communist control. In early 1954, Genghis Khan's bier and relics were returned to the Lord's Enclosure in Mongolia. By 1956 a new temple was erected there to house them. In 1968 during the Cultural Revolution, Red Guards destroyed almost everything of value. The "relics" were remade in the 1970s and a great marble statue of Genghis was completed in 1989.

Question: What is the Mongolian name for the original place of the Genghis Khan mausoleum?

Question: Which Buddhist monastery hosted the Genghis Khan mausoleum during the Japanese occupation?

Question: Where did the Chinese Nationalists move the mausoleum away from advancing Chinese Communist forces?

Question: When was the mausoleum returned to the Lord's Enclosure in Mongolia?

Question: Who destroyed the most valuable relics in the mausoleum during the Cultural Revolution?


Context: On October 6, 2004, a joint Japanese-Mongolian archaeological dig uncovered what is believed to be Genghis Khan's palace in rural Mongolia, which raises the possibility of actually locating the ruler's long-lost burial site. Folklore says that a river was diverted over his grave to make it impossible to find (the same manner of burial as the Sumerian King Gilgamesh of Uruk and Atilla the Hun). Other tales state that his grave was stampeded over by many horses, and that trees were then planted over the site, and the permafrost also did its part in hiding the burial site.

Question: On which date was Genghis Khan's palace rediscovered by archeaologists?

Question: What kind of water body is rumored to be obscuring Genghis Khan's burial site?

Question: What two other rulers had their graves hidden under a river?

Question: What animals may have been stampeded over Genghis Khan's grave site?


Context: The Mongol Empire was governed by a civilian and military code, called the Yassa, created by Genghis Khan. The Mongol Empire did not emphasize the importance of ethnicity and race in the administrative realm, instead adopting an approach grounded in meritocracy. The exception was the role of Genghis Khan and his family. The Mongol Empire was one of the most ethnically and culturally diverse empires in history, as befitted its size. Many of the empire's nomadic inhabitants considered themselves Mongols in military and civilian life, including Mongols, Turks and others and included many diverse Khans of various ethnicities as part of the Mongol Empire such as Muhammad Khan.

Question: Who created the code that governed military and civilian conduct in the Mongol Empire?

Question: What was the name of the Mongol Empire's legal code?

Question: What was the guiding principle of the Mongol Empire code of conduct?

Question: Who was exempt from the meritocratic principles of the Mongol Empire?

Question: Who is an example of the diversity of leadership in the Mongol Empire?


Context: There were tax exemptions for religious figures and, to some extent, teachers and doctors. The Mongol Empire practiced religious tolerance because Mongol tradition had long held that religion was a personal concept, and not subject to law or interference.[citation needed] Sometime before the rise of Genghis Khan, Ong Khan, his mentor and eventual rival, had converted to Nestorian Christianity. Various Mongol tribes were Shamanist, Buddhist or Christian. Religious tolerance was thus a well established concept on the Asian steppe.

Question: What perk did religious leaders, teachers, and doctors get in the Mongol Empire?

Question: Which of Genghis Khan's mentors practiced Christianity?

Question: How was religion handled in the Mongol Empire?

Question: What are examples of the various religions of Mongol tribes?


Context: Modern Mongolian historians say that towards the end of his life, Genghis Khan attempted to create a civil state under the Great Yassa that would have established the legal equality of all individuals, including women. However, there is no evidence of this, or of the lifting of discriminatory policies towards sedentary peoples such as the Chinese. Women played a relatively important role in Mongol Empire and in family, for example Töregene Khatun was briefly in charge of the Mongol Empire when next male Khagan was being chosen. Modern scholars refer to the alleged policy of encouraging trade and communication as the Pax Mongolica (Mongol Peace).

Question: Which woman took a leadership role in the Mongol Empire while succession was being determined?

Question: What is the modern term for the Mongolian policies supporting trade and communication?

Question: Who is an example of a sedentary people who were not favored by the laws of the Mongol Empire?

Question: What do some modern historians claim Genghis Khan sought to add his legal code at the end of his reign?


