squad_en_custom_test.jsonl

{"task_id": 59, "context": "The University of Warsaw was established in 1816, when the partitions of Poland separated Warsaw from the oldest and most influential Polish academic center, in Kraków. Warsaw University of Technology is the second academic school of technology in the country, and one of the largest in East-Central Europe, employing 2,000 professors. Other institutions for higher education include the Medical University of Warsaw, the largest medical school in Poland and one of the most prestigious, the National Defence University, highest military academic institution in Poland, the Fryderyk Chopin University of Music the oldest and largest music school in Poland, and one of the largest in Europe, the Warsaw School of Economics, the oldest and most renowned economic university in the country, and the Warsaw University of Life Sciences the largest agricultural university founded in 1818.", "question": ["What is the second academic school of technology in Poland?", "How many professors does the Warsaw University of Technology employ?", "What is the largest medical school in Poland?", "What year was the University of Warsaw established?", "What is one of the largest music schools in Europe?"]}
{"task_id": 71, "context": "The origin of the legendary figure is not fully known. The best-known legend, by Artur Oppman, is that long ago two of Triton's daughters set out on a journey through the depths of the oceans and seas. One of them decided to stay on the coast of Denmark and can be seen sitting at the entrance to the port of Copenhagen. The second mermaid reached the mouth of the Vistula River and plunged into its waters. She stopped to rest on a sandy beach by the village of Warszowa, where fishermen came to admire her beauty and listen to her beautiful voice. A greedy merchant also heard her songs; he followed the fishermen and captured the mermaid.", "question": ["What did Artur Oppman give to the world?", "Where did two of Triton's daughters set out on a journey through?", "Where did one of Triton's daughters decide she wanted to hang out and stay?", "A mermaid stopped to rest on the sandy beach by what village?", "What did a greedy merchant do to the mermaid?"]}
{"task_id": 72, "context": "Tamara de Lempicka was a famous artist born in Warsaw. She was born Maria Górska in Warsaw to wealthy parents and in 1916 married a Polish lawyer Tadeusz Łempicki. Better than anyone else she represented the Art Deco style in painting and art. Nathan Alterman, the Israeli poet, was born in Warsaw, as was Moshe Vilenski, the Israeli composer, lyricist, and pianist, who studied music at the Warsaw Conservatory. Warsaw was the beloved city of Isaac Bashevis Singer, which he described in many of his novels: Warsaw has just now been destroyed. No one will ever see the Warsaw I knew. Let me just write about it. Let this Warsaw not disappear forever, he commented.", "question": ["Where was the famous artist Tamara de Lempicka born?", "When did Tamara marry a lawyer?", "What did Lempicka represent better than anyone else?", "What profession was Nathan Alterman?", "Who loved Warsaw so much that he kept putting it in his novels?"]}
{"task_id": 78, "context": "In 1529, Warsaw for the first time became the seat of the General Sejm, permanent from 1569. In 1573 the city gave its name to the Warsaw Confederation, formally establishing religious freedom in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Due to its central location between the Commonwealth's capitals of Kraków and Vilnius, Warsaw became the capital of the Commonwealth and the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland when King Sigismund III Vasa moved his court from Kraków to Warsaw in 1596. In the following years the town expanded towards the suburbs. Several private independent districts were established, the property of aristocrats and the gentry, which were ruled by their own laws. Three times between 1655–1658 the city was under siege and three times it was taken and pillaged by the Swedish, Brandenburgian and Transylvanian forces.", "question": ["Who did Warsaw serve as the seat for in 1529?", "When did the General Sejm make Warsaw it's permanent seat?", "What did the Warsaw Confederation formally establish in 1573?", "Why did Warsaw become the capital of the Commonwealth?", "What year did King Sigismund III Vasa move his court to Warsaw?"]}
{"task_id": 81, "context": "After the German Invasion of Poland on 1 September 1939 began the Second World War, Warsaw was defended till September 27. Central Poland, including Warsaw, came under the rule of the General Government, a German Nazi colonial administration. All higher education institutions were immediately closed and Warsaw's entire Jewish population – several hundred thousand, some 30% of the city – herded into the Warsaw Ghetto. The city would become the centre of urban resistance to Nazi rule in occupied Europe. When the order came to annihilate the ghetto as part of Hitler's \"Final Solution\" on 19 April 1943, Jewish fighters launched the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising. Despite being heavily outgunned and outnumbered, the Ghetto held out for almost a month. When the fighting ended, almost all survivors were massacred, with only a few managing to escape or hide.", "question": ["When did Germany invade Poland and in doing so start World War II?", "Who was Warsaw under the administration of when it came under the rule of the General Goverment?", "How much of Warsaw's population was Jewish?", "When did Hitler order the annihilation of the Warsaw Ghetto?", "How long were the fighters of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising able to hold out?"]}
{"task_id": 96, "context": "Throughout its existence, Warsaw has been a multi-cultural city. According to the 1901 census, out of 711,988 inhabitants 56.2% were Catholics, 35.7% Jews, 5% Greek orthodox Christians and 2.8% Protestants. Eight years later, in 1909, there were 281,754 Jews (36.9%), 18,189 Protestants (2.4%) and 2,818 Mariavites (0.4%). This led to construction of hundreds of places of religious worship in all parts of the town. Most of them were destroyed in the aftermath of the Warsaw Uprising of 1944. After the war, the new communist authorities of Poland discouraged church construction and only a small number were rebuilt.", "question": ["What type of city has Warsaw been for as long as it's been a city?", "What was Warsaw's population in 1901?", "Of Warsaw's inhabitants in 1901, what percentage was Catholic?", "What percentage of Warsaw's population was Protestant in 1901?", "When were most of the places of religious worship destroyed in Warsaw?"]}
{"task_id": 99, "context": "The mayor of Warsaw is called President. Generally, in Poland, the mayors of bigger cities are called presidents – i.e. such cities, which have over 100,000 people or these, where already was president before 1990. The first Warsaw President was Jan Andrzej Menich (1695–1696). Between 1975 and 1990 the Warsaw Presidents was simultaneously the Warsaw Voivode. Since 1990 the President of Warsaw had been elected by the City council. In the years of 1994–1999 the mayor of the district Centrum automatically was designated as the President of Warsaw: the mayor of Centrum was elected by the district council of Centrum and the council was elected only by the Centrum residents. Since 2002 the President of Warsaw is elected by all of the citizens of Warsaw.", "question": ["What is the mayor of Warsaw called?", "Who was the first Warsaw President?", "When did Menich serve as President?", "Who has elected the President of Warsaw since 1990?", "What district of Warsaw chose the President between 1994 and 1999?"]}
{"task_id": 185, "context": "In 1898, Tesla demonstrated a radio-controlled boat—which he dubbed \"teleautomaton\"—to the public during an electrical exhibition at Madison Square Garden. The crowd that witnessed the demonstration made outrageous claims about the workings of the boat, such as magic, telepathy, and being piloted by a trained monkey hidden inside. Tesla tried to sell his idea to the U.S. military as a type of radio-controlled torpedo, but they showed little interest. Remote radio control remained a novelty until World War I and afterward, when a number of countries used it in military programs. Tesla took the opportunity to further demonstrate \"Teleautomatics\" in an address to a meeting of the Commercial Club in Chicago, while he was travelling to Colorado Springs, on 13 May 1899.", "question": ["When did Tesla give a demonstration of his remote control boat?", "What was the boat called?", "Where was the boat demonstration given?", "What was the occasion for the boat demonstration?", "What type of animal did onlookers claim was piloting the boat?"]}
{"task_id": 198, "context": "Tesla invented a steam-powered mechanical oscillator—Tesla's oscillator. While experimenting with mechanical oscillators at his Houston Street lab, Tesla allegedly generated a resonance of several buildings. As the speed grew, it is said that the machine oscillated at the resonance frequency of his own building and, belatedly realizing the danger, he was forced to use a sledge hammer to terminate the experiment, just as the police arrived.:162–164 In February 1912, an article—\"Nikola Tesla, Dreamer\" by Allan L. Benson—was published in World Today, in which an artist's illustration appears showing the entire earth cracking in half with the caption, \"Tesla claims that in a few weeks he could set the earth's crust into such a state of vibration that it would rise and fall hundreds of feet and practically destroy civilization. A continuation of this process would, he says, eventually split the earth in two.\"", "question": ["How was Tesla's mechanical oscillator powered?", "Where did he work on the oscillators?", "What unforeseen problem caused Tesla to hit his experiment with a sledgehammer?", "What publication published an article about Tesla in 1912?", "What did Tesla claim his resonant frequencies could do in the World Today article?"]}

{"task_id": 209, "context": "Later in life, Tesla made claims concerning a \"teleforce\" weapon after studying the Van de Graaff generator. The press variably referred to it as a \"peace ray\" or death ray. Tesla described the weapon as capable of being used against ground-based infantry or for anti-aircraft purposes.", "question": ["What kind of weapon did Tesla talk about?", "What was he studying that gave him the teleforce weapon idea?", "What ground based group did Tesla think the weapon could be used on?", "What was another use for the weapon?", "Other than a peace-ray, what did reporters call the weapon?"]}

{"task_id": 210, "context": "In 1937, at a luncheon in his honor concerning the death ray, Tesla stated, \"But it is not an experiment ... I have built, demonstrated and used it. Only a little time will pass before I can give it to the world.\" His records indicate that the device is based on a narrow stream of small tungsten pellets that are accelerated via high voltage (by means akin to his magnifying transformer).", "question": ["When did Tesla claim to have built the weapon?", "What was the occasion when he claimed he'd made the death ray?", "Of what material were the death rays pellets made?", "What was used to accelerate the tungsten pellets?", "How much time did he claim had to pass before he gave the ray to the world?"]}

{"task_id": 224, "context": "During his second year of study at Graz, Tesla developed a passion for (and became very proficient at) billiards, chess and card-playing, sometimes spending more than 48 hours in a stretch at a gaming table.:43, 301 On one occasion at his laboratory, Tesla worked for a period of 84 hours without sleep or rest.:208 Kenneth Swezey, a journalist whom Tesla had befriended, confirmed that Tesla rarely slept. Swezey recalled one morning when Tesla called him at 3 a.m.: \"I was sleeping in my room like one dead ... Suddenly, the telephone ring awakened me ... [Tesla] spoke animatedly, with pauses, [as he] ... work[ed] out a problem, comparing one theory to another, commenting; and when he felt he had arrived at the solution, he suddenly closed the telephone.\"", "question": ["How long would Tesla spend gambling sometimes?", "What amount of time was the longest that Tesla spent working without stopping to rest?", "Where was Tesla studying when he started playing cards and billiards?", "Who did Tesla call in the middle of the night?", "What was Kenneth Swezey's job?"]}

{"task_id": 240, "context": "On Tesla's 75th birthday in 1931, Time magazine put him on its cover. The cover caption \"All the world's his power house\" noted his contribution to electrical power generation. He received congratulatory letters from more than 70 pioneers in science and engineering, including Albert Einstein.", "question": ["On which magazine's cover did Tesla appear in 1931", "For what occasion was he put on the cover?", "To which technology type that Tesla worked on did the caption refer to?", "What famous person congratulated him?", "How many other important people sent letters?"]}
{"task_id": 259, "context": "Analogous definitions can be made for space requirements. Although time and space are the most well-known complexity resources, any complexity measure can be viewed as a computational resource. Complexity measures are very generally defined by the Blum complexity axioms. Other complexity measures used in complexity theory include communication complexity, circuit complexity, and decision tree complexity.", "question": ["Time and space are both examples of what type of resource?", "A complexity resource can also be described as what other type of resource?", "What is typically used to broadly define complexity measures?", "Communication complexity is an example of what type of measure?", "Decision tree is an example of what type of measure?"]}
{"task_id": 274, "context": "The complexity class P is often seen as a mathematical abstraction modeling those computational tasks that admit an efficient algorithm. This hypothesis is called the Cobham–Edmonds thesis. The complexity class NP, on the other hand, contains many problems that people would like to solve efficiently, but for which no efficient algorithm is known, such as the Boolean satisfiability problem, the Hamiltonian path problem and the vertex cover problem. Since deterministic Turing machines are special non-deterministic Turing machines, it is easily observed that each problem in P is also member of the class NP.", "question": ["What complexity class is characterized by a computational tasks and efficient algorithms?", "What hypothesis is associated with the complexity class of P viewed as a mathematical abstraction with efficient algorithmic functionality?", "What complexity class is commonly characterized by unknown algorithms to enhance solvability?", "What is an example of a problem that rests within the NP complexity class?", "In what theoretical machine is it confirmed that a problem in P belies membership in the NP class?"]}
{"task_id": 284, "context": "Before the actual research explicitly devoted to the complexity of algorithmic problems started off, numerous foundations were laid out by various researchers. Most influential among these was the definition of Turing machines by Alan Turing in 1936, which turned out to be a very robust and flexible simplification of a computer.", "question": ["What tactic did researchers employ to offset the former deficit of work surrounding the complexity of algorithmic problems?", "Who was the most influential researcher among those grappling with the deficit of work surrounding the complexity posed by algorithmic problems?", "What theoretical device is attributed to Alan Turing?", "In what year was the Alan Turing's definitional model of a computing device received?", "In the most basic sense what did a Turing machine emulate?"]}
{"task_id": 300, "context": "Teaching using pedagogy also involve assessing the educational levels of the students on particular skills. Understanding the pedagogy of the students in a classroom involves using differentiated instruction as well as supervision to meet the needs of all students in the classroom. Pedagogy can be thought of in two manners. First, teaching itself can be taught in many different ways, hence, using a pedagogy of teaching styles. Second, the pedagogy of the learners comes into play when a teacher assesses the pedagogic diversity of his/her students and differentiates for the individual students accordingly. For example, an experienced teacher and parent described the place of a teacher in learning as follows: \"The real bulk of learning takes place in self-study and problem solving with a lot of feedback around that loop. The function of the teacher is to pressure the lazy, inspire the bored, deflate the cocky, encourage the timid, detect and correct individual flaws, and broaden the viewpoint of all. This function looks like that of a coach using the whole gamut of psychology to get each new class of rookies off the bench and into the game.\"", "question": ["What would a teacher assess the levels of a student on?", "In what areas does most of the learning take place?", "What would a teacher do for someone who is timid?", "What would a teacher do for someone who is cocky?", "What function is a teacher's role similar to?"]}
{"task_id": 312, "context": "Where school class sizes are typically 40 to 50 students, maintaining order in the classroom can divert the teacher from instruction, leaving little opportunity for concentration and focus on what is being taught. In response, teachers may concentrate their attention on motivated students, ignoring attention-seeking and disruptive students. The result of this is that motivated students, facing demanding university entrance examinations, receive disproportionate resources. Given the emphasis on attainment of university places, administrators and governors may regard this policy as appropriate.", "question": ["What class sizes can make keeping order difficult?", "If the teacher focuses on maintaining order, what does this take time away from?", "Who may teachers focus on, in order to prioritize attention?", "Who may teachers ignore, in order to prioritize attention?", "Who ends up getting more of the teacher's resources in this scenario?"]}
{"task_id": 320, "context": "Misconduct by teachers, especially sexual misconduct, has been getting increased scrutiny from the media and the courts. A study by the American Association of University Women reported that 9.6% of students in the United States claim to have received unwanted sexual attention from an adult associated with education; be they a volunteer, bus driver, teacher, administrator or other adult; sometime during their educational career.", "question": ["What is the largest type of misconduct being reviewed by the media?", "How many students have received unwanted sexual attention from a teacher or other education figure?", "What country is this statistic for?", "What is the time period of this statistic?", "Who conducted this survey?"]}
{"task_id": 325, "context": "A 2000 study found that 42% of UK teachers experienced occupational stress, twice the figure for the average profession. A 2012 study found that teachers experienced double the rate of anxiety, depression, and stress than average workers.", "question": ["How many teachers were found to have felt occupational stress in a 2000 study?", "Where was the 2000 study conducted?", "How much higher was the 42% occupation stress figure, compared to other jobs?", "Which study showed double the rate of anxiety?", "The 2012 study showed teachers experienced more stress than whom?"]}
{"task_id": 328, "context": "Education in Australia is primarily the responsibility of the individual states and territories. Generally, education in Australia follows the three-tier model which includes primary education (primary schools), followed by secondary education (secondary schools/high schools) and tertiary education (universities and/or TAFE colleges).", "question": ["Who is responsible for education in the country of Australia?", "How many tiers are in the Australian form of learning?", "What follows secondary education?", "What is tertiary education?", "What is the first model of education, in the Australian system?"]}
{"task_id": 339, "context": "Teachers in Wales can be registered members of trade unions such as ATL, NUT or NASUWT and reports in recent years suggest that the average age of teachers in Wales is falling with teachers being younger than in previous years. A growing cause of concern are that attacks on teachers in Welsh schools which reached an all-time high between 2005 and 2010.", "question": ["What group can teachers in Wales register with?", "What is happening to the average age of teachers in Wales?", "When were attacks on teachers the highest?", "What is the NASUWT?", "What are the attacks on teachers causing?"]}
{"task_id": 340, "context": "In the United States, each state determines the requirements for getting a license to teach in public schools. Teaching certification generally lasts three years, but teachers can receive certificates that last as long as ten years. Public school teachers are required to have a bachelor's degree and the majority must be certified by the state in which they teach. Many charter schools do not require that their teachers be certified, provided they meet the standards to be highly qualified as set by No Child Left Behind. Additionally, the requirements for substitute/temporary teachers are generally not as rigorous as those for full-time professionals. The Bureau of Labor Statistics estimates that there are 1.4 million elementary school teachers, 674,000 middle school teachers, and 1 million secondary school teachers employed in the U.S.", "question": ["In the US, who decides on the requirements for teachers?", "What is the longest time that a teaching certificate is good for?", "What must a public school teacher have, at a minimum?", "Who may not require that its teachers be certified?", "What may a Charter school require that their teachers meet the standards to be highly qualified by?"]}
{"task_id": 351, "context": "In 1501, at the age of 19, he entered the University of Erfurt, which he later described as a beerhouse and whorehouse. He was made to wake at four every morning for what has been described as \"a day of rote learning and often wearying spiritual exercises.\" He received his master's degree in 1505.", "question": ["Where did Martin Luther go to school?", "How did Luther describe the University of Erfurt?", "How early did Luther say he had to awaken every day?", "How did Luther describe his learning at the university?", "In what year did Luther get his degree?"]}
{"task_id": 352, "context": "In accordance with his father's wishes, Luther enrolled in law school at the same university that year but dropped out almost immediately, believing that law represented uncertainty. Luther sought assurances about life and was drawn to theology and philosophy, expressing particular interest in Aristotle, William of Ockham, and Gabriel Biel. He was deeply influenced by two tutors, Bartholomaeus Arnoldi von Usingen and Jodocus Trutfetter, who taught him to be suspicious of even the greatest thinkers and to test everything himself by experience. Philosophy proved to be unsatisfying, offering assurance about the use of reason but none about loving God, which to Luther was more important. Reason could not lead men to God, he felt, and he thereafter developed a love-hate relationship with Aristotle over the latter's emphasis on reason. For Luther, reason could be used to question men and institutions, but not God. Human beings could learn about God only through divine revelation, he believed, and Scripture therefore became increasingly important to him.", "question": ["What educational study did Luther start to pursue and immediately  drop?", "What did Luther think the study of law meant?", "What fields of study did Martin Luther prefer?", "How did Luther's tutors advise him to test what he learned?", "What did Luther think reason could not be used to test?"]}
{"task_id": 383, "context": "The effect of Luther's intervention was immediate. After the sixth sermon, the Wittenberg jurist Jerome Schurf wrote to the elector: \"Oh, what joy has Dr. Martin's return spread among us! His words, through divine mercy, are bringing back every day misguided people into the way of the truth.\"", "question": ["How quick was the effect of Luther's preaching?", "Who wrote a resounding letter to the elector praising Luther?", "At what point in Luther's sermons did Schurf write to the elector?", "What did Schurf's letter say  Luther's return caused?", "What type of people were being brought back to the way of truth?"]}

