---
dataset_info:
  features:
  - name: lccn
    dtype: string
  - name: issue_date
    dtype: string
  - name: edition_order
    dtype: string
  - name: issue_id
    dtype: string
  - name: newspaper_title
    dtype: string
  - name: place_of_publication
    dtype: string
  - name: page_count
    dtype: int64
  - name: issue_url
    dtype: string
  - name: iiif_manifest
    dtype: string
  - name: thumbnail_url
    sequence: string
  - name: jpeg2000_url
    sequence: string
  - name: pdf_url
    dtype: string
  - name: ocr_url
    sequence: string
  - name: ocr_text
    sequence: string
  - name: source_record_create_date
    dtype: date32
  splits:
  - name: train
    num_bytes: 1160090839
    num_examples: 14563
  download_size: 844740671
  dataset_size: 1160090839
configs:
- config_name: default
  data_files:
  - split: train
    path: data/train-*
license: cc0-1.0
task_categories:
- image-to-text
- text-retrieval
- text-classification
- feature-extraction
language:
- en
tags:
- american-history
pretty_name: Chronicling America Historic American Newspapers 1770–1810 - Issue-Level
size_categories:
- 10K<n<100K
---
# Dataset Card for Chronicling America Historic American Newspapers 1770–1810 - Issue-Level

## Table of Contents
- [Dataset Summary](#dataset-summary)
- [Dataset Description](#dataset-description)
  - [Dataset Details](#dataset-details)
  - [Relationship to Source Dataset](#relationship-to-source-dataset)
  - [Curation Rationale](#curation-rationale)
- [Dataset Creation](#dataset-creation)
- [Dataset Structure](#dataset-structure)
- [Data Fields](#data-fields)
- [Source Data](#source-data)
- [Personal and Sensitive Information](#personal-and-sensitive-information)
- [Considerations for Using the Data](#considerations-for-using-the-data)
- [Additional Information](#additional-information)

---

## Dataset Summary

A dataset drawn from the Library of Congress Chronicling America digital collection, part of the National Digital Newspaper Program (NDNP). This dataset provides an issue-level representation of the Chronicling America newspapers dataset, aggregating individual page records into complete newspaper issues with OCR text and publication metadata for newspapers published between 1770 and 1810.

It is derived from the page-level dataset:  
[https://huggingface.co/datasets/RevolutionCrossroads/loc_chronicling_america_1770-1810](https://huggingface.co/datasets/RevolutionCrossroads/loc_chronicling_america_1770-1810) 

This dataset was prepared as part of the Revolution Crossroads project:  
[https://www.si.edu/revolution-crossroads](https://www.si.edu/revolution-crossroads)  

---

## Dataset Description

For the initiative *Revolution Crossroads*, the Smithsonian Institution prepared this dataset using data, metadata, and digital objects publicly available from the [Chronicling America Historic American Newspapers collection](https://www.loc.gov/collections/chronicling-america/about-this-collection/).

### Dataset Details

- **Prepared by**: Smithsonian Institution, Office of Digital & Innovation staff  
- **Shared by**: Revolution Crossroads  
- **Language(s)**: English  
- **License**: Public domain  

---

### Relationship to Source Dataset

This dataset is a transformation of the original [Revolution Crossroads page-level dataset](https://huggingface.co/datasets/RevolutionCrossroads/loc_chronicling_america_1770-1810). For detailed information about:

- source materials  
- digitization processes  
- metadata definitions  
- rights and provenance  

refer to the page-level dataset card:  
[https://huggingface.co/datasets/RevolutionCrossroads/loc_chronicling_america_1770-1810/blob/main/README.md](https://huggingface.co/datasets/RevolutionCrossroads/loc_chronicling_america_1770-1810/blob/main/README.md )  

---

### Curation Rationale

The original dataset is structured at the page level, where each record represents a single newspaper page. However, newspapers are multi-page documents, and meaningful context often spans multiple pages within a single issue.

This issue-level dataset was created to:

- Preserve document-level context across pages  
- Support OCR and text extraction workflows at the issue level  
- Enable entity recognition and analysis across full newspaper issues  

---

## Dataset Creation

This dataset was derived from the [page-level Chronicling America dataset](https://huggingface.co/datasets/RevolutionCrossroads/loc_chronicling_america_1770-1810) by restructuring records from page-level to issue-level.

- Page-level records were grouped by issue (LCCN, issue date, edition_order)  
- Issue-level records retain key bibliographic metadata from the source dataset  
- Page counts were calculated for each issue (`page_count`)  
- An issue identifier (`issue_id`) was constructed using the format `lccn_issue_date_edition_order`  
- References to the source dataset were preserved  

Each record in this dataset corresponds to a single newspaper issue.

## Data Collection and Processing

### Supporting Files Available

Issue-level PDF files are provided in the Files tab for this dataset.

- **pdfs**  
  Contains compiled PDF files representing complete newspaper issues. Each PDF corresponds to a single record in the dataset and is constructed from the source page images. They are grouped into directories based on the newspaper (title) LCCN. Each pdf uses the naming format of the corresponding issue_id, with "titleLCCN_IssueDate_EditionNumber".