Context: Genghis Khan realised that he needed people who could govern cities and states conquered by him. He also realised that such administrators could not be found among his Mongol people because they were nomads and thus had no experience governing cities. For this purpose Genghis Khan invited a Khitan prince, Chu'Tsai, who worked for the Jin and had been captured by the Mongol army after the Jin dynasty was defeated. Jin had captured power by displacing Khitan. Genghis told Chu'Tsai, who was a lineal descendant of Khitan rulers, that he had avenged Chu'Tsai's forefathers. Chu'Tsai responded that his father served the Jin dynasty honestly and so did he; also he did not consider his own father his enemy, so the question of revenge did not apply. This reply impressed Genghis Khan. Chu'Tsai administered parts of the Mongol Empire and became a confidant of the successive Mongol Khans.

Question: Which Khitan prince became an important administrator in the Mongol Empire?

Question: Why would Mongols have too little experience to govern cities they conquered?

Question: Khitan had been overthrown by which dynasty that Genghis Khan later defeated?

Question: Who were Chu'Tsai's forefathers?


Context: Genghis Khan put absolute trust in his generals, such as Muqali, Jebe and Subutai, and regarded them as close advisors, often extending them the same privileges and trust normally reserved for close family members. He allowed them to make decisions on their own when they embarked on campaigns far from the Mongol Empire capital Karakorum. Muqali, a trusted lieutenant, was given command of the Mongol forces against the Jin dynasty while Genghis Khan was fighting in Central Asia, and Subutai and Jebe were allowed to pursue the Great Raid into the Caucasus and Kievan Rus', an idea they had presented to the Khagan on their own initiative. While granting his generals a great deal of autonomy in making command decisions, Genghis Khan also expected unwavering loyalty from them.

Question: Who among Genghis Khan's subjects shared similar privileges to his close family members'?

Question: What was the capital of the Mongol Empire?

Question: Who was delegated command of the Mongol forces against the Jin dynasty?

Question: Which two generals raided the Caucasas and Kievan Rus' for Genghis Khan?

Question: What did Genghis Khan expect from his generals alongside the autonomy he granted them?


Context: The Mongol military was also successful in siege warfare, cutting off resources for cities and towns by diverting certain rivers, taking enemy prisoners and driving them in front of the army, and adopting new ideas, techniques and tools from the people they conquered, particularly in employing Muslim and Chinese siege engines and engineers to aid the Mongol cavalry in capturing cities. Another standard tactic of the Mongol military was the commonly practiced feigned retreat to break enemy formations and to lure small enemy groups away from the larger group and defended position for ambush and counterattack.

Question: What would Mongol armies divert in order to cut off the resources of cities they were attacking?

Question: What were the cultural origins of the engineers and technology adopted by the Mongol military?

Question: How did Mongol armies lure enemy groups out of their defensive positions?

Question: How were enemy prisoners used tactically by Mongol armies?


Context: Contrary to popular belief, Genghis Khan did not conquer all the areas ultimately part of the Mongol Empire. At the time of his death, the Mongol Empire stretched from the Caspian Sea to the Sea of Japan. The empire's expansion continued for a generation or more after Genghis's death in 1227. Under Genghis's successor Ögedei Khan the speed of expansion reached its peak. Mongol armies pushed into Persia, finished off the Western Xia and the remnants of the Khwarezmids, and came into conflict with the imperial Song dynasty of China, starting a war that lasted until 1279 and that concluded with the Mongols gaining control of all of China. They also pushed further into Russia and eastern Europe.

Question: What sea bordered Genghis Khan's empire to the east when he died?

Question: What body of water sat to the west of the Mongol Empire when Genghis Khan died?

Question: Who led the most rapid expansion of the Mongol Empire?

Question: What year was the conflict with the Song dynasty concluded?


Context: Genghis Khan is credited with bringing the Silk Road under one cohesive political environment. This allowed increased communication and trade between the West, Middle East and Asia, thus expanding the horizons of all three cultural areas. Some historians have noted that Genghis Khan instituted certain levels of meritocracy in his rule, was tolerant of religions and explained his policies clearly to all his soldiers. In Turkey, Genghis Khan is looked on as a great military leader, and it is popular for male children to carry his title as name.

Question: To which trading route did Genghis Khan bring a stable political climate?

Question: In which Middle Eastern country is Genghis Khan's title a popular name for male children?

Question: What was the Genghis Khan's characteristic approach to religious diversity?

Question: What effect did Genghis Khan's career have on communication and trade across Asia?