{"task_id": 384, "context": "Luther next set about reversing or modifying the new church practices. By working alongside the authorities to restore public order, he signalled his reinvention as a conservative force within the Reformation. After banishing the Zwickau prophets, he now faced a battle against not only the established Church but also the radical reformers who threatened the new order by fomenting social unrest and violence.", "question": ["What did Luther seek to restore?", "What was Luther's force within the Reformation?", "Who did Luther banish?", "What did the radical reformers cause in the new order?", "Besides the radicals who else did Luther have to deal with?"]}

{"task_id": 397, "context": "Luther devised the catechism as a method of imparting the basics of Christianity to the congregations. In 1529, he wrote the Large Catechism, a manual for pastors and teachers, as well as a synopsis, the Small Catechism, to be memorised by the people themselves. The catechisms provided easy-to-understand instructional and devotional material on the Ten Commandments, the Apostles' Creed, the Lord's Prayer, baptism, and the Lord's Supper. Luther incorporated questions and answers in the catechism so that the basics of Christian faith would not just be learned by rote, \"the way monkeys do it\", but understood.", "question": ["What did Luther devise to teach  Christianity to the congregation?", "When did Luther write the Large Catechism?", "To whom was the Large Catechism directed?", "For whom was the Small Catechism meant?", "What did Luther add to his catechisms?"]}

{"task_id": 407, "context": "Luther wrote \"Aus tiefer Not schrei ich zu dir\" (\"From depths of woe I cry to you\") in 1523 as a hymnic version of Psalm 130 and sent it as a sample to encourage evangelical colleagues to write psalm-hymns for use in German worship. In a collaboration with Paul Speratus, this and seven other hymns were published in the Achtliederbuch, the first Lutheran hymnal. In 1524 Luther developed his original four-stanza psalm paraphrase into a five-stanza Reformation hymn that developed the theme of \"grace alone\" more fully. Because it expressed essential Reformation doctrine, this expanded version of \"Aus tiefer Not\" was designated as a regular component of several regional Lutheran liturgies and was widely used at funerals, including Luther's own. Along with Erhart Hegenwalt's hymnic version of Psalm 51, Luther's expanded hymn was also adopted for use with the fifth part of Luther's catechism, concerning confession.", "question": ["When did Luther write the hymn From Depths of Woe I cry to You?", "What is the basis of the hymn?", "What did Luther use the hymn to encourage colleagues to do?", "What was the first Lutheran hymnal?", "What did the hymn, Aus tiefer Not express?"]}

{"task_id": 408, "context": "Luther wrote \"Ach Gott, vom Himmel sieh darein\" (\"Oh God, look down from heaven\"). \"Nun komm, der Heiden Heiland\" (Now come, Savior of the gentiles), based on Veni redemptor gentium, became the main hymn (Hauptlied) for Advent. He transformed A solus ortus cardine to \"Christum wir sollen loben schon\" (\"We should now praise Christ\") and Veni Creator Spiritus to \"Komm, Gott Schöpfer, Heiliger Geist\" (\"Come, Holy Spirit, Lord God\"). He wrote two hymns on the Ten Commandments, \"Dies sind die heilgen Zehn Gebot\" and \"Mensch, willst du leben seliglich\". His \"Gelobet seist du, Jesu Christ\" (\"Praise be to You, Jesus Christ\") became the main hymn for Christmas. He wrote for Pentecost \"Nun bitten wir den Heiligen Geist\", and adopted for Easter \"Christ ist erstanden\" (Christ is risen), based on Victimae paschali laudes. \"Mit Fried und Freud ich fahr dahin\", a paraphrase of Nunc dimittis, was intended for Purification, but became also a funeral hymn. He paraphrased the Te Deum as \"Herr Gott, dich loben wir\" with a simplified form of the melody. It became known as the German Te Deum.", "question": ["Which of Luther's hymn was the main one for Advent?", "What was the hymn based on?", "What is a Hauptlied?", "How many hymns did Luther write based on the Ten Commandments?", "What did Herr Gott, dich loben wir become known as ?"]}

{"task_id": 429, "context": "Luther spoke out against the Jews in Saxony, Brandenburg, and Silesia. Josel of Rosheim, the Jewish spokesman who tried to help the Jews of Saxony in 1537, later blamed their plight on \"that priest whose name was Martin Luther—may his body and soul be bound up in hell!—who wrote and issued many heretical books in which he said that whoever would help the Jews was doomed to perdition.\" Josel asked the city of Strasbourg to forbid the sale of Luther's anti-Jewish works: they refused initially, but did so when a Lutheran pastor in Hochfelden used a sermon to urge his parishioners to murder Jews. Luther's influence persisted after his death. Throughout the 1580s, riots led to the expulsion of Jews from several German Lutheran states.", "question": ["What did Luther speak out about in Saxony?", "Who did Josel of Rosheim blame for the condition of Jews in Saxony?", "What did Josel of Rosheim claimed that Luther said of those who might aid the Jews?", "What did Josel ask the city of Strasbourg to forbid the sale of?", "When did riots cause the expulsion of Jews from several German states?"]}

{"task_id": 431, "context": "On 17 December 1941, seven Protestant regional church confederations issued a statement agreeing with the policy of forcing Jews to wear the yellow badge, \"since after his bitter experience Luther had already suggested preventive measures against the Jews and their expulsion from German territory.\" According to Daniel Goldhagen, Bishop Martin Sasse, a leading Protestant churchman, published a compendium of Luther's writings shortly after Kristallnacht, for which Diarmaid MacCulloch, Professor of the History of the Church in the University of Oxford argued that Luther's writing was a \"blueprint.\" Sasse applauded the burning of the synagogues and the coincidence of the day, writing in the introduction, \"On 10 November 1938, on Luther's birthday, the synagogues are burning in Germany.\" The German people, he urged, ought to heed these words \"of the greatest antisemite of his time, the warner of his people against the Jews.\"", "question": ["When did seven Protestant churches agree with the Nazi policy of forcing Jews to wear yellow arm bands?", "Who did the churches claim had suggested expulsion of Jews from Germany?", "Who claimed Luther's writings were a blueprint of actions against Jews?", "Who agreed with the burning of synagogues?", "What did Sasse proclaim Luther to be?"]}

{"task_id": 432, "context": "At the heart of scholars' debate about Luther's influence is whether it is anachronistic to view his work as a precursor of the racial antisemitism of the Nazis. Some scholars see Luther's influence as limited, and the Nazis' use of his work as opportunistic. Biographer Martin Brecht points out that \"There is a world of difference between his belief in salvation and a racial ideology. Nevertheless, his misguided agitation had the evil result that Luther fatefully became one of the 'church fathers' of anti-Semitism and thus provided material for the modern hatred of the Jews, cloaking it with the authority of the Reformer.\" Johannes Wallmann argues that Luther's writings against the Jews were largely ignored in the 18th and 19th centuries, and that there was no continuity between Luther's thought and Nazi ideology. Uwe Siemon-Netto agreed, arguing that it was because the Nazis were already anti-Semites that they revived Luther's work. Hans J. Hillerbrand agreed that to focus on Luther was to adopt an essentially ahistorical perspective of Nazi antisemitism that ignored other contributory factors in German history. Similarly, Roland Bainton, noted church historian and Luther biographer, wrote \"One could wish that Luther had died before ever [On the Jews and Their Lies] was written. His position was entirely religious and in no respect racial.\"", "question": ["How do some scholars view the Nazi use of Luther's work?", "What did Martin Brecht call Luther's stand on the Jews?", "What did this agitation provide later generations material for?", "When was Luther's writings about the Jews ignored, according to Johannes Wallmann?", "What did Roland Bainton say about Luther's position on Jews?"]}

{"task_id": 436, "context": "Luther had been suffering from ill health for years, including Ménière's disease, vertigo, fainting, tinnitus, and a cataract in one eye. From 1531 to 1546, his health deteriorated further. The years of struggle with Rome, the antagonisms with and among his fellow reformers, and the scandal which ensued from the bigamy of the Philip of Hesse incident, in which Luther had played a leading role, all may have contributed. In 1536, he began to suffer from kidney and bladder stones, and arthritis, and an ear infection ruptured an ear drum. In December 1544, he began to feel the effects of angina.", "question": ["How was Luther's health for the years of 1531 to 1546?", "Besides the arguments with Rome and his own fellow reformers, what scandal  contributed to Luther's failing health?", "What did Luther begin to experience in 1536?", "What other health issues did Luther have?", "By 1544 what did Luther have to deal with in his health?"]}

{"task_id": 439, "context": "Luther's final journey, to Mansfeld, was taken because of his concern for his siblings' families continuing in their father Hans Luther's copper mining trade. Their livelihood was threatened by Count Albrecht of Mansfeld bringing the industry under his own control. The controversy that ensued involved all four Mansfeld counts: Albrecht, Philip, John George, and Gerhard. Luther journeyed to Mansfeld twice in late 1545 to participate in the negotiations for a settlement, and a third visit was needed in early 1546 for their completion.", "question": ["To where was Luther's final journey?", "What was Luther involved in dealing with the minds in Mansfeld?", "When did Luther travel to Mansfeld twice?", "When was a third visit to Mnafeld scheduled?", "For whom was Luther concerned about in Mansfeld?"]}

{"task_id": 441, "context": "An apoplectic stroke deprived him of his speech, and he died shortly afterwards at 2:45 a.m. on 18 February 1546, aged 62, in Eisleben, the city of his birth. He was buried in the Castle Church in Wittenberg, beneath the pulpit. The funeral was held by his friends Johannes Bugenhagen and Philipp Melanchthon. A year later, troops of Luther's adversary Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor entered the town, but were ordered by Charles not to disturb the grave.", "question": ["What event took away his ability of speech?", "At what time did Martin Luther die?", "On what date did Luther die?", "Where was Luther buried?", "Who performed the funeral for Martin Luther?"]}

{"task_id": 444, "context": "Luther is honoured on 18 February with a commemoration in the Lutheran Calendar of Saints and in the Episcopal (United States) Calendar of Saints. In the Church of England's Calendar of Saints he is commemorated on 31 October.", "question": ["When is Luther commemorated in the Lutheran Calendar of Saints ?", "On what other calendar is Luther commemorated?", "When is Luther commemorated by the Church of England?", "On what English calendar is Luther commemorated?", "How is Luther commemorated on the Lutheran, Episcopal, and  Church of England  calendars?"]}

{"task_id": 458, "context": "The state is most commonly divided and promoted by its regional tourism groups as consisting of northern, central, and southern California regions. The two AAA Auto Clubs of the state, the California State Automobile Association and the Automobile Club of Southern California, choose to simplify matters by dividing the state along the lines where their jurisdictions for membership apply, as either northern or southern California, in contrast to the three-region point of view. Another influence is the geographical phrase South of the Tehachapis, which would split the southern region off at the crest of that transverse range, but in that definition, the desert portions of north Los Angeles County and eastern Kern and San Bernardino Counties would be included in the southern California region due to their remoteness from the central valley and interior desert landscape.", "question": ["Which organizations most commonly divide and promote the state?", "Other than the Automobile Club of Southern California, what other AAA Auto Club chose to simplify the divide?", "The two AAA clubs divided the state into a northern and southern California as opposed to what point of view?", "Which mountain range influenced the split of the regions?", "In the definition based off the mountain range, which region would the desert portions of north Los Angeles County be included in?"]}

{"task_id": 474, "context": "Orange County is a rapidly developing business center that includes Downtown Santa Ana, the South Coast Metro and Newport Center districts; as well as the Irvine business centers of The Irvine Spectrum, West Irvine, and international corporations headquartered at the University of California, Irvine. West Irvine includes the Irvine Tech Center and Jamboree Business Parks.", "question": ["Which county is developing its business center?", "Where are international corporations headquartered?", "Jamboree Business Parks belongs to which business center?", "What other business district does Orange County envelop outside of Downtown Santa Ana and Newport Center?", "At what rate is Orange County developing its business centers?"]}

{"task_id": 486, "context": "While BSkyB had been excluded from being a part of the ONdigital consortium, thereby making them a competitor by default, BSkyB was able to join ITV Digital's free-to-air replacement, Freeview, in which it holds an equal stake with the BBC, ITV, Channel 4 and National Grid Wireless. Prior to October 2005, three BSkyB channels were available on this platform: Sky News, Sky Three, and Sky Sports News. Initially BSkyB provided Sky Travel to the service. However, this was replaced by Sky Three on 31 October 2005, which was itself later re-branded as 'Pick TV' in 2011.", "question": ["What consortium was BSkyB excluded from?", "Who did BSkyB team up with because it was not part of the consortium?", "How many BSkyB channels were available to customers prior to October 2005?", "What channel replaced Sky Travel?", "What was Sky Travel later rebranded as?"]}

{"task_id": 496, "context": "BSkyB launched its HDTV service, Sky+ HD, on 22 May 2006. Prior to its launch, BSkyB claimed that 40,000 people had registered to receive the HD service. In the week before the launch, rumours started to surface that BSkyB was having supply issues with its set top box (STB) from manufacturer Thomson. On Thursday 18 May 2006, and continuing through the weekend before launch, people were reporting that BSkyB had either cancelled or rescheduled its installation. Finally, the BBC reported that 17,000 customers had yet to receive the service due to failed deliveries. On 31 March 2012, Sky announced the total number of homes with Sky+HD was 4,222,000.", "question": ["When did BSkyB launch it's HDTV service?", "How many people were registered to receive the HD service prior to launch?", "What was the name of the set top box manufacturer that BSkyB was having issues with?", "What was the number of customers that the BBC  reported had yet to receive the service due to failed deliveries?", "What was the total number of homes Sky announced that had Sky+HD in March of 2012?"]}

{"task_id": 501, "context": "BSkyB's digital service was officially launched on 1 October 1998 under the name Sky Digital, although small-scale tests were carried out before then. At this time the use of the Sky Digital brand made an important distinction between the new service and Sky's analogue services. Key selling points were the improvement in picture and sound quality, increased number of channels and an interactive service branded Open.... now called Sky Active, BSkyB competed with the ONdigital (later ITV Digital) terrestrial offering and cable services. Within 30 days, over 100,000 digiboxes had been sold, which help bolstered BSkyB's decision to give away free digiboxes and minidishes from May 1999.", "question": ["When was BSkyB's digital service launched?", "What was the name of BSkyB's digital service launched under?", "What did BSkyB name their interactive service?", "Who did BSkyB compete with initially?", "Within the 30 days how many digiboxes had been sold?"]}

{"task_id": 502, "context": "Virgin Media (re-branded in 2007 from NTL:Telewest) started to offer a high-definition television (HDTV) capable set top box, although from 30 November 2006 until 30 July 2009 it only carried one linear HD channel, BBC HD, after the conclusion of the ITV HD trial. Virgin Media has claimed that other HD channels were \"locked up\" or otherwise withheld from their platform, although Virgin Media did in fact have an option to carry Channel 4 HD in the future. Nonetheless, the linear channels were not offered, Virgin Media instead concentrating on its Video On Demand service to carry a modest selection of HD content. Virgin Media has nevertheless made a number of statements over the years, suggesting that more linear HD channels are on the way.", "question": ["When was virgin media rebranded from NTL Telewest?", "what was NTL Telewest re-branded to in 2007?", "What did Virgin Media concentrate on instead of offering linear channels?", "What was the one linear HD channel Virgin Media carried from November 2006 to July 2009?", "what was the name of the other HD channel Virgin media could carry in the future?"]}

{"task_id": 509, "context": "The centre-left Australian Labor Party (ALP), the centre-right Liberal Party of Australia, the rural-based National Party of Australia, and the environmentalist Australian Greens are Victoria's main political parties. Traditionally, Labor is strongest in Melbourne's working class western and northern suburbs, and the regional cities of Ballarat, Bendigo and Geelong. The Liberals' main support lies in Melbourne's more affluent eastern and outer suburbs, and some rural and regional centres. The Nationals are strongest in Victoria's North Western and Eastern rural regional areas. The Greens, who won their first lower house seats in 2014, are strongest in inner Melbourne.", "question": ["What political party is strongest in Melbourne's working class suburbs?", "What party is strongest in Melbourne's affluent areas?", "Which party is strongest in Victoria's northwestern and eastern regions?", "What party rules in Melbourne's inner regions?", "What party is favored in Bedigo and Geelong?"]}

{"task_id": 550, "context": "The revocation forbade Protestant services, required education of children as Catholics, and prohibited emigration. It proved disastrous to the Huguenots and costly for France. It precipitated civil bloodshed, ruined commerce, and resulted in the illegal flight from the country of hundreds of thousands of Protestants, many of whom became intellectuals, doctors and business leaders in Britain as well as Holland, Prussia, and South Africa. Four thousand emigrated to the North American colonies, where they settled in New York and Virginia, especially. The English welcomed the French refugees, providing money from both government and private agencies to aid their relocation. Those Huguenots who stayed in France became Catholics and were called \"new converts\".", "question": ["What was required of Huguenot children after the Edict was revoked?", "How did the revocation restrict Huguenot travel?", "How many Huguenots emigrated to North America as colonists?", "What were Huguenots who stayed in France eventually known as?", "Besides Britain and North America, where else did Huguenot refugees settle?"]}

{"task_id": 564, "context": "The bulk of Huguenot émigrés relocated to Protestant European nations such as England, Wales, Scotland, Denmark, Sweden, Switzerland, the Dutch Republic, the Electorate of Brandenburg and Electorate of the Palatinate in the Holy Roman Empire, the Duchy of Prussia, the Channel Islands, and Ireland. They also spread beyond Europe to the Dutch Cape Colony in South Africa, the Dutch East Indies, the Caribbean, and several of the English colonies of North America, and Quebec, where they were accepted and allowed to worship freely.", "question": ["What two member nations of the Holy Roman Empire received Huguenot refugees?", "What general religious belief did the nations that received Huguenot refugees have in common?", "What area in modern-day Canada received Huguenot immigrants?", "What area in South Africa accepted Huguenot colonists?", "What made emigration to these colonies attractive?"]}

{"task_id": 565, "context": "Some disagree with such double or triple non-French linguistic origins, arguing that for the word to have spread into common use in France, it must have originated in the French language. The \"Hugues hypothesis\" argues that the name was derived by association with Hugues Capet, king of France, who reigned long before the Reformation. He was regarded by the Gallicans and Protestants as a noble man who respected people's dignity and lives. Janet Gray and other supporters of the hypothesis suggest that the name huguenote would be roughly equivalent to little Hugos, or those who want Hugo.", "question": ["From what French King did the Huguenot name possibly descend?", "What is the theory that this King's name is the origin of \"Huguenot\" called?", "Who is one prominent advocate of this theory?", "According to the theory, what does the name \"Huguenot\" mean?", "Other theories of the word's origin can be generally classed as what?"]}

{"task_id": 602, "context": "Around 1800 Richard Trevithick and, separately, Oliver Evans in 1801 introduced engines using high-pressure steam; Trevithick obtained his high-pressure engine patent in 1802. These were much more powerful for a given cylinder size than previous engines and could be made small enough for transport applications. Thereafter, technological developments and improvements in manufacturing techniques (partly brought about by the adoption of the steam engine as a power source) resulted in the design of more efficient engines that could be smaller, faster, or more powerful, depending on the intended application.", "question": ["Who invented a high-pressure steam engine around 1800?", "Who created an engine using high pressure steam in 1801?", "In what year did Richard Trevithick patent his device?", "High pressure steam engines were small enough that they could be used in what application?", "What were steam engines used as a source of?"]}

{"task_id": 604, "context": "Where CHP is not used, steam turbines in power stations use surface condensers as a cold sink. The condensers are cooled by water flow from oceans, rivers, lakes, and often by cooling towers which evaporate water to provide cooling energy removal. The resulting condensed hot water output from the condenser is then put back into the boiler via a pump. A dry type cooling tower is similar to an automobile radiator and is used in locations where water is costly. Evaporative (wet) cooling towers use the rejected heat to evaporate water; this water is kept separate from the condensate, which circulates in a closed system and returns to the boiler. Such towers often have visible plumes due to the evaporated water condensing into droplets carried up by the warm air. Evaporative cooling towers need less water flow than \"once-through\" cooling by river or lake water; a 700 megawatt coal-fired power plant may use about 3600 cubic metres of make-up water every hour for evaporative cooling, but would need about twenty times as much if cooled by river water.[citation needed]", "question": ["What do power station steam turbines use as a cold sink in the absence of CHP?", "What device is a dry cooling tower similar to?", "In what sort of places are dry cooling towers used?", "An evaporative cooling tower is also referred to as what kind of cooling tower?", "About how many cubic meters of make-up water is used by a 700-megawatt coal-fired power plant for evaporative cooling hourly?"]}

