trial_name,drug,drug_brand_name,dose,mechanism,trial_phase,n_participants,duration_weeks,primary_endpoint,mean_tbwl_percent,mean_tbwl_placebo_percent,mean_weight_loss_lbs,responders_5pct,responders_10pct,responders_15pct,responders_20pct,a1c_reduction_percent,key_secondary_finding,publication_year,journal,doi,trial_sponsor,population,notes
STEP 1,Semaglutide,Wegovy,2.4mg weekly,GLP-1 receptor agonist,Phase 3,1961,68,Weight loss at 68 weeks,14.9,2.4,33.7 lbs,86%,69%,50%,32%,,4.9 mmHg systolic BP reduction; improved cardiometabolic markers,2021,New England Journal of Medicine,10.1056/NEJMoa2032183,Novo Nordisk,Adults with BMI 30+ or 27+ with comorbidity without diabetes,Landmark semaglutide weight loss trial; established 14.9% TBWL benchmark
STEP 2,Semaglutide,Wegovy,2.4mg weekly,GLP-1 receptor agonist,Phase 3,1210,68,Weight loss at 68 weeks,9.6,3.4,,,,,,1.60%,Significant A1C reduction in T2D patients; lower TBWL vs STEP 1 due to T2D population,2021,New England Journal of Medicine,10.1056/NEJMoa2107134,Novo Nordisk,Adults with BMI 27+ and type 2 diabetes,Type 2 diabetes subpopulation; lower %TBWL due to metabolic differences
STEP 3,Semaglutide,Wegovy,2.4mg weekly + intensive behavioral therapy,GLP-1 receptor agonist,Phase 3,611,68,Weight loss at 68 weeks,16,5.7,,,,,,,Combination with intensive behavioral therapy showed highest TBWL in STEP program,2021,JAMA,10.1001/jama.2021.3224,Novo Nordisk,Adults with BMI 30+ or 27+ with comorbidity without diabetes,Behavioral therapy arm; highest TBWL in STEP program at 16%
STEP 4,Semaglutide,Wegovy,2.4mg weekly then withdrawal,GLP-1 receptor agonist,Phase 3,803,68,Weight regain after discontinuation,Regain of 6.9% (vs loss maintained),Regained 11.6%,,,,,,,Patients who stopped regained ~2/3 of lost weight within 1 year; continuing maintained losses,2021,JAMA,10.1001/jama.2021.9836,Novo Nordisk,Adults who lost weight on semaglutide for 20 weeks then randomized to continue or stop,Withdrawal trial; established chronic disease model of GLP-1 therapy
STEP 5,Semaglutide,Wegovy,2.4mg weekly,GLP-1 receptor agonist,Phase 3,304,104,Weight loss at 104 weeks (2 years),15.2,2.6,,,,,,,Durable weight loss maintained over 2 years,2022,Nature Medicine,10.1038/s41591-022-02026-4,Novo Nordisk,Adults with BMI 30+ or 27+ with comorbidity without diabetes,2-year durability trial; confirmed long-term efficacy
STEP 6,Semaglutide,Wegovy,2.4mg weekly,GLP-1 receptor agonist,Phase 3,401,68,Weight loss at 68 weeks,13.2,2.1,,,,,,,Asian population; lower starting BMI; significant weight loss in lower-BMI patients,2022,The Lancet Diabetes and Endocrinology,10.1016/S2213-8587(22)00210-5,Novo Nordisk,East Asian adults with BMI 27.5+ or 25+ with comorbidity,East Asian population subgroup; significant efficacy at lower BMI thresholds
STEP 7,Semaglutide,Wegovy,2.4mg weekly,GLP-1 receptor agonist,Phase 3,228,44,Weight loss at 44 weeks,15.8,0.4,,,,,,,Non-diabetic Japanese and Korean patients; significant weight loss at lower BMI thresholds,2022,The Lancet Diabetes and Endocrinology,10.1016/S2213-8587(22)00228-2,Novo Nordisk,Japanese and Korean adults with obesity without diabetes,Japanese and Korean population; 15.8% TBWL; lower BMI threshold of 25kg/m2 with comorbidity