Context: In the early 1990s the memory of Genghis Khan with the Mongolian national identity has had a powerful revival partly because of his perception during the Mongolian People's Republic period. Genghis Khan became one of the central figures of the national identity. He is looked upon positively by Mongolians for his role in uniting warring tribes. For example, it is not uncommon for Mongolians to refer to their country as "Genghis Khan's Mongolia", to themselves as "Genghis Khan's children", and to Genghis Khan as the "father of the Mongols" especially among the younger generation. However, there is a chasm in the perception of his brutality. Mongolians maintain that the historical records written by non-Mongolians are unfairly biased against Genghis Khan and that his butchery is exaggerated, while his positive role is underrated.

Question: What recent decade saw brightening of the perception of Genghis Khan in Mongolia?

Question: What is the key accomplishment of Genghis Khan that modern Mongolians celebrate?

Question: How do Mongolians sometime describe their relationship to Genghis Khan?

Question: What do some Mongolians feel non-Mongolian historians exaggerate about Genghis Khan?

Question: What is the general perception of non-Mongolian histories of Genghis Khan by Mongolians themselves?


Context: In Mongolia today, Genghis Khan's name and likeness are endorsed on products, streets, buildings, and other places. His face can be found on everyday commodities, from liquor bottles to candy products, and on the largest denominations of 500, 1,000, 5,000, 10,000, and 20,000 Mongolian tögrög (₮). Mongolia's main international airport in Ulaanbaatar is named Chinggis Khaan International Airport. Major Genghis Khan statues have been erected before the parliament and near Ulaanbaatar. There have been repeated discussions about regulating the use of his name and image to avoid trivialization.

Question: What is the name of contemporary Mongolian currency?

Question: Whose likeness is on the larger denominations of Mongolian currency?

Question: What is the name of Mongolia's largest airport?

Question: Why have Mongolian politicians considered regulating the use of Genghis Khan's name?

Question: What city is near a major statue of Genghis Khan?


Context: Genghis Khan is regarded as one of the prominent leaders in Mongolia's history. He is responsible for the emergence of the Mongols as a political and ethnic identity because there was no unified identity between the tribes that had cultural similarity. He reinforced many Mongol traditions and provided stability and unity during a time of almost endemic warfare between tribes. He is also given credit for the introduction of the traditional Mongolian script and the creation of the Ikh Zasag (Great Administration), the first written Mongolian law. "Ikh Zasag law adopted during Genghis Khan’s time in Mongolia had points to punish illegal matters related to corruption and bribery very heavily," Mongolian President Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj noted. President Elbegdorj sees Genghis Khan as a leader from whom to learn for anti-corruption efforts as Genghis Khan sought equal protection under the law for all citizens regardless of status or wealth. "Chinggis (Genghis Khan)...was a man who deeply realized that the justice begins and consolidates with the equality of law, and not with the distinctions between people. He was a man who knew that the good laws and rules lived longer than fancy palaces," Elbegdorj said in his speech on the 850th anniversary of Chinggis Khaan's birth. In summary, Mongolians see him as the fundamental figure in the founding of the Mongol Empire and therefore the basis for Mongolia as a country.

Question: What is the Mongolian name of the first Mongolian laws codified in writing?

Question: What did Mongolian President Tsakhiagian Elbegdorj note was significantly punished by Genghis Khan's laws?

Question: Which Mongolian president lauded Genghis Khan on the 850th anniversary of the conqueror's birth?

Question: What innovation in Mongolian language is credited to Genghis Khan?


Context: There are conflicting views of Genghis Khan in the People's Republic of China with some viewing him positively in the Inner Mongolia region where there are a monument and buildings about him and where there is a considerable number of Mongols in the area with a population of around 5 million, almost twice the population of Mongolia. While Genghis Khan never conquered all of China, his grandson Kublai Khan completed that conquest and established the Yuan dynasty that is often credited with re-uniting China. There has been much artwork and literature praising Genghis as a great military leader and political genius. The years of the Mongol-established Yuan dynasty left an indelible imprint on Chinese political and social structures for subsequent generations with literature during the Jin dynasty relatively fewer. In general the legacy of Genghis Khan and his successors, who completed the conquest of China after 65 years of struggle, remains a mixed topic.[citation needed]

Question: Where in China is Genghis Khan most favorably viewed today?

Question: What is the population of the Inner Mongolia region of China?