{"task_id": 610, "context": "The weight of boilers and condensers generally makes the power-to-weight ratio of a steam plant lower than for internal combustion engines. For mobile applications steam has been largely superseded by internal combustion engines or electric motors. However, most electric power is generated using steam turbine plant, so that indirectly the world's industry is still dependent on steam power. Recent concerns about fuel sources and pollution have incited a renewed interest in steam both as a component of cogeneration processes and as a prime mover. This is becoming known as the Advanced Steam movement.[citation needed]", "question": ["What is the power-to-weight ratio of a steam plant compared to that of an internal combustion engine?", "Along with internal combustion engines, what machines have superseded steam in some areas?", "What plants create most electric power?", "What is the name of the movement that seeks renewed use of steam power in the modern era?", "Along with fuel sources, what concern has contributed to the development of the Advanced Steam movement?"]}

{"task_id": 612, "context": "The next major step occurred when James Watt developed (1763–1775) an improved version of Newcomen's engine, with a separate condenser. Boulton and Watt's early engines used half as much coal as John Smeaton's improved version of Newcomen's. Newcomen's and Watt's early engines were \"atmospheric\". They were powered by air pressure pushing a piston into the partial vacuum generated by condensing steam, instead of the pressure of expanding steam. The engine cylinders had to be large because the only usable force acting on them was due to atmospheric pressure.", "question": ["When did Watt finish the development of his improvements to Newcomen's engine?", "What did Watt add to Newcomen's engine between 1763 and 1775?", "Compared to Smeaton's improvement on Newcomen's engine, how much coal did Watt's engine use?", "In addition to Watt, Boulton and Smeaton, whose engine was an atmosphere design?", "In an atmospheric engine, what does air pressure push against?"]}

{"task_id": 614, "context": "The acme of the horizontal engine was the Corliss steam engine, patented in 1849, which was a four-valve counter flow engine with separate steam admission and exhaust valves and automatic variable steam cutoff. When Corliss was given the Rumford medal the committee said that \"no one invention since Watt's time has so enhanced the efficiency of the steam engine\". In addition to using 30% less steam, it provided more uniform speed due to variable steam cut off, making it well suited to manufacturing, especially cotton spinning.", "question": ["What was the ultimate development of the horizontal engine?", "In what year was the Corliss engine patented?", "How much less steam did the Corliss engine use compared to the Watt engine?", "How many valves did the Corliss engine use?", "What award was given to Corliss?"]}

{"task_id": 640, "context": "By the late 19th century scientists realized that air could be liquefied, and its components isolated, by compressing and cooling it. Using a cascade method, Swiss chemist and physicist Raoul Pierre Pictet evaporated liquid sulfur dioxide in order to liquefy carbon dioxide, which in turn was evaporated to cool oxygen gas enough to liquefy it. He sent a telegram on December 22, 1877 to the French Academy of Sciences in Paris announcing his discovery of liquid oxygen. Just two days later, French physicist Louis Paul Cailletet announced his own method of liquefying molecular oxygen. Only a few drops of the liquid were produced in either case so no meaningful analysis could be conducted. Oxygen was liquified in stable state for the first time on March 29, 1883 by Polish scientists from Jagiellonian University, Zygmunt Wróblewski and Karol Olszewski.", "question": ["By what century did researchers see that they could liquefy air?", "By what means were scientists able to liquefy air?", "What scientist told the French Academy of Sciences that he had found how to liquefy oxygen?", "What minor amount of liquid oxygen was produced by early French experimenters?", "On what date was oxygen liquefied in a stable form?"]}

{"task_id": 642, "context": "Singlet oxygen is a name given to several higher-energy species of molecular O\n2 in which all the electron spins are paired. It is much more reactive towards common organic molecules than is molecular oxygen per se. In nature, singlet oxygen is commonly formed from water during photosynthesis, using the energy of sunlight. It is also produced in the troposphere by the photolysis of ozone by light of short wavelength, and by the immune system as a source of active oxygen. Carotenoids in photosynthetic organisms (and possibly also in animals) play a major role in absorbing energy from singlet oxygen and converting it to the unexcited ground state before it can cause harm to tissues.", "question": ["What is the name for a form of oxygen in which electrons are paired?", "To what is singlet oxygen more reactive?", "In what process is singlet oxygen usually formed?", "By what process is singlet oxygen made in the tropophere?", "What objects in organisms absorb singlet oxygen to prevent harm?"]}

{"task_id": 645, "context": "In the triplet form, O\n2 molecules are paramagnetic. That is, they impart magnetic character to oxygen when it is in the presence of a magnetic field, because of the spin magnetic moments of the unpaired electrons in the molecule, and the negative exchange energy between neighboring O\n2 molecules. Liquid oxygen is attracted to a magnet to a sufficient extent that, in laboratory demonstrations, a bridge of liquid oxygen may be supported against its own weight between the poles of a powerful magnet.[c]", "question": ["What magnetic character do triplet O2 have?", "In experiments, a bridge of what element can be built between poles of a magnet?", "The spin of what can produce a magnetic effect to oxygen molecules?", "What kind of field is necessary to produce a magnet effect in oxygen molecules?", "What device is used to test the magnetic attractions involved in liquid oxygen?"]}

{"task_id": 656, "context": "Due to its electronegativity, oxygen forms chemical bonds with almost all other elements to give corresponding oxides. The surface of most metals, such as aluminium and titanium, are oxidized in the presence of air and become coated with a thin film of oxide that passivates the metal and slows further corrosion. Many oxides of the transition metals are non-stoichiometric compounds, with slightly less metal than the chemical formula would show. For example, the mineral FeO (wüstite) is written as Fe\n1 − xO, where x is usually around 0.05.", "question": ["What characteristic of oxygen causes it to form bonds with other elements?", "What is usual form of oxygen bound compounds?", "What is the mineral wustite?", "What does oxygen cause to form on metals?", "What does the film of oxide on metals delay?"]}

{"task_id": 670, "context": "Some of the income was dispensed in the form of aid to other underdeveloped nations whose economies had been caught between higher oil prices and lower prices for their own export commodities, amid shrinking Western demand. Much went for arms purchases that exacerbated political tensions, particularly in the Middle East. Saudi Arabia spent over 100 billion dollars in the ensuing decades for helping spread its fundamentalist interpretation of Islam, known as Wahhabism, throughout the world, via religious charities such al-Haramain Foundation, which often also distributed funds to violent Sunni extremist groups such as Al-Qaeda and the Taliban.", "question": ["How much did Saudi Arabia spend on spreading Wahhabism?", "Which group benefited from the funds distributed by the religious charity, al-Haramain Foundation?", "Some of the income went to the purchase of arms which exacerbated political tension especially in which area?", "What is one of the reason that underdeveloped nations received aid from the oil income?", "What is a fundamentalist interpretation of Islam called?"]}

{"task_id": 690, "context": "The Apollo program succeeded in achieving its goal of manned lunar landing, despite the major setback of a 1967 Apollo 1 cabin fire that killed the entire crew during a prelaunch test. After the first landing, sufficient flight hardware remained for nine follow-on landings with a plan for extended lunar geological and astrophysical exploration. Budget cuts forced the cancellation of three of these. Five of the remaining six missions achieved successful landings, but the Apollo 13 landing was prevented by an oxygen tank explosion in transit to the Moon, which disabled the command spacecraft's propulsion and life support. The crew returned to Earth safely by using the Lunar Module as a \"lifeboat\" for these functions.", "question": ["In what year did the Apollo 1 cabin fire occur?", "What type of launch was happening during the Apollo 1 incident?", "What forced the cancellations of three future landings?", "How many of the remaining launches were successful?", "What happened to Apollo 13?"]}

{"task_id": 731, "context": "The G mission was achieved on Apollo 11 in July 1969 by an all-Gemini veteran crew consisting of Neil Armstrong, Michael Collins and Buzz Aldrin. Armstrong and Aldrin performed the first landing at the Sea of Tranquility at 20:17:40 UTC on July 20, 1969. They spent a total of 21 hours, 36 minutes on the surface, and spent 2 hours, 31 minutes outside the spacecraft, walking on the surface, taking photographs, collecting material samples, and deploying automated scientific instruments, while continuously sending black-and-white television back to Earth. The astronauts returned safely on July 24.", "question": ["From what project did the Apollo 11 crew consist entirely of?", "In what month and year did the Apollo 11 mission occur?", "What did the astronauts on the moon send back to Earth live via signals?", "Who were the astronauts aboard the Apollo 11 mission?", "What day did the Apollo 11 crew return to Earth?"]}

{"task_id": 758, "context": "Generally speaking, while all member states recognise that EU law takes primacy over national law where this agreed in the Treaties, they do not accept that the Court of Justice has the final say on foundational constitutional questions affecting democracy and human rights. In the United Kingdom, the basic principle is that Parliament, as the sovereign expression of democratic legitimacy, can decide whether it wishes to expressly legislate against EU law. This, however, would only happen in the case of an express wish of the people to withdraw from the EU. It was held in R (Factortame Ltd) v Secretary of State for Transport that \"whatever limitation of its sovereignty Parliament accepted when it enacted the European Communities Act 1972 was entirely voluntary\" and so \"it has always been clear\" that UK courts have a duty \"to override any rule of national law found to be in conflict with any directly enforceable rule of Community law.\" More recently the UK Supreme Court noted that in R (HS2 Action Alliance Ltd) v Secretary of State for Transport, although the UK constitution is uncodified, there could be \"fundamental principles\" of common law, and Parliament \"did not either contemplate or authorise the abrogation\" of those principles when it enacted the European Communities Act 1972. The view of the German Constitutional Court from the Solange I and Solange II decisions is that if the EU does not comply with its basic constitutional rights and principles (particularly democracy, the rule of law and the social state principles) then it cannot override German law. However, as the nicknames of the judgments go, \"so long as\" the EU works towards the democratisation of its institutions, and has a framework that protects fundamental human rights, it would not review EU legislation for compatibility with German constitutional principles. Most other member states have expressed similar reservations. This suggests the EU's legitimacy rests on the ultimate authority of member states, its factual commitment to human rights, and the democratic will of the people.", "question": ["What do all member states agree takes precedence over national law?", "What issues do member states say the Court of Justice does not have the final say on?", "When was the European Communities Act created?", "What does the EU's legitimacy rest on?", "In what cases can the EU not override German law?"]}

{"task_id": 773, "context": "EU Competition law has its origins in the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) agreement between France, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg and Germany in 1951 following the second World War. The agreement aimed to prevent Germany from re-establishing dominance in the production of coal and steel as members felt that its dominance had contributed to the outbreak of the war. Article 65 of the agreement banned cartels and article 66 made provisions for concentrations, or mergers, and the abuse of a dominant position by companies. This was the first time that competition law principles were included in a plurilateral regional agreement and established the trans-European model of competition law. In 1957 competition rules were included in the Treaty of Rome, also known as the EC Treaty, which established the European Economic Community (EEC). The Treaty of Rome established the enactment of competition law as one of the main aims of the EEC through the \"institution of a system ensuring that competition in the common market is not distorted\". The two central provisions on EU competition law on companies were established in article 85, which prohibited anti-competitive agreements, subject to some exemptions, and article 86 prohibiting the abuse of dominant position. The treaty also established principles on competition law for member states, with article 90 covering public undertakings, and article 92 making provisions on state aid. Regulations on mergers were not included as member states could not establish consensus on the issue at the time.", "question": ["Which countries were the European Coal and Steel Community agreement between?", "What year was the ECSC agreement established?", "What did article 65 of the ECSC ban?", "Which article made provisions for concentrations or mergers and the abuse of a dominant position by companies?", "When were competition rules included in the Treaty of Rome?"]}

{"task_id": 802, "context": "As indigenous territories continue to be destroyed by deforestation and ecocide, such as in the Peruvian Amazon indigenous peoples' rainforest communities continue to disappear, while others, like the Urarina continue to struggle to fight for their cultural survival and the fate of their forested territories. Meanwhile, the relationship between non-human primates in the subsistence and symbolism of indigenous lowland South American peoples has gained increased attention, as have ethno-biology and community-based conservation efforts.", "question": ["What kind of territories are being destroyed by ecocide in the Amazon?", "What type of conservation effort is gaining attention in the Amazon?", "Indigenous territories are largely being destroyed in what two ways?", "The Peruvian Amazon indigienous people are one group struggling in the Amazon, what is another group?", "There is growing interest in what indigenous group in the Amazon?"]}

{"task_id": 823, "context": "The Lobata have a pair of lobes, which are muscular, cuplike extensions of the body that project beyond the mouth. Their inconspicuous tentacles originate from the corners of the mouth, running in convoluted grooves and spreading out over the inner surface of the lobes (rather than trailing far behind, as in the Cydippida). Between the lobes on either side of the mouth, many species of lobates have four auricles, gelatinous projections edged with cilia that produce water currents that help direct microscopic prey toward the mouth. This combination of structures enables lobates to feed continuously on suspended planktonic prey.", "question": ["What does the lobata have pair of?", "What are auricles?", "How many auricles do most species have?", "What do the auricles do?", "What do lobates feed on?"]}

{"task_id": 831, "context": "Almost all ctenophores are predators – there are no vegetarians and only one genus that is partly parasitic. If food is plentiful, they can eat 10 times their own weight per day. While Beroe preys mainly on other ctenophores, other surface-water species prey on zooplankton (planktonic animals) ranging in size from the microscopic, including mollusc and fish larvae, to small adult crustaceans such as copepods, amphipods, and even krill. Members of the genus Haeckelia prey on jellyfish and incorporate their prey's nematocysts (stinging cells) into their own tentacles instead of colloblasts. Ctenophores have been compared to spiders in their wide range of techniques from capturing prey – some hang motionless in the water using their tentacles as \"webs\", some are ambush predators like Salticid jumping spiders, and some dangle a sticky droplet at the end of a fine thread, as bolas spiders do. This variety explains the wide range of body forms in a phylum with rather few species. The two-tentacled \"cydippid\" Lampea feeds exclusively on salps, close relatives of sea-squirts that form large chain-like floating colonies, and juveniles of Lampea attach themselves like parasites to salps that are too large for them to swallow. Members of the cydippid genus Pleurobrachia and the lobate Bolinopsis often reach high population densities at the same place and time because they specialize in different types of prey: Pleurobrachia's long tentacles mainly capture relatively strong swimmers such as adult copepods, while Bolinopsis generally feeds on smaller, weaker swimmers such as rotifers and mollusc and crustacean larvae.", "question": ["Are ctenophores predators, vegetarian or parasitic?", "Haeckelia prey mostly on what animal?", "What happens to the jellyfish nematocysts when they are eaten by the haeckelia?", "What does the bolinopsis generally eat?", "What is the name of the two-tentacled cydippid that feedsentirely on salps called?"]}

{"task_id": 835, "context": "The early Cambrian sessile frond-like fossil Stromatoveris, from China's Chengjiang lagerstätte and dated to about 515 million years ago, is very similar to Vendobionta of the preceding Ediacaran period. De-Gan Shu, Simon Conway Morris et al. found on its branches what they considered rows of cilia, used for filter feeding. They suggested that Stromatoveris was an evolutionary \"aunt\" of ctenophores, and that ctenophores originated from sessile animals whose descendants became swimmers and changed the cilia from a feeding mechanism to a propulsion system.", "question": ["How old were the fossils found in China?", "What type of fossils were found in China?", "Which genus is considered the \"aunt\" of ctenophores?", "Stromatoveris is similair to which genus?", "Vendobionta lived during which period?"]}

{"task_id": 841, "context": "In September 1958, Bank of America launched a new product called BankAmericard in Fresno. After a troubled gestation during which its creator resigned, BankAmericard went on to become the first successful credit card; that is, a financial instrument that was usable across a large number of merchants and also allowed cardholders to revolve a balance (earlier financial products could do one or the other but not both). In 1976, BankAmericard was renamed and spun off into a separate company known today as Visa Inc.", "question": ["What new product did Bank of America introduce in 1958?", "What was the name of the first successful credit card?", "What did the BankAmericard allow customers do to that they couldn't do with previous financial instruments?", "In what year did BankAmericard change its name?", "What present-day company did BankAmericard turn into?"]}

{"task_id": 854, "context": "While many homes in the neighborhood date back to the 1930s or before, the neighborhood is also home to several public housing developments built between the 1960s and 1990s by the Fresno Housing Authority. The US Department of Housing and Urban Development has also built small subdivisions of single-family homes in the area for purchase by low-income working families. There have been numerous attempts to revitalize the neighborhood, including the construction of a modern shopping center on the corner of Fresno and B streets, an aborted attempt to build luxury homes and a golf course on the western edge of the neighborhood, and some new section 8 apartments have been built along Church Ave west of Elm St. Cargill Meat Solutions and Foster Farms both have large processing facilities in the neighborhood, and the stench from these (and other small industrial facilities) has long plagued area residents. The Fresno Chandler Executive Airport is also on the West Side. Due to its position on the edge of the city and years of neglect by developers, is not a true \"inner-city\" neighborhood, and there are many vacant lots, strawberry fields and vineyards throughout the neighborhood. The neighborhood has very little retail activity, aside from the area near Fresno Street and State Route 99 Freeway (Kearney Palm Shopping Center, built in the late 1990s) and small corner markets scattered throughout.", "question": ["When were the public housing developments built in the neighborhood?", "On which corner is the shopping center located?", "What are the two processing facilities in the neighborhood?", "Where is the airport located?", "How much retail activity does the neighborhood have?"]}

{"task_id": 860, "context": "There were 158,349 households, of which 68,511 (43.3%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 69,284 (43.8%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 30,547 (19.3%) had a female householder with no husband present, 11,698 (7.4%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 12,843 (8.1%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 1,388 (0.9%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 35,064 households (22.1%) were made up of individuals and 12,344 (7.8%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.07. There were 111,529 families (70.4% of all households); the average family size was 3.62.", "question": ["How many households has kids under the age of 18 living in them?", "What was the percentage of a female householder with no husband present?", "How many same-sex married couples or partnerships were there?", "What was the average family size?", "What was the average household size?"]}

{"task_id": 862, "context": "To avoid interference with existing VHF television stations in the San Francisco Bay Area and those planned for Chico, Sacramento, Salinas, and Stockton, the Federal Communications Commission decided that Fresno would only have UHF television stations. The very first Fresno television station to begin broadcasting was KMJ-TV, which debuted on June 1, 1953. KMJ is now known as NBC affiliate KSEE. Other Fresno stations include ABC O&O KFSN, CBS affiliate KGPE, CW affiliate KFRE, FOX affiliate KMPH, MNTV affiliate KAIL, PBS affiliate KVPT, Telemundo O&O KNSO, Univision O&O KFTV, and MundoFox and Azteca affiliate KGMC-DT.", "question": ["Why does Fresno only have UHF television stations?", "What was the very first television station to broadcast in Fresno?", "When did the KMJ-TV first broadcast?", "What is KMJ now referred to?", "What is the name of the CBS affiliate in Fresno?"]}

{"task_id": 881, "context": "Tymnet was an international data communications network headquartered in San Jose, CA that utilized virtual call packet switched technology and used X.25, SNA/SDLC, BSC and ASCII interfaces to connect host computers (servers)at thousands of large companies, educational institutions, and government agencies. Users typically connected via dial-up connections or dedicated async connections. The business consisted of a large public network that supported dial-up users and a private network business that allowed government agencies and large companies (mostly banks and airlines) to build their own dedicated networks. The private networks were often connected via gateways to the public network to reach locations not on the private network. Tymnet was also connected to dozens of other public networks in the U.S. and internationally via X.25/X.75 gateways. (Interesting note: Tymnet was not named after Mr. Tyme. Another employee suggested the name.)", "question": ["What was Tymnet", "What did Tymnet connect", "How did user of Tymnet connect", "The business allowed for private companies to do what", "Gateways allowed private companies to do what"]}