#### PDF Construction

- Source page images were downloaded in JPEG2000 (JP2) format to preserve the highest available image quality  
- JP2 images were converted to JPG format for processing  
- The JP2 and JPG files did not contain DPI values. DPI values were derived from the source page-level PDFs (either 300 or 400 DPI) and applied when compiling images into issue-level PDFs   
- JPG images were assembled into a single PDF per issue  

To ensure compatibility with downstream processing systems:

- Images exceeding 10,000 pixels in height or 4,800 pixels in width were resized  
- Resizing was performed proportionally to preserve visual fidelity while maintaining a workable scale  

## Dataset Structure

Each record in the dataset corresponds to a single newspaper issue. Issue-level metadata (title, place, date, edition) is represented once per issue rather than repeated across pages.

---

## Data Fields

- **lccn** *(string)*  
Library of Congress Control Number for the newspaper title.  
*Example:*  
`sn82014385`

- **issue_date** *(stringdate)*  
Date the issue was published.  
*Example:*  
`1809-07-08`

- **edition_order** *(string)*  
Edition number/order within the day. The default is 1.  
*Example:*  
`1`

- **issue_id** *(string)*  
Unique identifier for the issue derived from LCCN, date, and edition.  
*Example:*  
`sn82014385_1809-07-08_1`

- **newspaper_title** *(string)*  
Title of the newspaper.  
*Example:*  
`The Delaware gazette`

- **place_of_publication** *(string)*  
City and state of publication.  
*Example:*  
`Wilmington [Del.]`

- **page_count** *(int64)*  
Number of pages in the issue.  
*Example:*  
`4`

- **issue_url** *(string)*  
URL to the newspaper issue in Chronicling America.  
*Example:*  
`https://www.loc.gov/item/sn82014385/1809-07-08/ed-1`

- **iiif_manifest** *(string)*  
IIIF manifest URL for the issue.  
*Example:*  
`https://www.loc.gov/item/sn82014385/1809-07-08/ed-1/manifest.json`

- **thumbnail_url** *(list)*  
List of thumbnail image URLs for pages in the issue.  
*Example:*  
`["https://tile.loc.gov/image-services/iiif/service:ndnp:.../0074/full/pct:6.25/0/default.jpg"]`

- **jpeg2000_url** *(list)*  
List of JPEG2000 (JP2) image URLs for each page in the issue.  
*Example:*  
`["https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/ndnp/.../0074.jp2"]`

- **pdf_url** *(string)*  
Redirect url to issue-level PDF as stored on Hugging Face in this dataset.  
*Example:*  
`https://huggingface.co/datasets/RevolutionCrossroads/loc_chronicling_america_1770-1810_issues/resolve/main/pdfs/sn82014385/sn82014385_1809-07-08_1.pdf`

- **ocr_url** *(list)*  
List of OCR XML file URLs for each page, as provided by Chronicling America contributing institutions.  
*Example:*  
`["https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/ndnp/.../0074.xml"]`

- **ocr_text** *(list)*  
OCR text aggregated from all pages in the issue, derived from original Chronicling America OCR.  
*Example:*  
`["THE DELAWARE GAZETTE. VOL. I. WILMINGTON, SATURDAY, JULY 8, 1809..."]`

- **source_record_create_date** *(date32)*  
Date of source record creation.  
*Example:*  
`2017-05-24`

---

## Source Data

This dataset is derived from the [Chronicling America Historic American Newspapers collection](https://www.loc.gov/collections/chronicling-america/about-this-collection/) collection from the Library of Congress.

For full details on the source collection, program context, and historical background, refer to the page-level dataset card:  
[https://huggingface.co/datasets/RevolutionCrossroads/loc_chronicling_america_1770-1810/blob/main/README.md](https://huggingface.co/datasets/RevolutionCrossroads/loc_chronicling_america_1770-1810/blob/main/README.md)  

---

## Personal and Sensitive Information

No known personal or sensitive information is included beyond what appeared in publicly circulated newspapers of the time. Users should be aware that newspapers may contain outdated or offensive terminology reflecting the period in which they were created.

---

## Considerations for Using the Data

### Risks and Limitations

The dataset contains historical materials with language that does not always match the language preferred by members of the communities depicted. It may include negative stereotypes or words that offend. These materials reflect the views of their creators, not the Library of Congress or the United States government.

Machine-readable text in the dataset was created using Optical Character Recognition (OCR). Errors are present throughout the data, particularly when source images are degraded or typography is unusual.

For content published before 1810, historical typesetting (e.g., “long s” characters resembling “f”) may result in misread text.

Metadata and digitized content are updated by the Library of Congress on an ongoing basis.

### Recommendations

Researchers should validate extracted information against images when accuracy is critical and be cautious about treating OCR text as complete or authoritative. Consultation of the Chronicling America collection is recommended for the most up-to-date records.

---

## Additional Information

### Citation Information

**BibTeX**
`
@misc{revolution_crossroads_2026,
	author       = { Revolution Crossroads },
	title        = { loc_chronicling_america_1770-1810_issues (Revision 4b7dc29) },
	year         = 2026,
	url          = { https://huggingface.co/datasets/RevolutionCrossroads/loc_chronicling_america_1770-1810_issues },
	doi          = { 10.57967/hf/8348 },
	publisher    = { Hugging Face }
}
`

**APA**

Revolution Crossroads Project Team. (2025). *Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers 1770–1810 - Issue-level* [Data set]. Hugging Face.

---

### Glossary

- **LCCN**: Library of Congress Control Number, a unique identifier for newspaper titles  
- **OCR (Optical Character Recognition)**: Machine-generated text created from scanned page images  
- **Issue**: A single publication of a newspaper on a given date, often containing multiple pages  

---

### Dataset Card Contact

revolutioncrossroads@si.edu