Question: Which descendant of Genghis Khan is remembered as having reunified China?

Question: What Chinese dynasty did the Mongols found?

Question: What was Kublai Khan's relation to Genghis Khan?


Context: In the Middle East, and particularly in Iran, Genghis Khan is almost universally condemned as a destructive and genocidal warlord who caused enormous damage and destruction to the population of these areas. Steven R. Ward wrote that "Overall, the Mongol violence and depredations killed up to three-fourths of the population of the Iranian Plateau, possibly 10 to 15 million people. Some historians have estimated that Iran's population did not again reach its pre-Mongol levels until the mid-20th century."

Question: Which Middle Eastern nation in particular views Genghis Khan as a contemptible perpetrator of genocide?

Question: What proportion of the general population in the area than became Iran did Genghis Khan kill?

Question: How many people do historians estimate Genghis Khan killed in the Iranian Plateau?


Context: The invasions of Baghdad, Samarkand, Urgench, Kiev, Vladimir among others caused mass murders, such as when portions of southern Khuzestan were completely destroyed. His descendant Hulagu Khan destroyed much of Iran's northern part and sacked Baghdad although his forces were halted by the Mamluks of Egypt, but Hulagu's descendant Ghazan Khan would return to beat the Egyptian Mamluks right out of Levant, Palestine and even Gaza. According to the works of the Persian historian Rashid-al-Din Hamadani, the Mongols killed more than 70,000 people in Merv and more than 190,000 in Nishapur. In 1237 Batu Khan, a grandson of Genghis Khan, launched an invasion into Kievan Rus'. Over the course of three years, the Mongols destroyed and annihilated all of the major cities of Eastern Europe with the exceptions of Novgorod and Pskov.

Question: Which descendant of Genghis Khan sacked Baghdad?

Question: Who halted the advance of Hulagu Khan across the Middle East?

Question: Which of Genghis Khan's descendants pushed the Mamluks out of Palestine?

Question: In which year did Genghis Khan's grandson invade Kievan Rus'?

Question: Which major cities in Eastern Europe were not destroyed by the Mongol invasion?


Context: Although the famous Mughal emperors were proud descendants of Genghis Khan and particularly Timur, they clearly distanced themselves from the Mongol atrocities committed against the Khwarizim Shahs, Turks, Persians, the citizens of Baghdad and Damascus, Nishapur, Bukhara and historical figures such as Attar of Nishapur and many other notable Muslims. However, Mughal Emperors directly patronized the legacies of Genghis Khan and Timur; together their names were synonymous with the names of other distinguished personalities particularly among the Muslim populations of South Asia.

Question: Which descendants of Genghis Khan tried to dissociate themselves from the Mongol massacres in the Middle East?

Question: Which Mongol conqueror was most celebrated by the Mughal emperors?

Question: From where was the Muslim historical figure Attar, whose murder by the Mongols was long remembered?


Context: One theory suggests the name stems from a palatalised version of the Mongolian and Turkic word tenggis, meaning "ocean", "oceanic" or "wide-spreading". (Lake Baikal and ocean were called tenggis by the Mongols. However, it seems that if they had meant to call Genghis tenggis they could have said, and written, "Tenggis Khan", which they did not.) Zhèng (Chinese: 正) meaning "right", "just", or "true", would have received the Mongolian adjectival modifier -s, creating "Jenggis", which in medieval romanization would be written "Genghis". It is likely that the 13th century Mongolian pronunciation would have closely matched "Chinggis".

Question: Which Mongolian word meaning wide-spreading may have contributed to the appellation Genghis?

Question: Which massive lake did the Mongolians call tenggis?

Question: What does zhèng mean?

Question: Jenggis is the adjectival form of what word?

Question: What spelling of Genghis most closely matches its probable pronunciation?


Context: Genghis Khan, the title is spelled in variety of ways in different languages such as Mongolian Chinggis Khaan, English Chinghiz, Chinghis, and Chingiz, Chinese: 成吉思汗; pinyin: Chéngjísī Hán, Turkic: Cengiz Han, Çingiz Xan, Çingiz Han, Chingizxon, Çıñğız Xan, Chengez Khan, Chinggis Khan, Chinggis Xaan, Chingis Khan, Jenghis Khan, Chinggis Qan, Djingis Kahn, Russian: Чингисхан (Čingiskhan) or Чингиз-хан (Čingiz-khan), etc. Temüjin is written in Chinese as simplified Chinese: 铁木真; traditional Chinese: 鐵木眞; pinyin: Tiěmùzhēn.