{"task_id": 889, "context": "The Black Death is thought to have originated in the arid plains of Central Asia, where it then travelled along the Silk Road, reaching Crimea by 1343. From there, it was most likely carried by Oriental rat fleas living on the black rats that were regular passengers on merchant ships. Spreading throughout the Mediterranean and Europe, the Black Death is estimated to have killed 30–60% of Europe's total population. In total, the plague reduced the world population from an estimated 450 million down to 350–375 million in the 14th century. The world population as a whole did not recover to pre-plague levels until the 17th century. The plague recurred occasionally in Europe until the 19th century.", "question": ["Where did the black death originate?", "How did the black death make it to the Mediterranean and Europe?", "How much of the European population did the black death kill?", "When did the world's population finally recover from the black death?", "For how long did the plague stick around?"]}

{"task_id": 890, "context": "The plague disease, caused by Yersinia pestis, is enzootic (commonly present) in populations of fleas carried by ground rodents, including marmots, in various areas including Central Asia, Kurdistan, Western Asia, Northern India and Uganda. Nestorian graves dating to 1338–39 near Lake Issyk Kul in Kyrgyzstan have inscriptions referring to plague and are thought by many epidemiologists to mark the outbreak of the epidemic, from which it could easily have spread to China and India. In October 2010, medical geneticists suggested that all three of the great waves of the plague originated in China. In China, the 13th century Mongol conquest caused a decline in farming and trading. However, economic recovery had been observed at the beginning of the 14th century. In the 1330s a large number of natural disasters and plagues led to widespread famine, starting in 1331, with a deadly plague arriving soon after. Epidemics that may have included plague killed an estimated 25 million Chinese and other Asians during the 15 years before it reached Constantinople in 1347.", "question": ["What does it mean for a disease to be enzootic?", "How old are the gravestones that reference the plague?", "Where do scientists think all of the plagues originated from?", "When did the Chinese famine begin?", "How many did this epidemic in China kill?"]}

{"task_id": 897, "context": "The historian Francis Aidan Gasquet wrote about the 'Great Pestilence' in 1893 and suggested that \"it would appear to be some form of the ordinary Eastern or bubonic plague\". He was able to adopt the epidemiology of the bubonic plague for the Black Death for the second edition in 1908, implicating rats and fleas in the process, and his interpretation was widely accepted for other ancient and medieval epidemics, such as the Justinian plague that was prevalent in the Eastern Roman Empire from 541 to 700 CE.", "question": ["Who wrote about the great pestilence in 1893?", "What did Gasquet think the plague was?", "When did the second edition of Gasquet's book come out?", "What did Gasquet's book blame the plague on?", "What is another plague thought to have spread the same way?"]}

{"task_id": 900, "context": "The study also found that there were two previously unknown but related clades (genetic branches) of the Y. pestis genome associated with medieval mass graves. These clades (which are thought to be extinct) were found to be ancestral to modern isolates of the modern Y. pestis strains Y. p. orientalis and Y. p. medievalis, suggesting the plague may have entered Europe in two waves. Surveys of plague pit remains in France and England indicate the first variant entered Europe through the port of Marseille around November 1347 and spread through France over the next two years, eventually reaching England in the spring of 1349, where it spread through the country in three epidemics. Surveys of plague pit remains from the Dutch town of Bergen op Zoom showed the Y. pestis genotype responsible for the pandemic that spread through the Low Countries from 1350 differed from that found in Britain and France, implying Bergen op Zoom (and possibly other parts of the southern Netherlands) was not directly infected from England or France in 1349 and suggesting a second wave of plague, different from those in Britain and France, may have been carried to the Low Countries from Norway, the Hanseatic cities or another site.", "question": ["What are clades?", "What strains of y. pestis were found in the mass graves?", "What do the strains of y. pestis suggest abut the plague?", "How and when did the first variant of y. pestis enter Europe?", "When did the y. pestis reach England?"]}

{"task_id": 918, "context": "The principle of inclusions and components states that, with sedimentary rocks, if inclusions (or clasts) are found in a formation, then the inclusions must be older than the formation that contains them. For example, in sedimentary rocks, it is common for gravel from an older formation to be ripped up and included in a newer layer. A similar situation with igneous rocks occurs when xenoliths are found. These foreign bodies are picked up as magma or lava flows, and are incorporated, later to cool in the matrix. As a result, xenoliths are older than the rock which contains them.", "question": ["What foreign bodies, which are older than the rocks themselves, occur igneous rocks?", "Xenoliths are picked up by what and deposited into the matrix of igneous rocks?", "What is another word for inclusions in sedimentary rocks?", "What is the principle that states that with sedimentary rocks, inclusions must be older than the formation that contains them?", "What is something that is often torn up and included in sedimentary rock?"]}

{"task_id": 923, "context": "Extension causes the rock units as a whole to become longer and thinner. This is primarily accomplished through normal faulting and through the ductile stretching and thinning. Normal faults drop rock units that are higher below those that are lower. This typically results in younger units being placed below older units. Stretching of units can result in their thinning; in fact, there is a location within the Maria Fold and Thrust Belt in which the entire sedimentary sequence of the Grand Canyon can be seen over a length of less than a meter. Rocks at the depth to be ductilely stretched are often also metamorphosed. These stretched rocks can also pinch into lenses, known as boudins, after the French word for \"sausage\", because of their visual similarity.", "question": ["This causes the rock unit as a whole to become longer and thinner.", "Stretched rocks that pinch into lenses are known by what word?", "Where can the entire sedimentary sequence of the Grand Canyon be seen in less than the length of a meter?", "Rocks that are a depth where they are ductilely stretched are also often what?", "What causes rock extension?"]}

{"task_id": 943, "context": "During the English Civil War, the North declared for the King. In a bid to gain Newcastle and the Tyne, Cromwell's allies, the Scots, captured the town of Newburn. In 1644 the Scots then captured the reinforced fortification on the Lawe in South Shields following a siege. In 1644 the city was then besieged for many months and was eventually stormed ('with roaring drummes') and sacked by Cromwell's allies. The grateful King bestowed the motto \"Fortiter Defendit Triumphans\" (\"Triumphing by a brave defence\") upon the town. Charles I was imprisoned in Newcastle by the Scots in 1646–7.", "question": ["Who did the North declare for during the English civil war?", "Who was Cromwell's allies?", "What was roaring as Newcastle was stormed?", "What does Fortiter Defendit Triumphans mean?", "Who was imprisoned in Newcastle by the Scots in 1646 through 1647?"]}

{"task_id": 947, "context": "Another green space in Newcastle is the Town Moor, lying immediately north of the city centre. It is larger than London's famous Hyde Park and Hampstead Heath put together and the freemen of the city have the right to graze cattle on it. The right incidentally extends to the pitch of St. James' Park, Newcastle United Football Club's ground, though this is not exercised, although the Freemen do collect rent for the loss of privilege. Honorary freemen include Bob Geldof, King Harald V of Norway, Bobby Robson, Alan Shearer, the late Nelson Mandela and the Royal Shakespeare Company. The Hoppings funfair, said to be the largest travelling funfair in Europe, is held here annually in June.", "question": ["What's the name of the green space north of the center of Newcastle?", "What an the freeman of Newcastle do with their cows on the Town Moor?", "What is said to be the largest travelling funfair in Europe?", "When is the funfair held in Newcastle?", "What honorary title does Bob Geldof hold?"]}

{"task_id": 953, "context": "Other shopping destinations in Newcastle include Grainger Street and the area around Grey's Monument, the relatively modern Eldon Garden and Monument Mall complexes, the Newgate Centre, Central Arcade and the traditional Grainger Market. Outside the city centre, the largest suburban shopping areas are Gosforth and Byker. The largest Tesco store in the United Kingdom is located in Kingston Park on the edge of Newcastle. Close to Newcastle, the largest indoor shopping centre in Europe, the MetroCentre, is located in Gateshead.", "question": ["What type of destination is the area around Grey's Monument?", "Gosforth and Byker are the largest shopping areas of what type?", "The largest brand of what store in the UK is located in Kingston Park?", "What is the name of the largest indoor shopping centre in Europe?", "Where is the MetroCentre located?"]}

{"task_id": 957, "context": "According to the same statistics, the average age of people living in Newcastle is 37.8 (the national average being 38.6). Many people in the city have Scottish or Irish ancestors. There is a strong presence of Border Reiver surnames, such as Armstrong, Charlton, Elliot, Johnstone, Kerr, Hall, Nixon, Little and Robson. There are also small but significant Chinese, Jewish and Eastern European (Polish, Czech Roma) populations. There are also estimated to be between 500 and 2,000 Bolivians in Newcastle, forming up to 1% of the population—the largest such percentage of any UK city.", "question": ["What is the average age of people who live in Newcastle?", "Scottish or Irish describe the type of what people in Newcastle have?", "What type of surnames is their a strong presence of?", "What is the smallest number of Bolivians it's estimated live in Newcastle?", "What percentage of Newcastle's population is it believed the Bolivians account for?"]}

{"task_id": 982, "context": "There are eleven LEA-funded 11 to 18 schools and seven independent schools with sixth forms in Newcastle. There are a number of successful state schools, including Walker Technology College, Gosforth High School, Heaton Manor School, St Cuthbert's High School, St. Mary's Catholic Comprehensive School, Kenton School, George Stephenson High School, Sacred Heart and Benfield School. The largest co-ed independent school is the Royal Grammar School. The largest girls' independent school is Newcastle High School for Girls. Both schools are located on the same street in Jesmond. Newcastle School for Boys is the only independent boys' only school in the city and is situated in Gosforth. Newcastle College is the largest general further education college in the North East and is a beacon status college; there are two smaller colleges in the Newcastle area. St Cuthbert's High School and Sacred Heart are the two primary state-Catholic run high schools, and are both achieving results on par with the independent schools in Newcastle.", "question": ["How many LEA-funded 11 to 18 schools are there in Newcastle?", "How many of the schools in Newcastle are independent?", "What is the largest co-ed independent school in Newcastle?", "What is the largest general further education college in the North East?", "What religion is St Cuthbert's High School dominated by?"]}

{"task_id": 985, "context": "The Parish Church of St Andrew is traditionally recognised as 'the oldest church in this town'. The present building was begun in the 12th Century and the last addition to it, apart from the vestries, was the main porch in 1726. It is quite possible that there was an earlier church here dating from Saxon times. This older church would have been one of several churches along the River Tyne dedicated to St Andrew, including the Priory church at Hexham. The building contains more old stonework than any other church in Newcastle. It is surrounded by the last of the ancient churchyards to retain its original character. Many key names associated with Newcastle's history worshipped and were buried here. The church tower received a battering during the Siege of Newcastle by the Scots who finally breached the Town Wall and forced surrender. Three of the cannonballs remain on site as testament to the siege.", "question": ["Which parish church in Newcastle is typically agreed to be the oldest one in town?", "What year was the latest addition to the Church of St. Andrew?", "What was added to the the church of St. Andrew in 1726?", "What surrounds the church of St. Andrew?", "What received a battering during the Siege of Newcastle?"]}

{"task_id": 1003, "context": "Prince Albert appears within the main arch above the twin entrances, Queen Victoria above the frame around the arches and entrance, sculpted by Alfred Drury. These façades surround four levels of galleries. Other areas designed by Webb include the Entrance Hall and Rotunda, the East and West Halls, the areas occupied by the shop and Asian Galleries as well as the Costume Gallery. The interior makes much use of marble in the entrance hall and flanking staircases, although the galleries as originally designed were white with restrained classical detail and mouldings, very much in contrast to the elaborate decoration of the Victorian galleries, although much of this decoration was removed in the early 20th century.", "question": ["Who sculpted the representations of Prince Albert and Queen Victoria found in the main entrance?", "How many levels of galleries do the façades surround?", "Who designed the Entrance Hall and Rotunda?", "What building material does the entrance hall and flanking staircases use predominantly?", "Which British monarch appears above the frame around the arches and entrance?"]}

{"task_id": 1008, "context": "Not only are all the major British architects of the last four hundred years represented, but many European (especially Italian) and American architects' drawings are held in the collection. The RIBA's holdings of over 330 drawings by Andrea Palladio are the largest in the world, other Europeans well represented are Jacques Gentilhatre and Antonio Visentini. British architects whose drawings, and in some cases models of their buildings, in the collection, include: Inigo Jones, Sir Christopher Wren, Sir John Vanbrugh, Nicholas Hawksmoor, William Kent, James Gibbs, Robert Adam, Sir William Chambers, James Wyatt, Henry Holland, John Nash, Sir John Soane, Sir Charles Barry, Charles Robert Cockerell, Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin, Sir George Gilbert Scott, John Loughborough Pearson, George Edmund Street, Richard Norman Shaw, Alfred Waterhouse, Sir Edwin Lutyens, Charles Rennie Mackintosh, Charles Holden, Frank Hoar, Lord Richard Rogers, Lord Norman Foster, Sir Nicholas Grimshaw, Zaha Hadid and Alick Horsnell.", "question": ["The RIBA's drawing collection of what Italian architect is considered the largest in the world?", "Which lone female architect listed above is represented in the collection?", "Approximately how many drawings of the Italian architect Andrea Palladio is in the RIBA collection?", "Which architect, famous for designing London's St. Paul Cathedral, is represented in the RIBA collection?", "Which architect, famous for the India Gate in New Delhi, is represented in the RIBA collection?"]}

{"task_id": 1010, "context": "The V&A holds over 19,000 items from the Islamic world, ranging from the early Islamic period (the 7th century) to the early 20th century. The Jameel Gallery of Islamic Art, opened in 2006, houses a representative display of 400 objects with the highlight being the Ardabil Carpet, the centrepiece of the gallery. The displays in this gallery cover objects from Spain, North Africa, the Middle East, Central Asia and Afghanistan. A masterpiece of Islamic art is a 10th-century Rock crystal ewer. Many examples of Qur'āns with exquisite calligraphy dating from various periods are on display. A 15th-century minbar from a Cairo mosque with ivory forming complex geometrical patterns inlaid in wood is one of the larger objects on display. Extensive examples of ceramics especially Iznik pottery, glasswork including 14th-century lamps from mosques and metalwork are on display. The collection of Middle Eastern and Persian rugs and carpets is amongst the finest in the world, many were part of the Salting Bequest of 1909. Examples of tile work from various buildings including a fireplace dated 1731 from Istanbul made of intricately decorated blue and white tiles and turquoise tiles from the exterior of buildings from Samarkand are also displayed.", "question": ["Approximately how many items from the Islamic world are held in the V&A collection?", "In which year did the Jameel Gallery of Islamic Art opened?", "What is considered the centerpiece of the Jameel Gallery of Islamic Art?", "Some of the objects held in the Jameel Gallery of Islamic Art come from which European country?", "In which year was the Salting Bequest?"]}

{"task_id": 1013, "context": "The Toshiba gallery of Japanese art opened in December 1986. The majority of exhibits date from 1550 to 1900, but one of the oldest pieces displayed is the 13th-century sculpture of Amida Nyorai. Examples of classic Japanese armour from the mid-19th century, steel sword blades (Katana), Inrō, lacquerware including the Mazarin Chest dated c1640 is one of the finest surviving pieces from Kyoto, porcelain including Imari, Netsuke, woodblock prints including the work of Ando Hiroshige, graphic works include printed books, as well as a few paintings, scrolls and screens, textiles and dress including kimonos are some of the objects on display. One of the finest objects displayed is Suzuki Chokichi's bronze incense burner (koro) dated 1875, standing at over 2.25 metres high and 1.25 metres in diameter it is also one of the largest examples made. The museum also holds some cloisonné pieces from the Japanese art production company, Ando Cloisonné.", "question": ["Which company is the gallery of Japanese art named after?", "In which year did the gallery of Japanese art open?", "The sculpture of Amida Nyorai that is included in the V&A's Japanese art collection is dated to which century?", "Most of the objects in the Japanese art collection is dated to which time period?", "Suzuki Chokichi's incense burner dated 1875 is made of what from material?"]}

{"task_id": 1014, "context": "The smaller galleries cover Korea, the Himalayan kingdoms and South East Asia. Korean displays include green-glazed ceramics, silk embroideries from officials' robes and gleaming boxes inlaid with mother-of-pearl made between 500 AD and 2000. Himalayan items include important early Nepalese bronze sculptures, repoussé work and embroidery. Tibetan art from the 14th to the 19th century is represented by notable 14th- and 15th-century religious images in wood and bronze, scroll paintings and ritual objects. Art from Thailand, Burma, Cambodia, Indonesia and Sri Lanka in gold, silver, bronze, stone, terracotta and ivory represents these rich and complex cultures, the displays span the 6th to 19th centuries. Refined Hindu and Buddhist sculptures reflect the influence of India; items on show include betel-nut cutters, ivory combs and bronze palanquin hooks.", "question": ["Tibetan art from which period is represented in the V&A collection?", "Which South Asian island nation is represented in the V&A collection?", "The influence of India can be seen in which religious art objects from Thailand, Burma and Cambodia?", "Some of the museum's collection of Korean boxes are inlaid with what objects?", "Some of the combs in the V&A collection of South East Asian art is made of what material?"]}

{"task_id": 1027, "context": "The costume collection is the most comprehensive in Britain, containing over 14,000 outfits plus accessories, mainly dating from 1600 to the present. Costume sketches, design notebooks, and other works on paper are typically held by the Word and Image department. Because everyday clothing from previous eras has not generally survived, the collection is dominated by fashionable clothes made for special occasions. One of the first significant gifts of costume came in 1913 when the V&A received the Talbot Hughes collection containing 1,442 costumes and items as a gift from Harrods following its display at the nearby department store.", "question": ["Approximately how many items are in the costume collection of the V&A?", "Which department houses the works on paper of the costume collection?", "Why is the collection dominated by fashionable clothes made for special occasions?", "In which year did the V&A received the Talbot Hughes collection?", "The Talbot Hughes collection was a gift from which company?"]}

{"task_id": 1054, "context": "Once Mutual's appeals against the FCC were rejected, RCA decided to sell NBC Blue in 1941, and gave the mandate to do so to Mark Woods. RCA converted the NBC Blue Network into an independent subsidiary, formally divorcing the operations of NBC Red and NBC Blue on January 8, 1942, with the Blue Network being referred to on-air as either \"Blue\" or \"Blue Network\". The newly separated NBC Red and NBC Blue divided their respective corporate assets. Between 1942 and 1943, Woods offered to sell the entire NBC Blue Network, a package that included leases on landlines, three pending television licenses (WJZ-TV in New York City, KGO-TV in San Francisco and WENR-TV in Chicago), 60 affiliates, four operations facilities (in New York City, Chicago, Los Angeles and Washington D.C.), contracts with actors, and the brand associated with the Blue Network. Investment firm Dillon, Read & Co. (which was later acquired by the Swiss Bank Corporation in 1997) offered $7.5 million to purchase the network, but the offer was rejected by Woods and RCA president David Sarnoff.", "question": ["To whom did RCA mandate the sale of NBC blue to in 1941?", "What network was converted into an independent subsidiary by RCA in 1942?", "What investment firm offered to buy the NBC Blue network from Mark Woods?", "Who was RCA president in 1942?", "How much money did Dillon, Read & Co offer Mark Woods for NBC Blue?"]}

{"task_id": 1066, "context": "At the end of 1949, movie theater operator United Paramount Theatres (UPT) was forced by the U.S. Supreme Court to become an independent entity, separating itself from Paramount Pictures. For its part, ABC was on the verge of bankruptcy, with only five owned-and-operated stations and nine full-time affiliates. Its revenues, which were related to advertising and were indexed compared to the number of listeners/viewers, failed to compensate for its heavy investments in purchasing and building stations. In 1951, a rumor even mentioned that the network would be sold to CBS. In 1951, Noble held a 58% ownership stake in ABC, giving him $5 million with which to prevent ABC from going bankrupt; as banks refused further credit, that amount was obtained through a loan from the Prudential Insurance Company of America.", "question": ["In 1949, UPT was forced to become an independent entity by whom?", "Who was UPT forced to separate themselves from in 1949?", "How many affiliates did ABC have in 1949?", "In 1951, rumors claimed that ABC might be sold to what network?", "Noble acquired a loan from what entity to keep ABC solvent in 1951?"]}