STEP 8,Semaglutide vs Liraglutide,Wegovy vs Saxenda,2.4mg weekly vs 3mg daily,GLP-1 receptor agonist (both),Phase 3b,338,68,Head-to-head weight loss comparison,15.8 (sema) vs 6.4 (lira),,,86% vs 55%,70% vs 34%,55% vs 13%,38% vs 6%,,Semaglutide produced 2.5x greater weight loss than liraglutide; head-to-head comparison,2022,JAMA,10.1001/jama.2021.23128,Novo Nordisk,Adults with BMI 30+ or 27+ with comorbidity without diabetes,Head-to-head vs liraglutide; semaglutide clearly superior
STEP HFpEF,Semaglutide,Wegovy,2.4mg weekly,GLP-1 receptor agonist,Phase 3,529,52,Heart failure symptoms and 6-minute walk distance,13.3,2.6,,,,,,,7.8 point KCCQ improvement (heart failure symptoms); 17.1m improvement in 6-minute walk,2023,New England Journal of Medicine,10.1056/NEJMoa2307447,Novo Nordisk,Adults with obesity and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF),First trial showing GLP-1 benefit in HFpEF; major cardiovascular indication
SELECT,Semaglutide,Wegovy,2.4mg weekly,GLP-1 receptor agonist,Phase 3,17604,208,Major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE),9.4,,,,,,,,20% reduction in MACE (cardiovascular death + non-fatal MI + non-fatal stroke); HR 0.80,2023,New England Journal of Medicine,10.1056/NEJMoa2307447,Novo Nordisk,Adults with obesity and established cardiovascular disease without diabetes,"Landmark cardiovascular outcomes trial; 17,604 participants across 45 countries"
SURMOUNT-1,Tirzepatide,Zepbound,5mg/10mg/15mg weekly,Dual GIP + GLP-1 receptor agonist,Phase 3,2539,72,Weight loss at 72 weeks,15.0 (5mg) / 19.5 (10mg) / 20.9 (15mg),3.1,52.3 lbs (15mg avg),,,,,,Dose-dependent weight loss; 57% of patients lost 20%+ body weight at 15mg,2022,New England Journal of Medicine,10.1056/NEJMoa2206038,Eli Lilly,Adults with BMI 30+ or 27+ with comorbidity without diabetes,Landmark tirzepatide trial; 20.9% TBWL at 15mg was unprecedented at publication
SURMOUNT-2,Tirzepatide,Zepbound,10mg/15mg weekly,Dual GIP + GLP-1 receptor agonist,Phase 3,938,72,Weight loss at 72 weeks,13.4 (10mg) / 15.7 (15mg),3.3,,,,,,2.40%,Significant A1C reduction alongside weight loss in T2D population,2023,The Lancet,10.1016/S0140-6736(23)01200-X,Eli Lilly,Adults with BMI 27+ and type 2 diabetes,T2D population; significant efficacy even in metabolically compromised patients
SURMOUNT-3,Tirzepatide,Zepbound,10mg/15mg weekly following lifestyle intervention,Dual GIP + GLP-1 receptor agonist,Phase 3,579,72,Weight loss following 12-week intensive lifestyle intervention lead-in,18.4 (10mg) / 20.9 (15mg) additional,,,,,,,,Additional 18-21% TBWL on top of lifestyle-induced losses; total from baseline ~26%,2023,Nature Medicine,10.1038/s41591-023-02519-8,Eli Lilly,Adults with BMI 30+ or 27+ with comorbidity following intensive lifestyle intervention,Lifestyle intervention lead-in; highest total weight loss across any tirzepatide trial
SURMOUNT-4,Tirzepatide,Zepbound,15mg weekly then withdrawal,Dual GIP + GLP-1 receptor agonist,Phase 3,670,88,Weight regain after discontinuation,21.1% maintained vs 14.8% regained at withdrawal,,,,,,,,Patients who stopped regained 14.8% body weight in 52 weeks; continuing maintained 21.1% loss,2024,JAMA,10.1001/jama.2024.0546,Eli Lilly,Adults who achieved weight loss on tirzepatide then randomized to continue or placebo,Confirms chronic disease model; weight regain after stopping is significant
SURMOUNT-5,Tirzepatide vs Semaglutide,Zepbound vs Wegovy,15mg vs 2.4mg weekly,Dual GIP+GLP-1 vs GLP-1 only,Phase 3b,751,72,Head-to-head weight loss comparison,20.2 (tirz) vs 13.7 (sema),,50.3 lbs (tirz) vs 33.1 lbs (sema),,,,,,47% greater relative weight loss with tirzepatide; definitive head-to-head trial,2025,New England Journal of Medicine,10.1056/NEJMoa2410685,Eli Lilly,Adults with BMI 30+ or 27+ with comorbidity without diabetes,Definitive head-to-head; tirzepatide clearly superior for weight loss