Question: What is the Mongolian spelling of Genghis Khan?

Question: How is Genghis Khan spelled in Turkic?

Question: How is Temüjin written in pinyin?

Question: What are alternate English spelling of Genghis?

Question: How is Genghis Khan written in pinyin?


Context: The word pharmacy is derived from its root word pharma which was a term used since the 15th–17th centuries. However, the original Greek roots from pharmakos imply sorcery or even poison. In addition to pharma responsibilities, the pharma offered general medical advice and a range of services that are now performed solely by other specialist practitioners, such as surgery and midwifery. The pharma (as it was referred to) often operated through a retail shop which, in addition to ingredients for medicines, sold tobacco and patent medicines. Often the place that did this was called an apothecary and several languages have this as the dominant term, though their practices are more akin to a modern pharmacy, in English the term apothecary would today be seen as outdated or only approproriate if herbal remedies were on offer to a large extent. The pharmas also used many other herbs not listed. The Greek word Pharmakeia (Greek: φαρμακεία) derives from pharmakon (φάρμακον), meaning "drug", "medicine" (or "poison").[n 1]

Question: What word is the word pharmacy taken from?

Question: What goods were sold in a pharma?

Question: What did the Greek root pharmakos imply?

Question: How would the word apothecary be viewed by contemporary English speakers?

Question: What else was used by pharmas?


Context: Pharmacists are healthcare professionals with specialised education and training who perform various roles to ensure optimal health outcomes for their patients through the quality use of medicines. Pharmacists may also be small-business proprietors, owning the pharmacy in which they practice. Since pharmacists know about the mode of action of a particular drug, and its metabolism and physiological effects on the human body in great detail, they play an important role in optimisation of a drug treatment for an individual.

Question: What type of professionals are pharmacists?

Question: What types of health outcomes do pharmacists aim for with their patients?

Question: What type of treatment are pharmacists important for?

Question: What other role do many pharmacists play?

Question: What types of preparation do pharmacists have?


Context: A Pharmacy Technician in the UK is considered a health care professional and often does not work under the direct supervision of a pharmacist (if employed in a hospital pharmacy) but instead is supervised and managed by other senior pharmacy technicians. In the UK the role of a PhT has grown and responsibility has been passed on to them to manage the pharmacy department and specialised areas in pharmacy practice allowing pharmacists the time to specialise in their expert field as medication consultants spending more time working with patients and in research. A pharmacy technician once qualified has to register as a professional on the General Pharmaceutical Council (GPhC) register. The GPhC is the governing body for pharmacy health care professionals and this is who regulates the practice of pharmacists and pharmacy technicians.

Question: Who oversees a Pharmacy Technician in the UK?

Question: With what body must a pharmacy technician register?

Question: What is a main duty of the GPhC?

Question: What type of professional is a Pharmacy Technician considered to be?

Question: What types of responsibilities might a pharmacy technician have?


Context: In Ancient Greece, Diocles of Carystus (4th century BC) was one of several men studying the medicinal properties of plants. He wrote several treatises on the topic. The Greek physician Pedanius Dioscorides is famous for writing a five volume book in his native Greek Περί ύλης ιατρικής in the 1st century AD. The Latin translation De Materia Medica (Concerning medical substances) was used a basis for many medieval texts, and was built upon by many middle eastern scientists during the Islamic Golden Age. The title coined the term materia medica.

Question: What is Pedanius Dioscorides known for?

Question: What is the name of the Latin translation of Dioscorides' book?

Question: What term resulted from Dioscorides' book?

Question: Who was a man studying medicinal applicants of plants in Ancient Greece?

Question: Who added to Dioscorides' book in the Islamic Golden Age?


Context: In Japan, at the end of the Asuka period (538–710) and the early Nara period (710–794), the men who fulfilled roles similar to those of modern pharmacists were highly respected. The place of pharmacists in society was expressly defined in the Taihō Code (701) and re-stated in the Yōrō Code (718). Ranked positions in the pre-Heian Imperial court were established; and this organizational structure remained largely intact until the Meiji Restoration (1868). In this highly stable hierarchy, the pharmacists—and even pharmacist assistants—were assigned status superior to all others in health-related fields such as physicians and acupuncturists. In the Imperial household, the pharmacist was even ranked above the two personal physicians of the Emperor.