{"task_id": 1113, "context": "On April 14, 2011, ABC canceled the long-running soap operas All My Children and One Life to Live after 41 and 43 years on the air, respectively (following backlash from fans, ABC sold the rights to both shows to Prospect Park, which eventually revived the soaps on Hulu for one additional season in 2013 and with both companies suing one another for allegations of interference with the process of reviving the shows, failure to pay licensing fees and issues over ABC's use of certain characters from One Live to Live on General Hospital during the transition). The talk/lifestyle show that replaced One Life to Live, The Revolution, failed to generate satisfactory ratings and was in turn canceled after only seven months. The 2011–12 season saw ABC drop to fourth place in the 18–49 demographic despite renewing a handful of new shows (including freshmen dramas Scandal, Revenge and Once Upon a Time) for second seasons.", "question": ["What soap operas did ABC cancel in 2011?", "Who did ABC sell the rights to All My Children and One Life to Live to?", "On what service were All My Children and One Life to Live revived on for one season?", "What talk show replaced One Life to Live?", "2011-12 saw ABC drop to 4th in ratings among what important demographic?"]}

{"task_id": 1137, "context": "The merger between ABC and Capital Cities received federal approval on September 5, 1985. After the ABC/Capital Cities merger was finalized on January 3, 1986, the combined company – which became known as Capital Cities/ABC, Inc. – added four television stations (WPVI-TV/Philadelphia, KTRK-TV/Houston, KFSN-TV/Fresno and WTVD/Raleigh) and several radio stations to ABC's broadcasting portfolio, and also included Fairchild Publications and four newspapers (including The Kansas City Star and Fort Worth Star-Telegram). It also initiated several changes in its management: Frederick S. Pierce was named president of ABC's broadcasting division; Michael P. Millardi became vice president of ABC Broadcasting, and president of ABC Owned Stations and ABC Video Enterprises; John B. Sias was appointed president of the ABC Television Network; Brandon Stoddard became president of ABC Entertainment (a position to which he had been appointed in November 1985); and Roone Arledge became president of ABC News and ABC Sports. In February 1986, Thomas S. Murphy, who had been serving as CEO of Capital Cities since 1964, was appointed chairman and CEO emeritus of ABC. Jim Duffy stepped down as ABC Television president for a management position at ABC Communications, a subsidiary that specialized in community service programming, including shows related to literary education.", "question": ["When did the merger between ABC and Capital Cities gain federal approval?", "After the merger between ABC and Capital Cities was completed, what was the resulting company known as?", "After the Capital Cities - ABC merger, Frederick Pierce was named to what position?", "After the merger between ABC and Capital Cities, who became the vice president of ABC broadcasting?", "In the wake of the ABC and Capital Cities merger, who was the president of ABC News and ABC Sports?"]}

{"task_id": 1140, "context": "In 1968, ABC took advantage of new FCC ownership regulations that allowed broadcasting companies to own a maximum of seven radio stations nationwide in order to purchase Houston radio stations KXYZ and KXYZ-FM for $1 million in shares and $1.5 million in bonds. That year, Roone Arledge was named president of ABC Sports; the company also founded ABC Pictures, a film production company which released its first picture that year, the Ralph Nelson-directed Charly. It was renamed ABC Motion Pictures in 1979; the unit was dissolved in 1985. The studio also operated two subsidiaries, Palomar Pictures International and Selmur Pictures. In July 1968, ABC continued its acquisitions in the amusement parks sector with the opening of ABC Marine World in Redwood City, California; that park was sold in 1972 and demolished in 1986, with the land that occupied the park later becoming home to the headquarters of Oracle Corporation.", "question": ["New broadcast regulations from the FCC in 1968 allowed companies to own a maximum of how many radio stations?", "What was the first picture released by ABC Pictures?", "Who was the film Charly produced by?", "When was the ABC Pictures division eventually dissolved?", "Where was ABC Marine World opened?"]}

{"task_id": 1173, "context": "After the defeat of the Khwarezmian Empire in 1220, Genghis Khan gathered his forces in Persia and Armenia to return to the Mongolian steppes. Under the suggestion of Subutai, the Mongol army was split into two forces. Genghis Khan led the main army on a raid through Afghanistan and northern India towards Mongolia, while another 20,000 (two tumen) contingent marched through the Caucasus and into Russia under generals Jebe and Subutai. They pushed deep into Armenia and Azerbaijan. The Mongols destroyed the kingdom of Georgia, sacked the Genoese trade-fortress of Caffa in Crimea and overwintered near the Black Sea. Heading home, Subutai's forces attacked the allied forces of the Cuman–Kipchaks and the poorly coordinated 80,000 Kievan Rus' troops led by Mstislav the Bold of Halych and Mstislav III of Kiev who went out to stop the Mongols' actions in the area. Subutai sent emissaries to the Slavic princes calling for a separate peace, but the emissaries were executed. At the Battle of Kalka River in 1223, Subutai's forces defeated the larger Kievan force. They also may have fought against the neighboring Volga Bulgars. There is no historical record except a short account by the Arab historian Ibn al-Athir, writing in Mosul some 1100 miles away from the event. Various historical secondary sources - Morgan, Chambers, Grousset - state that the Mongols actually defeated the Bulgars, Chambers even going so far as to say that the Bulgars had made up stories to tell the (recently crushed) Russians that they had beaten the Mongols and driven them from their territory. The Russian princes then sued for peace. Subutai agreed but was in no mood to pardon the princes. As was customary in Mongol society for nobility, the Russian princes were given a bloodless death. Subutai had a large wooden platform constructed on which he ate his meals along with his other generals. Six Russian princes, including Mstislav III of Kiev, were put under this platform and crushed to death.", "question": ["What year did the Khwarezmian Empire fall to Genghis Khan?", "Whose plan called for the Mongolian army to split in two after the Khwarezmian conquest?", "Where did Jebe and Subutai spend the winter following the split of the Mongol army?", "Where was the Kievian force that confronted Subutai's army defeated in 1223?", "Who led the Kievian Rus' troops against Subutai's Mongol army?"]}

{"task_id": 1208, "context": "In most countries, the dispensary is subject to pharmacy legislation; with requirements for storage conditions, compulsory texts, equipment, etc., specified in legislation. Where it was once the case that pharmacists stayed within the dispensary compounding/dispensing medications, there has been an increasing trend towards the use of trained pharmacy technicians while the pharmacist spends more time communicating with patients. Pharmacy technicians are now more dependent upon automation to assist them in their new role dealing with patients' prescriptions and patient safety issues.", "question": ["What is the dispensary subject to in a majority of countries?", "What responsibilities were pharmacy technicians formerly limited to?", "What do pharmacy technicians depend on more and more?", "What are new responsibilities pharmacy technicians now deal with?", "What does pharmacy legislation mandate?"]}

{"task_id": 1211, "context": "Pharmacists provide direct patient care services that optimizes the use of medication and promotes health, wellness, and disease prevention. Clinical pharmacists care for patients in all health care settings, but the clinical pharmacy movement initially began inside hospitals and clinics. Clinical pharmacists often collaborate with physicians and other healthcare professionals to improve pharmaceutical care. Clinical pharmacists are now an integral part of the interdisciplinary approach to patient care. They often participate in patient care rounds drug product selection.", "question": ["What do the services given by pharmacists provide?", "What is the origin of clinical pharmacy?", "Who do clinical pharmacists work with much of the time?", "What do clinical pharmacists often participate in?", "Where do clinical pharmacists work with patients?"]}

{"task_id": 1218, "context": "In the United States, there has been a push to legalize importation of medications from Canada and other countries, in order to reduce consumer costs. While in most cases importation of prescription medications violates Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulations and federal laws, enforcement is generally targeted at international drug suppliers, rather than consumers. There is no known case of any U.S. citizens buying Canadian drugs for personal use with a prescription, who has ever been charged by authorities.", "question": ["What is a reason for the movement to legalize importing medicines from other countries?", "What is one country that has been suggested for importation of medicines?", "Who are FDA laws against importing medications aimed at?", "Has there ever been anyone charged with importing drugs from Canada for personal medicinal use?", "What is there a push for in the U.S. to reduce consumer drug costs?"]}

{"task_id": 1235, "context": "Chemical barriers also protect against infection. The skin and respiratory tract secrete antimicrobial peptides such as the β-defensins. Enzymes such as lysozyme and phospholipase A2 in saliva, tears, and breast milk are also antibacterials. Vaginal secretions serve as a chemical barrier following menarche, when they become slightly acidic, while semen contains defensins and zinc to kill pathogens. In the stomach, gastric acid and proteases serve as powerful chemical defenses against ingested pathogens.", "question": ["What are the anitmicrobial peptides secreted by the skin called?", "What enzymes in saliva are antibacterial in nature?", "Semen contains what in order to kill pathogens?", "What compounds in the stomach protect against ingested pathogens?", "Vaginal secretions serve as a chemical protective barrier following what?"]}

{"task_id": 1255, "context": "Unlike animals, plants lack phagocytic cells, but many plant immune responses involve systemic chemical signals that are sent through a plant. Individual plant cells respond to molecules associated with pathogens known as Pathogen-associated molecular patterns or PAMPs. When a part of a plant becomes infected, the plant produces a localized hypersensitive response, whereby cells at the site of infection undergo rapid apoptosis to prevent the spread of the disease to other parts of the plant. Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is a type of defensive response used by plants that renders the entire plant resistant to a particular infectious agent. RNA silencing mechanisms are particularly important in this systemic response as they can block virus replication.", "question": ["Plants lack what kind of immune cells?", "Plant cells respond to the molecules associated with pathogens known as what?", "Cells of the site of an infection in a plant undergo what process to prevent spread of the disease?", "What is a kind of defense response that makes the entire plant resistant to a particular agent?", "What is a mechanism that can help plants block virus replication?"]}

{"task_id": 1314, "context": "Mortgage bankers, accountants, and cost engineers are likely participants in creating an overall plan for the financial management of the building construction project. The presence of the mortgage banker is highly likely, even in relatively small projects since the owner's equity in the property is the most obvious source of funding for a building project. Accountants act to study the expected monetary flow over the life of the project and to monitor the payouts throughout the process. Cost engineers and estimators apply expertise to relate the work and materials involved to a proper valuation. Cost overruns with government projects have occurred when the contractor identified change orders or project changes that increased costs, which are not subject to competition from other firms as they have already been eliminated from consideration after the initial bid.", "question": ["Who are likely participants in creating an overall plan for the financial management of the building construction project?", "The presence of who is highly likely even in small projects?", "Who studies the expected monetary flow over the life of the project and to monitor the payouts throughout the process?", "Cost overruns with government projects have occurred when the contractor did what?", "Who applies expertise to relate the work and materials involved to a proper valuation?"]}

{"task_id": 1318, "context": "This is the most common method of construction procurement and is well established and recognized. In this arrangement, the architect or engineer acts as the project coordinator. His or her role is to design the works, prepare the specifications and produce construction drawings, administer the contract, tender the works, and manage the works from inception to completion. There are direct contractual links between the architect's client and the main contractor. Any subcontractor has a direct contractual relationship with the main contractor. The procedure continues until the building is ready to occupy.", "question": ["In the most common construction procurement, who acts as the project coordinator?", "Whose role is to design the works, prepare the specifications and produce construction drawings, administer the contract, tender the works, and manage the works from inception to completion", "There are direct contractual links between who?", "Any subcontractor has a direct contractual relationship with who?", "The procedure continues until what?"]}

{"task_id": 1320, "context": "Before the foundation can be dug, contractors are typically required to verify and have existing utility lines marked, either by the utilities themselves or through a company specializing in such services. This lessens the likelihood of damage to the existing electrical, water, sewage, phone, and cable facilities, which could cause outages and potentially hazardous situations. During the construction of a building, the municipal building inspector inspects the building periodically to ensure that the construction adheres to the approved plans and the local building code. Once construction is complete and a final inspection has been passed, an occupancy permit may be issued.", "question": ["Who is required to verify and have existing utility lines marked?", "Having existing utility lines marked lessens the likelihood of what?", "What are some existing facilities?", "Who inspects the building periodically to ensure that the construction adheres to the approved plans and the local building code?", "What is issued once construction is complete and a final inspection has been passed?"]}

{"task_id": 1326, "context": "The secondary level includes schools offering years 7 through 12 (year twelve is known as lower sixth) and year 13 (upper sixth). This category includes university-preparatory schools or \"prep schools\", boarding schools and day schools. Tuition at private secondary schools varies from school to school and depends on many factors, including the location of the school, the willingness of parents to pay, peer tuitions and the school's financial endowment. High tuition, schools claim, is used to pay higher salaries for the best teachers and also used to provide enriched learning environments, including a low student to teacher ratio, small class sizes and services, such as libraries, science laboratories and computers. Some private schools are boarding schools and many military academies are privately owned or operated as well.", "question": ["What is another term for year 12 of education?", "What is another term used for year 13?", "What is another term for university-preparatory schools?", "Along with location, endowment and the willingness of parents to pay, what factor influences private school tuition?", "Who receives higher salaries at private schools that charge higher tuition?"]}

{"task_id": 1348, "context": "Private schooling in the United States has been debated by educators, lawmakers and parents, since the beginnings of compulsory education in Massachusetts in 1852. The Supreme Court precedent appears to favor educational choice, so long as states may set standards for educational accomplishment. Some of the most relevant Supreme Court case law on this is as follows: Runyon v. McCrary, 427 U.S. 160 (1976); Wisconsin v. Yoder, 406 U.S. 205 (1972); Pierce v. Society of Sisters, 268 U.S. 510 (1925); Meyer v. Nebraska, 262 U.S. 390 (1923).", "question": ["What was the first US state to have compulsory education?", "In what year did Massachusetts first require children to be educated in schools?", "In what year was Wisconsin v. Yoder decided at the Supreme Court?", "What is the citation for the Pierce v. Society of Sisters case?", "Who was the opposing party in the Runyon case?"]}

{"task_id": 1352, "context": "The University is organized into eleven separate academic units—ten faculties and the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study—with campuses throughout the Boston metropolitan area: its 209-acre (85 ha) main campus is centered on Harvard Yard in Cambridge, approximately 3 miles (5 km) northwest of Boston; the business school and athletics facilities, including Harvard Stadium, are located across the Charles River in the Allston neighborhood of Boston and the medical, dental, and public health schools are in the Longwood Medical Area. Harvard's $37.6 billion financial endowment is the largest of any academic institution.", "question": ["What is the major US city that the is the university located?", "What is the size of the school's endowment?", "What river is located in the vicinity of the school?", "How many academic units make up the school?", "What is the name of the area that the main campus is centered in Cambridge?"]}

{"task_id": 1381, "context": "Jacksonville is in the First Coast region of northeast Florida and is centered on the banks of the St. Johns River, about 25 miles (40 km) south of the Georgia state line and about 340 miles (550 km) north of Miami. The Jacksonville Beaches communities are along the adjacent Atlantic coast. The area was originally inhabited by the Timucua people, and in 1564 was the site of the French colony of Fort Caroline, one of the earliest European settlements in what is now the continental United States. Under British rule, settlement grew at the narrow point in the river where cattle crossed, known as Wacca Pilatka to the Seminole and the Cow Ford to the British. A platted town was established there in 1822, a year after the United States gained Florida from Spain; it was named after Andrew Jackson, the first military governor of the Florida Territory and seventh President of the United States.", "question": ["What river runs alongside Jacksonville?", "How far is Jacksonville from Miami?", "What is the name of the French colony established in 1564?", "Prior to the arrival of the French, the area now known as Jacksonville was previously inhabited by what people?", "What historical figure was Jacksonville named after?"]}

{"task_id": 1395, "context": "The tallest building in Downtown Jacksonville's skyline is the Bank of America Tower, constructed in 1990 as the Barnett Center. It has a height of 617 ft (188 m) and includes 42 floors. Other notable structures include the 37-story Wells Fargo Center (with its distinctive flared base making it the defining building in the Jacksonville skyline), originally built in 1972-74 by the Independent Life and Accident Insurance Company, and the 28 floor Riverplace Tower which, when completed in 1967, was the tallest precast, post-tensioned concrete structure in the world.", "question": ["What distinction does the Bank of America Tower hold?", "The Bank of America Tower was previously known as what?", "How tall is the Bank of America Tower?", "How many floors are there in the building that was completed in 1967?", "What makes the Wells Fargo Center stand out?"]}

{"task_id": 1421, "context": "2013 Economics Nobel prize winner Robert J. Shiller said that rising inequality in the United States and elsewhere is the most important problem. Increasing inequality harms economic growth. High and persistent unemployment, in which inequality increases, has a negative effect on subsequent long-run economic growth. Unemployment can harm growth not only because it is a waste of resources, but also because it generates redistributive pressures and subsequent distortions, drives people to poverty, constrains liquidity limiting labor mobility, and erodes self-esteem promoting social dislocation, unrest and conflict. Policies aiming at controlling unemployment and in particular at reducing its inequality-associated effects support economic growth.", "question": ["What year did Robert J. Shiller win an Economics Nobel prize?", "What is the most important problem in the United States and elsewhere?", "Persistent unemployment has what effect on long-term economic growth?", "What's one factor in eroding self-esteem?", "Policies which reduce the inequality associated effects of unemployment support what type of growth?"]}

{"task_id": 1427, "context": "Conservative researchers have argued that income inequality is not significant because consumption, rather than income should be the measure of inequality, and inequality of consumption is less extreme than inequality of income in the US. Will Wilkinson of the libertarian Cato Institute states that \"the weight of the evidence shows that the run-up in consumption inequality has been considerably less dramatic than the rise in income inequality,\" and consumption is more important than income. According to Johnson, Smeeding, and Tory, consumption inequality was actually lower in 2001 than it was in 1986. The debate is summarized in \"The Hidden Prosperity of the Poor\" by journalist Thomas B. Edsall. Other studies have not found consumption inequality less dramatic than household income inequality, and the CBO's study found consumption data not \"adequately\" capturing \"consumption by high-income households\" as it does their income, though it did agree that household consumption numbers show more equal distribution than household income.", "question": ["What do conservative researchers fell should be a measure of inequality?", "What political leaning does the Cato Institute have?", "When was consumption inequality lower than it had been in 1986?", "Who wrote \"The Hidden Prosperity of the Poor\"?", "What is Thomas B. Edsall's profession?"]}

{"task_id": 1446, "context": "The show is a significant part of British popular culture, and elsewhere it has become a cult television favourite. The show has influenced generations of British television professionals, many of whom grew up watching the series. The programme originally ran from 1963 to 1989. There was an unsuccessful attempt to revive regular production in 1996 with a backdoor pilot, in the form of a television film. The programme was relaunched in 2005 by Russell T Davies, who was showrunner and head writer for the first five years of its revival, produced in-house by BBC Wales in Cardiff. The first series of the 21st century featured Christopher Eccleston in the title role and was produced by the BBC. Doctor Who also spawned spin-offs in multiple media, including Torchwood (2006–2011) and The Sarah Jane Adventures (2007–2011), both created by Russell T Davies; K-9 (2009–2010); and a single pilot episode of K-9 and Company (1981). There also have been many spoofs and cultural references to the character in other media.", "question": ["In what years did Doctor Who originally show on TV?", "Who relaunched Doctor Who in 2005?", "What Doctor Who spin-off only made it as far as a pilot episode?", "Who produced the Doctor Who revival series?", "Who played Doctor Who in the revival series?"]}