SURMOUNT-OSA,Tirzepatide,Zepbound,10mg/15mg weekly,Dual GIP + GLP-1 receptor agonist,Phase 3,469,52,Apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) reduction,18.0 (non-PAP) / 19.6 (PAP) TBWL,,,,,,,,63% reduction in apnea-hypopnea index; first medication approved for sleep apnea indication,2024,New England Journal of Medicine,10.1056/NEJMoa2400006,Eli Lilly,Adults with obesity and moderate-to-severe obstructive sleep apnea,Led to FDA approval of Zepbound for obstructive sleep apnea June 2024
SCALE,Liraglutide,Saxenda,3mg daily,GLP-1 receptor agonist,Phase 3,3731,56,Weight loss at 56 weeks,8.4,2.5,18.5 lbs,63%,33%,14%,,0.40%,63% of patients lost 5%+ body weight; established liraglutide for weight management,2015,New England Journal of Medicine,10.1056/NEJMoa1411892,Novo Nordisk,Adults with BMI 30+ or 27+ with comorbidity without diabetes,Predecessor to STEP program; established GLP-1 weight loss trial framework
LEADER,Liraglutide,Victoza,1.8mg daily,GLP-1 receptor agonist,Phase 3,9340,208,Major adverse cardiovascular events,4.7 (not primary endpoint),,,,,,,,13% reduction in MACE; HR 0.87 (p=0.01 for superiority); first GLP-1 cardiovascular outcomes trial,2016,New England Journal of Medicine,10.1056/NEJMoa1603827,Novo Nordisk,Adults with type 2 diabetes and high cardiovascular risk,First GLP-1 cardiovascular outcomes trial showing benefit
FLOW,Semaglutide,Ozempic,1mg weekly,GLP-1 receptor agonist,Phase 3,3533,208,Kidney disease progression and cardiovascular death,Not primary endpoint,,,,,,,,24% reduction in kidney disease progression; 18% reduction in cardiovascular death,2024,New England Journal of Medicine,10.1056/NEJMoa2403347,Novo Nordisk,Adults with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease,First GLP-1 trial with kidney disease as primary endpoint
SURPASS-2,Tirzepatide vs Semaglutide,Mounjaro vs Ozempic,5mg/10mg/15mg vs 1mg weekly (diabetes doses),Dual GIP+GLP-1 vs GLP-1 only,Phase 3,1879,40,A1C reduction and weight loss in T2D,7.8 (5mg) / 10.3 (10mg) / 12.4 (15mg) vs 6.2 (sema),,,,,,,2.0-2.3% vs 1.9%,Superior A1C reduction and weight loss vs semaglutide 1mg in T2D patients,2021,New England Journal of Medicine,10.1056/NEJMoa2107519,Eli Lilly,Adults with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled on metformin,Head-to-head in T2D at diabetes doses; tirzepatide superior on both A1C and weight
OASIS 1,Oral Semaglutide,Rybelsus (high dose),50mg daily oral,GLP-1 receptor agonist (oral),Phase 3,667,68,Weight loss at 68 weeks,15.1,2.4,,,,,,,Oral semaglutide 50mg produced comparable weight loss to injectable Wegovy,2023,The Lancet,10.1016/S0140-6736(23)01185-6,Novo Nordisk,Adults with BMI 30+ or 27+ with comorbidity without diabetes,High-dose oral semaglutide; 15.1% TBWL comparable to injectable form
ATTAIN,Orforglipron,Foundayo,36mg/45mg daily oral,Small-molecule oral GLP-1 receptor agonist,Phase 3,1931,40,Weight loss at 40 weeks,7.9 (36mg) / 8.6 (45mg),1.5,,,,,,1.50%,First non-peptide oral GLP-1 to show significant weight loss in Phase 3 trial,2025,New England Journal of Medicine,10.1056/NEJMoa2502292,Eli Lilly,Adults with BMI 30+ or 27+ with comorbidity without diabetes,First non-peptide oral GLP-1; approved as Foundayo May 2025