Question: How were the men who did tasks like those of today's pharmacists viewed in Japan in the Asuka and Nara periods?

Question: In which two codes were the roles of pharmacists codified?

Question: What put a hierarchical structure in place?

Question: What stature did pharmacists have in the pre-Heian Imperial court?

Question: Where did the pharmacist stand in relation to the Emperor's personal physicians?


Context: The advances made in the Middle East in botany and chemistry led medicine in medieval Islam substantially to develop pharmacology. Muhammad ibn Zakarīya Rāzi (Rhazes) (865–915), for instance, acted to promote the medical uses of chemical compounds. Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi (Abulcasis) (936–1013) pioneered the preparation of medicines by sublimation and distillation. His Liber servitoris is of particular interest, as it provides the reader with recipes and explains how to prepare the `simples’ from which were compounded the complex drugs then generally used. Sabur Ibn Sahl (d 869), was, however, the first physician to initiate pharmacopoedia, describing a large variety of drugs and remedies for ailments. Al-Biruni (973–1050) wrote one of the most valuable Islamic works on pharmacology, entitled Kitab al-Saydalah (The Book of Drugs), in which he detailed the properties of drugs and outlined the role of pharmacy and the functions and duties of the pharmacist. Avicenna, too, described no less than 700 preparations, their properties, modes of action, and their indications. He devoted in fact a whole volume to simple drugs in The Canon of Medicine. Of great impact were also the works by al-Maridini of Baghdad and Cairo, and Ibn al-Wafid (1008–1074), both of which were printed in Latin more than fifty times, appearing as De Medicinis universalibus et particularibus by 'Mesue' the younger, and the Medicamentis simplicibus by 'Abenguefit'. Peter of Abano (1250–1316) translated and added a supplement to the work of al-Maridini under the title De Veneris. Al-Muwaffaq’s contributions in the field are also pioneering. Living in the 10th century, he wrote The foundations of the true properties of Remedies, amongst others describing arsenious oxide, and being acquainted with silicic acid. He made clear distinction between sodium carbonate and potassium carbonate, and drew attention to the poisonous nature of copper compounds, especially copper vitriol, and also lead compounds. He also describes the distillation of sea-water for drinking.[verification needed]

Question: Developments in which scientists influenced the creation of pharmacology in medieval Islam?

Question: Who was influential in promoting the use of chemical compounds as medicines?

Question: Who authored the Liber servitoris?

Question: Who wrote about the distillation of drinking water from sea water?

Question: Which two compounds did Al-Muwaffaq differentiate between?


Context: In Europe there are old pharmacies still operating in Dubrovnik, Croatia, located inside the Franciscan monastery, opened in 1317; and in the Town Hall Square of Tallinn, Estonia, dating from at least 1422. The oldest is claimed to have been set up in 1221 in the Church of Santa Maria Novella in Florence, Italy, which now houses a perfume museum. The medieval Esteve Pharmacy, located in Llívia, a Catalan enclave close to Puigcerdà, also now a museum, dates back to the 15th century, keeping albarellos from the 16th and 17th centuries, old prescription books and antique drugs.

Question: How far does one pharmacy in Croatia date back to?

Question: Where is the oldest pharmacy stated to be located?

Question: What is the medieval Esteve Pharmacy used as at present?

Question: What sorts of items are displayed in the Esteve Pharmacy museum?

Question: In what year is the oldest pharmacy said to have been established?


Context: In most countries, the dispensary is subject to pharmacy legislation; with requirements for storage conditions, compulsory texts, equipment, etc., specified in legislation. Where it was once the case that pharmacists stayed within the dispensary compounding/dispensing medications, there has been an increasing trend towards the use of trained pharmacy technicians while the pharmacist spends more time communicating with patients. Pharmacy technicians are now more dependent upon automation to assist them in their new role dealing with patients' prescriptions and patient safety issues.

Question: What is the dispensary subject to in a majority of countries?

Question: What responsibilities were pharmacy technicians formerly limited to?

Question: What do pharmacy technicians depend on more and more?

Question: What are new responsibilities pharmacy technicians now deal with?