{"task_id": 1450, "context": "Doctor Who first appeared on BBC TV at 17:16:20 GMT, eighty seconds after the scheduled programme time, 5:15 pm, on Saturday, 23 November 1963. It was to be a regular weekly programme, each episode 25 minutes of transmission length. Discussions and plans for the programme had been in progress for a year. The head of drama, Canadian Sydney Newman, was mainly responsible for developing the programme, with the first format document for the series being written by Newman along with the head of the script department (later head of serials) Donald Wilson and staff writer C. E. Webber. Writer Anthony Coburn, story editor David Whitaker and initial producer Verity Lambert also heavily contributed to the development of the series.[note 1] The programme was originally intended to appeal to a family audience, as an educational programme using time travel as a means to explore scientific ideas and famous moments in history. On 31 July 1963 Whitaker commissioned Terry Nation to write a story under the title The Mutants. As originally written, the Daleks and Thals were the victims of an alien neutron bomb attack but Nation later dropped the aliens and made the Daleks the aggressors. When the script was presented to Newman and Wilson it was immediately rejected as the programme was not permitted to contain any \"bug-eyed monsters\". The first serial had been completed and the BBC believed it was crucial that the next one be a success, but The Mutants was the only script ready to go, so the show had little choice but to use it. According to producer Verity Lambert; \"We didn't have a lot of choice — we only had the Dalek serial to go ... We had a bit of a crisis of confidence because Donald [Wilson] was so adamant that we shouldn't make it. Had we had anything else ready we would have made that.\" Nation's script became the second Doctor Who serial – The Daleks (a.k.a. The Mutants). The serial introduced the eponymous aliens that would become the series' most popular monsters, and was responsible for the BBC's first merchandising boom.", "question": ["What was the date of the very first episode of Doctor Who?", "What creatures were the most popular monsters in the series?", "Why was the Dalek script rejected at first?", "Who wrote The Mutants?", "How long was each episode of Doctor Who?"]}

{"task_id": 1452, "context": "While in-house production had ceased, the BBC hoped to find an independent production company to relaunch the show. Philip Segal, a British expatriate who worked for Columbia Pictures' television arm in the United States, had approached the BBC about such a venture as early as July 1989, while the 26th series was still in production. Segal's negotiations eventually led to a Doctor Who television film, broadcast on the Fox Network in 1996 as a co-production between Fox, Universal Pictures, the BBC and BBC Worldwide. Although the film was successful in the UK (with 9.1 million viewers), it was less so in the United States and did not lead to a series.", "question": ["What was the BBC hoping that an independent production firm would do for Doctor Who?", "Who approached the BBC in 1989 about relaunching the show?", "What network showed a Doctor Who film?", "How many UK viewers watched the Doctor Who film?", "In what country was the Doctor Who film not successful enough to spawn a series?"]}

{"task_id": 1471, "context": "The programme's first serial, An Unearthly Child, shows that the Doctor has a granddaughter, Susan Foreman. In the 1967 serial, Tomb of the Cybermen, when Victoria Waterfield doubts the Doctor can remember his family because of, \"being so ancient\", the Doctor says that he can when he really wants to—\"The rest of the time they sleep in my mind\". The 2005 series reveals that the Ninth Doctor thought he was the last surviving Time Lord, and that his home planet had been destroyed; in \"The Empty Child\" (2005), Dr. Constantine states that, \"Before the war even began, I was a father and a grandfather. Now I am neither.\" The Doctor remarks in response, \"Yeah, I know the feeling.\" In \"Smith and Jones\" (2007), when asked if he had a brother, he replied, \"No, not any more.\" In both \"Fear Her\" (2006) and \"The Doctor's Daughter\" (2008), he states that he had, in the past, been a father.", "question": ["What is the name of the first Doctor Who serial?", "What is the name of Doctor Who granddaughter?", "In what year did Doctor Who state that he was the last Time Lord?", "In 2005, what did Doctor Who think the condition of his home planet was?", "In what episode did Doctor Who acknowledge having had a brother?"]}
{"task_id": 1474, "context": "With the show's 2005 revival, executive producer Russell T Davies stated his intention to reintroduce classic icons of Doctor Who one step at a time: the Autons with the Nestene Consciousness and Daleks in series 1, Cybermen in series 2, the Macra and the Master in series 3, the Sontarans and Davros in series 4, and the Time Lords (Rassilon) in the 2009–10 Specials. Davies' successor, Steven Moffat, has continued the trend by reviving the Silurians in series 5, Cybermats in series 6, the Great Intelligence and the Ice Warriors in Series 7, and Zygons in the 50th Anniversary Special. Since its 2005 return, the series has also introduced new recurring aliens: Slitheen (Raxacoricofallapatorian), Ood, Judoon, Weeping Angels and the Silence.", "question": ["Who was the executive producer of the 2005 Doctor Who revival series?", "When were the Daleks reintroduced in the revival series?", "What icons were reintroduced in series 2 of the revival show?", "In what series was the Master reintroduced?", "Who was reintroduced for the 50th Anniversary special?"]}
{"task_id": 1501, "context": "Doctor Who books have been published from the mid-sixties through to the present day. From 1965 to 1991 the books published were primarily novelised adaptations of broadcast episodes; beginning in 1991 an extensive line of original fiction was launched, the Virgin New Adventures and Virgin Missing Adventures. Since the relaunch of the programme in 2005, a new range of novels have been published by BBC Books. Numerous non-fiction books about the series, including guidebooks and critical studies, have also been published, and a dedicated Doctor Who Magazine with newsstand circulation has been published regularly since 1979. This is published by Panini, as is the Doctor Who Adventures magazine for younger fans.", "question": ["In what year did original fiction featuring Doctor Who appear?", "When were the earliest Doctor Who books available?", "How long has the Doctor Who Magazine been in circulation?", "Who is the publisher of the Doctor Who Adventures magazine?", "Who began publishing Doctor Who novels in 2005?"]}
{"task_id": 1508, "context": "Doctor Who has been satirised and spoofed on many occasions by comedians including Spike Milligan (a Dalek invades his bathroom — Milligan, naked, hurls a soap sponge at it) and Lenny Henry. Jon Culshaw frequently impersonates the Fourth Doctor in the BBC Dead Ringers series. Doctor Who fandom has also been lampooned on programs such as Saturday Night Live, The Chaser's War on Everything, Mystery Science Theater 3000, Family Guy, American Dad!, Futurama, South Park, Community as Inspector Spacetime, The Simpsons and The Big Bang Theory.", "question": ["Which comedian did a parody where a Dalek appears?", "Who often plays the Fourth Doctor in comedy parodies?", "What weapon does Spike Milligan use against a Dalek?", "Who is parodied on programs such as Saturday Night Live and The Simpsons?", "What series has an actor doing an impression of the Fourth Doctor?"]}
{"task_id": 1518, "context": "The first buildings of the University of Chicago campus, which make up what is now known as the Main Quadrangles, were part of a \"master plan\" conceived by two University of Chicago trustees and plotted by Chicago architect Henry Ives Cobb. The Main Quadrangles consist of six quadrangles, each surrounded by buildings, bordering one larger quadrangle. The buildings of the Main Quadrangles were designed by Cobb, Shepley, Rutan and Coolidge, Holabird & Roche, and other architectural firms in a mixture of the Victorian Gothic and Collegiate Gothic styles, patterned on the colleges of the University of Oxford. (Mitchell Tower, for example, is modeled after Oxford's Magdalen Tower, and the university Commons, Hutchinson Hall, replicates Christ Church Hall.)", "question": ["What are the first buildings the university built knows as today?", "How many quadrangles does the Main Quadrangles have?", "Who helped designed the Main Quadrangles?", "The Mitchell Tower is designed to look like what Oxford tower?", "Hutchinson Hall was designed to look like what Oxford hall?"]}
{"task_id": 1520, "context": "The University of Chicago also maintains facilities apart from its main campus. The university's Booth School of Business maintains campuses in Singapore, London, and the downtown Streeterville neighborhood of Chicago. The Center in Paris, a campus located on the left bank of the Seine in Paris, hosts various undergraduate and graduate study programs. In fall 2010, the University of Chicago also opened a center in Beijing, near Renmin University's campus in Haidian District. The most recent additions are a center in New Delhi, India, which opened in 2014, and a center in Hong Kong which opened in 2015.", "question": ["What other locations can the Booth School of Business be found?", "The Center in Paris is located near what river?", "The university established a center in Beijing in what year?", "The university's center in Beijing is located next to what school's campus?", "What year did the university open a center in Hong Kong?"]}
{"task_id": 1529, "context": "The UChicago Arts program joins academic departments and programs in the Division of the Humanities and the College, as well as professional organizations including the Court Theatre, the Oriental Institute, the Smart Museum of Art, the Renaissance Society, University of Chicago Presents, and student arts organizations. The university has an artist-in-residence program and scholars in performance studies, contemporary art criticism, and film history. It has offered a doctorate in music composition since 1933 and in Cinema & Media studies since 2000, a master of fine arts in visual arts (early 1970s), and a master of arts in the humanities with a creative writing track (2000). It has bachelor's degree programs in visual arts, music, and art history, and, more recently, Cinema & Media studies (1996) and theater & performance studies (2002). The College's general education core includes a “dramatic, music, and visual arts” requirement, requiring students to study the history of the arts, stage desire, or begin working with sculpture. Several thousand major and non-major undergraduates enroll annually in creative and performing arts classes. UChicago is often considered the birthplace of improvisational comedy as the Compass Players student comedy troupe evolved into The Second City improv theater troupe in 1959. The Reva and David Logan Center for the Arts opened in October 2012, five years after a $35 million gift from alumnus David Logan and his wife Reva. The center includes spaces for exhibitions, performances, classes, and media production. The Logan Center was designed by Tod Williams and Billie Tsien. This building is actually entirely glass. The brick is a facade designed to keep the glass safe from the wind. The architects later removed sections of the bricks when pressure arose in the form of complaints that the views of the city were blocked.", "question": ["Since what year did the university offer a doctorate in music composition?", "Since what year did the university offer a doctorate in Cinema & Media studies?", "When did the university start having a bachelor's degree program in Cinema & Media studies?", "When did the university start having a bachelor's degree program in theater & performance studies?", "Around roughly how many students enroll yearly in creative and performing arts classes?"]}
{"task_id": 1544, "context": "Past faculty have also included Egyptologist James Henry Breasted, mathematician Alberto Calderón, Nobel prize winning economist and classical liberalism defender Friedrich Hayek, meteorologist Ted Fujita, chemists Glenn T. Seaborg, the developer of the actinide concept and Nobel Prize winner Yuan T. Lee, Nobel Prize winning novelist Saul Bellow, political philosopher and author Allan Bloom, cancer researchers Charles Brenton Huggins and Janet Rowley, astronomer Gerard Kuiper, one of the most important figures in the early development of the discipline of linguistics Edward Sapir, and the founder of McKinsey & Co., James O. McKinsey.", "question": ["What Egyptologist was also apart of the university's faculty?", "What mathematician was also apart of the university's faculty?", "What meteorologist was also apart of the university's faculty?", "Who developed the actinide concept?", "What cancer researchers were also apart of the university's faculty?"]}
{"task_id": 1549, "context": "Genghis Khan united the Mongol and Turkic tribes of the steppes and became Great Khan in 1206. He and his successors expanded the Mongol empire across Asia. Under the reign of Genghis' third son, Ögedei Khan, the Mongols destroyed the weakened Jin dynasty in 1234, conquering most of northern China. Ögedei offered his nephew Kublai a position in Xingzhou, Hebei. Kublai was unable to read Chinese but had several Han Chinese teachers attached to him since his early years by his mother Sorghaghtani. He sought the counsel of Chinese Buddhist and Confucian advisers. Möngke Khan succeeded Ögedei's son, Güyük, as Great Khan in 1251. He granted his brother Kublai control over Mongol held territories in China. Kublai built schools for Confucian scholars, issued paper money, revived Chinese rituals, and endorsed policies that stimulated agricultural and commercial growth. He adopted as his capital city Kaiping in Inner Mongolia, later renamed Shangdu.", "question": ["Which tribes did Genghis Khan unite?", "When did Genghis Khan become Great Khan?", "Who was Genghis's 3rd son?", "When did Mongke Khan become Great Khan?", "What was Kublai Khan's relation to Ogedei Khan?"]}
{"task_id": 1552, "context": "Möngke Khan commenced a military campaign against the Chinese Song dynasty in southern China. The Mongol force that invaded southern China was far greater than the force they sent to invade the Middle East in 1256. He died in 1259 without a successor. Kublai returned from fighting the Song in 1260 when he learned that his brother, Ariq Böke, was challenging his claim to the throne. Kublai convened a kurultai in Kaiping that elected him Great Khan. A rival kurultai in Mongolia proclaimed Ariq Böke Great Khan, beginning a civil war. Kublai depended on the cooperation of his Chinese subjects to ensure that his army received ample resources. He bolstered his popularity among his subjects by modeling his government on the bureaucracy of traditional Chinese dynasties and adopting the Chinese era name of Zhongtong. Ariq Böke was hampered by inadequate supplies and surrendered in 1264. All of the three western khanates (Golden Horde, Chagatai Khanate and Ilkhanate) became functionally autonomous, although only the Ilkhans truly recognized Kublai as Great Khan. Civil strife had permanently divided the Mongol Empire.", "question": ["Who led a Mongol attack on the Song dynasty?", "Where did Mongke Khan attack the Song dynasty?", "When did Mongke Khan die?", "Who challenged Kublai Khan's right to succeed Mongke Khan?", "What Chinese era name did Kublai adopt?"]}
{"task_id": 1557, "context": "During the Southern Song dynasty the descendant of Confucius at Qufu, the Duke Yansheng Kong Duanyou fled south with the Song Emperor to Quzhou, while the newly established Jin dynasty (1115–1234) in the north appointed Kong Duanyou's brother Kong Duancao who remained in Qufu as Duke Yansheng. From that time up until the Yuan dynasty, there were two Duke Yanshengs, once in the north in Qufu and the other in the south at Quzhou. During the Yuan dynasty, the Emperor Kublai Khan invited the southern Duke Yansheng Kong Zhu to return to Qufu. Kong Zhu refused, and gave up the title, so the northern branch of the family kept the title of Duke Yansheng. The southern branch still remained in Quzhou where they lived to this day. Confucius's descendants in Quzhou alone number 30,000. During the Yuan dynasty, one of Confucius' descendants moved from China to Goryeo era Korea and established a branch of the family there after marrying a Korean woman.", "question": ["Who did Duke Yansheng Kong Duanyou flee with?", "When did the Jin dynasty begin?", "When did the Jin dynasty end?", "Who was appointed as the replacement for Duke Yansheng Kong Duanyou?", "How many people in Quzhou are descended from Confucius?"]}
{"task_id": 1558, "context": "After strengthening his government in northern China, Kublai pursued an expansionist policy in line with the tradition of Mongol and Chinese imperialism. He renewed a massive drive against the Song dynasty to the south. Kublai besieged Xiangyang between 1268 and 1273, the last obstacle in his way to capture the rich Yangzi River basin. An unsuccessful naval expedition was undertaken against Japan in 1274. Kublai captured the Song capital of Hangzhou in 1276, the wealthiest city of China. Song loyalists escaped from the capital and enthroned a young child as Emperor Bing of Song. The Mongols defeated the loyalists at the battle of Yamen in 1279. The last Song emperor drowned, bringing an end to the Song dynasty. The conquest of the Song reunited northern and southern China for the first time in three hundred years.", "question": ["Where did Kublai build his administration's strength?", "When did Kublai attack Xiangyang?", "What area was Kublai trying to capture by attacking Xiangyang?", "What was the Song dynasty's capital?", "How did the final Song emperor die?"]}
{"task_id": 1565, "context": "After the death of Tugh Temür in 1332 and subsequent death of Rinchinbal (Emperor Ningzong) the same year, the 13-year-old Toghun Temür (Emperor Huizong), the last of the nine successors of Kublai Khan, was summoned back from Guangxi and succeeded to the throne. After El Temür's death, Bayan became as powerful an official as El Temür had been in the beginning of his long reign. As Toghun Temür grew, he came to disapprove of Bayan's autocratic rule. In 1340 he allied himself with Bayan's nephew Toqto'a, who was in discord with Bayan, and banished Bayan by coup. With the dismissal of Bayan, Toghtogha seized the power of the court. His first administration clearly exhibited fresh new spirit. He also gave a few early signs of a new and positive direction in central government. One of his successful projects was to finish the long-stalled official histories of the Liao, Jin, and Song dynasties, which were eventually completed in 1345. Yet, Toghtogha resigned his office with the approval of Toghun Temür, marking the end of his first administration, and he was not called back until 1349.", "question": ["When did Tugh Temur die?", "What Chinese-style name did Rinchinbal use?", "How old was Toghun Temur when he became emperor?", "How many successors of Kublai was Toghun the last of?", "Which dynasties' histories were officially documented during Toghun's reign?"]}
{"task_id": 1572, "context": "The Yuan dynasty was the first time that non-native Chinese people ruled all of China. In the historiography of Mongolia, it is generally considered to be the continuation of the Mongol Empire. Mongols are widely known to worship the Eternal Heaven, and according to the traditional Mongolian ideology Yuan is considered to be \"the beginning of an infinite number of beings, the foundation of peace and happiness, state power, the dream of many peoples, besides it there is nothing great or precious.\" In traditional historiography of China, on the other hand, the Yuan dynasty is usually considered to be the legitimate dynasty between the Song dynasty and the Ming dynasty. Note, however, Yuan dynasty is traditionally often extended to cover the Mongol Empire before Kublai Khan's formal establishment of the Yuan in 1271, partly because Kublai had his grandfather Genghis Khan placed on the official record as the founder of the dynasty or Taizu (Chinese: 太祖). Despite the traditional historiography as well as the official views (including the government of the Ming dynasty which overthrew the Yuan dynasty), there also exist Chinese people[who?] who did not consider the Yuan dynasty as a legitimate dynasty of China, but rather as a period of foreign domination. The latter believe that Han Chinese were treated as second-class citizens,[citation needed] and that China stagnated economically and scientifically.", "question": ["The Yuan was the first time all of China was ruled by whom?", "What did Mongols worship?", "What legitimate dynasty came before the Yuan?", "What legitimate dynasty came after the Yuan?", "Some Chinese considered the Yuan a legitimate dynasty, but what did other Chinese think it was?"]}
{"task_id": 1573, "context": "The system of bureaucracy created by Kublai Khan reflected various cultures in the empire, including that of the Han Chinese, Khitans, Jurchens, Mongols, and Tibetan Buddhists. While the official terminology of the institutions may indicate the government structure was almost purely that of native Chinese dynasties, the Yuan bureaucracy actually consisted of a mix of elements from different cultures. The Chinese-style elements of the bureaucracy mainly came from the native Tang, Song, as well as Khitan Liao and Jurchen Jin dynasties. Chinese advisers such as Liu Bingzhong and Yao Shu gave strong influence to Kublai's early court, and the central government administration was established within the first decade of Kublai's reign. This government adopted the traditional Chinese tripartite division of authority among civil, military, and censorial offices, including the Central Secretariat (Zhongshu Sheng) to manage civil affairs, the Privy Council (Chinese: 樞密院) to manage military affairs, and the Censorate to conduct internal surveillance and inspection. The actual functions of both central and local government institutions, however, showed a major overlap between the civil and military jurisdictions, due to the Mongol traditional reliance on military institutions and offices as the core of governance. Nevertheless, such a civilian bureaucracy, with the Central Secretariat as the top institution that was (directly or indirectly) responsible for most other governmental agencies (such as the traditional Chinese-style Six Ministries), was created in China. At various times another central government institution called the Department of State Affairs (Shangshu Sheng) that mainly dealt with finance was established (such as during the reign of Külüg Khan or Emperor Wuzong), but was usually abandoned shortly afterwards.", "question": ["What cultures were part of Kublai's administration?", "What dynasties inspired the Chinese-like elements of Kublai's government?", "Who were two of Kublai's Chinese advisers?", "What kind of division of power did Kublai's government have?", "What were the three parts of Kublai's government?"]}
{"task_id": 1578, "context": "There were many religions practiced during the Yuan dynasty, such as Buddhism, Islam, and Christianity. The establishment of the Yuan dynasty had dramatically increased the number of Muslims in China. However, unlike the western khanates, the Yuan dynasty never converted to Islam. Instead, Kublai Khan, the founder of the Yuan dynasty, favored Buddhism, especially the Tibetan variants. As a result, Tibetan Buddhism was established as the de facto state religion. The top-level department and government agency known as the Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs (Xuanzheng Yuan) was set up in Khanbaliq (modern Beijing) to supervise Buddhist monks throughout the empire. Since Kublai Khan only esteemed the Sakya sect of Tibetan Buddhism, other religions became less important. He and his successors kept a Sakya Imperial Preceptor (Dishi) at court. Before the end of the Yuan dynasty, 14 leaders of the Sakya sect had held the post of Imperial Preceptor, thereby enjoying special power. Furthermore, Mongol patronage of Buddhism resulted in a number of monuments of Buddhist art. Mongolian Buddhist translations, almost all from Tibetan originals, began on a large scale after 1300. Many Mongols of the upper class such as the Jalayir and the Oronar nobles as well as the emperors also patronized Confucian scholars and institutions. A considerable number of Confucian and Chinese historical works were translated into the Mongolian language.", "question": ["Which khanates had converted to Islam?", "Which religion did Kublai prefer?", "What was the Yuan's unofficial state religion?", "What government agency supervised Buddhist monks?", "What was Kublai's favorite sect of Tibetan Buddhism?"]}
{"task_id": 1579, "context": "Advances in polynomial algebra were made by mathematicians during the Yuan era. The mathematician Zhu Shijie (1249–1314) solved simultaneous equations with up to four unknowns using a rectangular array of coefficients, equivalent to modern matrices. Zhu used a method of elimination to reduce the simultaneous equations to a single equation with only one unknown. His method is described in the Jade Mirror of the Four Unknowns, written in 1303. The opening pages contain a diagram of Pascal's triangle. The summation of a finite arithmetic series is also covered in the book.", "question": ["When was Zhu Shijie born?", "When did Zhu Shijie die?", "What modern math concept did Zhu Shijie do work similar to?", "What type of math was advanced during the Yuan?", "When did Zhu publish 'Jade Mirror of the Four Unknowns'?"]}
{"task_id": 1581, "context": "The physicians of the Yuan court came from diverse cultures. Healers were divided into non-Mongol physicians called otachi and traditional Mongol shamans. The Mongols characterized otachi doctors by their use of herbal remedies, which was distinguished from the spiritual cures of Mongol shamanism. Physicians received official support from the Yuan government and were given special legal privileges. Kublai created the Imperial Academy of Medicine to manage medical treatises and the education of new doctors. Confucian scholars were attracted to the medical profession because it ensured a high income and medical ethics were compatible with Confucian virtues.", "question": ["Who were otachi?", "What type of medicine did otachi focus on?", "What type of medicine did Mongol shamans use?", "What department did Kublai create to train doctors?", "Why did Confucians like the medical field?"]}
{"task_id": 1586, "context": "Politically, the system of government created by Kublai Khan was the product of a compromise between Mongolian patrimonial feudalism and the traditional Chinese autocratic-bureaucratic system. Nevertheless, socially the educated Chinese elite were in general not given the degree of esteem that they had been accorded previously under native Chinese dynasties. Although the traditional Chinese elite were not given their share of power, the Mongols and the Semuren (various allied groups from Central Asia and the western end of the empire) largely remained strangers to the mainstream Chinese culture, and this dichotomy gave the Yuan regime a somewhat strong \"colonial\" coloration. The unequal treatment is possibly due to the fear of transferring power to the ethnic Chinese under their rule. The Mongols and Semuren were given certain advantages in the dynasty, and this would last even after the restoration of the imperial examination in the early 14th century. In general there were very few North Chinese or Southerners reaching the highest-post in the government compared with the possibility that Persians did so in the Ilkhanate. Later the Yongle Emperor of the Ming dynasty also mentioned the discrimination that existed during the Yuan dynasty. In response to an objection against the use of \"barbarians\" in his government, the Yongle Emperor answered: \"... Discrimination was used by the Mongols during the Yuan dynasty, who employed only \"Mongols and Tartars\" and discarded northern and southern Chinese and this was precisely the cause that brought disaster upon them\".", "question": ["What Mongolian system did Kublai's government compromise with?", "What Chinese system did Kublai's government compromise with?", "Who were the Semuren?", "How did the unequal treatment of Chinese versus Mongols in the Yuan make the dynasty seem?", "Where were Persians more successful compared to Chinese in the Yuan?"]}
{"task_id": 1590, "context": "The reason for the order of the classes and the reason why people were placed in a certain class was the date they surrendered to the Mongols, and had nothing to do with their ethnicity. The earlier they surrendered to the Mongols, the higher they were placed, the more the held out, the lower they were ranked. The Northern Chinese were ranked higher and Southern Chinese were ranked lower because southern China withstood and fought to the last before caving in. Major commerce during this era gave rise to favorable conditions for private southern Chinese manufacturers and merchants.", "question": ["Which part of China had people ranked higher in the class system?", "Which part of China had people ranked lower in the class system?", "Why were Southern Chinese ranked lower?", "Why were Northern Chinese ranked higher?", "Who did the Yuan's increase in commerce help?"]}
{"task_id": 1613, "context": "A constitutional change was considered that would eliminate the position of Prime Minister and simultaneously reduce the powers of the President. A referendum to vote on the proposed constitution was held on 4 August 2010, and the new constitution passed by a wide margin. Among other things, the new constitution delegates more power to local governments and gives Kenyans a bill of rights. It was promulgated on 27 August 2010 at a euphoric ceremony in Nairobi's Uhuru Park, accompanied by a 21-gun salute. The event was attended by various African leaders and praised by the international community. As of that day, the new constitution heralding the Second Republic came into force.", "question": ["What constitutional change was considered?", "When was a vote help to ratify the change to the constitution?", "What else did the new consitution change?", "When was the new constitution promulgated?", "What came into force after the new constitution was herald?"]}
{"task_id": 1614, "context": "In December 2014, President Uhuru Kenyatta signed a Security Laws Amendment Bill, which supporters of the law suggested was necessary to guard against armed groups. Opposition politicians, human rights groups, and nine Western countries criticised the security bill, arguing that it infringed on democratic freedoms. The governments of the United States, Britain, Germany and France also collectively issued a press statement cautioning about the law's potential impact. Through the Jubillee Coalition, the Bill was later passed on 19 December in the National Assembly under acrimonious circumstances.", "question": ["When did President Uhuru Kenyatta sign a Security Law Amendment Bill?", "Why was this bill nessecary?", "Who criticised the security bill?", "Why did so many not approve of the bill?", "Who warned of the potential impact?"]}
{"task_id": 1622, "context": "A consortium led by the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) has had some success in helping farmers grow new pigeon pea varieties, instead of maize, in particularly dry areas. Pigeon peas are very drought resistant, so can be grown in areas with less than 650 mm annual rainfall. Successive projects encouraged the commercialisation of legumes, by stimulating the growth of local seed production and agro-dealer networks for distribution and marketing. This work, which included linking producers to wholesalers, helped to increase local producer prices by 20–25% in Nairobi and Mombasa. The commercialisation of the pigeon pea is now enabling some farmers to buy assets, ranging from mobile phones to productive land and livestock, and is opening pathways for them to move out of poverty.", "question": ["What institution has helped farmers grow new pigeon pea varieties?", "Why did they teach them to grow peas?", "How did the project encourage the commercialisation of legumes?", "How did this effect the producer prices?", "What has the increase of prices caused?"]}
{"task_id": 1647, "context": "The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is a scientific intergovernmental body under the auspices of the United Nations, set up at the request of member governments. It was first established in 1988 by two United Nations organizations, the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), and later endorsed by the United Nations General Assembly through Resolution 43/53. Membership of the IPCC is open to all members of the WMO and UNEP. The IPCC produces reports that support the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), which is the main international treaty on climate change. The ultimate objective of the UNFCCC is to \"stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic [i.e., human-induced] interference with the climate system\". IPCC reports cover \"the scientific, technical and socio-economic information relevant to understanding the scientific basis of risk of human-induced climate change, its potential impacts and options for adaptation and mitigation.\"", "question": ["What organization is the IPCC a part of?", "What UN organizations established the IPCC?", "What does the UN want to stabilize?", "What is the UN's climate change treaty?", "What UN resolution endorsed the IPCC?"]}
{"task_id": 1654, "context": "In 2001, 16 national science academies issued a joint statement on climate change. The joint statement was made by the Australian Academy of Science, the Royal Flemish Academy of Belgium for Science and the Arts, the Brazilian Academy of Sciences, the Royal Society of Canada, the Caribbean Academy of Sciences, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the French Academy of Sciences, the German Academy of Natural Scientists Leopoldina, the Indian National Science Academy, the Indonesian Academy of Sciences, the Royal Irish Academy, Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei (Italy), the Academy of Sciences Malaysia, the Academy Council of the Royal Society of New Zealand, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, and the Royal Society (UK). The statement, also published as an editorial in the journal Science, stated \"we support the [TAR's] conclusion that it is at least 90% certain that temperatures will continue to rise, with average global surface temperature projected to increase by between 1.4 and 5.8 °C above 1990 levels by 2100\". The TAR has also been endorsed by the Canadian Foundation for Climate and Atmospheric Sciences, Canadian Meteorological and Oceanographic Society, and European Geosciences Union (refer to \"Endorsements of the IPCC\").", "question": ["When was the joint statement on climate change issued?", "How many organizations issued the joint statement on climate change?", "Which journal was the joint statement published in?", "How sure did the statement say scientists were that temperatures would keep rising?", "How much did the statement predict global surface temperature would increase by 2100?"]}

{"task_id": 1671, "context": "Chloroplasts' main role is to conduct photosynthesis, where the photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll captures the energy from sunlight and converts it and stores it in the energy-storage molecules ATP and NADPH while freeing oxygen from water. They then use the ATP and NADPH to make organic molecules from carbon dioxide in a process known as the Calvin cycle. Chloroplasts carry out a number of other functions, including fatty acid synthesis, much amino acid synthesis, and the immune response in plants. The number of chloroplasts per cell varies from 1 in algae up to 100 in plants like Arabidopsis and wheat.", "question": ["What is the primary purpose of chloroplasts?", "What does ATP store?", "What does NADPH store?", "What is the process of turning CO2 into organic molecules called?", "How many chloroplasts per cell does algae have?"]}

{"task_id": 1683, "context": "Apicomplexans are another group of chromalveolates. Like the helicosproidia, they're parasitic, and have a nonphotosynthetic chloroplast. They were once thought to be related to the helicosproidia, but it is now known that the helicosproida are green algae rather than chromalveolates. The apicomplexans include Plasmodium, the malaria parasite. Many apicomplexans keep a vestigial red algal derived chloroplast called an apicoplast, which they inherited from their ancestors. Other apicomplexans like Cryptosporidium have lost the chloroplast completely. Apicomplexans store their energy in amylopectin starch granules that are located in their cytoplasm, even though they are nonphotosynthetic.", "question": ["What are Apicomplexans similar to?", "What are Apicomplexans a type of?", "What is Plasmodium?", "What is an apicoplast?", "Where do Apicomplexans store energy?"]}

{"task_id": 1689, "context": "Lepidodinium viride and its close relatives are dinophytes that lost their original peridinin chloroplast and replaced it with a green algal derived chloroplast (more specifically, a prasinophyte). Lepidodinium is the only dinophyte that has a chloroplast that's not from the rhodoplast lineage. The chloroplast is surrounded by two membranes and has no nucleomorph—all the nucleomorph genes have been transferred to the dinophyte nucleus. The endosymbiotic event that led to this chloroplast was serial secondary endosymbiosis rather than tertiary endosymbiosis—the endosymbiont was a green alga containing a primary chloroplast (making a secondary chloroplast).", "question": ["Where do nucleomorph genes transfer to?", "What is the only dinophyte that has a non-rhodoplast chloroplast?", "What did Lepidodinium viride lose?", "What did Lepidodinium viride replace their original chloroplast with?", "What is a prasinophyte?"]}

{"task_id": 1703, "context": "Some chloroplasts contain a structure called the chloroplast peripheral reticulum. It is often found in the chloroplasts of C4 plants, though it has also been found in some C3 angiosperms, and even some gymnosperms. The chloroplast peripheral reticulum consists of a maze of membranous tubes and vesicles continuous with the inner chloroplast membrane that extends into the internal stromal fluid of the chloroplast. Its purpose is thought to be to increase the chloroplast's surface area for cross-membrane transport between its stroma and the cell cytoplasm. The small vesicles sometimes observed may serve as transport vesicles to shuttle stuff between the thylakoids and intermembrane space.", "question": ["Where is the chloroplast peripheral reticulum usually found?", "Where is the chloroplast peripheral reticulum less commonly found?", "What is a maze of membranous tubes?", "What does the chloroplast peripheral reticulum do?", "Where do transport vesicles move between?"]}

{"task_id": 1712, "context": "Phycobilins are a third group of pigments found in cyanobacteria, and glaucophyte, red algal, and cryptophyte chloroplasts. Phycobilins come in all colors, though phycoerytherin is one of the pigments that makes many red algae red. Phycobilins often organize into relatively large protein complexes about 40 nanometers across called phycobilisomes. Like photosystem I and ATP synthase, phycobilisomes jut into the stroma, preventing thylakoid stacking in red algal chloroplasts. Cryptophyte chloroplasts and some cyanobacteria don't have their phycobilin pigments organized into phycobilisomes, and keep them in their thylakoid space instead.", "question": ["What are Phycobilins?", "What color is phycoerytherin?", "What does phycoerytherin appear in?", "What are phycobilisomes?", "How big are phycobilisomes?"]}

{"task_id": 1713, "context": "To fix carbon dioxide into sugar molecules in the process of photosynthesis, chloroplasts use an enzyme called rubisco. Rubisco has a problem—it has trouble distinguishing between carbon dioxide and oxygen, so at high oxygen concentrations, rubisco starts accidentally adding oxygen to sugar precursors. This has the end result of ATP energy being wasted and CO2 being released, all with no sugar being produced. This is a big problem, since O2 is produced by the initial light reactions of photosynthesis, causing issues down the line in the Calvin cycle which uses rubisco.", "question": ["What do chloroplasts use to fix carbon dioxide into sugar?", "What is rubisco's flaw?", "What effect does rubisco's flaw have?", "What process down the line does rubisco's flaw interfere with?", "What is wasted by rubisco's flaw?"]}

{"task_id": 1730, "context": "The division process starts when the proteins FtsZ1 and FtsZ2 assemble into filaments, and with the help of a protein ARC6, form a structure called a Z-ring within the chloroplast's stroma. The Min system manages the placement of the Z-ring, ensuring that the chloroplast is cleaved more or less evenly. The protein MinD prevents FtsZ from linking up and forming filaments. Another protein ARC3 may also be involved, but it is not very well understood. These proteins are active at the poles of the chloroplast, preventing Z-ring formation there, but near the center of the chloroplast, MinE inhibits them, allowing the Z-ring to form.", "question": ["What do FtsZ1 and FtsZ2 combine into?", "What are FtsZ1 and FtsZ2?", "What do FtsZ1 and FtsZ2 plus ARC6 form?", "Where is the Z-ring?", "What gets the Z-ring in the right place?"]}

{"task_id": 1738, "context": "Hence, 6 is not prime. The image at the right illustrates that 12 is not prime: 12 = 3 · 4. No even number greater than 2 is prime because by definition, any such number n has at least three distinct divisors, namely 1, 2, and n. This implies that n is not prime. Accordingly, the term odd prime refers to any prime number greater than 2. Similarly, when written in the usual decimal system, all prime numbers larger than 5 end in 1, 3, 7, or 9, since even numbers are multiples of 2 and numbers ending in 0 or 5 are multiples of 5.", "question": ["Any even number larger than what cannot be considered prime?", "What are the specific divisors of all even numbers larger than 2?", "What name is given to any prime number larger than 2?", "Besides 1,3 and 7, what other number must all primes greater than 5 end with?", "What type of numbers are always multiples of 2?"]}

{"task_id": 1753, "context": "A third type of conjectures concerns aspects of the distribution of primes. It is conjectured that there are infinitely many twin primes, pairs of primes with difference 2 (twin prime conjecture). Polignac's conjecture is a strengthening of that conjecture, it states that for every positive integer n, there are infinitely many pairs of consecutive primes that differ by 2n. It is conjectured there are infinitely many primes of the form n2 + 1. These conjectures are special cases of the broad Schinzel's hypothesis H. Brocard's conjecture says that there are always at least four primes between the squares of consecutive primes greater than 2. Legendre's conjecture states that there is a prime number between n2 and (n + 1)2 for every positive integer n. It is implied by the stronger Cramér's conjecture.", "question": ["What conjecture holds that there is an infinite amount of twin primes?", "What is a twin prime?", "Which conjecture holds that for any positive integer n, there is an infinite amount of pairs of consecutive primes differing by 2n?", "Of what form is the infinite amount of primes that comprise the special cases of Schinzel's hypothesis?", "What conjecture holds that there are always a minimum of 4 primes  between the squares of consecutive primes greater than 2?"]}

{"task_id": 1785, "context": "The shape of the Rhine delta is determined by two bifurcations: first, at Millingen aan de Rijn, the Rhine splits into Waal and Pannerdens Kanaal, which changes its name to Nederrijn at Angeren, and second near Arnhem, the IJssel branches off from the Nederrijn. This creates three main flows, two of which change names rather often. The largest and southern main branch begins as Waal and continues as Boven Merwede (\"Upper Merwede\"), Beneden Merwede (\"Lower Merwede\"), Noord River (\"North River\"), Nieuwe Maas (\"New Meuse\"), Het Scheur (\"the Rip\") and Nieuwe Waterweg (\"New Waterway\"). The middle flow begins as Nederrijn, then changes into Lek, then joins the Noord, thereby forming Nieuwe Maas. The northern flow keeps the name IJssel until it flows into Lake IJsselmeer. Three more flows carry significant amounts of water: the Nieuwe Merwede (\"New Merwede\"), which branches off from the southern branch where it changes from Boven to Beneden Merwede; the Oude Maas (\"Old Meuse\"), which branches off from the southern branch where it changes from Beneden Merwede into Noord, and Dordtse Kil, which branches off from Oude Maas.", "question": ["At Millingen aan de Rijn where the Rhine splits, what does it change it's name to?", "How many main flows are branched off from the Nederrijn?", "What is the largest main branch of the Rhine?", "What is the translation of Oude Maas?", "What is the English translation of Het Scheur?"]}

{"task_id": 1793, "context": "The last glacial ran from ~74,000 (BP = Before Present), until the end of the Pleistocene (~11,600 BP). In northwest Europe, it saw two very cold phases, peaking around 70,000 BP and around 29,000–24,000 BP. The last phase slightly predates the global last ice age maximum (Last Glacial Maximum). During this time, the lower Rhine flowed roughly west through the Netherlands and extended to the southwest, through the English Channel and finally, to the Atlantic Ocean. The English Channel, the Irish Channel and most of the North Sea were dry land, mainly because sea level was approximately 120 m (390 ft) lower than today.", "question": ["When did the last glacial start?", "When did the last glacial end?", "Which direction did the Rhine flow during the last cold phase?", "How much lower was the North Sea in the last cold phase than it is today?", "Besides the North Sea and the Irish Channel, what else was lowered in the last cold phase?"]}

{"task_id": 1803, "context": "Germanic tribes crossed the Rhine in the Migration period, by the 5th century establishing the kingdoms of Francia on the Lower Rhine, Burgundy on the Upper Rhine and Alemannia on the High Rhine. This \"Germanic Heroic Age\" is reflected in medieval legend, such as the Nibelungenlied which tells of the hero Siegfried killing a dragon on the Drachenfels (Siebengebirge) (\"dragons rock\"), near Bonn at the Rhine and of the Burgundians and their court at Worms, at the Rhine and Kriemhild's golden treasure, which was thrown into the Rhine by Hagen.", "question": ["When did Germanic tribes cross the Rhine to migrate?", "What did Germanic tribes establish with help from the Rhine?", "What is the translation of Siebengebirge?", "Who is the hero who killed a dragon on the Drachenfels?", "Who threw gold into the Rhine, according to legend?"]}