Question: What does pharmacy legislation mandate?


Context: Because of the complexity of medications including specific indications, effectiveness of treatment regimens, safety of medications (i.e., drug interactions) and patient compliance issues (in the hospital and at home) many pharmacists practicing in hospitals gain more education and training after pharmacy school through a pharmacy practice residency and sometimes followed by another residency in a specific area. Those pharmacists are often referred to as clinical pharmacists and they often specialize in various disciplines of pharmacy. For example, there are pharmacists who specialize in hematology/oncology, HIV/AIDS, infectious disease, critical care, emergency medicine, toxicology, nuclear pharmacy, pain management, psychiatry, anti-coagulation clinics, herbal medicine, neurology/epilepsy management, pediatrics, neonatal pharmacists and more.

Question: Where do pharmacists acquire more preparation following pharmacy school?

Question: What do clinical pharmacists specialize in?

Question: What is one issue that adds to the complexity of a pharmacist's job?

Question: Which pharmacists are likely to seek additional education following pharmacy school?


Context: Hospital pharmacies can often be found within the premises of the hospital. Hospital pharmacies usually stock a larger range of medications, including more specialized medications, than would be feasible in the community setting. Most hospital medications are unit-dose, or a single dose of medicine. Hospital pharmacists and trained pharmacy technicians compound sterile products for patients including total parenteral nutrition (TPN), and other medications given intravenously. This is a complex process that requires adequate training of personnel, quality assurance of products, and adequate facilities. Several hospital pharmacies have decided to outsource high risk preparations and some other compounding functions to companies who specialize in compounding. The high cost of medications and drug-related technology, combined with the potential impact of medications and pharmacy services on patient-care outcomes and patient safety, make it imperative that hospital pharmacies perform at the highest level possible.

Question: Where are many hospital pharmacies located?

Question: In what form are most hospital medications?

Question: What types of pharmacy functions have begun to be outsourced?

Question: What is one factor that increases the importance of the pharmacy performing at a high level?

Question: What are some advantages of hospital pharmacies?


Context: Pharmacists provide direct patient care services that optimizes the use of medication and promotes health, wellness, and disease prevention. Clinical pharmacists care for patients in all health care settings, but the clinical pharmacy movement initially began inside hospitals and clinics. Clinical pharmacists often collaborate with physicians and other healthcare professionals to improve pharmaceutical care. Clinical pharmacists are now an integral part of the interdisciplinary approach to patient care. They often participate in patient care rounds drug product selection.

Question: What do the services given by pharmacists provide?

Question: What is the origin of clinical pharmacy?

Question: Who do clinical pharmacists work with much of the time?

Question: What do clinical pharmacists often participate in?

Question: Where do clinical pharmacists work with patients?


Context: The clinical pharmacist's role involves creating a comprehensive drug therapy plan for patient-specific problems, identifying goals of therapy, and reviewing all prescribed medications prior to dispensing and administration to the patient. The review process often involves an evaluation of the appropriateness of the drug therapy (e.g., drug choice, dose, route, frequency, and duration of therapy) and its efficacy. The pharmacist must also monitor for potential drug interactions, adverse drug reactions, and assess patient drug allergies while designing and initiating a drug therapy plan.

Question: What is one example of what a clinical pharmacist's duties entail?

Question: What is involved in a review of prescribed medications?

Question: What are the components of drug therapy?

Question: What are some other factors a pharmacist must monitor?


Context: In the U.S. federal health care system (including the VA, the Indian Health Service, and NIH) ambulatory care pharmacists are given full independent prescribing authority. In some states such North Carolina and New Mexico these pharmacist clinicians are given collaborative prescriptive and diagnostic authority. In 2011 the board of Pharmaceutical Specialties approved ambulatory care pharmacy practice as a separate board certification. The official designation for pharmacists who pass the ambulatory care pharmacy specialty certification exam will be Board Certified Ambulatory Care Pharmacist and these pharmacists will carry the initials BCACP.

Question: What type of authority are ambulatory care pharmacists given in the U.S. federal health care system?

Question: In what states are pharmacist clinicians given prescriptive and diagnostic authority?

Question: When was ambulatory care pharmacy approved as its own certification?

Question: What will a pharmacist who passes the ambulatory pharmacist exam be called?

Question: What entities are included in the federal health care system?