{"task_id": 1820, "context": "In front of the Presiding Officers' desk is the parliamentary mace, which is made from silver and inlaid with gold panned from Scottish rivers and inscribed with the words: Wisdom, Compassion, Justice and Integrity. The words There shall be a Scottish Parliament, which are the first words of the Scotland Act, are inscribed around the head of the mace, which has a formal ceremonial role in the meetings of Parliament, reinforcing the authority of the Parliament in its ability to make laws. Presented to the Scottish Parliament by the Queen upon its official opening in July 1999, the mace is displayed in a glass case suspended from the lid. At the beginning of each sitting in the chamber, the lid of the case is rotated so that the mace is above the glass, to symbolise that a full meeting of the Parliament is taking place.", "question": ["Where does the gold in the parliamentary mace come from?", "What is the parliamentary mace made of?", "Who presented the mac to the Scottish Parliament when it was initially opened?", "What words are inscribed on the mace of parliament?", "What is the mace displayed in?"]}

{"task_id": 1827, "context": "Much of the work of the Scottish Parliament is done in committee. The role of committees is stronger in the Scottish Parliament than in other parliamentary systems, partly as a means of strengthening the role of backbenchers in their scrutiny of the government and partly to compensate for the fact that there is no revising chamber. The principal role of committees in the Scottish Parliament is to take evidence from witnesses, conduct inquiries and scrutinise legislation. Committee meetings take place on Tuesday, Wednesday and Thursday morning when Parliament is sitting. Committees can also meet at other locations throughout Scotland.", "question": ["Where is much of the work of the Scottish Parliament done?", "What are committees in the Scottish Parliament compared to other systems?", "What is one avenue being compensated for by having committees serve such a large role?", "Taking evidence from witnesses is one of committees' what?", "Where might committees meet outside of Parliament?"]}

{"task_id": 1839, "context": "Under the Scotland Act 1998, ordinary general elections for the Scottish Parliament are held on the first Thursday in May every four years (1999, 2003, 2007 and so on). The date of the poll may be varied by up to one month either way by the Monarch on the proposal of the Presiding Officer. If the Parliament itself resolves that it should be dissolved (with at least two-thirds of the Members voting in favour), or if the Parliament fails to nominate one of its members to be First Minister within 28 days of a General Election or of the position becoming vacant, the Presiding Officer proposes a date for an extraordinary general election and the Parliament is dissolved by the Queen by royal proclamation. Extraordinary general elections are in addition to ordinary general elections, unless held less than six months before the due date of an ordinary general election, in which case they supplant it. The following ordinary election reverts to the first Thursday in May, a multiple of four years after 1999 (i.e., 5 May 2011, 7 May 2015, etc.).", "question": ["What day of the week are general elections held?", "What month, every four years, are the ordinary general elections held on?", "Who may change the date by up to a month, on the proposal of the PO?", "If an extraordinary election is held within less than six months before the date of an ordinary election, what does it do to the ordinary election?", "How many days does the Parliament have to nominate a First Minister after a General Election?"]}

{"task_id": 1841, "context": "Parliamentary time is also set aside for question periods in the debating chamber. A \"General Question Time\" takes place on a Thursday between 11:40 a.m. and 12 p.m. where members can direct questions to any member of the Scottish Government. At 2.30pm, a 40-minute long themed \"Question Time\" takes place, where members can ask questions of ministers in departments that are selected for questioning that sitting day, such as health and justice or education and transport. Between 12 p.m. and 12:30 p.m. on Thursdays, when Parliament is sitting, First Minister's Question Time takes place. This gives members an opportunity to question the First Minister directly on issues under their jurisdiction. Opposition leaders ask a general question of the First Minister and then supplementary questions. Such a practice enables a \"lead-in\" to the questioner, who then uses their supplementary question to ask the First Minister any issue. The four general questions available to opposition leaders are:", "question": ["What is set aside for question periods in the debating chamber?", "On what day does a General Question Time take place?", "Who may members direct questions towards during General Question Time?", "What may members question the First Minister about directly during First Minister's Question Time?", "How many general questions are available to opposition leaders?"]}

{"task_id": 1846, "context": "For the Conservatives, the main disappointment was the loss of Edinburgh Pentlands, the seat of former party leader David McLetchie, to the SNP. McLetchie was elected on the Lothian regional list and the Conservatives suffered a net loss of five seats, with leader Annabel Goldie claiming that their support had held firm. Nevertheless, she too announced she would step down as leader of the party. Cameron congratulated the SNP on their victory but vowed to campaign for the Union in the independence referendum.", "question": ["The loss of Edinburgh Pentlands really disappointed whom the most?", "What was the seat of former party leader David McLetchie?", "What net loss did the Conservatives suffer?", "Who announced she would step down as leader of the Conservatives?", "Who congratulated the SNP while vowing to campaign against their referendum?"]}

{"task_id": 1862, "context": "Some elements of the Brotherhood, though perhaps against orders, did engage in violence against the government, and its founder Al-Banna was assassinated in 1949 in retaliation for the assassination of Egypt's premier Mahmud Fami Naqrashi three months earlier. The Brotherhood has suffered periodic repression in Egypt and has been banned several times, in 1948 and several years later following confrontations with Egyptian president Gamal Abdul Nasser, who jailed thousands of members for several years.", "question": ["Some elements of the Brotherhood directed what action against the government?", "When was Al-Banna assassinated?", "Who was Al-Banna's assassination a retaliation for the prior assassination of?", "When was the Brotherhood first banned in Egypt?", "What Egyptian president jailed thousands of members of the Brotherhood?"]}

{"task_id": 1866, "context": "The Islamic Republic has also maintained its hold on power in Iran in spite of US economic sanctions, and has created or assisted like-minded Shia terrorist groups in Iraq, Egypt, Syria, Jordan (SCIRI) and Lebanon (Hezbollah) (two Muslim countries that also have large Shiite populations). During the 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict, the Iranian government enjoyed something of a resurgence in popularity amongst the predominantly Sunni \"Arab street,\" due to its support for Hezbollah and to President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad's vehement opposition to the United States and his call that Israel shall vanish.", "question": ["What Republic has maintained its control of Iran?", "Iran has assisted what type of groups in Iraq?", "What type of sanctions has the US directed at Iran?", "When did the Iranian government enjoy something of a resurgence?", "Who stated he wanted Israel to vanish?"]}

{"task_id": 1869, "context": "These attacks resonated with conservative Muslims and the problem did not go away with Saddam's defeat either, since American troops remained stationed in the kingdom, and a de facto cooperation with the Palestinian-Israeli peace process developed. Saudi Arabia attempted to compensate for its loss of prestige among these groups by repressing those domestic Islamists who attacked it (bin Laden being a prime example), and increasing aid to Islamic groups (Islamist madrassas around the world and even aiding some violent Islamist groups) that did not, but its pre-war influence on behalf of moderation was greatly reduced. One result of this was a campaign of attacks on government officials and tourists in Egypt, a bloody civil war in Algeria and Osama bin Laden's terror attacks climaxing in the 9/11 attack.", "question": ["Who did the attacks resonate most with?", "What did Saudi Arabia try to repress to compensate for its loss of stature?", "Where did American troops remain stationed after Saddam's defeat?", "Where did a bloody civil war break out?", "Who masterminded many terror attacks?"]}

{"task_id": 1876, "context": "After al-Nimeiry was overthrown in 1985 the party did poorly in national elections, but in 1989 it was able to overthrow the elected post-al-Nimeiry government with the help of the military. Turabi was noted for proclaiming his support for the democratic process and a liberal government before coming to power, but strict application of sharia law, torture and mass imprisonment of the opposition, and an intensification of the long-running war in southern Sudan, once in power. The NIF regime also harbored Osama bin Laden for a time (before 9/11), and worked to unify Islamist opposition to the American attack on Iraq in the 1991 Gulf War.", "question": ["When was al-Nimeiry overthrown?", "How did the party overthrow the elected government in 1989?", "Though Turabi proclaimed his support for the democratic process, he strictly applied what after coming into power?", "Who did the NIF regime harbor prior to 9/11?", "What did the NIF try to unify Islamist opposition against?"]}

{"task_id": 1877, "context": "An Islamist movement influenced by Salafism and the jihad in Afghanistan, as well as the Muslim Brotherhood, was the FIS or Front Islamique de Salut (the Islamic Salvation Front) in Algeria. Founded as a broad Islamist coalition in 1989 it was led by Abbassi Madani, and a charismatic Islamist young preacher, Ali Belhadj. Taking advantage of economic failure and unpopular social liberalization and secularization by the ruling leftist-nationalist FLN government, it used its preaching to advocate the establishment of a legal system following Sharia law, economic liberalization and development program, education in Arabic rather than French, and gender segregation, with women staying home to alleviate the high rate of unemployment among young Algerian men. The FIS won sweeping victories in local elections and it was going to win national elections in 1991 when voting was canceled by a military coup d'état.", "question": ["One of FIS' agenda items was to force women to start doing what?", "When was the FIS founded?", "Where was the FIS formed?", "What does the acronym FIS stand for?", "What were the national elections in 1991 canceled by?"]}

{"task_id": 1891, "context": "The term \"imperialism\" is often conflated with \"colonialism\", however many scholars have argued that each have their own distinct definition. Imperialism and colonialism have been used in order to describe one's superiority, domination and influence upon a person or group of people. Robert Young writes that while imperialism operates from the center, is a state policy and is developed for ideological as well as financial reasons, colonialism is simply the development for settlement or commercial intentions. Colonialism in modern usage also tends to imply a degree of geographic separation between the colony and the imperial power. Particularly, Edward Said distinguishes the difference between imperialism and colonialism by stating; \"imperialism involved 'the practice, the theory and the attitudes of a dominating metropolitan center ruling a distant territory', while colonialism refers to the 'implanting of settlements on a distant territory.' Contiguous land empires such as the Russian or Ottoman are generally excluded from discussions of colonialism.:116 Thus it can be said that imperialism includes some form of colonialism, but colonialism itself does not automatically imply imperialism, as it lacks a political focus.[further explanation needed]", "question": ["Imperialism is confused with what other term?", "What does colonialism lack that imperialism has?", "Colonialism as a policy is caused by financial and what other reasons?", "Who besides the Russians are often left out of the colonialism debat?", "Imperialism and colonialism both assert a states dominance over what?"]}
{"task_id": 1892, "context": "Imperialism and colonialism both dictate the political and economic advantage over a land and the indigenous populations they control, yet scholars sometimes find it difficult to illustrate the difference between the two. Although imperialism and colonialism focus on the suppression of an other, if colonialism refers to the process of a country taking physical control of another, imperialism refers to the political and monetary dominance, either formally or informally. Colonialism is seen to be the architect deciding how to start dominating areas and then imperialism can be seen as creating the idea behind conquest cooperating with colonialism. Colonialism is when the imperial nation begins a conquest over an area and then eventually is able to rule over the areas the previous nation had controlled. Colonialism's core meaning is the exploitation of the valuable assets and supplies of the nation that was conquered and the conquering nation then gaining the benefits from the spoils of the war. The meaning of imperialism is to create an empire, by conquering the other state's lands and therefore increasing its own dominance. Colonialism is the builder and preserver of the colonial possessions in an area by a population coming from a foreign region. Colonialism can completely change the existing social structure, physical structure and economics of an area; it is not unusual that the characteristics of the conquering peoples are inherited by the conquered indigenous populations.", "question": ["Political advantage is an attribute of which state policies?", "Colonialism often means a country doing what?", "How would one create an empire by means of Imperialism?", "What is colonialism's core meaning?", "what do conquering people pass down to native populations?"]}
{"task_id": 1901, "context": "The Age of Imperialism, a time period beginning around 1700, saw (generally European) industrializing nations engaging in the process of colonizing, influencing, and annexing other parts of the world in order to gain political power.[citation needed] Although imperialist practices have existed for thousands of years, the term \"Age of Imperialism\" generally refers to the activities of European powers from the early 18th century through to the middle of the 20th century, for example, the \"The Great Game\" in Persian lands, the \"Scramble for Africa\" and the \"Open Door Policy\" in China.", "question": ["When did the age of Imperialism begin?", "What were European countries doing during the 1700's?", "How many years have imperialistic practices existed?", "When did the age of imperialism end?", "What was the name of the imperialistic policy in China?"]}
{"task_id": 1904, "context": "Along with advancements in communication, Europe also continued to advance in military technology. European chemists made deadly explosives that could be used in combat, and with innovations in machinery they were able to manufacture improved firearms. By the 1880s, the machine gun had become an effective battlefield weapon. This technology gave European armies an advantage over their opponents, as armies in less-developed countries were still fighting with arrows, swords, and leather shields (e.g. the Zulus in Southern Africa during the Anglo-Zulu War of 1879).", "question": ["What advancements besides military technology did Europe achieve?", "What did European chemists make that could be used in warfare?", "what was invented in 1880 that revolutionized warfare?", "What weapons were the Zulus using during the Anglo-Zulu War of 1879?", "Which region invented the machine gun?"]}
{"task_id": 1906, "context": "The correlation between capitalism, aristocracy, and imperialism has long been debated among historians and political theorists. Much of the debate was pioneered by such theorists as J. A. Hobson (1858–1940), Joseph Schumpeter (1883–1950), Thorstein Veblen (1857–1929), and Norman Angell (1872–1967). While these non-Marxist writers were at their most prolific before World War I, they remained active in the interwar years. Their combined work informed the study of imperialism and it's impact on Europe, as well as contributed to reflections on the rise of the military-political complex in the United States from the 1950s. Hobson argued that domestic social reforms could cure the international disease of imperialism by removing its economic foundation. Hobson theorized that state intervention through taxation could boost broader consumption, create wealth, and encourage a peaceful, tolerant, multipolar world order.", "question": ["some debate that there is a correlation between capitalism, imperialism, and what?", "When was the military-political complex reflected upon within the scope of understanding imperialism?", "When were Joseph Schumpeter and Norman Angell at their most prolific writing period?", "Hobson argued that imperialism was an international what?", "How did Hobson argue to rid the world of imperialism?"]}
{"task_id": 1915, "context": "However, in 1883–84 Germany began to build a colonial empire in Africa and the South Pacific, before losing interest in imperialism. Historians have debated exactly why Germany made this sudden and short-lived move.[verification needed] Bismarck was aware that public opinion had started to demand colonies for reasons of German prestige. He was influenced by Hamburg merchants and traders, his neighbors at Friedrichsruh. The establishment of the German colonial empire proceeded smoothly, starting with German New Guinea in 1884.", "question": ["Besides Africa, where did Germany have imperial interests?", "Colonies were a sign of what amongst European countries?", "When did Germany found their first settlement?", "What was the name of the first German settlement?", "Who influenced Bismark besides his neighbors?"]}
{"task_id": 1918, "context": "Trotsky, and others, believed that the revolution could only succeed in Russia as part of a world revolution. Lenin wrote extensively on the matter and famously declared that Imperialism was the highest stage of capitalism. However, after Lenin's death, Joseph Stalin established 'socialism in one country' for the Soviet Union, creating the model for subsequent inward looking Stalinist states and purging the early Internationalist elements. The internationalist tendencies of the early revolution would be abandoned until they returned in the framework of a client state in competition with the Americans during the Cold War. With the beginning of the new era, the after Stalin period called the \"thaw\", in the late 1950s, the new political leader Nikita Khrushchev put even more pressure on the Soviet-American relations starting a new wave of anti-imperialist propaganda. In his speech on the UN conference in 1960, he announced the continuation of the war on imperialism, stating that soon the people of different countries will come together and overthrow their imperialist leaders. Although the Soviet Union declared itself anti-imperialist, critics argue that it exhibited tendencies common to historic empires. Some scholars hold that the Soviet Union was a hybrid entity containing elements common to both multinational empires and nation states. It has also been argued that the USSR practiced colonialism as did other imperial powers and was carrying on the old Russian tradition of expansion and control. Mao Zedong once argued that the Soviet Union had itself become an imperialist power while maintaining a socialist façade. Moreover, the ideas of imperialism were widely spread in action on the higher levels of government. Non Russian Marxists within the Russian Federation and later the USSR, like Sultan Galiev and Vasyl Shakhrai, considered the Soviet Regime a renewed version of the Russian imperialism and colonialism.", "question": ["Trotsky thought what was needed for a true Russian revolution.", "Who wrote that imperialism is the highest stage of capitalism?", "Who argued that the USSR had itself become an imperialist power?", "Who was the leader of Russia in the 1960's?", "What policy did Stalin implement shortly after Lenin's Death?"]}
{"task_id": 1924, "context": "The Ottoman Empire was an imperial state that lasted from 1299 to 1923. During the 16th and 17th centuries, in particular at the height of its power under the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent, the Ottoman Empire was a powerful multinational, multilingual empire controlling much of Southeast Europe, Western Asia, the Caucasus, North Africa, and the Horn of Africa. At the beginning of the 17th century the empire contained 32 provinces and numerous vassal states. Some of these were later absorbed into the empire, while others were granted various types of autonomy during the course of centuries.", "question": ["When did the Ottoman Empire fall?", "Who reigned over the Ottoman empire when it was at its most powerful.", "How many provinces did the Ottoman empire contain in the 17th century?", "The Ottoman empire controlled territory on three continents, Africa, Asia and which other?", "When was the Ottoman empire at its height?"]}
{"task_id": 2006, "context": "Johnson's expedition was better organized than Shirley's, which was noticed by New France's governor, the Marquis de Vaudreuil. He had primarily been concerned about the extended supply line to the forts on the Ohio, and had sent Baron Dieskau to lead the defenses at Frontenac against Shirley's expected attack. When Johnson was seen as the larger threat, Vaudreuil sent Dieskau to Fort St. Frédéric to meet that threat. Dieskau planned to attack the British encampment at Fort Edward at the upper end of navigation on the Hudson River, but Johnson had strongly fortified it, and Dieskau's Indian support was reluctant to attack. The two forces finally met in the bloody Battle of Lake George between Fort Edward and Fort William Henry. The battle ended inconclusively, with both sides withdrawing from the field. Johnson's advance stopped at Fort William Henry, and the French withdrew to Ticonderoga Point, where they began the construction of Fort Carillon (later renamed Fort Ticonderoga after British capture in 1759).", "question": ["Who was New France's governor?", "How did Vaudreuil react when Johnson was seen as larger threat?", "Who won the battle of Lake George?", "Where did Johnson stop?", "Where was French withdrawal to?"]}
{"task_id": 2056, "context": "The strong force only acts directly upon elementary particles. However, a residual of the force is observed between hadrons (the best known example being the force that acts between nucleons in atomic nuclei) as the nuclear force. Here the strong force acts indirectly, transmitted as gluons, which form part of the virtual pi and rho mesons, which classically transmit the nuclear force (see this topic for more). The failure of many searches for free quarks has shown that the elementary particles affected are not directly observable. This phenomenon is called color confinement.", "question": ["What does stong force act upon?", "What can be seen between hadrons?", "What is the force between nucleons?", "How are nuclear forces transmitted?", "What is the term for the lack of obsevable free quarks?"]}
{"task_id": 2057, "context": "The weak force is due to the exchange of the heavy W and Z bosons. Its most familiar effect is beta decay (of neutrons in atomic nuclei) and the associated radioactivity. The word \"weak\" derives from the fact that the field strength is some 1013 times less than that of the strong force. Still, it is stronger than gravity over short distances. A consistent electroweak theory has also been developed, which shows that electromagnetic forces and the weak force are indistinguishable at a temperatures in excess of approximately 1015 kelvins. Such temperatures have been probed in modern particle accelerators and show the conditions of the universe in the early moments of the Big Bang.", "question": ["What does the W and Z boson exchange create?", "What is the observable effect of W and Z boson exchange?", "What is the effect of beta decay?", "How many times less is the strenght of the weak field compared to the strong?", "At what temperature do weak and electromagnetic forces appear the same?"]}